socialur mecnierebaTa seria

Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

TinaTin zurabiSvili

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria mTavari redaqtori: enobrivi redaqtori: marine CitaSvili lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10 el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa centris (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 9 - 3

s
winaTqma
Tema 1.
Tema 2. magaliTi #1.
Tema 3. magaliTi #2.
magaliTi #3.

i
4
5
16
25
27
37

Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi: Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva

siRrmiseuli interviu axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegma
fokus-jgufi Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegma korufcia saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis mier.

fokus-jgufebis angariSi
Tema 4.
Tema 5.
Tema 6. magaliTi #4.
danarTi #1.
danarTi #2.

39
48
61
71 76

dakvirveba
monografiuli gamokvleva
socialuri kvlevis eTika gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili
korufcia saqarTveloSi.

fokus-jgufis transkripti
Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH

77
100
104

winaTqma
winamdebare saleqcio kursze muSaoba daviwye Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi. Tavdapirvelad is warmoadgenda saleqcio kursis sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi erT-erT nawils, romelic Tamar zurabiSvilTan erTad SevimuSave. socialur mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis farglebSi saSualeba momeca, gamefarTovebina da magistraturis studentebisTvis gadamemuSavebina am saleqcio kursis is nawili, romelic kerZod Tvisebriv meTodebis eZRvneba. kursze muSaoba davasrule kaliforniis universitetSi losanjelesSi, sadac Ria sazogadoebis institutis FDFP programis farglebSi vimyofebodi. samwuxarod, am saleqcio kursSi ver moxerxda socialuri kvlevis yvela Tvisebrivi meTodis ganxilva, amitom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im meTodebze, romlebic yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove praqtikaSi da romlebic, Cemi azriT, yvelaze metad daexmareba studentebs sakuTari kvlevebis CatarebaSi. TiTqmis yvela meTodTan dakavSirebiT saleqcio kursSi moyvanilia Sesabamisi kvleviTi instrumentebis magaliTebi; garda amisa, yoveli Temis bolos moyvanilia Sesabamisi meTodisadmi miZRvnili sakvanZo literaturis sia. ramdenadac kvlevis meTodebis Seswavla warmoudgenelia mxolod literaturis Seswavlis meSveobiT, yvela Temis dasasruls moyvanilia praqtikuli davalebebi. minda didi madloba gadavuxado Cems kolegebs moskovis levada-centridan da, upirveles yovlisa, aleqsei levinsons; swored am kvleviT centrSi muSaobis periodSi davinteresdi kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebiT da ramdenime Zalze saintereso kvlevaSi miviRe monawileoba; aseve didi madloba Ria sazogadoebis institutis FDFP programas, romlis farglebSic saSualeba momeca davswrebodi wamyvani Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebis kursebs kaliforniis universitetSi los-anjelesSi (UCLA); socialur mecnierebaTa centrs da akademiuri stipendiebis programas (AFP), romlis farglebSic vaswavlidi am kurss socialur mecnierebaTa centrSi; da Cems studentebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes am saleqcio kursis SeqmnaSi.

Tema 1.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi: Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva

socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mWidro kavSiri Teoriasa da empiriul kvlevebs Soris. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im aspeqtis Seswavlis mizniT, mecnierebi regularulad atareben empiriul kvlevebs, raTa Seamowmon esa Tu is Teoriuli mosazreba; am kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad iwvevs arsebuli Teoriebis gadasinjvas da daxvewas, zogjer ki Zveli Teoriis uaryofas da axali Teoriis warmoSobas. magaliTad, socialuri mkvlevrebi jer kidev XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Seiswavlidnen siRaribes da mis gamomwvev mizezebs; am kvlevebis Sedegad Seiqmna siRaribis klasikuri Teoriebi. magram XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si siRaribis specifikuri formebis empiriuli Seswavlis Sedegad moxda am Teoriebis gadasinjva da Seiqmna qveklasis Teoria.1 siRaribis es forma klasikuri Teoriebis yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili. empiriuli socialuri kvlevebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara mxolod Teoriuli codnis gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed praqtikul donezec, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis gaRrmavebasa da saxelmwifo marTvis optimizaciaSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi saubaria e.w. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis iseT aspeqtebs rogorebicaa, magaliTad, araformaluri urTierTobebi formalur organizaciebSi; korufciis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi faqtorebi; siRaribis mizezebi; da sxva. gamoyenebiTi socialuri kvlevebis Sedegebi SeiZleba gaxdes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZveli saxelmwifo marTvis an arasamTavrobo TviTmmarTvelobis doneze. aranaklebi roli eniWeba empiriul kvlevebs samomxmareblo bazris SeswavlaSi e.w. marketinguli (sabazro) kvlevebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs momxmarebelTa motivaciis, ama Tu im produqtis SeZenis survilis, reklamis efeqturobis detaluri Seswavla. swored sabazro kvlevebis damsaxurebaa, rom wamyvani kompaniebis mier warmoebuli produqcia maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs momxmarebelTa moTxovnebs da survilebs, xolo reklama sul ufro efeqturi xdeba. socialuri sinamdvilis sul ufro da ufro meti mxare Seiswavleba empiriuli kvlevebis meSveobiT, xolo Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom es kvlevebi kompetenturad iyos Catarebuli da miRebuli iqnes sando Sedegebi. socialuri kvlevis meTodika2 Seiswavlis empiriuli socialuri kvlevis ganxorcielebis konkretul gzebs, ganixilavs informaciis Segrovebis mecnieruli saSualebebis, anu meTodebis erTobliobas da im eTikur principebs, romelTa dacviTac unda Catardes socialuri kvleva. empiriuli socialuri kvlevis meTodika, rogorc sistematuri codnis dargi, socialur TeoriasTan SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda da Tumca ufro praqtikul xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad gamoiyeneba Teoriuli problemebis Semowmebis, hipoTezebis damtkicebis an uaryofis mizniT. socialuri kvlevis meTodebi or did jgufad iyofa: raodenobriv da Tvisebriv meTodebad. Tumca am ori jgufis meTodebs Soris aris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi, maT erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba aerTianebs: maTi mTavari da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi mizania Cveni codnis gamdidreba socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebi (rogorebicaa masobrivi gamokiTxva, kontent-analizi) iSveliebs raodenobriv maCveneblebs qulebs, procentebs
1

ix. Michael B. Katz, ed. 1993. The Underclass Debate: Views from History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2002. qveklasis Teoria da misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi. epoqa 2: 76-84. sityvebi meTodi, meTodika warmoiSva berZnuli sityvisgan methodos, rac SeiZleba iTargmnos rogorc Seswavlis gzebi.
5

da miznad isaxavs daadginos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gamovlenis sixSire. meTodebis es jgufi uaRresad formalizebulia, ris gamoc isini mkacri meTodebis saxeliTaa cnobili. raodenobrivi meTodebis mecnierulobas da am meTodebis meSveobiT miRebuli Sedegebis sandoobas statistikuri kanonzomierebebi uzrunvelyofs. raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis erT-erT umTavres Rirsebas am Sedegebis reprezentatuloba warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs, rom kvlevis procesSi gamokiTxuli adamianebi (respondentebi) proporciulad warmoadgenen mTel mosaxleobas, an mosaxleobis im nawils, romlis Seswavlac dagegmilia kvlevis procesSi (anu generalur erTobliobas, romelic ganisazRvreba yoveli konkretuli kvlevis amocanebidan gamomdinare). respondentebis reprezentatuli SerCeva mecnierulad amarTlebs gamokiTxvis Sedegebis gavrcobas generalur erTobliobaze, ris Sedegadac saSualeba gveZleva, respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli azri generaluri erTobliobis warmomadgenlebis azrad CavTvaloT. raodenobriv meTodebs Soris msoflio praqtikaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia masobrivi gamokiTxva xalxis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemasTan dakavSirebiT. am meTods safuZvlad udevs ori daSveba: (1) rom mosaxleobis mier socialuri movlenebis Sefasebebis gavrceleba garkveul statistikur kanonebs emorCileba, da (2) rom msgavsi socialuri mdgomareobis mqone pirovnebebi, rogorc wesi, analogiurad afaseben movlenebs. masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros yoveli respondenti ganixileba ara rogorc unikaluri pirovneba mdidari da ganumeorebeli Sida samyaroTi, aramed rogorc ama Tu im socialuri erTobis (jgufis) nawili, romelic warmoadgens misi msgavsi pirovnebebis azrs da gvawvdis informacias CvenTvis saintereso socialuri fenomenis an misi Sefasebis Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomidan gamomdinare iTvleba, rom analogiuri socialuri mdgomareobis mqone individebi kvlevis procesSi urTierTSemcvlelni arian. 3 Tumca raodenobrivi meTodebis farglebSi intensiurad Seiswavleba respondentebis mier dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebi da/an Sefasebebi mniSnvelovan socialur problemebTan dakavSirebiT, es meTodebi, rogorc wesi, ver dagvexmareba respondenTa mier gamoTqmuli azrebis motivaciis SeswavlaSi; respondentebs ar eZlevaT saSualeba, axsnan, Tu ratom fiqroben ase, da ara sxvagvarad. socialuri kvlevis meTodebis meore jgufi, Tvisebrivi meTodebi siRrmiseulad Seiswavlis socialur cxovrebas; xSir SemTxvevaSi es Seswavla xdeba ara mkvlevris ofisSi an sxva xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi, aramed bunebriv pirobebSi, iq, sadac realurad viTardeba urTierToba adamianebs Soris iqneba es saklaso oTaxi, soflis maRazia, gazeTis redaqcia Tu sxva. Tvisebrivi meTodebi interdisciplinarulia da farTod gamoiyeneba TiTqmis yvela socialur mecnierebaSi: sociologiaSi, eTnografiaSi, anTropologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, biografiul mecnierebaSi, istoriaSi, da sxv. zogadad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc meTodebi, romelTa meSveobiT mopovebuli monacemebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver daeqvemdebareba raodenobriv analizs (es mizezebi SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebaTa mcire ricxvi; iSviaTi an sulac unikaluri movlenebis Seswavla; araformalizebuli midgoma calkeuli SemTxvevebis Seswavlisadmi, da sxva). am meTodebs aklia maTematikuri sizuste; maTi meSveobiT Cven ver miviRebT informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu procentulad rogoraa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi esa Tu is azri. samagierod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs eZlevaT saSualeba, SeniSnon, daafiqsiron da axsnan adamianebis qcevis iseTi niuansebi, romlebic SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas.4 Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT Cven ufro Rrma codnas viRebT im xalxis Sesaxeb, vis cxovrebas an vis mosazrebebsac SeviswavliT; Cven ara mxolod
3

Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis, sasurvelia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika. raodenobrivi meTodebi. Tbilisi: samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti. 4 ix. Earl Babbie. 2002. The Basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. P. 281. 6

vafiqsirebT maT mier gamoTqmul azrebs azrebs, aramed, agreTve saSualebas vaZlevT, axsnan Tavisi pozicia, Tqvan, Tu ratom fiqroben ise, rogorc fiqroben; ra faqtorebma iqonia gavlena maT cxovrebaze da rogor afaseben yoveli am faqtoris rols Tavis cxovrebaSi. kvlevis mxolod es meTodebi gvaZlevs saSualebas, SeviswavloT ama Tu im movlenis mizezebi; vupasuxoT ara kiTxvebs ra?, ramdeni? (am or kiTxvas raodenobrivi meTodebis meSveobiT vupasuxebT), aramed kiTxvebs ratom?, rogor? Tvisebrivi meTodebis erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom es meTodebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT da aRvweroT samyaro kvlevis obieqtebis TvaliT. vinaidan Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas mkvlevris mizania individualuri saqcielis gageba, es meTodebi xSirad interpretaciuli sociologiis farglebSi ganixileba. magram Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebiT erTi seriozuli sirTule arsebobs: gamokvlevis Sedegebis damuSavebisas problemuri xdeba individualuri donidan saerTo kanonzomierebebze gadasvla, ris gamoc socialur mecnierTa nawils eWvi Seaqvs am meTodebis mecnierulobaSi (am sityvis pozitivisturi gagebiT) anu imaSi, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia sando monacemebis miReba socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas Cven, rogorc wesi, gagviWirdeba imis mecnierulad damtkiceba, rom srulad SeviswavleT esa Tu is fenomeni, da rom Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi obieqturi da sandoa, miT umetes rom Catarebuli kvleva pasuxobs reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs. Tvisebrivi Sedegebi arasodes ar aris reprezentatuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi meTodebiT warmarTuli kvlevis Sedegebi ar SeiZleba ganvazogadoT da movaxdinoT maTi eqstrapolacia generalur erTobliobaze. magram mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom es arc aris Tvisebrivi kvlevis mizani Tvisebrivi meTodebi Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor xsnis adamiani socialur samyaros da Tavis adgils masSi. Tvisebrivi meTodebi intensiurad iyenebs informaciis Segrovebis iseT saSualebebs, rogorebicaa araformaluri interviu da dakvirveba, amitom pirveli SexedviT Tvisebrivi mkvlevris muSaoba Zalian hgavs Cveulebrivi adamianis yoveldRiur saqmianobas. Tumca, am saleqcio kursis farglebSi Cven davrwmundebiT, rom es msgavseba zedapiruli da moCvenebiTia.5 Tvisebrivi meTodebi mraval kvleviT teqnikas aerTianebs. esenia, magaliTad: siRrmiseuli interviu; cxovrebis istoria; biografiuli interviu; zepiri istoria; werilebis, piradi dRiurebis da sxva werilobiTi dokumentebis Tvisebrivi Seswavla; fokus-jgufi da jgufuri interviu; dakvirveba; monografiuli gamokvleva (SemTxvevis Seswavla).

xSirad Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli kvleva moiTxovs erTdroulad ramdenime kvleviTi teqnikis gamoyenebas, rac mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs, sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seiswavlos misTvis saintereso fenomeni. Tvisebrivi meTodebis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba yvelaze xSirad monografiuli gamokvlevis (SemTxvevis Seswavlis) farglebSi xdeba.
5

Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis, sasurvelia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika. raodenobrivi meTodebi. Tbilisi: samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti. 7

mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed inglisurenovan qveynebSic, sadac warmoiSva socialuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi, dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebuli unificirebuli terminologia. Zalze xSirad terminebs Tvisebrivi meTodebi, eTnografia, CarTuli dakvirveba, SemTxvevis Seswavla xmaroben rogorc sinonimebs, Tumca zog naSromSi isini ganixileba, rogorc gansxvavebuli meTodebi. yvelaze ufro xSirad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi gaigivebulia eTnografiasTan,6 Tumca, Cveni azriT, eTnografia ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre nebismieri Tvisebrivi meTodi; rogorc j.spradli aRniSnavs, eTnografia niSnavs [gansxvavebuli] kulturis aRweras, da misi ZiriTadi mizania cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi Tavad am kulturis warmomadgenlebs esmiT7; amgvari eTnografiuli Seswavla ki SeiZleba ramdenime Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT moxdes.8 Tvisebrivi meTodebi naklebadaa formalizebuli, amitom maT rbil, moqnil meTodebsac uwodeben. iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebobs konkretuli instruqciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moiqces mkvlevari ama Tu im situaciaSi rogorc wesi, mas uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare, is TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs kvlevis obieqtebis individualur Tvisebebs. gadawyvetilebis miRebisas Tqven unda ixelmZRvaneloT meTodologiuri da eTikuri mosazrebebiT. vinaidan isini xSirad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, gadawyvetilebis miReba Zalze rTuli iqneba, afrTxilebs momaval mkvlevrebs e. babi9. ramdenadac Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze mcirea im aucilebel moTxovnaTa sia, romelTac kvleva unda akmayofilebdes, aseTi kvlevis warmateba didadaa damokidebuli iseT subieqtur faqtorze, rogoricaa mkvlevris gamocdileba da ostatoba. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba individualuria, isini did Tavisuflebas aniWeben mkvlevars, romelic, rogorc wesi, gamodis ara mxolod gamokvlevis ideis avtoris, misi Teoriuli nawilisa da problematikis SemmuSaveblis, aramed aseve empiriuli informaciis Semgroveblis, interviueris da/an damkvirveblis rolSic. is garemoeba, rom Tvisebrivi mkvlevari ar unda emorCilebodes mkacr instruqciebs, ar niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi kvlevis Catareba iolia piriqiT, es Zalian rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmea, romelic araCveulebriv koncentrirebas da Sromisunarianobas moiTxovs, iseve rogorc mTel rig specialur unarCvevebs, romelTa umravlesobac mxolod kvlevis Catarebis procesSi SeiZleba iqnes Camoyalibebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tvisebrivi mkvlevris individualuri pasuxismgebloba kvlevis msvlelobazec da miRebul Sedegebzec ufro didia, vidre raodenobrivi mkvlevrisa. Tvisebrivi mkvlevris profesionalizmi unda gamoixatebodes, agreTve im garemoebis gacnobierebaSi, rom gamokvlevis procesSi mkvlevari Zalauneburad axdens gavlenas Sesaswavl socialur jgufebze da urTierTobebze; Tumca garkveulwilad SesaZleblia am gavlenis minimizacia, misi srulad gamoricxva SeuZlebelia. Tvisebrivi kvlevis procesSi mkvlevari, rogorc wesi, axlo da xangrZliv urTierTobebs amyarebs im xalxTan, vis cxovrebasac Seiswavlis, sargeblobs maTi ndobiT. Tvisebrivi meTodebis umravlesobis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia respondentebis aqtiuri daxmarebis gareSe, romlebic savele muSaobis dros
6

ix., magaliTad: James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7 Spradley, James P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 3. 8 am saleqcio kursis farglebSi yoveli meTodis ganxilvisas moyvanili iqneba qarTulenovan literaturaSi gamoyenebuli yvela Sesabamisi termini da moSveliebuli iqneba misi inglisurenovani Sesatyvis(eb)i. 9 Earl Babbie. Op. cit. P. 285. 8

mkvlevris informantebis rols kisruloben da exmarebian mas SeaRwios Sesaswavl jgufSi. Sesabamisad, raodenobriv meTodebTan SedarebiT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas ufro mwvaved dgeba kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli eTikuri normebis dacvis sakiTxi, kerZod: gvaqvs Tu ra moraluri ufleba, Cveni kvleviTi miznebis misaRwevad gamoviyenoT adamianis Cvendami ndoba da gulaxdiloba, saaSkaraoze gamovitanoT misi piradi cxovreba? Tvisebriv mkvlevars gansakuTrebuli eTikuri pasuxismgebloba akisria; mniSvnelovania, rom masa da kvlevis obieqtebs Soris arsebuli ndoba kvlevis damTavrebis da Sedegebis gamoqveynebis Semdegac iqnes SenarCunebuli. rogorc wesi, Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli gamokvlevis savele etapi, iseve rogorc monacemTa damuSaveba, ufro met dros moiTxovs, vidre raodenobrivi kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi sruliad gansxvavebul kvleviT instrumentebze dayrdnobiT muSaoben. Tumca arsebobs kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic specialurad Tvisebrivi meTodebiT miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebisTvisaa Seqmnili, Tvisebrivi Sedegebis analizis sakvanZo etapebi dRemde kompiuteris gareSe xorcieldeba. rogorc wesi, Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegad yvelaze xSirad viRebT sakvlevi obieqtis Sida struqturis analizs da/an kvlevis sakiTxis adekvatur tipologias. Teoriuli winamZRvrebi Tu raodenobrivi meTodebis ganviTareba socialuri kvlevis praqtikaSi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs ukavSirdeba, Tvisebrivi meTodebi humanitarul sferosa da xelovnebasTanaa kavSirSi; maT damkvidrebaSi garkveuli roli iTamaSa, agreTve samedicino praqtikam, romelic yvela pacientisadmi individualur midgomas da calkeuli samedicino SemTxvevebis, daavadebebis Rrma da safuZvlian Seswavlas moiTxovs. Tvisebrivi meTodebi calkeuli pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa patara jgufis gamocdilebis, grZnobebis, Sefasebebis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli, amitom am midgomas xSirad subieqturi sociologiis, an mikrosociologiis farglebSi ganixilaven. Tu raodenobrivi meTodebis farglebSi respondenti ganixileba, rogorc ama Tu im socialuri jgufis warmomadgeneli, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi yoveli respondenti sainteresoa rogorc pirovneba. adamianebisadmi gamovlenili Rrma interesis gamo mkvlevrebi Tvisebrivi meTodebis rolis gazrdas XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sociologiis da, ufro farTod, socialuri mecnierebebis humanizaciis periods ukavSireben. Tvisebriv da raodenobriv meTodebs sxvadaxva filosofia udevs safuZvlad. Tu raodenobrivi meTodebi pozitivistur ideebs emyareba da gulisxmobs, rom xalxi srulad acnobierebs Tavis grZnobebs, saqciels da Sexedulebebs, Tvisebrivi meTodologia simboluri interaqcionizmis principebs iziarebs. simboluri interaqcionizmis mizania SevecadoT gavigoT adamianis saqcieli ise, rogorc es Tavad moqmed pirs, anu aqtors esmis. am Teoriis fuZemdeblis, herbert blumeris Tanaxmad, simboluri interaqcionizmis oTxi ZiriTadi principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:10 1) adamianebis qceva ganpirobebulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac adamianebi ukavSireben sagnebs, romelic maTi samyaros nawilia; e.i. adamianebi moqmedeben ara sagnebis, aramed im mniSvnelobis mimarT, romelsac isini am sagnebSi xedaven; 2) sagnebis mniSvneloba yalibdeba socialuri interaqciis procesSi, Sesabamisad, kultura adamianebs Soris sagnebis damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobebis urTierTgaziarebaa; 3) rogorc individualuri, aseve koleqtiuri socialuri moqmedeba damokidebulia aqtorebis mier socialuri situaciis interpretaciis form(eb)ze; 4) sagnebis mniSvneloba icvleba aqtorebis mier samyaros interpretaciis procesSi. es sami principi Tvisebrivi kvlevis principebadac SegviZlia miviCnioT. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis mizania, gamovlenili da aRwerili
10

Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. P. 50. 9

iqnes is mniSvneloba, romelsac moqmedi pirebi Tavad ukavSireben ama Tu im moqmedebas, da ara daadginon ama Tu im azris gavrcelebis sixSire. istoriuli mimoxilva Tvisebrivi meTodebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes evropelma anTropologebma, romlebmac ganaviTares CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodi afrikisa da aziis primitiuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT. Cikagos sociologiuri skolis pirveli yvelaze cnobili gamokvleva, uiliam Tomasisa da florian znaneckis poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi (1918 w.) srulad emyareba Tvisebriv meTodebs, kerZod, amerikaSi gadasaxlebuli poloneli glexebis mier gamogzavnili werilebis, maTi Canawerebis (piradi dRiurebi da sxv.) da e.w. cxovrebis istoriebis Seswavlas. raodenobrivi meTodebi da, upirveles yovlisa, masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodi mxolod XX saukunis 30-ani wlebis dasawyisidan damkvidrda aSS-Si adgilobrivi gazeTebisa da politikuri partiebis iniciativiT da materialuri mxardaWeriT. XX saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-s socialur mecnierebebSi da, kerZod, sociologiaSi ganviTarda meTodebis konfliqti, romelic raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxre mecnierTa dapirispirebaSi gamoixata. am dapirispirebaSi sufTa meToduri kamaTis garda igrZnoboda, agreTve im droisaTvis wamyvani amerikuli universitetebis ori meToduri skolis, kolumbiis da Cikagos skolebis dapirispireba. Tu Cikagos skolis waromadgenlebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen Tvisebriv meTodebs da mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes maT ganviTarebaSi, kolumbiis universitetis mecnierebi raodenobrivi meTodebis momxreni iyvnen da miiCnevdnen, rom sociologia ar unda acxadebdes Tavs namdvil mecnierebad, Tu mas ar SeuZlia miRebuli empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis dasabuTeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis analogiurad. swored sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi iyo, kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT, WeSmariti mecnierebebi; isini miiCnevdnen, rom sociologiaSi da, zogadad, socialur mecnierebebSi empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis dasabuTeba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac kvleva raodenobrivi meTodebiT, upirveles yovlisa respondentTa reprezentatuli SerCevis safuZvelze tardeba. Tvisebriv meTodebs kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenlebi aramecnierulad miiCnevdnen da maTi damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen. amis sapirispirod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom am meTodebiT SesaZlebelia rTuli da naklebad gavrcelebuli fenomenebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla, rom es meTodebi dagvexmareba iq, sadac yvela raodenobrivi meTodi uZluria; Tvisebrivi meTodebi aseve sasargebloa adamianTa Sinagani samyaros, Sidajgufuri urTierTobebis Seswavlis dros. maTi meSveobiT, rogorc wesi, xdeba problemuri situaciis sruli da yovelmxrivi Seswavla, da ara misi calkeuli gamovlinebebis dafiqsireba. ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli iyo imis uaryofa, rom arc erTi Tvisebrivi meTodi ar pasuxobda statistikuri reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs, arc Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis generalizacia iyo SesaZlebeli. garkveul sirTuleebs warmoadgenda Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis analizis strategiac, romelic, agreTve minimalurad iyo formalizebuli da Zalze mwvaved svamda mkvlevaris obieqturobis sakiTxs. aRiarebdnen ra am sirTuleebs, Tvisebrivi meTodebis mxardamWerni xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom aseT kvlevebs ZaluZT mniSvnelovnad gaamdidron Cveni codna socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. amisaTvis ki saWiroa, rom es meTodebi maTTvis Sesaferis adgilas iyos gamoyenebuli da ar iqnes Sefasebuli raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis meTodebis konfliqtSi droebiTi gamarjveba moipoves kolumbiis universitetis warmomadgenlebma. 1935 wels maT mier daarsebuli iqna axali mecnieruli Jurnali American Sociological Review.11 Review-s
11

manamde, jer kidev 1895 wels, pirveli sociologiuri Jurnali, American Journal of Sociology, Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetze iqna daarsebuli albion smolis mier. 10

furclebze ver gamoinaxa adgili verc Tvisebrivi meTodebisaTvis da verc Cikagos sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. magram es gamarjveba ar iyo xangrZlivi meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganaxlda da Semdgom TandaTan gaizarda mkvlevrebis interesi Tvisebrivi meTodebis mimarT, romlebic dRes sul ufro da ufro myar adgils ikaveben socialur gamokvlevebSi. meTodebis konfliqti dRes Tumca raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, ar arsebobs erTazrovani pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu romelia am meTodebidan ukeTesi da romeli uaresi, an romels unda mivaniWoT upiratesoba. yvela meTods aqvs Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi, yvela SeiZleba kargi da saWiro iyos Tavis adgilas, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ra sakiTxis Seswavlas vapirebT da ra kvleviT kiTxvebze veZebT pasuxs. kvlevis meTodis SerCeva konkretuli kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare unda moxdes aris amocanebi da kiTxvebi, romelTa gadaWrasac ukeT SeZlebs raodenobrivi meTodebi, iseve rogorc aris amocanebi, romelTa gadawyvetac Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiTaa yvelaze mizanSewonili.12 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoiyeneba ama Tu im problemis, socialuri situaciis siRrmiseulad Seswavlis mizniT. am meTodebis meSveobiT Seswavlili problemebi moicavs, magaliTad, migracias da emigrantebis cxovrebas axal garemoSi; damnaSaveTa samyaros Sida struqturas da/an damnaSaveTa pirovnul Tvisebebs; Zalauflebis ganawilebas mcire socialur jgufebSi; gansxvavebuli yofis mqone adamianTa (mag., musikosebis, mocekvaveebis) cxovrebis aRweras da sxv. sxva mxriv, raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu SeviswavliT sazogadoebaSi arsebul stratifikaciul sistemas; ama Tu im politikuri partiis mxardaWeris perspeqtivebs; romelime masobrivi informaciis saSualebis auditoris demografiul Tvisebebs, da sxv. amasTan, socialuri sinamdvile imdenad rTulia, rom warmoudgenelia misi Seswavla mxolod erTi meTodis saSualebiT. Cven yovelTvis gvaqvs arCevani mraval midgomas Soris, xolo saukeTeso Sedegs, rogorc wesi, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis gaerTianebisas, maTi paraleluri gamoyenebisas miviRebT. sociologiis istoriaSi cnobilia ramdenime kvleva, romlebic am ori jgufis meTodebis Serwymis TvalsazrisiTaa gansakuTrebiT saintereso. maT Soris erTerTi yvelaze adrindelia 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria iahodas, pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva, romlis Temac umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.13 ukanasknel wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia ielis universitetis mier 2000-2001 wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvleva aRmosavleT evropis 7 qveyanaSi, romelic Seiswavlida e.w. eTnikuri siRaribis problemas.14 aseTi kvlevebi adasturebs, rom meTodebis konfliqtis gadaWris yvelaze mizanSewonili gza iqneba raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis erToblivi gamoyeneba, rac saSualebas mogvcems, ufro srulad davinaxoT is problema an sakiTxi, romelsac SeviswavliT. amerikeli mkvlevrebi isador niumani da kerolain benci, romlebmac Tavisi wigni Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis Tanaarsebobisa da TanamSromlobis gzebs miuZRvnes, xazs usvamen am meTodebis dapirispirebis xelovnurobas da, amis
12

raTa miviRoT gadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli meTodis gamoyeneba mogvcems ukeTes Sedegs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlisas, aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, Tu ramdeni dro gvaqvs gamokvlevis Casatareblad da ramdeni Tanxaa gamoyofili amisaTvis. 13 Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton. 14 am kvlevis Sedegebi jer ar gamoqveynebula. aseTi kompleqsuri gamokvlevebi SedarebiT iSviaTad tardeba, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom maTi Catareba Zalze rTulia, da amasTan Zalian ZviradRirebuli. 11

sapirispirod, laparakoben maT Soris arsebuli interaqtiuli kontiniumis Sesaxeb, romelsac, maTi rwmeniT, ara aqvs gamokveTili sawyisi da bolo wertili kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare, mkvlevarma SeiZleba daiwyos muSaoba am kontiniumis nebismier wertilSi, rac kvlevis sworad warmarTvis pirobebSi ar Seamcirebs am kvlevis xarisxsa da mecnierul faseulobas15. Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis kontimuumze laparaki socialuri kvlevis mimarT axlebur midgomas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove etapze mkvlevari ar unda Semoifarglos meTodebis mxolod erTi jgufiT, miT umetes romelime erTi meTodiT. piriqiT, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebi unda ganixilebodes rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli da urTierTgamamdidrebeli. rac ufro mravali kuTxidan SevecdebiT Cvens winaSe mdgari amocanis Seswavlas, miT ufro mniSvnelovan da faseul Sedegebs miviRebT. gamokvlevis programa empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba arasodes ar aris TviTmizani is miznad isaxavs axali codnis miRebas socialuri sinamdvilis ama Tu im aspeqtis Sesaxeb, emsaxureba akademiuri samyaros, mTavrobis, kerZo biznesis, Tu farTo sazogadoebis interesebs. kvlevis daniSnuleba da is interesebi, romlebsac is emsaxureba, gamoxatulia gamokvlevis programaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva naklebad formalizebulia, misi Catarebisas, iseve rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia, rom Sedgenili iqnes gamokvlevis programa. programis Sedgena aucilebelia gamokvlevis miznebis, amocanebisa da problemebis Camoyalibebis mizniT. amasTan, am dokumentSi Camoyalibebuli iqneba SerCeuli meTodis gamoyenebis marTebuloba. gamokvlevis programebi gansxvavdeba kvlevis tipidan gamomdinare. socialuri gamokvlevis sami ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs: dazverviTi, aRweriTi da analitikuri. gamokvlevis tipis SerCeva damokidebulia imazec, Tu ramdenad iqna Seswavlili esa Tu is problema adrindeli gamokvlevebis Sedegad. dazverviTi gamokvleva kvlevis yvelaze martivi tipia misi mizania, Seagrovos pirveladi monacemebi ama Tu im problemis irgvliv, dazveros misi mdgomareoba. aseT gamokvlevas, rogorc wesi, Zalian martiv programaze dayrdnobiT da mxolod erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT atareben. yvelze xSirad dazverviTi gamokvleva ama Tu im problemis Seswavlis pirveli etapia. aRweriTi gamokvleva ufro rTulia, misi mizania garkveuli problemis an adamianTa jgufis Sesaxeb vrceli informaciis miReba, romelic SemdegSi saSualebas miscems mkvlvrebs daadginon, arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri am problemis sxvadasxva elements Soris. aRweriTi gamokvleva sruli kvleviTi programis SemuSavebas moiTxovs. analitikuri gamokvleva yvelaze ufro rTulia. socialuri problemis aRwerasTan erTad is miznad isaxavs misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis gamoaSkaravebas. sworad Catarebuli analitikuri gamokvleva movlenebis ganviTarebis prognozirebis saSualebasac iZleva. analitikur gamokvlevaSi, rogorc wesi, paralelurad gamoiyeneba informaciis Segrovebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli meTodi. yvela tipis kvleva ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc wesi, Tanamimdevrulad xorcieldeba. esenia: gamokvlevis programis SemuSaveba; savele etapi, romlis drosac xdeba informaciis Segroveba; informaciis damuSaveba; miRebuli Sedegebis analizi; kvlevis angariSis momzadeba da publikacia.
15

