l.

1
Grammar
Stay cool
Past simple and present perfect simple
1 >Use the words in the circles with the verb in
the box to make two sentences, one in the past
simple and one in the present perfect simple.
a
They recently
last night Icome I several They
here here times
.........................................
2 ...................
dinner
already o' clock at
dinner seven
3 ............... ... ... .......... ... .......... ... .................................. .. .
4 ......................................................................... .......... .
e'-
Leone She
yesterday 1,500 m
1,000 m just
5 .......................................................... ..........................
6 ................................................................. .................. .
Q
I not the
never I
school trip on
a school trip
last year
on
7 ....................................... ...................... ...................... .
8 ............ ..... ................................................................. ..
4B
you yet
you the new
film Brad Pitt
Brad Pitt
the new
yesterday film
9 .............................. ... ............................................... ..
.. ........................................................... .................. ?
10 ................................................................. ..... .. ......... .
..................... ......... ..... ............................................ ?
The definite article and zero article
2 >Complete the sentences with the
where necessary.
Do you play .... .... guilar?
Do you play .... ::-..... tennis?
Have you ever been to ........... Caribbean?
2 It was li ght at four ' o'clock in ........... mornin g.
3 We spoke ........... English most of the time.
4 Did you go by ........... train?
(
5 Let's go to ....... .... Plaza Cinema. It's more
comfortabl e than ........... Empire.
6 Do you ever watch ........... foreign Al ms?
7 Why di d she leave ........... home?
8 Did you visit ........... Pyramid when you were
in Egypt?
9 00 you study ........... music at school?
10 ......... .. landsli de which followed the stonn did
a lot of damage.
11 We had ........... vegetable curry and .......... . rice.
........... curry was good but ........... rice
was cold.
12 ........... North Star was really bright last night.
lt was ........... brightest star in ........... sky.
10
Go for it )
Marco: Then 8 ...................................... (1 /go down)
Past simple and present perfect simple
a Sleep hill in top gear. And
3;- Complete the conversation, putting the verbs
9 ....................................... (there/be) a sharp
into the past simple or present perfect simple.
bend at the bottom.
Marco: .. O/just/have) a driving lesson.
Tracey: 10 ..................................................................... .
Tracey: How I ....... (you/get on)? (you/slow down)?
Marco: Terriblel 2 . . . . . . . Marco: No, 11 ...................................... (l/not have)
(l /never/felt) 0 embarra ed in my enough t ime.
whole lifel Tracey: Erm, Marco, how many lessons 12............... .
Tracey: Why? Whal J .. (you/do)? ................................... (you/have) so far?
Marco: Well," ................................................................. . Marco: Ten.
(the lesson/not start) very well. 1 turned left Tracey: Why don' t you try a different instructor?
instead of right and 5..................... (hit) the Marco: I'll have t o. 13 .... ........ ..................................... .
pavement. (Dan /just/refuse) to teach me any more.
Tracey: 6 ........................................ (you/have) problems He said it was too stressful!
with your right and left ever since
7......... . ......... ............. . ......... .. (I/know) you.
Definite, indefinite and zero articles
4/ Complete the newspaper article with the or a/an where necessary.
Mobile phone
saves girl
ATEP.tlAGE DRIVER called 999 on her
m hilt- pbonl' as h lay injured after ...e....
car occident. , ......... cnll saved her Ufe.
On nlesday, eighteen-year-oltl Rachel
went out for 2......... drive in
......... I!arly eveni ng after 4 ......... row with
I1cr ooyIriend. She losll'onlTOlllf ' ......... car
un ......... CUtist road at Whitesand Bay in
Suuth C mwal l and wenl uver 7 ......... edge
llt I ......... diff.
A 'J ......... car r !led do", n 10 ......... cliff,
Rarhlt managed to jump uuL Somehow, she
. till had her handbag with her. and inside
It......... handbag was her mobih: phone. She
,llletll)49 [l[JtI very soon 11 ........ helicopter fast. We didn't have much time. When we
'We knew nothi ng untd 25, ........ police
no \\ ay to rescue her lifted Rachel to 20......... nfety.21 .........
contacted us: aid Rachel" father. 'She has
1 ......... lirsl llung we aw was 14 ......... water about a metre from her car.'
had 26 ......... luckiest escape of anyone
\.'llI ut 15......... bOl1um of 1".. _ ..... cliff. 22......... helicopter flew Lo :'J ........ .
I' ve ver known.' Mr Edwards wa... full
saId 17......... helicopter pilot. 'We then saw Roborough Airport. From there, 24....... ..
01'2
7
.. ....... admiration for 28 .........
Miss Edwards further up IR ......... cliff, ambulance took Rachel to Derriford
emergency services.
unahle 10 move. I') ......... comingin Ho.pita!, where she is now recovering.
11
Vocabular
Stay cool
5> Solve the crossword.
Go for it
6> Complete the account of this journey in
your notebook using the pictures 1 to 7.
last month, , went to Kosice in Slovakia to see my
friend Gabriel. It was a real adventure because it was
the first time I'd travelled on my own. This is how I got
there. I went to the airport by taxi. , arrived at 7.30.
2
6
Across
5 To return to your house: to go ............... (4)
7 .............. all trains stop at Charing Cross? (2)
8 To continue a journey: to go ............... (2)
9 The door was open, but we didn't go ............... (2)
10 The people on a bus. (10)
14 They dOll' t have to change plane. They're flying
.............. to Katmandu. (6)
15 A plane journey. (6)
18 Abbreviation for European Union. (2)
20 Form of transporl found in Nepal. (8)
Down
1 Sorry, there are .............. seats left. (2)
2 Five tickets at two pounds ea h - that's ..............
pounds, please. (3)
3 Does this bus go .............. Piccadilly? (2)
4 1 waited half ........... :... hoUT ror a bu . (2)
" .
6 Why are youso late? Did you ............. the train? (4)
7 We walked .............. the hill to he beach. (4)
8 Could you just go .............. tI e directions
once more? (4)
to You wail on this for a train. (8)
11 The third planet from the SUIl . (5)
12 If you want to travel firc; t class. you'll have La
pay .. ............. (5)
13 What time do we .. ............ sail? (3)
14 The person driving a car. (6)
16 An organised long walk. (4)
17 'Did you take the trai n from London to Brussels?'
'No, I .............. .' (4)
19 She's American, so she ha a .............. passport (2)
I 9.30 I
Kosice 22.00
5
12
Communication
7 ) Complete the conversations.
A: .E'!.'!........ you give John a message?
B: .Pf.... course.
A: Do ............................... if 1 use your computer?
B: No, ......................... all.
2 A: ..................................... if 1 have the day
off tomorrow?
B: I'd ......................... you didnt. We're very
busy at the moment.
3 A: ......................... 1 close the window?
B: Of course you may.
What's wrong?
8 / Correct the mistakes.
W wenl by #te- train .
I n 'ver been there.
2 I don't like going in his car. lie's a
terrible conductor.
J l' en Joanna yesterday.
4 Its just over there.
5 W' went to Adriatic Coast last year.
() Do you mind that 1 leave now?
7 I'd rather drive than be a pasenger.
Va bulary 0):
Predicting situations
IU LI pr pare our II' for specific situations by
p d, thlf1 k 'Y vo auulaTY. For example, at the
"1 d at al1 airport words and phra e
hi h y u may h ar r n ed are passport. hand
baggag aisle/window seat. boarding card, gate
m mb r. boarding time.
Y W nl to btl <I 11 li k from London to
r1mburgh for the WI: k"nd. Write six words or
phm
Go for it
9> Write the conversations. Use a different
expression each time.
Joe: [I] .. ..........................
Usa: IKJ ..........
B
I
ffil Ipay phone I


Man: [I] ...................................................................
Receptionist: IKJ .....................................................
2 Una: [I] ...................................................................
Marco: [i2J ................................................................
Ipuncture I
J Tom: rn ...................................................................
Sean: IKJ ........................................ .. .........................
13
Reading
An interview with

la
son
Interviewer: Liam Neesm1 jOll
gn'\\< t1p III a h use lull uf women
You had thr"l: d d ~ r slSLers and
you IV rc I he baby brat her
I b} W ~ r e you very .spoih?
...... ~ ~ f t I ................... I " ....... ..
Liam Neeson: No, T wasn't. My
. IStcrS "('em to think I was, but I
Lertainl} WllSll'l! We all hau Ill..lr
chor' It) do. l\1ine were
swel.:plllg the back yard, hringmg
ill th I,;V:1lll1r the fire and geLLing
the groceries.
Interviewer. l .................. ?
Liam Neeson: 1suppa e its true
III a C llain 'Xlent There was a
gullll my _cllllo1. Elizab th, who
wa the Lar aLlress in our school
piny:; On It: rill, our English
teacher was uoing a play whi h
elizabeth was tn. () 1 wenl all ng
to the .1tIdition and got a part.
Thul'.. where my interest in
acting beg;m.
Interviewer: You're the ralher
no\\ of two young sons. There's
a big ucb:'llc in Britain allhe
moment aboul how lillIe lime
falh r pend wnh lheir children.
I Ihinl It\ an a\ erage of flfLeen
mmutes a day J ..... .............. ?
-=rf
J
r
Liam Neeson was born in Northern Ireland .
He has appeared in many well-known
films. including Sch mo/E'r's List and
Star Wars - The Phantom Menace
Uam Neeson: Abso]mely. yes.
And I love doin T it. 1L's the most
natural thing m Lhe world. J thitlk
lIS ImportanL to remember that
children grow up so quickly, you
know! I was reading the other day
about a wnter who was lyping a
story <lnd his kid was outside
saying, 'Dad, ome and play
baseball' He said, 'Yes, I'll be there
in a minute. I have Lo finis h thi.., .'
And of course The hours passed
ilnd he gOl the tOT) finished 0
lime but the kid was in bed. Thats
a moment thai he' ll never gel back
again. And that truck a chord
with me, so Ilry to play wiLh my
kids when they ac;k. It doesn't
matter what fm doing.
Interviewer: 4................... ?
Liam Neeson: Very much so.
Absolutely. I'm \ ery C<)ll d O llS of
the problem of \ ioience in mms
and on television. My fluh r's
generaLion was worned about the
influence of (h(' Rolhng Slones
and the Beatlcs. Nnw i l'S violent
nJm . ml awful violent video
games vhere if yotl ill someone
YOLI get 300 points and rhen
move on to the nexi game. IL'S
j l lCITIfying 5 yes, flU very
aware of the image that I m
involve in on Lhe screen.
14
Comprehension
1 Read the text and write the letters of the
interviewer's questions in the correct places.
<I) Arc you trying to be the sort of father who
5pends quite a lot of lime with hi children?
(b) Wcre you very spoilt? )
cJ Does that make you look at a pan maybe
(,ifferently ... thinking about the images and the
i lfluences that children ha e as hey grow up?
ti) Is 11 true that you only got interested in being in
chool productions because you fancied a girl
who was in the play?
2 / Mat ch the words and phrases with thei r
meanings.
t spoilt
III
a) age group
2 chor o
b) allowed to do
J 'weeping
o
whatever you want
4 qroceries D c) aware
5 udil,on 0 d) very frightening
6 truck a chord 0 e) food which is bought
7 'OTI cious
o
f) household jobs
H t'rrifying
D
g) test for a part in a play
gencration o
h) had personal meaning
i) cleaning with a brush
o for it
3) Correct the statements.
Liam Neeson comes from the USA.
.. .. ............................. .
He was the eldest of four children.
2 His interest in acting began when he left school.
3 His sons are grown up.
4 H doesn't spend much time with his children.
5 lie worrie about lhe effect which pop music has
on young people.
Communication
4 / Use the information in the factfile and the
expressions below it to continue the interview
with Li am Neeson. Write at least five quest ions
and answers.


L1AM NEESON
7 June 1952 in Ballymena,
Northern Ireland
......." ....................... .. .... .. ... ... ......... ................ ......................
................................
(Physics and Computer sci ence)
................. .......... ........ ....... . .................
Wife: Natasha Richardson (actress)
Children: Michael. Dani el
..........;...-.--.-.... .. ........ ................ ..................... ..................... .. .
Schindler'S List (1993), Star Wars
The Phantom Menace (1999) ,
Gun Shy (1999)
Real ly? That's interesting.
Did you? / Were you? / ls she? / Have you?
Interviewer:
Liam Neeson:
Writing
5 > In your notebook, write a 1SO- word article
about Liam Neeson for a school magazine. Use
t he information in the text and the factfile.
Uam Neeson was born in Ballymena, Northern
Ireland. He has three elder sisters. ...
15
u
y day_
Vocabular
__ ______
1 >Complete the article with the correct form of the words in brackets.
I h;n c III say that 1find the idea of two men punching
each uthc:r fOT peoplt s .. (emertain)
truly I ................................ (shock), Wb.1t':\
1 . ............................... (entertain) about il? Wl1ere's dle
J ................................ (excite) or 4 ................................
(plc-.....e) in watching twO men fight C'Jtb other unUl one
of them ..................... _ ... (give +preposition) or is
lell uncon i()u '? Do people get a 6............................... .
(Will) JUt of w:uching something like this? If they do, I
find it \Cr; 7................................ (worry).
more, if not jUst mrn who are involved. I was
fl . ............................... (shock) when I read recently
about boxing mald) b'twecn two women. How can
the d( It? Surely they've c::en lle 9 .............................. ..
(horrif ,) mjurie that male boxers get
Don't get me wrong. I like W;ttdling .port. rfind it
10................................ excite) toee people achieving
new records in am/eties and I'm ruwavs
, ! ................................ (amaze) al rhe skill of football
and rugby player' But boxing is not a port, m
my opinion.
I feel slrongl), abolll this, and I won't
12................................ (give +preposition) protesting
about it. Recently, while 1 ' ) ........................................ .
(give +preposttiatt) antiboxing /e;U1et..'i in mr local
centre, a lot of people came up to me LO say
they were I.' ................................ (plea e) mill I was
doing it. So don l be 15................................ (surprise)
if you see me on a streeL comer near you
l
stacy Pearsoll, Manchester
16
Past simple and continuous
2/ Complete the sentences with the correct
form of the verbs in brackets. Then write a
sui able question.
A: 1 didn't answer (not answer) the phone
............................
because 1 .. (stand) on my head.
B: Why .. .. ...........
A: Because 1 was doing my yoga.
A: We .. ................................................ (walk) into
town when my brother ............ ...................... ..
(grnb) my arm.
B: Why ................................................................ ?
A: Because he'd just seen Britney Spears drive by.
A: 1 ........................................... (not disturb) you
when Pete ........................................... (phone)
because you ......................................... (sleep).
B: Why ................................................................ ?
A: I don't know. He didn' t say.
A: He ................................... .............. (shook) with
frigh t when he ...... .. .. .. .. ...... ... .. .. ... .. ...................
(come) out of the building.
B: Why ................................................................ ?
A: Because he thought he'd seen a ghost!
A: We .................................................. (talk) when
suddenly he ........................................... (get)
really miserable.
B: Why ................................................................ ?
A: Because he'd just split up with his girlfriend.
Past simple and past perfect simple
3 >From each pair of sentences, make one
sentence containing a verb in the past simple
and a verb in the past perfect simple.
1 was in a state of shock at nine o'clock.
1 read the letter at eight o'clock. (after)
J. ..'!.. te!.. ........ ..
My brother borrowed my leather jacket.
1 couldn't wear it to the party. (so)
2 1 phoned you after dinner.
You went out before dinner. (but)
3 She took him to hospital this afternoon.
He fell down the stairs this morning. (because)
4 1 saw a programme on first aid last night.
I knew what to do today. (so)
5 They didn't wan t to see the film on Tuesday.
They sa w it on Monday. (because)
The letter e in verbs
In many past simple endings, the e is SIlent.
1n verb forms ending in -ing. you usually
delete the f' before adding -ing.
4> Underline the words in which the e is silent.
wanted laughed returned divided
Write the -ing form of the following verbs.
take .................. .. ... live ...................... .
drive ......... .. ....... ..... make
surprise ..................... .. amaze
17
60 for it
Past simple. past continuous and
past perfect simple
5> Complete the story with the correct form of
the verbs in brackets.
It wa a C 01 evening in September 1895. John
Markham .. .. ...... (had) a hard day at work,
and he .. .... (look forward to)
gettmg home. uddenly, a woman ... .. (rush)
out of the oftice next door. Sbe I .... . ........
(shake) with fTlght because she 2
(hear) someone screaming in the cellar. She was ure
it was a ghost.
John J . (not believe) in
ghost so he ., ............................... (go) into the
building to investigate. It was very quiet. But just as
he 5...................................... (think) Lhat it was all the
woman's imaginaUon, he ii . . .................... ......... (hear)
screams.
"Who are you? What do you want?" cried John.
The screaming , ............................... (not stop) so he
n ................................. (hurry) towards the place
where it 'I .... ....................................... .. .. (come from ).
He 10 ............................... (reach) the door leading to
the cellar, (take) a candle and II .............................. .
IJ. .............., ................ (go) down the cellar stairs.
Suddenly, the uoor 13 ............................... (slam)
behmd him. making a piece of paper fall from a shelf
6> Write the questions or answers.
. .. .. ...
Because he'd had a hard day at work.
How did he know the woman was frightened?
.............. ...... ........... .. ..................... .
Why was the woman frightened?
2 Did John Markham believe in ghosts?
above his head. He 14............................... (exami ne)
the piece of paper arefull y. It was the death
cerUficale of a fi fteen-year-old girl called Alice Pick.
She 15............................... (die) of tal'vation.
The next day, John 16 ............................... (tell) his
neighbour about the evening's extraordin ryevents.
Apparently, the building 17..... ...................... ..
................. , .................. (not alwayslbe) an office. It
..................................................... (oncelbelong) to a
rich woman called Eva Tyndale who had shut Alice,
her servant, in the cell ar. One of the oLher servants
told the police. but by the ti me they discovered Alice,
she was dead and Mrs TyndaJe [<el ................................ ..
................................ (disappear).
3 ................................................................................. ?
To investigate .
4 ................................................................................ ?
Scr ams.
5 Wha t ha ppened when the cellar door slammed?
6 ............. ....................................................... ............ . ?
She'd died of starva tion.
7 Why didn't the police arrest Mrs Tyndale?
18
7> Complete the phrases. Then match them with
the categories below .
...... ...... awrul!
1. I've gol .................... good n w .
cl ........................ done! You .......... ... ........... . be
r ally pi ased.
dl I've ......................... heard some bad llews.
rI ........................ . terrific!
nWhat ......................... hamel
g} I'm arraid l've got ...................................... ..
11) ........................ . what!
i Announcing good news DD
2 Responding to good news DD
1 Announcing bad news DD
1 Responding to bad news
Go for it
a / Write the conversations.
London
W43QB
14th October
[ It ar Mr Harris,
YIlU have w()n [\ ,OOO! We howe pleasure ill
Mr Harris: ........... ... .........
Friend: Really? Tell me!
Mr Harris:
Friend:
THE FOLLOWI G PEOPLE ALL LOST
THEIR OBS YESTERDAY
5arat.. P-OS'S'
J"alYlC-S' P-i,./-t.ardS'
.Marl-i." TI/frne-r
2 Sarah:
Friend: What's happened?
Sarah:
Friend:
3 Kate:
Friend: I don't know. Tell me !
Kate:
Friend:
SUBJECT

PASS/FAIL RJjI
MARKS

COMMENTS
&me.

t

_I

1'1
I!
,1:1
---
j \:1
_.
:''1
4 Neil :
Friend: Oh? What's happened?
Neil :
Friend:
What's wrong?)
9> Correct the mistakes.
wo..........ie.d
Are you about your test?
15 it difficult to give in smoking?
2 Imagine my surprisement when she walked in!
3 1 couldn't answer the door because I had
a shower.
4 When I found out about the concert.
I phoned immediately. Luckily, they didn't
sell all the tickets.
5 I phoned her as soon I heard the news.
19

' ...
Grammar

Stay coo )
The fut ure
1 '/ Circle t he correct response,
1'm off now.
a) OK. I'm going to see you later.
( b) OK. I' ll see you later. )
1 was wondering if you would like to
go out tonight.
a) l' m afraid 1 can' t. l' m meeting Karim.
b) l'm afraid I can't. I'll meet Karim.
2 Have you decided yert
a) Yes. l'm going to have a pizza.
b) Yes. 1 have a pizza.
3 What do you fancy' for de ert?
a) 1 don't have anything, thanks.
b) I won't have anythmg, thanks.
4 There's someone at the door.
a) OK. I go.
b) OK. I'll go.
5 I'm wearing jeans so I might nol get
into the dub.
a) Don't worry. You'll get in.
b) Don' t worry. You 're gelling in.
6 Does he know you're going ou t with Joe?
a) No. l'm going to tell him this evening.
b) No. I tell him this evenmg.
1
2 ) Complete the messages with will/won't, may, might,
going to the present continuous. In some cases, there
are two possibilities.
lLAesday
MMtut -KkaAeJ.
fl.tD.se. 1......... . ............................. .
(vou/nng) kim uMe+1
W\'?

f'5. Mt SlAre but
l ........ . ............................... (I/go)
to betA 'Dmt't mllke.
r':,.a... {oo "oise

- phOl1etA.
.. ................................... .. .... (you/go)
to
1 he.<" 4........................................... ..
.. ................. .. ....... (you/probably/not go).
'1111A're ObulO1Asly -hlo busy.
"VOl1r\
P.S. What- time- ".. ...... ............................
................... (you/be) Pe\ck. tumorfOW?


t ..................... . ..................... )
Y'oUe..-bu..t,(es this
wa.,.ts ib bonaw -tkem.
J"okV\
-:tYicio.y
MMflt1. - See flm.1orfaw.
f ........... .... ..... .. .............. ...... .. (I /meet)
VtAt1essa. arret" t111t,(
II.. .......... .. .. .... .. ................ . ...... (we/go)
to Kka1et('!)

20
The future
3/ Write what the students are saying.
US!! the correct form of will, may, might or going to.
What are you going to do 1-----------1r:-...!
- definitely not
get a job
immediately
e -work in Spain
for a few months
when you leave school?
- study to
become a vel
- definitely!
What are you going to do when you leave school?
I don't really know. . .. ..............
.. .. ...................................... .
2 I'v already decided.................................................
li d like to go to university. The trouble is, .......... .
t1 TIl one thing 1 know is. ........................................
'i I think ....... .. ............................................................. .
4'/ Write sentences which are true for you, using
the prompts.
(present can tinuous)
After school today .................................................. .
2 (might)
Next weekend .......................................................... .
3 (may)
Next summer ........................................................... .
4 (will/probably)
I'm not sure. . ......................................................... ..
When 1 leave school, ...............................................
5 (going to)
To celebrate my eighteenth birthday, ....................
21
Vocabular
Go for it )
5;' Match each adjective with one or
more prepositions.
about by from in of on with
angry ....................................
different ................................................... .
2 excited ..... ............................... ................. .
3 fed up ....................................................... .
4 frightened ............................................... ..
5 interested ................................................ ..
6 keen ........................................................ ..
7 proud ....................................................... .
8 rired ......................................................... .
9 worried ............................ " ...................... .
6 >Complete each sentence with a
phrase from Exercise 5.
tfe likes classical music but he isn't
... ... opera.
Laura looks pale. She's got an audition
tomorrow and she's really .................... ..
...................... it.
2 Hearing a band play live is tOlally
.................................. listening Lo a
recording.
3 She's given up learning the piano.
She's had lessons for two year, but
she 's just 110t .................................. it.
4 The conductor was ................................ .
the singer because she didn' , go to
rehea rsaIs.
5 She got a place at the Royal Academy
of Music! She's really ............................ .
studying lhere.
7> Use the words in the box to write a profile of the
two sisters and their mother.
Lucy Anna
very good /languages brillia nt/sport
keen/French
I
keen/basketball
not interested/sport nervous/exams
not jealous/Lucy
mother
pleased/Lucy's exa m results
excited /Anna's basketball cup
proud/both of them
.. ......... ..
.. ...................................
Co mmunication
B / Fill in the gaps. Then put the conversation in
the correct order.
o Yes. An evening in sounds great!
1
0
Are you? Well, how ... ................. meeting
nna and Errol in town?
o 1m seeing them tomorrow evening. Look,
.................... rather stay in this evening.
I feel a bit tired.
ill I thought we .. .... go clubbing Lonight.
o I'd .................... not, if you .. ........... ....... mind.
l'm fed ............. ....... with dubbing.
1..---"7j/
o So do 1, actually. Do you .................... getting
video and a takeaway?
L---'j/
_ )
9'; Write the conversation using the prompts.
pizza tonight?
Anton: .} .. for. ...
o
Lorna: .................................................... .................. .
Ci; pizza for lunch )
Callum: 2 . ................. . ................................. . ................ ..
Roller Cafe?
Anton: J ...................................................................... .
Lorna: 4 ...................................................................... .
C!!..;. too expensive)
Callum: 5 .......................................................................

Anton: 6 ............ . ............ .. . .. ........................................ .

lorna: ' ....( ..............................................................
o
Callum: 8 ..................................................................... ..
What's wrong?
10> Correct the mistakes.
I'll
+have an oran ge juice, please.
1 can't come now. I'll leave for
Brussels in an hour's ti me.
2 Are you intereste on ol d cars?
3 'Do you fancy going clubbing?'
'Great! I love to!'
4 It's a really exiti ng fi lm.
S I wont be there until eleven.
23
il s developm nt
Reading
Voyage to St Kilda
Some environmentalist groups
believe that drilling for oil off the
coast of Scotland is going to
endanger wildlife. The actress
Julia Sawalha recen1Jy went to
the region by boat wtth one of
these groups to monitor the
wildlife. She kept a diary of
her week.
FRIDAY
THE CREW
['m n Ihe Island of Islay ill
Ihe Inner Hebrides. We're
, uing tomorrow, I'm
going to spend today getting
to know the other crew
members .
SATURDAY
MEETING THE SEALS
1 slept . urprisingly well on
the boat. This morning J
isited II eal anctuary.
After I'd held Ihe eals in my
u.rms, my smelt very
fibhy. Worse sull, I've ot a
whole week on the ship and
not mnny clothe to change
into,
We're setting sail for the
ibland of St J{jld.-l at 10 p.m.
SUNDAY
FEELING SEASICK
I didn't want lunch because I
felt so eastel<, but my cabin
mates me to eat, so J
tried 10 [orte om food down.
One of my companions , Kate,
a murine bioI gi t, is going
to take part in the first-ever
underwater survey near
St Kilda.
Thi afternoon, omeone
f>potled a minke whale. The
wildlife in tru-: region ili so
rich. Drilling for oi l will
destroy It and will affect the
climate.
MONDAY
FEELING GUILlY
I woke at nine, later than
<!verybody else. The olher'
had done all the chores. r relt
terribly guilty.
We have reached the
i land of SI KiJda. II' a
hundred miles off the west
of Scotland, in the
northeast Atlantic Ocean.
Only twemy-eight people live
here. We're gOing to camp on
the island tonight. At last r II
be able to lie on a bed that
doesn't move!
TUESDAY
DIVING IN
It was difficult to wake up thi
morning so I decided to go for
a swim. As soon as I'd dived
mto the icy water, I felt as if
my head was going to e plode
from the cold. Back on . hip, 1
helped clean.
Later on. 1 returned to the
island. sat on a rock 3Lld
watcbed the eat and the
seabirds. Some of the
seabirds have a wingspan
of five met.res!
FEELING BETTER
We set sail again this
morning. The sea was
incredibly calm and J
didn't feel seasick any
more.
J most of the afternoon
cleaning. Before I came on
thi!) trip. my last j ob was
making a fil m with Mel
Gib on. If he ould See me
now!
THURSDAY
COMtNGHOME
This morning we arrived in
Glasgow. on the wet coast of
, cOllund. T felt a bit sad. I' m
going to miss everyom:
terribly. As the ship was
commg into dock I looked at
the pile' of industrial rubbish .
It's a horrible sight after the
beauty of SI Kilda.
24
Com prehension
tay cool
, > Find the words in the text which mean:
making a hole .. .....................
1 LO check Frequently
2 people who work on a ship ................................ ..
) a place of saFety ..................................
4 feeling ill on a boat ...... .. ...... ....................
5 noticed .......................... ...... ..
6 to blow up like a bomb ................................ ..
7 unbelievably
B waste material
2 ) Put the events in order.
aID One of the crew saw a whale.
b) 0 She went for a swim.
I D The boat left lslay.
d) D She got back to mainland Scotland.
e) [!] Julia met the other members of the crew.
nD She helped with the cleaning.
g) D Julia stayed on St Kilda.
hJ 0 Julia began to feel unwell.
o for it
3> Answer the questions.
What might endanger wildlif in the area around
5l Kilda?
. .............................................. ........ .
Why did Julia Sawalha and the other crew
members go to 5t l<ilda?
2 What did Julia do on the first day?
"3 Why did her clothes smell?
4 How many underwater surveys at 5t Kilda had
there been before this one?
5 Why did Julia feel guilty?
6 How did Julia get on with the crew?
Communication
4> A member of an environmental group (A) asks
you (B) and your friend (e) to help on a ship for a
week. You are really interested, but your friend isn't
keen. Write the conversation in your notebook .
Writing
Writing (1): Planning
It's usually a good idea to plan what you arc
going to wrile and to make notes lor each
paragraph. Look at the notes below about a boat
trip. Put the events in each paragraph in thl:
correct ord r.
Paragraph I:
o stayed in a small town on Vancouver lsland
[I] went to Canada with a group of friends
last year
o sun was shining; sea was calm
o took a boat trip to see whales
Paragraph 2:
.
o coming back, the wind became very strong
[IJ set sail and 30 mi nutes later saw the whales
o one wave li fted the boa t out of the water
o children were cryi ng
o weather changed - had to leave quite quickly
Paragraph 3:
o managed to reach Vancouver lsland
[I] difficult to get back
D very frighteni ng experience
5> Now use the notes and some of the phrases in
the box to write a 150-word account of the trip
to Vancouver Island in your notebook.
soon suddenly to my horror
then not surprisingly finally
I went to Canada with a group offriends last year.
We stayed ...
25
dinburgh
Vocabular
1 / look at the map on the left.
Write the names of the places.
I r .......... s ................ .
2 c ................... .............................. .
J c ................................................ ..
4 s.. ...... .. .. ... ... ..... p. ......................... .
5 h .................................................. ..
6 mu ...................................................
7 rna ...................................................... .
8 s ........................ s .......................... .
9 p ................................................... ..
10 p.... ... .... .. .. ......... 0 . . .. .. ...... .. ..... . . . .. . .
11 c ..................................................... .
12 b ....................... s .......................... ..
13 I .. .................................................... .
14 s ..................................................... ..
15 t ..................................................... ..
2> look at the picture on the left. Label
the clothes.
J / Complete the sentences with the
rect uncountable nouns.
Let's just drop off our .... . at the
hotel and go straight out.
l'd like some i... ............................ about
the town.
2 Here's a list of the a .............................. ,
from campsites to Ave-star hotels.
3 Don't go into town by car. The
t. ................... is awful.
4 I ycled to the station and took the train
,
into town. Thanks for your a .................. .
5 If the w .................... is fine, we'll go for
a walk.
6 There are rolling hills and valleys. l'm
sur you'll love the sc .................... .
7 Your kn............................... of the local
area i very good.
S You'll have to get p .................................... .
from the farmer to camp here.

