GEOCENTRIC DATUM FOR MALAYSIA :

THE REALIZATION OF GDM2000

Paper presented at the Department of Geodesy and Remote Sensing, GeoForschungszentrum Potsdam, Berlin,
Germany. 4 May 2004.

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 Historical Perspective

■ There are 2 local geodetic datum

- Malayan Revised Triangulation (MRT)
- Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68)

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Geodetic Reference System
■ MRT
Ellipsoid:
Everest (Modified)
a : 6 377 304.063 m
f : 1/300.8017

 BT68
Ellipsoid:
Everest (Modified)
a: 6 377 298.556 m
f :1/300.8017

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 Shortcomings
■ Existing datum of MRT and BT68 becomes obsolete for GPS and GIS
applications over large areas
■ Accuracy needed for new application cannot be satisfied by
existing datum
■ Existing GPS network was established in a quasi WGS84 datum
where their derived coordinates have absolute accuracy of 1 to 2m

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Why Geocentric Datum?

■ Wide spread use of satellite positioning systems

■ Existing datums not compatible
■ Unification of existing datums
■ In line international practices

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Characteristics
■ 3D spatial referencing
■ Geocentric origin
■ In line with IAG recommendation to align with ITRS
■ GRS80 as reference ellipsoid
■ Nominated reference epoch
■ Coordinate velocity model

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Implementation of a Geocentric Datum

■ GPS data collection

■ Data processing and adjustment of the GPS network
■ Computation of a new geocentric datum coordinates at
a specific epoch
■ Determination of coordinates velocity model
■ Strengthening and readjustment of PMPGN and EMPGN

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Realization of GDM2000

■ GDM2000 is based on a network of permanent GPS

tracking stations known as Malaysia Active GPS System (
MASS) stations
■ Two years spans of MASS data (1999 to 2000 for 15
stations) were used for processing to determine the
reference frame.

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Realization of GDM2000 (cont)

■ Eleven International GPS for Geodynamic Services

(IGS) stations in nearby region have been included and
held fixed in the processing
■ Processing was carried out using precise orbits acquired
from IGS

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Network Adjustments
Two strategies were employed:
■ Free network, and
■ Heavily constrained adjustment carried out with the introduction
of reference velocity for the fixed stations.
■ The difference between the free and heavily constrained
adjustment is at mm level.
■ The GDM2000 is now defined on ITRF2000 reference frame within 2
cm accuracy

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GPS Network in GDM2000
■ Existing PMPGN and EMPGN must conform to GDM2000
■ This was done thro’ the following steps:
1. Re-observation of well distributed existing 34
stations in PMPGN and 30 stations in EMPGN and
processed by constraining the 17 MASS stations
2. A sufficient number of link and check stations were
established to assess the absolute and relative
accuracy
3. A network adjustment was carried out with vectors
from original PMPGN and EMPGN together with the
coordinates of the link stations.
 The new GPS networks have an accuracy in the order of
1 to 3 cm

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Closing Remarks

■ The GDM2000 was successfully implemented

■ The GDM2000 is defined on ITRF Reference frame
to within 2 cm of accuracy
■ Future coordinate systems for cadastral, GIS and
Mapping work will be on GDM2000

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Geocentric System
■ Origin coincides with the
centre mass of earth
■ The direction the axes
are defined by
convention

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PMPGN & EMPGN

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 MASS
■ MASS consists of 17 active permanent station established since
1998 with 200km spacing
■ MASS stations form the so call Zero Order Geodetic Network

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IGS Stations

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Accuracy of MASS stations

■ For free Network : 5 to 11 mm (horizontal)

5 to 15 mm (height)
■ Constraint Network : 3 to 4 mm (horizontal)
4 to 13 mm (height)

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Link And Check Stations

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New PMPGN & New EMPGN

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Pelarasan Jaringan
Dua kaedah:

■ Pelarasan Gandadua Terdikit

■ Semi-rigorous atau ‘Equal Shift’

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Pelarasan Jaringan

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Pelarasan Jaringan

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Model Matematik Untuk Sudut

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Model Matematik Untuk Sudut

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Model Matematik Untuk Sudut

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Model Matematik Untuk Sudut

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Model Matematik Untuk Jarak

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Model Matematik Untuk Jarak

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Kaedah Semi-rigorous @ ‘Equal Shift’
Dua syarat mesti dipenuhi :

■ Syarat Sudut
■ Syarat Sisi

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Kaedah Semi-rigorous @ ‘Equal Shift’
■ Syarat Sudut

10 + 11 + 12 + 13 = 180
10 + 11 = 14 + 17
12 + 13 = 9 + 18

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Kaedah Semi-rigorous @ ‘Equal Shift’

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Kaedah Semi-rigorous @ ‘Equal Shift’
■ Syarat Sisi
Jika semua sisi dihitung:
Dari DE dalam ΔEDG
dapatkan DG
Dari ΔDGF dapatkan GF
Dari ΔGFE dapatkan FE
Dari ΔFED dapatkan DE

ED DG FG FE
+ + + =1
DG FG FE ED

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Kaedah Semi-rigorous @ ‘Equal Shift’
■ Hanya gunakan sudut
bukan sisi.
■ Syarat sisi perlu di
tranform ke sudut melalui
formula Sine.

sin 18 sin 14 sin 12 sin 10

+ + + =1
sin 11 sin 9 sin 17 sin 13

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Kaedah Semi-rigorous @ ‘Equal Shift’
Dalam bentuk logs:

sin 18 sin 14 sin 12 sin 10

+ + + =1
sin 11 sin 9 sin 17 sin 13

Log sin 18 + log sin 14 + log sin 12 + log sin 10

- (log sin 11 + log sin 9 + log sin17 + log sin 13) = 0

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Kaedah Semi-rigorous @ ‘Equal Shift’

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Kaedah Semi-rigorous @ ‘Equal Shift’

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Kaedah Semi-rigorous @ ‘Equal Shift’

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The End

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