ix. Isadore Newman, and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. 12

nebismieri kvleva programis SedgeniT iwyeba. Tu am dokumentis Sedgenas saTanado yuradRebis gareSe movepyrobiT, SeiZleba mTeli gamokvleva CaiSalos. maSinac ki, rodesac yvelaze martivi, dazverviTi gamokvlevis programis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, aucilebelia misi Sedgenis dros maqsimalurad davasabuToT Cveni miznebi da amocanebi. gamokvlevis programis mTavari mizania gamokvlevis problemis gansazRvra, misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba da am problemis SeswavlisaTvis SerCeuli gzebis marTebulobis damtkiceba. programa unda pasuxobdes kvleviTi kiTxvebis logikur Tanamimdevrobas: o ra unda SeviswavloT? o ra miznebis misaRwevad unda SeviswavloT? o sad da ra pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT? o kvlevis ra saSualebebis gamoyenebiT unda SeviswavloT? am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba gamokvlevis ukeT momzadebasa da CatarebaSi gvexmareba. gamokvlevis programa, romelic, agreTve gamokvlevis koncefciis saxeliTaa cnobili, rogorc wesi, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: meTodologiuri da proceduruli. programis meTodologiur nawilSi, romelic Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, xdeba (1) socialuri problemis Camoyalibeba da misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba; (2) gamokvlevis obieqtisa da Temis gansazRvra; (3) dasmuli problemidan gamomdinare, gamokvlevis miznis (an miznebis) da amocanebis dasaxva da (4) gamokvlevis hipoTezis Camoyalibeba. programis procedurul (meTodur) nawilSi saWiroa (1) Sesaswavli erTeulis (jgufis) gamoyofa da (2) informaciis Segrovebis meTodebis aRwera da daxasiaTeba. ganvixiloT moTxovnebi gamokvlevis programis orive nawilisadmi.16 programis meTodologiuri nawili 1. problemis Camoyalibeba. SeuZlebelia socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba saerTod mas aucileblad unda hqondes fokusi, unda gamoiyos konkretuli sakiTxebis jgufi, romelic mkvlevris ZiriTadi interesia. yvela kvleva tardeba ama Tu im socialuri problemis Seswavlis mizniT. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri problemebi SeiZleba exebodes cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos, magram isini yovelTvis xalxis erToblivi cxovrebiT, urTierTqmedebiT da/an maTi socialur institutebTan urTierTobiTaa gamowveuli, asaxaven interesebis sxvadasxvaobas da mosaxleobis farTo fenebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. ra Tqma unda, gamokvleva am problemebs ver gadaWris, magram mas SeuZlia, gaamdidros Cveni codna maT Sesaxeb da daexmaros sazogadoebas arsebuli problemebis gadaWraSi. ar aris mizanSewonili erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ramdenime socialuri problemis Seswavla aseTi kvlevis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba Zalian Znelia, xSirad ki SeuZlebelic. gamokvlevis problemis ukeT Camoyalibebisa da misi aqtualobis dasabuTebis mizniT aucilebelia Seswavlili iqnes arsebuli literatura am problemasTan dakavSirebiT. agreTve mniSvnelovania am problemisadmi miZRvnili wina kvlevebis Sedegebis moZieba. literaturis mimoxilvaSi xdeba moZiebuli literaturis ganxilva da dagegmili kvlevis adgilis gansazRvra arsebul samecniero wyaroebs Soris. gamokvlevis programis es nawili mizanSewonilia davasruloT Cveni uSualo kvleviTi kiTxvis CamoyalibebiT. 2. gamokvlevis Temisa da obieqtis gansazRvra. gamokvlevis TemaSi gamo16

qvemoT moyvanili moTxovnebi ar aris SemuSavebuli specifikurad Tvisebrivi kvlevisaTvis. ramdenadac, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamokvlevis programa yvela tipis gamokvlevisTvis unda iqnes SemuSavebuli, es moTxovnebi SeiZleba wavuyenoT rogorc Tvisebriv, aseve raodenobriv kvlevas. 13

kveTilia socialuri problemis is aspeqtebi, romelTa uSualo Seswavlacaa dagegmili. rogorc wesi, socialuri problemebi Zalian rTulia; gamokvlevis Temis gamoyofa aucilebelia imisTvis, rom kvleva mimarTuli iyos problemis swored im mxareebze, romelTa Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens. gamokvlevis Temis gamoyofa problemis gansazRvris Semdeg xdeba da mis yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, gvalvis gavlenis Seswavlisas gamokvlevis uSualo Tema SeiZleba iyos (a) zaralis odenoba, romelic gvalvam mosaxleobas miayena; (b) resursebi, romelic aqvs mosaxleobas, raTa gaumklavdes zarals; (g) sxvadasxva saxis saxelmwifo an saerTaSoriso daxmarebis efeqturobis Sefaseba da sxv. gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvra advilia gamomdinare im Temidan, romlis Seswavlacaa dagegmili. gamokvlevis obieqti Seswavlis uSualo sagania. socialur gamokvlevebSi, rogorc wesi, esaa mosaxleoba (an misi romelime nawili) an sabuTebi. magaliTad, Tu SeviswavliT kaxeTSi gvalvis gamo warmoqmnil problemebs, ara aqvs azri, gamovkiTxoT Tbilisis mosaxleoba, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs soflis meurneobasTan an glexebi, romlebic imereTSi an aWaraSi cxovroben. gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvris Sedegad Cven vayalibebT generalur erTobliobas, anu yvela im adamianis erTobliobas, romlebic im specifikuri socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebis matareblebi arian, romelTa Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens. sxva magaliTebi: Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis azris Seswavla umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT, generalur erToblioba iqneba saqarTvelos yvela srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis damokidebulebas ama Tu im problemisadmi, generalur erToblioba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela qalia; Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT miznad, generalur erToblioba iqneba am universitetis yvela studentebi. 3. gamokvlevis miznisa da amocanebis dasaxva. gamokvleva SeiZleba atarebdes sufTa mecnierul xasiaTs. am SemTxvevaSi mas mxolod SemecnebiTi mizani eqneba garkveuli problemis an sazogadoebrivi jgufis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba, codnis gaRrmaveba an Teoriuli mosazrebebis Semowmeba. arsebobs, agreTve e.w. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi, romlebic raime praqtikuli miznis misaRwevad tardeba. es SeiZleba iyos romelime azris gavrcelebis an sareklamo kampaniis efeqturobis Sefaseba; xalxis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba; ama Tu im sferoSi arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis dasaxva da a.S. Tu gamokvlevis mizani mkvlevris farTo interess gamoxatavs, amocanebi am miznis dakonkretebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Tu gamokvlevis mizani kaxeTSi gvalvis Sedegebis Sefasebaa, misi amocanebi SeiZleba iyos gvalvis gamo yvelaze metad dazaralebuli glexebisaTvis daxmarebis SesaZlo gzebis SemuSaveba. 4. gamokvlevis hipoTezis Camoyalibeba. hipoTeza mecnierulad dasabuTebuli varaudia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevaris mier dasmul kiTxvebze, rogor SeiZleba aixsnas Sesaswavli procesebi. nebismieri socialuri gamokvlevis Catarebas win uswrebs met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra bunebis problemasTan gvaqvs saqme, raa misi warmoSobis mizezebi da rogori SeiZleba iyos misi gadaWris gzebi. gamokvlevis Catarebis Sedegad hipoTeza an dadasturdeba, an uaryofili iqneba. kargi hipoTeza iseT hipoTezas ar niSnavs, romelic aucileblad dadasturdeba. uaryofili hopiTezac SeiZleba kargi kvleviTi kiTxvebis dasmaSi dagvexmaros da swori mimarTuleba misces gamokvlevas. programis proceduruli nawili 1. Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofa eyrdnoba gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvras, romlis Sedegadac gamoiyofa im mosaxleobis Tu sabuTebis raodenoba da konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic uSualod unda iqnes Seswavlili. socialur gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia Sesaswavli erTeulebis SerCeva, radgan praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gamokvlevis obieqtSi gansazRvruli yvela erTeulis
14

anu generaluri erTobliobis yvela warmomadgenlis Seswavla. magaliTad, Tu Cveni gamokvlevis generalur erTobliobas kaxeTis glexebi warmoadgenen, kaxeTSi mcxovreb yvela glexs, anu ramdenime aTeul aTas adamians, mkvlevarTa jgufi ver gaesaubreba SezRuduli droisa da finansuri resursebis gamo. es arc aris saWiro. aucilebelia mxolod glexebis nawilis Seswavla, romelic sworad unda iyos SerCeuli. generaluri erTobliobis am nawils SerCeviTi erToblioba hqvia, da misi amorCeva gansakuTrebul kanonzomierebebs eyrdnoba. Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, raodenobrivi meTodebiT muSaoba moiTxovs SerCevis reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofas, maSin rodesac Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas aseTi moTxovna ar arsebobs. 2. informaciis Segrovebis meTodebi aRwerili unda iyos programis daskvniT nawilSi. aq aRiniSneba, kvlevis romel meTodebs aniWeben upiratesobas gamokvlevis organizatorebi, da ratom. garda amisa, mizanSewonilia specialur danarTSi moyvanili iqnes yvela is kvleviTi instrumenti (kiTxvebi, instruqciebi da sxva), romlebic gamoyenebuli iqneba gamokvlevis Catarebisas. davalebebi: 1. moifiqreT 5 socialuri problema, romelTa Seswavlac mizanSewonilad migaCniaT Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT. 2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa TqvenTvis saintereso socialuri fenomenis empiriulad Seswavlis mizniT; dagegmeT am fenomenis Seswavla romelime Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT. rekomendebuli literatura: 1. iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia. // sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba. gv. 22-44. 2. . . : , , . - , 1995. . 42-80. 3. Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 281-311 (Chapter 10. Qualitative Filed Research). 4. Howard S. Becker. 2001. The Epistemology of Qualitative Research. Pp. 317-330 in: Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Second Edition. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. 5. Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 1-60. 6. Michael Burawoy. 1991. The Extended Case Method. Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of California Press. 7. W. Lawrence Neuman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-401 (Chapter 13. Field Research). 8. Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-26. 9. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 316 (Chapter 1. Ethnography and Culture). 10. Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research. Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Pp. 3-14 (Chapter 1. Introduction).
15

Tema 2.

siRrmiseuli interviu
rogorc cnobilia, interviu informaciis Segrovebis erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli saSualebaa, da es mxolod socialur mecnierebebTan dakavSirebiT rodia swori. Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebas rigi mkvlevrebisa intervius sazogadoebas uwodebs17 mosaxleobis interviuirebis sxvadasxva forma imdenadaa gavrcelebuli, rom interviu yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilad iqca. arsebobs intervius mravali saxeoba; maT Soris gvxvdeba iseTebi, romlebic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. sayovelTao aRwerac da Jurnalisturi preskonferenciac intervius nairsaxeobebia. interviuersa da respondents Soris urTierTobis formis safuZvelze gamoiyofa pirispiri, satelefono da safosto interviu. intervius xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogori tipis interviusTan gvaqvs saqme: satelefono intervius xangrZlivoba SeiZleba 5 wuTs ar aRematebodes, xolo e.w. cxovrebis istoria SeiZleba ramdenime dRes gagrZeldes. Tavisi struqturisa da kiTxvebis tipidan gamomdinare, interviu SeiZleba iyos struqturirebuli; nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli. masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gamoiyeneba struqturirebuli interviu, romelic kiTxvarze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba da saSualebas gvaZlevs, maqsimalurad formalizebulad warvmarToT ramdenime aTasi interviu. eTnografiuli kvlevis Catarebisas, gansakuTrebiT, kvlevis sawyis etapze, gamoiyeneba arastruqturirebuli interviuebi, romlebic exmareba mkvlevars, Seiqmnas saerTo warmodgena kvlevis obieqtebis Sesaxeb. intervius orive am saxeobasTan SedarebiT, siRrmiseuli interviu, romelic Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi savizito baraTia, Zalze gansxvavebul tips warmoadgens da e.w. nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba, anu ikavebs Sualedur pozicias struqturirebul da arastruqturirebul interviuebs Soris. rogorc am meTodis erT-erTi wamyvani specialisti robert vaisi aRniSnavs, siRrmiseul intervius mravali saxeliT moixsenieben, romelTa Sorisaa: Tavisufali interviu, naratiuli interviu, fokusirebuli interviu, biografiuli interviu da sxv.18 Tavad vaisi am meTods Tvisebriv intervius uwodebs. misi azriT, Tumca Tvisebrivi interviu sxvaTa azris Seswavlis bunebrivi saSualebaa, is jer kidev ar aris saTanadod damkvidrebuli socialuri kvlevebis samyaroSi, rom erTi saxeliT moixseniebodes19. siRrmiseuli interviu da misi nairsaxeobebi gamoiyeneba ara mxolod socialur mecnierebebSi, aramed, agreTve, mraval monaTesave dargSi: JurnalistikaSi, kriminalistikaSi, boigrafiul mecnierebaSi, marketingSi da sxv. gansxvavebuli midgomebis miuxedavad, yvela am SemTxvevaSi am meTods aerTianebs is garemoeba, rom is miznad isaxavs respondentebisagan detaluri, Rrma da Tanamimdevruli informaciis miRebas maTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba garkveuli sazogadoebrivi kanonzomierebebis dadgena, zog SemTxvevaSi ki saerTo xasiaTis daskvnebis gakeTeba.20 xSirad gamoiyofa siRrmiseuli intervius Semdegi fazebi: preinterviu, kerZod interviu da postinterviu. yovel maTgans Tavisi funqcia aqvs. preintervius mTavari mizania kontaqtis damyareba respondentTan. swored preintervius dros unda avuxsnaT mas gamokvlevis mizani da is, Tu rogor iqna arCeuli respondentad konkretulad es pirovneba; davarwmunoT igi intervius anonimurobaSi da aucileblad vTxovoT nebarTva, CaviweroT interviu audio- an
17

ix., magaliTad: Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein. 2002. From Individual Interview to the Interview Society, pp. 3-32 in: Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Ed. by Jaber F. Gubrium. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. 18 zogi qarTveli mkvlevari am meTods CaRrmavebul intervius uwodebs. 19 Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. P. 208. 20 Ibid. P. 210. 16

videofirze. kerZod interviu warmoadgens kiTxva-pasuxis gacvlis process interviuersa da respondents Soris, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari iRebs misTvis saWiro informacias. qvemoT detalurad visaubrebT interivus am nawilis Sesaxeb. da bolos, postinterviu respondentisa da interviueris damSvidobebis procesia, magram amasTan rig damatebiT funqciasac asrulebs. swored postintervius dros SeiZleba molaparakebuli iqnes Semdgomi Sexvedris SesaZlebloba, Tu gamokvlevis programa aseT Sexvedras iTvaliswinebs; gadaeces respondents saCuqari an fuladi anazRaureba gamokvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis, Tu es winaswar iyo molaparakebuli, da sxv. meTodis daxasiaTeba Tumca, erTi SexedviT, siRrmiseuli interviu waagavs Tavisufal saubars mkvlevarsa da respondents Soris, es ase ar aris, da warmatebuli intervius Catarebas mTeli rigi profesiuli unar-Cvevebis daufleba da sakmaod mdidari praqtikuli gamocdileba ganapirobebs es aris meTodi, romelSi daxelovnebac mxolod misi gamoyenebis procesSia SesaZlebeli. siRrmiseuli intervius mizania, gavigoT respondentebis maqsimalurad detaluri mosazrebebi Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; amitom rogor? da "ratom?" kiTxvebi yvelaze xSiri da sasargebloa am tipis interviuSi. ara nakleb xSirad aqvs adgili Txovnas respondentisadmi, dawvrilebiT agviRweros esa Tu is SemTxveva Tavisi cxovrebidan da misi STabeWdilebebi, misi reaqcia am SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT; misi damokidebuleba garkveuli xalxis an movlenebisadmi, mis mier CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis Sefaseba. robert vaisi ganixilavs siRrmiseul intervius rogorc interviuersa da respondents Soris TanamSromlobis process, romlic drosac orive monawiles erTi mizani amoZravebs esaa axali informaciis warmoeba kvlevis TemasTan dakavSirebiT. metic, misi TqmiT, am TanamSromlobaSi interviueri is instrumentia, romlis saSualebiTac respondenti mogviTxrobs Tavis ambavs21. amitom interviueri arasodes ar unda Seecados, srulad akontrolos intervius msvlelobis procesi piriqiT, man unda misces respondents saSualeba, rac SeiZleba meti ilaparakos Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, valdebulia uzrunvelyos, rom saubarma ar gadauxvios kvlevis Temas; mxolod ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia interviuers, gamoiyenos Tavisi Zalaufleba da Seitanos cvlileba intervius msvlelobaSi, Tumca man es rbilad unda gaakeTos. rogorc h.r.bernardi aRniSnavs, Tqven agebT pasuxs imaze, rom saubari fokusirebuli iyos [kvlevis Temaze], magram saSualebas aZlevT respondents, gansazRvros saubris Sinaarsi. mieciT mas ufleba, mogawodoT informacia, romelic, misi azriT, mniSvnelovania22. mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom siRrmiseul intervius, rogorc wesi, atarebs ara daqiravebuli interviueri, romelsac ara aqvs miRebuli monawileoba kvlevis dagegmvis procesSi, aramed Tavad mkvlevari, romelic muSaobda gamokvlevis programis Sedgenaze, winaswar Seiswavla socialuri problema, romelsac interviu exeba.23 iyo kargi interviueri, niSnavs icode, Tu ra saxis informaciaa saWiro kvlevisaTvis da Segwevdes unari, daexmaro respondents mogvces es inforamcia24, aRniSnavs robert vaisi.
21 22

Ibid. P. 65. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. P. 209. 23 es yovelTvis ase ar aris dasavleTis qveynebis Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi, sadac miRebulia interviuerebis daqiraveba ara mxolod raodenobrivi, aramed, agreTve Tvisebrivi interviuebis Catarebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, am saleqcio kursSis farglebSi Cven ufro mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom siRrmiseuli interviu Tavad mkvlevarma Caataros, da am leqciaSi terminebi mkvlevari da interviueri ixmareba rogorc sinonimebi. 24 Robert S. Weiss. Op cit. P. 66. 17

siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis mizniT, mkvlevari ar amzadebs struqturirebul kiTxvars magram mas yovelTvis aqvs Sedgenili savaraudo kiTxvebis da maTi sasurveli Tanamimdevrobis werilobiTi monaxazi, romelic emyareba intervius procesSi gansaxilveli Temebisa da sakiTxebis winaswar Seswavlas. am monaxazs sadiskusio gegma ewodeba. sadiskusio gegma mkvlevris samuSao instrumentia, romelic gvexmareba vakontroloT intervius procesi, ar gamovtovoT mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi da maqsimaluri informacia miviRoT respondentisgan CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.25 sadiskusio gegmis momzadeba aucilebelia, Tu gvinda miviRoT sando Tvisebrivi monacemebi, rac SemdgomSi saSualebas mogvcems, SevadaroT sxvadasxva intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia. amave mizniT, gansaxilveli Temebis Tanamimdevroba intervius dros sasurvelia ucvleli iyos, Tumca dasaSvebia garkveuli variaciebi. mainc, ar aris sasurveli, rom winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmisagan gadaxveva, kiTxvebis formulirebisa da Tanamimdevrobis Secvla Zalian xSiri da/an radikaluri iyos. siRrmiseuli intervius mTavari Rirseba isaa, rom is saSualebas gvaZlevs rogorc Cven, mkvlevrebs, aseve respondentebs uSualod intervius msvlelobisas wamovwioT an ganvaviTaroT axali Temebi, romlebic aqtualuria gamokvlevisaTvis, magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ar iqna winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli kvlevis dagegmvis etapze. uSualod intervius procesSi wamoWrili axali Temebis ganviTareba SesaZlebeli xdeba, ramdenadac sadiskusio gegma ar moiTxovs, zedmiwevniT zustad davicvaT iq dasmuli kiTxvebis formulireba da Tanamimdevroba, aramed garkveul Tavisuflebas gvaniWebs. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs imas, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, siRrmiseuli interviu nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba. siRrmiseuli interviu ZiriTadad Ria kiTxvebze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba, anu iseT kiTxvebze, romlebic ar sTavazoben respondentebs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebs. aseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas respondentebs sruli Tavisufleba eniWebaT sakuTari azris gamoxatvisas, mkvlevari aranairad ar ubiZgebs maT garkveuli kategoriis pasuxebisaken, amitom iTvleba, rom aseTi kiTxvebi gansakuTrebiT mizanSewonilia iseTi Temebis Seswavlis mizniT, romlebic SedarebiT naklebadaa Seswavlili, da am Temebisa da sakiTxebis ufro Rrmad Seswavlis saSualebas gvaZlevs. daxuruli kiTxvebi, romlebic Zalian gavrcelebulia raodenobriv kvlevebSi, TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba siRrmiseul interviuSi. sirRmiseuli interviu warmatebulia maSin, rodesac mkvlevarma miiRo mdidari da detaluri informacia sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi inforamciis miRebaSi mas xSirad exmareba moTxovna, daakonkretebinos respondents misi pasuxebi. Tu respondenti yveba Tavisi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, magram Zalian zogadad ganixilavs mas, interviueri aucileblad unda Caeros saubarSi da sTxovos mas, daakonkretos esa Tu is detali. magaliTad, SeiZleba dausvas aseTi kiTxva: rogor ganviTarda bolo aseTi SemTxveva? an rodis moxda es ambavi bolos?26 rac ufro vrcel informacias viRebT respondentis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro meti masala gveqneba dasamuSaveblad da miT ufro metia imis albaToba, rom kvleva warmatebuli iqneba. siRrmiseuli intervius dros mizanSewonilia, interviuerma Zalian cota ilaparakos; rogorc wesi, rac ufro uwyvetia respondentis Txroba, miT ufro warmatebulia interviu. siRrmiseuli intervius xangrZlivoba damokidebulia gamokvlevis tipze da/an Temaze, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi is sul cota 1 1,5 saaTs grZeldeba da iSviaTad grZeldeba 3 saaTze mets. ra Tqma unda, intervius mizania respondentisgan informaciis miReba da, Teoriulad, rac met informacias miviRebT misgan, miT ukeTesi iqneba, magram praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia, saubari usasrulod gagrZeldes. amitom mkvlevris profesionalizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia, droulad gamoicnos is pasuxebi da gadaxvevebi, romlebic
25

am leqciis Semdeg (magaliTi #1) moyvanilia siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegmis magaliTi. 26 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. Pp. 74-76. 18

zedmeti an usargebloa am konkretuli gamokvlevis problemis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, da iswavlos respondentis Tavazianad gaCumeba da saubris msvlelobis Secvla saWiro mimarTulebiT. iTvleba, rom siRrmiseuli intervius meTodiT ganxorcielebuli erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi sakmarisia 20-30-dan 50-60-mde siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba27, raTa miRebuli iqnes sakmarisi da sando empiriuli monacemebi. saerTo rCeva interviuebis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT aseTia: interviuebis Catareba unda Sewydes maSin, rodesac axali interviuebis msvlelobaSi miRebuli informacia meordeba, axali informacia umniSvnelo da periferiuli xasiaTisaa da aRar amdidrebs Cvens codnas Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad, damatebiTi interviuebis Catareba aRar aris gamarTlebuli28. masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros gamokiTxul aTasobiT respondentTan SedarebiT es ricxvi SeiZleba Zalian mcired mogveCvenos, magram nu daviviwyebT, rom yoveli aseTi intervius dros Cawerili saubris qaRaldze gadatanas (gaSifvras) sul cota 68 saaTi dasWirdeba, ris Sedegadac miviRebT 20-ze meti gverdis moculobis teqsts (transkripts); yvela interviu damuSavebuli da gaanalizebuli unda iqnes. es Zalze Sromatevadi samuSaoa. Znelia CamovayaliboT zusti wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac xdeba respondentebis SerCeva siRrmiseuli interviusaTvis. iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas, aq arasodes ara gvaqvs saqme reprezentatul SerCevasTan. respondentebis SerCeva xdeba gamokvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, im moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebsac mkvlevars gamokvlevis amocana karnaxobs. Cveulebriv saqme gvaqvs erTi da igive socialuri jgufis warmomadgenlebTan, an xalxTan, romlebsac miRebuli aqvs garkveuli gamocdileba magaliTad, Tu SeviswavliT warmatebul biznes-karieras, unda davukavSirdeT warmatebul biznesmenebs; Tu gamokvlevis Temaa bavSvebis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli saerTo problemebi, maSin kvlevaSi monawileoba axalgazrda mSoblebma unda miiRon; Tu gamokvlevis Temaa migracia, unda CavataroT interviu migrantebTan; Tu gamokvleva umaRlesi saswavleblebis problemebs exeba, unda moviwvioT studentebi da/an profesor-maswavleblebi, da a.S.29 siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba yovelTvis winaswar SeTanxmebulia respondentTan da tardeba aseve winaswar SeTanxmebul adgilas es SeiZleba iyos respondentis saxli, misi samsaxuri an mkvlevris ofisi. aseTi interviu arasodes ar tardeba quCaSi an sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi, rogorebicaa kafe, biblioTeka da sxv. siRrmiseuli interviu tardeba pirispir mkvlevarsa da respondents Soris; sxva pirTa daswreba akrZalulia. vinaidan amis miRweva sakmaod Znelia respondentis ojaxSi, siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba ufro mizanSewonilia mkvlevris ofisSi, sadac daculi iqneba simSvide da intervius CatarebisaTvis xelsayreli sxva pirobebi. siRrmiseuli intervius diqtofonze Cawera aucilebelia misi Semdgomi analizis mizniT. es moTxovna damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mkvlevars rogorc teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT (teqnikuri aRWurvilobis momzadeba, misi gamarTulad muSaobis uzrunvelyofa), aseve eTikuri TvalsazrisiTac (respondentebis konfidencialobis dacva). siRrmiseuli intervius specipikuri saxeobebi siRrmiseuli interviu Tvisebrivi kvlevis Zalze gavrcelebuli meTodia, da gasakviri ar aris, rom misi gamoyenebis manZilze SemuSavebuli iqna misi ramdenime nairsaxeoba. biografiul-naratiuli interviu da cxovrebis istoria, iseve
27

SesaZloa, yvela am intervius damuSaveba ver moxerxdes, vinaidan respondentebs Soris SeiZleba Segvxvdes adamianebi, romlebic ver moaxerxeben Tavisi azris sakmaod vrclad Camoyalibebas. Tumca, siRrmiseuli interviuebis Catarebis dros aseTi ram SedarebiT iSviaTad xdeba, vinaidan yvela respondenti, rogorc wesi, individualurad aris xolme SerCeuli, da SerCevis erT-erTi moTxovna swored maTi lingvistikuri komunikaciis maRali donea. 28 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 21. 29 ix. Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. 19

rogorc fokus-jgufi, romlis Sesaxebac Semdeg leqciaze visaubrebT, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeobebi Tumca maT sakmaod specifikuri Tvisebebi gaaCnia, samive es meTodi Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT siRrmiseuli intervius analogiuria. cxovrebis istoria iTvaliswinebs respondentis cxovrebis dawvrilebiT aRweras. siRrmiseuli interviusagan gansxvavebiT, es aris arastruqturirebuli interviu, romelic ar moiTxovs sadiskusio gegmis SemuSavebas da romlis Catarebis procesSic mkvlevris roli xSirad mxolod msmenelis rols utoldeba is sTxovs respondents, mouyves mas Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, da misi Semdgomi Careva Txrobis procesSi Zalian umniSvneloa, rogorc wesi, mxolod Txrobis fokusirebis an qronologiis dacvis mizniT xdeba. cxovrebis istoriis meSveobiT SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes, magaliTad, migraciis gavlena adamianis cxovrebaze da axal kulturul garemoSi adaptaciis sirTuleebi. intervius msvlelobaSi miRebuli informaciis gamdidrebis mizniT mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiyenos piradi dokumentebi, rogorebicaa werilebi, dRiurebi, fotosuraTebi da sxv. Tumca misi saxeliT Tu vimsjelebT, es meTodi TiTqos respondentis mTeli cxovrebis momcvelia, es ase ar aris. cxovrebis periodi, romelsac kvlevis procesSi SeviswavliT, Zalauneburad SerCeviTia; aseT SemTxvevaSic ki interviu Zalian xangrZlivia da SeiZleba ramenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes (aseT SemTxvevebSi, ra Tqma unda, saubari mTeli dRe ar mimdinareobs, magram ramdenime dRis manZilze mkvlevari da interviueri ramdenime saaTs saubroben). cxovrebis istoriis meTodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi upiratesoba gamoixateba sxvadasxva pirovnebebis istoriebis Sedarebis da garkveuli socialuri kanonzomierebebis Ziebis SesaZleblobaSi. amitom es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, kriminalistikaSi. socialur mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneba cxovrebis istoriis ramdenime saxeoba, kerZod, amerikuri kvleviTi tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis istoria da biografiul-naratiuli interviu, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba evropeli (upirveles yovlisa, germaneli) mkvlevrebis mier. amerikul sociologiaSi es meTodi saTaves iRebs Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebis uiliam Tomasis da florian znaneckis klasikuri gamokvlevidan poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi (1918) da kliford r. Sous jek roleris cxovrebis aRweraSi (1930). 1930iani wlebidan interesi am meTodisadmi Sesustda, magram 1960-anebSi kvlav gaZlierda. cxovrebis istoriis gamoyenebisadmi ori midgoma gamoirCeva: tradiciuli, romelic miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis obieqtur aRweras da gamoirCeva interesiT imisadmi, Tu ra asaxva pova mis cxovrebaSi farTo socialurma procesebma, ra gavlena iqonies maT Cveulebrivi adamianis cxovrebaze. aseTi midgoma gvexmareba, SeviswavloT socialuri procesebis subieqturi Sefasebebi, gavamaxviloT yuradReba socialur procesebsa da individualur cxovrebas Soris arsebul kavSirze, SevafasoT socialuri cvlilebebis mniSvneloba, da sxv. am konteqstSi es meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneba axali socialuri fenomenebis Seswavlis mizniT, raTa Sevsebuli da gamdidrebuli iqnes mkvlevrebis xelT arsebuli statistikuri masala. SedarebiT axali midgoma miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebiseuli gzis interpretacias da/an aseTi interpretaciis SesaZlo gzebis Seswavlas, ris Sedegadac es midgoma fsiqologias uaxlovdeba. amerikelma sociologma geil kligmanma (Gail Kligman) cxovrebis istoriis gamoyenebiT Seiswavla rumineli qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTelobis problemebi CauSeskus reJimis dros, rodesac eris gamavlebis iZulebiTi politika tardeboda. am politikas tragikuli Sedegebi hqonda qalebis janmrTelobisa da TviT sicocxlisTvisac ki, vinaidan rTuli ekonomikuri pirobebi qalebs xSirad ubiZgebda aralegaluri abortebi gaekeTebinaT, romlebic arakvalificiurad keTdeboda, ris gamoc maT mravali qalis sicocxle Seewira.30
30

ix. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. 20

cxovrebis istoriis analogiurad, biografiul-naratiuli interviuc respondentis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad; esec arastruqturirebuli interviua, romlis msvlelobaSic interviueri minimalurad ereva saubarSi, vinaidan am tipis intervius erT-erTi mTavari mizani Txrobis spontanurobis uzrunvelyofaa. am intervius ZiriTadi gansxvaveba cxovrebis istoriisagan imaSi gamoixateba, rom biografiul-naratiul interviuSi ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba Tavad respondentis Sefasebebis Seswavlas mis cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT, rac, rogorc am meTodis Teoretikosebi varaudoben, saSualebas gvaZlevs gansakuTrebulad Rrmad SeviswavloT am procesebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi.31 respondentTa gulaxdilobis gamomwvevi meTodikebi siRrmiseuli intervius warmatebis upirveles sawindars warmoadgens interviuersa da respondents Soris iseTi urTierTobis damyareba, romelic respondentis gulwrfelobas gamoiwvevs. aseTi urTierTobis winapirobaa mkvlevris WeSmariti interesi respondentis cxovrebisadmi, araSefasebiTi damokidebuleba misi gamocdilebis an misi azrebisadmi da misi unari daarwmunos respondenti, rom intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia mxolod kvleviTi amocanebisTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli. amasTan, arsebobs specialuri profesiuli meTodikebi, romlebic gvexmareba, gamoviwvioT respondentis meti gulwrfeloba da miviRoT misgan meti informacia, vidre is Tavidan apirebda gaemJRavnebina CvenTvis. es meTodikebi xSirad moixsenieba rogorc zondirebis saSualebebi (probing); maTi meSveobiT Cven vubiZgebT respondents, daasrulos azri, romelic bolomde ar ganumartavs, an agvixsnas is, rasac mxolod gakvriT Seexo. zondireba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac respondentebi aRiqvamen gamokvlevis Temas rogorc Zalze rTuls an saTuTs, da amis gamo SeiZleba Tavi Seikavon detaluri da gulwrfeli pasuxebisagan. qvemoT ganvixilavT respondentebis gulaxdilobis gamomwvev ramdenime meTodikas siCumes, eqos da ganacxads; mniSvnelovania, rom maTi gamoyenebis dros interviueri ar ereva saubarSi, Sesabamisad, ar axdens gavlenas respondentebis pasuxebze. 1) siCume. imis magivrad, rom saubris dros warmoqmnili pauzis dros mkvlevarma morigi kiTxva dasvas, is agrZelebs Cumad jdomas. xSirad xdeba, rom aseT situaciaSi respondenti Tavs uxerxulad grZnobs, amitom gadawyvets, Tavad Seavsos siCume, agrZelebs saubars, Tan ambobs mets, vidre Tavidan apirebda. es meTodika Zalian misasalmebelia im TvalsazrisiTac, rom is neitraluria, mkvlevari arafers ambobs, ar svams damatebiT kiTxvebs, Sesabamisad, gamoricxulia, raime gavlena iqonios respondentis pasuxze. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am meTodikis warmatebiT gamoyeneba Zalze rTulia, vinaidan aq ar SeiZleba gadaWarbeba SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom respondenti aRar apirebs arafris Tqmas; aseT SemTxvevaSi Camovardnili siCume SeiZleba uxerxuli gaxdes. mkvlevars unda Seswevdes unari, droulad auRos alRo situacias da gadawyvitos, gaagrZelos siCume Tu droulad gadavides morig kiTxvaze. 2) eqo Zalze neitraluri da nakleb sarisko meTodikaa, romelic ar iwvevs intervius mimarTulebis Secvlas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac respondentma daasrula pasuxi raime kiTxvaze, magram mkvlevari ar aris maincdamainc kmayofili miRebuli pasuxiT, mas SeuZlia ubralod nela gaimeoros respondentis mier naTqvami bolo sityva an fraza. didia imis albaToba, rom respondenti daubrundeba Sewyvetil Temas da ufro srul informacias mogvawvdis. 3) ganacxadi. es meTodika gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare, daxurul Temebze saubrisas gamoiyeneba, rodesac respondentebs euxerxulebaT saubari an ar undaT, raime jgufuri saidumlo gascen. ganacxadis teqnikis gamoyenebisas mkvlevari iqceva ise, TiTqos man ukve icis yvelaferi, rac am sakiTxTanaa dakavSirebuli, da Tavisuflad saubrobs respondentTan daxuruli an akrZa31

Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realt locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identit nelle societ multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag. 21

luli detalebis Sesaxeb. amis Sedegad respondents uCndeba grZnoba, rom yvelaferi isedac cnobilia, am TemasTan dakavSirebiT aRaraferia dasamali, da is ufro gulaxdili xdeba, mosalodnelia gacilebiT meti gviTxras, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi ityoda, vinaidan rac ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli miaCnia mkvlevari am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro uadvildeba laparaki. is gabedulad grZnobs Tavs, vinaidan Tvlis, rom araviTari saidumlo ar gaucia mkvlevarma isedac icoda yvelaferi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es meTodika SeiZleba Zalze efeqturi iyos, misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis unda vifiqroT respondentis interesebze da ar davarRvioT eTikis elementaruli normebi. rac ufro gulaxdilia respondenti CvenTan saubrisas, miT metia Cveni pasuxismgebloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom mogvianebiT man ar inanos, rom dagvTanxmda interviuze. swored Cven varT pasuxismgeblebi, agreTve, imaze, Tu rogor iqneba gamoyenebuli intervius msvlelobaSi miRebuli informacia. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ukeTesic aris, SevaCeroT respondenti da ar vaTqmevinoT is, ris Tqmasac is, SesaZloa, ukve apirebda.32 zondireba SeiZleba iyos arasruli an sruli. s.belanovskis mohyavs sruli zondirebis aseTi magaliTi: interviueri: Tavis tkivilis ra wamlebi iciT? respondenti: aspirini, analgini, piramidoni. da citramoni. interviueri: (siCume.) respondenti: kidev, spazgani, da, Tu ar vcdebi, maqsigani. isini erTmaneTSi meSleba xolme. interviueri: kidev? respondenti: Svils panadols vaZlev xolme, amboben, is usafrTxoao... interviueri: hm. respondenti: a, gamaxsenda kidev baralgini. interviueri: baralgini... respondenti: kidev, reklamaa xolme televiziiT, magram saxeli ar maxsovs, raRac wamali, romelsac ormagi moqmedeba aqvs. interviueri: kidev? respondenti: sxva araferi maxsendeba. interviueri: aRaraferi? respondenti: diax, veRarafers vixseneb.33 sruli zondireba mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac interviueri darwmundeba, rom respondents aRaraferi aqvs saTqmeli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi ar arsebobs unificirebuli midgoma Tvisebrivi Sedegebis damuSavebisadmi. ramdenadac TviTon es meTodebi araa formalizebuli, maTi Sedegebis damuSavebis formalizaciac Zalian rTuli, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SeuZlebeli amocanaa. avtorebis umravlesoba xazs usvams, rom iseve rogorc nebismieri Tvisebrivi monacemebis SemTxvevaSi, siRrmiseuli intervius (da misi nebismieri nairsaxeobis) Sedegebis damuSaveba ar aris kvlevis izolirebuli safexuri, aramed monacemTa analizi savele etapis dros, interviuebis Catarebis paralelurad iwyeba. kerZod, jeims spradlis Tanaxmad, analizi pirveli intervius dasrulebisTanave unda daiwyos, ramdenadac Catarebuli intervius Sedegebis gaanalizeba dagvexmareba, ukeT SevarCioT kiTxvebi Semdeg interviuebisaTvis.34 amis sapirispirod, robert vaisi miiCnevs, rom naadrevia analizis dawyeba savele etapis damTavrebamde.35 ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT, rom Tvisebrivi analizi bevradaa damokidebuli mkvlevris individualur midgomaze; zog SemTxvevaSi, masze garkveul gavlenas
32

damatebiT aseTi meTodikebis Sesaxeb ix. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pp. 210-217. 33 . . 2001. -. .: . . 26. 34 James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 92. 35 Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 151. 22

axdens, agreTve interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis specifika. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi midgoma Tvisebrivi teqsturi informaciis analizisadmi. esenia, magaliTad: naratiuli analizi, hermenevtikuli analizi, diskursuli analizi, kontent-analizi; interpretaciuli analizi; dafuZnebuli Teoria (grounded theory). yvela es analitikuri strategia kargad aqvs ganxiluli h.r.bernards.36 teqstis Tvisebrivi analizis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba moiTxovs informaciis kodirebas anu mniSvnelovani Tematuri blokebis an elementebis gamoyofas respondentis monaTxrobSi. es analizis sawyisi etapia; swored kodirebis dros xdeba, rogorc wesi, sawyisi Teoriuli konstruqtebis gamoyofa. Tu adre kodireba xeliT xdeboda da mkvlevari yuradRebiT kiTxulobda yvela intervius transkripts, raTa aRmoeCina mniSvnelovani Temebi, kategoriebi an kanonzomierebebi, amJamad arsebobs ramdenime kompiuteruli programa, romelsac SeuZlia intervius transkriptebis kodireba37; miuxedavad amisa, rigi Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebisa mainc xeliT muSaobas amjobinebs, Tumca mkvlevrebis axali Taoba xSirad kompiuterul programebs aniWebs upiratesobas. yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tvisebrivi monacemebis analizis saboloo mizania miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze Sesaswavli fenomenis, an misi romelime aspeqtis tipologizacia, anu socialurad mniSvnelovani tipebis garkveuli klasifikaciis Seqmna. es xdeba respondentTa naambobze daydnobiT da, amave dros, mkvlevris analitikuri unaris gamoyenebiT, ramdenadac gamoyofili tipebi, rogorc wesi, Teoriuli abstraqciis Sedegia. bunebrivia, siRrmiseuli intervius, iseve rogorc yvela misi nairsaxeobis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegad Cven ver davTvliT Sedegebs procentulad. am SemTxvevaSi Sedegebi gamoixateba ara ama Tu im maCveneblis gavrcelebis an misi gamovlenis sixSiris SefasebaSi, aramed garkveuli socialuri problemis Sefasebebis, mizezebis, kanonzomierebebis, gadalaxvis gzebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebaSi. siRrmiseuli intervius da misi analogiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis warmodgena xdeba angariSis saxiT, sadac Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba citatebi Catarebuli interviuebidan, romlebic adasturebs mkvlevris mier gakeTebul daskvnebs.

davalebebi: 1. SeadgineT siRrmiseuli saintereso Temaze. intervius sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis

2. CaatareT 3 siRrmiseuli interviu (SeZlebisdagvarad sxvadasxva socialuri da demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone respondentebTan) Tqvens mier Sedgenili sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze. samive interviu CawereT audiokasetaze. dawereT dawvrilebiTi angariSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warimarTa es interviuebi (SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara intervius etapebis gamoyofa; ra reaqcia hqonda respondents Tqvens SekiTxvebze; ra sirTuleebs grZnobdiT intervius Catarebis procesSi da rogor gadalaxeT es sirTuleebi). 3. gaSifreT Tqvens mier Catarebuli erT-erTi intervius audioCanaweri, romelic, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze warmatebulad warimarTa.

36 37

H. Russel Bernard. Op. cit. Pp. 449-488. aseTi programebia, magaliTad, ATLAS.ti da NUD.IST. 23

rekomendebuli literatura: 1. . . 2000. . .: . 2. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220 (Unstructured Interviewing) and 449-488 (Some Traditions of Text Analysis). 3. Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realt locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identit nelle societ multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag. 4. James A. Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. 5. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescus Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (Bitter Memories: The Politics of Reproduction in Everyday Life). 6. John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 78-89. 7. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 8. Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Free Press.

24

magaliTi #1 axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema saqarTveloSi

sadiskusio gegma38
SeniSvnebi: rogorc es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebis formulireba ar aris mkacri, aramed SesaZlebelia gvqondes erTi da igive SekiTxvis ramdenime versia. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes pasuxis mosalodnel variantebs aq yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba variantebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania kvleviTi amocanebidan gamomdinare. Tu interviueri amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos sadiskusio gegmaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi, moniSnos, ra kiTxva miaCnia yvelaze mizanSewonilad ama Tu im informaciis miRebis mizniT, rogor gaagrZelos diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. savsebiT dasaSvebia da mosalodnelic aris, rom sadiskusio gegmam cvlilebebi ganicados interviuebis Catarebis Sedegad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra damatebiT codnas miiRebs interviueri Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

[SesavalSi gaacaniT respondents intervius mizani, amocanebi, daarwmuneT misi pasuxebis anonimurobaSi.] vin brZandebiT? gTxovT mokled momiyveT Tqveni Tavis Sesaxeb. [asaki, ojaxi,

pirveladi identifikacia]
ras saqmianobdiT skolis damTavrebis Semdeg? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT; skolis damTavrebis Semdeg gasuli mTeli drois manZilze] ra ganaTleba gaqvT miRebuli? sad swavlobdiT? rodis daamTavreT swavla? [Tu respondenti ar swavlobs da arc uswavlia skolis Semdeg:] ratom ar swavlobT? [abarebda, magram ver Caabara; arc ucdia; sxva] ratom airCieT es specialoba? [nanobs?] romelime sxva specialobaze Tu fiqrobdiT? dRes rom irCevdeT specialobas, ras airCevdiT? igives Tu sxvas? ratom? ramdenad kmayofili xarT miRebuli ganaTlebiT? ratom? rogor swavlobdiT? rogor daamTavreT umaRlesi saswavlebeli? ras saqmianobT amJamad? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT] ramdenad gadgebaT miRebuli ganaTleba? visTan erTad cxovrobT amJamad? [ojaxuri mdgomareoba] vin muSaobs ojaxSi? rogor SeafasebdiT Tqveni ojaxis mdgomareobas? vin arCens ojaxs ZiriTadad?
38

materialur

es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis me-2 kursis studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna saswavlo siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebisas. 25

eZebT Tu ara samsaxurs amJamad? [ara:] ratom ara? [diax:] rogor eZebT? rogor samsaxurs eZebT? [specialobiT Tu nebismiers;

rogori anazRaurebiT]
rogor fiqrobT, ra adgils daikavebs es samsaxuri Tqvens cxovrebaSi?

[Semosavlis wyaro; saxlidan gasvla, sayvareli saqmis keTeba da sxv.]

ratom ver moaxerxeT samsaxuris Sovna dRemde? [iyo Tu ara variantebi? iyo

Tu ara iseTi varianti, romelzec TviTon TqviT uari? ra mizeziT? rogori variantebi iyo es?]
Tqveni azriT, ra pirobebi Seuwyobs xels imas, rom Tqven amJamad samsaxuri daiwyoT? romeli specialobaa dRes yvelaze perspeqtiuli? visTan gaqvT urTierToba yvelaze xSirad? [megobrebi megobrebis dasaqmeba] Tqvens megobrebs/axloblebs Soris, vis gaumarTla yvelaze metad samsaxuris mxriv? [mogviyevs dawvrilebiT rogori samsaxuri aqvs am adamians; sad; rogor

iSova es samsaxuri; ramdenad kmayofilia, da a.S.]

rogor gesaxebaT Tqveni cxovreba 10 wlis Semdeg? kerZod, dasaqmebis sferoSi? risken iswrafviT, risi imedi gaqvT?

26

Tema 3.

fokus-jgufi
fokus-jgufi jgufuri intervius saxeobaa, romlis msvlelobac garkveul wesebs emorCileba da romelsac specifikuri miznebi axasiaTebs. aseve gansxvavebulia fokus-jgufis Catarebis procesSi gamoyenebuli meTodikebi, moTxovnebi respondentTa SerCevisadmi da mkvlevarsa da respondentebs Soris urTierTobis formebi. zogierTi mkvlevari fokus-jgufs jgufur siRrmiseul intervius uwodebs, vinaidan, rogorc wina leqciaSi aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufsa da siRrmiseul intervius saerTo Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. magram am or meTods Soris aris seriozuli gansxvavebebic, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom fokusjgufis dros erTdroulad ramdenime respondents vesaubrebiT (yvelze ufro xSirad maTi raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde meryeobs), da Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT maT Soris azrTa gacvlas (aqedan gamomdinareobs am meTodis kidev erTi dasaxeleba jgufuri diskusia). siRrmiseul interviusTan SedarebiT, fokus-jgufs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom ramdenime adamianisagan Semdgar jgufSi yovelTvis aRmoCndeba xolme adamiani, romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro gulaxdilia, da misi gulaxdiloba, rogorc wesi, jgufis sxva wevrebis gulaxdilobasac iwvevs. garda amisa, siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis procesSi gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia interviuersa da respondents Soris arsebuli socialuri distancia, romelmac, SesaZloa, damTrgunvelad imoqmedos respondentze. fokus-jgufSi es socialuri distancia ar qreba, magram aq respondenti marto aRar aris mis gverdiT sxedan sxva respondentebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, imave socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi arian da romlebic missave mdgomareobaSi arian, rac respondentis met siTamames iwvevs da TviTdajerebulobas matebs mas. empiriul socialur mecnierebebSi fokus-jgufebis Tanamedrove saxe Camoyalibda jgufebTan eqsperimentaluri muSaobis gamocdilebis safuZvelze, romelsac Tavidan fsiqologebi mimarTavdnen. Tumca 1940-ian wlebSi socialuri kvlevebis sivrceSi raodenobirivi meTodebi dominirebda, am periodSi amerikul socialur mecnierebs Soris iyvnen iseTebi, vinc skeptikur damokidebulebas gamoTqvamda struqturirebuli da mkacrad formalizebuli meTodebis mimarT. am skepticizmis ZiriTadi mizezi is iyo, rom formalizebuli meTodebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavdnen rogorc respondentebis, aseve mkvlevrebis Tavisuflebas, mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevdnen kvlevas, rac, zogis azriT, uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda miRebuli informaciis sandoobaze. amitom TandaTanobiT sul ufro meti popularobiT sargeblobdnen naklebad formalizebuli meTodebi, sadac Ria kiTxvebi da araformalizebuli interviuebi dominirebda. Tanamedrove fokus-jgufebis uSualo winamorbedad socialur mecnierebebSi amerikeli sociologis robert mertonis da misi kolegebis mier meore msoflio omis dros SemuSavebuli fokusirebuli intervius meTodi iTvleba. am meTodis meSveobiT isini ikvlevdnen faSisturi germaniis samxedro propagandis gavlenas jariskacebze. magram mertonis fokusirebuli interviu SeiZleba yofiliyo rogorc jgufuri, aseve individualuri. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1956 wels mertonma Tavis kolegebTan, m. fiskesa da p. kendalTan erTad gamosca am meTodisadmi miZRvnili wigni fokusirebuli interviu,39 maT ar SeumuSavebiaT am terminis mkacri ganmarteba. omis damTavrebis Semdeg mertonma Sewyvita muSaoba am mimarTulebiT, da garkveuli drois manZilze es meTodi daviwyebas mieca, sanam 1970-ian wlebSi mis Sesaxeb ar gaixsenes marketinguli kvlevebis Catarebis mizniT. miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad fokus-jgufebi farTod gamoiyeneba empiriul
39

Robert K. Merton, Marjorie Fiske, and Patricia L. Kendall. 1956. The Focused Interview. A Manual of Problems and Procedures. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press. 27

kvlevebSi da maT sayovelTao aRiareba poves rogorc marketingSi, aseve politikuri situaciebis da socialuri problemebis Seswavlisas, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT jerac ar aris Seswavlili Tu ra tipis gamokvlevebSia es meTodi yvelaze ufro mizanSewonili. iTvleba, rom fokus-jgufebis gamoyeneba saukeTeso Sedegebs sabazro situaciis, bazarze axali saqonlisaTvis Sesaferisi adgilis Seswavlis mizniT Catarebul kvlevebSi iZleva. es meTodi yvelaze ukeT gvexmareba gavigoT respondentebis azri ama Tu im saqonlis Sesaxeb, davadginoT am saqonlis moxmarebis formebi da, rac ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, arCevanis gakeTebis motivebi. es informacia SemdgomSi exmareba mwarmoeblebs, gaaumjobeson saqonlis xarisxi, Secvalon sareklamo strategia da sxv. aseve, fokusjgufebis gamoyeneba efeqturia momavali reklamis efeqturobis gansazRvis mizniT. marketingis garda, es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur kvlevebSi, politikuri partiebis an calkeuli politikosebis imijis da maTi saarCevno Sansebis Sefasebisa da gaumjobesebis mizniT. fokus-jgufebi socialuri xasiaTis kvlevebSic gamoiyeneba, xSirad rogorc problemis winaswari Seswavlis saSualeba an raime socialuri programis efeqturobis Sefasebis mizniT. amasTan, aris Temebi, romelTa Seswavlisas mizanSewonili ar iqneba fokusjgufebis gamoyeneba. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, intimuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi, maT Soris piradi higiena, col-qmruli urTierTobebi, Ralati ojaxSi. fokusjgufis meTodi aseve naklebefeqturia respondentebis Semosavlis da saerTod, maTi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kvlevis Catarebisas. meTodis daxasiaTeba rogorc mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, fokus-jgufebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, ara mxolod Zalian Rrmad SeviswavloT esa Tu is rTuli sakiTxi, aramed SeviqmnaT naTeli warmodgena am sakiTxis irgvliv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli azrTa mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb. fokus-jgufis dros warmoqmnili diskusiebis Sedegad ukeT vlindeba respondentebis damokidebuleba garkveuli socialuri problemebisadmi, maTi fsiqologiuri ganwyobebi da emociuri Sefasebebi, romlebic xSirad arc aris Segnebulad gaTviTcnobierebuli respondentebis mier. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufis monawileTa raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde meryeobs, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi respondentTa minimaluri raodenoba SeiZleba 5-6 iyos, xolo maqsimaluri 12.40 respondentTa raodenobis mkacri SezRudva imitomaa aucilebeli, rom fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi mis yvela monawiles unda mieces Tavisi azris Tavisuflad da srulad gamoTqmis saSualeba. Tu es piroba ar sruleba, fokus-jgufi ver aRwevs Tavis mizans. rogorc wesi, fokus-jgufis monawileebs specialuri kriteriumebis safuZvelze arCeven, es kriteriumebi ki gamokvlevis amocanebiTaa ganpirobebuli. upirvelesi moTxovna monawileTa SerCevisadmi isaa, rom isini unda iyvnen gaTviTcnobierebulni im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac fokus-jgufi eZRvneba (marketinguli kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi unda iyvnen ama Tu im saqonlis momxmareblebi, an potenciuri momxmareblebi). saerTo rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, fokus-jgufis monawileebi ar unda icobnden erTmaneTs da jgufis wamyvans. iTvleba, rom ucxo adamianebs Soris jgufis msvlelobisas SeiZleba e.w. Tanamgzavris efeqti gaCndes, da respondentebi met gulaxdilobas gamoiCenen im adamianebis gverdiT, romlebsac ar icnoben, visac cxovrebaSi pirvelad da ukanasknelad xedaven. magram rig SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, patara TemebSi muSaobisas) am moTxovnis dakmayofileba Zalze rTulia. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac Catarebuli iqna fokus-jgufebis seria, sadac yvela respondenti icnobda erTmaneTs. am jgufebis araformaluri xasiaTis xazgasmis mizniT isini erT-erTi respondentis binaSi Catarda. rogorc am eqsperimentma daadastura, aseT pirobebSi

40

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac fokus-jgufis wevrebis raodenoba 15-s aRwevs, magram es ar aris mizanSewonili. 28

savsebiT SesaZlebelia fokus-jgufebis warmatebiT Catareba.41 mizanSewonilia, rom jgufis Semadgenloba homogenuri iyos asakobrivi da sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT; aseve, fokus-jgufSi erTi da imave socialuri mdgomareobis mqone pirebi unda iRebdnen monawileobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi jgufis warmatebis perspeqtivebi mcirea, vinaidan mis msvlelobaSi Tavs iCens daZabuloba, mTeli rigi emociuri aspeqtebi, romlebic respondentTa yuradRebis gafantvas iwvevs. fokus-jgufis warmatebas didwilad gansazRvravs jgufis wamyvanis, anu moderatoris xelovneba.42 misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, gauZRves diskusias im sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze, romelic sakiTxis winaswari Seswavlis da gamokvlevis programis safuZvelze iqna SemuSavebuli. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom siRrmiseuli intervius da fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmebs Soris raime principuli gansxvavebebi iyos, Tumca fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegma, ra Tqma unda, orientirebulia ramdenime respondentze. moderatoris ostatoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man unda gamoiwvios jgufis monawileebis gulaxdiloba, uzrunvelyos yvela respondentis monawileoba diskusiaSi, maT Soris maTi, vinc ar aris aqtiuri, an Tavs gaubedavad grZnobs. Tu jgufis msvlelobaSi raime mizezis gamo viTareba daiZabeba, an respondentebs Soris raime gaugebroba moxdeba, moderatoris movaleobaa, ganmuxtos situacia. moderatori kargi msmeneli unda iyos, didi yuradRebiT usminos gamarTul saubars da rodesac saWirod CaTvlis, gaCumdes, raTa respondentebma Tavad warmarTon diskusia. fsiqologebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom rodesac respondentebi xedaven, rom maT yuradRebiT usmenen, rom maTi azri ainteresebT, isini iolad da siamovnebiT Tanxmdebian TanamSromlobaze. moderatorma unda gauadvilos respondentebs diskusiaSi monawileoba; mis qcevaSi ar unda iyos araferi, rac SeboWavs respondentebs. swored moderatorzea damokidebuli jgufSi megobruli da Ria atmosferos Seqmna, rac ueWvelad Seuwyobs xels diskusiis warmatebas. idealur SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi Seqmnili atmosfero mis monawileebs siamovnebas unda aniWebdes, saintereso unda iyos maTTvis. fokus-jgufis Catarebisas aqtualobas kargavs masobrivi gamokiTxvebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad adekvaturad esmiT respondentebs dasmuli kiTxvebi moderatoris erT-erT movaloebas swored imis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, rom respondentebma sworad gaigon dasmuli kiTxvebi; zogjer moderatoris Careva arc aris xolme aucilebeli, vinaidan saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jgufis sxva wevrebi Tavad exmarebian im respondents, romelmac ver gaigo kiTxva, azusteben ra kiTxvis Sinaarss. saerTod, jgufis msvlelobaSi respondentebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan xSirad saSualebas aZlevs moderators, CrdilSi darCes, Sesabamisad naklebad moaxdinos gavlena respondentebis azrebze Tavisi SekiTxvebiT da komentarebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda, mniSnvelovnad amcirebs respondentebis pasuxebis reaqtiulobas. es garemoebac fokus-jgufebis Zalze mniSvnelovan upiratesobad iTvleba. amasTan, es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom moderatori nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs jgufis msvlelobisas gamarTul diskusias piriqiT, misi CrdilSi gasvla, rodesac es saWiroa da sasargebloa jgufis msvlelobisaTvis, mis maRal profesiul ostatobaze mowmobs. rodesac is amis saWiroebas dainaxavs, moderatori kvlav CaerTveba jgufis wayvanis procesSi, imdenad aqtiurad, ramdenadac es saWiro iqneba. iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis nebismieri saxeoba, fokus-jgufebis meTodi garkveul Tavisuflebas aniWebs mkvlevars am meTodis gamoyenebis konkretul formebTan dakavSirebiT. moderatoris mier fokus-jgufis Catarebis stili SeiZleba iyos rogorc mkacri, aseve liberaluri. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, saqme gvaqvs gamocdil moderatorTan, vinaidan
41

42

David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. P. 19. moderatori SeiZleba iyos rogorc kvleviTi gundis warmomadgeneli, romelic uSualod muSaobs gamokvlevis Catarebaze da monacemTa damuSavebaze, aseve mowveuli piri, romlis daniSnulebac mxolod fokus-jgufis Catarebaa. 29

respondentebis moCvenebiTi Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, man mainc unda akontrolos diskusiis msvleloba da unda miiRos pasuxebi dasmul kvleviT kiTxvebze. fokus-jgufis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba isaa, rom es meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT azrebis Camoyalibebis process, da amasTan, SevecadoT davadginoT, Tu ratom fiqrobs xalxi ise, rogorc fiqrobs43. es xdeba jgufis monawileebs Soris azrTa gacvlis dros. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom fokus-jgufis Catareba xSirad xels uwyobs ama Tu im sakiTxis axali TvaliT danaxvas, misi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gamoyofas, romlebic, SesaZloa, ar gamoaSkaravebuliyo formalizebuli intervius dros. amitom, rogorc devid morgani Tvlis, fokus-jgufebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Rirsebas warmoadgens am meTodis unari, aRmoaCinos axali Temebi da wamoWras axali hipoTezebi44. amasTan, fokus-jgufi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar isaxavs miznad raime gadawyvetilebis miRebas misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, yvela respondents Tavisi azris gamoTqmis saSualeba misces. magram fokus-jgufis, iseve rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegad mkvlevari mxolod respondentebis verbalur informaciaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs daskvnebs, rac, ra Tqma unda, garkveulad amcirebs Sedegebis sandoobas, imitom rom es informacia yovelTvis ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.45 fokus-jgufis Catareba seriozul momzadebas moiTxovs, rac gulisxmobs Temis winaswar Seswavlas, gamokvlevis programis da sadiskusio gegmis SemuSavebas, agreTve, jgufis Catarebis teqnikuri mxareebis uzrunvelyofas. Senoba, sadac fokus-jgufi tardeba, specialur moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes. es unda iyos sada oTaxi, romelic daculia gare xmaurisagan. rogorc wesi, fokus-jgufebi tardeba mkvlevaris ofisSi, specialur oTaxSi, romlis erTi kedelzec calmxirivi sarkea, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarTa gunds an damkveTebs Tvali adevnon diskusias ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon mis msvlelobas. respondentebma ar ician am sarkis da meore oTaxis arsebobis Sesaxeb. yovelTvis xdeba fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli saubris audio- da/an videoCawera, ris Sesaxebac respondentebi winaswar unda iyvnen gafrTxilebulni. ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes maTi konfidencialoba. fokus-jgufis xangrZlivoba, rogorc wesi, saaTnaxevridan or saaTamdea; Sesvenebis gakeTeba fokus-jgufis mimdinareobis dros ar aris mizanSewonili. fokus-jgufis msvlelobisas respondentebs, rogorc wesi, umaspinZldebian gamargilebeli sasmelebiT. erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi, rogorc wesi, ramdenime fokus-jgufi tardeba, romlebic xSirad gansxvavdeba monawileTa maCveneblebis mixedviT (qalebi; mamakacebi; sxvadasxva asakobrivi an profesiuli jgufi); arc Tu iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufebi sxvadasxva qalaqSi, an sulac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi tardeba. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari gacilebiT ufro mdidar informacias iRebs, da Sedegebis Sedarebis SesaZlebloba eZleva asakobriv, sqesobriv, teritorialur/regionalur WrilSi. arcTu iSviaTad fokus-jgufebi gamoiyeneba kvlevis dazverviT etapze, rogorc naklebad cnobili problemis Seswavlis pirveli nabiji, romelic gvexmareba saerTo hipoTezebis formulirebaSi. garda amisa, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobisas miRebuli informacia mdidar da sasargeblo masalas iZleva masobrivi gamokiTxvis kiTxvaris Sesadgenad, kerZod, kiTxvebis Camoyalibebisa da maTi daxurvis daxvewis mizniT, vinaidan fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi kargad vlindeba respondentebis leqsikoni, maTi azrovnebis modelebi. fokus-jgufebi kargad uTavsdeba kvlevis sxva meTodebs, amitom xSirad gamoiyeneba farTomasStabian proeqtebSi sxva meTodebTan, maT Soris masobriv gamokiTxvasTan erTad. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufebis Sedegad miRebuli Tvisebrivi informacia, rogorc wesi, amdidrebs raodenobriv Sedegebs. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve isic, rom masobriv gamokiTxvebTan SedarebiT fokus43

Richard A. Kruger. 1994. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 3. 44 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 21. 45 David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 8. 30

jgufebis Catareba nakleb dros moiTxovs da damkveTs gacilebiT ufro iafi ujdeba, vidre sxva tipis kvlevis Catareba. proeqciuli teqnikebi Tvisebriv meTodebSi da, kerZod, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba e.w. proeqciuli teqnikebi46, romlebic wina leqciaSi ganxiluli zondirebis saSualebebis ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgens. proeqciuli teqnikebis mizania adamianis Sinagani samyaros ufro Rrma Seswavla. es meTodikebi mWidro kavSirSia fsiqologebis mier SemuSavebul testebTan, da fsiqologiis mraval miRwevas iyeneben. proeqciuli teqnikebis aucileblobas aqvs rogorc fsiqologiuri, aseve lingvisturi gamarTleba. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianis qcevis motivebi xSirad qvecnobierebaSi arsebuli mizezebiT da motivebiT aixsneba, amitom zog SemTxvevaSi adamians ar SeuZlia sakuTari saqcielis an poziciis axsna verbaluri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. amas emateba lingvisturi gamarTleba enis, anu Cveni verbaluri komunikaciis saSualebis arasrulyofili xasiaTi. swored proeqciuli teqnikebi dagvexmareba am ori SezRudvis gadalaxvaSi. mkvlevrebi gamoiyeneben proeqciuli teqnikebis mraval saxeobas. vidre mkvlevari gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli teqnika gamoiyenos ama Tu im gamokvlevis farglebSi, man sam kiTxvas unda gasces pasuxi: 1. romeli teqnika dagvexmareba yvelaze ukeT Cvens winaSe mdgari miznis misaRwevad? 2. rogor unda gamoviyenoT SerCeuli teqnika? 3. rogor unda davamuSavoT miRebuli Sedegebi? qvemoT moyvanilia aTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli proeqciuli teqnikis mokle aRwera.47 1. sityvieri asociaciebi magaliTi: ra azri gebadebaT, rodesac gesmiT sityva . . .? es meTodika Zalze martivia. misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi respondentebs, rogorc wesi, advilad esmiT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan. amasTan, aseTi savarjiSo, Tu is fokus-jgufis an siRrmiseuli intervius dasawyisSi gamoiyeneba, saSualebas gvaZlevs, SeviqmnaT warmodgena respondentebis leqsikonis, maTi sityvaTa maragis Sesaxeb da agreTve, gaverkveT ama Tu im produqtis an socialuri situaciis Sefasebis variaciebSi. es teqnika SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi saxiT; ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, mas aucileblad anonimuri xasiaTi unda hqondes. magram mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri teqnikis werilobiTi gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod sakmaod maRali ganaTlebis donis mqone respondentebTan muSaobisas. 2. winadadebebis damTavreba magaliTebi: isini, vinc mxolod xsnad yavas svams, arian . . . idealuri qorwineba esaa qorwineba, romelic . . . es meTodikac Zalze iolia, da amasTan uaRresad efeqturi. misi gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis faseulobebi, cxovrebiseuli orientaciebi da interesebi. is gvexmareba, swrafad da mkafiod CamovayalibebinoT repondentebs maTi damokidebuleba CvenTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebisadmi.