4/ Complete Sara's description of Melbray using
the map and your own ideas.
SMALL TOWNS IN FOCUS
MELBRAV
SpOrts and entertainment
I'm fairly sporty. I playa lot of tennis, so .. ......................
..... I also I ........... .
................................................................ . Although our sports
fadlitles are quite good, there's not much other entertainment.
At weekends, I usual ly go to the <....... ............. I particul arly like
romantic flIms. There's also a ................................. but that's all,
really. However, travelli ng to other places s quite easy because
4
.. Shopping for food and clothes
J go shopping with my mum or my dad on Saturdays. We get
most things at the 5.......................................... but we buy fruit and
vegetable from stalls on the ()... ........... ............................. ............ .
I also buy most of my clothes 7 ........................................ ........ .
You can get some great bargains there. I buy my shoes 8... .. .......... . ..
.. Public buildings
One of my A level subjects is History. I' m particularly interested in
local history so I spend a lot of time ............. .................................. .
When I need reference books, 10 ........................................................
.. Scenery
The countryside near the town is beautiful. In the northeast,
11 ........................... ......................... ....................................................
27

Stay cool
Clauses and linkers of contrast
5'; Complete the sentences with although,
however or in spite of
.. ......... they're best friends, they're
very competitive.
They didn't visit us, ................................ .
promising to come.
2 ................................ . she's a very talented
pianist. she finds it difficult to play in public.
J There was nothing suspicious in his behaviour .
.................................. I didn't really trust him.
4 were only in Chicago for on day.
............................ ..... , we had a great time!
S ................................. he'd told her the
relationship was over, she still thought
they could get back together again.
6 I wanted to play football this morning .
................ ................. , I didn't wake up
till midday.
7 They recognised him .................................
his disguise.
8 ................................. her strong northern accent,
1 understand everything she say .
9 He's a very gentle person, ................................ .
his appearance.
10 I really liked The Thirty-Nine Steps ...................... .
the story was quite complicated.
28
Go for it
Clauses and linkers of contrast
6> Rewrite sentences 1 to 7 in Exercise 5 using
the words in brackets.
(although) .. .. .... ..
.. .................................................... .
2 (despite) .................................................................. ..
3 (although) ................................ .................................
4 (in spite of) ..............................................................
5 (however) ................................................................. .
6 (although) ................................................................ .
,
........................................................................................
7 (although) .................................................................
What's wrong?
7> Correct the mistakes.
atthoUjh
1 like livi ng here despite there
isn't much to do in the evening.
I'm afraid the skirt's a bit to tigh t.
2 Dublin's a beautiful city however it's
quite expensive.
3 OUT accommodati ons were awful.
4 In spite of it is a beautiful place, it' not
really a tourist destination.
S I buy all my books from the local library.
8) Complete the dialogue.
You: l . : ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ..~ , ! ..~ .. this sweatshirt on, please.
Assistant: Here you are. I ...........................................
good?
You: Well, it's a bit baggy. 1 ..............................
. 7
........................................................... sIze.
Assistant: Yes, we have. Here's a medium. 1............ .
............................................................. on?
You: H's Ane. 41 ................................................. .
Assistant: How 5 ................ . ..... .. .. . .................. .. ..... ... ?
You: By credit card.
b
9;, Write a conversation in your notebook using the pictures.
29
VI
Vocabular
Stay cool)
1 '; Label the parts of the car.
ow you gu:
. Go for it
2) Complete the conversation.
A: You should always wear a ... ' you know,
even if you're only going a short distance.
B: Yes, 1know.
A: It's quite foggy. 1 think you should pUl your
I . ............................. on.
8: I was just going to.
A: Now it's started to rain. Perhaps you'd belter
put your 2...................................................... on.
8: Yes.
A: The petTol gauge is low.
1 ........................ .
2 b ....................................... .
3 s ....................................... .
4 g ....................................... .
5 m ......................................
6 s ....................................... .
7 e ...................................... ..
8 b ...................................... ..
9 h ......................................... .
10 s ................... w .................. .
11 f .................... t.................. .
12 b ........ ..................................... .
13 b ................. 1 .................. ..
14 i ... .............. 1 ................... ..
15 t ...................................... ..
B: It's OK. here's enough petrol in the
3 . .. ........................ ............ We' ll be fine.
A: The car in front is going very slowly. You could
overtake on the next bit of straight road. Just
change down a 4...................... for more power
and we'll soon be past hi m.
B: Uh, huh.
A: Look out! There's a hairpin bend coming up.
Don't go so 5..................... .
B: You know, you're really getting on my nerves.
Perhaps you ought to drive.
A: But 1 haven' t passed my driving test.
30
Grammar
3'/ Give advice using the words in brackets and a
main verb.
He looks very tired. (ought)
He so hard .
I've got a bad headache and 1 fee l sick. (should)
You ............. ............................... a doctor.
2 Oh no, it's raining and I haven't brought an
umbrella! (had better)
You ............................................. mine.
] I was stopped by the police last night for riding
my bik without lights. (should)
You ............................................ without light .
4 l'm not sure about going up into the mountains.
TIley say the driving conditions are qui1e
dangerous. (had better)
In that case, we ............................................. .
there today.
I) Anna seems a bit depressed. (ought)
Perhaps we ............................... .. ............ her to
ome to the cinema with us.
Obligation and prohibition with
verbs must, have (got) to and needn't
4/ Complete the sentences with the modal verbs
and the verbs in the box.
heat worry have do
let clean buy take
have to/don 't have to
Sorry, 1 can't stay. I really .... .... now.
It's OK for you. You .................. ....... .................. .... .
...................... your room every Saturday morning.
2 Can we eat this pie cold or ........................... ........ .
.. ..................................................... it first?
have got to
3 Kate, I don 't understand the homework. What
................................................................................ ?
4 1 can't come out just yet. 1 ................................... ..
.................................. some shopping round to my
grandmother's.
must
5 1'm so thirsty. 1 ..................................... something
to drink.
6 His behaviour is appall ing! You ............................ .
.. ........................... him lTeat you li ke that.
needn't
7 He phoned Lo say he's arriv d afely, so you
......... .. .. .. ........... ....................................... any more.
S l've got a spare pair of sunglasses, so you
. ............................................................... any.
Comparison of adjectives and adverbs
5 > Complete sentence b} so that it means the
same as sentence a) in each case.
a) John's far m re serious than Jamie.
b) Jamie's .. than John.
a) My marks in Biology were better than my
marks in Chemistry.
b) My marks in Chemistry weren't ................ ..
. ................................... my marks in Biology.
2 a) Riding a motorbike is more da ngerous than
drivin g a car.
b) Driving a car isn' t ......... ; ......................... .
.. ................ riding a mot orbike.
3 a} Is it true that gi rls are much better at
languages than boys?
b} Is it true that boys are ....................................
at languages than girls?
4 a} He drives more carefu lly than she does.
b} She drives .......... ...................... than he does.
6> Complete the sentences.
All Blur's albums are good, but th ir latest is
.. of all.
It's a very strange book. In fact, it's ............... .
.... .. ............. ... ....... book I've ever read.
2 The new Harley bike comes in several models.
Thi is the most expensiv , at 15,000. This is
........ .. .............................. expenstve, at 8,000.
3 You di d wen. In fact you di d ....................... than
anybody else.
4 We see all our cousins quite frequently. But we
see Anita ............. ........................................ of al l.
31
should(n't), ought(n't} to and had
better (not)
7> Give advice using the modal verbs.
A: 1 can't see the number.
What is it? (ought)
B: It' a six. You .. ...
.. .. .......
A: He's put on weight, hasn't he? (should)
B: You .. ......... .. ........... .. ......... ................................. . .
2 A: He always seems to have a cold. (should)
B: He ................. .................. ...... .... .......................... .
3 A: Anna nearly fell off her bike last night. (ough t)
B: She ................. ............................ ..... .... .............. ..
4 A: The fuel tank is almost empty. (had better)
B: We .. ....... ... ......................................................... ..
5 A: Stop! The dog's loose! (had better)
B: 1 ......................................................................... ..
Comparison of adjectives and adverbs
8> Complete the dialogue using the words in
brackets. The shows that you should also use an
intensifier such as much, a lot or far.
A: Aren't you going through the Channel Tunnel
to France?
B: No, the ferry's .!JC!.t (*pleasant).
A: Maybe, but it isn't I............. ..........................
............. (quick) the train. And are you taking
the car?
B: Yes.
A: What about going on the motorbike? 1t would
be 2............. .. ....................... . ("'cheap) than
going by car.
B: Do you thi nk so?
A: Of course. A bike i J......................... ........ ..
.......................... (*economical) than a car, and
it's only 10 to take the bike on the
ferry so it isn't 4........... ..
(expensive).
B: Mmm.
A: And you don't have to wait in traffic jams on a
bike, so travelling is 5............. ..........................
(stressfu l) . 1t's 6......... .. .............. . ...................... ..
(*practical) when you get there, t oo. 1t really
7
IS ........................................................... ..
(convenient) way to travel. Listen! 1 go to
france B............. ............. ..........................
(*frequent) than you do, and 1 always go on
my bike.
B: Well, that's what l' d better do then.
32
Communication
9/ Write the conversation between you and Mark
using the prompts.
o == Mark accepts your advice.
IKl = He refuses your advice, with a reason.
II: = He questions your advice.
Go for it )
10> Give advice for each situation. Then accept or
refuse the advice, giving a reason where possible.
A: l'm fed up taking the bus all the time.
s: .. ..'!..
A: 00 .. .. .......
..
A: 1 keep getting headaches.
s: .............................................................................
A: .. ........................ ........................................... ..
2 A: My dog died last week and 1really miss him.
s: .............................................................................
A: 00 .......................................................................
3 A: 1 saw my boyfriend with Mandy Tucker on
lhe way home from school.
s: .................................. ...... .....................................
A: ...................................................................... .
Mark: 1 can't get on with my work at home.
My parent argue a lo t and it's hard to
concentrate.
You: work it, the library.
Mark: 00 . It closes at six oclock.
You:
your teacher that you 're having problems
at home.
Mark: 00 2 ................................................................. .
l'd feel embarrassed.
You: Well, 3 .............................................................. ..
your parents about it.
Mark: [I] 4 .................................................................. .
You: Well, 1 think you should. Otherwise, they
aren't going to realise there's a problem.
Mark: 'i ...................................................................
Thanks, 111 do that.
4 A: 1 asked Kelly out for a pizza tomorrow night
but 1can'l really afford it.
s: ................... ..........................................................
A: 00 .......................................................................
Vocabulary (2):
Personalising vocabulary
It is helpful to learn new vocabuJal)' by noting
how it is used in a colltext relevanl to you. This
is especially true of vocabulal)' items like phrasal
verbs, e.g. look forward: I'm looking forward to the
summer holidays.
Write eight entences Wl1ich are true for you
using phra al verbs wiLh get, go, give and look.
33
IllS aevelopment extra
Reading
INTERNATIONAL Focus
Hi heroes are ~ t o n Senna and
Nelson Piquet. He's from Brazil,
he's eighteen, and he already has a
successful career in motor racing.
ANTONIO PIZZONIA was recently
at the Brand Hatch racetrack in
the south of England. When we
met him, he was smiling and
oking very relaxed, in spite of
tbe fact that he was about to drive
in the British Formula Renault
Sport Championship.
Although he's from Brazil, Antonio
now lives in Cambridge, in England
He' lived there for two yeal's. lIe
misses his family, but he's got a lot
of friends in England.
H tarted racing at the age of nine
when he won his first karting
championship, the Amazonian
Championship. He won his first
Brazilian Championship III Sao
Paulo at the age of thirteen.
When he was fifteen, Antonio
moved from karting to racing caTS
and spent seven or eight months
in the USA, at the Formula Barber
Dodge Racing School in Florida.
Out of the ten races in which he
competed, he won seven.
lIe's raced in many different
countries, including Spain,
New Zealand, France, Engla d
and Germany. He says the most
important race for him so far
has been the Brazilian Karting
Championship because it gave
him the confidence to become a
r acing <inver.
Danger doesn't worry him. His
father, who was also a racing
driver, has always given him a lot
of encouragement, although his
mother i. n'l so sure about his
choice of career. Ther are times
when he thinks he shouldn't do it.
Wh n he isn't racing, Antonio fi nds
time for other sports, especially
water sports like water-skiing and
jet-skiing. He's from Manaus in th
Amazon region, where ther are a
lot of ri vers and lakes, so it was
very easy for him to do water ports
as a young teenager.
Antoni hope to q a Fonnul One
driver e entually. '1 think I can get
lh re i n two or three years' time,' he
says, as he g ts into his ear to take
part in the race.
Antonio won the race and test
drove a Formula One car as part of
the prize. He also won a road car
for a year. And although he isn't old
enough to be a Formula One racing
drivel', he won a cake in the shape
of a Formula One car!
34
_________ _
_________ _
_______ _
Comprehension
tay cool
1 / Read the text and complete the factfile.
Antonio Pizzonia
Country of birth:
Country he lives in now:
Training: where?
how long?
Favourite leisure activities:
2/ Put the events in order.
<I) D He went to live in Cambridge.
b) D lie went to the USA.
cl [I) He won the Amazonian Champion hip.
<.I) 0 He test-drove a Formula One car.
eI D He won the British Formula Renault Sport
Championship.
f D He won his first race in Sa Paulo.
60 for it
3/ Answer the questions.
Where did the interviewer meet Antonio?
.. .. .. .................
Did the interviewer meet Antonio before or after
th race at Brands Hatch?
'2 How do we know that Antonio wasn ' t nervous
about the race?
3 Which countries has he lived ill, apart from Brazil?
4 What do s he do in his spare time?
I) Why is Manalls good ror water. port?
6 Why can't Antonio drive a Formula One car yet?
Communication
4> Write the conversation in your notebook.
Gina wants to be a racing driver. Her father
encourages her, but her mother doesn't like the idea.
Father: (gives advice: con tact the British Racing
Federation) 1 thi nk .. .
Gina: (accepts his advice)
Mother: (gives advice: go to college)
Gina: (questions her advice)
Mother: (gives advice: do a secretarial course)
Gina: (refuses her advice)
Father: Mum's right, Gina. You should take her
advice and perhaps get a Saturday job at
the racetrack.
Writing
5> In your notebook, write a descriptive
comparison of these two racing circuits. Use some
of the words in the box and your own ideas.
aUra tive beautiful setting city
countryside dangerous forest
mountains narrow streets old
view or the harbour
The Monaco circuit is older than the Monza circuit.
The Monaco circuit ;s in the city. whereas ...
35
ea y for lift off
-
Vocabular
Stay cool
1 ;> Categorise the jobs; C for cars, H for health,
and R/TV for Radionv.
sales manager
[TI
mechanic
c=J
doctor DO
optician c=J
presenter IRlTVI sound engineer c=J
physiolherapisl
[=:J
producer
[=:J
script editor
[=:J
driving instructor [=:J
garage owner
CJ
dentist
[=:J
2'/ Complete the adjectives describing personality.
Then write the opposites.
Opposite
.. .... .................
Ion e t
2 ef _ ecti e
30_g _n ised
e I b I e
5_ardwo_king
6so bl e
7d ci iv e
Bh_pp y
9 r l a ed
lOcom i t ed
II u m I e
12 s abe
Words with silent letters
Manv words in Engli h have silent letter, e.g.
II lei ter h in honest.
3) Underline the letters which are silent in
these words.
I cam paign 2 knee 3 listen 4 psychological
5 climbing 6 hour 7 lhumb 8 wrong

4> Use the adjectives from Exercise 2 to describe
the people.
'My papers are in such a mess. I can never lind
anything: .. .. .
'I'm in love and it feel s great !: ....................... ..
2 'I know l'm right and that's that: ..................... ..
3 'I have to tell the truth. 1 can't lie: ...................... .
4 'rve got lots of friends. 1j ust don't have
time to see t hem all: .......... .. ............ .
5 'Sony 1 fo rgot to post your let er. rve got a
terrible memory.' .........................
6 'I like watchi ng sport on lV, but I hate doing
physical exercise myself.' ........................ .
7 'l'm always at the monthly meetings of OUT
voluntary work group. They're really
important.' ........................ .
8 '1 usual ly manage to stay calm, whatever
happens.' ........................ .
9 'I've spent ages tryi ng to choose a colour
for my room. I just can' t mak up my
mind.' ........................ .
36
Stay cool
First conditional: if/unless clause +
'/I (will)/won't
First conditional: clause with
conjunction or
5> Rewrite the sentences in the first condjtional.
Stop fooling around or you'll hurt yourself.
.. .................. .
.. ............................................................ .
Give him time and he'll change his mind.
If .............................................................................. ..
You must book in advance, otherwise you won't
get a seat.
Unless ..................................................................... ..
3 If you don't send in your application form today,
they won't consider you for the job .
............................................................................... or
4 We'd betler not disturb him. He'll get really
bad-tempered.
If ............................................................................... .
I) You'd better go now, otherwise you'll miss the
last bus .
............................................................................... or
6 Call me if there's a problem, otherwise I'll see
you at eight.
Unless .......................................................................
6> Use the prompts to write the advice a father
is giving his son.
will/ won't
you/be/pleasant
you/make friends easily
.!f .N.'!.I!:!!. .......... .
you/lose friends quickly
you/be/ unreliable
. ............................................................................... if
2 you/be/ organised
you/not do a good day's work
Unless ...................................................................... .
might/migh t not
3 you/be/too sociabl
people/take advantage of you
If ............................................................................... .
4 people/not take you seri ously
you/be/committed to your work
............... : ............................................... ......... unless
....... . ............................ ... . ..... 1.................................... .
or
5 be vain
you/be/ unpopular
Don't ..... ................................................................... .
6 get behind with your work
you/get depressed
Never .................... .. ....... ........................................... .
37
Go for it
Time clauses in the future Time clauses in the future with when/as soon as
with when/as soon as
First conditional: if/unless clause + will/won't
7 ./ Cross out the incorrect sentences.
First conditional: clause with conjunction or
a) ),6Je'll fl8've a yo 1:1 'II
get yom exam resul ts.
b) We'll have a party when you get
your exa m results.
c) We ha've a wi'lefl yeu !'Jet
your exam results.
a) I'll give you the keys as soon as
I'll see you.
b) I give you the keys as soon as I
see you.
c) I'll give you the keys as SOOI1 as
1see you.
2 a) I may go away for a few days
when I'll gel my results.
b) I may go away for a few days
when I get my results.
c)
1 may go away ror a few day
when 1 got my results.
J a) They'll pick the candidate '
hen all the application forms
are in.
b) They pick the cand idates when
all the application fonTIS will
be in.
c) TIley'lI pick the candidates
when all the application forms
will be in.
4 a) Do you tak a packed lunch
when you'll go on the outing?
b) Will you take a packed lunch
when you go on the outing?
c) Will you take a packed lunch
when you'll go on the outing?
5 a) We make up our minds as oon
as we know all the fact.
b) We'll make up our minds as
Don as we know all the facts.
c) We'll make up our minds as
soon as we' ll know all the racts.
38
8> Complete the letter with suitable words and phrases.
Communi cation
Stay cool
9/ Complete the responses to these statements.
A: Drivers should retake their driving test every
two years.
B: 1 take your .... .... .' but 1 don't think it
would reduce the number of accidents.
A: You have to be twenty-five to drive a car.
B: I don't ................................ thaI's true.
2 A: We have more freedom lhan our
parent had.
B: I agree ................................ you .
1 A: Life's easier now than it was fifty years ago .
B: Oh , I don't ................................ about that.
4 A: Painting is more creative than photography.
B: I'm no t ............................... . 1 agree.
S A: To be a successful politician. you have to be
dishonest.
B: I'm sorry but 1think you ' re .............. .. ........... .
6 A: 1 don't Lhink it's right La spend all that
money on going to the moon.
B: You ................................ be right, hut don ' t
you think it's exciting to find out more
abou t outer space?
What's wrong?
10/ Correct the mistakes.
a.mLv1cl
Stop fooling rouAd!
I You have to be comitted to succeed in this job.
"2 I call you as soon as 1 know he result.
J I'll be really happy if I'll get an interview.
4 He's sociable reliable and efficient.
5 Don'L stay too late or you miss the la t bus.
G My brother works in compu ler.
Go for it )

e
Parents of young
children shouldn't both
Teachers' pay should
be the same as doctors'
an d lawyers'.
secretaries than men.
11 >Agree or disagree with the students above,
giving your reasons.
Agree: .. .....
. ....... ... ... ... .. ................. .
Disagree: .r'!!.. ... ..
. .. ......
..........................................................
2
3
39
ta uality
Vocabular
Stay cool
1 / Replace the words in italics
with the correct form of a phrasal
verb with take.
after back @ off
on over up
There was too much information to
absorb all at once. take in
.............................
Can you start learning the piano at
any age? ................................. .
2 Have you returned the books to the
library? .. ... .......................... .. .
3 Will his job be safe when the new
company takes control?
4 Will you have to accept more
r onsibility in your new job?
5 Would you mind removing your
shoes? ........................................ .
6 Who do you resemble?
2> Complete the words with the
endings in the box.
-ant -ic -ent -ive
-rul -y -OliS
beautifoL....
I differ............ 6 wonder .......... ..
2 fam............ 7 dirt ........... .
3 creat............ 8 expen ........... .
4 pleas............ 9 eleg ........... .
5 impress............ 10 dramat.. .. ....... .
40
3> First, fill in the blank spaces in 1 to 12 with the endings
of the adjectives. Then match the clues to the numbers.
A
A
R
1
W
1
F
U
R
A
J
E
C
H
M
R 1
M B
E L
N T
1 T
M P
U S
S E
0 M
T T
E A
X C
A R
0 R
U S
S T 0 C R
1 T I
E V
E L L 1 G
T
0 R T
S
A N T
R A C T
L
E L L
T 0 0 N
R 0 R
1 C A L
~ A film or play with songs.
A
T I I I
1 J
J
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
I I
12
13
14
15
a)
b) 0 Beautiful.
c) D Belonging to the upper classes.
d) 0 It doesn't matter if your T -shirt's a bit dirty. Stop
being so ..................... .
e) 0 Listen carefully. This is ......................... .
f1 0 A type of film which can be frightening.
g} 0 My new dictionary helps me a lot. It's really ..................... ..
h) 0 So you saw him with another gi rl. There's no
need to get .................... .
i) 0 This sort of person is good at making jokes.
j) Very, very good.
k) 0 You're always writing love letters, you ........ ................. fool !
I) D You try to do too much. You're too ......................... .
m) D Clever.
nl 0 A film which rel ies on graphics and animation.
0) 0 Take out this paragraph. It isn't ......................... to
your argument.
Grammar
tay cool
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
4; Complete the sentences with who{mj, which,
where or whose.
Is this the jumper ..... } ! ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ...... shrank in
lhe wash?
Glasgow, ..................... 1 pent last summer, is a
great place to go clubbing.
2 H took on a job ..................... was too difficull.
3 Kale, .................. ... you've already met, is coming
with us.
4 Would the person ..................... ar is blocking
the exit please move it?
Present perfect simple and continuous
5> Circle the correct forms.
Una: Hi, Sean.Q haven't seeii)! I haven't been seeing
you for ages.
Sean: 1 know.
ina: You look tired. Are you OK.
~ e a n : I'm fine. 1 I've been working! I've worked
quite hard, that's all.
Una: Oh? 2 What have you done?! What have you
been doing?
Sean: J I've got together ! I've been getting together
some photos for my portfolio. 4 I've taken up !
I've been taking up photography, you see.
Una: Really?
Sean: Yes. l'm quite serious about it. r, I've joined /
I've been joining a photography dub.
Una: 6 How long have you gone? ! How long have
you been going?
Sean: Oh, only a few weeks.
Una: And how many photos 7 have you taken / have
you been taking so far?
Sean: Quite a lot.
Una: Have you got a good camera?
Sean: Yes. It 's not bad. 8 I've just bought / I've just
been buying a new one for 200.
5 Would you recognise the man .....................
sold you the tickets?
6 Our accommodation, ..................... the tourist
office recommended, was absolutely terrible.
7 We went to Scotland with my mother, ................. .
family originally came from Edinburgh.
8 My grandmother often goes back to the
village ..................... she was born.
Una: 9 You haven't spent ! You haven't been
spending 200 on a camera, have you? With
a camera li ke that you can take my photo
if you li ke!
Sean: Sorry! 10 I haven't taken on / Ihaven't been
taking on any professional work yet!
41
for it
Relative clauses
6/ Write a letter to Penny in your notebook by
joining the sentences together with who(ml. which,
where or whose.
This summer we're going to Spain.
It's my favourite place to spend a holiday.
My American cousins are going 10 be there.
I've never met them.
Dear Penny.
This summer we're 90;n9 to Spain, which ;s my
favourite place to spend a holiday.
My cousins. whom I've never met, are
90in9 to be there.
Present perfect simple and continuous
7 > Write the questions and answers, using the
present perfect simple or continuous as appropriate.
what / he / eat / ? (ice cream)
. .. ............................................ .
.. ............................. ......
2 e / she / swim / ? (Jake)
3 what / they / play / ? (volleyball)
4 what / he / do / all morning / ? (ride/horse)
5 why / he / fall over backwards / ? Uump over/
fence)
6 what / he / do / '! (twist/knee)
1 We're going to a vill age n ar "Pamplona.
My grandm ther was born there.
2 We're staying in a farmhouse.
It belongs to my uncl e.
3 My grandmother is arrivi ng tomorrow afternoon.
She now lives in Barcelona.
4 We're having a big birthday party for my
grandmother. She's seventy on Saturday.
5 On Sunday we all pl an to go to a restaurant
in Pamplona .
My grandmother used to work there.
6 The owner is related to our family.
His name is Felipe.
7 Felipe is a fanta stic chef.
He's just taken over the res taurant.
Commu nication
S ay cool
8'; Put the conversation in the correct order.
A
a) D l'm not that keen 011 him.
b) D Did you? I thought it was a waste of time.
c) ill Have you seen Ewan McGregor's latest film?
d) D You wish!
eJ 0 Do you? WeI!, I suppose he' quite attractive
in a funny sort of way.
S
n0 Y u can'l say that! It was really exciting
and Ewan McGregor wa brilliant in it.
g) D Yes. I thought it was fantasti .
h) DOh, 1 am. 1 think he's really good-looking.
i) D Maybe he'll walk in here right now.
9 > Complete the questions and responses.
What do yo u .................... of Gwyneth PaJtTow?
1 think she's .................... .
I'm not that .................... on her.
J like her a .................... .
I can't .. .................. her.
Have you seen her .................... film?
No, I haven't.
I
I've seen it twice.
Did you .................... it?
1 .................... it was wonderful.
I wasn't v ry .................... .
1 though t it was a bit .................... .
PJ 60 for it )
10> In your notebook, write a conversation
between you and a friend discussing a film star
about whom you have different opinions.
o What's wrong?)
11 :> Correct the mistakes.
'Where have you been all afternoon?'
been
'I've SWl:H'R- in tne river:
Is this the book what you told me about?
2 I've seen already the film.
3 It's an exceJentfi lrn.
4 1 thought the film was a loss of time.
5 That's the boy who's mother teaches at
our school.
6 Her mother who wa a fa mous act TeSS,
wanted her to go to university.
43
1 13 UCYCIUtJ I crl
-
Reading
The hot ticket
The future of fo tbaU is feminine, according to
Sepp Blatter Pre ident of FIFA. the game's
governing body. Tbi afternoon, 90,000 people will
watch the Women' World Cup final in Los AngeJe
between the United State and China, whose team
has been playing so we]] in the tournament.
Thre weeks ago, when
[he women' roumamenr
began, DO one paid much
arreDtlOO ro it. This week,
chc: Presidem 0 the United
tutes changed his schedule
[0 make sure that he could
attend. Even he was lucky
to get in; the gam IS a seU
. When the organisers
covered they had 3,000
extra tickets on Tuesday.
mey w e sold within hours.
Women's fo mbal I is
suddenly the ho ridet.
When the United tares
ream beat Brazil in the
emi6nals, their success
[Ook them to the front
pages throughout the
country and even onto
prime-time television.
Everyone loves a winner.
Americ:ms more than most,
but the way in which this
team has taken over the
public imagination has been
remarkable. The whole
country has been following
the tournament. If che US
team wins this afternoon.
the country will go wild.
' I thought this
rournament ould be big,
bUl it' been bigger than I
imagined. We have
esrablished it as a world
class women's event in
sportS,' said Marla Messing,
the President and Chief
Executive Officer of th
Women's World Cup.
The Chinese, who have
a league of ten
teams, will start as
favourites this afternoon.
When they took on
Norway, the cup holders,
in the semifinals, they gave
probably th greatest
display of football in the
history of the competition;
and in Sun Wen, their
captain, lhey have the star
of the murnamenc. There
is even a Barbie-do li
ve ion of her availa Ie in
toy shops.
footuall Scelle
By Dave Allsop
Victory for the USA
It has been a thrilling week in
women's football . [he American
dream bas finally come nue. The
ho I nation beat China 5-4 on
penalti to claim the third Women's
World Cup in fronl of 90,000
pa sionate fans, including President
Clinton and his daughter, Ch_elsea.
The three-week tournament
attracted more than 650,000 fans in
total. 'It's the biggest sp0l1ing even t
for us in the last ten years, ' said
President Clinton. 'It's not just
soccer. We are lalking about
women's soccer. I think it will have
a far-reaching impact across the
world.'
44
he till . headings and any pictures
o h Ip YOLI guess what a te t is going to
be boul.
can til t t to und rstand the principal
poiT1ts. Fo u on number, nam and fact.
( e Exerci > 11
) III lltify th phra \:: which are difficult and
work oul what they mean or look them up m
a dictIOnary. (_ ee ExeTcise 2)
4 fiillally read th xl again t make SUTe you
understand he d tails and opinions ill the
l. (See E 'erei e 3)
Comprehension
Stay cool
1; Read the text and answer the questions.
In which country is the cup final? .. ! ~ ~ . Y . ~ ~ : .......
1 Which article was written before the match?
2 Which four countries are mentioned?
Who won lhe game betwe n China and Norway?
4 Which teams played in the Anal?
5 How many people were at the Anal?
6 How many attended the whole tournament?
2> Write the expressions which show that:
there are no tickets left rOT the final
2 women's football is now very popular
3 the US leam is now headline news
4 everybody in the US will celebrate
5 the game has international status
6 the Chinese team i the preferred team to win
Go for it )
3 >Answer the questions.
Article A
How long has this year's tournament been
going on?
2 How do we know that th Americans were very
interested in the World Cup?
3 Why has the Women's World Cup surprised
Marla Messing?
4 How do we know that the Chinese aptain has
become famous?
Article B
5 Why has the American dream 'finally come true'?
6 How many Women's World Cup tournaments
have there been?
Writing
4> In your notebook. write a letter to an English
friend to confirm arrangements for the
following situation.
You're going to see a football match with your
friend, who is coming to visit you next week.
These are the details:
Coach leaves 3.30. Arrives at ground 5.30.
Buy tickets. Go for a pizza.
Malch starts 7.30.
Coach leaves 9.45. Arrives home 11.45.
Weather - may rain - bring an umbrella.
45
W I ~ f l

