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INTRODUCTION
A. Relevance :-
wheels of transport. The specter of economy ruin due to depleted oil reserves has
changed the interest of scientist and research work towards alternative fuels for
motor vehicle. Viable substitute for motor spirit are gaseous hydrocarbons,
hydrogen gas, alcohol & electricity that run on hydrocarbon gas & electricity are
still in the experimental stage. While alcohol is used as a fuel chiefly in Brazil,
it’s feasibility as motor fuel depends on the successful cultivation & processing
conversion of vehicles from petrol burners to gas burners had to imported, but
raw material for producing biogas. Also municipal sewage can be used for this
purpose.
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substantially reduce harmful engine emission and will help to keep the
biogas plant that utilises human excreta as its raw input. In the last 20 years, it
has setup a hundred such plants throughout India. The plants’ twin outputs,
similar to those of cattle biogas plants, are nutrient-rich sludge and methane-rich
biogas. The sludge is used primarily as manure, and the biogas either as cooking
B. The Technology :-
Biogas dates as far back as the 16th century, when it was used
for heating bath-water in Persia. It has been used in India for almost a hundred
1995, and about 10 million rural Indians were benefiting from the electric power
and cooking
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fuel the gas provided, and also from the rich agricultural fertilizer the plant
produces as a byproduct.
occurring, microbial process that converts organic matter to methane and carbon
bacteria with water an essential medium. The anaerobic digestion process, as the
name states, is one that functions without molecular oxygen. Ideally, in a biogas
the digester, dissolved mainly in water. Fortuitously, some microbes within the
digester are facultative anaerobes, i.e. they utilize oxygen and lower the
important for two main reasons. First, the presence of oxygen leads to the
First, cow dung, the primary raw input for almost all
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operating biogas plants is widespread and easily available. India has more cattle
than any other country (450 million head, 19% of the world population).i
Second, the cow is held in religious veneration and its products are considered
purifying agents. Hence, there is a universal acceptance of even its dung, which
Hindi) is widely used in India for house construction (as an infill material and
fuel (dung cakes). Dung accounts for over 21 percent of total rural energy use in
India, and as much as 40 percent in certain states of the country.ii Third, only
27% of rural India has access to electricity supplied by the national grid
(ostensibly, 84% of all villages are connected). Localized biogas plants obviate
the dependency on the grid by producing energy from a locally controlled and
i. Biogas cars: -
biogas which would be eco friendly and cheaper than petrol. Wastage from
kitchens and gardens are collected, non-biodegradable matter removed and again
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put into fermentation reactor. Here, in the anaerobic environment
kompogas. Gas obtained from 100kg. Of waste can fuel a medium sized car up
to 100km. The engine runs more quietly on kompogas, vibrates less and the
kompogas.
ii. In India, some projects are undertaken in which diesel and biogas as dual
D. Need
Till date, LPG, CNG has been used as fuel. But they have
from biogas is equivalent to CNG but economical than CNG. Now-a-days the
whole world is facing energy crisis. Available sources of liquid fuel will be
depleted after few years. In this situation biogas can serve as best alternative
fuel.
E. Applications :-
2. Pump.
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3. Electricity generation.
1. Gasoline.
2. Diesel.
3. Alcohol
4. LPG.
5. CNG.
6. Electricity.
7. Solar.
8. Producer gas.
9. Hydrogen.
There are so many fuels used in I.C. Engines, but they have
certain physical and chemical properties. In other words, fuels used in I.C.
which they are used. The limitations of fuels that are used presently are as
follows
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1. Gasoline contains many impurities. It has low octane number. All
gum and reduces its lubricating quality and tends to form sludge and warmish
on piston and rings. It has less knock resistance as well as energy per unit
mass. It has less efficiency compared to other fuels. It has high cost.
4. In electricity, they use in initially generated power stations that use fossil
fuel of nuclear power. There are other problems too. The problem is with
batteries in these vehicles. These batteries are quite heavy and life of
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PREPARATION OF BIO-GAS
a. Micro Organisms-
An organic waste consist of many organisms but the organisms useful for
i. Aerobic
ii. Anaerobic
Soluble etc.
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like acids, alcohols and gases like CO2, H2, and NH3, H2S etc. by
methane.
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Proportion and poured in inlet tank everyday. This material is
fermentation well through the inlet pipe. The trapped air is removed
from the digester through the gas outlet and the gas holder is placed
in the position.
rate.
digester start coming out through the gas outlet pipe. It is displaced
out. This gas can not burn. Initially high CO2 contained in the gas
burner. The gas outlet is covered with wire mesh to prevent a flame
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The plant should be exposed to the sunlight and shielded from the
be added till the steady flame of gas is obtained at the burner. The
proper fermentation.
The used out substrate passing to outlet tank through the outlet pipe.
The residual slurry gets stored in this tank. The solid residue can be
Advantages: -
Disadvantages: -
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Biogas coming from tank contains –
Composition:–
Methane(CH4) 50-68%
Carbon monoxide (CO2) 25-35%
Hydrogen(H2) 1-5%
Nitrogen (N2) 2-7%
Oxygen (O2) 0-.1%
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Rare
reduce the calorific value of biogas. H2S is in minor quantity but it has
biogas. Also traces of moisture are to be remove for better thermal efficiency.
1) Removal of H2S -
and over ZnO bed, maintained at 1800 C leaving process gas free of H2S.