46 47

termini nawarmoebia sityvebisgan ~proeqcia~, ~proecireba~. es proeqciuli teqnikebi gamoyofilia sruliad ruseTis sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis centris (amJamad levada-centris) Tvisebrivi kvlevebis ganyofilebis mier 1996-1998 wlebSi. 31

3. SekiTxvebi mesame pirSi magaliTebi: ratomaa, rom zogi diasaxlisi iSviaTad wmends macivars? rogorc fiqrobT, ratom ar uyvars xalxs zangebi? cnobilia, rom rodesac adamiani sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb laparakobs, is imyofeba sakmaod Zlieri socialuri gavlenis qveS, romelic zRudavs mas Tavisi azrebisa da Sefasebebis gamoxatvaSi da xels uSlis misi azrebis gulaxdil gamoxatvas. magram rodesac Cven mas vTxovT sxvebis Sesaxeb (anu mesame pirSi) ilaparakos, is gacilebiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba, da ufro gulwrfelad gviziarebs Tavis mosazrebebs. 4. Rrubliani naxatebi magaliTi: vuCvenoT respondentebs naxati an fotosuraTi, romelzec aRbeWdilia raime socialuri situacia da erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi piris gverdiT daxatulia carieli Rrubeli, romelic simbolurad misi azris Casawer adgils warmoadgens. vTxovoT respondentebs, RrubelSi am adamianis azri Caweron. es meTodika SedarebiT ufro rTulia. misi meSveobiT Cven vigebT respondentebis reaqcias suraTze asaxul socialur situaciasTan dakavSirebiT ise, rom Cven mas ar vubiZgebT, raime tipis daskvna gaakeTos Cven saerTod ar aRvwerT arafers, ubralod naxats vuCvenebT. am naxatSi respondenti dainaxavs mxolod imas, ris dasanaxadac is ukve momzadebulia Tavisi socialuri Tu kulturuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, xolo respondentis mier RrubelSi Cawerili azri naTlad gviCvenebs mis damokidebulebas im problemisadmi, romelic gvainteresebs. am meTodikis gamoyenebisas didi yuradRebiT unda movekidoT Sesabamisi naxatebis SerCevas, da SeZlebisdagvarad karg mxatvrebs unda SevukveToT isini. naxati unda iyos sada, naTeli da ubralo. 5. personifikacia magaliTebi: warmoidgineT, rom axali markis BMW-s avtomobili adamiania. rogori adamiania is? SegiZliaT amiRweroT? warmoidgineT, rom es organizacia raime cxovelia. konkretulad romel cxovels gagonebT is? xdeba xolme, rom Tavidan respondentebs uWirT am meTodikis gamoyeneba, magram, rogorc wesi, SemdgomSi isini gatacebiT umateben maT mier Seqmnil saxes axal-axal detalebs. sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi es meTodika Zalze mdidar informacias mogvcems rogorc raime saqonlis imijis Sesaxeb, aseve misi tipiuri momxmareblis warmomadgenlebis Taobaze; masTan dakavSirebul faseulobebze; reklamis gavlenaze; da sxva. 6. stereotipebi magaliTi: respondentebs sTavazoben produqtebis sias, romlebsac yoveldRiurad moixmars romelime hipoTeturi ojaxi, da sTxoven, aRweron es ojaxi. am meTodikis gamoyeneba sapirispiro formiTac SeiZleba: aRvweroT ojaxis tipi da vTxovoT respondentebs, Seadginon im produqtebis sia, romlebsac es ojaxi yoveldRiurad moixmars. es meTodika personifikaciis meTodikis Tavisebur gagrZelebadac SeiZleba CaiTvalos. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovyoT momxmarebelTa jgufebi, romlebic, respondentTa azriT, tipiuria. 7. rolebis gaTamaSeba magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovT, rolebSi gaiTamaSon raime situacia,
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magaliTad, ganasaxieron sxvadasxva firmis mier warmoebuli analogiuri saqoneli. es sakmaod rTuli meTodikaa, romlis gamoyenebasac Zalian didi dro sWirdeba da amasTan, is moiTxovs moderatoris gansakuTrebul ostatobas. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavigoT, Tu ra adgils ikavebs esa Tu is saqoneli respondentebis yofaSi. 8. naxatebi da fsiqonaxatebi magaliTi: vTxovoT respondentebs, situaciasTan dakavSirebiT. Tavad daxaton naxati raime

aseTi naxatebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevafasoT respondentebis mier ama Tu im saqonlis aRqma, amitom isini Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba satelevizio sareklamo rgolebis efeqturobisadmi miZRvnil fokus-jgufebSi. amasTan, aseTi naxatebis meSveobiT SesaZlebloba gveZleva SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad daaxsovdaT respondentebs ama Tu im saqonlis SefuTva, samarko niSani, da sxva. ra Tqma unda, aseTi meTodikis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia, ramdenadac bevri respondenti ukan daixevs im mizezis gamo, rom xatva ar icis, Tumca aq xatvis xarixs ara aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. amitom es meTodika yvelaze xSirad bavSvebTan muSaobisas gamoiyeneba. 9. kolaJi

magaliTi: Jurnalebidan gamoWrili suraTebis didi raodenobidan respondentebs sTavazoben SearCion iseTebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, yvelaze metad Seesabameba romelime saqonlis an adamianis imijs.
es meTodika saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis damokidebuleba ama Tu im saqonlis mimarT, da mogvcems iseT informacias, romlis verbalurad gamoxatvac repondentebs gauWirdebaT. rogorc wesi, kolaJis Sedgena sakmaod Znelia, amitom iTvleba, rom Tu respondentebma Tavi gaarTves am amocanas, e.i. isini xangrZlivi drois manZilze Segnebulad moixmaren ama Tu im saqonels, da maT cnobierebaSi ukve Camoyalibebulia myari warmodgena mis Sesaxeb. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom kolaJis teqnika mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs Seicavs ara marto respondentebisTvis, aramed mkvlevarebisTvisac, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, uWirT Sedegebis interpretacia. amitom am teqnikis gamoyenebisas uaRresad mniSvnelovania, mivceT respondentebs saSualeba, Tavad agvixsnan Tavisi arCevani da agviRweron is, rac Seqmnes. 10. kartografireba (Brand mapping) magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovoT, ramdenime jgufad dayon konkurenti firmebis mier damzadebuli msgavsi saqoneli. es meTodika sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba marketinguli xasiaTis fokusjgufebSi. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovacocxloT jgufis msvleloba. amasTan, is gvaZlevs Zalze Rirebul informacias imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor xedavs bazars TviTon momxmarebeli. am meTodikis daxmarebiT SeiZleba davinaxoT, ramdenad savsea bazari Tu, piriqiT, jer kidev aris axali markis saqonlis SemoRwevis SesaZlebloba. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, agreTve davinaxoT, icvleba Tu ara momxmareblis warmodgena arsebuli saqonlebis Sesaxeb reklamis gavlenis qveS. am meTodikis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is sakmaod did dros moiTxovs da misi CatarebisTvis saWiroa damxmare TvalsaCino masalis gamoyeneba. proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia Semdegi moTxovnebis dacva:
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 maTi gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebelia CvenTvis saWiro informaciis miReba sxva gziT (kerZod, pirdapiri kiTxvebis meSveobiT); mkvlevarma unda SearCios is meTodika, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba mis winaSe mdgar amocanebs; aucilebelia winaswar ganvsazRvroT, fokus-jgufis Catarebis romel etapze ufro mizanSewonilia SerCeuli teqnikis gamoyeneba; respondentebs gasagebad unda avuxsnaT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan, rogoria TamaSis wesebi; aucilebelia Seiqmnas garemo, sadac respondentebi ar igrZnoben Tavs ise, TiTqos isini raRac gamocdas abareben; moderatoris saqcieli maqsimalurad moqnili unda iyos, da Tu meTodika ar amuSavda (rac xdeba xolme), man unda moaxerxos jgufTan muSaobis gagrZeleba ise, rom aRar gaamaxvilos amaze yuradReba; araa mizanSewonili, gadavtvirToT jgufi proeqciuli teqnikebiT erTi jgufisTvis savsebiT sakmarisia 1-2 aseTi meTodikis gamoyeneba (erTi meTodikis gamoyeneba saSualod 20 wuTs ikavebs); yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani am meTodikebis gamoyenebaSi maTi Sedegebis Semdgomi interpretaciaa. yvelanairad unda vecadoT, pirveladi interpretacia TviT respondentebma mogvcen. proeqciuli teqnikebis gverdiT, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba, agreTve zondirebis saSualebebi, kerZod: siCume. rogorc ukve viciT, es aris erT-erTi yvelaze ubralo, neitraluri da amasTan efeqturi meTodi, da amitom is Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba. Jestebis ena. jgufis msvlelobisas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs moderatoris araverbalur saqciels, kerZod, misi saxis gamometyvelebas, mimikas, xmis intonaciebs, Tvalebis moZraobas, Tavis daqnevas, xmis intonacias, diqcias da sxv. yvela es aris jgufis gaZRolis araverbaluri xerxebi. mizanSewonilia, moderatori pirdapir uyurebdes Tavis Tanamosaubres, magram amasTan ar iTvleba sworad, Tu is didi xniT daacqerdeba jgufis romelime monawiles. jgufuri urTierTobis marTva SesaZlebelia ramdenime teqnikis meSveobiT, romelTa Sorisaa: dasmuli kiTxvebis gadagzavna jgufis sxva wevrebisTvis; gamoTqmuli azris gameoreba; monawileTa Segnebuli dapirispireba, da sxv. informaciis arasrulad gageba an respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli azris Segnebulad damaxinjeba moderatoris mier aiZulebs respondentebs, ukeT Camoayalibon Tavisi azrebi. ratom?-kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, romlebic SeiZleba davyoT motivis (ratom?) da interesis (rogor?/rogori?/rogor moxda?) kiTxvebad. zondirebis, iseve rogorc proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas yvelanairad unda vizrunoT imaze, rom ar dairRves respondentebis interesebi da ar CavayenoT isini uxerxul mdgomareobaSi. fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi fokus-jgufis Catarebis Semdeg xdeba mis msvlelobaSi Cawerili saubris qaRaldze srulad gadatana, ris Sedegadac iqmneba saubris transkripti (fokusjgufis transkriptis magaliTi ix. danarTSi #1). am transkriptis safuZvelze mkvlevari an mkvlevarTa jgufi SemdgomSi amzadebs angariSs, romelic, kvlevis miznebis Tanaxmad, Seicavs pasuxebs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze. fokus-jgufis angariSi analitikuri dokumentia, romelic Cveulebriv Seicavs citatebs respondentTa saubridan, iseve rogorc mkvlevris daskvnebs da, xSirad, praqtikul rekomendaciebs.
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ramdenadac fokus-jgufi axlosaa siRrmiseul interviusTan, am ori meTodis gamoyenebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebis analogiuri SesaZleblobebi arsebobs. analizis pirvel etapze xdeba informaciis kodireba, Semdeg ki Sedegebis interpretacia; analizis saboloo safexurze mkvlevari akeTebs daskvnebs, romlebic warmoadgens pasuxs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze. siRrmiseuli interviuebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebisagan gansxvavebiT, fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSaveba damatebiT moiTxovs gadawyvetilebis miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra doneze unda ganxorcieldes analizi. siRrmiseuli intervius SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi TavisTavad cxadia aq analizis done SeiZleba mxolod respondenti iyos. magram fokusjgufebis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos rogorc respondenti, aseve jgufi (rogorc erTeuli), miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kvlevis farglebSi ramdenime fokus-jgufi tardeba. gadawyvetilebis miReba analizis donis Taobaze Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tumca, erTi mxriv, yvela jgufi respondentebisgan Sedgeba da swored individualuri respondentebi ayalibeben jgufis msvlelobaSi gamoTqmul azrebs, udavoa, rom jgufis dinamika gavlenas axdens calkeul respondentebze, anu arsebobs agreTve analizis meore SesaZlo done, jgufuri. amitom, d.morganis azriT, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis analizi aucileblad unda iTvaliswinebdes am or dones Soris arsebul urTierTobebebs.48 ramdenadac fokus-jgufebi xSirad gamoiyeneba raime problemis winaswari Seswavlis mizniT, maTi Sedegebis analizi xSirad aRweriTi xasiaTisaa. am leqciis bolos moyvanilia fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis swored aRweriTi analizis magaliTi (ix. magaliTi #3). is eyrdnoba kvlevas, romelic Catarda Tavisuflebis institutis mier saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi 2004 wlis zafxulSi. kvleva mieZRvna sxvadasxva profesiul jgufSi korufciis gavrcelebis Sefasebas, korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis ganxilvas da korufciis daZlevis SesaZlo gzebis dasaxvas. TiToeul jgufSi monawileobas iRebda respondentTa jgufi, romelic homogenuri iyo profesiuli statusis mixedviT (mag., profesormaswavleblebi; policielebi; saxelmwifo moxeleebi; studentebi), magram ara sqesisa da asakis mixedviT (Tumca, ra Tqma unda, studentTa jgufebi asakis mixedviTac sakmaod homogenurebi iyo). fokus-jgufebis Catarebis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebis generalizacia ar aris gamarTlebuli, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba dasaSvebad CaiTvalos Tu Catarebuli iqna sakmaod bevri fokus-jgufi, romlebSic monawileoba miiRes sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufis da teritoriuli erTeulis warmomadgenelma respondentebma. iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv kvlevaSi, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis analizisas ganuyofelia analizis da angariSis weris etapebi. davalebebi: 1. gaecaniT fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmas Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi (magaliTi 2). romeli proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebaa dagegmili am sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze Catarebul fokusjgufSi? 2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa Temaze korufciis gavrcelebis mizezebi saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi; kvleva Catarebuli unda iyos fokus-jguf(eb)is gamoyenebiT. 3. SeadgineT sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis saintereso Temaze fokusjgufis Catarebis mizniT; gamoiyeneT is proeqciuli teqnikebi, romlebic yvelze mizanSewonilad migaCiaT kvlevis Temidan gamomdinare.

48

David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 60. 35

rekomendebuli literatura: 1. maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. narkomania: problemis Sefaseba axalgazrdebis mier. // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da perspeqtivebi. Telavi: samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti. 2. . . 2001. -. .: . 3. Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. 4. David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

36

magaliTi #2 Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

sadiskusio gegma49
SeniSvna: rogorc fokus-jgufis es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebi SeiZleba dajgufebuli iyos Tematurad, da ganlagebuli iyos ise, rom moderators gauadvildes muSaoba. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes ramdenime kiTxvas erTsa da imave Temaze, dazustebebs, romelTa mizania respondentebis daxmareba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT gauWirdebaT kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. Tu moderatori amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos sadiskusio gegmaSi pasuxebis mosalodneli variantebi da moniSnos, Tu rogor gaagrZelos diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sadiskusio gegma xSirad individualuri dokumentia da moderatoris gamocdilebasa da mis profesiul midgomas asaxavs.

saerTo SekiTxvebi: ra SemTxvevebSi svamT Rvinos? - yoveldRiurad - dResaswaulebze (dabadebis dRe, axali weli da a.S.) - qorwili, qelexi - sxva ? daaxloebiT ramden litr Rvinos moixmarT weliwadSi? (kerZod, ramdeni litri Rvino moixmareT Tqven/Tqvenma ojaxma SarSan?) arCevani piradad Tqven, rogor Rvinos aniWebT upiratesobas? TeTrs Tu wiTels? glexurs Tu qarxnuls? ratom? Tqveni nacnobebis umravlesoba rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas? rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas axalgazrdebis umravlesoba saqarTveloSi? ratom? rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas asakovani xalxi? ratom? rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinoze ufro didi moTxovna arsebobs dRes saqarTveloSi? TeTrs Tu wiTels? glexurs Tu qarxnuls? ratom? Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa am tipebis Rvinoebs Soris: - glexuri; - qarxnuli Camosasxmeli; - qarxnuli boTlis. vin aniWebs upiratesobas glexur Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi.) ratom irCeven isini aseT Rvinos?

49

es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis II kursis studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna 2 saswavlo fokus-jgufis Catarebisas. 37

vin aniWebs upiratesobas qarxnul Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi) ratom irCeven isini aseT Rvinos? rogor fiqrobT, dalevs Tu ara glexi qarxnul Rvinos? (Tu ara ratom?) ra SemTxvevaSi dalevs? Tqveni azriT, dRes saqarTveloSi yvelaze did mowonebas romeli tipis Rvino imsaxurebs? ratom? daasruleT fraza: is, vinc svams mxolod boTlSi Camosxmul Rvinos, aris . . . ra Tvisebebi aqvs xarisxian Rvinos? (naturaluri Rvino?) Tu SegiZliaT dagvisaxeloT romelime xarisxiani Rvino? fasi sad yidulobT xomle Rvinos yvelaze xSirad? saSualod ra fasSi yidulobT xomle Rvinos? ra gavlenas axdens Tqvens arCevanze Rvinis fasi? Rvinis xarisxi? Tqveni arCevani Rvinis xarisxze ufroa damokidebuli Tu mis fasze? ra unda Rirdes Rvino? unda gansxvavdebodes Tu ara Rvinis fasi misi saxeobis mixedviT (wiTeli da TeTri, glexuri da qarxnis) Rvinis smis kultura rogor gesmiT fraza: Rvinis smis kultura? ra iciT Rvinis smis kulturis Sesaxeb sazRvargareT? aris Tu ara raime gansakuTrebuli im wesebSi da tradiciebSi, romlebic axasiaTebs Rvinis smis wesebs da masTan dakavSirebul tradiciebs saqarTveloSi? kaxeTSi? rogori iyo Rvinis smis kultura saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 100 wlis win? Seicvala Tu ara bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze Rvinis smis kultura saqarTveloSi / TelavSi / TbilisSi? rogoria Rvinis smis kultura axla? ra mogwonT amaSi da ra ara?

38

magaliTi #3 korufcia saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis mier

fokus-jgufebis angariSi
Tavisuflebis institutis mier 2004 wlis ivnisSi Catarebuli iqna fokusjgufebi saqarTvelos ramdenime qalaqSi (axalcixe, Tbilisi, Telavi, quTaisi). jgufebi Catarda sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan: profesormaswavleblebi, studentebi, mZRolebi, policielebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi. fokus-jgufebis mTavari mizani iyo am profesiuli jgufebis warmomadgenlebis mier korufciuli qmedebebis Sefaseba da korufciis formebis Seswavla profesiuli saqmianobis Sesabamis sferoebSi; korufciuli da arakorufciuli qmedebebis gamijvna ama Tu im profesiis warmomadgenlebis TvalSi; agreTve, korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla. angariSi eyrdnoba Semdegi fokus-jgufebis masalebs:

profesiuli jgufi
saxelmwifo moxeleebi studentebi maswavleblebi da mSoblebi profesor-maswavleblebi studentebi policielebi

qalaqi
axalcixe axalcixe Tbilisi Telavi Telavi quTaisi

Catarebis TariRi
ivnisi, 2004 w. ivnisi, 2004 w. seqtemberi, 2004 w. ivnisi, 2004 w. ivnisi, 2004 w. ivnisi, 2004 w.

1. ra aris korufcia da ra ar aris korufcia fokus-jgufebis TiTqmis yvela monawilem daaxloebiT erTnairad ganmarta korufcia, rogorc:

Tanamdebobrivi

ufleba-movaleobebis

gadameteba

angarebis

mizniT

(policielebi, quTaisi)

adamiani rom nebismier Tanamdebobaze borotad iyenebs Tavis Tanamdebobas sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) korufcia es aris kanons gareT momxdari garigeba (studentebi, Telavi) korufcia aris, rodesac garkveuli Tanamdeboba aqvs pirovnebas da am TanamdebobiT sargeblobs Tavis raRac gadaWarbebuli ambiciebiT da gZalavs fuls arakanonierad (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi) adamianTa mier saxelmwifo qonebis xelyofa (profesor-maswavleblebi,
Telavi)

[korufcia] qrTamis garda sxva saxiTac arsebobs: gadasaxadebis damalva, sagzao policiis TanamSromeli rom mZRols fuls arTmevs, esec korufciaa
(policielebi, quTaisi) sxva respondentebisagan gansxvavebiT, farTod ganmartaven korufcias: (policielebi, quTaisi)
39

policiis

TanamSromlebi

ufro

korufcia pirvel rigSi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia, kanonis darRvevaa

movaleobas

pasuxismgeblobiT

rom

ar

Seasruleb,

isic

korufciaa

(policielebi, quTaisi) SedarebiT iSviaTad gvaqvs saqme korufciis ganmartebasTan moralur WrilSi:

korufcia aris fulis, sindisis da kanonis ukmarisoba (saxelmwifo

moxeleebi, axalcixe) xSir SemTxvevaSi, respondentebi aigiveben korufcias da meqrTameobas, Tumca zogjer isini aRniSnaven, rom korufcia meqrTameobasTan SedarebiT ufro farTo cnebaa, vinaidan is moicavs, agreTve arafuladi saxis garigebebs. SedarebiT iSviaTad iqna gaigivebuli korufciasTan nepotizmi:

naTesauri kavSirebi, megobroba, nacnoboba korufciaa, Tanamdebobaze iseTi adamianebi SeiZleba dainiSnon, romlebic saerTod Sesaferisi ar arian im Tanamdebobis (policielebi, quTaisi)
yvela jgufSi respondentebi eTanxmebian azrs, rom korufcia saqarTveloSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli da aRniSnaven, rom is gamoxatavs rogorc qrTamis amRebis, aseve qrTamis mimcemis interesebs:

vinc aZlevs [qrTams], isic kmayofilia da vinc iRebs, isic (policielebi,

quTaisi)

meqrTameoba

universitetSi

pirvel

rigSi

xels

aZlevs

students

(studentebi, Telavi) respondentebi yvelaze ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom korufcia erTnairad gasakicxia imis miuxedavad, Tu ra TanxiT gamoixateba aRebuli an micemuli qrTami; Tumca es pozicia erTsulovani ar iyo:

nemsis qurdi da aqlemis qurdi erTiao (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) is, vinc 5 maneTs aiRebs, imas Tu saSualeba miecema, milionsac Tavisuflad aiRebs (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) - rogorc ar arsebobs nawilobrivi orsuloba, ise ar arsebobs nawilobrivi [korumpirebuloba]. an aris, an ar aris. - ara! zogi, magaliTad, davuSvaT, im wamlisTvis, im gaWirvebisTvis [iRebs qrTams] da zogi fufunebisTvis, sasaxleebisTvis, mersedesebisTvis, be-em-veebisTvis. aq gansxvaveba unda iyos, Cemi azriT (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
respondentebi ganixilaven korufcias, rogorc erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiT movlenas, romelsac ar SeuZlia, raime dadebiTi Sedegi mohyves da raime gamarTleba hqondes:

korufciiT ara mgonia, qveyanam miiRos rame kargi, korufcia sikeTes moutans konkretul pirovnebas da mis ojaxs (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe) korufcia TavisTavad ar SeiZleba iyos kargi, SeiZleba korufcias raRac dadebiTi Sedegebi gaaCndes, magram misi zneobrivi mxare sul gadawonis im dadebiTs. amitom korufcia ar SeiZleba iyos kargi (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,
axalcixe) amasTan, qarTvel respondentebs uWirT erTmaneTisagan gamijnon korufcia da e.w. pativiscema, gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom saqarTveloSi tradiciulad pativs scemen sxva adamianebs, iqneba es saCuqris Tu, ubralod, madlobis Tqmis meSveobiT. maTi azriT, ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani korufciasa da pativiscemas Soris is aris, rom pirveli gamoZalvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo meore nebayoflobiTia.

qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa, qrTami sxvaa

(studentebi, Telavi)

yvelafers korufcias ver davarqmev. magaliTad, bavSvi yvavils rom miutans maswavlebels skolaSi, es ar aris korufcia, es pativiscemaa. korufciad ar
40

miviCnev, roca eqims sakuTari surviliT pacienti rames aCuqebs. ar aris qrTami, radgan sakuTari surviliT Cuqnis (policielebi, quTaisi) [Tu] me miCndeba survili, rom im adamians pativi vce, me amas qrTams ar veZaxi. es SeiZleba iyos sunamo, banbanerka an sulac erTi fila Sokoladi. es, Cemi azriT, namdvilad ar unda aRiqmebodes qrTamad da korufciad (maswavleblebi
da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)

me, magaliTad, Zalian mewyineba, Tu isic korufciad CaTvales, rodesac me viRacis pativiscema minda da SemeSindes, rom is ar daiWiron an me ar damiWiron, rom imas pativi vce. pativiscema sxva aris, magram TviTon ar unda moiTxovon
(maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi) 2. korufciis mizezebi saqarTveloSi korufciis ZiriTad mizezad respondentebi TiTqmis erTxmad asaxeleben dabal xelfasebs sajaro samsaxuris yvela sferoSi; yvela profesiuli jgufi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs Tavisi profesiuli sferos did mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, da mizanSewonilad miiCnevs, rig SemTxvevaSi ki moiTxovs, am sferoSi xelfasebis mniSvnelovan gazrdas; sainteresoa, rom TiTqmis yvela sferos warmomadgenlebi, mamakacebi iseve rogorc qalebi, aucilebel saarsebo minimumad TveSi daaxloebiT 500 lars asaxeleben.

xelfasi minimumze minimumia (policielebi, quTaisi) roca Tanamdebobis piri xar, Zalian Znelia, cduneba Zalian didia
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)

maswavlebels imdeni xelfasi unda hqondes, rom aRar izrunos SeTavsebaze, rom sxvaganac aiRos saaTebi (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi) maswavlebels ar unda ecvas moswavleze cudad, ufro lamazad unda hqondes Tma davarcxnili (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi) Tu xelfasebi ar gaizrdeba, araferic ar Seicvleba (maswavleblebi da
mSoblebi, Tbilisi) bevri respondentis azriT, korumpirebuli pirebis nawili iZulebiT iRebs qrTams, vinaidan isini sxva gamosavals ver xedaven, es maTTvis Tavis an ojaxebis rCenis erTaderTi realuri gzaa; Zlieria rwmena, rom es xalxi Zalze ganicdis aseT mdgomareobas:

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba unda Seiqmnas imisTana, rom ar gaxde [korumpirebuli] magram miuxedavad amisa, is korumpirebulebi, vinc arian isini iReben kidec [qrTams] da ekonomiuri mdgomareobac Zlieri aqvT. magram visac araviTari saSualeba ara aqvs iman rom patara raRaca gaakeTos, me mgoni, korumpirebuli ar unda dauZaxon (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) me rodesac maqvs kargi xelfasi, var Cemi saqmis profesionali da, ase vTqvaT, patrioti, me namdvilad ar davimcireb Tavs da ara mgonia, arc erTma maswavlebelma daimciros Tavi da gamarTos mSobelTan raRac uxerxuli saubari, raRac zewola moaxdinos masze, rom mere iman pativi sces isevdaisev, Tu iqneba normaluri xelfasebi. imitom, rom pirovneba, vinc aseT saubars warmarTavs, TviTonac Zalian Seuracxyofilia, da roca mas kargi xelfasi eqneba, merwmuneT, igi ar Caigdebs Tavs aseT saCoTiro situaciaSi (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi,
Tbilisi) rodesac aseT iZulebiT SemTxvevebTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin, saerTo azris Tanaxmad, xelfasebis gazrda gadaWris korufciis problemas. amasTan, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa azri, rom maRali xelfasi TavisTavad yovelTvis ar iqneba aucilebeli da sakmarisi garantia imisa,
41

rom korufcia aRar iqneba, vinaidan mas sxva mizezebic aqvs: (a) sixarbe da (b) tradiciuli kulturuli normebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi xels uwyobs korufciis gavrcelebas, anu, rogorc respondentebi moixsenieben, e.w. qarTuli mentaliteti.

adamians rac ufro meti aqvs, miT ufro meti unda (studentebi, axalcixe) marto gadarCenisTvis xom ar aris es korufcia? mTlad ise, vTqvaT adamiani iRebs qrTams, rom gadarCes esec ar mimaCnia sworad, imitom rom Zalian bevri adamiani vici me, romelic ar aris korumpirebuli, da Zalian bevri vici, rom ukve gadarCenilia, magram korufciis gzas agrZelebs (profesormaswavleblebi, Telavi)

zogierT maswavlebels rom misce 1000 lari, is mainc aiRebs qrTams

(maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi) bevri respondentis azriT, korufcia yvelaze seriozul formebs xelisuflebis yvelaze maRal safexurebze iRebs, kerZod, xSirad saxeldeba parlamenti. es kidev erTxel adasturebs azrs, rom TavisTavad xelfasebis gazrda ar gadawyvets korufciis problemas saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac korufciis gavrcelebaSi dabal xelfasebTan erTad sxva faqtorebic TamaSoben mniSvnelovan rols; Tumca, ra Tqma unda, xelfasebis gazrda sajaro samsaxurebis moxeleebisTvis (gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es dakavSirebuli iqneba pasuxismgelobis amaRlebasTan da dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvrasTan), saerTo rwmeniT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels korufciis masStabebis Semcirebas. dausjelobis sindromi korufciis gavrcelebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani mizezia, da respondentebis mier xSirad iqna gamoTqmuli eWvi axlandeli xelisuflebis moqmedebebis marTebulebaSi, rodesac xdeba arakanonieri gzebiT mopovebuli qonebis patronebis gaTavisufleba winaswari patimrobidan mniSvnelovani jarimis gadaxdis Semdeg. maTi azriT, es xalxi seriozulad unda daisajos. korufciis gavrceleba garkveuli Sidasauwyebo zewolis Sedegadac SeiZleba moxdes, ris Sesaxebac, kerZod, saxelmwifo moxeleebi saubrobdnen:

SeiZleba ar gindodes, magram Seqmnilia rgoli da gaiZulebs, rom gaakeTo [qrTami aiRo], rom samsaxuri ar dakargo. gaiZulebs TviTon situacia
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe) Tumca, amave fokus-jgufis erT-erTi respondenti imasac aRniSnavs, rom vardebis revoluciis Semdeg xelisuflebis Secvlis Sedegad es situacia Seicvala:

adre iyo is, rom ver imuSavebdi, Tu qrTams ar gadauxdidi, radgan fuli unda gekeTebina da yofiliyavi korumpirebuli. dRes me vityvi xmamaRla Cemi saxeliT da Cemi TanamSromlebis saxeliT, rom Cven vzivarT moWril konkretul xelfasze, ar davasaxeleb Tanxas, romelic ar gvyofnis elementarul, magaliTad, sigaretze (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
respondentebi im garemoebas usvamen xazs, rom korufcia xSirad sakuTari Tavis kvlavwarmoebas uwyobs xels:

ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars arTmev da maswavleblad iReb [skolaSi], rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere isev aq [universitetSi] fuliT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase gagrZeldes mudmivad? (studentebi, Telavi)
garda amisa, korufciis gavrcelebas garkveulwilad xels uwyobs Tavad is garemoeba, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi korufcia Zalze farTodaa gavrcelebuli, rac respondentTa aseT mosazrebebs iwvevs:

me Tu ar aviRe, sxva mainc aiRebs, aseTi fiqric xdeba (policielebi, quTaisi)

42

arian iseTi [studentebi], rom marTla modian, udevT raRac CaTvlis wignakSi; [me isini] gavabrune ase iyo me-6 semestrSi, ase iyo me-7 semestrSi, ase iyo me-8 semestrSi, da saxelmwifo gamocdaze wamomisves win. axla: ara sjobda, me TviTon gamomerTva? (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
garda amisa, korufciis mizezebad dasaxelda kanonebis gaunaTlebloba, da arasrulyofili sakanonmdeblo baza: ucodinroba,

rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs [korufciuli] procesi. anu es procesi rom SeCerdes, es [sakanonmdeblo] vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad
(studentebi, Telavi) 3. ra uwyobs xels korufcias miuxedavad yovelive zemoT Tqmulisa, korufcia respondentebSi garkveul gagebas iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac is xSir SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc Tavis gadarCenis erT-erTi xelmisawvdomi strategia im pirobebSi, rodesac adamians sxva araferi gamosvali aRar darCenia, rodesac is ganwirulia saxelmwifos mier. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dabali xelfasebi ganixileba rogorc korufciis ZiriTadi mizezi saqarTveloSi, Sesabamisad, respondentebi miiCneven usaxsrobas korufciis erT-erT umTavres gamarTlebad:

16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos fuli viRac debilisgan, visac aqvs fuli da sTavazobs (studentebi, Telavi)
amas garda, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa korufciis kidev ori SesaZlo gamarTleba qarTveli respondentebis mxridan: susti saxelmwifo, romelic ver asrulebs Tavis funqciebs, da qarTveloba/qarTuli mentaliteti.