Vocabular
Stay cool
/ Com plete the labels.
5 radio ......... ................. .
sound ....S l l ~ ~ ~ ..............
6 video ...................... .... .
I ....................... .... computer
7 video .. ........................ .
2> Match the phrasal verbs in Column A to the
items in Column B. (Some of the items in Column
B can be used more than once.)
A B
2 ................. .......... phone
turn up
~
a) a wanted man
2 tum down
D
b) a problem in your mind
J tum on
D
c) the volume
4 tum off
D
d) in time ror lunch
5 tum in
D
e) an offer of help
6 turn away
D f1
people from the door
3 personal .......................... .
7 turn over
D
g) the computer
h) the ligh t
~ .
Go for it )
3> In your notebook, write four sentences, each
containing a phrasal verb with turn and an item
of electrical equipment.
4 CO ............. ............. .
46
Stay cool
Causative have (have something done)
4; What are they having done? Write sentences
with have.
.. ................ ....................
o
3 ............... .................................................................. .
4 ................................................................................... .
5 ................................................................................... .
Second conditional: if/unless clause
+ 'd (would)/wouldn't
5> Complete the second conditional sentences
with the correct form of the words in brackets .
... ... (You/ have) more money jf .. Y.9.'!. ...
.!!f!!!!.'!..w.!!,r:';t!. (you/not spend) so much on CDs.
What sort of computer .......................................... .
(y u/buy) jf ........................................... (you/have)
[2,000 to spend?
2 I'm sure .................................................................... .
(the camera /work) if .............................................. ..
(y u/pul) new bat teries in il.
3 ..... .. .. ............ ................. ... ................. (l /not change)
my Id sou nd system for a new one unless
.......................................................... (it/be broken).
4 ................................................................ (l /not buy)
a sound system unless ............................. (it/have)
a record deck.
S ..... ......... ................... ............. . (I /not have) a mobile
phone if ........................................... (you/pay) me!
Verb need + gerund/passive infinitive
6> Complete the sentences with (not) need and
the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Gerund
The car's dirty. It ... ... (clean)
Your hair's long. It ........................................... .
(cut)
2 The fax is fine. It ........ ................ .... ...................... .
(repair)
3 The volume is low . ................................................ ..
......................... ? (b tteries/replace)
Infinitive
These plates are clean. They .. .........
. .. (wash)
4 The video recorder is showing the wrong time.
It ................................................................... (r set)
5 Your aT is making a terrible noise...................... ..
...... ........................................................ ? (it/service)
47
I wish/If only + past tense
7 / Write what they are saying using If only and I wish.
1 1 wish ... .. ............................. .
2 1 f only ..!.. .................................................
3 I wish .........................................................................
4 If only ...................................................................... ..
5 I wish ....................................................................... ..
6 If only ...... .. .............................................................. ..
7 I wish ....... ................................................................ ..
Go for it
Causati ve have (have something done)
8/ C mplete the conversations with have and the
correct form of the verbs in the box.
develop (. colour) look at not mark
lest clean
A: Your hair looks different.
B: I've had it coloured,
....................................
tha t's why.
A: You need glasses.
B: No, I don't. I ..................................................... .
last week, and the optician said they were OK.
2 A: Is your laptop computer working?
B: No, but I ......................................... tomorrow.
3 A: That j acket's a bit dirty, isn 't it?
B: You're right. I .................................................. ..
when 1next go into town.
4 A: .................. you .................. your holiday
photos ..................................... yet?
B: No. I haven't finished the film yet.
5 A: Have you handed in your project?
B: Yes, but I .......................................................... .
yet.
48
Second conditional: if/unless clause
+ 'd (would)/wouldn't
9> Rewrite the sentences using the words
in brackets.
I don't have any money so 1 don't go out. (it)
.. ........................................
They're leaving the party early. Something must
be wrong. (unless)
.. ...............
.. .. ........... ...... ................... .
I haven't got a mobil e phone, you can't ring
me. (if)
2 We can' t play a computer game before dinner
because we don't have ti me. (if)
J I tell you I love you be ause 1 mean it. (unless)
4 1 swim out a long way, but l'm a good swimmer.
(unless)
5 This personal stereo isn' t under guarantee, so I
can't take it back to the shop. (if)

Stay cool
10) Put the conversation in order.
a) 0 Batteries?
bl mCan I help you?
c) 0 Certainly. Have you checked the batteries?
dJ DOh, 1 didn't know that. Do you sell them?
e) oThanks.
n0 The microphone. Could you have a look at
it, please?
g] 0 What doesn't work exactly?
h) 0 Yes, we do. You need a couple. Here you are.
i) 0 Yes. I bought this cassette recorder here last
week and it doesn' t work.
J) 0 Yes. It needs batteries.
Using a dictionary (1):
Selecting what !o look up
Wh '11 you reLJd (J text. try to [ucs' th meaning
of new words and phras . Use a dictionary only
wh n you annot guess tile meaning.
R d the extra L below, underlining the words
r phra e5 which are new. How many words do
you need to 10 up?
The new rich
Over the last five years, the income of
Briti h sixteen- to nineteen-year-old . has
shot up by iXly per enl. And it seems
that they will not be squandering their
new-found wealth becau c the rna t
popular New Year' resolution among
British teenage is to look after their
money.
~ 60 for it )
11 >In your notebook, write conversations for
the following situations.
1 Your parents have bought you a video camera.
There's a problem: it doesn' t record sound. You
take it back to the shop.
You: Explain th at the video camera doesn't
work. Show the receipt.
Assistant: Ask what the problem is.
You: Explain the problem. Ask the assistant
to test it.
Assistant: Agree that there is a problem,
You: Ask what they will do.
Assistant: Offer to replace it or to give a refund.
You: Say what you want.
You: My parents bought me this video
camera, but ...
2 You bought a sweatshirt yesterday. When y u
got it home, you found a hole in the leeve.
Although you've lost the receipt, you go to the
customer services desk in the shop. There's a
sign which says 'No rerllnds or exchanges
without a receipt'.
You: Explain what t he problem is. Say you
want a refund.
Assistant: Ask for the receipt.
You: Explain.
Assistant: Apologise, and explain why you cannot
do anything.
You: Expl ain that the label shows that you
bought the sweatshirt from that shop.
Assistant: Offer to replace it but not to refund
the money.
You: Ace pt the offer.
j?)
What's wrong? " 0
12> Correct the mistakes. ~ r r f
h ~ f
I fliwe my computer repaired yesterday. '\
1 I wish 1 have a car,
2 The tape needs to be rewind.
3 If 1 were seventeen, 1 learn to drive.
4 1 wouldnt go out in this weather unless I had to.
5 We've had repaired the car.
6 You haven't turn ed in their job offer, have you?
49
ts
9
Vocabular
Stay cool
make a fuss make a mistake (. make an effort) make do
make iL make money make up your mind
1>Replace the words in italics
with the expressions in the box. 3 For goodness' sake, decide!
You could at least try!
4 Most peopl e only get rich if they work hard .
.. . ..'!.fJ.. ..........................................................
1don't want to complain. The food isn 't so bad.
5 This isn't a prop r paella pan but we can manage.
2 1 ran for the bus but 1didn't get there in time.
6 Did you get something wrong in that question?
Go for it
2> Write what the people are saying using an
expression or a phrasal verb with make.
That's the third time you've
been late this week! r-----'-----------.
4 Oh , no ! 1 ........................................................... .
50
Stay cool
Verbs should have/ought to have
3/ Comment on each of these situations using
the verbs in the box.
leave ~
swim ~
go bring
eat slap
should have/shouldn't have
4 .................................................................................. .
at the crossroads.
5 .................................................................................. ..
some water with hem .
6 .................................................................................... .
where the urrent was strong.
He should have worn warm clothes.
........................................................... .. a larger size.
2 ................................................................... so Inuch.
3 ......... .................................................. into the field.
7 ... ... .... ... ... ............. ..................................................... ..
the dog in the car.
51
Verbs make, let and be allowed to
4/ Complete the sentences with make, let or
be allowed to.
Please don 't ...... ...... me go to the dentist!
Jake always manages to .................................... .
me laugh when rve got a moulh full of food.
2 Did they ..................................... you use a
calculator in the maths exam?
3 We ..................................... bring drinks to school.
but we .............. ............... ................ drink them in
the classrooms.
4 When my grandmother was a teenager. her
mother wouldn't ..................................... her go
out with boys until she was eighteen.
S You won't ..................................... buy a ticket for
that film because you're too young.
6 Do they ..................................... you wear a
uniform at all schools in Britain?
7 .................................. me see what you've bought!
5) Express the sentences differently using the
correct form of be allowed to.
My parents didn't let me go to the concert .
.. .. .......................
TIl lospita l lets you visit patients between two
and five in the afternoon.
You ........................................................................... .
2 They don't let you smoke in their house.
You ........................................................................... .
3 They don't let children over the age of eleven
play in the minipark.
Children over the age of eleven ............................ .
4 Old your teacher let you go home early?
................... . you ...................................................... .
................................................................................ ?
5 Why didn't her mum let her stay at Sarah's house?
Why .................... she ............................................. ..
...................... ........................................................... ?
Go for it
Verbs should have/ought to have
6> Advise and criticise these people.
c- /

// /0 ' ..
/j'I,fP./VH' ,."., ' 'IItIl' _;

should have/shouldn't have
A: 1wanted to see him again, but 1felt a bit shy.
B: .. .. ...
B: .. .. .. ........................
A: My brother asked me to help him with his
homework. 1told him to do it himself. l-le
couldn't. 1 feel bad about it.
B: .......................................................................... ..
B: ........................................................................... .
2 A: I was out late last night. My parents didn't
know where 1 was. They were worried.
B: .... .. ..................................................................... .
s: ........................... .................................................
ought to have/oughtn't to have
3 A: I took my brother's jacket without asking
him. He made a big fuss about it.
s: ............................................................................
B: .... ...................................................................... ..
4 A: 1 was thirsty and 1 drank all the milk last
night. There was none left for breakfast.
B: .......................................................................... ..
s: ... .......................................... ................ ...............
52
--
Communication
tay cool
7) Write in the missing words. Then put the
conversations in order.
Conversation 1:
oI couldn't r ........................ your phone number.
o Why ........................ you phone me? I had my
mobile with me, and it was sw...................... on.
D I'm T.......... .. ............ sorry.
o Never mind. It doesn't m ........................ .
mYou're late. You sh ... have been here at six.
Conversation 2:
o I've s ........................ I'm sorry!
o It's OK Don't w........................ about it.
[] You .. have been so rude to me.
01 know it isn't. Look, I've been feeling a bit
stressed recently. I'll m ........................ up for it.
o Sometimes it isn't en ........................ just to
say sony.
Go for it
) Write the conversation.
A: Here you are at last! We were supposed to
catch the eight thirty train and it's now nine
thirty. Why are you so late?
B: [ap%gises) ........................................................... ..
A: What happened?
B: (gives an excuse and ap%gises again) ................. .
A: (accepts the apology) ............................................ .
B: There's another train at nine forty-five.
.
9> Write a conversation for the following situation.
You borrow your friend's white jacket to go to a
party. When you get back home, you realise that
someone has spil t a drink down the back. The stain
has dried and won't come out. You go round to
your friend's house to return the jacket.
Friend: .. .................... ..
You:
.............................................................................
I
Friend: ......................................................................... ..
You:
Friend: .......................................................................... .
o What's wrong?)
10> Correct the mistakes.

1know 1 shoul d have-5t-ay;
You made me to drop the glass.
2 You shouldve Ii ened to him.
3 You really must make effort.
4 ls it allowed to drive when you're seventeen?
5 I'm sony. 1 been really busy.
6 Will he make a lot of many?
53
s
s dey
o ment extra
Reading
A
If you asked Simon Taylor
what had made him a 'bad
boy'. he would probably tell
you that ir all started when
his father was unemployed.
His father was at home all the
time, Simon got on his nerves
and they argued. Simon didn't
feel loved.
Teenage criminal
Schools couldn't cope with
'imon, He stole (rom car and
from hop . And then he tole
from hi!'> part"nt . When be wa
twelve, a .. \\fCcks after his
mot her had gIven birth to his
, i ~ t e r , he set fire co hi bed and
Holidays aren't always good 'In prison [ learned everything I
LliTtc1Uu. and to two cars in the
for you needed to know for a Ilfe of
treer. At that poinr, he parents
In an attempt to help him, the crime,' he says. He describes
louldo't cope with h1m anymore
staff at Conway Place sent imon lessons from other prisoners in
and he wa<; take.n into care. He
on an incredible serIes of exotic how to stcaI ca rs and how to
WCfl[ int chilJren' h mes, then
holidays. He went scuba clivi g in use credit cards illegall y.
illto an in tirution for young
the Caribbean, cruiseJ through t he
offenders and finally to a pecial A new outlook on life
Florida Everglades, visited
school ca.Ucd .noway Place, Now twenty-two, imon is
Disneyworld and Sea World, rode
which was run by a charity. going out wit h a girl and say
through the Mexican jungle, skied
that he has given up crime.
i.n Scotland and Norway, toured
' Someone reall y cares for me for
Italy, went horse riding in
the first time in In)' life ... I jUt
Denmark, camped in Spain and
want to be boring and )rdinlry.
went on safari in Zimbabwe. The
I want to be normal,' he 'iay .
people who ran Conway Place
He wishes he had some
thought the rrips would do him
quali fications. L1 ills opinion,
good. According to Simon, th y
tht: schoo l Sh Ollldn '( have sent
Ulad him worse.
him on expensive holIdays; they
A prison education should have educated him. If he
When he left care at the age of had some qua lLfi atlons, he
eighteen, Simon was soon put in might be able to ger a job. If he
prison for robbery. In tact, he had a job, he'd have some scLf
spent three of the ne t four years respect, w hi h is probably what
in prison. he needs more tha n anything.
54
I
Comprehension
Stay cool
1/ Read the text and put the events in order.
aJ D He met a girl who cared for him.
b) ill Simon took money from his parents.
d D He visited several countries.
ill D H went to a school caned Conway Place.
e) D He went to prison.
n D He went into a children's home.
Go for it
2 / Correct the statements.
Simon's father was never at home when Simon
was young.
Simon's fa ther . .. f!!'!!!.. ...
at home.
1 Simon's parents had him taken inlO care when
his fat her became unemployed.
1l1ey had him taken into care when .. ............ ...... .
Simon thought the -programme organised by
Conway House was good for him.
He thought it .......................................................... .
] When he left Conway Place, he gave up crime.
He ............................................................................. .
4 He spent four years in prison.
He ... .......................................................................... .
5 He learned nothing while he was in prison.
He ........ .................................... ................................. .
6 It will be easy for him to get a job now.
It would ....................................................................
Communication
3> Imagine that Simon goes back to Conway
Place to talk to the head teacher there. Write
the conversation in your notebook,
Simon: 1 feel an gry when 1 think back to the time
1 spent here. (criticises) .....
................
Head : (responds) We thought ...
Simon: (questions them) Why di dn't you ...
Head: (adm its they were wrong and says what they
should have done) 1t was a mistake .. .
We ought to have ...
Simon: (agrees) Yes, ...
Head: (asks about his life now)
Simon: (responds)
Writing
4> In your notebook, write a summary of Simon's
story. Follow the plan below and use the words
and phrases given.
Say what Si mon thinks made hi m a 'bad boy'.
consequently
Simon Taylor says he didn't feel loved as a child.
Consequently, he got into at an early age.
Give two examples of the things he did when he
was young.
what's more
Say what he did at age twelve and what the
consequence was.
as a result
Say what Conway Place's idea was; compare it
with what he really needed.
whereas
Say what happened and what t he effect was.
however
Say what his plans are now, and what lhe
conditi ons are for success.
provided that
55
Guess who?
Vocabular
tay cool
1 >Complete the words and phrases.
Age
1 QJ ab ~ ~ . ! . twenty
2 0 in his thirt
3 CD middle-a
Height and build
4 0 t _ 1l
5 D __ ort
60 med __ _ heighl
70s1 m
8 D plu __
Hair
9 0 medium-I _ _ __ _
10 D ponyt __ _
11 D sh _ v _ _ head
120fr __ 9 _
Special features
13 D e _ rrings
14 D gl _ sses
1 5 D freck _ _ _
16 0 sideb __ _ _
17 D double _ _ _
Face
shape
18 D Ion
19 D th n
20 __ nd D T
21 D ov I
eyes
22 D b _9
23 D sm
eyebrows
24 D arch __
25 D bush _
nose
26 D 1__ _
27 D str ___ _ _
28 D sn _ b
2'; look at the pictures of Barry, Justine and louise. Write
the correct initials B, J and L by the words in Exercise 1.
Barry Justine Louise
56
3/ Write the personality adjectives under the
correct headings.
{jo for it )
4> Read the description of Barry. Then.
C aggressive) C amusing) boring enthusiastic
in your notebook. write descriptions of
upset warm distant interesting happy
Justine and Louise.
easy-going dull good fun bad-tempered
moody relaxed good-tempered tense cold
Positive qualities Negative qualities
.. .... ...... ...... ................. . ............... .. .... ........... .
Communication
Stay cool
/ Match the questions to the responses.
Questions
1 How do you get on with Bruno? W
2 What do you think of Peter? D
3 What's Emma like? D
4 What's the matter with Jo and Andy? D
5 What sort of mood is Nick in today? D
Responses
a} He seems quite outspoken but actually
he's really shy.
b) Worse than yesterday - bad-tempered
and aggressive.
I(c) Really well. He's outgoing, amusing and
I" good fun to be with.
d) She's a bit moody sometimes, but she's
never dull.
e) They're a bit quiet today. 1 don't know Why.

6> Complete the conversation with the words in
the box.
up go 1 ud quite C sort)
get easy-going
A: What .. .. of person is Justin?
B: He's a bit serious at ti mes, but he's basicany an
1............................... sort of guy.
A: So what's 2............................... with him at the
moment? He had a J............................... at
Harry and Paul last night.
B: I don' t know. 1 think they 4...............................
on his nerves because they' re 5............................ .
and sometimes 6............................... aggressive.
57
Grammar
tay cool
Verbs must/can't for drawing conclusions
7) Charlotte and Jamie are playing a quiz game.
Complete the conversation.
@!ucstion
In the 1950s
1
he hod hits on bolb sides
of the Atlantic.
His glosses were one of his
trademarks.

She's a film slar.
She's gal dark hoir, beautiful
big eyes and awide mouth.
She played the masl fomous
film slar in the world in a
film with Hugh Granl.

He's 0 young
British pop star.
He's gol cropped dark hoir.
He's well-built ond he used
to be overweight.

In 1999,
Ihis bond of five hod
ohuge hit wilh Ihe
Bee Gees song, Tragedy.
Charlotte:
.. ... Elvis Pre ley. He was
really popular in the 1950s.
Jamie: No, it can't be him . He didn't wear
be
...............
2 Jamie: ...................................................... Liam
Gallagher.
Charlotte: No, ............................................... him.
He ............................................... short
hair ....................................................... .
Robbie Williams. The description fits
him perfeclly.
3 Charlotte : ........................................... Elizabe th
Hurley. She's Hugh Grant's partner.
Jamie: No, ........................ ......................... her.
........... ........................................ a wide
mouth. It ............................................. .
Julia Roberts.
4 Jamie: ..... .................... .................... All Saint .
Charlotte: No, ....................................... ...... them.
......................................... ..... only four
of them. It ...........................................
Steps.
Adjective word order
8) Choose three suitable adjectives from the box
to complete each of the descriptions.
beautiful blond Briti h cotton
curly dark duvet (. Fa nta tic)
fashion French interesting Italian
large leather (e leisure) long
modem (. new) nice old
patterned red riding short silk
straight Swiss tall wavy white
wooden writing young
A . .... ....... ............. ...... centre
1 ............................................................... hair
2 A ............................................................... sofa
3 A .......................................... .............. _..... jacket
4 ........................................................... architecture
5 A ... ......................................................... designer
6 A ... ............................................................ desk
7 A ............................................................... cover
58
Verbs seem, look, sound + adjective
or like/as if
9 / Complete the sentences with the correct form
of seem, look or sound and like/as if where necessary.
I heard you rehearsing your new sony earlier.
1t ... .. . great!
The sky's very dark. It ..................................... .
it's going to rain.
2 Listen! 1t ...................................... th und er.
3 Hay y u been on holiday? You
...................................... tanned.
4 It ...................................... we haven't seen each
other for ages.
Go for it
Adjective word order
Verbs seem, look, sound + adjective
or like/as if
10/ Complete the article. putting the adjectives
in brackets into the correct order, and the verbs in
brackets into the correct form with like or as if
where necessary.
Last summer, I W nI on a walking holiday in the
mountain, with a grollp )f friends. Walking through
,... .. ...... ( ttl/fas inating) viUagc:. 1m
Ih 'Ir I .............................................. (slone!beautiflll)
hUlIses under a l ............................. (clear/blue)
ky was absolutely wonderful. In some places, il
.................................... time had stood
,Iill filf hundreds 'If
One Ja.y, ",1":0 we W!re OU[ walking in tbe hills,
Luke me ovcr to look:u omething. He 'eemed
rc.-alh xciled.
l)n the in tr(ml of him was a
I................................... (meral/small) 0 jecl.
l! 'j............................. (10k) part of a tarue.
It iliUM he really old' Luke::.
II \va" it 6.............................................................. ..
5 You ...................................... worri ed. Is
anything wrong?
6 Although I've only just met him, he
...................................... a really nice guy.
7 They've both got short blond hair and bl ue
eyes. They ... ................. .. ................ sisters.
8 Did you hear a car oUlside? It ............................ .
.. .................... Sarah and Phil have arrived.
9 When 1 thi nk about that time in my life, it just
...................................... a bad dream.
(bron7 '/b .. ullfully Ilude. of a man.
He 7............................. (look) an athlete.
He had 8.................................. . (curly/. hort) hair.
a 9....... . ........................... (strong! quare) face and
broatJ .
' I think it', a statue of an Olympic runner,' said lukt:.
'No, it can'l be,' I Said.
'The Olympic G-.une: [Ook
place in Greece.'
We phonetJ the Local JUlI, eum,
The woman we spoke to
10................................... (sound)
very intere ted, so we look Ihe
larue:: ro the Luke was
right. It was an Olympic r unner.
And it was nearly 2,000 years old.
59
I r CI
to the USA.
Communication
Stay cool
1 >Complete the conversations below and match
them to the pictures. (There are six pictures but
only four conversations.)
,1
A: .. .......... .. . you mind ........................ .
your bike?
B: Of ......................... not. Picture D
2 A: ......................... you help me?
B: l'm afra id .......................... There' a queue
of people here. Picture D
3 A: ......................... you think you could
........................ the phone? l'm in the shower.
B: Sure. Picture D
60
o
4 A: l'm feeli ng a bit ti red. Could ...................... . ..
take over?
B: ......................... , but I' m nervous about
drMng strange cars. Picture D

2> In your notebook, write conversations for
the remaining two pictures in Exercise 1.
Grammar
- -
Stay cool
Clauses of purpose with to, in order
(not) to, so that
3> Complete the sentences with to, in order (not) to or so that.
Where two options are possible. write both.
He had to climb a tree ....... ...... get
away from the bull.
1 used a knife .......................................... ..... . open
the parcel.
2 She came in quietly ..................................... ......... .
disturb her parents.
Verbs used to/be used to/get used to
3 He took his camera ......................................... get
it repaired.
4 I went round to Fay's house ............................... ..
we could work on OUT project together.
5 We wen t back .........................................................
find Jo 's watch.
6 Put sun cream on every hour .............................. .
you don't get burnt.
7 She hid the photo of her ex-boyfriend
............... ........ .. ........... cause any embarrassment.
8 He saved 5 e ery week ............................ ............
he could afford to go to the USA.
9 They left early ........................................ they
would be home in time for their fa vourite
soap opera.
10 He decided not to talk about his own problems
..... ...... ... ... ...... ................. upset her any more.
4> Rewrite these sentences using used to, be used to or get used to.
At one time, we Itved on a farm in Scotland.
W .. y? f!!.. .... ................
When we were young, we alway went to Spain
for the summer.
W ............................................................................ .
2 When you were a child, were you often fussy
about your food?
................ .. . you ....................................................... .
................................................................................. ?
J Wearing a uniform in England is really strange
for me. In Spain, we don't wear one to school.
I .................................................................................
4 l've been in Brazil for ten years, so I've become
accustomed to the Brazilian way of life.
1 ............................... ................................................. .
5 My grandparents sti ll have their farm. They've
always worked hard.
My grandparents .. ............... .................................... .
6 Did you become accustomed to t' h traffic noise
when you lived in London?
................... you .......................................... ............. .
. ................................ ...................... ..... ..................... ?
61
Verbs used to/be used to
5/ Read the text. Then answer the questions
using used to or be used to.
The early cinema
One oftbe most Important clJa7lges to
people's lives at the beginning of the
twentieth Ce7ltury was tbe bltroducti01l
ofthe clttema.
The early cinema w a place for ordinary people.
They went lO watdl films of many kinds:
fumasi informati n films and dr'.uruts. In 1927 AI Jolson
surpri ed the audience by peaking in his film
The Jazz Sitlger. Before that. all th films had been silent.
Although tb films w re silent, the LinetIL'l wasn't.
Wh '0 Doe of Lhe actors did somedling particularly good
or bad, people shouted 1-TurrAh! or 'Boa.' 111ere was also
music [0 accompany tbe ftlm . ill those days there WdS a
pmuoat the front in every cinema.
II was truly family entertainment. Children didn't
usually go to places of entertainmelll like the theatre
r the music haIL bur Lheir parents took Lhem to
the cinema.
In India the cinema W:l<; a tent TIlere was sand 011 the
floor where people could it and there were aJso
benches. The films were romantic but the actor didn't
kis .When people in fndia aw films from the USA wim
people kiSSing, mey were shock d .
In the United States, the fir t cinemas sold ticket for
only five cents. TIley were usually in the poor or
immigrant areas, and many of the cinema owners wt:re
immigrants from Europe. When the dn mas became
more luxurious, peopJe bad to pay more ,Lnd they
complained.
Today w see .films with funrastic spe ial effects all tht:
timt:. But some of the magic of the early cL'l}'S of dnema
has gone.
-..w Twenl,JeO,Century Cinema
What ort of films were popular in the early days
or Cinema?
People .... .. .. ............. .
.. .............................. . .
Why were people StJrprised when they heard AI
Jolon speak in The Jazz Singer?
Because Lhey ... .........
... .. .......................................................... .
Before 1927 were the audience quiet during
films?
No. They .................................................................. .
2 Where did the music for the early films come from?
TIlere ....................................................................... ..
3 Wa it only adults who went to the cinema?
No Everybody ......................................................... .
4 Why wa a trip to the ci nema unusual for children?
Because ....... ...... .......... ... ..... ............... ...................... .
5 1n lndia did everybody sit on benches?
No. Some people ................ ........ ............................. .
6 Why were people in India shocked by som
American fi lms?
Because they ........ .......... ...... .................................... .
7 Why did people in the USA co mplain when they
wen t to the new cinemas?
Because they ......................... ........ ........................... .
8 Why has some of t he magic or the early
inema gone?
Because nowaday peopl e ...................................... .
62
Stay cool
6/ Write the nouns from these words using the
endings in the box.
I -ing -ion -menl -ance -ence -ness
Verbs
improve
..... ..... .. ... .. ... .
meet
2 diFfer
3 refer
4 agree
5 emigrate
6 hunl
7 encourage
8 suspect
9 resist
10 enjoy
II organise
12 move
13 live
14 oppre
Adjectives
kind
kindness
1 important
2 onvenient
shy
4 sil nt
5 relevant
6 lazy
What's wrong?
7 /- Correct the mistakes.
cl.iffeY'rl C.
1 don't understand the dilThranc@.
Would you mind to help me?
woul d you prefer to u e?
2 I'm not used to drive on the left- hand side.
3 Don't spoil his enjoying.
4 Their living ondition's are 0 much better now.
5 I'll never get use to this climate.
6 I got home early that I wouldn't ge t into
trouble again .
8',; Complete these conversations with words
from Exercise 6, Use a verb, a noun (with the
where necessary) or an adjective.
What's ... ... between a Scottish and
an English 10 note?
You can'l ...................................... to Australia
unless you've go t a job there.
2 My ather says he used to get a lot of
...................................... fronl simple toys.
3 Why do you think someone stole your watch?
You've just got a ...................................... nature.
4 I tTied but I just couldn't .....................................
eating all the chocolate.
S They tried to persuade him but he wouldn't
...................................... to go with them.
6 Migration is .............................................. of
people From on pia e to another.
7 It's an inter ting idea, but I don't see
...................................... of it to this discus ion.
8 He' findin g the work hard, but iF you give him
a bit of .. .. .................................. , 1'm sure he' ll
do very wel l.
9 You've done so much better at school this
month . .................................................... in your
work is terrific.
10 It's hard enough for children to be quiet, but
ror them to be completely ............................. ..... .
is aim st impossible.