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ZnSO4 + 2NaOH = Zn (OH) 2 + Na2SO4
2) Removal of CO2 –
3) Removal of NH3:-
4) Removal of H2O:-
PROPERTIES OF BIO-GAS
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In its pure state, it is color less, odorless, tasteless. For safety
reason, an odorant is added so that any leak can be easily detected because of
typical smell.
by far the largest component, its presence accounting for about 95% of the total
hydrogen. There are many of these compounds each has its own carbon &
hydrogen atoms joined together to for a particular hydrocarbon gas as fuel gas.
Methane is very light fuel gas. If we increase the number of hydrogen & carbon
atoms, we have got progressively heavier gases, releasing more heat, therefore
LPG. This means that biogas will rise if escaping, thus dissipating from the site
of a leak. This important characteristic makes biogas safer than other fuels. It
does not contain any toxic component; therefore there is no health hazard in
handling of fuel.
Biogas has a very slow flame velocity, only .290 m/s. at its
highest. The range of flammability is 4 to 14% which can give good combustion
efficiency.
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Biogas has very high octane number approximately 130. By
comparison, gasoline is 90 to 94 & alcohol 105 at best. This means that a higher
compression ratio engine can be used with biogas than petrol. Hence, cylinder
head of the engine is faced so that clearance volume will be reduced &
compression ratio can sufficiently increase. Thus volumetric efficiency & power
output are increased. Because of its high octane value the detonation occur
however high the compression may be. The Boiling point of biogas is above 300
which is compound gas consisting mainly of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide
Because of its low energy density, the gas is generally stored in high-pressure
high pressure and low temperature. If the clathration of biogas and methane could
be achieved under the normal pressure and temperature, this would make the
gases a very useful energy source. In this study, the clathration of methane
under the normal pressure and temperature was first attempted by using
of methane, CO2 must be removed beforehand because not only methane but
also CO2 form clathrate. To achieve CO2 removal, the possibility of absorption
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method using Monoethanolamine (MEA) is experimentally investigated, aiming
Advantages of Biogas : -
higher.
6) It reduces pollution.
benefits of using biogas as a source of fuel for NGVs. Biogas consists primarily
of methane and is given off in places where decaying organic material is found.
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According to the report, one of the primary benefits of capturing biogas
generated at landfill sites, sewage waste treatment plants, and animal feedlots
finds that capturing and burning biogas would provide significant reductions in
toxic emissions and ozone forming pollutants, and lower particulate emissions in
the case of heavy-duty vehicles. In addition, the report finds that water quality
could be improved as a result of reduced waste runoff near sites where biogas is
presented in this paper are staggering. Much of this benefit is derived from
capturing and burning methane emissions that currently are released into the
atmosphere. The report indicates that an NGV using fuel derived from biogas
that otherwise would have been vented provides as much benefit as removing six
biogas in NGVs would produce 600 percent less greenhouse gas emissions when
provide about a 100 percent net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions when
compared with burning petroleum motor fuel in a similar vehicle. The study
also finds that utilization of available supplies of biogas could potentially reduce
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the motor vehicle-related greenhouse gas emission by more than 340 million
gas emissions.
from decaying material around the country is substantial. The report indicates
that biogas could displace about 6 billion gallons of motor fuel a year,
accounting for nearly four percent of all the gasoline and diesel currently used
by motor vehicles. The report indicates that some of this biogas can be produced
however, is not economic at today's fuel prices, but could easily be made
1. S. I. Engines
low). It is also a good idea to scrub the H2S (as it causes corrosion) and to
derate the engine (unless you want to replace it each year if operating
continuously).
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Modification of S.I. Engine -
engine for the entry of biogas, throttling of intake air & advancing the ignition
timing. Biogas can be admitted to S.I. engine through the intake manifold & air
flow control valve can be provided on the air cleaner pipe connecting air cleaner
2. C.I. Engine :-
Diesel engines also need a gas carburetor and scrubbing, but require at
least 10% diesel via the injectors for ignition (and cooling). The initial
C.I. engine can operate on dual fuel & the necessary engine
modification include provision for the entry of biogas with intake air, provision
of carburetor & system to reduce diesel supply, advanced injection timing. The
entry of biogas and mixing of gas with intake air can be achieved by providing
the mixing chamber below the air cleaner which facilitate through mixing of
biogas with air before entering into the cylinder. The arrangement is shown in
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volume. The pilot injection of cycle is required to be advanced for smooth and
efficient running of engine on dual fuel. The admittance of biogas into the
engine at the initial stage increases engine speed and therefore a suitable system
reduces the diesel supply by actuating the control rack needs to be incorporated.
these biogases be subjected to before being used as fuel. Most operators simply
remove the water present in the biogas, leaving it to the engine manufacturers to
design engines which will cope with the impurities inevitably included in the
into methane and carbon dioxide as feed stocks for a variety of commercial
applications).
PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES
biogas by available method, because the gas could be liquefied through chilling
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This process is adapted by installing the units required when
there use of methane separated from biogas as a fuel. Since gas can not be
PERFORMANCE
improved.
Biogas is slow burning fuel. Hence in order to get optimum engine performance,
spark timing does not advance, and then combustion continues in major part of
the expansion stroke. This reduces effective work done. By advancing, spark
EXHAUST EMMISSIONS
nitrogen. Hydrocarbons are the unburned fuel vapour coming out with the
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by fuel evaporation. The emission of hydrocarbon is closely related to many
design &operating factors like induction system, combustion chamber design, air
mixture. When the throttle is closed to reduce air supply at the time of starting
nitrogen oxide &availability of oxygen are the two main reasons for the
METHANE Vs GASOLINE
Power Reduction 11%
CO Reduction 99%
HC Reduction 99%
NO Reduction 59%
ISFC Increase 19%
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i
ii