3.1. susti saxelmwifo, rogorc korufciis institucionaluri gamarTleba

repondentTa umravlesoba patara kacis poziciidan uyurebs korufciis problemas qveyanaSi da miiCnevs, rom pasuxismgebloba korufciis gavrcelebaze srulad ekisreba saxelmwifos da mis pirvel moxeleebs. am poziciisgan gansxvavdeba studentebis Sefasebebi, romlebic SedarebiT ufro TviTkritikulebi arian da xedaven rigiTi moqalaqeebis pasuxismgeblobas korufciis gavrcelebas dakavSirebiT.

yvelaferi mainc saxelmwifos meTauridan da mTavrobidan iwyeba da mTavrdeba (policielebi, quTaisi) rodesac saxelmwifo winaswar uSvebs korufcias, imitom rom xelfass aZlevs amdagvars, is ukve geubneba midi da iSoveo (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) korufciis Tavi da Tavi mainc, me mgoni, zemodan modis (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)

saxelmwifos midgomaa aseTi, rom imas awyobs, rom ase iyos. korufcia iyos
(profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)

ase Tu ise, korufcia yvela sferoSia, saboloo jamSi yvela sferodan Tanxa erT xelSi iyris Tavs kancelariasa da parlamentSi. korufciis saerTod moSla gamoricxulia, magram Tu zemoT ar moiTxoven fuls, korufciis masStabebi Semcirdeba (policielebi, quTaisi)
saxelmwifosadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi pretenziebi aseTia: is ar zrunavs moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze; ar uzrunvelyobs kanonierebis kulturis damkvidrebas, rac warmoSobs dausjelobis sindroms; da ar zrunavs iseTi kanonebis miRebaze, romlebic ukeT imuSavebs Cvens qveyanaSi da mZime tvirTad ar
43

daawveba mosaxleobas. amasTan, sazogadoebaSi Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli rwmena, rom maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeleebi yvelaze ufro korumpirebulTa Soris arian saqarTveloSi, rac spobs mosaxleobaSi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas am saxelmwifo moxeleebis, an sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.

vfiqrob, saxelmwifom unda ifiqros imaze, rom xelfasebi gaizardos, rom saxlSi mSieri bavSvi ar melodebodes da am saxlSi misvla ar meSinodes
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)

mSier adamians ver mosTxov kanonis dacvas (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,

axalcixe)

saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos materialuri keTildReoba da iseTi garemo, sadac adamians kanondarRvevis SemTxvevaSi SeeSindeba dasjis (policielebi,
quTaisi)

kacs rom 30 lars aZlev da imas mere cixeSi Casvam imis moraluri ufleba ara gaqvs! (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) Cveni [universitetis] Semosavali rom aris, fasianebidan 60% mihqonda saxelmwifos aramwarmoebeli sferodan, amitom ara gvaqvs xelfasi. sad aris, ra kanonzea laparaki? es aris saxelmwifosgan dadgenili oficialuri yaCaRoba. ... es aris naZirlebis dawerili kanoni (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) sagadasaxado kanoni, magaliTad, unda iyos iseTi loialuri, rom adamiani gaiqces gadasaxadis gadasaxdelad (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe) Sroma moenatra yvelas! aucilebelia imuSaon, sawarmoebi amuSavdes, pirvel rigSi (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
saxelmwifo ar uqmnis Tavis moxeleebs normalurad muSaobisaTvis saWiro elementarul pirobebs, rac kidev ufro amcirebs saxelmwifos am xalxis TvalSi.

qurdobaze [Tu] daiWire vinme, saqme Ziebamde rom miiyvano, daaxloebiT 50dan 100 laramde gWirdeba. furceli ginda, eqsperti, qseroqsi, benzini am yvelafers aravin afinansebs, policieli cdilobs, yvelafer amisTvis Tanxa moipovos (policielebi, quTaisi) Tavidan muSaobas rom iwyeb, forma gWirdeba, aravin ar gaZlevs mas, sakuTari saxsrebiT unda iyido an Seikero. pagonebi 10 lari Rirs, formis perangi 18 lari, 50 lari Sarvali, forma 100 laramde gijdeba. tyviebi Sen unda iyido, sawvavi Sen unda Caasxa. aseT pirobebSi korufciisagan Tavs ver daizRvev
(policielebi, quTaisi) vinaidan saxelmwifo ar arsrulebs Tavis funqciebs, xdeba korufciaze pasuxismgeblobis srulad gadatana saxelmwifoze an Tundac mis calkeul maRalCinosnebze, rac mosaxleobas sakuTari udanaSaulobis grZnobas umtkicebs da Sesabamisad, amcirebs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. respondentebi iSviaTad afiqsireben SemTxvevebs, rodesac Tavad xalxi ase Tu ise xels uwyobs korufcias daufiqreblobis, gulgrilobis an sxva raime mizezis Sedegad:

yvelafers mTavrobas ver davabraleb, adamianebis mentaliteti unda Seicvalos. 100-dan 70-s hgonia, rom qrTami aris saukeTeso gamosavali. xom SeiZleba moqalaqem pasporti moiTxovos erTi TviT adre da ara bolo wuTSi? moqalaqe, romelic erT kviraSi iTxovs pasportis damzadebas, korufcias uwyobs xels (policielebi, quTaisi)
fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gaiJRera mosazrebam, rom korufciaSi met-naklebad Tanabrad ageben pasuxs rogorc qrTamis amRebi, aseve qrTamis mimcemi rogorc wesi, SeiniSneba tendencia, mTeli pasuxismgebloba korufciuli garigebis mxolod erT mxares daekisros, kerZod qrTamis amRebs, romelic, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze ufro xSirad saxelmwifo moxelea.

vinc aZlevs, igivea. es ianusia, orsaxovani, arafriT masze ukeTesi ar aris, amRebic da mimcemic orive erTia. amitomac, TiTis miSvera mxolod imisken [vinc
44

qrTams iRebs] es aris uzneoba (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams iRebs, Sen codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. me maqvs micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved, vidre imas, vinc aiRo es
(studentebi, Telavi) miuxedavad imisa, rom fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi mTavrobis mimarT zogadad uaRresad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba dafiqsirda, axal mTavrobas mainc aqvs garkveuli ndobis krediti. respondentTa umravlesoba imediT uyurebs mTavrobis Secvlas da axali saxeebis gamoCenas, Tumca jerjerobiT es imedi araviTar realur cvlilebebze ar aris damyarebuli, aramed mxolod dapirebebsa da imedebze, amitom Znelia imis Tqma, Tu ramden xans gastans es ndobis krediti. situaciis gamosworebis imeds badebs, agreTve is garemoeba, rom, respondentebis SefasebiT, TandaTan mkvidrdeba SiSis faqtori, romelic, SesaZloa, xels Seuwyobs dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvras.

3.2. qarTveloba, rogorc korufciis kulturuli gamarTleba

qarTveloba, qarTuli mentaliteti, agreTve xSirad ganixileba rogorc korufciis Taviseburi gamarTleba. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, qarTvelebs sCveviaT, pativi scen sxvebs, gamoxaton Tavisi madliereba saCuqrebis meSveobiT. amas respondentebi miiCneven misaReb movlenad da ar Tvlian, rom amis winaaRmdeg saWiroa brZola.

iciT ra aris qarTvel kacs mentalitetSi aqvs raRacis Cuqeba, TiTqos mgonia, niSnisTvis ki ar miaqvT es... (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi) rogorc wesi, saqarTveloSi qrTamSi igulisxmeba rogorc saCuqari, raime momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians raRacas. moqalaqe, romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs [Tanamdebobis pirs], cdilobs rame gadauxados, rom is daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamomdinareobs (studentebi, Telavi) yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvelaferi iyos kanonierad; magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad TviTon mis garda, xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiqrobs, rom ki, ra Tqma unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos, magram... (studentebi,
Telavi)

4. korufciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli agentebi respondnetebi yvelaze ufro xSirad miiCneven, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola calkeuli pirovnebebis doneze SeuZlebelia:

pirovneba ver aRudgeba korufcias, sanam qveyanaSi socialuri mdgomareoba ar amaRldeba (policielebi, quTaisi) korufciasTan brZolaSi moqalaqe uZluria, brZola mTavrobidan unda daiwyos (policielebi, quTaisi)
Tavad respondentebi, rogorc wesi, ar SebrZolebian korufciul faqtebs, romlebTanac hqoniaT Sexeba, vinaidan arCies, moridebodnen dapirispirebas, romelsac aseTi brZola gamoiwvevda. amasTan, respondentebma rig SemTxvevaSi daafiqsires is cvlilebebi, romelic moxda maT damokidebulebaSi bolo Tveebis manZilze:

axla me ukve SemiZlia [xmis amaRleba]. me Tu guSin cota mSiSara viyavi, dRes cota Tamami var (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
45

imaze, razec vCumdebodi me yovelTvis, me gulaxdilad vityvi, razec vCumdebodi, raRac situaciebze, yovelTvis, me ar gavCumdi erTi Tvis win, Zalian delikaturad, <...> magram me ukve ratom ar gavCumdi, iciT? me ukve vicodi, rom zurgi ukve cota magari meqneboda, rom Tu me xmas amoviRebdi da Tu amas vityodi, ukve vicodi, rom im Cems zurgs ukan ukve SeiZleba damdgariyo adamiani, romelic mxars momcemda (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
SedarebiT iSviaTad saubroben respodnentebi Tavad moqalaqeTa rolis Sesaxeb korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:

aq aris mTavari sakuTari uflebebis da movaleobebis gacnobiereba, da rogorc Tanamdebobis pirma unda gaiTvaliswinos sakuTari movaleoba, aseve saxelmwifom nebismieri moqalaqisadmi unda gaacnobieros [Tavisi] uflebamovaleoba. ase unda iyos gacnobierebuli kanonis uzenaesoba (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)

sazogadoebam is unda gaakeTos pirvel rigSi, rom unda SeveCvioT SeniSvnis micemas. ai, magaliTad: quCaSi mimavalma axlagazrdam daagdo Zirs nayinis qaRaldi, Cven mas SeniSvnas ar mivcemT, rom Caagdos qaRaldi urnaSi (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe) aqac, sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT studentebi yvelaze xSirad gamoTqvemen konstruqciul mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos rigiTi moqalaqeebis roli korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:

Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs

(studentebi, Telavi)

kanoni unda vicodeT (studentebi, axalcixe) is, rac Sen ici da [sxva adamianma] ar icis Tundac uflebebi, Tundac Sen ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is Sen [unda] daexmaro im adamians im resursiT, rac Sen gaqvs (studentebi, Telavi) Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba (studentebi,
Telavi)

saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi akisria saxelmwifos winaSe da, rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom rom misi uflebebi, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi
(studentebi, Telavi)

sabani sadamdec gagwvdeba, ise unda daifaro (studentebi, axalcixe) axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas [korufcias] efeqturad xels, imitom rom ukve ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis gareSe, da ukve rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris (studentebi, Telavi)
mainc, ZiriTadi agenti, romelsac, respondentTa azriT, Seswevs Zala SeebrZolos korufcias, aris saxelmwifo. mas es SeuZlia gaakeTos Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatarebis meSveobiT: xelfasebis gazrda da kanonierebis kulturis damkvidreba, Sesabamisad, dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvra. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba, kerZod, gakeTdes mosaxleobis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis meSveobiT:

saxelmwifom unda izrunos sakuTari moqalaqeebis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebisaTvis. moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda gaxdnen, aRar unda ifiqron, es Cemi saqme ar ariso. unda gaacnobieron, rom saxelmwifos mSenebloba TiToeul maTganzea damokidebuli. mentalitetis Secvlas albaT dro dasWirdeba
(policielebi, quTaisi)

saxelmwifom unda akontrolos xalxi, rogor asrulebs kanons; Tu [kanoni] ar Sesruldeba, unda agebinon pasuxi (studentebi, axalcixe) saxelmwifom unda daanaxos xalxs, rom kanons Tu ar Seasruleb, daisjebi. viRaca rom dainaxavs, daisaja, sxvac aRar gaakeTebs (studentebi, axalcixe)
46

respondnetebi acnobiereben im garemoebas, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola ioli ar aris:

xan aris, rom isea gamartivebuli qrTamis aRebis procedura, rom Zalian Znelia vinme konkretulze xelis dadeba (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
SesaZloa, yvelaze ufro konstruqciulia pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg unda xdebodes erToblivad, rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve calkeuli moqalaqeebis Zalebis gaerTianebis Sedegad:

moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda iyvnen, saxelmwifom ki socialuri pirobebi unda mouwesrigos Tavis moqalaqeebs (policielebi, quTaisi) sazogadoeba kanonmorCili unda gaxdes, saxelmwifom problemebi unda moagvaros (policielebi, quTaisi)
oqtomberi, 2004 w.

socialuri

47

Tema 4.

dakvirveba
intervius nebismier saxeobas (maT Soris siRrmiseul intervius da fokusjgufs) informaciis Segrovebis verbaluri saSualebebi udevs safuZvlad. magram adamianTa cxovrebaSi ara naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs moqmedebebs, qcevebs, urTierTobas, da am moqmedebebs Soris aris iseTebi, romelTa sityvierad aRwera da gadmocema respondents SeiZleba gauWirdes; damaxinjebulad gadmogvces isini; an ubralod ar CaTvalos laparakis Rirsad. arada, es SeiZleba iyos moqmedebebi, romelTa mniSvnelobac socialuri cxovrebis analizisaTvis Zalze didia. zog SemTxvevaSi respondentebi ar aqceven yuradRebas sakuTari qcevis garkveul detalebs, amitom intervius dros ver ixseneben maT; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki isini arasworad ixsomeben imas, Tu rogor ganviTarda movlenebi. socialuri mecnierebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom adamianebi ar arian sakuTari qcevis kargi aRmwerebi, da ver gvawvdian sando informacias mis Sesaxeb.50 situaciebSi, rodesac intervius verc erT saxeobas ver gamoviyenebT, CvenTvis saWiro informaciis mopovebaSi dakvirveba dagvexmareba. dakvirvebis meTodi Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba socialur mecnierebebSi. yvelaze xSirad am meTods antropologebi da eTnografebi mimarTaven gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenelebis cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT, da aq sityva kultura Zalze farTo gagebiT ixmareba. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc sxva, SedarebiT mcirericxovani da naklebad cnobili socialuri jgufis kultura (magaliTad, rok-musikosebis; damnaSaveebis; mecxvareebis) da maTi cxovrebis Sinagani wesebis dadgena, aseve antropologiuri gamokvlevebi naklebad cnobili tomis an eris cxovreba an am cxovrebis romelime aspeqti, iqneba es maTi religiuri wes-Cveulebebi; Taobebs Soris urTierToba; Sromis ganawileba, Tu sxva. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi kvleva Soreul qveynebSi xorcieldeba, SedarebiT naklebad Seswavlil kunZulebze, magram Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi savsebiT miRebulia, mivmarToT dakvirvebas Cvensave qalaqebSi mcxovrebi xalxis subkulturis Seswavlis mizniT. dakvirvebis meTodis Teoretikosebi, kerZod, h.r.bernardi, xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom damkvirveblis amocana gacilebiT iolia misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobis dros; es amocana mniSvnelovnad rTuldeba, rodesac mas mSobliur kulturaSi uwevs dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom mSobliur kulturaSi Cven bunebrivad aRviqvamT da Cveulebrivad gveCveneba moqmedebebisa da reaqciebis umravlesoba, romlebic mraval kiTxvas warmoSoben, Tu maT miukerZoebeli TvaliT SevxedavT; zogierTi mniSvnelovani elementi ki SeiZleba saerTod yuradRebis gareSe dagvrCes, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom isini Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia da miCveulebi varT maT. dakvirveba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tvisebriv meTods warmoadgens, romlis umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom is bunebriv garemoSi xorcieldeba, iq, sadac realurad mimdinareobs cxovreba, da ara laboratoriul pirobebSi, rogoricaa mkvlevris ofisi. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs am meTodis specifikas da masTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs. Tumca Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoirCeva Tavisi araformaluri xasiaTiT, es gansakuTrebiT sworia dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeuZlebelia imis winaswarmetyveleba, Tu vin Sexvdeba mkvlevars quCaSi an kafeSi; rodis, ra pirobebSi da ra Temaze mouwevs intervius Catareba; ra movlenebis momswre gaxdeba dRis manZilze. iTvleba, rom dakvirvebis warmoebis yvelaze mizanSewonili obieqtia yoveldRiuri saqmianoba, romelic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe meordeba dRidan dRemde. es SeiZleba iyos urTierToba TanamSromlebs Soris samuSao saaTebSi; Tavisufali drois organizacia ojaxSi an megobarTa wreSi; saswavlo procesi (skolSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi); bazris cxovreba an maRaziaSi myidvelebis
50

Robert S. Weiss. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. P. 236. 48

qceva, da sxva. mklevris uSualo interesi SeiZleba iyos xalxis Cacmuloba ama Tu im situaciaSi; an mosaxleobis quCaSi moZraobis siCqare, nacnobebTan gamosaubrebis mizniT SeCerebis sixSire da am SeCerebebis xangrZlivoba. iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda51, kvlevis procesSi damkvirvebeli Zalauneburad axdens gavlenas moqmed pirebze da socialur situaciebze, romelSic isini arian CarTulni. es gavlena cnobilia rogorc reaqtiuloba ician ra, rom maT moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara, isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram dakvirvebis warmoebisas Zalze seriozul problemas warmoadgens, vinaidan amaxinjebs Sedegebs. misi srulad gadalaxva faqtiurad SeuZlebelia, Tumca arsebobs misi Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubrebT. meTodis daxasiaTeba iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva tipis gamokvleva, dakvirveba Sesaswavli erTeulis gamoyofiT iwyeba. es SeiZleba iyos: o o o o adgili, sadac xdeba moqmedeba. specialur literaturaSi es adgili moxsenieba rogorc saiti (ingl. site); adamianebi, romlebic CarTulni arian CvenTvis saintereso saqmianobaSi da vis moqmedebebsac vakvirdebiT, anu aqtorebi (ingl. actor); TviTon moqmedeba an saqmianoba (scenebi), situaciebi, movlenebi, romlebsac uSualod vakvirdebiT; da nivTebi, romlebis irgvliv an romelTa gamoyenebiTac xdeba moqmedeba.

socialur gamokvlevebSi dakvirvebis meTodi iSviaTad gvxvdeba rogorc kvlevis erTaderTi meTodi. es imiT aixsneba, rom, rogorc vTqviT, dakvirveba yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis Seswavlis mizniT, aseTi Seswavla ki SeuZlebelia mxolod dakvirvebis meSveobiT is aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sxva meTodebis gamoyenebasac, upirveles yovlisa gasaubrebas Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan da eqspertebTan, romlebic dagvexmarebian sworad avxsnaT is, rac davafiqsireT dakvirvebis dros. gasaubreba ki, ra Tqma unda, intervius erT-erTi saxeobaa. amitom sufTa, an ubralo dakvirveba, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari ar amyarebs urTierTobas aqtorebTan, romlebsac is Seiswavlis, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. rogorc wesi, dakvirvebis meTodi ixmareba kompleqsurad sxva meTodebTan upirveles yovlisa, interviusTan erTad, da am meTodiT muSaobisas mkvlevari Zalauneburad erTveba socialur situaciaSi, romelSic aqtorebi monawileoben. mkvlevris monawileoba socialur situaciaSi, misi CarTva im procesebSi, romlebsac is Seiswavlis, SeiZleba sxvadasxva intnsiurobiT moxdes. am intensiurobidan gamomdinare, gamoiyofa CarTvis Semdegi tipebi:52 CarTvis intensiuroba maRali CarTvis tipi sruli (CarTuli dakvirveba) aqtiuri saSualo mokrZalebuli dabali pasiuri mkvlevari ar iRebs monawileobas ar aris CarTva socialur situaciaSi (ubralo dakvirveba)
51

aseT SemTxvevad SeiZleba CavTvaloT situacia, rodesac Sesaswavli obieqti ver igrZnobs damkvirveblis arsebobas erT-erTi aseTi magaliTia dakvirveba xalxmraval adgilebSi. 52 ix. James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. gv. 58. 49

ubralo dakvirveba Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari saerTod ar iRebs monawileobas socialur situaciaSi magaliTad, is zis kafeSi da mxolod akvirdeba im movlenebs, romlebic iq viTardeba. amis sapirispirod, socialur situaciaSi sruli CarTva Seesabameba CarTul dakvirvebas (participant observation), romlis drosac mkvlevari ar rCeba gare damkvirveblad, aramed srul monawileobas iRebs im socialur situaciebSi, romlebsac Seiswavlis. es monawileoba gamoixateba aqtorebTan erTad maT yoveldRiur saqmianobasa Tu zeimebSi monawileobis miRebaSi; damatebiT, mkvlevari awarmoebs araformalur gasaubrebebs aqtorebTan an srulfasovan interviuebs atarebs maTTan. CarTuli dakvirvebaa is meTodi, romelic xSirad gaigivebulia Tavad Tvisebriv meTodebTan da/an eTnografiasTan; xSirad literaturaSi terminebi eTnografia, eTnografiuli kvleva da CarTuli dakvirveba ixmareba rogorc sinonimebi.53 CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodisadmi miZRvnil klasikur saxelmZRvanelod iTvleba jeims spradlis CarTuli dakvirveba.54 spradlis Tanaxmad, ucnob socialur situaciaSi moxvedrili nebismieri adamiani CarTuli damkvirvebeli xdeba, vinaidan misTvis ucxoa am situaciaSi moqmedi wesebi da normebi, da is iZulebuli xdeba, gamoikvlios da Seiswavlos isini xalxTan urTierTobis meSveobiT. socialuri mecnierebebis farglebSi CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens mcdelobas gavigoT, Tu ra mniSvnelobebs aniWeben sxvadasxva socialuri Tu kulturuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi TavianT cxovrebas, rogor aRiqvamen sxvadasxva movlenebs da ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben maT. amis Seswavlas sakmaod bevri dro sWirdeba. CarTuli dakvirvebis minimalur xangrZlivobad ramdenime Tve iTvleba; srulfasovani gamokvleva ki sul cota erTi wlis manZilze grZeldeba, vinaidan erTi SexedviT martiv socialur situaciebSic ki xSirad Rrma da rTuli kulturuli azria Caqsovili. imisaTvis, rom kargad SeviswavloT ucxo kulturis warmomadgenlebi, maTi kulturuli normebi da/an simboloebi, didi droa saWiro. maSinac ki, Tu gamokvlevis savele periods ramdenime weliwads davuTmobT, iZulebulebi viqnebiT, SevarCioT cxovrebis konkretuli aspeqtebi, romlebic dakvirvebis ZiriTad fokuss warmoadgenen da romlebsac dawvrilebiT SeviswavliT, danarCenebs ki mxolod zedapiruli yuradReba davuTmoT. ar arsebobs CarTuli dakvirvebis warmoebis sayovelTao wesebi, iseve rogorc ar arsebobs dakvirvebis saitis SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaciebi. am gadawyvetilebebis miReba yovelTvis konkretuli situaciidan gamomdinare xdeba. xSirad mkvlevari iwyebs muSaobas garemoSi, sadac aravis ar icnobs; is ubralod midis kafeebSi, biblioTekebSi, eswreba ama Tu im Temis mier organizebul RonisZiebebs, dadis SerCeuli saitis quCebSi, da TandaTan icnobs xalxs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi misi informaciis wyaroebi gaxdebian. miuxedavad am meTodikis simartivisa, quCaSi dgomis strategia Zalian efeqturia. magram informantebis gacnobis Semdeg Tveebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom mkvlevarma daimkvidros adgili Sesaswavl jgufSi da moipovos xalxis ndoba. h.r.bernardi Tvlis, rom am meTodis Seswavlis saukeTeso xerxi misi praqtikuli gamoyenebaa. amasTan, misi azriT, SeuZlebelia am meTodis warmatebiT gamoyeneba, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos is xalxi, visTanac is muSaobs, anu aqtorebi. sakuTari Tavis wardgenis wesebi Zalze martivia, ambobs bernardi. ilaparakeT simarTle, iyaviT Tanamimdevruli da nu ilaparakebT zedmets. CarTul dakvirvebaSi, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba warmoadginos Tavi sxva adamianad, vidre is sinamdvileSia, is ver miaRwevs warmatebas55. CarTuli dakvirvebis ori tipi arsebobs gamJRavnebuli, (ingl. overt),
53

qarTulad CarTuli dakvirveba zog SemTxvevaSi moixsenieba rogorc monawile dakvirveba rac Sesabamisi inglisuri terminis ufro zusti Targmania. 54 James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. 55 H. Russel Bernard. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers. P. 144. 50

rodesac mkvlevari Tavidanve acnobs aqtorebs Tavis vinaobas da miznebs, da gaumJRavnebeli (ingl. covert), romlis drosac aqtorebisTvis ucnobia, rom saqme aqvT mkvlevarTan isini mas aRiqvamen, rogorc socialuri situaciis rigiT monawiles. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaumJRavnebeli dakvrivebis warmoebas Tavisi upiratesobebi aqvs (upirveles yovlisa, aRar gvaqvs saqme reaqtiulobis problemasTan), is Zalze seriozul eTikur problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli, vinaidan misi warmoebis dros Segnebulad xdeba aqtorebis SecdomaSi Seyvana. amasTan, mkvlevari mudam gamomJRavnebis saSiSroebis winaSea yovelTvis aris imis SesaZlebloba, rom romelime aqtori Seityobs mis namdvil vinaobas, an vinmes xelSi Cauvardeba mis mier kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli Canawerebi. gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac SeuZlebelia ama Tu im jgufis Seswavla sxvagvarad, rodesac kvlevis erTaderT saSualebas gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens; arcTu iSviaTad, mkvlevari ase Seiswavlis daxurul jgufebs, maT Soris kriminalur dajgufebebs. magram Tu mkvlevari kriminaluri dajgufebis wevri xdeba kvlevis Catarebis mizniT da ar miaCnia mizanSewonilad Tavisi namdvili vinaobis gamJRavneba, maSin is iZulebulia, monawileoba miiRos am jgufis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi; garda amisa, mas eqneba informacia dagegmili qurdobis/Zarcvis/yaCaRobis Sesaxeb. rogor unda moiqces is aseT SemTxvevebSi? am sakiTxis gadawyveta Zalian rTulia, imitom rom Tu is Seatyobinebs policias aseT informacias, maSin iZulebuli gaxdeba Sewyvitos kvleva, xolo Tu Tavs Seikavebs am informaciis gamxelisagan, maSin damnaSaveTa Tanamonawile xdeba. CarTuli dakvirvebis sami etapi gamoiyofa aRweriTi, fokusirebuli da SerCeviTi dakvirveba.56 mkvlevari axorcielebs aRweriT dakvirvebas (descriptive observation) kvlevis sawyis etapze, rodesac mas jer ara aqvs gadawyvetili, socialuri realobis konkretulad romel aspeqtebze gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas. amitom am etapze is yvelafers akvirdeba, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvelafris dakvirveba sinamdvileSi SeuZlebelia. aRweriTi dakvirveba dakvirvebis pirveli, sacdeli etapia, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari cdilobs, gaerkves arsebul socialur situaciaSi da Seiqmnas saerTo warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba aq. aRweriTi dakvirvebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia pasuxi gavceT mkvlevaris winaSe mdgar aRweriT kiTxvebze57, romlebic saerTo xasiaTis informaciis miRebas isaxavs miznad. warmovidginoT, rom es esaa daviwyeT dakvirvebis Catareba sasamarTloSi da gvsurs SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba garkveuli tipis saqmeebis warmoeba. dakvirvebis aRweriT etapze Cven SevZlebT mxolod Zalian saerTo doneze aRvweroT, Tu rogor iqceva sasamrTlo darbazSi xalxi; ra Temebs exeboda Cvens mier mosmenili saubrebi, ra tipis saqmeebis ganxilva mimdinareobs, romeli saqmeebi iwvevs yvelaze did interess da a.S. aRweriT dakvirvebas ar SeuZlia met-naklebad mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mogvces misi erTaderTi mizania, dagvexmaros dakvirvebis fokusis dadgenaSi xSirad es xdeba eqspertebTan da/an Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan konsultaciebis meSveobiT, romlebic eyrdnoba aRweriTi dakvirvebis dros Segrovil masalas. dakvirvebis fokusis SerCeva da misi Semdgomi dazusteba, anu saboloo jamSi im situaciis SerCeva, romelic Cveni Seswavlis fokusSi moeqceva, yovelTvis konkretuli gamokvlevis miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinareobs. fokusis SerCevaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos socialuri situaciis monawileebTan gasaubrebis Sedegad miRebulma informaciam, maTma komentarebma. fokusirebuli dakvirveba (focused observation) dakvirvebis meore etapia, rodesac mkvlevars ukve gamokveTili aqvs Seswavlis konkretuli erTeulebi. dakvirvebis fokusireba Zalauneburad iwvevs socialuri situaciis im elementebis ignorirebas, romlebic ar warmoadgens Seswavlis uSualo interess.
56
57

James P. Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 33-34. jeims spradlis mohyavs aRweriTi kiTxvebis yvela SesaZlo tipis cxrili (ix. James Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 82-83). 51

warmatebuli fokusirebuli dakvirveba moiTxovs gasaubrebas Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan, raTa SevZloT ama Tu im movlenebis axsna TviT am kulturis warmomadgenelTa TvaliT. aseTi interviuebis Sedegad miRebuli komentarebis gareSe zogi moqmedeba SeiZleba Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCes, an uazro da SemTxveviTi gveCvenos, maSin rodesac am kulturis wamomadgenlebis TvalSi mas garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Tumca damkvirvebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom adamianebi racionalurad moqmedeben, es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. SerCeviTi dakvirveba (selective observation) dakvirvebis bolo etapia da moiTxovs damkvirveblis yuradRebis sferos kidev ufro dazustebas da SezRudvas, fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze gamoyofili Seswavlis erTeulebis ama Tu im damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Seswavlas. magaliTad, Tu restoranSi oficiantebis saqcielis Seswavla aRweriTi dakvirvebis sagania, maT mier klientebisagan damatebiTi gasamrjelos miRebis xerxebi (magidis SerCeva klientisaTvis; daxmareba menius SerCevaSi, da sxv.) SeiZleba gaxdes fokusirebuli dakvirvebis sagani, xolo am xerxebis SedarebiTi efeqturobis dadgena SerCveviTi dakvirvebis sagani. anu mklevaris interesi garkveulwilad viwrovdeba, sanam is aRweriTi dakvirvebidan SerCeviTamde miva. SerCeviTi dakvirveba aucileblad moiTxovs interviuebis Catarebas Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan maTi Sexedulebebis da komentarebis miRebis mizniT, raTa daskvnebis gamotanisas ar iqnes ugulebelyofili mniSvnelovani niuansebi, romlebis gagebac mxolod am xerxiTaa SesaZlebeli. dakvirvebis samive etapi, rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli Tanamimdevruli etapebia, Tumca SesaZloa, rom kvleva mxolod aRweriTi dakvirvebiT Semoifarglos. yvelaze xSirad es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu sakiTxis sawyis SeswavlasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac mkvlevari jer ar aris darwmunebuli, Tu ra iqneba misi kvlevis sagani da problema, an Tu dakvirveba gamoiyeneba rogorc damxmare meTodi kompleqsuri kvlevis farglebSi. Tu aRweriTi dakvirvebis etapze mkvlevari SeiZleba sakuTari miznebis gamJRavnebis gareSe muSaobdes, fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze is Zalauneburad amJRavnebs Tavs rogorc mkvlevari; xolo SerCeviTi dakvirvebis etapze is ukve am situaciis monawile xdeba. dakvirvebis SerCeviTi etapis yvelaze mniSvnelovan damaxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba mkvlevris mier kontrastruli Sedarebebis da kontrastuli SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan am etapze misi mizania kulturul situaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamomJRavneba. nebismieri Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebisas, gansakuTrebiT ki dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu muSaobis procesSi gamoCndeba axali Temebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyos Cveni gamokvlevisTvis, da mzad unda viyoT, CavrToT es Temebi Cveni muSaobis procesSi, zog SemTxvevaSi SevcvaloT kvlevis fokusi. CarTuli dakvirveba warmoudgenelia mkvlevaris mier damatebiTi kvleviTi teqnikebis, kerZod, intervius sxvadasxva saxeobis gamoynebis gareSe. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi SeiZleba gamovyoT intervius ori ZiriTadi saxeoba: formalizebuli da araformalizebuli. araformalizebulia yvela is interviu, romelic tardeba moumzadeblad, CarTuli dakvirvebis dros aqtorebTan urTierTobis damyarebis an ganmtkicebis procesSi, an aqtorebisagan damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis mizniT, rodesac damkvirvebeli grZnobs, rom misTvis araa srulad gasagebi im movlenebis mniSvneloba, romlebsac is akvirdeba. aseTi interviuebi araa struqturirebuli da, rogorc wesi, araa winaswar SeTanxmebuli da dagegmili isini Cveulebriv gasaubrebas ufro hgavs da maTi Cawera diqtofonze yovelTvis ar xdeba, Tumca mis msvlelobaSi damkvirvebelma SesaZloa (da sasurvelicaa) gaakeTos Canawerebi. magram, miuxedavad maTi moumzadeblobisa, araformalizebuli interviuebi informaciis Zalze mniSvnelovani wyaroa. formalizebuli interviu mkvlevarsa da aqtors Soris winaswari molaparakebis da SeTanxmebis Sedegia; aseTi interviuebi tardeba winaswar daTqmul drosa da adgilas da xdeba maTi Cawera audiokasetaze. es interviu Zalze waagavs siRrmiseul intervius da tardeba winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis (sadiskusio
52