J
Using a dictionary (2):
Small and large dictionaries .' . ..
A small die .onary is llseful for a quick translation
of a word ut a larger dIctionary - prererably
monolingual - will give you more information.
Look up the word suspect in a very small ,
'pock t' dictionary and thell in a large dIc tionary
For ach dictionary, note:
1 which grammatical categories (e.g. lIoun,
verb) are listed
2 the way in which the meanin s are hown
( ,g. in whole senlences)
To improve your writing skills, which dictionary
63
Ski s deve opment
Reading
W at makes a
good mummy?
Seven thousand years ago in
South America, on what is now
the Peruvian- Chllean border, the
indigenous tribe known as the
Chinchorro began mummifying
their dead.
When omeone died, the
Chindl()rro used LO flJl the bod)' with
a h or earth in order (0 preserve it
The result was a very rigid form of
mummy hich nowadays appe:us
solid under X-mys, rn later ye.Lrs, the
Chinchorro used to cover lhe bodies
with a layer of mud, instead of filling
them with ash or C'.tnh. The mud
wdened to fonn a protective shell.
Atchmofogists
working 00 the
Chlnchorro
artificial
mummies
AI some POlor around 1500 BC,
the Chinchorro gave up making
m u n u n i e ~ . However, bodles were
still presen'ed by nature because
the area where the tribe lived was
one of the driest regions
on earth
Archa:ologistS have so
fur found 282 Chinehorro
mummies. One hundred
and tOfty-nine of them are
':trtifici:ll ' mummies,
reated by the
ChindlOrro themselves;
133 of them are
'natural' mummies,
preserved by natur .
These natural
mummies are a kind of
biological time
cap "uJe.We can find
our from them, for
example, what
people ate, how long
they Lived lI1d what
disea es they had before
the Europeam arrived.
Across the world, in China's XInjiang
province, archa:ologists have found
more than a hundred natural
mummies up to 4,000 years old
wh.ich all appear to originate from
Europe. The dry de crt heat
preserved rbeir CalJcas.ian
features - lJell as I og nose ,
deep- ct eye and
blond hair. Bits of their
clothes look as if Lbey
have come from
Germany, Austria and
ScandJnavta. China., it
seems, had C otlel w ith
Europe long before
any ne bad imagined.
It i de-dr lhat e can
learn a lot from our
ancestors. it . eems
that dead men, and
WOmen, do telltales.
Left and above:
Natural mummies from X1nJllng
64
Comprehension
tay cool
1 ) Match the words and phrases with
their meanings.
1 ash
[1J a) administra tive region
2 preserve
D
b) keep in good condition
3 rigid
D
c) story
4 disease
D
d) serious illness
5 province 0
e) stiff, hard
6 tale
D
f) a grey substance remaining
a fter wood is burned
2> Complete the summary.
.. types of mummy are described in this article,
1 mummies and 2
mummies.
The first part of the article gives details of how
the J made mummies. Seven
thousand years ago, they used 4 or
s ................ ..... . to IiJl the bodies. Later, they simply
put 6 . .. . . .. . . ..... on the bodies. Even when they
stopped making mummies. bodies were preserved
by the forces or 7 .
The second part of the article deals with
mummies round in the 8....................... of Xinjiang
in China. These ar 9 ....................... . mummies.
preserved by the dry heat or the 10......................... .
The surprising thing about some of the Xinj iang
mummies is that they seem to have originated
from 11 ........................ .
, Go for it
J ) Answer the questions.
Where did the Chinchorro live?
.. .. .. ..
Why do Chinchorro mummies appear soli d?
2 What is special about the region in which the
Chinchorro lived?
3 What sort of things can we find out from
studying mummies?
4 How did the archCEologists know that some
of the Xinjiang mummies were not Chinese?
5 Did Europeans go to China earlier or later than
historians thought ?
Communication
4> You are studying archceology. You telephone
the museum and ask to see the mummies. Write
the conversation in your notebook.
You: (make a polite request) Do you
think 1 ...
Reception ist: (refuse politely, giving a reason)
You : (ask to speak to one of the

Receptionist: Of co urse.
You: (make your request again in a
different way; giving a reason)
Archreologist: (agree to the request)
You: That's very kind. Th an k you.
Writing
5/ Imagine that, 4000 years ago, a Chinese man
and a European man see each other for the first
time. In your notebook. write the Chinese man's
description of the European man.
I have just seen someone quite extraordinary as I was
coming home. let me describe him . ...
65
Struggle for surv"val
Vocabular
Stay cool! ' Go for it
1 / Solve the crossword.
Across
1 The turtles' nesting sites are being destroyed
by the ............... . of hotels. (11)
6 CO
2
= ................ dioxide. (6)
8 We went on a ................ of Central America. (4)
11 A measurement of weight equal to 1,000 kilos. (5)
12 The sun and the wind are two sources of
................. (6)
13 Abbreviation for United States. (2)
14 I've said it once and I'll ................ it again. (3)
15 There must be ... ............. more hunting of
elephanls. (2)
16 Abbreviation for Prime Minister. (2)
17 The turtles sometimes mistake plastic rubbish
................ food. (3)
20 Destroy - destruction; 10 e - ._.............. (4)
21 ................ layer protects life on earth from
harmful radiation. (5)
23 The quality of the ................ we breathe is
threatened by pollution. (3)
25 To continue to live in spite of danger. (7)
26 Abbreviation ror chlorofluorocarbon - a type of gas
which is used in fridges and some aerosols. (3)
27 A ramous extraterrestrial. (2)
28 The ................ effect is caused by Lhe pollution of
the atmosphere. ( 10)
Down
1 The opposite of increase. (8)
2 We want to preserve the ............... . of animal and
plant life. (7)
3 Too many people use their ................ cars to get
Lo work rather than publi c transport. (3)
5 Global warming is a serious ................ t o the
environment. (6)
7 They work as volunteers for an envi ronmental
................. . (12)
8 I'm not used .. .............. livi ng in a city. (2)
9 The turtle lays her eggs ................ the beach. (2)
10 Abbreviation for United Nations. (2)
16 A good sun cream ............... . your skin from the sun. (8)
17 People ought to recycl e their rubbish, but you can't
................ them to do it. (5)
18 A wizard in a Hollywood fil m ca m from this land. (2)
19 We must try to ................ the level of CO
2
in the air. (6)
22 CO
2
is a ................. (3)
24 Each .......... ...... in this forest is home to severa)
animals. (4)
27 Abbreviation for European Union. (2)
2> Complete the sentences using expressions with do.
You can eat the bones in sardines. They .. ..
you any ... .... In fact, they'll ............. .. ......... you
2 I know your marks weren't very good, but
never mind - you ............................................ .
That's all that matt ers.
You got Grade As in all your te t 1That's fantastic .
You ........................ .
4 When you were at primary <;chool, ........................ you
....................... . all your subjects with lhe sal e teacher?
5 Can you ........................ me ........................ and look after
Ben for five minutes?
66
Grammar
Stay cool
The passive: all tenses
3> Rewrite the sentences in the passive,
Present simple
How do you write it? .. .......................................................................
You write it like this. .. ....................................................................
Where do they keep the key?
2 They keep it in the cupboard.
Past simple
3 Did they chao e you for the parL
after an audition?
4 No. The drama teacher asked me to
be in the play.
Past continuous
5 Was someone following you?
6 1 don't think anyone wa following me,
but l'm sure someone was watchmg me.
Present perfect simple
'1 Have they repaired the phone yet?
8 Yes, but we haven't paid the bill.
Past perfect simple
9 Had they told him abouL the party?
10 Yes, but they hadn't invited him.
Modals
11 They mu t do the work properly.
12 Ye . Th y can't rush it.
Gerund
13 They were worried about people seeing
Lhem together.
Infinitives
14 "Everyone wants someone to love them.
61
4 ' Complete the article, putting the verbs in
brackets into the passive.
Ten minutes after this picture
.....................
had been taken
.. ..........
(take), it I ...... ...................................... (receive) by
newspapers around the world. With the latest
digital technology, pictures
2...................................................... (can/publish)
only minutes after a press photographer has
arrived at a scene and the photographs J .............. .
.............................................. (take). It means that
a photographer can take, choose and send a photo to
accompany a newspaper article while the article
4............................................ .. (write) by a journalist.
Thi i how it works
Today It only takes minutes to get
the picture of a scene onto the
front page of a newspaper.
Photographs 5.................................. .
........................ (take) with a digital
camera. Up to 120 pictures
6...................................................... .
(can/store) on a disk.
The pictures on the disk
7...................................................... .
(put) onto a laptop computer.
The best picture B.............................
.................................... (choose) and
9.............................. ...... .................. .
(transmit) from the laptop back to
the office.
The picture which 10.........................
.................................. (take) just ten
minutes ago II ...... ........... ................. .
........................ (now/ put) onto the
finished page.
~ 0 Go for it )
The passive: all tenses
5> In your notebook, rewrite the passages
in the passive.
In the mid.nineties,
the world had very
strange weather ...
In 1995 in Britain, for
example the hottest
summer since I 59
followed the wettest
.pring on record.
Tn 1996 in New York,
snow storms stopped
the traffic and made
life extremely difficult.
'n Britain, for example, the wettest spring
on record was followed by the hottest
summer since 1659.
2
SwL<;s scientists have sugg ,ted lhaL global
warmi ng could force people l leave big
cities: 'We must control the amount f
carbon dioxide in [he atmosphcr '. And
we must find more en ironmcnLally
[riendl ays of roducing energy.'
In BriL in, people are always discus Lng the
weather. It is J subject vvhich we will talk
about more and ma r frequ ' nll T.
68
Communication
6> Match the sentence halves.
1 Couldn't
[kJ
a) about he trains.
1 How about
D
b) we go on a boat trip?
3 We could D
c) don't we go on a
4 Why
5 Let's find out
D
D d)
camping holiday?
going riding?
e) go for a picnic.
7> Agree or disagree with the suggestions above.
1 That's a good ... . I like boat trips.
2 rm not so .................... . I haven 't been on a
horse for ages.
3 Yes, we .................... , 1suppose. But it might rain.
4 l'd .................... not. Sleeping outside isn't really
my .................... .
5 That's .................... a bad idea.
8> Put the conversation in order.
a) D lee-skating isn't really my thing. How
about going for a bike ride?
b) D We could, 1 suppose, but l'm a bit fed up
with rollerblading.
c) 0 Great! I'll phone you 011 Friday to arrange
a time to meet.
d) [JJ What shall we do on Saturday?
e) 0 Well, how about ice-skating?
n 0 Why don't we go rollerblading?
g) D OK. Talk La you on Friday.
11) 0 Thal's not a bad idea. We could cycle
round Loch Lomond.
Go for it
9> Write a similar conversation to that in
Exercise 8 arranging an evening out with a friend.
Reject the first two suggestions yOUI friend
makes. Then make a suggestion which your friend
accepts. Use a variety of expressions.
You:
Friend: (theatre?) ....................................................... .
You:
Friend: (cinema?) ...................................................... .
You:
(club?) .............................................................
Friend:
Q What's wrong?) 1.
10/ Correct the mistakes.
explorin:J C t)
What about explore the coastal area?
I've been bit by a mosquito.
2 Do me favour.
3 Have you seen the new hotel deveJopement?
4 CouJdnt we do an overnight trek?
5 Why we don't go and work in a summer camp?
6 Is the greenhouse effect cause by CO
2
?
69
on' panic!
Vocabular
Stay cool

1 ) Complete the chart. 4 > Complete the Players' Code of Behaviour with
the words in the box.
Sport Location Person
fooLball
lennis
2 athletic
3 gymnastics
4 motor racing
5 swimming
6 golf
....... . .. .... . ... .....
2> Circle twelve more verbs to do with sport.
S P R I N T M R B
L 0 S E P A S S L
T C C G C T C H
I-
11 V 0 S 0 R A W I
R 1 R E K I C K T
0 V E R T A K E L
W 0 S V 0 L L E Y
L T S E C R E U N
3:" Complete the sentences with an
appropriate preposition.
She runs really fast . I couldn't keep with her.
'1 feel like giving up wind urling, but I suppose
1oughl to keep .................... trying:
'If you keep .................... it, you'll do it:
2 TIle spectators were asked to keep .................. ..
the pitch during the game.
3 Can I remind you Ihat the goalkeeper's job is
to ke p the ball .................... of the goa I!
4 We didn' t use all the money to buy new
equipment. We kept some .................... .
5 Keep .................... the rules during the game.
manager game players referee ce rules)
team competitive opponent umpire
International
Sports Commission
PL1\.YERS' CODE OF
BEllAlTJOUR
Keep Lo the ...... ...... of the game.
Treat all players as you woul d like 0 be
treated. Never be unfair to an I ....................... .
Ev n if you disagr with a deci ion, tlo not
argue with an 2....................... or a
J ....................... . Ask your 4 ....................... to
talk to them after the ....................... .
Remember you are part of a 6....................... .
Work equally hard for y urself and for the
other ., ....................... .
Sport are Il....................... but it is important
Lo keep your temper at all ti mes.
70
Grammar
Stay cool
I wish/If only + past perfect
5;- Rewrite the sentences using I wish and If only.
c:J
CJ
ClD
t::.\
1 didn't ask her for her phone number.
.. .............
1 didn't get her a drink.
If only ...................................................................... .
2 I stepped on her toes when we danced.
1 wish ....................................................................... .
J I talked about computers all night.
If only ...................................................................... .
4 I didn't tell her 1 liked her.
I wish ... ........................... ........... .. .......................... ...
5 1 went away when lhat other guy ame up to
talk to her.
If only .............................................................. ........ .
Third conditional
6) Join the pairs of sentences using if clauses.
1 didn't know your number so 1 didn't
phone you .
.. .. .....
You didn't tell me abouL the match so I
didn't come.
.'
2 You were in a bad mood 0 people left early.
3 She tripped so she lost the race.
4 You didn'l tum up at the trainin g sessions.
That's why you wer dropped from the team.
5 He didn't ask For money so I didn 't give him any.
7 ) Write third conditional questions.
.. .... (she/beat) the record if
..... (sh /jump) a centimetre higher?
(she/compete) if ...................................................... .
. ................................. (the prize money/be) higher?
2 ............................................... (he/win) the match if
............................................................ (he/ not serve)
so brill iantly?
3 .................................................... ... ............................ .
(he/be selected) if ................................................... .
(he/not b injured)?
4 What .............................................................. ..... ......
(they/do) if ............................................................. ..
....................... .. .. (Ronalda/tum down) their offer?
5 ............. ................... ......... .......................................... .
(he/be sent off) if ....................................................
. .............. (the referee/see) the foul?
11
Third conditional
8> Complete the third conditional sentences with
the correct form of the verb phrases in the box.
sprint arrive @ffi find bring
C cycle) win C drive) feel leave have
go to bed stay out low down come
l'm late.
If I .. .. here. I ..... on time.
If 1 .. ....... here. I .. .. ..... late.
2 I felt really tired during that game. I'm sorry I
played so badly.
If you ........................................................ all night.
you ............................................................. so tired.
If you ....................................................... early, you
. ............................................................ more energy.
We're lost.
If we ............. ........................ ..... . the map with us.
we .......................................................... the village.
If we .......................................... the map at home,
we .................... ............. ...... ....... ................. by now.
3 Smith seemed to have problems at the end of
the race.
If Smith ................................................. the last 10
metres, he ................................................. the race.
If he ....................................................... ............. he
. ..................................................................... second.
72
Com munication
Stay cool
- - -'
9/ Put the conversation in order.
A
a) 0 How can you be so sure?
b) 0 But do you think she'd accept an apology?
c) W 1 wish 1 hadn't lost my temper with
Martina in that last game.
d) 0 But she's my regular tennis partner. 1really
ought to make it up to her somehow.
e) D OK. I'll do it. Thanks.
B
~ D l'm certain she would.
g) 0 Because she's lost her temper in the past.
She knows how it feels.
h} D Yes, perhaps you should. Why don't you
phone her and apologise?
i) D Don't wony. It happens to all of us.
60 for it
10> Write conversations in your notebook
for the situations below using some of the phrases
in e box.
-I wish rd/! hadn't .. .
-If only rd/1 hadn't .. .
Never mind.
I know what you mean.
- There's not much you can do about it now.
- Why don't you ... ?
Maybe you could ...
- Perhaps you should ...
Situation 1
You were very bad-tempered at home this morning.
You upset your mOlher/father. You didn' t apologise
before you left. Talk to your best friend about it.
Situation 2
You didn't do enough revision for a recent Science
exam and you got a bad mark. It's too late to do
anything about it, but you regret it. Talk to your
Science leacher.
Plurals
- Most nouns imply add s to make the plural:
game games
referee referees
- Nouns which end in ch, sh, 55 or x add an e
before 1he s:
match matches
success successes
box boxes
- To make plurals of nouns which nd in a
consonant + y, change the y to Ie and add 5:
raJly rallies
If there is a vowel before the y, just add s:
volley volleys
11 >Write the plurals of these words.
athlete .. ~ r h . ~ f l t ~ ...............................
coach
2 party
3 journey
4 injury
5 loss
6 wish
7 distance
B player
9 fax
73
t extra Ski Is develo m
Reading
1 .. .. ...........................
A Raleigh expedition brings together 120 young people,
called Vent urers. from around the world to work an
ironmental, community and adventure proJects. Ten
expeditions, each with twelve Venturers, are run every
year In Africa, South America and the Far East. Each
expedition starts with a week's training, when you wiil
learn all the necessary skills for your expedition - such
as using long-distance radio equipment, navigation,
setting up a campsite and first aid.
.............................................................................. ?
You then join a group of eleven other Venturers and
set off on your first project. Project sites are remote
and just getting to them is all part of the adventure.
On every project site there are qualified staff members
such a5 civil engineers or outdoor Instructors. However,
it's up to you and your group to decide how you want
to rUn things and to organise your project work .
............................ ................................................ ?
Most of the t ime you will be living in tents close to
your project site Everyone in the project group gets
Involved in the day-to-day running of their campsite
and every Venturer takes a turn as Group Leader for
the day, giving out tasks and organising project work.
................... ........................................................... ?
Venturers come from all over the globe - a total of
seventy nationalities from a wide range of cultures
have taken part in expeditions. We recruit f rom abroad
and from the host expedition count ry. Vent urers come
from a wide range of social backgrounds and include
graduates, gap-year st udents, employees and young
people in diffi cult social, f inancial or personal
circumstances.
Ii ................. . ........................................ .................... ?
You don't need any speci al qualification . You need to
be able to swim, understand Engl ish and have
enthusiasm and commitment. Close involvement with
local people means you might be conducting an English
lesson at a local school one day and testing your
football skills t he next. A Raleigh expedition isn't a
holiday: project work can be t ough and demanding,
requirtng teamwork and imaginative problem-solving
74
Comprehension
1> Read the text and write the correct heading
above each paragraph.
a) Who takes part?
b) What particular skills will I need?
c) What happens next?
( d) What is a Raleigh expedition? )
e) What abou t accommodation?
Go for it
2> Write questions for these answers.
.. .. ................ ... ..... .
.. ...................... .............................. .
Venturers.
................................................................................. ?
Ten.
2 ............................ ............................. ............ ............ ?
A week.
3 ................................................................................... .
............ ........ ................... ... .......................... ............. ?
There are twelve in each.
4 .................. ......... ..................................................... .. ..
........... .. .................................................................... ?
No, they don't. You and your group decide what
you are going to do.
5 ......................................... ....... ...... ..................... ....... ..
... ........ .... .................................................................. ?
They have to give out tasks and organise project
work.
6 ....... ... .... ... ............. ..................................................... .
................................................................................. ?
Yes, they do. They come rrom many different
countries.
7 ................................................................................ ?
It can be hard work, and it can be quite
challenging.
Communication
3 >Write the conversation in your notebook.
You are choosing which Raleigh 1nternational
expedi ti on to go on with your friend . You've made
notes on one expedition. Your friend has made
notes on anot her. Discuss which expedition you
will go on.
'Pr oje.c::t: -huildif1,!3 0::::1
rt1edical clinic. Activitiee:
E!><plor;".9 ' C I imate ; cote4.
'Belize. proteding the eqral reel:
Acbv7tie$ : tmderweder suruey;; lIdlunteer.s fral'f1 :for
'5pcrts"P;ver' qual/{;catitm. subtrop;caL .
You: (make your suggestion)
Friend: (reject the suggest ion, giving a reason)
(make your suggestion)
You: (hesi tate)
Friend: (give another reason for your suggestion)
You: (agree)
Writing
4> In your notebook. write a letter of application
to Raleigh International for one of the expeditions
in Exercise 3.
Say where you found out about Ral eigh
lnternational (an arti Ie in a magazine).
Tell them about yourself.
Say why you' d like to participate in the
expedi tion .
Writing (2): Checki ng
It is easy to make c r less mistakes so always
check your writing. heck the letter you wrote
in Exercise 4:
1 Check spell ings ill a dicti onary.
2 Check the tenses of the verbs.
3 Check t he punctuation.
4 If several sentences b gin wilh the same word
(e.g. I) , change 0 e or two of them.
5 Imagine that y rec ive this leller. Does it
contain all the information tha t is needed?
-tl
't believ I .
Vocabular
Stay cool ! Go for it
1 )' Complete the conversations using the correct
form of the verbs say, tell, talk and speak.
A: Why couldn't you hear what she was saying?
B: Because .... .. .. .... so quietly.
A: So you didn'! hear her speech?
B: No. What ......... .. .............................. ............... ?
2 A: What did your teacher do when the fire
broke out in the classroom?
B: She ........... ............................. us to leave as
quickly as possible.
3 A: He's really funny.
B: 1 know. He's good at ............................ ........... .
jokes.
Grammar
Stay cool
Verbs must have, might have, can't
have for drawing conclusions
2 >Complete the conversation using the prompts
in brackets.
Director: Where's Oliver? This is an important
rehearsal.
Assistant: (He/gel/your message)
.. .. ................. .
Director: And where are Claudia and Jeremy?
Assistant: They phoned to say lhey'd left but lhal
the traffic was heavy. (They/be held up in
a traffic jam)
Director: And what about Patrick? He drives like a
madman, so he ought to be here by now.
4 A: Why did you leave the meeting?
B: Because it was boring and no one
............................. ...... ..... anything new.
S A: We lived in Brazil when I was a child.
B: Did you learn to ....................................... .
Portuguese?
6 A: You shouldn't have kept quiet about
the problem.
B: 1 didn' t want to .. ..................................... .
anyone about it.
7 A: She's a bit upset.
B: OK. I'l l .............. .......................... to her.
8 A: rve been looking for you. Where have
you been?
B: 1 ................ ........................................ to Kate.
Assistant: Oh, don' t say that. (He/have an accident)
Director: And Catheri ne? At least I've seen heT
this morning. Where is she?
Assistant: 1 don' t know. She said she needed
something to wake her trp so (she/go for
a e)
Director: Gone for a coffee! (She/go for a coffee)
........................ ... ....................................... !
She know there's a rehearsal. Oh, here
she is now. But she's not in costume!
Assistant: (She/forget that it's a dress rehear aJ)
5
Director: Typical!
76
Grammar
Reported speech:
statements and questions
3> Rewrite the statements and questions in
reported speech.
'We're going by oach,' said Matt.
.. .. .. ..................... .......
When does it leave?' Zoe asked Matt.
.. .. .... ...... ................ .. .. .. ...... .
Tm not very keen on climbing; said Ian .
2 'What's the matter?' Matt asked Sarah.
3 'They' ll send out a search party; said Matt.
4 'How can you be so sure?' Kelly asked Malt.
5 'We're going lo miss the rehearsal ,' said Zoe.
6 'Matt went off on a walking trip; said lan.
7 'Why hasn' t Matt phoned?' asked Adam.
Verbs of reporting: various structures
4> Complete the sentences with the past tense of
the verbs in the box.
promise C explain ) invite order
persuade pol ogise agree
offer recommend
'1 won' t be able to make it to t he meeting
by eight:
He ... t hat he wouldn't be able to
make it to the meeti ng by eight.
'I' m sorry I was so bad- tempered.'
He .............................. for being so bad-tempered .
2 'Would you li ke to go bowling at the weekend?'
She .............. ................ hi m to go bowling at
the weekend. '
3 'Get out of the pool!'
He .. ............................ them to get out of
the pool.
4 '1'11 help with the preparati ons for the parly if
you like:
He .............................. to help with the
preparations for the party.
5 '1'11 write t o you every week:
She .. ... ....................... to write to him every week.
6 ' It would be a good idea to take a taxi to
the airport:
She .............................. taking a taxi to lhe
airport.
7 'Let's stay in tonigh t. We won't know anyone
at the party: 'OK'
He .............................. her to stay in.
8 'OK I'll go wi t h you:
She .............................. to go with him.
77
Reported speech: statements and questions
5> In your notebook. report what the people in the article below said.
Ten-year-old Ashley Burton said that the next day would be
just like any other school day for him, even thou9h ...
Whatever happened to childhood?
EvelY ummel'" over 30,000 children in England
and Wafes attend 5ummer schools to improve
tlr ir reading, writing and Maths.
What do people think of
summer schools?
'Tomorrow will be just like any other
school day for me, even though I'm
on holiday,' said ten-year-old Ashley
Burton. 'Why do I have to give up
my olidays]'
'I've had time off this term because
I've been ill but I think I'm doing OK
at schoo!. I don't want to spend
the summer doing Maths,' said 'Children have a busy school
eleven-year-old Flora Briggs. curriculum and they're constantly
using computers and wat hing
'How will they cope at secondary
television,' said a parent who
school jf they're having problems at
disagrees with summer schools.
primary school?' asked twenty-one
'It's essential that they can switch
year-old William Tyler. '1 think summer
off, relax and play outside during
schools are a good idea:
the holidays.'
Verbs of reporting: various structures
6/ Report these statements and questions using
3 '1'11 be more caref ul with money: (he)
the words in brackets and a variety of verbs.
'I think you ought to go to the doctor: (she/ him)
.........................
4 'Would you li ke to go for a meal?' (he/her)
'Why don't we go to the Edinburgh Festival?' (they)
5 '1 feel terrible about making such a fuss. I'm
2 'Don't forget to check the battery: (she/them) really sorry: (she)
78
Stay cool
7 / Match the sentences to the responses.
I 1 wonder why they haven't arrived yet. [bJ
2 Why didn't she phone? 0
3 They probably left without us. D
4 He might be angry because you
didn't send him birthday card. 0
5 He might have been jealou '. 0
6 You should have made your mind
up arlier. 0
Responses
a) That an'[ be the reason. I never send
him one.
b) Perhaps they gol lost.
e) 1don't believe ill We're nOllate,
d) 1 uppose so. It's a difAcult decision, though.
e) You could be right. He can'l stand me
talking to other boy.
n She must have been [00 busy.
o for it
8/ In your notebook, write a conversation for the
following situation.
Your friend is fed up. Sh has been in contact by
e-mail with omeone she met on holiday. At first,
the replies came immediately. 111en they came after
three or four days. Her last e-mail
hasn't received a reply. Talk to her
about the situation.
What's wrong?
9 > Correct the mistakes.
'Perhaps she didn't receive your e-mail.'
c.DWc).
'You -Efffi be right.'
'I can't And the cheque you gave me.'
'You mustn't have lost it already.'
2 1 said you to relax.
3 She apologi ed for to be impatient.
4 They perswaded me to stay.
5 He asked me when was I going to see him.
6 She suggested to go out this evening.
Grammar: Hot spots
Try Lo identl!y the grammar 'hot spot:> which
often cause problems. Keep lists to Illustrate
what can go wrong, e.g, Reponed que liOllS:
They asked him when he was getting married
(not They asked him when W ~ he getting marriett)
nle verb tell: The y told me to go (not The}' reid to
me to go.)
Possible reasons for no reply:
-not checked mail?
-away?
-busy?
-not keen any more?
friend: , can't undemand why I
haven't had a reply. We
seemed to be getting 011
so well.
You: Perhaps ...
79
Cau ht

the et
Vocabular
Stay cool I 60 for it
1 >Solve the crossword.
Across
1 1 point to parts of the compuLer screen with
it. (5)
3 He runs .................... on-line support group. (2)
5 You open them to let fresh air in, and you
also find them on a computer. (7)
8 Long form of the word Net. (8)
9 What software .................... you use? (2)
10 The opposite of major. (5)
11 You can buy a computer at a specialist shop
or at a department ..................... (5)
13 I suppose ..................... (2)
15 Does the disk go ................... here? (2)
16 Connect the printer .................. the processor. (2)
17 1f you can't read it on the screen, use the printer
to .................... it out. (5)
19 ]t's mostly made up ofletters and numbers
and you type on it. (8)
21 1t's so much easier to communicate by
.................. .. than by letter. (1,4)
22 Another word for lessons. (7)
23 rYe been on the omputer for ten hours. It 's
now seven o'dock and 1 ..... ............. .. on at
nine this morning. (6)
80
Down
1 The screen is part of this piece of computer
equipment. (7)
2 Do you still .................... floppy disks to transfer
files from one computer to another? (3)
3 The list of .............. ...... includes computers as
well as gambling, drugs and alcohol. (10)
4 From twelve till twelve: fro m .................... till
midnigh t. (4)
5 My sister's a real fa n of Boyzone. She's even
designed her own .................... on the Net. (7)
6 Abbreviation for Information Technology. (2)
7 When she gets home, she .................... the Net. (5)
12 I've got so much computer equipment in my
room. I'm .................... out of space. (7)
14 There's nothi ng on the screen. Is the monitor
switched .................... ? (2)
18 I've just had my computer repaired, so it
shouldn' t .................... any more. (5)
20 Twelve months = a .................... (4)
22 .................... -ROM. (2)
2 >Complete the sentences with the prepositions
in the box.
up over away on out of
into (. through )
I'll just run . ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ! N ~ .. the instructions once mar .
My computer ran .............................. memory, so
1 installed some more.
2 He ran .............................. huge telephone bills
using the lntemet.
3 We ran ........... ................... some glass and the
tyreburst.
4 We've got fi fteen minutes to present our project,
but the teacher said we can run ............................ ..
for an extra five minut s if there are any questions .
5 rve got so much to do that 1 just want to run
.............................. and forget all about it!
6 I ran .............................. a friend of yours the
other day.
Grammar
tay cool
Future continuous
3/ Complete the description of iife in 2020.
putting the verbs into the future continuous.
What .. I (d o) at this time in 202 0?
we ll . I .. .... (not go) out t o work.
I J/.. .... (sit) in my off ice at home
1 I ................................................. ( do) everyt hlng
from my com puter.
I 2.............................................. (not s1 t) i h
a meeti ng. I J.............................................. ( have)
a video conference with my colleagues.
r ., ................................................... (not type) on
my computer . 1 ' ................................................. ..
(talk) to it
I ................................................... (e - mai 1)
the fri dge to see if we've run out of mi lk .
I 7................................................... (go) on
a vi rtual shopping tour of the supermarket .
An d in the 5 mmer, I B....................................
.......................... . (no spend ) hours queuing at
the alr por t to go on holiday.
I ........................................................................
(not suffe r fronl) jet1ag . I 10............................ ..
........................ (vi sit places all over the wor ld
on the I nternet from the comfort of my desk .
Wha a l ife !
Future perfect
4> Respond to these predictions about what will
have happened by the year 2050.
By the year 2050 ...
Extraterrestrials make contact
2
Women become the dominant sex
3 The PI" nel ! QS(l
A computer is elected
Prime Minister
4
Design
Genetic Engineers
a New Animal
5
6
t. I) ...
Traffic police to be replaced
by ROBOTS
.

