eee Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics Maximum and Minima Principles M.Sewell, Solitons PG. Drazinand RS. Johnson The Kinematics of Miting JM. Otine Introduction to Numerical Linear Algcbra and Optimisation Philippe G. Carer Integral Equations David Porter and David 6. Stirling Perubation Methods Es Hach ‘The Thermomechanis of Plasticity and Fracture Gerard A. Magn Boundary ltegral and Singularity Methods for Linearized Viscous Flow C Poerkdis "Nonlinear Systems PG. Dravin ‘Stabiliy, Instability and Chaos Paul Glendinning ‘Aplied Analysis ofthe Navi Stokes Equations hares R. Doering and LD. Gibbon Viscous Flow 1H. Ochendon and R: Ockendon Viscous Flow H. OCKENDON & J.. OCKENDON University of Oxford CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSPoi by he Pro Syd Une of Cabeige TP ang, Tapgon Stes. Care CRE RP 1OStaniod Rot Ouch Mabe 16 Aue © centage ery Fes 18 ncuron in, 2 Cai na tei) ‘qa9ans 9s smiesseaen 96.0086 cle cn ‘Aco candor ib afro he ih bray (880214811 Ppt 12 a3 4 ts Contents Preface ‘Modeling a viseous id Modeling aspects LLL. Shear forces 112. Normal forces Stress ‘The Navier-Stokes equations 131 Conservation of mass 132. Conservation of momentum 133 Conservation of energy Vorticity Nondimensionalsation Exercises ‘Boundary layers ‘Asymptotic methods for boundary layers 211 An ordinary diferent equation The boundary layer on a fat plate 221. The solution of Prandils boundary layer equations for fow past a Mat pate 222 Remarks on Blasus’ equation 223 Boundary layer equations in a nonuniform external fw Limitations of Prandt's equation Predictions of Prant's theory 226 The theory of Right23 u 2 33 a a5 a a a 4s Contents Further application of Prandt's equations 231 Thin wakes 232 Jets 233 More general houndary layers Exercises Slow viscous flow Flow at low Reynolds number [A simple model equation Slow flow past a sphere Slow flow pasta cirelareyinder Siow flow with free boundaries Exercises “Thin fms Lubrication theory for sider bearings Squeeze films| Thin films with free suraces 431 Zero surface tension 432 Flows driven by surface tension Hele Shaw flow Exercises ‘Spatial and temporal complexity Flow in a porous medium Unsteady fows Stability theory Turbulence Conclusions Exercises Appendix A brie introduction to asymptotics Appendix B Uses of group theory BI B2 Ordinary diferent equations Partial ferential equations References Index 41 8 51 3 55 sr 0 n n B B n 3 87 2 96 101 1s os 07 109 Mm Preface ‘These lecture notes are intended to provide third year mathematics un- dergraduates who ate already familiar with inviscid fluid dynamics with ‘some ofthe base facts about the modelling and analysis of Viscous Bows ‘Writing the notes has been an interesting task because so many of the phenomena to be described are not only associated with vitally impor- tant mechanisms in everyday life but they are also readily observable without any need for instrumentation. More sophisticated realisations fare alo readily avilable, for instance in the very valuable collection ‘of photographs “An Album of Fluid Motion” edited by Van Dyke (2) ‘Thus iti all the more stimulating when the mathematic that emerges when these phenomena are modelled is aovel and suggestive of new rethodologies ‘The notes are strictly no self-contained and should be read in con- junction with standard tetts which are referenced, We have concentrated ‘on tying to present some ofthe salient physical ideas and mathematical ramification a starkly as posible and, to this end, many ofthe exercises have been designed to be worked as an integral part of the notes; they are only put at the end of chapters for convenience. The starred exercises ‘over more advanced material and can be omited at a first reading Experience has shown us that, in the twentieth century, theoretical mechanics generally has been one of the best vehicles for learning about physical applied mathematics. We hope that by showing students some ‘ofthe basi theoretical framework which has developed asa result of the ‘study of viseous flows, they will not ony beable to delve further into the subject but abo be well placed to exploit mathematical deas throughout the whole of applied scence,