gegmis) mixedviT. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi saWiroa erTi Temisadmi miZRvnili mTeli rigi formaluri interviuebis Catareba. interviuebis gamoyenebasTan erTad, CarTuli dakvirvebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli niSania mkvlevrebis mWidro TanamSromloba informantebTan. informanti, anu Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, exmareba mkvlevars ama Tu im jgufis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis SeswavlaSi da jgufSi arsebuli wesebisa da normebis gagebaSi; swored is uadvilebs mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevas, acnobs xalxs. informantebis gareSe Cven gagviWirdeba SeviswavloT movlenebi, romelTa mowmeebic vxdebiT. informantis roli gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobs, romlis warmomadgenelTa enac man ar icis. am SemTxvevaSi informanti, rogorc wesi, Tarjimnis funqciebsac kisrulobs xolme, da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze erTiorad izrdeba. informantebis SerCeva ioli ar aris, vinaidan kargi informanti mTel rig moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas. sasurvelia, es iyos komunikabeluri pirovneba, vinc dainteresdeba gamokvleviT da mTeli gulisyuriT CaerTveba masSi; rac mTavaria, mas unda hqondes survili, rom daexmaros mkvlevars. garda amisa, mas dadebiTad unda uyurebdnen Sesaswavl jgufSi, ukeTesia, Tu is garkveuli avtoritetiTac sargeblobs. bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom karg informants Seswevs Zala, Cveni maswavlebeli gaxdes CvenTvis ucxo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, informanti ar unda gaxdes erTaderTi pirovneba, vis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda mivaniWoT Tu es moxdeba, maSin kvlevas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informanti Tarjimnis rolsac TamaSobs, ufro izrdeba imis saSiSroeba, rom is gafiltravs aqtorebis naTqvams da mxolod im informacias gadaTargmnis, romelic mas miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, amitom, sasurvelia, rom mkvlevarma rac SeiZleba male moaxerxos im enis Seswavla, romelzec mas uwevs kvlevis Catareba. magram informanti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos socialur mecnierebaTa specialisti, adamiani, vinc Seecdeba mecnieruli terminebiT agvixsnas mimdinare movlenebi Cven gvWirdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani, Sesaswavli jgufis rigiTi wevri, SesaZloa, sxvebze ufro xalisiani da gonebagaxsnili, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mecnieri; Cven gvesaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man Tavisive eniT unda agvixsnas yvelaferi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eniT, da ara samecniero kategoriebis gamoyenebiT. rac unda kargi iyos informanti, misi brmad ndoba ar SeiZleba rogorc am kulturis warmomadgenels, mas SeiZleba gauCndes survili, met-naklebed Sealamazos faqtebi, an ar gamoitanos saaSkaraoze cxovrebis is elementebi, romlebic miaCnia samarcxvinod, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi arasatrabaxod. rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis mkvlevars ramdenime informanti sWirdeba xolme, romelTa Sorisac arian ZiriTadi, mTavari (key informant) da damatebiTi informantebi. informantebis SerCeva, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba da arc unda iyos reprezentatuli. Tumca garegnulad mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs, xSirad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aqtorebisgan, sinamdvileSi mas sruliad gansxvavebeli roli aqvs da, garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs erTi mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magram amave dros is regularulad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa Seiswavlos misi wesebi; is cxovrobs, raTa Seiswavlos. amitom mniSvnelovania ganvasxvavoT ama Tu im socialuri situaciis Cveulebrivi monawilis da CarTuli damkvirveblis rolebi. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT 6 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba58: 1. damkvirvebels ormagi mizani aqvs: Cveulebrivi monawilisagan gansxvavebiT, is ara marto monawileobs socialur situaciaSi, aramed Segnebulad da
58

es klasifikacia moyvanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: James P. Spradley. 1980. Op. cit. Pp. 53-58. 53

mizanmimarTulad akvirdeba movlenaTa ganviTarebas, xalxs, maT saqmianobas. amasTan, mas akisria garkveuli movaleobebi: daakvirdes, Tu rogor viTardeba movlenebi, CainiSnos da/an daixsomos yvelaferi, rac xdeba, raTa SemdgomSi Tavis CanawerebSi aRweros movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi. 2. Cveulebrivi adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, damkvirvebelma gaaskecebuli yuradReba unda gamoiCinos mis garSemo mimdinare movlenebisadmi, raTa SeniSnos da daixsomos iseTi detalebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv pirobebSi yuradRebas ar vaqcevT. es garkveul momzadebas moiTxovs. CarTuli dakvirvebisas Cveni mizani unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad araferi dagvrCes yuradRebis gareSe (ra Tqma unda, yvelafris SeniSvna SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mizani unda iyos, maqsimalurad gavzardoT dakvirvebuli elementebis raodenoba). 3. cxovrebaSi yvelas gviwevs garkveuli dakvirvebebis Catareba; aseTi cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebisagan gansxvavebiT, CarTuli damkvirveblis mizani unda iyos, movlenaTa rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri moaqcios Tavisi dakvirvebis sferoSi; es miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania, Seiswavlos socialuri jgufis kulturuli normebi, romlebic araa gamotanili saaSkaraoze. 4. kidev erTi, SesaZloa, umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba movlenebis rigiT monawilesa da damkvirvebels Soris isaa, rom damkvirvebeli, imasTan erTad, rom aris movlenebis monawile, uyurebs am movlenebs gareSe mowmis ucxos TvaliT, anu erTsa da imave dros is aris am socialuri situaciis monawilec da Semswavlelic, romelic ganixilavs situacias, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts. ese igi, erTsa da imave dros profesiuli damkvirveblebi arian situaciis monawileebic da gareSe pirebic, romlebic am situacias akvirdebian. mkvlevari aTviTcnobierebs, rom is ormag rols TamaSobs, da mkafiod ganasxvavebs Tavisi moqmedebebis monawileobiT da SemecnebiT mxareebs. 5. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mkvlevari Tavad aris Tavisi kvlevis instrumenti mas ar exmareba arc kiTxvari, arc sadiskusio gegma an raime sxva instrumenti. yovel saRamos, savele muSaobis Semdeg, iwyeba kvlevis meore, ara nakleb mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac man unda gaaanalizos mis mier Segrovebuli informacia, nanaxi da gagonili, maT Soris Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebebi, grZnobebi, reaqciebi, da azrebi. aseT introspeqcias yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs da is didad amdidrebs CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mopovebul faqtologiur masalas. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi adamiani ar eweva Tavisi moqmedebebis da grZnobebis aseT sistematur da Rrma analizs. 6. da bolos, damkvirvebeli awarmoebs Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegebis dawvrilebiT Caweras esaa iseTi ram, rasac socialuri situaciis nebismieri sxva, rigiTi monawile arasdros ar akeTebs Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebs, vinc regularulad awarmoebs pirad dRiurs. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, aseTi dRiurebi mimarTulia individis piradi grZnobebis da gamocdilebebis aRsawerad da amiT gansxvavdeba savele Canawerebisgan. dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerasac saTanado codna da gamocdileba sWirdeba, da Cven ganvixilavT moTxovnebs maTi warmarTvisadmi. CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba ubralo dakvirvebasTan SedarebiT isaa, rom aqtorebTan xangrZlivi da mWirdo urTierTobis Sedegad mkvlevari Zalze mdidar informacias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb; metic, is Tavad iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dakvirvebis meTodiT Catarebuli gamokvleva, rogorc wesi, didxans grZeldeba, da am drois manZilze mkvlevari da aqtorebi Zalauneburad sakmaod axlos icnoben erTmaneTs. warmatebuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, Tu mkvlevarma ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, ndobis mopoveba ki garkveuli pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. rigiT interviuers, romelic maTTvis sruliad ucxo adamiania, respondentebi gacilebiT naklebi gulaxdilobiT esaubrebian, vidre damkvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, ar ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess; es exeba ara marto saerTo informacias, aramed, agreTve informacias aqtorebisTvis mgZnobiare Temebze.
54

ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, rom gamokvlevis manZilze aqtorebi eCvevian maT gverdiT damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi qcevis da maTi saubrebis reaqtiuloba, Sesabamisad, CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli informacia ufro sando xdeba. CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis moqmedebs mkvlevaris emociur mdgomareobaze. rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, obieqturi iyos Tavisi informatebis mimarT, amis srulad miRweva SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, eTnografiuli kvlevis Sedegad mkvlevrebi xSirad resocializaciis process gadian, anu eCvevian aqtorebis TvaliT uyuron movlenebs. xSirad mkvlevari rTuli eTikuri dilemis winaSe dgeba aRweros Tu ara moqmedeba, romelic mis informantebs cudad daaxasiaTebs? miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari mainc ucxod rCeba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs, Tundac imis gamo, rom is yovelTvis, nebismieri movlenis dros imaze fiqrobs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is misi kvlevisTvis, Rirs Tu ara masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da CaniSvna, da a.S. xSir SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba imitom miiRos monawileoba ama Tu im RonisZiebaSi, rom mas gadwyvetili aqvs mis Sesaxeb daweros, mniSnvelovnad miaCnia Tavisi kvlevisTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, srulad Seerwyas Sesaswavls jgufs, misTvis es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is xels aiRebs Tavis kvlevaze. bernardi gamoyofs CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcilebis procesSi mkvlevaris mier gancdili fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebis Tanamimdevrobas: pirveli kontaqti; kulturuli Soki; aRmoCena imisa, rac aSkaraa; Sesveneba; fokusireba; daqancva, meore Sesveneba da gaSmagebuli saqmianoba; da muSaobis dasruleba da saitis datoveba.59

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevars eufleba Soki, garkveul etapze is gadaiRleba, gauCndeba Sesvenebis aucilebloba. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad CarTuli dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan srul CarTvas moiTxovs. bolos, arc iseTi etapis gamoyofaa SemTxveviTi, rogoricaa saitis datoveba CarTuli dakvirvebis damTavreba da saitidan wasvla cxovrebis mniSvnelovani periodis damTavrebas niSnavs, da is xSirad mtkivneulia rogorc mkvlevrisTvis,iseve im aqtorebisaTvis, visTanac man yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi daamyara; mkvlevarsa da aqtorebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi, gamokvlevis damTavrebis Semdegac grZeldeba; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac damkvirvebeli daumegobrda aqtorebs, monaTla maTi Svilebi, da sxv. CarTuli dakvirveba saboloo jamSi Zalze piradi xasiaTis ganumeorebeli gamocdilebaa; es ar aris romelime rigiTi meTodi, romelic SeiZleba vcadoT, rogor gamogviva es aris saqme, romelsac mkvlevari uZRvnis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan periods. amitomaa, rom bernardi Tvlis, rom garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, mkvlevari arasodes tovebs saits sulierad is iq rCeba. rac ar unda ecados is, SeuZlebelia informatebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis SenarCuneba da bevri informanti saboloo jamSi mkvlevris namdvili megobari xdeba.

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H. Russell Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third Edition. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp. 356-362. 55

savele Canawerebi rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis da socialuri jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa yofasac Cven SeviswavliT. CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs daxvewas moiTxovs is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli, kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalizebuli interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis unari dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT, romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze. mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is socialuri realoba, romelsac mkvlevari Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da socialuri organizaciis formebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze. savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi saboloo jamSi, savele Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri informaciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes. CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos. savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi, Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba maTi ukeT warmoebis unari. dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli socialuri situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi. devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi eTnografiuli struqturis aguri da cementia60. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar
60

David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107. 56

aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis Canawerebs unda ewodos savele Canawerebi, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan dRiurebi an Junalebi, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa61. robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvirvebis Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi, problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis obieqturobis miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis subieqturi STabeWdilebebis asaxva. savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba. savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania Tavad mkvlevari. magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad, savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili. savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas. rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs? pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda, upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki, rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba: yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena; mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, socialuri mecnierebis ena); Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.).

mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros, SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva. rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad
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Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x. 57

irRveva, vinaidan damkvirvebelisTvis ufro advilia, mokled da Taviseburad gaukeTos Tqmuls perefrazireba. SemdgomSi es mravali Secdomis mizezi xdeba, rameTu aqtorebis mier gamoynebuli ena maTi kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa, da Tu is ar SevinarCuneT, maSin garkveul kulturul elementebsac davkargavT. spradlis mesame rCeva aseTia: dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerisas, iyaviT rac SeiZleba zusti da konkretuli, movlenebi dawvrilebiT aRwereT, maSinac ki, rodesac Tqveni STabeWdilebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb laparakobT. es rTulia, da gacilebiT met dros moiTxovs, vidre mokle Sejamebebi, magram saboloo jamSi swored detalebia, rac yvelaze metad dagvexmareba monacemebis analizis dros. CanawerebSi araa mizanSewonili, vixmaroT iseTi mecnieruli terminebi, rogorebicaa roli, socialuri situacia, interaqcia, kulturuli strategia, socializacia da sxv. detaluri da konkretuli aRwera imisa, risi mowmeebic Cven gavxdiT dakvirvebis dros, dagvexmareba davicvaT Tavi winaswari (da xSirad mcdari) Sejamebebisa da Sefasebebisagan; ra Tqma unda, ganzogadoebebi saWiro iqneba Cveni Semdgomi muSaobisas, magram es unda moxdes mas Semdeg, rac ukve SevagrovebT faqtebs. mklvevari unda ecados, rom gadmogvces ama Tu im movlenis informantiseuli axsna-ganmartebebi, maT Tavs gadamxdari ambebi, sxvadasxva istoriebi savele etapis Catarebis procesSi aqtorebis yuradrebiT mosmenis unari erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania. ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis aRwera savele CanawerebSi yoveldRiurad unda xdebodes uSualod dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba dagvaviwydes detalebi da davkargoT bevri faseuli informacia. dakvirvebis angariSis dawera SeiZleba or etapad moxdes: uSualod dakvirvebis damTavrebisas iwereba mokle angariSi, Semdeg ki vrceli. vrceli angariSis dawerac ar unda gadavdoT Soreuli momavlisaTvis, magram vinaidan aseTi angariSebis Caweris dasrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro, sanam maT SevudgebodeT, mizanSewonilia mokle angariSis dawera uSualod dakvirvebis damTavrebis Semdeg. vrcel angariSSi damkvirvebels ar unda eSinodes xSiri ganmeorebebis piriqiT, Tu movlenebi xSirad meordeba, isini isev da isev unda iqnes aRwerili; SemdgomSi es mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba ucxo kulturis SecnobaSi. amasTan, spradli darwmunebulia, rom swored mravalgzis ganmeorebuli dakvirvebebis aRweris Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari Cawvdes socialuri situaciis mTel sirTules, romelic pirveli SexedviT mas, SesaZloa, iolic ki eCvena. detaluri savele Canawerebis regularuli gakeTeba zog SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia, amitom eTnografisTvis aucilebelia kargi mexsierebis qona. mas unda SeeZlos daimaxsovros adamianebis garegnoba, sakvanZo frazebi, garemo, Jestebi da sxva. magram mexsierebis srulad ndoba ar SeiZleba. imisaTvis, rom mkvlevars ar daaviwydes mniSvnelovani movlenebi, man aucileblad unda ramenairad CainiSnos isini; es SeiZleba ar iyos gamarTuli da Camoyalibebuli winadadebebi sakmarisia sakvanZo fraza, an raime sakvanZo detalis mokled CaniSvna, rom maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkvlevarma SeZlos ama Tu im movlenis mexsierebaSi aRdgena da detalurad aRwera. arsebobs aseTi termini jottings, an jotting notes, rac mokle Canaweris gakTebas niSavs. es termini Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari iyenebs mxolod misTvis gasageb Semoklebebs, SeiZleba, figurebs an sqemebs imisaTvis, rom CainiSnos raime detali Tu movlena. aseTi Canawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxo pirebs SesaZloa sityvebis uazro nakrebi eCvenos. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi Canwerebis magaliTi: jorji=magidasTan aravin ar gamacno exla marto espanurad saubrobs saerTo saubari vin ukravs isini ar arian Zalian magrebi bodiSi62
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Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 30. 58

es Canaweri gakeTda espaurenovani rok-musikis erT-erT klubSi. Cven vigebT, rom jorji magidasTan zis, rom Tavidan is inglisurad saubrobda da raRac momentSi gadavida espanurze. jorjma ar gaacno mkvlevari aravis, vinc magidasTan ijda. magidasTan saerTo saubari mimdinareobs, romlis drosac viRacam ikiTxa, romeli jgufi ukravs am dros scenaze; erT-erTi damswreTagani ara mkvlevari akeTebs komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ukravs es jgufi isini ar arian Zalian magrebi, da mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom es SeniSvna garkveulwilad bodiSis moxdas niSnavs, imis gamo, rom is iseT klubSi moiyvanes, sadac jgufi ver ukravs saTanado doneze. mkvlevari unda ecados, rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT gadmosces Tavis CanawerebSi is garemo da dialogebi, romelTa momswrec xdeba. es SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri naTqvami, perefrazireba an iribi naTqvami. savele CanawerebSi informantis zusti naTqvami brWyalebSi unda movaTavsoT, perefrazirebuli sityvebi ki brWyalebis gareSe davweroT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi: 2004 wlis ... ivnisi. niu-iorki. Sexvedraze metros gaCereba braiton biCi, me-10 aRmosavleTis quCa Tamazi zustad wuTi-wuTze movida (saRamos 5 saaTze). Tamazi maRali, daaxlovebiT 1.80 sm. da 32-34 wlisaa. ecva TeTri perangi da lurji jinsebi, tyavis fexsacmeli. perangis jibeSi uCanda Camel-is kolofi da sanTebela. im drois manZilze, rac saxlamde mivdiodiT, Cven mivesalmeT da movikiTxeT erTmaneTi da is gamiZRva Tavisi sacxovrebeli binisken, ufro swored ki im binisken, sadac is sawoladgils qiraobda. gzad SevekiTxe, ramdeni welia, rac niu-iorkSi cxovrobda da aRmoCnda, rom ukve meeqvse weli iyo. sul aq cxovrobdiT Tu sxva binac gqondaT naqiravebi? sul aq, rac Camovedi, pirveli dRidan, aqa var. rogorc aRmoCnda, masTan erT oTaxSi kidev 3 adamiani cxovrobs, zogi dRisiT muSaobs da zogi RamiT. iseTi daRlili movdivar xandaxan samsaxuridan rom Zilis garda arafris Tavi ara maqvs xolme. ai, movediT kidec. Cven gaviareT 3 kvartali aRmosaleTiT da aRmovCndiT TeTrad SeRebili orsarTuliani binis win, romelsac ori Sesasvleli qonda, win patara kibeebiT. Cven marcxena SesasvlelSi SevediT ar SegeSindeT, cota dasalagebelia aqauroba, mainc, kacebi vcxovrobT yvelani, gamotyda Tamazi da kari SeaRo.63 am magaliTSi gamoyenebulia rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi naTqvami, perefrazi, mocemulia garemos da Tavad informantis aRwera. mniSvnelovania, rom savele CanawerebSi daTariRebuli iyos yoveli Canaweri. sasurvelia aseve, miTiTebuli iyos zusti saaTi, rodesac esa Tu is dakvirveba ganxorcielda, adgili, monawileTa raodenoba, maTi daxasiaTeba rogorc eTnografebi amboben, rac meti detalia, miT ukeTesi. aseTi Canawerebi informaciis mdidari wyaroa, kvlevis savele etapis damTavrebis Semdeg is exmareba mkvlevars aRadginos grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa, gavlena iqonies miRebul Sedegebze. savele Canawerebi sakmaod fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs, radgan isini calkeuli dakvirvebebis aRweras warmoadgens. magram maTi analizisa da gadamuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba saboloo naSromi, romelic gamarTulia rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, aseve stilisturad. ramdenadac savele Canawerebi mxolod mkvlevrisTvisaa gankuTvnili, maTSi SeiZleba aqtorebis da informantebis namdvili saxelebis xmareba, magram rodesac kvlevis angariSs vamzadebT, yvela saxeli unda Seicvalos ise, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdes aqtoris identifikacia. zog SemTxvevaSi, aqtorebis konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT, aucilebelia, agreTve SevcvaloT an saerTod ar davasaxeloT dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac kvleva Catarda, an organizacia, sadac vawarmoebdiT dakvirvebas.

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Tamar zurabiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvlevis savele Canawerebidan. 59

monacemTa analizi CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis damuSaveba eyrdnoba savele Canawerebs da kvlevis procesSi Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebul informacias. vinaidan CarTuli dakvirvebis manZilze Catarebuli yvela intervius audioCawera ar xerxdeba, zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari eydnoba intervius Sedegad xeliT gakeTebul Canawerebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki transkriptebs. analizis procesSi mkvlevarma Zalian vrceli masala unda Seiswavlos am masalis umravlesoba mis mieraa Segrovebuli xangrZlivi savele muSaobis procesSi; sakuTari savele Canawerebis Seswavlis dros mkvlevari gamoyofs im detalebs, SemTxvevebs, faqtebs da citatebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs, gaakeTos daskvnebi Seswavlili socialuri urTierTobebis specifikisa da aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis Sesaxeb. monacemTa analizis saboloo mizani unda iyos kvleviT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, magram ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi kiTxvebis saboloo dazusteba savele muSaobis Catarebis procesSi xdeba, bunebrivia, rom adreuli Canawerebi am miznisTvis SedarebiT naklebad gamosadegi iqneba. magram es Canawerebi SeiZleba gamodges imis asaRwerad, Tu rogor moxda kvlevis fokusis gamoyofa, Tu isini Seicaven informacias im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelmac ubiZga mkvlevars, garkveuli mimarTulebiT waremarTa kvleva. rogorc analitikuri strategiis magaliTi, sainteresoa uiliam f. uaiTis mier gakeTebuli analizi imisa, Tu rogoria erT-erTi amerikuli qalaqis italiur ubanSi arsebuli dajgufebis Sida struqtura, ra aris am jgufis lideris avtoritetis safuZvels.64 CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis Sejameba, maTi analizis saboloo Sedegi, rogorc wesi, aris monografia, sadac ganxilulia kvlevis savele etapi da moyvanilia miRebuli daskvnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarTulad weris unari saWiro da aucilebelia ara mxolod savele muSaobis yvela etapze, aramed, agreTve miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros, Sualeduri Tu daskvniTi angariSis/monografiis daweris mizniT. davaleba: wadiT sajaro biblioTekaSi, SeukveTeT wignebi da daakvirdiT iq myof/misul adamianebs da situaciebs 3 saaTis manZilze. dakvirvebis dasrulebisTanave gaakeTeT detaluri Canawerebi. rekomendebuli literatura: o o o o o o o H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (Participant Observation). Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. Roger Sanjek, ed. 1990. Fieldnotes. The Making of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. John Van Maanen. 1988. Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 60

64

Tema 5.

monografiuli gamokvleva
iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis umaravlesoba, monografiuli gamokvlevac Tavdapirvelad antropologebis mier iqna SemuSavebuli da maTi gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad damkvidrda socialur mecnierebebSi. erTerTi pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac es meTodi gamoiyena, iyo cnobili britaneli antropologi bronoslav malinovski (1884-1942 ww.). Tumca, garkveulwilad SeiZleba monografiul gamokvlevad miviCnioT agreTve 1890-iani wlebis bolos londonSi Carlz butis mier Catarebuli siRaribis cnobili gamokvleva, romelic erT-erT pirvel socialur gamokvlevad iTvleba msoflioSi da ara aqvs kavSiri antropologiasTan. monografiuli gamokvleva sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo frangul mecnierebaSic, sadac is klod levi-strosis da frederik le pleis saxels ukavSirdeba. miiCnevda ra, rom sazogadoebis Seswavlis mizniT saWiroa misi sakvanZo elementis SerCeva, sadac yvelaze aSkarad gamoikveTeba am sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, le pleim sazogadoebebis Seswavla muSaTa ojaxebis Seswavlis meSveobiT gadawyvita. le pleis da mis mimdevarTa naSromebSi yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneboda informaciis Segrovebis iseTi meTodebi, rogorebicaa dakvirveba, interviu da samTavrobo organoebis mier Segrovebul monacemTa Seswavla. monografiuli gamokvlevis ganviTarebaSi didi roli iTamaSes Cikagos sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebma. sociologiaSi swored maT daamkvidres mkvlevris xangrZlivi droiT dasaxlebis tradicia aqtorebis gverdiT, da maTTvis saintereso fenomenis mravalmxrivi siRrmiseuli Seswavla. meTodis aRwera monografiuli gamokvleva65 calkeuli SemTxevis, Temis an socialuri jgufis siRrmiseuli da yovelmxrivi Seswavlaa mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebis meSveobiT, romelTa Soris umniSnvelovanesia CarTuli dakvirveba. saerTod, CarTul dakvirvebasa da monografiul gamokvlevas Soris imdeni saerTo elementia, rom zogjer isini gaigivebulicaa erTmaneTTan; miuxedavad amisa, monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi mkvlevaris xelT kvlevis Catarebis ufro mdidari da mravalferovani saSualebebia, vidre CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebis dros, Tumca es ukanasknelic kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi elementia. monografiuli gamokvlevis mTavar upiratesobad iTvleba mis mier problemis siRrmisulad da mravalmxriv Seswavlis unari. am meTods, iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv meTodebs, safuZvlad udevs maqs veberis saxelTan dakavSirebuli interpretaciuli sociologiis principebi, romelic miznad isaxavs socialuri agentebis moqmedebaTa sazrisSi Cawvdomas. monografiuli gamokvlevis Sesaxeb tradiciuli warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mkvlevari Seiswavlis ama Tu im socialur erTobas masSi CaZirvis meSveobiT. am CaZirvis Sedegad mkvlevari ukeT ecnoba Sesaswavli jgufis cxovrebas, iziarebs misi wevrebis yofas da saSualeba eZleva, maTi TvaliT Sexedos samyaros. mkvlevris muSaoba iwyeba misi saitSi CasvliT da pirveli kontaqtebis damyarebiT Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan. aseT gamokvlevebSi, ra Tqma unda, Zalian mniSvnelovania CarTuli dakvirvebis roli; muSaobis warmateba didad aris damokidebuli kargi informantebis povnaze. savele muSaobis dros aucilebeli moTxovnaa, mkvlevari imyofebodes saitze sakmoad xangrZlivi drois manZilze, respondentebTan erTad icxovros da gaiziaros maTi yofis yvela elementi. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ara marto uSualo urTierToba daamyaros aqtorebTan da ufro Rrmad Seiswavlos maTi cxovreba, aramed, agreTve moipovos maTi ndoba.
65

qarTul enaze jer ar aris damkvidrebuli inglisuri case-study-s Sesabamisi termini. mis qarTul Sesatyvisad Cven vxmarobT termins monografiuli gamokvleva, Tumca misi zusti Targmani SemTxvevis Seswavla iqneba. 61

xangrZlivi savele muSaoba Sedgeba, erTi mxriv, pirveli SexedviT Cveulebrivi yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan, romelsac mkvlevari aqtorebTan erTad iziarebs, eswreba maT Sexverdebs, muSaobs maT gverdiT, saubrobs maTTan, isvenebs maTTan erTad da a.S., xolo meore mxriv yoveldRiuri angariSebis Sedgenisgan, sadac rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli yovelive is, rasac mkvlevari akvirdeboda da rac man Seityo dRis manZilze. yovelive es Zalian mkacr TviTdisciplinas, sakuTari Tavis moqmedebebis kontrols da drois optimalurad ganawilebis unars moiTxvos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mkvlevari marto muSaobs. monografiuli gamokvleva SeiZleba Caataros rogorc erTma mkvlevarma, aseve mkvlevarTa jgufma. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa gamokvlevis Zalian maRal doneze organizeba, raTa kvleviTi jgufis wevrebi marTlac erTsa da imave sakiTxze muSaobdnen, da miRebuli iqnes Sedegebi, romelTa Sedarebac SemdgomSi SesaZlebeli iqneba. Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevebi individualur kvleviT proeqtebs warmoadgenda, da dRemde SeimCneva tendencia, es kvleviTi midgoma erTi mkvlevris mier iqnes gamoyenebuli. monografiuli gamokvlevis Catarebis procesSi mkvlevari arasodes yabuldeba informaciis Segrovebis mxolod erT meTods, aramed ramdenime urTierTSemavsebel meTodikas gamoiyenebs, romlebic Sesaswavli problemis gansxvavebul mxareebs gamoavlenen. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, dakvirveba da sxvadasxva saxis interviu, dokumentebis analizi, fokus-jgufi; es SeiZleba iyos, agreTve saarqivo sabuTebis Seswavla, piradi werilebi da/an dRiurebi, aseve fotosuraTebi da sxv. sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs gamokvlevis Sedegebis sandoobis gazrdas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania Tvisebrivi meTodebiT Catarebuli yvela gamokvlevisaTvis. arcTu iSviaTad, Sesaswavli Temis Sesaxeb sruli informaciis miRebis mizniT mkvlevrebi mimarTaven mosaxleobis aRweras an gamokiTxvas ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi mravalmeToduri midgoma axasiTebda jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria iahodas, pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebul gamokvlevas, romlis Temac umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.66 es gamokvleva Catarda sofelSi, romlis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegad umuSevari darCa. mkvlevarTa mizani mosaxleobaze umuSevrobis gavlenis Seswavla iyo, rac maT iseTi gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT ganaxorcieles, rogorebicaa raodenobrivi monacemebis Segroveba da situaciaSi CarTva. am gamokvlevis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli angariSis dasawyisSive mkvlevrebs moyavT Tavisi infomaciis wyaroebis sruli sia:
saojaxo dosie: marientalSi mcxovrebi 478-ve ojaxis yvela wevris Sesaxeb Segrovebuli iqna detaluri da vrceli informacia: maTi piradi monacemebi, umuSevrobis Semweobis saxeoba, da sxva. dosie Seicavda agreTve srul informacias sacxovrebeli pirobebis, ojaxuri cxovrebis, ojaxSi Sromis ganawilebis Sesaxeb da a.S. damatebiT, yvela ojaxSi Cveni TxovniT avsebdnen saojaxo dRiurs. cxovrebis istoriebi: Cven CaviwereT 32 mamakacis da 30 qalis detaluri cxovrebis istoria. am istoriebis mniSvneloba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isini adamianis mTel cxovrebas asaxaven. rodesac am adamianebma umuSevrobis Sesaxeb daiwyes laparaki, maTi Txroba ukve mimdinareobda. maTTvis ufro ioli iyo umuSevrobis gamocdilebis aRwera, vinaidan am droisaTvis maT ukve moyolili hqondaT Tavisi cxovrebis wina periodis Sesaxeb, romelic maTTvis Sedarebebis safuZvels warmoadgenda. Cven rom pirdapir maTi axlandeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb dagvesva kiTxvebi, Sedegad SeiZleba moridebuli siCume an arafrismTqmeli saerTo frazebi migveRo. drois grafikebi: 80 adamianma Seavso kiTxvari, romelSic aRweres, Tu rogor gaatares Tavisi cxovrebis erTi dRe. angariSebi da Civilebi: Cven SeviswavleT ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze venis noiStatis olqis samrewvelo komisiaSi wardgenili angariSebi da Civilebi (marientali am olqSi Sedis).
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Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton. 62

saskolo eseebi: skolis damwyebi da saSualo klasebis ramdenime moswavlem dawera naSromebi Semdeg Temebze: ra minda yvelaze metad, vin minda viyo da ra saCuqari minda saSobaod. eseebis konkursi, romlis gamarjvebulisTvisac dawesebuli iyo jildo: ramdenime
mozardma dawera naSromi Temaze: rogor mesaxeba Cemi momavali.

kvebis angariSebi: erTi kviris manZilze 40 ojaxi iwerda, Tu ras Wamdnen, agreTve, ra sagzals atandnen skolaSi bavSvebs Semweobis miRebis wina dRes da Semweobis miRebis Semdgom dRes. sxvadasxva saxis informacia: Cven SevagroveT informacia 80 patara bavSvis mier miRebuli saSobao saCuqrebis Sesaxeb; barebSi saubris Temebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb; im sirTuleebis Taobaze, romlebsac mSoblebi Svilebis aRzrdisas awydebian (im Canawerebis safuZvelze, romlebic eqimis sakonsultacio kabinetSi moviZieT); samedicino analizebi; maswavleblebisgan miRebuli informacia maTi moswavleebis warmatebebis Sesaxeb; saxelmwifo organoebis, qarxnis, eklesiis da sxvaTa mier warmoebuli saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis Sesaxeb; duqanSi, dalaqTan, yasabTan, fexacmlis SemkeTebelTan, mkeravTan, konditerTan daxarjuli Tanxebis Sesaxeb; agreTve, sxvadasxva politikuri klubis Tu sxva organizaciebis mier mowodebuli informacia. statistikuri monacemebi: am tipis monacemebs warmoadgenda kooperatiuli maRaziis saangariSo wignebi; sajaro biblioTekidan gatanili wignebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli Canawerebi; informacia gazeTebis gamoweris Sesaxeb; klubebis wevrebis raodenoba; arCevnebis Sedegebi; asakobrivi ganawilebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, qorwinebebis da migraciis maCveneblebi. saojaxo statistika: marientalSi Camovida savaWro palatis oficialuri warmomadgeneli specialuri mizniT: raTa Seegrovebina saojaxo statistika, magram teqnikuri sirTuleebis gamo man mxolod ramdenime ojaxis monacemebis Segroveba moaxerxa.67

garda amisa, kvlevis manZize sofelSi ganxorcielebuli iqna ramdenime socialuri progarma (e.w. tansacmlis proeqti; samedicino momsaxurebis proeqti; Wra-kervis kursebi; konsultaciebi mSoblebisaTvis da sxv.); am programebis msvlelobaSi, agreTve Segrovebuli iqna damatebiTi informacia. informaciis wyaroebis aseTi mdidari sia Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevebisTvisac STambeWdavad gamoiyureba. Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebic intensiurad iyenebdnen e.w. mravalmeTodur midgomas (multimethod approach) monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi; isini Tvlidnen, rom amis meSveobiT informaciis maqsimalurad farTo speqtris Segroveba iyo SesaZlebeli. oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi, romlebsac isini iyenebdnen, iyo: (1) Sesaswavli dasaxlebuli punqtis socialuri istoria; (2) ama Tu im maCveneblebis gavrcelebis amsaxveli grafikuli masalebi; (3) sxvadasxva kulturuli jgufis an urTierTobis modelebis aRwera, da (4) iseTi raodenobrivi monacemebis statistikuri analizi, rogorebicaa Semosavlebi da xarjebi, mosaxleobis mobiloba, miwis zoma, da sxv. Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda aseTi gamokvlevebSi piradi xasiaTis dokumentebis (werilebis, dRiurebis) gamoyeneba, iseve rogorc gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmoba respondentebis cxovrebis istoriebisadmi; rig SemTxvevebSi, gamokvlevis saboloo angariSic ise iyo moyolili, rogorc mTavar aqtorTa cxovrebis istoria68. am angariSebSic Tavis asaxvas poulobs kvlevis dros ramdenime meTodis gamoyeneba, ramdenadac aq moyvanilia rogorc dakvirvebis Sedegebi, aseve Catarebuli interviuebis fragmentebi, eqspertebis Sefasebebi, romlebic arc Tu iSviaTad ilustrirebulia rukebiT, sqemebiT an fotosuraTebiT. monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli meTodebis mravalferovneba aqtualurs xdis SekiTxvas, romelsac rigi mkvlevari svams: kerZod, ufro gamarTlebuli xom ar iqneboda, monografiul gamokvlevas ewodos
67 68

Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Op. cit. Pp. 4-5. mag.: Clifford R. Shaw. 1966. The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boys Own Story. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 63

kvleviTi midgoma (romelic meTodebis vrcel arsenals aerTianebs), da ara romelime erTi calkeuli meTodi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvas dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT. ra Tqma unda, mravali meTodis gamoyenebisas moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo gansxvavebuli, zogjer sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis miReba. Tumca, raodenobrivi mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi amas ar aRiqvamen rogorc saSiSroebas, aramed rogorc kidev erT SesaZleblobas, miRebul Sedegebs gansxvavebuli TvaliT SevxedoT, rac, saboloo jamSi, sruli da yovelmxrivi suraTis daxatvaSi unda dagvexmaros. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom monografiul gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi savsebiT ar Semoifargleboda mxolod Tvisebrivi meTodebiT piriqiT, isini xSirad mdidrdeboda statistikuri da raodenobrivi monacemebiT. Cikagos skolis erTerTi lideris, ernest berjesis TqmiT, ori midgomis Tanamoqmedeba ueWvelad yvelaze nayofieri iqneba69. rogorc am meTodis Teoretikosebi miiCneven, kvleviTi amocanebis dasaxva monografiuli gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac mkvlevarma daiwyo savele samuSaoebi, amitom TviTon gamokvleva iwyeba, rogorc wesi, gamokvlevis saerTo Temis gansazRvriT, da ara konkretuli hipoTezebis SemuSavebiT. amis Sedegad monografiuli gamokvleva gansakuTrebuli moqnilobiT gamoirCeva. Tumca, rogorc robert iini aRniSnavs, paradoqsaluria, magram rac ufro rbilia kvleviTi strategia, miT ufro rTuli gansaxorcielebelia is praqtikulad70. monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebaSi Zalian didia mkvlevris roli da Zalian bevria damokidebuli am ukanasknelis profesiulobaze. monografiuli gamokvlevis Catarebis dros mkvlevari ar aris daculi emociuri stresisagan, romelic yovelTvis Tan axlavs CarTul dakvirvebas. amitom kvlevis dawyebamde mis mier kargad unda iyos gaTviTcnobierebuli mis winaSe mdgari sirTuleebi. ZiriTadad mkvlevarzea damokidebuli, Tu rogor gansazRvravs is gamokvlvevis xangrZlivobas is SeiZleba gagrZeldes rogorc ramdenime Tve, aseve ramdenime weli. Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rodis unda damTavrdes savele samuSaoebi. metic, rogorc u.f.uaiTi aRiarebs, romelime Temis an organizaciis Seswavlas ar SeiZleba, raime logikuri dasasruli hqondes. rac ufro mets igebT, miT ukeT gesmiT, Tu ra dagrCaT kidev Sesaswavli71. iTvleba, rom monografiuli gamokvleva yvelaze efeqturia rogorc romelime socialuri problemis winaswar Seswavlis, misi pirveladi aRweris saSualeba, amitom praqtikaSi es meTodi yvelaze xSirad aRweriT fuqncias asrulebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve xedavda am meTodis rols Cikagos skolis warmomadgeneli vivien palmeri, am meTodisadmi miZRvnili pirveli saxelmZRvanelos72 avtori (es saxelmRvanelo 1928 wels gamovida). Tumca Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom am meTods savsebiT Seswevs Zala, ara marto aRweros, aramed, agreTve axsnas esa Tu is socialuri situacia; kerZod, robert iini gamoyofs monografiuli gamokvlevebis or gansxvavebul saxeobas romlebic aRweren socialur sinamdviles da romlebic xsnian mas.73 monografiuli gamokvlevis Sedegebi vrceli angariSis, xSirad ki wignis saxiT xdeba xolme cnobili, sadac avtori cdilobs, SesTavazos mkiTxvels Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebis Rirebulebebis da normebis Taviseburi inter69

citirebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Martin Bulmer. 1984. The Chicago School of Sociology. Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 162. 70 Robert K Yin. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. P. 16. 71 William F. Whyte. 1993. Street Corner Society. The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Fourth Edition. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 324-325. 72 Viven M. Palmer. 1928. Field Studies in Sociology: A Students Manual. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press. 73 Robert K. Yin. Op. cit. 64

pretacia. amitom mkvlevars naratiuli niWi unda hqondes. am mxriv sainteresoa, rom am meTodis Camoyalibebis periodSi, rodesac jer ar arsebobda Teoriuli literatura mis Sesaxeb, Cikagos universitetis studentebs urCevdnen, ekiTxaT romanebi da avtobiografiuli Txzulebebi, romlebic Tanamimdevrulad asaxaven adamianis an jgufis cxovrebas da amdenad garkveulwilad avsebdnen arsebul sicarieles. Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis yvelaze mizanSewonil saitebad iTvleboda did qalaqebs da sxva dasaxlebebs mowyvetili patara soflebi da mcire izolirebuli tomebi, vinaidan, erTi mxriv, maTi mosaxleobis kulturuli da eTnikuri erTianoba SesaZlebels xdida, aseTi dasaxlebebi ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc kulturuli erToba, xolo meore mxriv, maTi mcire zoma da mosaxleobis mcire raodenoba aseT Seswavlas SesaZlebels xdida erTi adamianis ZalebiTac ki. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi monografiuli gamokvlevis meSveobiT Seiswavlian iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxi, socialuri daxmarebis programebis efeqturoba, Tanamedrove samrewvelo organizaciebis struqtura, eTnikuri da rasobrivi problemebi da sxv. Tumca, iseve rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisSi, monografiuli gamokvlevebi SedarebiT mcire Temebis an organizaciebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos mkvlevris uSualo kontaqti Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebTan. saboloo jamSi, monografiuli gamokvlevis mizania aRweros Sesaswavli jgufis cxovreba da gaaanalizos am cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos mecnieruli daskvnebi jgufSi arsebuli ierarqiis, urTierTobaTa specifikis da a.S. Sesaxeb. SIDEWALK: monografiuli gamokvlevis erTi magaliTi Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso magaliTia mitCel dunieris wigni Sidewalk (trotuari)74. es wigni am meTodis gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSad iTvleba, romelmac ramdenime premiac ki miiRo75. garda imisa, rom es saintereso da SemecnebiTi kvlevaa, is amave dros inovaciurisaa rogorc savele samuSaoebis Catarebis, aseve Sedegebis warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT is uxvadaa ilustrirebuli fotosuraTebiT, romlebic Cikago tribiun-is fotokorespondentma ovi karterma gadauRo dunieris TxovniT aqtorebs da im garemos, sadac maT uwevdaT cxovreba da muSaoba (da, ra Tqma unda, suraTebi aqtorebis nebarTviT iqna gadaRebuli). Sesabamisad, mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva sakuTari TvaliT naxos is adamianebi, romlebic wignis mTavari gmirebi arian, dainaxos is garemo, sadac isini cxovroben da muSaoben. garda amisa, dunieris kvleva erT-erTi im kvlevaTagania, romlis procesSic ganviTarda gansakuTrebiT mWidro urTierToba da, SeiZleba iTqvas, inteleqtualuri TanamSromloba mkvlevarsa da informantebis Soris; dunierma saSualeba misca informantebs, gacnobodnen wignis xelnawers da TavianTi SeniSvnebi gamoeTqvaT. dunieris kvleva imiTac gamoirCeva, rom man gamomcemlobasTan gaaforma kontraqti, romlis mixedviTac mis informantebs wignis gayidvidan Semosuli mogebis garkveuli procenti unda mieRoT. ufro metic, dunierma miiwvia Tavisi ZiriTadi informanti, hakim hasani Tavis universitetSi da masTan erTad uZRveboda seminars bakalavrebisaTvis Savi amerikis quCis cxovreba da gonebrivi cxovreba (The Life of the Street and the Life of Mind in Black America); dunierma, agreTve SesTavaza hakim hasans, misi wignis blosityvaobis avtori yofiliyo, razec hasans uari ar uTqvams. dunieris kvleva, iseve rogorc bevri sxva monografiuli gamokvleva, sruliad SemTxveviT daiwyo. niu-iorkSi myofi dunieris yuradReba miipyro wignebis erT-erTma quCis movaWrem hakim hasanma, romlis magidazec man Tavisi wigni dainaxa.
74 75

Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. Los Angeles Time Book Prize da The C.Wright Mills Award. 65

 saidan gaqvT es wigni? vkiTxe mas, Tan gamefiqra, moparuli xom ar arismeTqi. me Cemi arxebi aqvs, mipasuxa hakimma. gainteresebT es wigni? es wigni me davwere, vupasuxe. marTla? aq axlomaxlo cxovrobT? diax, quCis kuTxeSi, merseris quCaze. xom ar momcemdiT Tqvens misamarTs da telefonis nomers, Cems rolodeqsSi rom Sevitano?76 swored hakimis am bolo frazam gamoiwvia dunieris daintereseba: quCis gamyidvlebis umravlesoba iqve quCaSi cxovrobda da is faqti, rom hakims hqonda rolodeqsi misamarTebis da telefonebis Casaweri specialuri mowyobiloba, romelsac, rogorc wesi, saqmiani adamianebi xmaroben, marTlac rom gasakviri iyo. mitCels daebada idea, dakvirveba daewyo wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebis saqmianobaze da Seeswavla, Tu ra rols TamaSoben es adamianebi romelTa didi nawilic usaxlkaroa, zogi narkomani, zogic cixidan axali gamosuli qalaqis am ubnis cxovrebaSi. mitCeli Seecada daaxloveboda da damegobreboda hasans, da es erT-erTi Tavisi yofili kurselis meSveobiT moaxerxa, romelic hasanis wignebis xSiri myidveli aRmoCnda. rogorc dunieri aRniSnavs, Tavidan hasani Zalian skeptikurad Sexvda mis ideas pirvel rigSi imitom, rom dunieris gegma iTvaliswinebda Savakniani quCis movaWreebis gverdiT muSaobas, maSin rodesac quCaSi muSaoba TavisTavad ar iyo usafrTxo saqmianoba, miT umetes ki dunierisTvis ebrauli warmoSobis TeTrkaniani profesorisTvis, romlis garegnobac da aqcentiT maSinve gamoyofda mas quCis movaWreebs Soris, romelTa umravlesobasac afroamerikeli mamakacebi Seadgendnen. miuxedavad amisa, dunieri TandaTan Caeba dakvirvebaSi, romelic saerTo jamSi TiTqmis 7 wels gagrZelda radgan is sxva qalaqSi aswavlida universitetSi, dunieri mxolod ardadegebis periodSi axerxebda dakvirvebis ganxorcielebas, ise rom, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, misi kvleva sezonur xasiaTs atarebda. dunierma hakimi 1992 wels gaicno da nel-nela dauaxlovda mas. hakimma is sxva quCis movaWreebs gaacno da dunierma daiwyo muSaoba maT damxmared is Tvals adevnebda movaWreebis magidebs, rodesac isini sxvagan midiodnen; mohqonda yava; yidulobda da yidda saqonels. 1996 wlis zafxulSi, Semdgom ki 1997 wlis zafxulSi da Semodgomaze man Jurnalebis gamyidvlad imuSava; 1998 wlis zafxulSi regularulad midioda xolme saitze dReSi ramdneime saaTiT, xolo 1999 wlis martSi, rodesac misi kvleva TiTqmis ukve dasrulebuli iyo, kidev 2 kviris manZilze imuSava sruli datvirTviT rogorc quCis movaWrem77. Tavad dakvirvebis adgili (Greenwhich Village) niu-iorkis erT-erT yvelaze Tavisufal, garkveulwilad bohemur raionad iTvleba, sadac uamravi mxatvari, mwerali, sqesobrivi umciresobebis warmoamdgeneli cxovrobs. aqvea ramdenime umaRlesi saswavlebeli niu-iorkis universiteti (NYU), New School University, ise rom am ubanSi bevri studenti da profesori cxovrobs. es xels aZlevs quCis gamyidvlebs am ubnis mosaxleoba maT Zveli wignebiT da JurnalebiT amaragebs; amasTan, gamyidvlebi Tavad eZeben gadasayrelad gamzadebul nivTebSi wignebs da Jurnalebs. Tavdapirvelad dunieri mxolod hasans da mis saqmianobas akvirdeboda; wignis pirveli variantic mxolod hasans exeboda mas hasanis magida erqva (Hassans Table; es saTauri garkveulwilad dunieris pirveli wignis saTauris Slims Table gamoZaxili iyo). dunierma es varianti hasans waakiTxa, da swored am ukanasknelma CaTvala, rom kvleva usamarTlod iyo fokusirebuli mxolod masze; man urCia duniers, Tavis kvlevaSi Jurnalebis gamyidvlebic CaerTo. kvlevis Catarebis procesSi dunieris ZiriTad iaraRs warmoadgnenda magnitofoni, romelic faqtiurad mTeli dRis manZilze CarTuli iyo. dunieri cdilobda, yvelaferi Caewera gamyidvlebis saubrebi erTmaneTs Soris, maTi
76 77

Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 21. Ibid. P. 11. 66

saubrebi myidvelebTan. amasTan, dunieri maqsimalurad cdilobda gaekeTebina im dialogebis mokle Canawerebi (jotted notes), romlebis momswrec is xdeboda. rogorc Tavad dunieri aRniSnavs, es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac erTi kulturis an rasis warmomadgneli ikvlevs sxva kulturis da rasis warmoadgenlebs. kulturis mniSvneloba garkveulwilad enaSia Caqsovili, da SeuZlebelia kulturis gageba sxva kulturis warmomadgenlis mier imis gareSe, rom yuradReba daeTmos sityvebisa da winadadebebis, maTi Tanamimdevrobis SerCevas78. amasTan, dunieri aRniSnavs, rom magnitofons SesaZloa garkveuli zegavlena moexdina informantebze rodesac ici, rom Seni saTiTao sityva fiqsirdeba, Sen Zalauneburad cdilob, akontrolo sakuTari saubari, Tavi aarido zogierT Temas da ar iyo zedmetad gulaxdili. magram, dunieris TqmiT, magnitofonma SeZlo is, rac yvelaze mTavari iyo trotuarze mimdinare cxovrebis dafiqsireba. Cawerili dialogebis Seswavlis mizniT dunierma saubris specialur analizs mimarTa (conversational analysis), raTa gamoekveTa urTierTobis garkveuli strategiebi. imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba sruli informacia Seekriba, dunierma Caatara interviuebi ZiriTad informantebTan, gaesaubra wignebisa da Jurnalebis myidvelebs, moinaxula da interviuebi Caatara niu-iorkis im organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebTan, romlebic qalaqis raionebis keTilmowyobisaTvis ibrZvian da zRudaven usaxlkaroebs (da usaxlkaro quCis movaWreebs) TaviaanTi raionebis teritoriebze; gaicno da interviu CamoarTva im adamians, vinc dawera kanoni quCaSi beWvdiTi produqciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb. dunierma aseve Caatara interviuebi axlomdebare kafeebisa da maRaziebis mepatroneebTan, raTa daedgina, Tu ra azris arian quCis movaWreebis Sesaxeb maT maxloblad momuSave adamianebi. imis saCveneblad, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos damokidebuleba quCaSi momuSave adamianebis mimarT maTi socialuri, ekonomikuri da rasobrivi maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, dunierma, agreTve Caatara Taviseburi sakontrolo dakvirveba iqve maxloblad, ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT momuSave naZvis xeebiT movaWreTa TeTrkanian ojaxze. es naZvis xeebi yovel zamTars Camoaqvs niu-iorkSi erT ojaxs vermontis Statidan; isini TeTrkanianebi arian; isini noembris bolos Camodian niu-iorkSi da Sobamde rCebian. mTeli am periodis manZilze maT manqanis misabmelSi uwevT cxovreba, sadac arc abazanaa da arc tualeti. magram maT moaxerxes daemyarebinaT imdenad kargi urTierToba ubanSi mcxovreb xalxTan, rom isini maT uflebas aZleven, maTi abazanebiT isargeblon, xolo rodesac qalaqgareT midian, binis gasaRebsac ki utoveben naZvis xeebiT movaWreebs. aseTi keTilmosurne damokidebuleba radikalurad gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisgan, rasac mosaxleoba iCens wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebis mimarT; Zalauneburad ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom xdeba ase. dunieris azriT, amas SeiZleba ramdenime axsna hqondes is, rom naZvis xeebiT movaWreebi TeTrkanianebi da saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi arian; is, rom isini bavSvebTan erTad arian Camosulebi, bavSvebi ki yovelTvis met TanagrZnobas iwveven; sxva mizezebi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes im garemoebas, rom bevri quCis movaWre an nasamarTlevia, an narkomani/yofili narkomani, rac afrTxobs mosaxleobas; yovelive amasTan erTad, zog maTgans sakmaod gamomwvevad uWiravs Tavi, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar iwvevs mosaxleobis simpaTiebs. dunieri Tvlis, rom jeims vilsonis da jorj kelingis Teoria, romelic cnobilia rogorc Camtvreuli fanjrebis Teoria, quCaSi momuSave wignebisa da Jurnalebis gamyidvlebTan dakavSirebiT ar marTldeba. es Teoria amtkicebs, rom Tu romelime ubnis binebSi Camtvreulia fanjrebi da quCebSi matulobs nagavi, mosaxleobas eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aravis ar adardebs da aravis ar ainteresebs, Tu ra xdeba am ubanSi; Sesabamisad, am ubanSi matulobs danaSauli, mosaxleoba cdilobs sxva ubnebSi gadavides sacxovreblad; saboloo jamSi es yvelaferi iwvevs kriminogenuli mdgomareobis gauaresebas da ubanSi cxovrebis donis dacemas.
78

Ibid. P. 339. 67

am Teoriis gavlenis Sedegad aSS-s policiam gaamkacra damokidebuleba naklebad seriozuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis danaSaulebebisadmi maTxovrebisadmi, mTvralebisadmi, xulignebisadmi da a.S. aseTi midgomis farglebSi policia quCis movaWreebic wesrigis damrRvevebad aRiqvams da yvelanairad cdilobs maTi saqmianobis SezRudvas. dunieri ki cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis gamyidvlebis magaliTma bevr cixidan gamosuls uCvena, rom SeiZleboda fulis patiosnad Sovna anu, quCaSi muSaoba socialuri reabilitaciis funqcias asrulebs. rogorc dunierma kvlevis Sedegad daadgina, erTi SexedviT erTmaneTis msgavs quCis gamyidvlebs Soris sakmaod mkacri ierarqia arsebobs; maT Soris ganawilebulia rolebi da funqciebi. aq arian adgilis damkaveblebi, anu adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze adre modian da ikaveben savaWro adgils, Semdeg ki yidian mas 20-50 dolarad; aq arian momtanebi adamianebi, romlebsac moaqvT Senaxuli saqoneli sawyobebidan da amisaTvis garkveul gasamrjelos iReben; magidaze Tvalis damWerebs, romlebic xSirad iqve axlos mdgomi maTxovrebi an sxva gamyidvlebi arian, Tvali uWiravT ama Tu im saqmeze wasuli gamyidvlis magidaze, raTa policiam misi konfiskacia ar moaxdinos79, da a.S. dunieri cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis movaWreebi sajaro figurebi (public character) arian, romlebic awesrigeben cxovrebas da sazogadoebrivi kontrolis funqciasac asruleben. sazogadiebrivi figurebis koncefcia cnobil socialur mecniers, jein jeikobss (Jane Jacobs) ekuTvnis, romelmac jer kidev 1961 wels gamosca wigni didi amerikuli qalaqebis sikvdili da sicocxle (Death and Life of Great American Cities), sadac is grinviC vilijis ubanSi ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze saubrobs Tanamedrove qalquri cxovrebis Sesaxeb: trotuaris socialuri cxovreba bevrad aris damokidebuli maTze, visac SeiZleba TviTdaniSnuli sajaro figurebi vuwodoT. sajaro figura aris nebismieri adamiani, visac xSiri kontaqti aqvs mraval adamianTan da vinc sakmarisad aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom sakuTari Tavi sajaro figurad warmoaCinos. sajaro figuras ar unda hqondes raime gansakuTrebuli niWi an sibrZne, raTa Tavisi funqciebi Seasrulos Tumca mas xSirad aqvs es Tvisebebi. <...> misi mTavari kvalifikacia isaa, rom is aris sajaro, rom is esaubreba bevr sxvadasxvanair adamians. amgvarad xdeba axali ambebis gavrceleba, rac trotuaris mizania80. jein jeikobsi sajaro figurebad miiCnevs maRaziis gamyidvlebs, mcire biznesis mepatroneebs, romlebsac Tvali uWiravT quCaze. dunieris azriT, swored aseT funqcias asruleben wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebi maT utoveben sagazeTo jixurSi motanil gazeTebs, isini yuradRebas aqceven maT maxloblad gaCerebul manqanebs, isini esaubrebian ubnis macxovreblebs, da a.S. Tavis kvlevis meTods mitCel dunieri diagnostikur eTnografias uwodebs. rodesac me davbrundi me-6 avenueze, raTa memuSava rogorc Jurnalebis gamyidvels, me jer kidev ar mqonda Camoyalibebuli zusti kvleviTi SekiTxva81, ambobs dunieri. miT umetes, kvlevis sawyis etapze mas ar hqonia Teoria, romlis Semowmebasac apirebda. amitom is cdilobda yuradReba gaemaxvilebina quCaSi mimdinare koleqtiur saqmianobaze; rogor xdeboda saqonlis moZieba, rogori urTierToba iyo gamyidvlebsa da myidvelebs, gamyidvlebsa da policielebs Soris, da a.S. is, rom me ar mqonda gakrveuli kvleviTi SekiTxva Cemi kvlevis dawyebisas, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes imas, rac sociologiaSia miRebuli. miuxedavad amisa, me sxvanairi Sexeduleba maqvs. xSirad socialur mecnierebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki Tvisebrivi kvlevis dros, rodesac monacemTa didi raodenoba moipoveba, kvlevis dizaini monacemebis Segrovebis Semdeg gamoikveTeba xolme.
79

kanonis Tanaxmad, policies ufleba aqvs im magidis konfiskacia moaxdinos, romelic upatronod dgas trotuarze. 80 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 6. 81 Ibid. P. 340-341. 68

<...> Cemi ideebi Camoyalibda imis safuZvelze, Tu ras vxedavdi da ra mesmoda quCaSi82. rogorc CarTul damkvirvebels, duniers unda SeemCnia da yuradReba gaemaxvilebina iseT movlenebze, romlebic sxvebs umniSvnelod eCveneboda. metic imis wyalobiT, rom mas TiTqmis mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hqonda magnitofoni, kasetebis mosmenisas is afiqsirebda iseT momentebs, romlebic gamorCa anda ar CaTvala mniSvnelovnad uSualod dakvirvebis dros. CarTuli dakvirvebis dros kvleviTi SekiTxvebi savele samuSaoebis Catarebisas ibadeba. magaliTad, me ar SemeZlo meTqva marvinisTvis da ronisTvis83, rom mainteresebda imis Seswavla, Tu rogor esaubreba ramodenime mamakaci (romelic quCaSi vaWrobs T.z.) Camvlel qalebs, imitom rom me ar vicodi, rom es sakiTxi wamoiWreboda. aseve, me srulebiT ar vicodi, Tu damainteresebda dRevandeli trotuaris cxovrebis Sedareba im periodTan, rodesac jein jeikobsi werda Tavis wigns. me viyavi iq, raTa ubralod mewarmoebina dakvirveba da gamekeTebina Canawerebi, da me vTxovdi im adamianebs, romlebic quCaSi muSaobdnen, rom CemTvis amis neba daerToT84. dunierma es nebarTva miiRo, Tumca is bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom quCis movaWreebi endobodnen da Tavisianad miiCnevdnen mas. is aRiarebs, rom quCis movaWreebs sxvadasxva motivi amoZravebdaT, rodesac maT masTan TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades: zogierT gamyidvels ... ubralod undoda, rom iq vyofiliyavi rogorc cotaodeni xurdis da sesxebis wyaro, ... kidev ramodenimem ki CemTan saqmis daWera imitom gadawyvita, rom daweriliyo wigni am ubnis da maT Sesaxeb. magram Cemi mxridan gulubryvilo iqneboda mefiqra, rom me vicodi, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini, rom isini mendobodnen, an Tavisianad mTvlidnen, rasac ar unda niSnavdes es85. adamianebi ficis qveSac ityuebian, miT umetes mkvlevars ara aqvs aranairi garantia, rom informanti mas srul WeSmaritebas etyvis. amitomaa, rom dunieris kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokvleuli masalis gadamowmebis mcdeloba yovelTvis, rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, dunierma gadaamowma misi informantebis biografiis faqtebi (marTla hqonda Tu ara hasans damTavrebuli rutgersis universiteti? marTla miatova Tu ara ronma Tavisi sacxovrebeli bina, rodesac umuSevari darCa? marTla zrunavda Tu ara merdiki Tavis SviliSvilze da a.S.); Seiswavla quCaSi beWvdviTi produqciiT vaWrobis kanonis evolucia; rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo, iyenebda mraval mowmes, da a.S. kvlevis warmoebis procesSi dunieri im daskvnamde mivida, rom imisaTvis, raTa mkvlevarma warmatebuli kvleva Caataros, ar aris aucilebeli, rom aqtorebma is Tavisianad miiCnion sakmarisia, rom mkvlevars hqondes dakvirvebis saSualeba; rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is unda akvirdebodes iseT socialur struqturas, sadac meordeba garkveuli moqmedebebi da situaciebi. magaliTad, Tu ojaxSi damokidebuleba meuRleebs Soris arc Tu idealuria, droTa ganmavlobaSi Cven aucileblad gavxdebiT Cxubis an usiamovnebis mowmeni ra Tqma unda, es konkretuli Cxubi SeiZleba sul sxva ramis gamo iyos gamowveuli da sul sxva formebi miiRos, vidre maT Soris Cxubis wina SemTxvevam, magram TviT aseTi faqtis sixSiremac SeiZleba miuTiTos imaze, Tu ramdenadaa gamwvavebuli urTierTobebi; anda, Tu romelime dawesebulebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli korufcia, didia imis albaToba, rom Cven aucileblad SeveswrebiT aseT faqts. miuxedavad amisa, CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas mainc sasurvelia, rom mkvlevari maqsimalurad iyos saitze, radgan arsebobs unikaluri SemTxvevebic, romlebic aRar meordeba da romlebsac SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqondes kvlevis warmatebisTvis. magaliTad, masala, romelic dunieris kvlevis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tavs daedo safuZvlad (Soba me-6 avenueze), sruliad SemTxveviT iqna Segrovebuli. Soba dRes, rodesac dunieri ar apirebda kvlevis Catarebas, man gauara hakims, raTa kinoSi wasuliyvnen. aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT
82
83

Ibid. P. 341. dunieris informantebi. 84 Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 335. 85 Ibid. P. 338-339. 69

quCaSi policiam ubrZana movaWres, aelagebina Tavisi saqoneli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas konfiskaciiT daemuqrnen. dunierma gadawyvita Seemowmebina, policia mis mimarTac iseTive zomebs mimarTavda Tu ara. man gaSala magida imave adgilas da daeloda policiis gamoCenas sabednierod, mas Tan hqonda Tavisi magnitofoni da SeZlo Caewera policiasTan saubari, Semdeg ki gaaanalia, Tu ra gavlenas axdens rasa da socialuri mgomareoba imaze, Tu rogor eqceva policia adamianebs. swored dunieris dakvirvebis arasistematurobam ganapiroba is, rom aseTi xangrZlivi savele muSaobis miuxedavad, kritikosebi dunieris kvlevis erT-erT mTavar naklad miiCnevdnen imas, rom mas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, 24 saaTis manZilze dakvirveboda Tavisi informantebis cxovrebas da saqmianobas. rogorc wesi, is maT weliwadSi ramdenime Tvis manZilze xedavda; xvdeboda diliT da Sordeboda saRamoTi, Tumca maTTan erTad wignebiT da JurnalebiT vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi monawileobda magaliTad, mouwia saqmeebis garkveva policiasTan, rodesac policielebma magidebis aReba moiTxoves; gahyva Tavis informantebs gadasayrelad gamzadebuli nivTebidan gasayidad gamosadegi wignebis da Jurnalebis amosarCevad, da a.S. mainc, dunieris kvleva warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos; es warmateba, hasanis azriT, iman ganapiroba, rom mitCels mosmenis unari hqonda is ar axvevda Tavis azrs Tanamosaubreebs, aramed cdilobda gaerkvia, Tu ratom iqceoda esa Tu is adamiani ise, rogorc is iqceoda, amasTan, mas Tavad am adamianis axsna ainteresebda. quCa mainc quCaa, ambobs hakim hasani. es ar unda dagaviwydeT. mitCi amas maSinve mixvda. mas ar ucdia moeCvenebina Tavi sxva adamianad, vidre is sinamdvileSi iyo: adamiani da sociologi, romelic cdilobda Caswvdomoda Cveni cxovrebis azrs86. metic, hasani ambobs, rom dunieris midgoma kvlevisadmi ar gamomdinareobda paradigmidan mecnierma yvelaze ukveT icis, aramed mas axasiaTebda socialuri mecnieris mondomeba, moesmina sxvebisTvis87.

rekomendebuli literatura: 1. Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. 2. Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton. 3. Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage Publications.