Yes I think that extraterrestrials will have
..... 1......................... ................................................... .
made contact.
. ........................................................................... t
or ..N.l!!.. .. ....
made contact.
................................,", ...,..............,...............................
2 ,................................................................................. ..
3 .................................................................................. ..
4 .................................................................................. ..
5 .................................................................................. ..
6 .. ........................... ................... ................................... .
81
Short answers with verb
Go for it
+ so/not
Future continuous and future perfect
5"/ Respond to the questions using
6> Make predictions about your life in 2020 using some of
the expressions in the box with
the verbs in the box.
so or not.
be afraid (. expect)
hope suppose
not think think
A: Do you think you'll be doing
mo t of your work on a
computer when you start a job?
B: Yes, ... .....................
A: Do you think computers will take
over the world?
B: Oh no, .......................................... .
That's just science fiction.
2 A: Would you let me harrow your
laptop to take to the beach?
B: No, I'm sorry,
........................................... You
might get sand in it.
3 A: Will you become a computer
addict?
B: .......................................... !
wouldn't want to be addicted
lJ anything!
4 A: In ten years' time, will most
people be using computers to
buy tickets and shop?
B: Oh, yes, ........................................ .
It's just so easy.
5 A: Children at school can learn a lot
from a computer, can't they?
B: Well, 1 .......................................... .
But they can learn a lot more
from a good teacher.
live
earn
go work
travel drive
study wear
spend
.. .. ....................................................
2 1 expect 1'11 ................................................................................... ..
3 I might ........................ ............................... .. ................................. .
4 1'm sure I'll .................................................................................. ..
5 I'm sure I won't .......................................................................... ..
6 I don't think I'll ................................. .. ........................................ ..
Say what you will and won't have achieved by 2020, using
verbs of your choice.
Think about your studies, yo ur career, the qualifications you've
gained, your achievements and your personal 1i e .
.. .. .. ......................................
82
- -
Communication
Stay cool
7> Use a variety of expressions to thank people in
the following situations.
Your friend's elder sister lend you her camera
for a project you're doing .
... .. ...........
... ...................................................
2 You'v always wantecl a particular type of wat h,
and your boyfriend/girlfriend gives it Lo you
for your birthday.
3 You've been staying at your friend's house for
the weekend. You're saying goodbye to
his/her parents.
4 You've been having problems with your computer.
Your best friend has come round and spent two
hours working on it, finally getting it to work.
5 YO.Jr grandmother's neighbour have been
looking after her during a recent iIlne .
8> Match the responses to the sentences you
wrote in Exercise 7.
a) D It was a pleasure to have you here.
b) D I'm glad you like it.
c} D That's OK. l'm sure she'd do the same
for us.
d) [II You're welcome, Just give it back wilen
you've finished with it.
e) D Don't mention it. It was nothing.
Go for it )
9> Complete the conversation with suitable
phrases.
Your pen friend's parents have taken you to a
Chinese resta urant on the last night of your stay.
You: 1 really enjoyed this evening. Thank you
ror taking me out.
Parents:
You: I've had a great time here.
Parents:
You: I've got a little present for you from my
country.
Parents:
You: Not at al l. Well, thanks for everything.
Parents:
What's wrong?)
10> Correct the mistakes.
Just think, the beach
while J'm working hard at school.
Don't mention it. It was pleasure.
2 Surely Lhey will arrive by now.
3 'Will you be coming later? '
'Yes, I think.'
4 Be careful not to run on a bi g bill.
S Thank's for everything.
A final note on phrasal verbs:
Make sure you use the correct prepositions!
I ran into an ol d friend on the way home.
1 ran over an old friend 011 the way home, 83
n
Reading
HOME NEWS
Twenty-first century Britons
Today a New Hippy; tomorrow a Post-Punk Oudaw living
life on the edge; the day after, a Nomadic Networker .,.
you can be what you want in twenty-first century Britain.
According to a recent report, the groups
which peopl e are u ed to in Britain are going to
be replaced by a whole new range in the new
mill nnium.
Look out for Barbie Babes and Ken Clones,
who 11 be spending lars of money on physical
perfection and designer clothes, and Post-Punk
Outlaws, who won' t be taking any notice of
rules. We'll also meet Nomadic Net.vorkers,
will be travelling all 0 er the world,
. carrying their ' office' (a portable computer)
with them and New Hippies or Global
Villagers, who will be committed to equality,
freedom and looking after tlle environment .
Alex McKie, the author of the report, says.
'Life IS becoming Ie predictable. In the future,
people may become parents at sixty years old.
Adole. cence and nriddle age I113Y bee me
di<;tJ.ncl. More arId more middle-aged men will
be buying themselves the mororbikes which
they could not afford in their youth. The
traditional tages which a person was expected
to go through will be Ie s relevant.'
';;ocial groups arc also becoming more fluid.
During her research, Ms McKie asked young
British people about their group f friends .
Mo t did not think that they belonged to one
group only.
People often belong to a wide range of
group, acb with it own identity. This
means dl at they go out with contrasring
Post-Punk Outlaws
Nomadic Networkers
o New Hippies
Barbie Babes and Ken Clones Global Villagers
groups of friends . Whereas social groups over
the past for , years have cansi t d of people
who dres ed alike, danced alike and thought
alike - whether they were Mods, Punk
Rockers or Teddy Boys - people now want
the freedom to bI t a dif rent people all
at the same time.
84
..
Stay cool
3> Complete the conversation in your notebook.
Ted: Society's falling apart, you know. And
we're running out of time to do anything
about it.
1 networker @] 5 middle age 0
2 outlaw 0 6 youth 0
3 predictable 0 7 contrasting D
4 adolescence D
Alice: (disagrees strongl y and supports her opinion)
.....
. .. ....................... .. ...........
Ted: People don't talk to each other any more.
They just send e-mails. Computers can be
quite dangerous in my opinion.
Alice: (agrees, and gives the example of computer
. addiction)
Ted: 1n fact, all technology is a load of rubbish.
Alice: (disagrees strongly, and gives a reason)
Ted: Then there's the environment. People are
always tal ki ng about it, but they never do
anything.
Alice: (disagrees gently, and gives the example of the
work of wildli fe organisations)
Come on. Stop reading these depressing
newspaper articles I Let's go out and get
some fresh air!
Ted: Fresh air? There's no fresh air!
Writing
4> In your notebook, write a report summarising
the opinions of your friends an'd members of your
family concerning social life in the future.
I First, ask them the followillg questions and note
their answers.
- Do you think that in twen ty years' time we' ll be
living in the same way as we are ITYing now?
- What will the effect of computer technology be
in the next twenty years?
- What other changes do you think we will see in
society in the next twenty years?
2 Then write your report in 300 words or fewer.
Use some of the phrases in the box to link
your ideas.
on the whole in addition to this
not only ... but also
however although in spite of
as a result to sum up
1>Read the text and match the words and
phrases with their meanings.
a) someone who commits crimes
b) the period of time when someone is young
c) differi ng, varied
d) somebody who uses personal contacts to
get work
e) happening in the way you expect
1') the period in a person's life between about
twelve and eighteen
g) the period in a person's life between about forty
and sixty
Go for it
2; Complete the sentences using information
from the text.
1n the twentieth century, we were used to
certain social groups. Now, in the twenty
first century, they ..
.. .. ................. .
The author of the article calls people who:
a) are materialistic and very concerned about
how they look .................................................. :
b) break society's rules ................ ............. ............:
c) move From ountry to country with their
work '...............................................:
2 a) In the twenty-first century, there will be less
difference between ...........................................
b) For example,
J a) Young people in the twenty-Arst century
won't stay in one social group. They .............
b) By contrast, social groups in the last century
85
The Gram ar Builder
Wei orne to the Grammar Builder!
The Grammar Builder gives extensive and more detailed practice
of the grammar points in the Snapshot course.
The units in this section can be used alongside the units in the
Workbook section, or for extra revision at a later stage.
Each unit begins with a grammar reference section called
Grammar highlights. This gives further examples of the structures
which are presented in the Students' Book .
.. The practice exercises which follow the Grammar highlights are
dearly labelled so that you know exactly which grammar poi nt
you are practising in each exercise.
87
Unit 1
v ry Friday.
n't watch videos very often.
on play basketball a our school.
go [0 the merna at weekends?
play In a team?
Negative
No, he doesn't.
No, they aon'l.
routines and permanent si t uations, e.g.
He plays the guitar in a band. She
sometimes rides her bike to schoal.
We also use the presen t simple to ta lk
about general statements of t ruth, e.g.
Th esun rises in the east, and about
schedules, e.g. The bus leaves at 7 p.m.
Adverbs of f requency, e.g. often,
sometimes, come before the main verb
except if the main verb is to be, e.g.
I always get up late on Saturdays.
He's often late for school.
Adverbial ph rases of f requency come
after the verb and the obj ect, e.g. She
washes her hair twice a week.
To form t he t hird person singul ar positive,
we usually add -s to t he infini t ive, e.g.
wants, makes, drops. When the i nfinitive
ends in ch, sh, ss or x, we add - es, e.g.
watches, wishes. When the infi ni ti ve ends
in a consonant + y, we delete the7'and
add - ;es, e.g. worries, cries, flies. The third
person singul ar of do and go is does and
goes.
89
Grammar highlights
Present continuous
Positive statements
I'm working in the shop today.
She's wearing her new j ans.
They're wri ting a new song for the band.
Negative statements
I'm not studying today.
She Isn't wearing a dre
They aren't doing anything.
Questions
Am I doing this right?
Is she weari ng make-up?
Are they playing tennis?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Y ,you are. No, you aren't.
Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
Yes, hey are. No, they aren't
Present perfect simple with for and since
I' b en here sin eleven o'clock.
How long have you k own her?
H ha n't seen his parents for three years.
Ha h lived in Britain for a long tIme?
Y 5, h has, I No, he hasn't.
Th y'v had that car since March.
We use the present cont inuous to talk
about activities which are happeni ng at
the t i me of speaking or in t he current
period, e.g. He's si tting in the garden
right now. She's living in Ireland for
six months.
The following verbs are not normally
used i n the present con t inuous: agree,
be, believe, belong, contain, cost,
depend. expect, feel, forget, hate, hear,
hope, imagine, know, Ii e, look, !ove,
matter, mean, need, not ice, own, prefi r,
realise, recognise, remember, seem,
smell, suppose, taste, understand,
want, wish.
Have, see, think can be us d in the
present continuous but the meaning is
not the same as in the present simpl e.
Having can mean eating, drinking,
taking, giving, e. g. He's having lunch / a
drink / a shower! a party. Seeing means
going out with or meeting, e.g. Are you
seeing Lydia on Soturday? Thinking about
means giving attention to, e.g. I'm
thinking about the holidays.
There are cert ain ru les for spell ing the
-ing form. In many cases, we add - ing to
the infinitive, e.g. 90/99in9, work/working.
If the infi ni tive ends in one e, we delete
t he -t'; and add -ing, e.g. make/making,
write/writing. If the infinitiv ends in a
stressed syllable of one vowel and one
consona nt (not y or w), we dou bl the
consonant, e.g. begin/beginning.
get/getting, stop/stopping, but
say/saying, grow/growing.
We use the present p rfect si mple wi th
How long?, for and since to talk about
events that started in the past and st ill
cont i nue in the present, e.g. How long
have you known each other? We've been
friends for three months / since July.
90
Pra ctice
Present simple or present continuous
1 / Complete the conversation, putting the verbs
into the present simple or present continuous.
Kim'
Tina:
Why . .. (you/switch) on the N?
Because I , ......................................................................
(always/watch) lV on Thursdays at four o'clock.
There's this great programme about twin
sisters called Double Trouble. Now ssh I
Kim:
Tina'
But you 2 ......................................................... (watch)
an advert at the moment. aren't you?
No. This is Double Trouble. Please be quiet.
Kim 0 this is Double Trouble, is it. Everyone
Tina:
................................................. (say) It's brilliant.
It is.
Kim:
Tina:
What time 4...............................................
At four forty-five. Please ssh I
(it/finish)?
Kim'
Tina.
Why 5.......................................................................... .... ..
(the twins/put on) wetsuits?
Wait and see .
Kim: Where 6 ......................... ............. ........... ..... . (they/go)?
Tina: To the beach, of course!
KIm: Who's that man who 7............................. .. ... . ........... ..
(wave) at them?
Tina: I 8................................................................ (not know).
It isn't important.
Kim: 9 ............................................................. (the twins/go)
to the beach in every programme?
Tina: Ssh!
Kim. look, the twins 10 .........................................................
(not wave) back
Tina: Bye. See you later. I " .................................................
(go) to Carol's to watch lV. She 12........................ ..
.................................. (not talk) as much as you!
7
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Present simple or present continuous
2 > Write the letter, putting the verbs into the
present simple or present continuous.
I (write) this letter at the beach.
The sun (shine) and the water (l ook) li ke blue glass.
2 We (stay) in an excellent hotel. It (have got) three
tennis courts.
3 My parents (play) tennis at the moment.
4 They (get) very healthy with all this sport!
5 (you/remember) my cousin Annie? She's here, too.
6 Annie and I (not believe) in exercise!
We both (prefer) lying in t he sun and relaxing.
(you/have) fun with your sister?
"Dec.r ,,,,,,el\ie. ,
.J.'m .I.e.tJ.e.r: .(J.t. ............. .
..
........... -............ , .....................................
.......... "' ...................................................................... " .......................... ..
................................ ..................... ..... .
............................. " ......................................... I .................... .................. ..
..................................... r .. .. .. ......
.. ................................. """" ." .. .............................................................. .
..............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
.. .............................................. to ................................ .... ..............
...... , .......................... ........ ................ .................................................. ........ ..
.. ......................................................................................................... ..
.... ................... ............................................................. ..
........................... ,. ........................... .................................. .. ..
......................................................................... , .......... I
.................................................................................................
.......... , .. O' ..................................................................................... ..
.. .................................................................................................. .
Lots 0(:' \aue.
"tTAI\ ea.OIl
91
Practice
Present simple or present continuous
3> Complete the sentences. putting the verbs
into the present simple or present continuous.
This cereal contains
. ~ u , u
(contain) all the important vitamins.
..................... .
Jane isn't here. She ..........................................................
(see) the dentist about her bad tooth.
') His uncle .............................................................................
(own) a jewellery shop in Kenya.
3 Who ......................................................................................
(that motorbike/belong) to?
4 What ....................................................................................
(we/have) for lunch today?
5 ................................................................................................
(you/think) the swimming pool is open today?
6 What exactly ...................................................... ..... ..........
(telepathy/mean)?
7 What ................................. ...................................................
(you/think) about a the moment?
8 I ..............................................................................................
(not see) the difference between these two
mobil e phones.
9 She ........................................................................................
(not bel ieve) his story about missing the bus.
10 It ............................................................................................
(not matter) if we arrive early.
92
Present perfect simple with for and since
4> Match the activities with the time phrases.
Then write sentences in the present perfect with
for or since.
I (grow) t wo cent imetres [hJ
My best friend and I (know) each other 0
2 The United States (exist) 0
3 Josh (have) a driving licence 0
4 There (be) life on earth 0
5 That N (be) on 0
6 He (be) in bed with a cold 0
7 She says she (not see) a good fi lm 0
a) she saw Titanic.
Cb) July.)
c) three days.
d) he was ei ghteen.
e) we we re at prima ry school.
f) millions of yea rs.
g) over 200 years.
h) at least three hours !
,
04 .............. . ..... .
2 .................................................................................................. .
3 ................................................................................................ .. .
4 .................................................................................................. .
5 ................................................................................................. ..
6 .. ................................................................................................ .
7 ............................................................................................... ... .
P r ~ e n t perfect simple with for and since
51 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, putting the
verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple.
I last wore th is hat in 1992. (wear/since)
I haven't worn this hat since 1992.
They arrived here an hour ago. {be/for}
........................................................................ an hour.
2 The last time I ate there was in July. (eat/since)
I ....................................................................................... JUly.
3 They got married two years ago. (be/for)
They .................................................................... two years.
4 He started to work there in 1997. (work/since)
He ................................................................................ 1997.
5 We first met them last summer. (know/since)
We ................................................................. last summer.
6 The last time she wrote was last year. (write/since)
She ......... ............................... ............. ........................... year.
7 You got that jacket ages ago. (have/for)
You ............................................................................... ages.
8 I last saw her at Julie's birthday party. {see/since}
I ................................................................. _............ Julie's
birthday party.
Present simple, present continuous or
present perfect simple
6> Complete the text, putting the verbs into the
present simple, present continuous or present
perfect simple.
I've known (know) Mabel Wise since I was six.
Mabel, who is ninety-four years old, 1...............................
(live) above the shop at the end of my street The
shop 2....................................... .......... (belong) to Mabel's
family for over 150 years.
Mabel 3..................................... (not work) in the shop
very often now. Her granddaughter, Kyli e, 4.................... .
............................ (manage) the shop since she returned
from Australia in 1989. But Mabel usuall y
5.................................. ... (come) downstairs in the
afternoon and 6..................................... (sit) behind the
counter with Kylie. She 7..................................... (not
take) the customers' money but she 8.............................. ..
(enj oy) tal king to t h m and giving advice.
There 9..................................... (be) quite a few
changes since Kylie ca me to the shop. For the past
year, t he shop 10..................................... (sell) cheeses
from al l over t he world, as well as fruit, flowers and
vegetables.
'Business 11 ..................................... (g o) really well
now; Kylie told me recently, 'and we 12 .............................
.................................. (make)
quite a lot of money at
the moment. People
13 .....................................
(come) here regularly
because they
I ~
(li ke) Mabel so much:
93
Past simple
Positive statements
I went to Nepal In July.
Negative statements
We didn't like the food very much.
Questions
Old you take lots of photos?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Yes, r did. No, J dldn' .
We use the past si mpl e to talk about com pl ete
actions or event s in the past, e. g. The Egyptians built
the Pyramids. We often use it with past t ime
adverbia Is such as ago, yesterday, last month, in
1997, to ta lk about event s which occurred at a
definite point of ti me in the past, e.g. He bought his
motorbike last week. We also use t he past simple to
narrate past event s, e.g. She packed her bag, walked
to the station and got on the train.
To f orm t he positive past si mple of regular verbs,
we often add - ed t o the infinitive, e.g. walk/walked.
If the verb ends in e, we add - d, e.g. love/ loved. If the
infinitive ends in a con sonant + y, we delet e the -yand
add -;ed, e.g. study/studied. If t he infi nitive ends in
a stressed syllabl e of one vowel and one consonant
(not yor w), we double the consonant, e.g. clap/clapped.
There is a list of irregular verbs on page 151 .
Present perfect simple
Positive statements
I'v (have) had l unch.
She's ( h a ~ J just arrived from Paris.
Negative statements
I haven't IInished my homework.
Sh hasn't come back from the shops.
Questions
Have you been to China?
Ha she ever worked in Italy?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Yes. I have. No. I haven't.
Y s. sne has. No, she hasn't.
We use the presen t perfect simp le to talk about
events which are li nked to the present, e.g. Tim has
lost his keys (= He sti ll doesn' t know where they are.)
The present perfect is often used wi t h t he following
phrases, which are li nked to the present, e.g. just,
alreadv, yet, ever, never, so for, up till now, recently.
We also use it to tal k about actions which are repeated
up to the present, e.g. She's seen that fil m five times,
and with a superlative to talk about experience, e.g.
It's the fastest motorbike he's ever ridden.
The verb go has two present perfect f orms: have/ has
gone and have/has been. We use have/ has been when
the person has made a visit and come back, e.g. He has
been to the USA a few times. We use have/has gone
when the person has not ret urned, e.g. He has gone
to the USA (= He's in the USA. He isn't her .J
94
Grammar highlights
The definite article
You have to do a test. The est takes an hour.
2 Sh went to the Netherlands and the USA last year.
3 Ind the Alps, the Medllerran an Sea and the Loire
River on he map.
4 Ar you staying at the Srr ge Hotel?
5 Did h Yarrive in the morning or the afternoon?
6 I w s th best holiday ever.
7 Where has the sun gone?
8 Sh plays the guitar and the piano.
The zero article
1 They went by train.
2 He' leavin school next year.
3 We. had a piua for lunch.
4 She's 5 udYlng French and Geography.
They play football every Saturday.
W live in Alfred Street in Dundee. Dundee is in Scotland.
7 lov is more important than fame.
S Do take sugar in her coffee?
9 She likes animals.
The numbers below match t he examples
in the column on the I f t.
We use the definite article :
1 to refer again to somethi ng which has
already been mentioned.
2 with plural states and countries.
3 wi t h mou ntai n ranges, oceans, seas
and rivers.
4 with names of theat res, i nemas
and hotels.
5 with parts of the day.
6 with superl ati ves.
7 when only one such thing exists.
8 with musi cal inst ruments.
We use no (zero) arti cle:
1 wi th by + a form of t ransport.
2 with the words school, college,
university, hospital. home, church
when we don't mean a parti cular one.
3 with mea ls.
4 with languages and subj ect s.
5 with games and sports.
6 with streets, towns and countri es.
7 with abstract no uns.
8 wi th uncountable nouns.
9 with general plurals.
95
Practice
Present perfect simple with yet and so for Past simple or present perfect simple
1 >Write questions in the present perfect with
yet. Then write what each person has done so far
and what each person still needs to do.
2 >Complete the sentences, putting the verbs
into the past simple or present perfect simple.
-m {He SOUTHAMcf(ICA TKIP
Farid write #Ie leiters
IT; tire CPlffpsites
Tim k buy /he maps
2 qoraya clred fife fents
3 Adam have his injections
4
,uel< 10 btn1k 1he plane fickel's
30ufof7
ZotIt tJf5
1 (JUf of#
(ouroF3
6/JUf 011
Q: .. .. ..
A: .. .. .. .. ..........
. ..................................................................
Q: ........................................................ ...................................
A: .............. ... ......................................................................... .
2 Q: ...........................................................................................
A: .......................................................................................... .
3 Q: ...........................................................................................
A: ........... ................................................................................
4 Q: ...........................................................................................
A: ...........................................................................................
He .. ....... (not take off) his cap
since he (buy) it.
Don't buy any j uice. Mark .............................................
........................... (already/buy) some.
2 She ...................................................... (not speak) since
she ............................................... (arrive) this morning.
3 I ................................... (wake up) at four th irty
t hi s morning.
4 When ....................................................................................
(you/l earn) to waterski?
5 .................. ... ........................................................................ _.
(Dave/ever/go) on a sponsored walk?
6 We ................................... (fly) to Sydney last
September to visi t my brother.
7 She ................................... (get) a camera for her
birthday and she ...............................................................
Oust/take) some amazing photos.
8 I ....................................... (take) my cousins on a boat
trip on Saturday.
9 We ................................................ (not see) her since
she ................................... (get back) from Nepal.
10 He ................................... (write) to me last week but
I ....... .................................................................. (not write
back) yet.
11 I .................................................... (l ast/speak) to Maria
about three days ago.
12 She ........................................ (fall ) off her horse
qu ite a few ti mes but so far she .................................
.................................... (not break) any bones.
96
Practice
The definite and zero article
3 ;- If a line is correct, put a tick (11') in the box.
If a line has a definite article which should not be
there. underline it and put a cross (X) in the box.
u)'nD.n -to.tntr \.\laS I1t tk 00
to fu Nei\w-\.o.nd.s an
&t halld.ruj . o.no. /1 t-Lrnd. b'j D
2 h-am Daver to a. port collM 0
3 l\u. Then to D
4 in tru. c.entre D
5 oi fuR. POJ"ruliSo How. At: 2 0. rU9ht I
D
6
it tunS tru. chR.a.pest plAC4 to stAtj .
0
7
ThA.re tru. tum h.u<3E I.IJd:.h
0
8
moil:rthse6 an tht flour.
D
9
heu!. fu'lf own bru.3s.1n tk m.arrUn9.
D
10 h.ad. to u,o..ue th..t
D
b'j n.w. o'dack. M'1 to..thu and. hAs
.11 rented. thi bi.kts to 90 around. D
12 t.h... lots of hunds. D
13 stud.iv.. th.t EnSlish at D
14
the school o..nd. all spolu it wti1. 0
The definite. indefi nite and zero article
4 > Circle the correct option for each gap. Then
write the words in the gaps.
SHARK AT I
A BritIsh tourist on .... .... in Auslralia
thoughl his life was over when a hark attacked him
. I
In .................................... .
But whde lhe shark was bi ting hi and cbesl,
................................... swam up to him and saved him.
They made 1 ......... .......................... around twenty-three
year-old Pblllip Vellemler and 'cared away
4 . .. ................ .. ............... .
5.................................. .. heard Phillip screaming and
rc cued him by 6................ .. .................. . He then gave
PhillIp tir ' l aid on 7........................ ............ before taking
hlln La hospital by 8.................................... .
Speaking from hi ho piLal bed. Phillip Laid
reporters . IL was 'l.... .. ..... .. ....................... rightening
moment of my lI fe. The. hark nearly had me for
10 .................................... But the dolphins saved me.
thank goodness:
a) the holiday (b) hol iday)
cl a holiday
a) the Tasman Sea b) Tasman Sea c) a Tasman Sea
2 a) the dolphins b) dolphins c) dolphin
3 a) the ci rcl e b) circl e c) a circle
4 a) the shark b) shark c) a shark
5 a) The friend b) Friend c) A fri end
6 a) the boat b) boat c) a boat
7 a) the beach b) beach c) a beach
8 a) t he car b) car c) a car
9 a) the most b) most c) a most
10 a) the lunch b) lunch c) a lunch
97
nit 3
Past continuous
Po it,ve statements
Sh was reading a book.
They were making a nOise.
Negative statements
Shl" wasn't watching N.
They weren't tudying
Questions
Was he writing a letter?
W they annoYing you?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Yes, she was. No, she wasn't.
Yes, they wer >. No, they weren't.
Past perfect
Positive statements
He'd (had) seen the film before.
Negative statements
Th y hadn't been there before.
Questions
I ad you met them before?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Yes, we had. No, we hadn't.
Time clauses with when, while, as,
as soon as, before, after
1was standing at the bus stop when Jane drove past.
W ~ t l e we were ealing supper, the phone rang.
As I was leaving the house, Tom came round.
Th y rov here as soon as they got my message.
I ft belore/after Naomi arrived.
Af er working as a waitress for two months, she got a
Job in a !>hop.
We use the past conti nuous to talk about
background detail s t o events, e.g. I was
looking at some old letters yesterday.
I found one from my oid girlfriend, Lucy.
We also use it to ta lk about interrupted
events in t he past, e.g. They were playing
cards when the lights suddenly went out.
It is al so used to talk about events which
were in progress in the past when another
event occurred, e. g. We were sitting in oLir
tent ane evening when Sheila told us
about the ghost.
Time cl auses in t he past continuous are
often in troduc d by when, while and as,
e.g. A bird flew in through the window
while I was watching TV The t ime clause
and the main clause can be reversed. If
the time clause begins t he sent ence, the
clause must be fol lowed by a comma, e.g.
While I was watching TV. a bird flew in
through the window.
We use the past perfect t o talk about
events which happened (or didn't happen)
before other events in the past, e.g. Jane
gave me back my bike yesterday. She had
borrowed it the week before. I ate snails at
a French restaurant last week. I had never
eaten them before.
In t ime clauses with ofter and before,
we can use t he gerund (- ing form) if
the subj ect of both clauses is the same,
e.g. After talking to Jim, I decided to
buy rollerblades. He tidied his room
before going out.
98
Practice
Past perfect with when, us soon as, ofter Past simple or past continuous
1 / Complete the second sentence so that it has 2> Match the pairs of sentences to their meanings.
a similar meaning to the first sentence. using
the words in brackets.
I took my exams and then I got a holiday job. (after)
.... .. .. ..!.. .... a holiday job.
I earned some money before I booked some driving
lessons. (after)
......................................................... some driving lessons.
2 First I passed my driving test and then I bought an
old car. (as soon as)
............................................................................. an old car.
3 I had the car for three weeks and then the lights
stopped working. (after)
............................................. the lights stopped working.
4 I fixed the lights and then somebody drove into
the back of my car. (as soon as)
................................................... into the back of my car.
5 I repaired t he back of my car and then I decided to
sell it (when)
...................................................................................... sell it.
6 I sold my car and then I bought a bike. (as soon as)
..................................................................................... a bike.
i) [II When my sister left, Jim and I had
an argument.
ii) When my sister left, Jim and I were
having an argument.
a) She left during t he argument.
b) She left before t he argument
il
D When Ann saw the snake, she ran up
the stairs.
ii} D When Ann saw t he snake, she was running
up t he stairs.
a) She was on the ground floor when she
saw the snake.
b) She was on the stairs when she saw t he snake.
2 i) D When Tim arrived, they were watching
Titanic on video.
ii) D When Tim arrived, t hey watched Titanic
on video.
a) He watched the whole Fi lm with them.
b) He didn't see t he start of the f ilm.
3 i) D I was wearing my sungl asses when my
eyes started t o hurt.
ii) D When my eyes started to hurt, I wore
my sunglasses.
a) Whi le I was wearing my sunglasses, I got
sore eyes.
b) My eyes hurt so I put on my sunglasses.
4 i) D When I spoke to John, he looked at his
newspaper.
ii) D When I spoke to John, he was looking at
his newspaper.
a) He didn't want to speak to me.
b) I interrupted hi s readi ng.
99
Practice
Past perli ct or past
3/' Use the prompts to complete the pairs of
sentences. Use the past perfect in one sentence
and the past simple in the other.
When I got to Victoria station,
a) the nine o'clock tra in (already/leave).
. .. .. .................
b) I (wait) for the nine thirty tra in.
. .. ...........................
I didn't phone Libby to tell her I'd be late
because ...
a] I (cannot] remember her phone number.
b) I (forget) to bring my address book with me.
2 When the train arrived at Brighton station,
a) Libby (already/drive) home.
b) I (take) a taxi to Libby's house.
3 Luckily, I remembered the way to her house
because ...
a) I (know) it was near the hospital.
b) I (be) there before.
4 I got out of the taxi and found Libby holding a
ladder.
.
a) She (lose) her front door keys.
b) She (look) extremely annoyed.
5 She climbed through her bedroom window ...
a) which luckily she (leave) open.
b) and she (open) the front door for me.
Past simple. past continuous or past perfect
4> Complete the texts,
putting the verbs in brackets
into the past simple,
past continuous or past perfect.
When il ....... ....... (get) home yesterday, my father
1..................................... (lie) on the sofa. There
2........ ........................ ..... (be) a newspaper in his lap but
he J .................................................. (not read) it. A man on
the TV 4..................................... (talk) about football, but
Dad 5.............................................. ........................ (not watch)
the program me. He 6..................................... (fa ll) asleep.
After I 7.................................................. (turn off) the TV,
I 8..................................... (wake) him up.
Woul d you like to come to
the park wit h us for a picnic?
I 9..................................... (meet) Martha and Kate
yesterday as I 10.. .......... .. ... ... ... .. ..... . ...... (walk) home f rom
the swimming pool. They had j ust come out of the
supermarket. They 11.... . ................................................... (go)
to the park for a picnic and t hey 12....................................
(ask) me to go with them. I 13............................................. ..
(want) to go bu t I 14.................................................................
(arrange) to meet Vicky at the cinema so I
15..................................... (sa y) no.
100
Practice
Past simple. past continuous or past perfect
5 / Circle the correct option for each gap. Then
write the words in the gaps.
When raig Myers ..... ..... his re taurant, he
g I II lor a v ry go d price becau'e it
I ...................................... empty for lw years. Nobody
w. nt d to buy the pia 'e because people said that it
had a gho t. The ghost was a lady in a long green
dr who 1. ........................... .......... a singer in the
restaurant years before People said that one night,
on l1"f way home from the restaurant, the singer
I ...................................... her car off the road, over some
.lf1d into the ea II w. Nobody had ever seen
the ing r live again. I eaple said they had seen her
gh ) t, but Craig 4.................................................... in
ghosts 5 he wasn'l worried.
Three man hs ait r he ...................................... the
re L.lurilnl, Cr ig op ned it again. He called it
The Green Lady.
r taurant b...................................... open for six
munths when J trange thing happened. It was a
turciay night. Everybody had left and Craig
7....................... no......... up the restaurant
Suddenly he h ilrd a woman inging in the
dinlllg room. She II ...................................... a
traditional !long ailed 'Gr ensleeves' . Craig
went inlo Ih dintng fOum. The voice was
louder there, but the ro m was mpty. Craig
fj ...................... ............... the re lauranL tape
record nd th radio in the kitchen, but they
wer both switched off. He ouldn'l stop the
strange Singing but he didn't teel very worried.
H IU ......................w .......... . up the restaurant,
got Into hi car and tarted to drive hom . On
the way home, he II ......................................
d leep and hi:. l:ar into a tree.
He woke up in hospital. Two polic officers
12..................................... in the room with him
'We need t ask you sam questions, ' hey suid.
'who was the woman in the ar with y u? We
haven't been able to fi nd her since the .led enl. '
'1 13 ...................................... anyone with ITIe in
the car,' Craig answered.
'Yes, you did,' the younger p lic offi er sai
' We 14 . ..................................... behind you and we both
saw her. She 15 ...................................... a green dress.'
a) was buying b) had bought ecl bought)
1 a) was being b) had been c) was
2 a) was b) has been c) had been
3 a) was driving b) had driven c) has driven
4 a) doesn't believe b) didn't believe c) wasn't bel ieving
5 a) didn't buy b) was buying c) had bought
6 a) had been b) has been c) was
7 a) tidied b) had ti died c) was tidying
8 a) was si nging b) sang c} had sung
9 a) was checking b) had checked c) checked
10 a) locked b) was locking c) had locked
11 a) was falling b) fell c) had fallen
12 a) had sat b) sat c) were sitting
13 a) didn' t have b) hadn't had c) wasn't having
14 a} drove b} had driven c) were driving
15 a) wore b) was wearing c} had worn
101
Future with will/won't
4
Positive statemen
I'll (will) meet you at six o'clock.
Negative statements
She won't (wil l not) be late,
Questions
Will you call me later?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Yes, I wi ll . No, I won't.
Future with may/might
Take your key. I might/may be out when you get back.
You can borrow my sleeping bag but It might/may not
b very clean.
Future with going to
Itive statements
I'm going to see Judy soon.
You're gO ing to be late.
She's going t walch the football match.
Negative statements
I'm not going 0 see Tim for some time,
You aren' t going to get there by three.
She isn't going to do her homework.
Questions
Am I going Lo need a bigger suitcase?
Are you going to take her a present?
Is she going to wear her helmet?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Yes, you are. No, you aren't
Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
Future with present continuous
Dave's meeting me at the ci nema at seven thirty.
What are you doing on Friday evening?
We use will:
- to make predictions, e.g. Dinner will be
ready at seven o'clock,
- to make a deci sion or choice, e.g. I'll have
an egg sandwich, please.
- to rna ke prom ises, e,g. We'll be very quiet.
- to make threats, e.g. You'll be sorry.
We also use will/ won't to give opinions
after verbs such as be sure, think, know
and hope, e.g. I know you 'll enjoy this book.
We do not use will t o talk about
arrangements, e.g. What are you doing
tonight? (not Viila t will YOti do teRifjW)
We use may and might to ta lk about
possible futu re events. Th ere is no difference
between may and might in t hi s case.
We use going to + ve rb:
- to make predicti ons about t he immedi ate
f ut ure, parti cularly when we already
have evide nce of what is going to
happen, e.g . Look at those clouds. It's
going to rain.
- to talk about fi xed plans and fu ture
intent ions, e.g. I'm going to buy acamera
before the trip.
Going to go is not very common. The
present continuous is more common, e.g.
We're going swimming in the lake (not
We 're going to go 5wimming in the lakc.)
We use the present conti nuous to talk
about definite fut ure arrangements. This
tense is common with t ime phrases.
102
Practice
Will/won't or (not) going to
1 / Circle the appropriate form t o complete
the responses.
A: What are you doing with that bucket?
/'/I ~ ' m going to)give the dog a bath.
A: How are you feeling now?
B: I th ink I'll / I'm going to be sick.
2 A: Liz and Andy are always together these days.
B: Yes. They'll/ They're going to get married.
3 A: Let's get the seven o'clock bus.
B: OK. I'll/I'm going to meet you at the bus
station at quarter to seven.
4 A: Can you give me a lift to Lucy's party?
B: No problem. I'll/I'm going to pick you up
at eight.
5 A: I can't tell you the latest news about Eddie and
Rose. It's a secret.
B: Please tell me. I promise I'm not going to /
I won't tell anyone else.
6 A: Why can't you come to the match tomorrow?
B: I told you. We'll / We're going to have lunch
with my cousins in Cambridge.
7 A: Have a fantastic weekend!
B: Same to you. And /'I( / I'm going to see you
on Monday.
Goi ng to or present continuous
2> Put the conversation in order. Then rewrite
it, putting the verbs in brackets into the present
continuous where possible. Where it isn't possible,
use going to.
o Nothing yet. (I/get) her something in New York.
D I am, too. By the way, what (you/give) her?
[II Hi, Maria. (you/walk) to the bus stop?
o Lucky you. Now let's wal k a bit faster.
(We/miss) our bus.
o Next week.
D Yes. It's Kate's birthday and (I/get) the bus
to her house.
o Si lver earrings. What about you?
D When (you/go) to New York?
Maria: 2 ............................................ ...... .................. .. .... ...... ... ..
David: 3 ...................... . ............................................ . ............... ..
Maria: 4 ................................................. ................. ...... ........... ..
David: 5 ... ..... .. ... ... ...... ... . .. ........ . ........ .............. ... ... .................. ..
Maria: 6 ....... . .. ... .. ............. ........... . ... .. .. ... .................................. .
David: 7 ............... . ......................................... .. ..................... ... ..
Maria: 0 .............. ... ........ ................................ ........................ .. ..
103
- --- --- -
- -
. Practi:ce

