Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Presentation
By
Gabriel S KONAYUMA
Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training
PO Box 50464
Longacres, Lusaka
Zambia
Telephone: +260 1 251331
Website: http://www.mstvt.gov.zm
INTRODUCTION
This paper seeks to explore the trends and issues in curriculum development and review in the
technical education, vocational and entrepreneurship training sector in Zambia. The paper
looks at the processes in curriculum development and review. The paper is structured as
follows:
• Definitions and explanation of terms
• Curriculum development and review process
• Trends and issues in curriculum development and review
2
methods aligned to the learning outcomes. Course evaluation strategies relevant to
the programme aims and objectives are then determined. The diagram below shows
the model of curriculum development:
A. CURRICULUM FOUNDATIONS
B. CURRICULUM CONTENT
1. Model Title
2. Unit Title
3. Module Aim
4. Module Objectives
5. Nominal Duration
6. Learning Outcomes
7. Conditions for learning
8. Learning Activities
9. Assessment Criteria
10. Assessment Method
11. Resources/References
Fig. 1
TEVETA uses the systematic curriculum instructional development (SCID) model for
curriculum development. SCID is an efficient and effective method for creating competency-
based curriculum and instructional materials. Twenty three components are grouped into five
phases: Curriculum Analysis, Curriculum Design, Instructional Development, Training
Implementation and Programme Evaluation.
The phases in more detail are:
Phase 1. Curriculum Analysis comprises six components. First is a needs analysis, in which
actual needs are determined. If the need for training is confirmed, a job analysis is next
(DACUM approach is recommended). Next is task verification, which can extend
involvement in the job analysis from a few to 100 or more expert workers and can provide a
3
means of rating the importance and difficulty of each task and obtaining other valuable
decision-making information. Armed with this information, it is possible to select tasks (or
deselect them, as some industry trainers say) for inclusion into the program. The next
component in this phase is the standard task analysis. The information obtained in this step is
absolutely essential in identifying performance steps and decisions, essential knowledge,
industry standards, etc. needed to develop accurate and relevant teaching and learning
materials. A sixth component, the literacy task analysis is recommended, but is optional here.
4
other resources confirmed. The next step, after pre-testing, is to conduct a formative
evaluation of learner and instructor performance. This information is invaluable in making in-
course corrections, should this become necessary. Documenting training in the form of
student achievement and instructor performance records is the final step in this phase. The
student competency profiles can be used to report achievement to parents and potential
employers as well as to administrators.
Phase 5. Program Evaluation, the final phase, comprises three components. With the
formative evaluation complete, the next important step is to conduct the summative evaluation
to collect data for use in decisions on maintaining or improving the education or training
program. This involves gathering data on the overall instructional process, program outcomes,
student follow-up, worker productivity, and cost-effectiveness. Analyzing and interpreting
this information will lead to recommendations on program improvement and, finally, taking
corrective actions. Completion of the evaluation phase produces the performance data and
feedback vital to any education or training system concerned with quality management and
proving its worth. (Center on Education and Training for Employment, 2005:2).
It should be noted that before TEVETA coordinates supervises the curriculum development
process, the following measures are in place: Staff (from institutions and industry) are
identified, the programmes to develop are identified along with a justification for the
programme. This is the planning stage.
Planning: This stage will involve convening a Curriculum Development and Review
Committee, identifying key issues and trends in the specific content area and assessing needs
and issues.
Articulating and Developing: The next stage is articulating and developing the curriculum.
This involves as mentioned earlier defining the programme its’ level and programme goal and
objectives. This stage will also involve the developing and sequencing of programme modules
and units. The curriculum development should also take into account identification of
resource materials to assist with programme implementation. This stage will also involve
developing assessment items and instruments to measure student or trainee progress.
5
compliance). TEVETA ensures that those involved in this exercise were not involved in the
curriculum development exercise.
Approval: The TEVET Main Committee is responsible for the approval of developed and
validated curricula. Once curricula are approved, they can be used in institutions for training.
Evaluation: This entails updating the programme and determining the success of the
programme.
TEVETA’s policy is that a comprehensive review should be done no less often than
every five years. A review should be undertaken sooner if conditions warrant. In
particular, a review should be undertaken after the duration of each programme e.g. 1
year, 2 years or 3 years. The following steps will be accomplished for each
comprehensive review cycle:
1. The review process will be initiated by the training providers, who will notify the
TEVETA that a review is due.
2. Information gathering:
6
c. Each committee should obtain detailed curriculum information from several
competing universities and colleges for use in "benchmarking."
4.0 CONCLUSION
7
REFERENCES
Tyler, R. A. (1989). Curriculum Model based on the work of Ralph Tyler. [online]. San Diego
University, San Diego. Available from: http://www.coe.sdsu.edu/people/jmora/
MoraModules/TylerCurrModel.pps. [Accessed on: 24 May 2005].