'ff/will/won t or present continuous

3 ,/ Complete the sentences with a verb from the
box, using 'II/ will/won't or the present continuous.
win be pass happen hurt
do go cost have G stay
You can borrow my rollerblades if you like.
I ...... them for the next few days.
, He ................................. to Brighton next weekend to
visit his uncle.
2 The forecast says it .............................. cold and windy
tomorrow with rain in the afternoon.
3 ' ................................ you ............................... anything
next weekend?'
'Yes. I ............................................. at home and
watching videos:
4 She's worried about her driving test She's sure
she .............................................. .
5 I'm going to X-ray your foot. Don't worry,
it .............................................. .
6 This jacket needs cleaning. How much
.............................. it .............................. ?
7 Who do you thi nk ...................... ........ the next
World Cup?
8 'What would you like to drink?'
'I .............................. an orange juice, please:
9 I'm sorry about being late yesterday. I promise
it ......................................................... again.
'II/will/won't or might/might not
4> Match the statements with the responses.
Then write the responses out in full. using
'/I/wifl/won't or might/might not
Did you phone Keith? 1II
..... . .. ..r}!?'!:...........................
1 Have you seen my rollerblades? o
2 Where are you going in the summer holidays? D
3 Could you post this letter for me? D
4 Do you t hink she' ll win t he 100 metres? 0
5 What t ime is t he rehearsa l on Monday? 0
6 How about some choco late cake with cream? 0
7 How wil l we get to the station tomorrow
morn ing? D
(
a) We haven't reall y decided yet. We (go) to
the US.
bJ Sorry, I f orgot I (phone) him now. )
c) Act ually, I! t hink the director is ill. There (be)
one on Monday.
d) Sure. I (do) it on my way to school.
e) No problem. My parents (t ake) us on their
way to work.
f) No, t hanks. I (have) a dessert. I'm fu l l.
g) No. I'm sure she (win). Sh e isn' t very fit.
h) No, bu t they (be) in t he hall cupboard.
104
Practice
A eventeen-year-old London schoolgirl,
Su anna Lownde , won the Face of the
Year award in London last night.
, I'm going to take my mum on a
fabulous holiday to the Seychelles
this summer.'
Tomorrow, usanna will
collect weekends. It'U be fun and hopefuUy I next year. I might not ha\'t! the right I ok
her $25.000 prize in New York and sign 10 lots of money: I 12 ....................................................
a year's conlfHct with Ihe ag.ency Suoanna has aLread decided what. to young and beautiful so ['\Ie Jel'idt:J that
Top Models do Wilh her prize money. 'J m going to r IJ ................................................... sum.:
'J m e ited. Susanna told our lake my mum on a fabulous holiday to of my prize money for a rainY dllY.'
reflurtcT 'I'm missing three day. of the SeycheUes this summer and ['m going Susanna's mOlher i. delighted with
I tlli week. I I................................ .. to buy myself some new clothes. I' m also her daughter's succe s. ' uccess
t New York by Com::orde tomorrow going to give some to charity. BUl I'm 14............... ...................... heT chanu;ter:
Yo ilh my mum. The priL.e-giving dinner going 10 ' ave most of It. J "...................... Mrs Lowndes says. ' usanna will always
15 on Thursday. Lots of t'amous people ............................ any modelling work be. en.1ble and hard-working:
' ................................. to il On Friday.
I ................ ..................... clothe at the
top of the Empire tale buiiUing for
/"/lIIr magazine.'
Next month, usanna 4..................... ..
..................... the deSIgner Karl Lorrin In
Pari!;. 'I 5.................................... sign a
with him: she says. 'but I'm nol
ure. t agent b....... " ...........................
I'm l;ulI n w t.1I Ibis bw ioess:
Susanna j" g lOt,! It) .:ontinue with
her ,IU at Kingston Pllrk School next
\!at' I ..................................................
leave school yet. I'm definitely going
t I takl: my levels next year and I
I ..................................... go t.o university
Ihot - it' ll depend 011 my exam
While I'm slill at school,
I!)........................._ ................. ..
IIlI.dclling in the holiduys Olnd al the
Might, will/won 'f, going to or present
continuous
5> Circle the correct option for each gap. Then
write the words in the gaps.
a) won't ( b) will ) c) might
1 a) 'II fly b) 'm flying c) might fly
2 a) are coming b) wi ll come c) won't come
3 a) ' II model b) 'm modelling c) 'II have modell ed
4 a) met b) has met c) will meet
5 a) might b) mightn't c) won't
6 a) mightn't b) mi ght c) will
7 a) 'm not going to b) will c) mightn't
8 a} might b) 'II c) won't
9 a) 'm not doing b) won't do c) 'm going to do
10 a) 'm earning b) 'II earn c) won't earn
11 a) might not get b) 'm not getting c) might get
12 a) 'm not always b) won' t always be c) 'II always be
13 a) won't keep b) might keep c) 'm going to keep
14 a) won't change b) mightn't change c) will change
105
Unit 6
Cl auses and linkers of contrast:
although, however, in spite of/despite
Although that shop IS a bit expensive, I like it.
I like thal shop al lhough it's a bit expensive.
It's a wonderful city for shops and nigh life. However, the
public transport is very expensive.
In spite of having very little money, he had a brilliant
time in dmburgk
Despite haVing very little money, he had a brill iant
time in Edinburgh.
He had a brilliant time in Edinburgh in spite of
havfng ve.ry little money.
He had a bril liant time in Edinburgh despite having
very li ttle money.
I ilke Scotland In spite of the weath r.
I like Scotland despite the weather.
Although introduces a clause and is
followed by a subject and a verb.
When t he Although cl ause comes fi rst ,
it is followed by a comma.
The linker However starts a new
sentence and is foll owed by a comma.
However is much more common in
wri tten Engl ish t han in spoken English.
In spoken Engli sh, it is very formal.
. The lin kers in spi te of and despi te are
foll owed by a gerund (- ing form) or by
a noun.
When the In spi te of/Despite phrase
comes f irst in a sentence, i t is followed
by a comma.
In spite of is more common than Despi te.
106
Practice
linker: aft/l0ugh
I >Complete the sentences using
llthough and a sentenc.e from the box.
)se capital letters and commas
",here necessary.
(she'd known him a long time)
Rob had only seen Linda in a photo
(I don't have any money to spend)
I hadn't invited him to mine
I don't usually read the articles
she was very tired
he'd had a breakfast at seven
the train was about to leave
She didn't re<:ognise him in his hat and sung lasses
.. .. .. ..................... . .
.. .. .. .. I d like
to look around this CD shop.
Peter was hungry by ten o'clock ........................ ............
2 ............................... ........ ........................................................... .
she couldn't get to sleep .
................._... _.............................................. he recognised
her as soon as she got off the train.
1- I always look at the photos in sports magazines
.......................... he stopped to buy a magazine for
the journey.
) Sam invited me to his party ............................................
linkers: in spite of and despite + noun
2> Complete the sentences with the phrases in
the box.
her doctor's advice her age (. t he noise)
the number the rubbish the weather
the traffic the t i me their disagreement
My parents slept well in spite of .... ... . we
were making downst airs with our elect ric guitars.
We arrived in time for the fl ight despite
............................................... on the road to t he ai rport.
2 We decided to queue for tickets for t he Texas
concert despite .................................................. of
people in the queue at the ticket office.
3 She woke up at four o'clock this morni ng but
decided to get up despite .... .......................................... .
4 One ra iny weekend in November. we decided to
go camping in spi t e of ............... ..................................... .
5 Despite ............................. ............................................ last
weekend, Tim and Dominic are still good frien ds.
6 It's a fascinat ing and colourful city in spite of
.................................................. and dirt in t he streets .
7 She continued to drink ten cups of coffee a day
despite ................................... .............................................. .
8 My grandmother goes everywh ere by bi cycle in
spite of ................................................................................ .
107
Practice
linkers: in spite of and despite + gerund
J,/ Rewrite the sentences using the words in
brackets. Make sure the second sentence has
a similar meaning to the first sentence.
I waved and shouted but I couldn't attract the
waiter's attention. (in spite of)
.. .. ..f!m.t!.. ..
.. .. ........................................................ .
Although she has a swimming pool in her garDen.
she doesn' t know how to swim. (despite)
2 I went to bed early last night but I still feel tired
today. (in spite of)
3 She has an exam tomorrow morning but she's
going to a party tonight. (in spite of)
4 We know the city well but we got lost on the way
to the castle. (despite)
5 Although he plays in a band three nights a week.
he still gets good grades at school. (in spite of)
6 I wrote down the rehearsal time but I completely
forgot to go. (despite)
7 He does a lot of sport but he doesn't look very fit.
(i n spite of)
linkers: although, in spite of
4> Complete the sentences in the explorer's
notebook using although or in spite of.
Sf'&< M(MI
We've tiedrAeA to hearJ....jrrrfhe -top of
Mor..nt ........ ...... . JtfCk
foelAttj l)e..(y wetA.. at the momettt.
7tYt
1 ser-ious we..
. I
reacJted. the pak aJ 2 p.wt. flnAay r a
pit wurried about JP.ck l ...................
he says he i5 jeelArtg
q+h
We. are. now Ol't. tJU.f
1................................... the SlUt ;6
about the C01t?-. tAay.
12th
In the. 1/i,(kAge, of k'amtlA(() 4................................. ..
my IAmited lGfI(JWled.je of r
to PlAy same JuurA' We tAte tJU('
w.mcn bi{ deep rod<. pout . I dAv-ed.. i..fl.
5.................................. ttle.
oj tJre, .................................. r my
tlJ get Ja,c.k. fa come itt) he OK..
the 51de loohYl3
13th Me;ty _
We are. Ct(mpin.J tMtside the. of
'PaurM.. 7................................. the. vr,t,(a.9e.t"'s afe
vexy Hte,y wiU rtot lek lAS take-.
photos of them. ::rack has e{ proplem with
hAs nOW) 8 .................................. I.1f ...
htlAle. QYt1Jy Pail.M dlArlA19 0(
ti.ttte. ttM'e..
14#\
'1-- r 5Q.y trllS,
...... u
r
...........
is gettttt,9 tm my nIMYeS. 10..................................
ifte, beaiAty Of the. place
J
he compit-rts t<1.A.
the -tirne.. 11 .................................. we ka.ve ha.c(
some 9tJUd. t\.+tt(!s r wtU NeVeR
trave{ wittt hAM I
108
Unit 7
Verbs should{n't), ought(n't} to,
had better (not)
Positive statements
fht:y should work harder.
She ought to ~ o to bed earlier.
You'd better tell them the news.
N gative statements
They shouldn't play loud music late at night.
51 oughtn't to go to bed 50 late.
You'd better not drlve in this weather.
Questions
Should they try to get holiday jobs?
Ought she to lend J,m some money?
Had I better go hom now?
Snort answers
Positive Negative
Y they shou ld, No, they shouldn't.
he ought to. No, she oughtn't to.
es, you'd better. No, you'd better not.
Comparison of adjectives and adverbs
Comparative adjectives
Cars are safer than motorbikes.
love is more important than money.
Money IS less important than love.
Money n't as impor ant as love.
Superlative adjectives
T Jaguar is the fas st animal in the world.
Motor racing is one of th most drmgerous sports.
Ka e is th sportiest of the three sisters.
Rita is the least sporty of the three sisters.
Irregular adjectives
adjective comparative superlative
ood bet er best
bad war e worst
ar t rther farthest
much/many more most
It tie less least
We use should and ought to when we give advice,
criticise or make a strong suggest ion. Should and
ought to mean t he same, but should is more
common. The question forms of ought to, e.g.
Ought I to phone?are very uncommon.
We use had better to give advice in an immediate
or particular sit uation, e.g. 'I feel very weak: 'You'd
better sit do wn:
We don't use had better t o express general advice
or obl igat ion: I thiRk the govcfflfflent hBd better do
50fflethiRg Beout !JeHu tioR fA this eOt:J Atf):
The rules for forming t he comparative and superlative
form of adjectives are as follows:
- We form the comparative of one-syllable adjecti ves by
adding -er or -r, and the su perlative by adding -est
or -st, e.g. worm/ wormer/warmest; pale/paler/palest.
- When a short adj ective (one or two syll ables) ends
in y, we form the compara tive and superl ative by
deleting t he -y-and adding -ier/-jest, e.g.
easy/easier/easiest.
- When an adj ect ive has one syllabl e and ends in one
vowel and one consonant (not war yJ. we doub le
the final consonant in t he comparat ive and
superlat ive and add -er/-est, e. g. big/bigger/biggest.
To form the comparative and superlat ive of long
adjectives, we put more or (the) most in front of the
adject ive, e.g. more expensive, (the) most expensive.
We can use almost, nearly or just with as ... as,
e.g. She's almost as tall as her mother.
Some forms are irregular. See t he list on the left.
109
--
Grammar highlights
Comparative adverbs
Women drive more/Ie s dangerously than men.
M n drive faster than women.
Women don't tJrfve as fast as men.
I work bel er/worse in t h ~ morning than in the evening.
Superlative adverbs
Who works (the) hardest i n your family?
Who cooks (the) most egularly in your family?
Irregular adverbs
adverb comparative superlative
badly worse worst
well bIter best
much more most
I lie less least
far arther farthest
Comparatives with much/a lot/far/a bit
Jane IS a much safer driver than Tom.
J n ~ drives far better than Tom.
igation and prohibition with verbs
must, have (got) to, don't need to
Obligation
You must bring a photO for your student card.
You have (got) to bring a photo for your s udenl card.
No obligation
Y u don't have to wear a cycle helmet but it's safer If you do.
You haven't got to wear a cycle helmet but it's safer if you do.
You don't need a wear a cycle helmet but it's safer if you do,
lU needn't wear a cycle helmet but it's safer if you do.
Prohibition
You mustn' t eat or drink in the classroom.
Most adverbs end in -Iy. To form t he
comparative and superlati ve of these
adverbs, we put more/less or (the)
most/(the) least in front of t he adverb.
In the case of adverbs whi ch do not end
in -Iy, we make the comparati ve and
superlative forms by addi ng -er/-est, e.g.
faster/fastest, harder/ha rdest; -r/-st, e. g.
later/latest; or -ier/-iest, e.g.
earlier/earliest.
For some irregular f orms, see t he list on
the left.
We ca n use almost, nearly or just wi th
as ... as, e.g. He drives nearly as well as
his father.
We can use the intensifiers much, a lot,
far and a bit to make a comparative
adjective or adverb stronger.
. ' n positive statements, if we are t alking
about obligations which come from
other peopl e, we use have (got) to, e.g.
Ihave to II've got to finish this
homework. We use have to to talk about
routines, e.g. He has to cook dinner once
a week (not J-Ic must cook dinf'lcr ORce
a wcck.)
. In the first person, we use must to
express strong fee lings and wi shes of
the speaker, e.g. I must buy some new
jeans soon.
In positive statem en ts, have to and must
are very close in meaning. If you aren' t
sure wh ich to use, it's safest to use
have to.
We can't use must to talk about past
obli gations. We use had to.
We use don't/doesn't have to,
haven't/hasn't got to, needn't,
don't/doesn't need to t o express a
lack of obli gati on.
We use mustn 't to express prohibition.
110
1
Practice
Verbs shoLlld{n't}. ought(n'tj to, had
better (not)
1 / Complete the second sentence so that it has
a similar meaning to the first sentence. using
the correct form of the words in brackets.
It's a bad idea to leave valuables in your car
overnight. (should)
You .... ............... leave valuables in your car
overnigh t.
the police's job to do something about crime in
this area. (should)
The police .................................. ... do something about
crime in this area.
2 It causes problems when people park on these
double yellow lines. (ought)
People ..................................... park on these double
yellow lines.
3 It's dangerous to drive long distances without
regular breaks. (should)
People ..................................... drive long distances
without regu lar breaks.
4 Stop and have a break now. (had better)
You ................................... stop and have a break now.
S The speed limit of 120 kilometres per hour is too
fast on this small road. (ought)
They ..................................... reduce the speed limit
on this small road.
6 It's a bad idea to go clubbing tonight We've got
school tomorrow. (had better)
We ..TOo ............. . ................ .. go clubbing tonight.
We've got school tomorrow.
Comparat ive adjectives and adverbs with
n't (...) as ... as
2,) Complete the second sentence so that it has
a similar meaning to the first sentence. using
n't (...Jas ... as.
Cars are safer than motorcycles.
.. .. .. ...............................
Naomi is more beautiful t han Jodie.
Jodie ................................. .. ....... ...........................................
2 The Edinburgh accent is clearer than the Glasgow
accent.
The Glasgow accent ........................................................
3 Your car is much bett er than mine.
My car ..................................................................... yours.
4 My jeans were cheaper t han Harry's.
Harry' s jeans ..... ...................................................... mine.
My grandfather drives more dangerously than
my grandmother.
My grandmot her .. ...... .
.. ..........................................................
5 Sally drove much faster t han Kevin.
Kevin ....................................................................................
6 Rachid got up earlier than Carlo.
Carlo .....................................................................................
7 Male drivers take ri sks more frequently than
fema le drivers.
Female drivers ...................................................................
8 Maria was dancing more energet ical ly than the
other girls.
The other gi rls ...................................................................
9 Jake's j acket fi ts me better than Nancy's.
Nancy's j acket ..................;................................................
111
Comparative adje.ctives and adverbs with
mu hla bi r
3> Use the chart and the prompts to write
comparati ve sentences with much or a bit.
Age 36 34
Accidents 6 12
1 Top speed 320kph 314kph
2 Crashes 2 10
3 Cost of car $4m $7m
4 Car breakdowns 3 2
5 Prize money $10m $2m
lold)
Sochmacher is a bit older than Kikkonen .
........................ . ................ 04 04 ...... .. . ............ 04
(have accidents/frequent)
Kikkonen .. .. ..........
than Sochmacher.
(d rive/fast)
Sochmacher ..........................................................................
2 (dri ve/dangerous)
Kikkonen ................................................................................
3 (have/an expensive car)
Kikkonen ............................................................................... .
4 (car/perform well)
Kikkonen' s .............................................................................
5 (be/rich)
Sochmacher ..........................................................................
Comparative and superlative adjectives
and adverbs
as ... as
4> Complete the letter with as + adjective/
adverb, or the comparative/superlative form.
1Jear emily)
I hope /JtJU're hQuing 0 nice time In Spain. 1m on holir.hJj in
Scot/and near l.txh Fi.Jne.(Loch meons /.alre, by the wag) I
Mink lJ,is is one of .. .. (beautiful)
places in Britain. oramrse the weather isn't .... ..
(hot) as in Spain but the water in the loch is much
(warm) 'mel I ............... ............ . . .. ... ... . .. ........ .. (easy)
to get intxJ than I expected.
Don't be Jealous but 1m stoying in q castle. II
mal My uncle Steve} who is une of 2..... .... .. .. .. .............
................... .. .......... ......... ............. (lucky) In the wurld,
Wtm 15 miUiqn ill the lott.ery and Ixvght it tiS 0 holiday
MIJ f'tXJrn is ............ .................................... (high) one in the
castle and ii has 4.. . .. .. .. . .... ...... ..... ... .... .... ... ........... .. ... ......... .
(spectacul ar) view I've ever seen. I get up
5 .... ..... ....... ........... . ........................ (early) than everyone elst.
and go fur a jag euvy mqrning.
Haw's the summer Job going? fire you wurking
6 .. .... ..... ....................................... . (hard) as last fji!4r?Or have
you 11M time to go tD club C4iJed Whispers? Is the
beach 7......... .... .... , ............ .. .................. (crowded) as lost
year? Does that Californian guy called UJI(e jec-ski
II..... .... .. ............ .... .. ... ... .. .. ... ......... (dangerously) os last !JetV.'
My COUSin Tim is 9............ .................................... (boring)
i:his fjetlr thtln last year: He isn't 10.... . .. .. ......... .. .. ......................
(relaxed) as he WQS last summer dnd he seems to be
Wing his sWdies much II ................................. ... ..... ............. .
(seriously) than befure.
See you Sm.
Lots ot ltwe,
SerentJ
112
Practice
Must{n't) or don't have to
5/ Complete the teacher's rules about safety in
the laboratory, using must{n't} or don't have to.
You .......~ ~ ~ : ~ ...... enter the laboratory
without permission.
You .................................................. eat or drink in
the lab.
2 You .................................................. bring your own
lab coat. There are some In the cupboard.
3 You .................................................. wear safety
glasses during ALL experiments.
4 You .................................................. play around in
the lab.
S If you have long hair, you ....... .................................
tie it back.
6 You ........................................... ....... never walk
away from an experiment that you have
started.
7 You .................................................. bring your own
ca lculators. We can provide them.
8 If you spill or break anything, you
.................................................. tell me.
9 You .................................................. clean all your
equipment after use.
10 You .................................................. write the
results of your experiments In the lab. You can
do that in the library if you prefer.
11 You ................ .................................. behave safely
and sensibly at all times.
12 You .................................................. leave at three
thirty if you haven't finished. The technician
will be here until five o'clock.
Obligation, prohibition, need or advice
6> Complete the sentences with the words in
the box.
mustn't mustn't had better shouldn't
don't have to C shou ld) have to
Pure Wool

.'
3
r - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
6
5
NO
SMOKING
For best resu Its, you .............~ . ~ ~ ~ ! ! ! . ................ wash
this sweater by hand.
2 You .......................................... take a handkerchief
because it will make you cry.
3 You .......................................... be at least eighteen
years old to see this horror film. You probably
.......................................... see it on your own if you
are the nervous type.
4 You .......................................... pay before eleven.
5 You .......................................... smoke in this building.
6 You ................................. park here.
113
Practice
Time clauses wi h wilen, as soon as
3:;" Combine the sentences using the given
time phrases.
You'll arrive in India soon. You must send me your
address immediately .
.. .. .. .............. as soon as
.. .. fn. .................................. .........................
He's going to phone louise. He'll ask her about
the computer.
When .................................................................................... ..
2 I'm leaving school soon. Then I'm going to Australia.
As soon as .............................................................................
3 I'm going on holiday next week. Can you look
after my cat?
when .................................................................................... ?
4 Jack will arrive soon. Please call me immediately.
as soon as .......................... ... ............. ...................................
5 We're moving to Edinburgh soon. I won't know
anyone.
....................................................................................... when
6 She's goi ng to arrive in a minute. Let's all sing
Happy Birthday.
as soon as .............................................................................
7 She'll be seventeen soon. She's going to take
driving lessons.
When ............... .......................................................................
8 I'm nearly eighteen. Then I'll be able to vote.
when .................................... ... ........... .....................................
If or when
4> Complete the sentences, circling when or if
and putting the verbs in brackets into the present
tense or the future tense with 'II/ won't.
I ...... (dream) about you (when)'if I .. fl.'!... (go)
to bed ton ight.
I'm goi ng to Canada next week. Wh en/If I
................................... (be) t here, I ...................................
(visit) my friend Sue.
2 When/If t he weather ................................... (get)
worse later, she probabl y ...........................................
(not take) us to the swimming pool.
3 Nei l might come round this evening. When/lf he
............................ (come). we ...........................................
(not be able) to go to the ci nema.
4 Andy is goi ng to send me a postcard when/If
he ................................... (arri ve) in New York.
5 When/If he ................................... (have) to work
late, he ................................... (miss) t he party.
6 I ................................... (make) t he t ea when/If
the water ................................... (boil).
7 When/ Ifyou ................................... (pay) for my
coffee today, I ..................................... (pay) for
yours tomorrow.
8 Wh en/If I ..................................... (go) to
San Francisco next t ime, I ...................................
(not stay) at t hat hotel again.
116
Unit 9
Relative clauses wIth who{m}, which,
that, where; whose
Defining
They're looking for omeone who can speak French.
The man (who/whom) I wanted to see wasn' t there
I don't like books which/that have sad endings
Th hotel Iwhich/tha ) we stayed at had a view of the sea.
The cupboard in which the videos are kept is
a ways locked.
The cupboard (which) the videos are kept in is
always locked.
The club where I met Roberro was called Dr Sound
The ,I wI ose f lat I'm stayi ng In is on holiday in Mexico.
Non-defining
My Sister Anlla, who lives," New York, is a photographer.
Peter, whose father works for a record company, often gets
fft concert lckets.
Jim told us about hiS holiday job, which he's enjoYing
v ry much.
Th match, in which I played very badly, lasted an hour..
I'd like 0 visit Perlh, where one of my cousins lives.
Defi ni ng relative cl auses gi ve essential
information. They do not have commas.
In defining relative clauses, we use who(m),
whose or that to refer to people, which or that to
refer t o t hings and where t o refer t o places.
Prepositions can be placed in front of the defi ning
relati ve pronouns whom and which or at the end
of the relat ive cl ause. It is more formal to put t he
preposition in f ront of t he pronoun. The room
which I slept in had a wonderful view is less
formal t han The room in which I slept had a
wonderful view. The man whom I gave the letter to
had a strange face, is less formal than The man
to whom { gave the letter had a strange face.
When that and who are used with prepositions,
the preposition must be placed at the end of the
defi ning relati ve cl ause, e.g. The room that I slept
in had a wonderful view. The man that/ who I gave
the letter to had a strange face.
Whom, that or which can be omi tt ed if they are
the object in a defi ning relat ive clause.
Non-defi ning relati ve clauses, which give ext ra
information and which can be left out, have a
comma before the relat ive cl ause and a comma
or fu ll stop after it.
We cannot use that in non- defining relative
clauses. We have to use who, whom, whose
or which.
We ca n never omit the relati ve pronoun in a
non-def ining relative clause.
Whom can be used instead of who as t he
object of the verb in a relati ve clause. It is more
forma l tha n who.
Whose is used mostly for people and sometimes
fot" animals. It is never used for objects.
117
Grammar highlights
Present perfect simple and continuous
Present perfect simple
Positive statements
You've been to India three times.
She's hved in Paris for SIX months.
He's had a motorbike for year.
I 's the best film I've ever seen.
Negative statements
You haven't visited China yet.
~ hasn't used it much recently.
Questions
Have you had your photos developed yet?
Has he. decided to buy a car instead?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Ye , I have. No, I haven'L
Yes, he has, No, he hasn't
Present perfect continuous
Positive statements
You've been drawing and painting a lot recent ly.
's been ta lking on lhe phone for ages now.
N yative statements
ou haven't be n reading much recently.
He hasn't been watching the film with us.
Questions
lav you been taking many photographs?
Has he been chatting to hiS new girlfriend?
Short answers
Positive Negative
y ~ , have. No, I haven'l
es, he has. No, he hasn't.
We use the present perfect simple wi t h
j ust, already, yet, ever, never, so for.
We use the present perfect simple to
ta lk about how many times something
has happened, e.g. He's been there lots
of times.
We use the present perfect simple
with superlati ves.
We use the present perfect ontinuous
with How long, fora nd since and some
other time expressi ons to talk about
events t hat started in the past and are
still going on, e.g. I've been reading this
book for six hours / since ten o'clock.
We can use the present perfect
con tinuous or simple with How long, for
and since and the verbs l ive, work and
study, e.g. I've been working in France for
three months, or I've worked in France
since August / for th ree months.
We have to use the present perfect
simple with How long, fo r and since and
certain verbs not normally used in the
continuous tenses such as know, like,
love, hate, have, e.g. I've known Lucy for
three years. I've had t his tennis racket
for two years.
We use the present perfect continuous
to descri be an action in the past that
has co ntributed to a si tuation in the
present, e.g. She's very tired. She hasn't
been sleeping well lately.
In general, we use the present perfect
simple when we are int erested in the
result of an activity. We use the present
perfect continuous when we are
int erested in the activity not the resu lt,
e.g. I've made three cakes this afternoon
(= present perfect), and I've been making
cakes this afternoon (= present perfect
cont inuous) .
11 a


Practice
Non-defining relative clauses
1 / Match the incomplete sentences to the Extra Facts.
Check your answers. Then complete each sentence with
a relative clause. Use where, who, whose or which.
THE SNAPSHOT FILM, FACTFILE
fbl Hol lywood .. ............
... .. ....... is in California.
D Academy Awards, .....................................................
.......... ............................................................................, are
some Imes called Oscars.
2 D Shakespeare in Love, ................................................
....... .............................................., won seven Oscars.
3 0 Steven Spielberg, ......................................................
................................................, started making films at
high s.chool.
4 0 Beverly Hills, ..............................................................
..............................................................................., is right
next to Los Angeles.
a) It starred Gwyneth Palt row.
(b) Many American fi lms are made here. )
c) He died in a car crash in 1955 aged twenty-four.
d) He received almost $20 million fo! Rambo III.
e) Her real name was Norma Jean Mortenson.
fl His fi lms include Jaws, ITand Jurassic Park.
g) He was created by Walt Disney in 1928.
h) Many fi lm stars have t hei r homes here.
i) They are prizes in t he film industry.
5 DJames Dean, ...............................................................
.................., was th e star of Rebel Without A Cause.
15 0 Marilyn Monroe, .......................................................
...................... .. ..... ................ . -. -. u uu., ....... t ................. ,
died in 1961.
7 0 Syl vester Stall one, ....................................................
.......... ".,.,....., ............................,." .. ,..............................,.-.........,
is one of the world's best-paid act ors.
8 D Mickey Mouse, .......................................,...................
. ..................................... , ....................................... n.' _ ........ ,
is the world's most popular cartoon character .
58 'PL ';)9 'J') '41> '1 'ez ' I l :SJaMsu\f
119
Practice
Present perfect SImple or present perfect
continuous
2/' Combine the sentences using a relative
pronoun each time. If it is possible to omit the
relative pronoun, write it in brackets.
We stayed at a hotel in Tanzania. It had a view of
Lake Manyara.
. .. .. ......
. .. .. .......... . , ..... .. .......... ... ....... ...
We drove down a road to get to the hotel. It was
rocky.
The road ........................................... ......................................
2 A man owned the hotel. He was very interested In
wi ldlife.
The man ................... .. .... ............................ .. ..... .....................
3 The hotel had a restaurant. You could eat
Tanzanian food there.
The hotel had a restaurant .... .... .............................. ........
4 Some rooms didn't have air conditioning. They got
very hot at night.
The rooms ............ ,................................................ .................
5 We saw wild animals in the Serengeti Park. These
were elephants, zebras and giraffes.
The wild animals ........................... ... ....... ........................ ... .
3/ Use the prompts to write questions and
answers with How manV? and How long?
films/she/act in? six; seven years
How many .. .. ..............................
She's aded in six
How long .... .. ....................................
.. .. .. ...................................
books/she/write? three; ten years
How many .............................................................................
How long ...............................................................................
2 pizzas/he/cook? four; one hour
How many .............................................................................
How long ...............................................................................
3 kilometres/they/cycle? thirty; B a.m.
How many .............................................................................
How long ...............................................................................
4 games/they/play? five; four thi rty
How many .............................................................................
How long ...............................................................................
5 shirts/he/iron? ten ; he got up
How many .............................................................................
How long .......... .....................................................................
6 pictures/he/paint ? t hree; four hours
How many .............................................................................
How long ...............................................................................
120
Present perfect simple and present
perfect continuous
4> Match the interview questions and the
actor's answers. Then complete the answers,
putting the verbs into the present perfect
simple or continuous.

III tDDk is *,,,\?
2 0 How do on un", Ju\io. 'RDnins?
3 D w'nen 9"inq -\0 wcr\c.. on 'Aoo,,",e.t
l...UeJdAng'
When diel meet lit
5 D ls lit ',U at mcM\a\t
6 D "lou're summer. \t"ve OW'lllm'\:A,,'l O'\If?
R"SWe.<'5
-
hoe W ............................................. (make)
1M .................................................. (a ll/be)
a Su.cce.ss .
irs be.c4M5e.L ......... Oust/wash)

but $he's ex'MusteA.She. ................................................
(work) nanshlp fur ""e si:x: n\01\-ths.
e ................................................ (take) mare
and 1 ........................................................................
(not eat) choco\ah.\
G Ten ty!IlfS ago. Wt. ... _........................................... (not be)
atwt fur mare 4han week S\f'1C.4. -\he".
We. ..........................._.................................. (already/start).
I .................................................... (film) ',n \..onGkm t01"
the month.
Relative pronouns
Present perfect simple or present perfect
continuous
5 >Complete the sentences with who, whom,
whose, where or which, and the present perfect
simple or continuous of the verbs in brackets.
Skiing is one sport .. . I (never/be) good at
.. .. ......
What's t he name of the boy ... Oust/move in) upstai rs?
2 I (lose) t he book ... I was read ing this morning.
3 I Oust/see) the film ... everybody (talk) about for ages.
4 I went to see him at t he cafe ... he (work).
5 The man ... telephone number I Uust/give) you
might help.
6 I don't like t he boy ... she (go out) with recently.
7 Aust ralia is one place ... she (always/want) to go.
121

nl 11
Causative have (hove something done)
Where are you going to have your hair cut?
Don't you need to have a passport photo taken?
I ad my eyes tested yesterday,
Why hasn't he had the bike repaired yet?
She doesn't have her ha ir cut at the She cuts
it herself.
Second conditional: if/unless clause
+ 'd (would)/wouldn't
If I had lots of money, I'd buy a huge motorbike
I'd buy a huge motorbike if I had lots of monty.
I I were you, I wouldn't hitchhike to Edinburgh.
If he didn' t lIVe so far away, I'd see him more often.
I wouldn' t eat snails unless I was extremely hungry.
I wi hllf only + past tense
I wish I had longer legs.
If only I had longer legs.
I WIsh I could fly.
If only I could fly.
I wish I didn't have to revise this weekend.
If only I didn'l have to revise th is weekend.
need + gerund (-ing form)
Thes cards ne d posting.
Do tile battery need replacing?
need + passive infinitive
These cards need to be posted
Does the battery need Lo be replaced?
We use causative have when we arrange
for someone else to do something for us,
e.g. My father has his car washed once
a week.
We can replace have by get in more
inform al speech, e.g. My father gets his
car washed once a week.
We use the second conditional to tal k
about unli kely sit uati ons in the present
or the futu re. Another use is to t alk
about imaginary situat ions. We also use
it to give advice, e.g. If I were YOll, I'd see
a doctor about that cough.
. In second conditional sentences, we
always use the si mple past i n the if or
unless cl ause. We use would/wouldn't
in the main clause. We can al so use
could(n't) or might (not) in t he
main clause.
We usually use the phrase If I were ...
{not if{ WfJ5 ...J when we give advi ce.
Unless means if ... not.
We use the verb phrase I wish or the
ph rase If only, each f ollowed by a verb in
t he simple past tense, to talk about
wishes or regrets in a present situation.
The ve rb need + passive infiniti ve means
the same as need + gerund H ng form).
122
Practice
Causative hove (have something done)
1 / Complete the adverts with the correct form of
2> Use the prompts to write questions and
have and the past participle of the verbs in the box.
answers with the present simple, present
continuous, present perfect or past simple of have.
test deve lop cut (. print) make read
flasy Print
CHEAPEST PRICES
IN TOWN!
Snappers
Have you lost your keys?
We can help you.
Twenty thousand people
............... new keys
...... .............. by us last year.
If you want ... .. ...
cards or invitations
... come to
What does the future
hold for you?
Find out when you
.................... your palm
.................... by
Madame Zingara.
Three million people
.................... their photos
... M ..................... by us last year.
G--- ...... ----- ....

If you need .........................
colour photocopies
......................... come to us
for the cheapest
photocopies in London.
.1.------------.1
Q: (you/your bike/ repair) yet?
.. .................
A: No, I (it/repair) t omorrow.
.. .. ...................
Q: (Bob/hi s eyes/t est) yet?
A: No, he (them/test) next week.
2 Q: What's that smell?
A: My parents (t he house/ paint) at the moment.
3 Q: Where (you/th is passport photo/take)?
A: I (i t/ take) at Farrell Photos last week.
4 Q: How often (you/ usually/your hair/cut)?
A: I (usuall y/it/cut) every t hree months.
5 Q: Is your foot still painfu l?
A: Yes. I (an X- ray/tak ) tomorrow.
-(
H
opticare
Everyone should .................... their eyes ...................
regularly. Phone us now for an appointment.
6 Q: Why aren't you weari ng you new trousers?
A: Because I (not/ them/shorten/yet).
123
Practice
Second conditional
3> Complete the survey questions in the second
conditional using the verbs in brackets. Then
answer the questions with Y (Yes) or N (No).
.. .... (youlfind) 100 in the street,
.. .. ..... (you/hand it in) to the police? [Y]
1 ...................................................._.........................................
(0 shop assistant/give) you 20 too much change,
................ _............................................... (you/keep) quiet? 0
2 ..... ....................._................... (you/see) someone cheating
in an exa ................................................. (you/report) them
to the teacher? 0
3 ................................................. (you/crash) your motorbike into
on expensive cor and ............................................ (nobody/see)
you. _............................................. (you/telL) the poUce? D
4 ...............................................................................................
(your rich fnend/forget) she had lent you 30,
................................................................. (you/remind) her? 0
5 .............................................. .................................................
(the waiter/forget) to charge you for your drinks,
............................................................. (you/teU) him? 0
6 ........ ...................................... (youlfind) your sister's love
letters, .................._..................................... (you/read) them? D
7 .... ........................................................................... (you/not want)
to upset someone, .................._................... (you/teU) a Ue? D
8 ......................... .......................................... (you/hand in) a wallet
you'd found In the street, ................................................................
(you/expect) a reward? 0
I wish/If only + past simple
4 > Rewrite Dave's thoughts using I wish and
If only.
I don't have ti me to thin k.
I feel so nervous.
1 I have to write an essay on European politics.
2 I don't know the answer to question 3.
3 I can't concentrate.
4 This exam is so important.
5 The questions are so difficult.
6 I can' t remember what I revised yesterday.
7 They don't al low us to bring in our textbooks.
8 This room is so hot.
I wish 'had time to think.
If only .. .. ......................................
If only .....................................................................................
2 I wish ......................................................................................
3 I wish ......................................................................................
4 If only .....................................................................................
5 If only .....................................................................................
6 I wish ......................................................................................
7 If only .....................................................................................
8 I wish ......................................................................................
1'lA
Practice
Verb need + gerund (-/ ng form)!need +
passive infinitive
5:" Use the fashion designer's notes to write pairs
of sentences with need.
II IIX.]: I li13: I[.]: I','J 44:11
KARL WINEFELD'S SPRING COLlECTION
"/hin5s to do
dec.ide on iJ...e orde- of the sJ...ow
I set lAp the
2- dress tJ...e Models
'3 do tJ...eir Mak-e-I.'p
cJ...oose tJ...e sJ...oes
5 repair the MIc.ropJ...one
o replac.e the batteries in
MI.] c.aMera
7 rec:J...ar5e Mabile pJ...one
. . .. .. rg.. .. .. ....... .....
.. .. .. .....................
",{. ....................... .......... ..................................................................
3 .................................................................................................. .
4 ...................................................................................................
5 ................................................................................................. ..
6 ...................................................................................................
7 ......................... .. ....................................................................... .
Revision
6> Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
words in brackets.
Jim needs to ask someone to mend his watch. (have)
.. .. ...........................
We're going to ask someone to build a swimming
pool in our gard en. (have)
We're going to .....................................................................
..............................,....................................... in our garden.
2 Nina is very sad because her camera is broken.
(wishes)
Nina ........................................................................................
3 You're tired because you go to bed so late every
night. (wouldn' t)
If you didn't ..........................................................................
4 Unfortunately, I live in a bori ng little vi ll age. (wish)
I .........................................................;......................................
5 Somebody should clean this room. (needs)
This room ...............................................................................
6 Unfort unately we don' t have a dishwasher. (wish)
I ................................................................................................
7 You don' t like Tim beca use you don't really know
him. (if)
You'd .......................................................................................
8 She's going to ask someone to take some
photos. (h ave)
She's goi ng ............................................................................
9 They really ought t o do somet hing about the
traffic in this town. (needs)
Something ............. ................................................................
125
Verbs should have/ought to have
Positive statements
You should have been more careful.
You ought to have been more careful.
Negative statements
They shou ldn't have riven so fast.
They oughtn't to h ve driven 50 fast
Questions
Should we have helped him'
Ought we to have helped him?
Do you think we should have hel ped him'
Do you lhink we ought to have hel ped him?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Yes, we should have. No, we shouldn't have.
Yes, ough[ to have No, we oughtn't to have.
Verbs make, let and be aI/owed to
Our coach made us practise every day.
He dic1n't let me play in the first half of the match.
00 your parents let you have parties whi le lhey're away?
W ar n'l allowed to w ar make-lip at my school.
We use should have/ought to have t o
criticise people's past actions, e.g. You
shouldn't have driven 50 fast (= You
drove fast and it was the wrong thing to
do.) You should have slowed down at the
corner(= You di dn't sl ow down atthe
corner and t hat was a mi st ake.}
Ought to have is more formal and less
freq uently used than should have. In
question f orms it is very uncommon.
We often use the verb think to ask a
questi on with should have/ought to have.
Th e verbs make and let are followed by
an object and an infiniti ve without to.
But when make is used in th e passive,
we use the infinitive with to, e.g. She
was made to work very hard.
We cannot use let in the passive form.
Instead, we must use allowed to.
126
Practice
Verb should have
1 '/ The manager of the campsite asked Bob to
leave because he disobeyed the rules. Read the
rules and complete the manager's words,
using should(n't) have each time.
2
3
5
8
Pine Hill Campsite
Rules
1 Fill in a form at reception when you arrive.
Use the barbecue provided.
Do not light fires.
4 Put all your litter in the bins.
Do not play loud music.
Do not damage the trees.
1 Leave the showers clean and tidy.
8 Do not bring any animals to this campsite.
9 Do not break the speed limit of 10 kph.
10 Do not waste water.
.. .. .. .. .......
when you arri ved.
2 ............................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................... .
4 ............................................................................................
5 ............................................................................................
6 ............................................................................................
7 ............. ...............................................................................
8 ...................... ......................................................................
.. ....................................... your cat to this campsite.
9 ........................................................................................... .
10 ............................................................................................
.......................... ...... ..... . u ...... u .. J-....... u ....... u ......... u u
127
Practice
Verb ought to have
2/- Complete the sentences with ought{n'tj to have
and the past participle of the verbs in the box.
go get give pack fail
stop train visit miss
I'm not surprised you're feeling sick.
You .. ... so much cake
We had a brill iant time last night. You .......................
..... ................................................... .. .. ............. home early.
2 Tha raffic li ght was red. You ........................................
3 The director was angry that you didn' t come. You
....................................................................... the rehearsal.
4 They lost the match. They ................................................
.................................................................................... harder.
5 Why didn't she pass after all her work? She ..............
6 Come on! We're leaving in fifteen minutes. You
really ..................................................................... your bag
by now.
7 I'm not surprised t hey're getting divorced. They .......
................................................................................... married
at seventeen.
8 It's raining now. Do you think we .............................. .. ..
............................................................ a lift to that poor
hitchhiker that we saw at the petrol station?
9 Those tourists missed the best bit of the tour.
They .........................................................................................
the old city.
128
Verbs make, let and be allowed /'0
3 >Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence. using the
correct form of the words in brackets.
The rules say that students must not chew gum
anywhere in the school. (allow)
Students ..... .. .. .. anywhere
in the school.
She has to get home before midnight. (allow)
She ..........................................................................................
stay out after midnight.
2 My parents' rule is that I have to do the washing
up every night. (make)
My parents ............................................................................
every night.
3 In the army we had t o get up at f ive o'clock every
moming. (make)
In t he army they .................................................................
at five o'clock every morn ing.
4 My parents won't all ow me to borrow the car
tonight. (let)
My parents .......................... .... .............,................................
tonight.
5 Do not play football in thi s park. (al low)
You ... ........................... ........................................... .................
in this park.
6 At my last school t hey let us wear make-up and
jewellery. (allow)
At my last school we ......................................:..................
make- up and jewellery.
7 The rule was that we had to eat everythi ng on our
plates. (make)
They .........................................................................................
everything on our plates .
8 You won' t be all owed t o leave early. (let)
They ............................................................................. early .
Practice
Verbs make, ler and be aJ/owed to
4> Read Rebecca's notes below. Then complete
her essay on the right with made us/let us or
weren't' allowed.
...


I..J.p witt tk. cma

.IJ:.w .in.:tJ.....
4.I.fJ d (if WDAti:.U

...
tnd a./tu



.wu J:k JnmI;s
couU. ...


wIt..o we k .s.ke
a. t't1'I:m\.-wiiA

;l;orJ".,
'I

Sunnybank Camp
by Rebecca Wa re
[ went to Sunnybank, a summer camp on the coa'it of D

t . summer. llwas a great experience and [ made lots of new
[nends. There were quite a few rules although [ thought that
most of them were quite reasonable.
They made us td ,
.................... I ) our rooms every day. But I! did n't
take Chloe and me very long because we're both quite ti y. The
best thmg was that they ... leave the camp in the
evellIngs and go into the nearest town, Lyme RegiS. Of
we had to ask permission first and we weren't allowed .
......... _............ to
stay out after eleven o'clock. .....
We 1
.......................................... . to have pani . in our
rooms generally, but they 2........................ _ ............... have
parties for special occasions if we asked pennission first. or
example, Chloe had her binhday while we were at summer
camp and they 3.......................................... . have a
litlle party for her. But it ended quite early because we
4
.................. ......................... to play any music after
eleven o'clock.
In some summer camps you can't choose who you
want to share your room but at Sunnybank they
5.......................................... choose our roommates.
That was great because Chloe and [ already knew each other and
wanted to share. We did lots of things together. 'CI)'one had to
h lp on the camp and there was a list of names and things we had
to do each day. For example, they 6................................ ........
organise games for the younger kids in the afternoons and Chloe
and I always did that together. Once a week the)'
7........................................... help with the cooking and we
usuall y asked to do that together, too.
Every day they 8........................................... choose
for ourselves the sports and activities we wanted to do. One day
we made a raft 1 But we 9................................... ........ to go
out on the raft or boats without asking permission first.
One thing that I didn't like at Sunnybank was thaI they
10.......................... ................. lay the table and wash the
dishes twice a week. [ have to do that at home e cry and I
don't like doing it on my holid3)'. Probably the worst rule was that
they " ........................................... get up at eight 111 the
morning [or breakfast. We complained a lot and in the end they
changed the rule and they 1/. ...................................... stay
in bed until ten if we didn't want breakfast.
129
Uni 13
Verbs must/can't for drawing
conclusions
YOU\i been playing football all day. You must be
tired and hungry.
It can't be an Ir1sect. It's ot eighr legs. I must be
spid r.
Adjective word order
Mana IS the one with short spiky hair.
She's weanng a long black leather coa .
I'v got a beautiful 010 Chinese jewellery box.
Verbs seem, look, 50und + adjective
or I' ke/as if
POSlbv statements
He ms{Jooks/sounds cl vcr.
He ems/looks/sounds like an Interesting person.
It s ems/looks/sounds as if she's working very hard.
Negative statements
Th y on't eem/look/sound friendly.
S doesn't seem/look/sound like a student.
H doesn't seem/look! ound a5 if he IS enjoying himself.
Gu ions
Do I 100 good in this jar et?
Does sh,. sound like a nice person?
Did h 5 em happy?
Old th Ylook as i they were haVing fun?
We can use must / can't + the verb be, or another
verb, to make logical deduct ions about th present,
e.g. She's only j ust moved to our area. She must be
lonely. She can't have many new friends yet.
Adjectives used together usually occur in the
following order:
Opinion Size Age Style Colour Ori gin Material Purpose Noun
sh ort spiky hair
long black leath coat
beauti ful old Ch inese jewellery box
The verbs seem, look and sound can be followed by:
- an adjective, e.g. She sounds American.
,
- like + a noun phrase, e.g. He looks like an Australian
surfer.
- as if + a clause, e.g. They look as if they've just had
a fight.
Some people use like + a clause after t he verbs
seem, look and sound, e.g. They look like they've just
had a fight. However, it is best to avoid t hi s form in
written English. Use as if instead.
no
Practice
Verbs must!can't for drawing conclusions
1 >Complete the second sentence so that it has
a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use must be
or can't be.
I'm sure you aren't hungry after eating all that cake.
......y . ~ ! ! ..~ . ~ ! ? : . t ~ . ~ ...... hungry after eating all that cake.
Their car is here so I'm sure they're at home.
Their car is here so they ................................. at home.
2 It hasn't got eight legs so I'm sure it isn't a spider.
It hasn't got eight legs so It .................................
a spider.
3 I'm sure there are some biscuits in the packet I
bought yesterday.
There ................................. some biscuits in the packet
I bought yesterday.
4 I'm sure she isn't Australian. She doesn't have an
Australian accent
She ................................. Australian. She doesn't have
an Australian accent.
5 I'm sure you're j oking. I haven't got ',000 to lend
you.
You ................................. joking. I haven't got ',000
to lend you.
6 The lights are on in his bedroom so I'm sure he
isn't asleep.
The lights are on in his bedroom so he
................................. asleep.
7 I'm sure she's tired after driving all night.
She .. ............................... tired after driving all night.
8 I'm sure she doesn't have room in her flat for all
six of us.
There ................................. room in her flat for all six
of us.
9 I'm sure she's wearing make-up. Her skin looks
smoother than usual.
She ................................. wearing make-up. Her skin
looks smoother than usual.
Verbs must/can't for drawing conclusions
2> Match the responses to the statements.
Then complete the responses with must or can't.
[kJ
D
D
I didn' t go to bed unti l four o'clock
this morning.
1 I haven't had anythi ng to eat all day.
2 He says he's got your key.
3 Are John and Tessa the same age? 0
4 I' m afraid I can't see a way through this forest. D
5 Mr Lavender is in Aust ralia.
o
6 She says she lives in Chestnut Avenue.
D
7 That restaurant is nearly always empty.
o
8 The plane is about t o land.
o
a) It ......................... be very good.
eb) Yo u ........~ . ~ ~ ... ..... be exhausted.)
c) It ......................... be mine. Mine is in
my pocket.
d) You ......................... be hu ng ry.
e) There ......................... be a path somewhere.
f) Then she ......................... be a neighbour of
mine. That's where I live.
g) That ......................... be ri ght. I saw him at the
bus stop thi s morn ing.
h) It ......................... be. We've only just taken off.
i) Th ey ......................... be. They've always been in
the same class at sc:hool.
13 1
Adjective word order
3> Write sentences by putting the words in the
correct order and adding punctuation.
Australian / denim / man / in / jacket / tall/the
/ the / Who's
Who's .. ~ ~ ~ .. ~ ~ ~ ! ..~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ! f ! . ~ ..~ f ! . ' . ' . . ! . ' . ' . . ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ . ' . ' . ~ ~ j ~ . ~ ~ ~ ! ' ..
and / big I blond I blue / eyes / got long / hair
I Lucy's
Lu( ;) ......................................................................................
2 and a / Iri sh accent / the man / hair / is / Jim / red
/ strong / with short
Jim ...........................................................................................
3 an / blue / expensive / Italian / She's / suit
/ wearing
She's ........................................................................................
4 antique / beautiful /bought / earrings
/ for her birthday /1/ silver / some
I ................................................................................................
5 brown I Do I in I know / leather I Spanish
/ student I t he / the / trousers / you / young
Do ............................................................................................
6 a / Welsh I bri efcase I cheap I middle-aged I man
I He's I plasti c I with a
He's .........................................................................................
7 blue / bowl s / chicken I delicio us I gave I in /Iarge
I She I soup I us
She ............................... .. .........................................................
Verbs seem, look, sound + adjective or
like/os if
4 > Complete the sentences
with like or as if
where necessary.
My feet feel .. F ~ ~ ... blocks of ice.
That si nger sounds ........................ a dying cat.
2 She looks ................. ....... about eighteen.
3 You look ........................ tired. Didn't you sl eep
last ni ght?
4 It looks ........................ summer has arrived.
5 She seemed ........................ totally miserabl e.
6 They look ........................ they have just had a fi ght.
7 Those tourists sounded ........................ Scandinavi an
to me.
8 This cheese tastes ........................ soap.
9 You look .. .... .. ............... . you have just seen a ghost.
10 I spoke to her on the phone and she sounded
........................ she had a bad cold.
11 He phoned up and started shouting. He seemed
.. ...................... very angry.
12 You look ........................ a doctor in that whi t e coat.
132
unl
Verb used to
Positive statements
I used to walk to school but now I take the bus.
Negative statements
My sister didn't use to like jazz but she does now
Questions
Did he us to W ar glasses?
Short answers
Pos ttve
Yes, he did.
Negative
No, he didn't.
Verb be used to
Positive statements
I'm used to wearing a uniform.
She's used to living in a big city.
They're used to looking after younger children.
Negative statements
I'm flOt used to dOing homework every night.
She Isn't used to living on h r own.
ey aren't used to studying at weekends.
Questions
Are you used to weartng a uniform to school?
Is she used to ge mg up early?
Are h y used to worKing hard?
Short answers
POSit v Negative
(es, I m No, I'm not.
Yes, she IS. No, she isn't.
Yes, they are. No, they aren't
Clauses of purpose with to, in order
(not) to, 50 that
I shut th window to stop the flIes coming In.
In ord r to shu Ihe Window, I had to stand on a chair.
I had to stand on a chair in order to shut the window.
look my ho 0 f in order no to dirty the chair,
I hu the wmdow 0 that the flies couldn't/wouldn't
come m,
I stood on a chair so that I could reach the Window.
10k my sho off so that the chair wouldn't get dirty.
With used to we refer to habits or situations
which were true in the past but are not true now.
Used to refers t o the past There is no present or
future form.
Used to is followed by an infinitive.
In the question and negative forms, we delete
the fi; e.g. Did you use to live in Australia? He
didn 't use to wear glasses.
With be used to we refer to an activity or
situation which is (or was) something familiar
to us.
Be used to can refer to the present or the past,
e.g. I'm used to driving on the left now. I wasn't
used to driving on the left when I first came
to Britain.
Be used to is followed by a noun or a gerund
(-ing form).
We use get used to when we want to talk about
the process of becoming used to something, e.g.
When I went to Arizona, I couldn't get used to
the heat.
We generall y use get used to (not ae used ta)
when we refer to the future, e.g. You'll soon
get used to the Scottish accent.
Get used to is foll owed by a noun or a gerund
(-ing form).
We can use to and in order {not} to + the
infiniti ve only when the subject of the main
clause and the clause of purpose are the same.
In order to is more formal th an to.
We can use so that when the subject of the
main clause and t he clause of purpose are the
same and when t hey are different, e.g. I took my
biology book so that I could revise on the train.
She wore her sunglasses so that nobody would
recognise her.
133
Practice
Verb be used to
1 >Complete Miranda's letter to a teacher
at Kingswood School. where she used to be a
student. Use I'm (not) used to and the prompts.
wear a uniform V
work at night X
1 going to bed at strange imes X
2 live on my own X
3 eat canteen food II'
4 work hard II'
5 study a lot V
6 look after old people V
7 be with sick people all the time X
8 make beds with people still in them X
Mrs MiJJ.K,
I'm. t!Aljotf"'1 YNJ at 5t
Husyvf.al in.l.muinL but I"" Mt tMd To
a1.L tIu. in. mlJ lifo Ifd
I t.Itmt m.i"rd. tJu. A!fu' aiJ,
" used to .. ... fum- fYUj
d but ...... .. .. ..........
.. .. ... tUVi I ... ....................................... ... .
" .......... ... . . . . .. u ................................................L ..
.J .............................................. is thai
sol
.. .. .. lets
4. pupk new aNi Itut I wed
wr1Jt Stm1L at mAl
Iht fuud. /6 oK. J ................................................... .
......_.........._........... ........................................... /rrnn. mIJ
Tht. Iud a.boui t1; i5 tJud I
krit fA hRLp wi1A tJu. up!
1WI ali, the. time ar
fur As /U!OW, 4 .............................................. ..
..................................................... a..nd, ...............................
........................................................................ . Bcd I'm.
a. t,t i:Juur.
I'm. 1;, ItUJ fUKt
wet.i<utd 41l .
6
.... ............. ..
in, tJu. but 7
................................
u ................................................................................1
................. ......................... .............. . Oltt p.r-trhl..enz U
tJtat 8
........................................................................................
..................................................................................................
134
2:" Correct the statements 1 to 8 by rewriting
them with used to/didn't use to.
Women don't have the vote.
... .. ..............................
Salt is very expensive .
... .. .. ... ...................................
The fastest way to travel is by horse.
2 The poorest chi ldren do not go to school.
3 Chi ldren work in factories.
4 There isn't much pollution In our rivers.
5 There aren't many cars.
6 Not many people have televisions.
7 Men have all the top jobs.
8 Medicine isn't very reliable.
Clauses of purpose with to or so that
3> The Graysons made a lot of changes to their
home. Combine the pairs of sentences using to
where possible. Where it isn't possible, use
so that ... could(n 't)/would(n't).
They built a cup board. They wanted to store t hei r
sports equipment.
.. .. .. .................
.. ............................................................................
They got a secon d lV set. They wanted the children
to watch lV in t heir own room .
.. .. .. .. .. ............
could watch TV in their own room.
They knocked down a wal l. They wanted to make
t he sitting room bi gger .
2 They put bars on t he wi ndow. They didn't want
t hieves to get in.
3 Lights were installed in the' garden. They wanted to
eat outside i n the evening.
4 They put a bi g window in the dining room. They
wanted to make it lighter.
5 They cut down some trees. They didn't want t he
garden to be so shady.
6 They installed sol ar panels. They wanted to save
money on electrici ty.
135
u
The passive
\)
Present simple
Ho 0 en are the rooms cI aned?
They're cleaned once a w k.
Pent continuous
Her bik IS being repair d at the moment
We r n't being taught by Mr Morris thiS year.
Past simple
Printing was invented In China.
Wh n w re you told about he acdden ?
Pa t continuous
Wh I h r bike was being r paired, she walked everywhere.
Present perfect simple
Have you ever been bitten uy a snake?
We haven't been inVited 0 Jack's party.
Past p rfeet simple
Our ouse lad bee brok n Into when we got back
frOI liday
Had anythin been stOlen?
Luc Ily, my CD call ('tion hadn't been touched.
Mod Is
T e door can't/couldr!' b opened.
om thing shOUld/must be done about the. traffic in
Wh n will we be paid?
We mlgh Imay be m t at lh airport.
Grund
I ha Ing bitten by mosquitoes.
Infimtiv
How ofte do the plants have to be watered?
hiS town.
We use the passive:
- when we are more interested in t he
event than t he person who did the
action, e.g. I'm afraid the room hasn't
been clean ed.
- to talk about events in hi story, e.g. The
electric light bulb was invented in 1878.
- to describe technical or scient ific
processes, e.g. When the tea leaves have
been picked, they are left in special rooms
to dry.
- to be obj ective, especiall y in news
reports or scient ific experiments, e.g.
Two swimmers were at tacked by sharks
at Bango Bay yesterda y.
To form t he passive, we use t he verb
to be in the appropriate tense + the
past parti ciple of t he main verb.
When we use t he passive with modal
verbs, we use a modal verb + the
passive infinitive.
The passive gerund is formed with the
gerund being + the past participle.
The passive infiniti ve is formed wi t h the
infi ni tive to be + the past participle.
When we want to say who or what was
responsible for the action, we use the
preposition by + a noun, e.g. These
flowers were delivered by a man on
a motorbike.
We oft en use t he verb get instead of be,
as an informal passive form, when we
refer to something unpleasant or SUdden,
e.g. She got bitten by a dog. This is more
common in spoken than in written English.
136
Practice
The pas ive: present simple and past simple
1 '/ Complete the article. putting the verbs in
brackets into the present simple passive or past
simple passive.
Crocodiles or croes ..... ..... (talk)
about a lot in Australia. Usually they
................................... (separate) into two types: I. _
saltwater crocs and freshwater crocs. Saltwater
croo <................................. (know) as 'salties' and
freshwater croes J ................................. (call) 'fresh ies'.
Salties, which can be five metres long,
1........................................... _. (consider) much more
The passive: present continuous
2> Match the noun phrases to the verbs. Then
write sentences in the present continuous passive.
The whole of Newtown
[kJ
a) build
The old theatre 0
b) improve in many
2 Cars L
different ways
3 Public transport
4 More trees
0
D
c)
d)
redecorate
make cheaper and
more efficient
5 A new sports centre 0
e) not allow into the
centre
f)
plant in all the
n
"
dangerous than freshies. Swimmers who
5....................................... (catch) by a saltie,
6.... _....._ ........................ " (roll) around in the water
until their necks 7........................................ (break). Then
the swimmer's body 8................................. (store)
under some wood by the croc until it is soft enough
for him to chew. Freshies are much smaller and
swimming with them 9................................. (think)
to be safe but a little Kary.
Last year, by a river in the Australian outback,
J 10................................. (tell) that there were no 5alties
in the water, but just a few freshies.
' I I .............. .... ...... ... ........... ............ ...............................................
(people/ever/eat) by freshies?' I asked a croc
expert nervously. It 1< ................................................. .
(explain) to me that freshies are vegetarian 50 I
didn't need to worry. J 13..................................................
(encourage) by this so I put one foot in the water. .
At the lost minute, I 14...................................... (stop)
by the croc expert who said, smiling, 'Actually I'm
not sure if they're vegetarian or if they only eat
vegetarians! You aren't a vegetarian, are you?'
In the end I was 50 hot and the water looked so
nice, J dived in. I'm pleased to soy that I enjoyed
my sw{m and my toes 15 ............................................ (not
bite) off!
. .. .. .. .. .........
........................................................ ..............
2 ............... ....................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................. .
4 .................................................................................................. .
5 ......................................................................................... .. ....... .
Practice
Th passive: past continuous
3) Complete the letter, putting the verbs in
brackets into the past continuous tense, active
or passive.
Dear Sir/Mailam.
Our Easy World huliduy on tbe island of Batto
was a Ii aster.
Throughout ur lWo-we 'k stay, the lift
.. (repair) As we ( lay) on the
,c\cnth noor we gOl vay tired.
For the Ii rsl len day:-. lht: po I I .....
................................... (clean)
'or nne week of Our holiday, a pop group
1,............................................. (u 'e) the hotel for concert
rehear. Is. Can you imagine lht: nOIse?
TIlt: mati (Jut,ide Lhe h( t'l J...............................................
............................... (repair) the hOlel was fuU of du t all
the time,
for our fir t Iw J ays. the dimng room
....................................... ................................. (redecorate.)
......... ............ .... .. .... .. .. ................M (ha.ve)
ur dinner in the garden \ hen the manager came Lo
peak to us . We tolil him thal we b ...................................
...... ............................... (nut look after) properly and we
7....... ........................................................... ... (not enjoy)
o I[ holiday. He laughcd and said everylhing possible
II . .... ""................................................... (do) to improve
th lIuation.
138
The passive: present perfect simple
4> Rewrite the vet's comments in the passive.
Somebody has treated this horse badly for years.
1 People haven't fed him properly.
2 People have ridden hi m too much.
3 They have forced him to work t oo hard.
4 They have left hi m outside in col d weat her.
S Nobody has brushed him for years.
.. .. ...............
He ................................................................... .........................
2 .............. ............................................... ..................................... .
3 ..................................... ......... .....................................................
4 ...................................................................................................
5 ........................................................... ........................................
The passive: past perfect
5> Complete the text, putting the verbs in
brackets into the past perfect passive.
When we got back from our su mmer holidays last
year, we got a horrible shock. Our house ..... ...
.. ... (break into) and quite a few t hings
1..................................................... (steal) . The N and vi deo
2...... .. ............................................. (take) and my mother's
favourite vase 3 . ..... ........... . ................ . ........................... .
(knock over) . In my parents' room, all the drawers
4 .................. . ......................................... (open) and all
their clothes 5.............................................. (throw) on
the floor. Luckily, my mother's j ewel lery
6................................ .. ..... .. .......... . (hide) under the bed
and it 1.................................................... (not found).
My room 8....................................................................... ..
(not touch) but in my sister's room the posters
9........ .. ........................................... (tea r) off the walls and
her mirror 10.................. .. ...................................... (break).
Practice
The passive with modals: should, must,
will, can
6 ) Complete the sentences with the verbs in the
box. Then rewrite them in the passive.
check contact leave
lend park pick up


4teK CtV witt&. we're
yOt{ " .. ........ i.e yQtt ICmttt .
yot( .................... "tlte Ut ca.t:
2 YOl( .............. ...... fltt. fA of .!jQt{r
{irBNi.s
3 Ycu ............ ........ hodalta -flte
4 yOt( .................... -free. pei:rd!.
5 goml'.Ol1e wJ1. .................... #Ie. CArrfor
l1eJtt week.
6 yet( .................... tIte
if f.uw.e.
7 You CtlI1 .................... -#At. car in. -Ik ir\.
Strut.
.. .. .. . .. ................................
2 ...................................................................................................
3 ...................................................................................................
4 .................................................................................................. .
5 ...... .. .......... .................. ........... .. .... ... .. ... .. ... ........... ..................... .
6 ..................................... ............................... ....... ...................... . .
7 .................................................................................................. .
The passive: gerunds and infinitives
7 ) Complete the text with the verbs in brackets
in the passive gerund or infinitive form.
After .... ..... (pl ant) in a sunny warm
place at the end of su mmer, strawberry plants have
.. .. (water) regul prly, especially in dry
weather. In the spring, when t he fruit starts to grow,
straw needs I . .................................................... (place)
under and around each plant. The reason for t his is
t hat t he fruit needs 2 .................... ............................... ..
(keep) dry when the pl ants are bei ng watered.
When the fruit starts getting ripe, the
pl ants have J..................................................... (cover)
with nets. This prevents the stra wberries f rom
4 ......... .................. ......... ..... . ........... (eat) by birds. For
the best possi ble taste, strawberries need
s ...................... ............................... (grow) organical ly
wit hout chemical ferti lisers and pest icides. If you
want to make strawberry j am, the berries need
G........................................... ....... .. . (pi ck) when they are still
quite hard. Before 7 .......................................... ........... (u se)
for jam, or eaten raw, the f ruit ought B.................... ....... ..
.................. ........ (wash).
139
u I I
I wish/If only + past perfect
I w' 11 I'd bought a magazin to read on the train.
If only I'd bought a rna azine to read on the train.
I Nt h I hadn' left my mob Ie phone at home.
If only I hadn't left my mobile phone at home.
Third conditional: if clause +
'd (wQuJd}/might/cQuld have
If h 'd worked a bit harder, he'd have passed his exam.
If I'd known he was in hospital. I'd have visited her.
Sh mlgh have passed h r driving tes it she hadn't
dnv n so fast
If you'o had your camera, you could have taken some
amazing photos.
If I'd tak n the later train, I wouldn't have met Peter.
We use I wish and Ifonly+ the past
perfect to express regrets about a past
situation, e.g. I wish I'd studied languages
instead ofscience at university.
We use the third conditional:
- to tal k about unrea l situations in the
past, e.g. If I'd had his phone number, I
could have called him (= But I di dn't
have it so I coul dn't call hi m.)
- to express regret about past situations,
e.g. If we'd trained harder, we would have
won the match.
In third conditional sentences, the verb
in the if clause is in the past perfect
tense. In the main clause, we use
'd (WOUld) have, might have or
could have + the past parti\:iple.
140
I wish + past perfect
1 >Read the examiner's report after Rachel failed
her motorcycle test. Then write her wishes.
Motorcycle Test tJi
o,d1'l't t Of Dlt tfA.e. fy'A-N ie

(, drove. tfA.e. wrO'l't
" Sfrt-t.t
d,d1\ ' t Dl1\SWt-r ill f

.. .. .. .. ..........
. ............... .............. ..................................
2 ..................................................................................................
3 ...................................................................................................
4 ...................................................................................................
5 .............................................. .. ........................................... ....... .
6 ................................................................................. ..................
7 .................................................................................................. .
I wish/If only + past perfect
2 >Read Craig's reasons for his team losing a
football match. Write sentences with I wish or If only.
... .. ...........
... .. .............................................................
If onl y .................. ................................................................
2 I wish ...................................................................................
3 If only ...................................................................................
4 I wish ..... ..............................................................................
5 If only ...................................................................................
6 I wish ...................................................................................
7 If only ...................................................................................
8 If only ...................................................................................
141
Practice
Third conditional
3> Combine the pairs of sentences to make third
conditional sentences with If
We didn't have a good map. That's why we got lost
.. .. ..
We didn't check the oil. That's why the car broke
down.
2 didn' t li sten to the weather forecast That's
why we were caught in the fog.
3 Nina broke her ankle. That's why we had to wait
for help.
4 We didn't have our mobile phone. That's why we
couldn't phone for help.
5 We were rescued the next day. That's why we
didn't die of cold.
Thi,.d conditional
4> Match the sentence halves. Then write
sentences in the third conditional.
If I (not go) to t he party lliJ
If she (n ot say) that about hi s mot her 0
2 I (not camp) t here 0
3 If (you t el l) us that you were in t ro uble 0
4 She (die) 0
5 If I (not spend) all my money 0
6 How much (they pay) you at the hotel 0
7 How long (i t t ake) to get t o America 0
a) he (n ot get) so angry
(b) I (not meet) Joseph )
c) if she (not have) the operat ion
d) if we (go) by Conco rde?
e) I (buy) you some flowers
f) if I (know) about the snakes in that forest
g) if you (t ake) the cleani ng job?
h) we (hel p) you
.. .. .. .. .. .. ............
.. .............. . .. ... .........l .. ........
2 .............................. ....... ...... ........................................................
3 .................................................................................................. .
4 .................................................................................................. .
5 ..................................................................................... ..............
6 .................. ........................................................ "........ ............. ..
7 .................................................................................................. .
Practice
Conditionals: first. second and third
5:" Use the prompts to complete the sentences
using the correct conditionals.
Where wouId you Iive .... .. ...............
.. .. ............... (if you/ca n choose
anywhere in the world?)
If she goes to bed now, .....................................................
(she/probably feel better in the morning)
2 If I were yo u, ........................................................................
(I/tell them the truth)
3 If everybody gives me a pound, ......................................
(I/buy a present for Judy from a 11 of us)
4 If you won a mi llion pounds, ..........................................
(what/you spend it on?)
5 What shal l we do ................................................................
(if it/rai n tomorrow?)
6 You would have met Caroline .........................................
(if you/come to the party on Saturday)
7 If you'd got lost in that wood, .......................................
.................................................................... (what/you do?)
8 If my headache doesn ......;.. ..... .................. ..
(I/not come with you t o the beach)
Revision
6 > Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
words in brackets.
I didn' t catch t he thief so they didn't give me a
reward. (would)
If I .. .. .. .. .......
me a reward.
She regrets missi ng t he concert. (wishes)
She ..........................................................................................
the concert.
2 I'm so sorry th at I ate five pieces of chocolate
cake. (only)
If ...............................................................................................
fr ve pieces of chocolate cake.
3 We were so t i red that we didn't go to the party.
(would)
If we ........................................................................................
. ............. ............................ ................................ to the party.
4 I stopped reading the book because the plot was
so complicated. (been)
If the plot ..............................................................................
................ ....................................../ ............................................
reading t he book.
5 I'm sorry I didn't remember her birt hday. (wish)
I ............................................................................................... .
her birthday.
6 What a pity t here wasn't any good music at t he
party! (only)
If ...............................................................................................
some good musi c at the party!
7 They didn't have brea kfast so they were hu ngry by
ten thirty. (WOUldn' t)
If t hey ................................................ .....................................
.......................................................... hungry by ten thirty.
8 The chair broke because you stood on it. (if)
The chair ........................ ........................................................
.. ..................................................................................... on it.
143
u o
Verbs must have, might have, can't have
for drawing conclusions
She must have forgotten about the rehearsal.
Sh c n' have gone to the library. It's closed today.
She might have gone or a bike ide.
Reported speech: statements
Direct speech Reported speech
pr nt simple past simple
I know lucy. She said (that) she knew lucy.
present continuous past continuous
I'm aying wIth her. She said she wa staying with her.
past simple past perfect
We met in Italy. She aid lh y had met in Italy.
present perfect past perfect
I haven't m t her bra er, She said she hadn't m t her brother.
Will/can/may would/could/might
I'll flte 500n. She said she. would write soon.
I ca tay long. She said she couldn't stay long.
I may I plane later. She said she might telephone later.
must!hav to had to
I must go. She said she had to go.
I hav to catch a train. She said she had to catch a train.
Reported speech: questions
Oir ct questions Reported questions
I h angry? I asked if he was angry.
Wh t does h want? I wondered what he wanted.
Verbs of reporting: various structures
V rb (+ that) + clause
He saldfexplain d/whlspered hat he was very tired
V r + direct object + infinitive
S e sked/ordered/told/p rsuaded/invited him to come in.
V rb + gerund (-ing form)
H u9 sted buying h d eaper tickets.
Verb + infinitive
Sh a re d/oflered/promised 0 pay him back
We use must/might/can't have + the past
participle to make logical deductions
about the past.
If the reporti ng verb is in t he present
t ense, t here are no tense changes, e.g.
'I can give you a lift to the station.' She
says she can give us a lift to the station.
It is possible to keep the past simple
instead of changing it to the past perfect
in reported speech, e.g. She said they met
in Ital yor She said they had met in Italy. .
The verb used to remains t he same in
reported speech, e.g. I used to live in New
York becomes She said she used to live in
New York. Mod al verbs should, could, would,
might and ought to al so remai n the same.
Some time and plac phrases change in
reported speech.
Direct speech Reported speech
today/tonight that day/that night
this morning that morning
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
last week the week before
next week the foll owing week
here there
this place that place
Tense changes in reported quest ions are
the same as for reported statements.
.In reported Wh- questi ons, we use the
Wh- word + the subj ect + the verb. We do
not use t he interrogati ve form of the verb.
In reported Yes/No questions, we use
if + the subj ect + the verb. We do not
use the interrogat ive form of the verb.
We can use whether instead of ifin
reported Yes/No questions.
144
pe. t.s .
8 0 1ke.lJ ....................,................................ (have)
t\1'l
9 0 ..
Practice
Verbs must flove, might hove, can't have
for drawing conclusions
1 / Match the conclusions
with the evidence. Check your answers.
Then complete the conclusions with must have,
might have or can 't have and the correct form
of the verb in brackets.
[l] The. ... .. ... (be)
ric."'-.
o The1J .....................................,............... (be)
ve.Y]' t/}..U.
2 D ...."............ ................................. (study)
t"'-e. s"lJ j;\+
3 0 Me.1'\ .. ................................................... (be) (;\.S
"'oS WOttl.'K i1'l ttA.e-rr c.1AH1Ar-e .
4 0 The-lj passibilJ ..........................................................
................ (believe In) j;\ .pis"'-
5 D \1I.e.ir c.rvil,Sj;\tio'K ....................................................
(end) j;\ro1A'Kd (POD Be..
6 O;:J .. m..... ..(be)
7 0 The.1J ..................................................... (keep)
(-rrots (;\.S
EVIDENCE
a) A volcano ended all life on their i land
around 3,000 years ago.
b) We have found a lot of gold jewellery
in their dty.
c) There are two picture of a giant fi h
with a woman's bead in a temple.
d) The door' into their hou es are only
1.4 metres hi h.
e) We'v found large bird cages in s )me
Raparoni houses.
t) There L no Raparoni writing ot any
kind on any object&.
g) Their drawings how the correCl
pOSition of the earth and moun.
h) We have found many ex clIent Raparoni
boats in the sand near the coast.
i) We haven't found many human bones
in their dt}'.
j) There are only pi tw-e ' of queens,
none of kings.
16 18 JL 49 ES )t fE 6(; Pl

145
Practice
Verbs must have, might hove, can't hove
for drawing conclusions
2> Complete the second sentence so it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
words in brackets.
I'm sure he didn't break it beca use' was with him
all t he t ime. (can't)
He can't have broken;r because I was with him
04 ................................... .
all the t ime.
I'm sure she was miserable when they broke up.
must)
She ........... ......................... .. .... ................................................
miserable when they broke up.
2 I'm sure she went rollerblading. Her rollerblades
aren't here. (must)
She ........................................................................... Her
rollerblades aren't here.
3 Maybe it was the dog which ate our sandwiches.
(might)
The dog ..................................................................................
our sandwi ches.
4 I don't believe you took three hours to write this
essay - it's very short. (can' )
You ............ .............................................................. three
hours to wri te this essay - it's very short.
S Perhaps I threw away your letter from Mike by
accident. (might)
I .......................................................................... your letter
from Mike by accident.
Reported speech: statements
3 > Mr Rush and Ms Drift had a car crash. Read
their statements. Then write the police report.
I stopped at t he lights.
She was drivi ng on t he wrong si de of the road.
2 She's a very areless driver.
3 I won't make her pay if she apol ogi ses.
He went through a red li ght.
1 He was tal king on hi s mobi le phone.
2 He is going to kill someo ne one day.
3 I won't say anything until I've seen my lawyer.
Form 244c
POLICE
REPORT
Mr Rush sai d h ~ . ~ ~ .. ~ . ~ P . ~ .. ~ ~ ..~ . ~ ..~ ~ : .
Ms Drift sa id . ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ . ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ..~ ..: . ~ . ~ ..~ ~
He said ... ........................................................................
Sh e said .........................................................................
2 He said ...........................................................................
She sai d ... ... ...... ...................................................._.......
3 He said ................_.... .....................................................
She said .........................................................................
146
- -
Practice
Reported speech: statements and questions
4 / Report the interview with the TV zoologist,
Alistair Batten.
Q: Why )"tJ'U a
II: ,,,fv45f-ed I;' ttnilfltAls
--In..."
'I Q: /here. 4n;Mifk ydN ?
1/: / ",,/f't eAj"Y S'Mnitl my h,,;t
wi-Ht
Z Q: Y(1Ut" pllfACl!.'
/I: flo(/I!
J C/: H6W '"It/{r Alttlt. )"tPf -#tefe?
A: r t:alt'./-
4- Q: wit .. .,. will yIJU do wilelt ym..'f'l! fDo
61d +0 -fr"ave1.'
A: 1'wI .1"'".1 to +ravel UI1I7'1 I ti,e..
I asked Alistair .. .. .......
He said .. .. ...... ............
. .........................................................................
I asked him ...........................................................................
He said ...................................................................................
2 I asked him ...........................................................................
He said .................................................................................. .
3 I asked him ...........................................................................
He said ...................................................................................
4 I asked him .. ... ......................... ..... ........................................
He said ...................................................................................
Verbs of reporting: various structures
5> Complete the sentences in reported speech
using the verbs in the box.
agreed apol ogised for explained
invi ted offered C ordered) promised
rem inded suggested
'Take the gum out of your mout h at once, Jim.'
The t eacher ... .. .. .....
his mouth at once.
'Don't forget t o pack your toot hbrush, Daisy.'
Daisy's mother .....................................................................
2 'I'll drive you t o the airport.'
My mot her ............................................................................
3 'I'm sorry about breaki ng the picture.'
I ................................ ................................................................
4 'I'll never lie agai n:
He ............................................................................................
5 'OK. I'l l lend you the car.'
Her fat her ..............................................................................
6 'Why don't you take t he trai n instead of the bus?'
Mrs Martin .................................................. ..........................
7 'Would you like to come and st ay f or a few
days, Ali ce?'
Sue ................................................................. ........................ .
8 'Lawn Avenue is the t hi rd turn ing on the right .'
The police offi cer ............................................................. ...
141
Positive statements
You'll be Iymg on the beach In two weeks' time.
N gativ statements
They won't be revi smg for their exams a week
from now.
Questions
Wilt she til l be studying English in a year's time?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Y ,sh w (I. No, she won't.
Future perfect
Positive statements
We'll have had supper by nine o'clock
tlV statements
't have gone to bed yet.
Questions
Will you have written your essay by omorrow?
Short answers
Positive Negative
Y s, I wll!. No, I won't
VI
Future continuous
Short answers with verb + so/not
1st gOing to be hot tomorrow?
Positive Negative
I hln so. I don't hlnk so.
I pcct so I don't expect so.!1 e pect not.
'hop so.
I hope no
J'm a raid so I'm afraid not.
I tJr po,>e o. I don't uppose so./1 suppose not.
We use th e fu tu re continuous to ta lk
about events whi ch wi ll be in progress
at a parti cular time in the fut ur
We use will/won't be + the present
partici ple of the verb to form the
future continuous.
We use t he f uture perfect t o talk about
events which will be completed at a
particular t ime in the future.
We use will/won't + have + the past
participle of the verb to form the
futu re perfect.
After t he verbs think, expect, hope, be
afraid and suppose, we can use so when
responding affi rmativel y to a comment
or quest ion.
For the negat ive responses using these
verbs, see t he list on the left.
148
Practice
Future cont inuous
1 :, Look at the programme. Then complete the
sentences in the future continuous.
2> Use the notes below to write predictions using
the future perfect.
Cleves School
8.20: Meet outside the school
8.:50: Walk to the underground
8.40-9.30: Travel by train to Gross Harbour Station
9.30-10.00: Walk through the tunne1 under
the river GreenWich
10.00-18.00: VIsit Gr eenWich Observatory
12.00-1.30: Have lunch In the park
2.0D-3.00: Go to WestminSter Pier by boat
3..00-4.00: Return to Hammersmith by underground
At 8.30, they .. .. .. .......
At 9.00, they ...................... ..................... .............................
2 At 9.40, they ........................................................................
3 At 11 .00, they ........................ ....... .. ...... ................................
4 At 1.00, they ........................................................................
5 At 2.30. they .............................. ..........................................
6 At 3.15, they ............. ...........................................................
IYI 100 ye4YS' tiMe-_
cV'ea1'e lot.s o.f reW trtAih /Mel l'(5)
wild /I city ov\ W1DOVo tNO)
I .54IVe the hl/lck. trOWl eXtlVIG+iOVl tNO)
'2. MIlIav-ia l YES)
:!, di.scoveV' II CI.\'I'e fo'l' oArrtce'l' tYES)
4 ilo'IVel'lt av-tificilll eyes tNO)
S 9ive lAp lASiV19 petrol II.s II .fIAe1 lNO)
6 de.st'l'oy ot Y'lIir.fwe.st tYES)
In 100 years' time:
.. .. ...................
.. .......................... ................................................ .
.. .. .. .. .. ...................
2 .............................................................................. ................ ..
3 ...................................................... ................................. ... ....
4 ................................................................................................
5 .................................................................................... ............
6 ............................................... .................................................
Future continuous or future perfect
3> Read about Bob. Then write pairs of sentences
in the future perfect and the future continuous.
Every day of Bob's life is the same and he likes it that
way. He has his breakfast every morning at seven
thirty. It takes him exactly ten minutes to eat it. Then
he sunbathes on the steps of his house for two hours.
At nine forty, he stops sunbathing and lies down on
Claudia's bed. Claudia is Bob's owner and in Bob's
opinion, her bed is the most comfortable one in the
house. At twelve o'clock, he jumps off the bed and
plays in the garden with Marmalade, the neighbours'
cat. At three o'clock, he comes in from the garden
and sits down in front of the fridge to wait for his
tea. Claudia gets home from school at four fifteen
and immediately gives Bob his food. It takes him five
minutes to eat it. After his meal, Bob goes to sleep
again and dreams about his breakfast.
At eight o'clock tomorrow, Bob ...
a) will have eaten his breakfast.
b) .. ... on the steps of his house.
At nine fifty tomorrow, Bob ...
a) ................................................................... sunbathing.
b) .......no on Claudia's bed. ........... . .................................
2 At twelve fifteen tomorrow, Bob ...
a) ................................................................... off the bed.
b) .............................................................................. in the
garden with Marmalade.
3 At three thirty tomorrow, Bob '"
a) .................................................... in from the garden.
b) ................................................. in front of the fridge.
4 At four sixteen tomorrow, Claudia ...
a) ....................................................... home from school.
b) .................................................................. Bob his food.
S At six o'dock tomorrow, Bob ..
a) ......................................................................... his food.
b) .................................................... about his breakfast.
Short answers with verb + so/not
4> Use the prompts to write B's answers.
A: Is it going to ra in?
B: (hope) .... ....... I want to play tennis.
A: Do you have t o leave now?
B: (afrai d) ................................................ I have to get
up early t omorrow.
2 A: Wi ll Jane be coming home f or supper?
B: (expect) .................................... She li kes her food!
3 A: Is it goi ng to be sunny t omorrow?
B: (hope) .................................................... I' m meet ing
Ellen at t he beach.
4 A: Does t he fi lm st art at eight? ,
B: (suppose) .......................................................... That's
when they usually start.
S A: Is Martha goi ng t o be at t he party?
B: (h ope) ...................................... I ca n't stand her.
6 A: Have we got to walk to the ci nema?
B: (thi nk) ................................... Dave's taken the car.
7 A: Have you got a room f or t onight?
B: (afraid) ......................................................... We have
no rooms avai labl e unt il Sunday.
8 A: Do you think England will wi n?
B: (think) ... ....................................................... Scotland
are a much stronger t eam.
9 A: Do you thi nk you'll get a big part in the play?
B: (expect) ......................................................... . I'm not
a very good actor.
10 A: Do your black jeans still fit you?
B: (suppose) ....................................................... I've put
on three kilos th is year!
150