86 87

Ibid. P. 325 Ibid. P. 327. ukve ramdenime welia, rac hakim hasani quCaSi aRar vaWrobs is niu iorkis erT-erT saxelmwifo universitetSi muSaobs (Director of the Metropolitan Institute at MCNY, Metropolitan College of New York). 70

Tema 6.

socialuri kvlevis eTika

socialuri kvleva yovelTvis respondentebis, anu Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis monawileobiT tardeba, misi Sedegebi ki arcTu iSviaTad mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. amitom socialuri mecnierebis yvela dargis warmomadgeneli profesiuli organizaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi moTxovnaa gamokvlevebis warmarTvisas mTeli rigi eTikuri principebis dacva, romlebic respondentTa da farTo sazogadoebis uflebebsa da interesebs icavs da romlebic profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebSia gaerTianebuli. eTikis kodeqsi profesiuli saqmianobis principebis krebulia, romelic ama Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs. rogorc wesi, is asaxavs idealur warmodgenebs ama Tu im profesiis Sesaxeb. saerTo azris Tanaxmad, profesiuli moralis normebis SemuSaveba ama Tu im profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis mier maTi sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gacnobierebisa da aRiarebis Sedegia. mniSvnelovania, rom profesiuli eTikis normebis aRiareba am profesiis warmomadgenlebis mier xdeba nebayoflobiT, vinaidan isini afaseben am profesiul gaerTianebaSi wevrobas; profesiuli eTikis moTxovnebi maT internalizebuli aqvT profesiuli momzadebis Sedegad. eTikis kodeqsebi xSirad ganixileba rogorc qveyanaSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi normebis gavrcoba ama Tu im profesiuli saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tumca Tavad eTikis kodeqsebi samarTlebriv dokumentebs ar warmoadgenen isini ufro farTo xasiaTisa da Sinaarsisaa, vidre iuridiuli dokumentebi. amasTan, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes, rom vercerTi profesiuli kodeqsi ver SeZlebs, SesaZlo situaciebis sruli speqtri moicvas. aSkaraa, rom nebismieri socialuri kvlevis warmateba damokidebulia sazogadoebis keTilganwyobaze mkvlevrebis mimarT, respondentebis ndobaze interviuerebisa da gamokvlevis organizatorebisadmi, maT rwmenaze, rom kvleva tardeba keTilsindisierad, obieqturad, sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacviT da rom daculi iqneba respondentTa konfidencialoba. eTikis kodeqsis mizania, aamaRlos socialuri kvlevebis sazogadoebrivi prestiJi, gaaZlieros ndoba am tipis saqmianobis mimarT da misi warmarTvisaTvis maqsimalurad xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmnas. socialur mecnierebebSi eTikuri standartebis sistematuri SemuSaveba XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi daiwyes sxvadasxva qveynis profesiulma gaerTianebebma. dRes es gaerTianebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi transnacionalur xasiaTs atarebs da sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenel mkvlevrebs aerTianeben. eTikuri normebis SemuSaveba da maTi SeZlebisdagvarad farTod danergva socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli gaerTianebebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi misiaa. yvela aseT asociaciaSi gaerTianebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens kandidatis mier asociaciis eTikuri kodeqsis normebis aRiareba da miReba. socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli kodeqsis normebis Seswavlis mizniT Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT or aseT dokuments saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis (ICC) da sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro kvlevis evropuli kavSiris (ESOMAR) sabazro da socialuri kvlevis praqtikis erTobliv kodeqss88 da amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) eTikis kodeqss89. dRes ukve danamdvilebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom socialuri kvlevis eTikuri standartebi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa dacvasac yvela mkvlevari Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs. yvela profesiuli kodeqsi Seicavs e.w. saerTo principebs, rogorebicaa: profesiuli kompetenturoba, patiosneba,
88

89

ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice. ICC/ESOMAR, 1995. kodeqsis naxva SeiZleba agreTve ESOMAR-is veb-gverdze: www.esomar.nl. Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American Sociological Association, 1999. kodeqsi SegiZliaT ixiloT agreTve amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis veb-gverdze: www.asanet.org. 71

respondentebis uflebebisa da Rirsebis pativiscema; pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebis winaSe, da sxv. profesiuli normebis dayofa mizanSewonilia ramdenime jgufad, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu romeli socialuri jgufis interesebis dacvis mizniTaa SemuSavebuli eTikuri moTxovnebis esa Tu is jgufi. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa eTikuri normebi, romlebic icavs (a) respondentebis, (b) damkveTebis da (g) farTo sazogadoebis interesebs. profesiuli kodeqsebis erT-erTi mTavari daniSnulebaa, gansazRvros mkvlevarTa pasuxismgebloba am sami jgufis mimarT. a. respondentTa uflebebi eTikis kodeqsebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben respondentTa uflebebis dacvas. es gasagebicaa respondentebi kvlevis umTavres obieqts warmoadgenen. maTi monawileoba kvlevaSi damokidebulia maT keTil nebaze, da Cveni upirvelesi valdebuleba unda iyos uzrunvelvyoT, rom isini ar dazaraldnen kvlevaSi monawileobis miRebis Sedegad. eTikis kodeqsebis moTxovnebis Tanaxmad, respondentebis monawileoba gamokvlevaSi nebayoflobiTi unda iyos, mkvlevarma SeZlebisdagvarad unda miawodos mas sruli informacia gamokvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis Sesaxeb. respondentTa uflebebis dacvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi valdebuleba, romelsac mkvlevrebi kisruloben, maTi konfidencialobis dacvaa. xSirad respondentebi mxolod im pirobiT iZlevian Tanxmobas CvenTan saubarze, Tu maTi vinaoba ar iqneba gamJRavnebuli, magram, zog SemTxvevaSi, Zalze rTulia maTi darwmuneba, rom Cven maT konfidencialobas davicavT, vinaidan mkvlevrebisTvis, rogorc wesi, cnobilia respondentis vinaoba, masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas ki interviuerebis muSaobis kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad yovelTvis xdeba TiToeuli respondentis saxelisa da misamarTis Cawera. mniSvnelovania, davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom es mxolod gamokvlevis saTanado xarisxiT Catarebis uzrunvelsayofad xdeba da rom Sedegebis damuSavebis Semdeg maTi pasuxebi mxolod anonimurad iqneba gamoyenebuli, masobrivi gamokiTxvis SemTxvevaSi statistikuri damuSavebis Semdeg. socialuri gamokvlevis zogierTi saxeoba moiTxovs interviuebis Caweras audio- an videofirze. amisaTvis aseve calke nebarTva gvWirdeba respondentebisgan, da aqac, iseve rogorc yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Cven unda davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom Camweri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis miuxedavad maTi konfidencialoba daculi iqneba. gansakuTrebiT rTulia respondentTa uflebebis dacva maSin, rodesac xorcieldeba gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba; magaliTad, Tu dakvirvebas xalxmraval adgilas vatarebT, sadac Cveulebriv mravali adamiani iyris Tavs, Cven, ra Tqma unda, ver gavafrTxilebT yvela adamians, rom isini kvlevis obieqtebi arian. amitom CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas, eTikis normebi garkveulwilad specifikur xasiaTs iZens, da sakmaod relativisturi xasiaTisaa; erTaderTi stabiluri mosazreba, romliTac mkvlevari unda xelmZRvanelobdes, isaa, rom miRebuli unda iqnes yvela zoma, raTa kvlevam respondentebs raime vneba ar miayenos. kvlevis angariSidan amoRebuli iyos ara mxolod respondentTa saxelebi da gvarebi, aramed, agreTve yvela is informacia, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebeli iqneba adamianis identificireba. b. damkveTebis uflebebi empiriuli gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani nawili komerciuli xasiaTisaa da sabazro, politikuri Tu sxva SekveTebis Sesasruleblad tardeba. mkvlevarebs ara naklebi pasuxismgebloba akisriaT damkveTebTan urTierTobisas, da maTi movaleobaa, uzrunvelyon, rom TiToeuli gamokvleva damkveTis mier dasmuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis povnas isaxavdes miznad da yvelaze ufro optimalur gzebs sTavazobdes damkveTs gamokvlevis gansaxorcieleblad. mkvlevarisa da damkveTis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTisaa imdenad, ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsis garda maTi regulireba xdeba agreTve or mxares Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. magram rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTikis moTxovnebi ufro farTo xasiaTisaa, vidre administraciuli
72

da samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, amdenad eTikis kodeqsebi aregulirebs mkvlevrisa da damkveTis urTierTobebis im sferoebs, romlebic xelSekrulebebis miRma rCeba da urTierTpatiosnebisa da urTierTgagebisken, maRali profesiuli standartebis dacvisaken mouwodebs orive mxares. g. farTo sazogadoebriobis interesebis dacva ramdenadac socialuri mecnierebis pasuxismgebloba farTo sazogadoebis winaSe iuridiuli regulirebis obieqts ar warmoadgens, is mTlianad eqceva profesiuli eTikis farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTvaliswineba sociologebis moRvaweobis Zalze mniSvnelovan sferos warmoadgens. rogorc amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis eTikis kodeqsSia xazgasmuli, sociologebi acnobiereben maT profesiul da mecnierul pasuxismgeblobas im sazogadoebis winaSe, sadac isini cxovroben da muSaoben; isini iyeneben Tavis codnas, raTa xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebriv keTildReobas. gamokvlevis Catarebisas isini miznad isaxaven rogorc sociologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas, aseve sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis xelSewyobas.90 sanqciebi ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebi iuridiuli dokumentebi ar aris, maTi normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg ver iqneba gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi sanqciebi. arada, eTikis kodeqsis normebis damyareba mxolod mkvlevarTa keTilganwyobaze da maT mier am normebis didi mniSvnelobis gacnobierebaze yovelTvis sakmarisi ar aris. amitom, profesiuli sazogadoebebi zrunaven imaze, rom profesiuli eTikis darRvevis SemTxvevebma SeumCnevlad ar Caiaros da SeZlebisdagvarad Zvirad daujdes am normebis damrRvevs, vinaidan yoveli aseTi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi laqa ecxoba yvela mkvlevars, socialuri mecnierebis sazogadoebriv reputacias. eTikuri kodeqsebis specifikuri bunebidan gamomdinare, maT mier gaTvaliswinebuli sanqciebic Taviseburi xasiaTisaa. isini did yuradRebas aqcevs eTikuri normebis darRvevis SemTxvevebis gaxmaurebas profesiul wreSi da aseTi faqtebis dagmobas kolegebis mier. amasTan, mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom nebismieri faqti mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc profesiuli eTikis normebis darRveva, Tu es damtkicebuli iqna, iqamde ki yvelas mimarT Taviseburi udanaSaulobis prezumfcia moqmedebs. profesiuli eTikis normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg Zalze seriozuli sanqciebi iqna SemuSavebuli amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) mier. am organizaciis farglebSi muSaobs profesiuli eTikis komiteti, romelic eTikis normebis darRvevis faqtebs ganixilavs. es komiteti uflebamosilia ASA-s wevrebis mier, Semdegi saxis sanqciebi gamoiyenos damnaSaveTa mimarT: a) piradi gafrTxileba. es SedarebiT rbili sanqcia gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu darRveva SedarebiT msubuqi iyo da ar gamouwvevia seriozuli piradi an profesiuli ziani. piradi gafrTxileba, rogorc wesi, werilis saxiT egzavneba eTikis normebis damrRvevs. b) sajaro gafrTxilebas im SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, Tu darRveva seriozul xasiaTs atarebda. isic SeiZleba werilis saxiT iyos, magram es werili qveyndeba Sesabamis sainformacio saSualebebSi. g) privilegiebis CamorTmeva. nebismieri sociologiuri asociaciis (maT Soris ASA-s) wevroba ara mxolod sakmaod maRali statusis niSania, aramed wevrebisaTvis garkveul profesiul da materialur privilegiebTanaa dakavSirebuli. amitom am privilegiebis CamorTmeva sakmaod seriozul sasjels warmoadgens. kerZod, eTikis normebis damrRvevi SeiZleba ar iqnes daSvebuli am asociaciis mier mowyobil RonisZiebebze; ar iqnes Seyvanili saredaqcio kolegiebSi; aekrZalos monawileobis miReba asociaciis sxvadasxva komitetebSi
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Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American Sociological Association, 1999. P. 4-5. 73

arCevnebSi, ar iqnes ganxiluli misi kandidatura asociaciis wevrebisaTvis gankuTvnili kvleviTi stipendiebis ganawilebis procesSi da a.S. im sakiTxs, Tu, kerZod, romeli privilegiebi CamoerTmeva eTikis normebis damrRvevs, profesiuli eTikis komiteti yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare gadawyvets. d) asociaciaSi wevrobis Sewyveta ASA-s profesiuli eTikis komitetis yvelaze seriozuli sanqciaa. aqac, komiteti yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi wyvets, Tu ramdeni xniT unda moxdes ama Tu im sociologis wevrobis Sewyveta ASA-Si da ra pirobiTaa SesaZlebeli am wevrobis ganaxleba momavalSi. sasjelis yvelaze mZime formaa profesiuli sazogadoebis wevrTa rigebidan garicxva, rac TavisTavad ara mxolod samarcxvinoa, aramed abrkolebs garicxulis Semdgom profesiul saqmianobas, xels uSlis mas mniSvnelovani SekveTebis mozidvaSi. kvlevis Sedegebis publikacia profesiuli normebis specifikuri jgufia moTxovnebi kvlevis Sedegebis gamoqveynebisadmi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi. am moTxovnebis SemuSaveba araprofesiuli publikaciebis momravlebis Sedegad gaxda aucilebeli. mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad rwmundebodnen, rom Jurnalistebi, romlebsac ara aqvT Sesabamisi codna, xSirad sakmaod uxeS Secdomebs uSvebdnen masobrivi gamokiTxvebis an sxva tipis kvlevebis Sedegebis gamoqveynebisas, am Secdomebs ki Semdeg maTi mkiTxvelebi imeorebdnen. arcTu iSviaTad Jurnalistur masalebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo kvlevis Sedegebi Sefasebuli iyo rogorc araswori, es ki arasaxarbielo gavlenas axdenda am kvlevebis Sefasebaze sazogadoebis mier. am problemis gadaWris mizniT 1983 wels sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro kvlevis evropulma kavSirma (ESOMAR) SeimuSava sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebis gzamkvlevi91, romlis mizansac presaSi socialuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebis gamoqveynebisas daSvebuli Secdomebis Semcireba iyo. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba am kodeqsSi masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebis publikacias eZRvneba, romlebic yvelaze ufro xSirad Suqdeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis mier. garda imisa, rom es kodeqsi ganixilavs gamokiTxvebis Sedegebis mniSvnelobas demokratiuli sazogadoebebisaTvis da Jurnalistebisa da socialuri mecnierebebis profesiuli TanamSromlobis Taviseburebebs, aq warmodginelia praqtikuli rekomendaciebi kvlevis Sedegebze damyarebuli publikaciebis momzadebasTan dakavSirebiT. ESOMAR-is rCeviT, yvela publikacias, romelic masobrivi gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs iyenebs, aucileblad unda axldes meToduri informacia Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb, kerZod: o romelma kvleviTma organizaciam Caatara gamokiTxva; o gamokiTxvis Catarebis meTodika (piradi, satelefono, safosto Tu sxva); o SerCeviTi erTobliobis raodenoba; o SerCevis reprezentatuloba; o gamokiTxvis Catarebis TariRebi; o dasmuli kiTxvebis tipi (Ria, daxuruli Tu naxevraddaxuruli) da maTi zusti formulireba. socialuri kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli informaciis gamoqveynebisas aucilebelia mkafiod gaimijnos miRebuli Sedegebi da am Sedegebis safuZvelze Jurnalistebis mier gakeTebuli komentari. garda amisa, ESOMAR-i urCevs kvleviT organizacias da masobrivi informaciis organos, dadon xelSekruleba, romelSic ganxiluli iqneba maT Soris TanamSromlobis pirobebi.
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davalebebi: 1. ipoveT internetSi socialuri kvlevis eTikis ramdenime kodeqsi (garda im kodeqsebisa, romlebic am masalaSia miTiTebuli) da SeadareT isini erTmaneTs maTi detalurobis TvalsazrisiT. 2. gaecaniT publikacias gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili (magaliTi #4). rogor SeafasebdiT kvlevis Sedegebis gaSuqebis xarisxs?

rekomendebuli literatura: 1. Bruce L. Berg. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Fifth edition. Boston: Pearson. Pp. 43-73 (Ethical Issues). 2. Eric J. Arnould. 1998. Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography, in Advances in Consumer Research 25: 72-74. 3. ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961 and Social Research Practice.

4. American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics. http://www.asanet.org/members/ ecoderev.html 5. American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies and Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html

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magaliTi #4. gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili
CNN Italia, 26 agvisto, 2002 w.

londoni (CNN) isini veRar itanen amindis kaprizebs da cxovrebis siZvires, zogi samzareulosac ki. swored esaa ZiriTadi mizezebi, romelTa gamoc britaneTis moqalaqeebis umravlesobas surs sazRvargareT gamgzavreba iq, sadac ufro rbili hava, dabali fasebi da gemrieli samzareuloa. amaze mowmobs gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelic gazeT deili telegrafis SekveTiT Caatara demoskopiurma sazogadoebam YouGov. rogorc gamokiTxulTa 54 procentma ganacxada, SesaZlebloba rom hqondeT isini siamovnebiT gaemgzavrebodnen sazRvargareT sacxovreblad. maTTvis yvelze sasurveli qveynebia SeerTebuli Statebi da avstralia, sadac maT ar dasWirdebaT enobrivi barieris gadalaxva. (evrogaerTianebaSi britanelebi yvelaze naklebad floben ucxo enebs). rom ara es barieri, maSin espaneTs da safrangeTs arCevdnen. ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze britaneTis mosaxleobaSi gaizarda qveynidan gamgzavrebis survili. msgavsi gamokiTxvis Sedegad, romelic uSualod meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg Catarda, gairkva, rom aseTi survili mosaxleobis 42 procents hqonda. 1975 wels ki es raodenoba 40 procentamde Semcirda. umTavresi motivi, ris gamoc mosaxleobas didi britaneTidan gamgzavreba surs, aris cxovrebis siZvire da SesaZleblobebis nakleboba. havis cvalebadoba kidev erTi mizezia, romelsac gamokiTxulebi xSirad asaxelebdnen. ingliselebis mxolod 25 procentma ganacxada, rom axali sacxovrebeli adgilebis Zebnis mTavari mizezia maTi ukmayofileba erovnuli samzareuloTi. sxva mxriv, umTavresi, rac maT Sin darCnis survils uZlierebs, ojaxi, megobrebi, da erovnuli istoriiT gamowveuli siamayis grZnobaa.

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danarTi #1

korufcia saqarTveloSi92
fokus-jgufis transkripti
fokus-jgufis Catrebis TariRi: 29 ivnisi, 2004 w. fokus-jgufis Catrebis adgili: q. Telavi. fokus-jgufis respondentebis kategoria: studentebi. SeniSvna: transkripti fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli diskusiis dros Cawerili audio- an videokasetis detaluri gaSifvris Sedegia; masSi unda aisaxos fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamoTqmuli yvela azri, romlebic SeZlebisdagvarad sityvasityviT unda iyos gadatanili qaRaldze. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac respondenti Cumad laparakobs da misi sityvebis garCeva ver xerxdeba maSin transkriptSi Sesabamisi miniSneba unda iyos gakeTebuli. am magaliTSi, aseT SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli kvadratuli frCxilebi. fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamarTuli diskusiis gaSifvris Sedegad srulad xdeba respondentTa stilis dacva; dauSvebelia saubris stilisturi redaqtireba. zogjer transkripSi miTiTebulia, Tu romel respondents ekuTvnis yoveli gamoTqmuli azri; vinaidan fokus-jgufis respondentebis vinaobis gamJRavneba arasodes ar xdeba, respondentebs pirobiTi saxelebiT moixsenieben xolme. aq moyvanil magaliTSi moyvanilia mxolod jgufis msvlelobaSi gamoTqmuli azrebi, avtoris miTiTebis gareSe. gamoyofilia mxolod moderatoris sityvebi.

Cveni saubris Temaa korufcia. saubris procesSi kidev davakonkretebT im sakiTxebs, romlebsac dRes ganvixilavT; magram Tavdapirvelad gTxovT yvelam warvadginoT Tavi.
- ...,93 studenti. - ..., agraruli universiteti. - ..., ucxo enebi94. - .... - ..., biosamedicino. - ..., ucxo enebi. - ..., iuridiuli. - ..., studenti.

sanam konkretul magaliTebze da konkretul SemTxvevebze gadavalT, jer SevecadoT cota akademiurad mivudgeT am sakiTxs Tqveni azriT, rogor SeiZleba ganvmartoT, ra aris korufcia? am cnebis Teoriuli ganmarteba Tu gaqvT vinmes?
- gaaCnia, iseT SenobaSi vimyofebiT, rom akademiurad midgoma, albaT, ufro saWiro iqneba,95 samecniero doneze. gasarkvevia, korufciaSi ras vgulisxmobT es aris marto fulis micema, Tu saCuqaric igulisxmeba, namcxvari... Cemi azriT, orive igulisxmeba. - igulisxmeba.
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fokus-jgufi Catarda Tavisuflebis institutis proeqtis farglebSi korufcia saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis mier. 93 respondentTa saxelebi gamotovebulia maTi anonimurobis dacvis mizniT. 94 Tumca es ar iyo moderatoris moTxovna, ramdenime respondentma miuTiTa fakulteti, sadac swavlobdnen. 95 fokus-jgufi Catarda Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis SenobaSi. 77

- korufcia aris, rodesac romelime adgilze mosaxvedrad Tu raRac, gWirdeba gasamrjelo, rom miitano, da ara is, rac sinamdvileSi saWiroa, codna an raRac; sinamdvileSi rac ar gaqvs, im kriteriumebs Sen ver akmayofileb da amis safasurad Sen unda gadaixado raRac... - Seavso... - korufcia es aris kanonis gareT momxdari garigeba, rodesac orive mxare raRac valdebulebas kisrulobs, vTqvaT, erTi mxare kisrulobs raime Tanxis gaRebas, xolo meore, da ZiriTadad saxelmwifo moxeleze unda gvqondes aq saubari, kisrulobs raime ukanono qmedebis Sesrulebas am piris sasargeblod. - mec, albaT, daaxloebiT ase vfiqrob.

korufcia da meqrTameoba erTi da igivea Tu ara?

- ki. - Cemi azriT, ki. - ki. - erTia. - Cemi azriT, ara, imitom rom meqrTameoba SeiZleba gamoixatos nebismier pirTan mimarTebaSi, anu es SeiZleba ar iyos saxelmwifo moxele, vTqvaT, da qrTami miutano kerZo pirs, romelmac ginda rom samsaxurSi migiRos. korufciaze rodesac vsaubrobT, es aris uSualod saxelmwifo samsaxurSi momxdari movlena, xolo qrTami SeiZleba gamoixatos kerZo seqtorSic, arasamTavrobo organizaciaSic. - mainc korufciasTan aris gadajaWvuli. - magram amas ar SeiZleba davarqvaT, Cemi azriT, korufcia. - qrTami pirdapir kavSirSia, Cemi azriT, korufciasTan, imitom rom qrTams iReb, ese igi... Sen xdebi korumpirebuli. - raRacas ukanonod akeTeb am SemTxvevaSi. - Tu am gansazRvrebas gamoviyenebT, am SemTxvevaSi ver mivalT korufciamde, imitom rom, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba saqarTveloSi qrTami rogorc saCuqari, anu raime valdebulebis Sesruleba, raime momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians raRacas. gansakuTrebiT, vTqvaT, notariusebTan mimarTebaSi, vTqvaT, raRac moqmedebas asruleben, xom? moqalaqe, romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs, cdilobs rom rame gadauxados, rom is daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamomdinareobs. - da ar aris, Seni azriT, es korufcia? - ara, korufcia aris, korufciis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, magram mTlianobaSi identuri cnebebi ar aris. - ara, identuri ar aris, ra Tqma unda. ...-m rom moiyvana magaliTi rodesac samsaxurSi iReben ara codnis safuZvelze, aramed imis safuZvelze, Tu vis ras miscem im SemTxvevaSi, Tu viRaca gaiZulebs raRaca misce samsaxurSi miRebisaTvis, magram amave dros ase Tu ise akmayofilebs, Tundac formalurad, codnis mxriv arsebul moTxovnebs am SemTxvevaSi rasTan gvaqvs saqme? - esec korufciaa, me Tu mkiTxavT, TviTon im moxelis mimarT, vinc iRebs fuls, imitom rom is mainc akeTebs amas da arasamarTlebrivad xdeba im mxriv, rom SeiZleba ufro kargi kriteriumebis, ufro kargi Sefasebis mqone adamiani darCes gareT. - cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi TviTon im adamianis uflebac irRveva, visac Txoven [fuls], magram korufciis yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli niSani swored is aris, rom saxelmwifo moxele TviTon iTxovs aucilebel gadasaxads, xolo qrTamis SemTxvevaSi meqrTame TviTon aris SemTavazebeli. - dRes-dReobiT, mgoni, qrTamic igivenairad xdeba eg SeiZleba adre iyo mase, magram dRes qrTamis micemisas igive movaleobas asrulebs is, rom Sen gTxoven im qrTams, rom miitano. adre SeiZleba nebayoflobiTi iyo, magram dRes-dReobiT aRar aris, me mgoni, nebayoflobiTi. - Tu nebayoflobiTia, maSin es ukve saCuqaria, vTqvaT, madlierebis niSnad.
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- qrTamis SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis Seni mxridan, xolo korufciis SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis im mxridan. - Cemi azriT, SeiZleba xmamaRla ar iyos naTqvami, rom ai, Sen raRac momitane, magram qvecnobierad, farulad miganiSnebs, rom ai, kargi iqneboda, Tu raRacas momitan. - ki. - sityvaze, vTqvaT, romeliRac samsaxurSi gamocxadda raRac konkursi, SesarCevi, miiRe monawileoba da geubnebian, rom ai, ki, akmayofileb amas, magram raRac damatebiTi isini unda gaimarTos Sen atyob, rom giWianureben saqmes, ar gawyoben iZulebuli xdebi rom SesTavazo raRac, pativs gcem, ra... - qrTami me mainc sul cudi gagebiT maxsovs, ai qrTami misca da... - ara, kargi gagebiT verc ityvi. - kargi gagebaa, rodesac pativs gcemen da Sen pativs scem adamians, magas xom qrTams ver daarqmev? - qrTami aris korufciis gamomxatveli meTodi.

maSin sxva kiTxva korufcia SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc raRac fuladi Tanxis an saCuqris miReba, Tu amas sxva formebic aqvs?
- sxva formebic aqvs, ra Tqma unda. - da bankSi ver Seitan, namdvilad. - korufcias aqvs yvelanairi forma swored is aris, rom Sen arasamarTlebrivad im adamians, vTqvaT, igive rogorc samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT Camovarda laparaki, TanamSromlad iyvan da nebismieri amas SeiZleba, uxeSad geubnebi, parketis dageba undodes an sul sxva raRacis [SekeTeba]; am SemTxvevaSi Sen raRacis safasurad ukeTeb amas. imiT ki ara, rom is samarTlebrivad sworia, rom is daimsaxura an raRaca sxvas toveb TamaSgareT, imitom rom gawyobs im wuTas Sen am adamianis SemoTavazebuli winadadeba, da mniSvneloba ara aqvs, es ra iqneba. - amas kanonic aregulirebs, kanonSi aris, rom sajaro pirebs ar SeuZliaT miiRon saCuqari, romlis fasic aRemateba [800] lars, Tu sworad maxsovs aris konkretuli Tanxa miRebuli, anu saCuqarSi igulisxmeba Tanxac da igulisxmeba nivTic. - 1000 lari. - am SemTxvevaSi maSin is moiTxovs sam 400-larians, da Tavisuflad SeuZlia rom cal-calke aiRos. - elementarulad ai, nacnobia, kargi, fuls ar gamovarTmev, magram ukve ici, rom saCuqari Sen unda ikisro. - madlierebis niSnad. - eg ukve tradiciuli momentia. - ara! mainc korufciaa. - korufcias imas ver davarqmevT, rom eqimTan midixar da banbanerka migaqvs. - ara, ra Tqma unda! - anda, vTqvaT, pativs scem adamians elementarulad adamianuri motiviT da ara imitom, rom... - eg vTqvi weRan, qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa, qrTami sxvaa. - eg iyo istoriuli winamZRvari qrTamisa.

aris aq vinme, vinc dRes pirvelad gaigo sityva korufcia?

- raRac ar mgonia, saqarTveloSi... - imdenad xSirad ismis dRes-dReobiT, rom ara mgonia.

aris aq vinme, visac ucxo xalxis TandaswrebiT jer ar ulaparakia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris korufcia da ar gamouTqvia Tavisi azri?
- Sedegebze gvilaparakia, magram korufcia ar gangvimartavs rogorc aseTi.

romeli qveynebia, gavrcelebuli?

Tqveni

azriT,

sadac

korufcia

Zalian

aris

- es aris ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi qveynebi, Tumca korufciis xarisxi da

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korufciis masStabi aq yvela sferoSi midis korufcia, iq ki, SeiZleba... - aseve CamorCenili qveynebi.

modiT davasaxeloT qveynebi, nu davajgufebT.

- indoeTi mgonia me. - ruseTi. - sasomxeTic aseve. - sasomxeTi, azerbaijani, ruseTi, ukraina. yofili sabWoTa samyaro.

ratom aris am qveynebSi SedarebiT metad gavrcelebuli?

- kanoni ar kanonobs, albaT. - ufro metad gavrcelebuli ar aris, me mgoni, sasomxeTSi an ruseTSi, magram sadac marTlaa gavrcelebuli indoeTSi, vTqvaT. - moicavs im qveynebs, rasac hqvia ganviTarebadi. - da xalxis donea ufro SeiZleba dabali. - ara, TviTon saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebis procesi ar aris iq dasrulebuli, aqedan gamomdinare, TviTon sazogadoebac da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo moxeleebic ver acnobiereben, ras niSnavs saxelmwifoSi cxovreba. meorec, TviTon korufciis sistemazec aris aq saubari, vTqvaT, nebismier ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, rodesac atyoben, rom raRac sfero eqceva maqsimarulad CrdilSi, da iq xdeba korufciuli garigeba, cdiloben es gadmoitanon sakanonmdeblo regulirebis sferoSi, da aq es kultura ar aris xSir SemTxvevaSi. - imitom, rom, albaT, kanoni ar kanonobs. - damokidebulia azrisa da sityvis TavisuflebasTan, rac CvenTanac iyo didi problema.

kargiT. da romelia, Tqveni azriT, qveynebi, sadac korufcia ar aris, an SedarebiT naklebad aris gavrcelebuli?
- naklebad. - gacilebiT naklebad. - evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyana. - es aris civilizebuli qveynebi. - amerika. - me amerikas davasaxelebdi. - korufcia aris yvela qveyanaSi. - ara, naklebad.

da ra aris imis mizezi, rom am qveynebSi korufcia naklebadaa gavrcelebuli?

- ganviTarebulia, kanoni kanonobs. - iq aris sakanonmdeblo regulireba. - Zalian did pativs scemen sazRvargareT saerTod, ginda amerikaSi, gind evropaSi, kanonebs da eSiniaT, imitom rom ician, raRacas rom daaSaveben, ician, rom marTla daisjebian. - weRan damaviwyda meTqva, rom kriminogenuli situacia CvenTan da im qveynebSi [sadac korufcia gavrcelebulia] Zalian dabal donezea, da iq, [sadac korufcia ar aris gavrcelebuli,] me vfiqrob, ufro maRal donezea. ician, rom Tu es moxdeba, daisjeba is adamiani, da CvenTan ukve aravis eSinia arafris gakeTebis. - ho, igive momentia raRacas Caiden, fuls miitan da morCa. - eg cxadia, kanonis simkacre imdenad ar gansazRvravs kanonis dacvas, ramdenadac TviTon sasjelis aucilebloba, anu prevencia am SemTxvevaSi. - dausjeloba akeTebs amas. - dausjelobis sindromia saqarTveloSi. - isic ar dagvaviwydes, rom iseT qveynebSi arsebobs iseTi kanonebi, romlebic uSualod xels uwyoben korufciis gaRvivebas. - martiv magaliTs moviyvan amerikis nebismier universitetSi ratom ar aris korufciis didi masStabi? elementarulad, yvela gadasaxadi iq aris kanonizirebuli, anu is ukanono imaSi ar eqceva. aq yvelaferi dauregulirebelia,
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kanons gareSea, vakuumia sakanonmdeblo. - unda meTqva is, rom axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas efeqturad xels, imitom rom ukve rom ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis gareSe, da ukve rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris. im dRes erTma amerikelma Tqva, rom qarTvelebis Cvevaao rom dawyebul saqmes bolomde ar amTavrebeno da daaxloebiT hgaqvs, rom dabrkolebas gana gadalaxavs, is fiqrobs, rom modi axla ukve fuls mivcem, axla ukve daviRale... - marcxena gzas gamonaxaven. - Cvenc vuwyobT xels raRac momentSi, me vfiqrob. - ra Tqma unda! - da sazRvargareT aravin gadaixdis fuls uswavlelobisTvis, rogorc Cven vakeTebT, mgoni, amas. - rogorc yovelTvis, ukuRma varT niWierebi nebismieri sxva SeiZleba fiqrobdes problemis gadaWraze, qarTvelma SeiZleba oTxjer meti ifiqros marcxena mxridan mogvarebaze, mainc moZebnis raRacas. - da sabolood ver xvdebian, rom uswavleloba ufro Zviri ujdebaT da ufro cudia qveynisTvis ekonomikuradac da saerTodac. - cudi kidev is aris, rom adamiani, romelic profesias korufciuli xerxebiT eufleba, anu romelic, vTqvaT, iqidanve ixdis ukanonod, mere, ra Tqma unda, isic ukanonod gadaaxdevinebs, rodesac Tanamdebobas daikavebs, anu ukan amoiRebs. - ho, xelisuflebaSi modis da... - jaWviviT modis.

Cvens qveyanas davubrundeT. saqarTveloSi korufcia ramdenad aris gavrcelebuli, Tqveni azriT?
- sakmaod. - Zalian. - Zalian gavrcelebulia.

sakmaod Tu Zalian?
- Zalian. - Zalian. - me vityodi, katastrofuli masStabiT. - igives vityodi mec. - faqtiurad sfero ar arsebobs, sadac korufcia ar aris.

SegiZliaT daasaxeloT sami sfero, sadac korufcia yvelaze Zalian aris gavrcelebuli? an Tu TvliT, rom erTia aseTi sfero ki, batono, erTi daasaxeleT.
- ganaTleba. - saganmanaTleblo. - ganaTleba, samarTaldamcavi organoebi... - saxelisuflo struqturebSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi, da mesame damexmareT. - samarTaldamcav organoebSi. - es SeiZleba Sevides saxelmwifo struqturebSi. - es im doneze, rom yvelas TvalSia.

Telavis raionSi igive sami sferoa, Tu aq raime specifikuri situaciaa?

- ara, me mgoni, igive sami gvaqvs. - mgoni, gamonaklisebi iqneba, magram ZiriTadad igive. - adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze Tu gadmovitanT xelisuflebis situacias, maSin igive sami sferoa. - igive. - samarTaldamcavebi, saganmanaTleblo da...

saSualod saqarTvelos dones Tu SevadarebT, TelavSi korufcia metad aris gavrcelebuli, naklebad Tu igivea?
- igivea.
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- igivea. - Cemi azriT, igivea. - aranairad naklebad. - SedarebiT naklebi SeiZleba iyos. - iqidan gamomdinare, rom Telavi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT Zalian pataraa... - ara, me vityodi piriqiT, TbilisSi ufro, Cemi azriT, naklebia, vidre aq patara qalaqia, magram Zalian [gavrcelebulia]. - procentulad Tu aiRebT, am SemTxvevaSi ... - SeiZleba sadRac naklebi Tanxaa gadasaxdeli, magram Semosavalic naklebia. - eg aris mTavari, Tu korufcia ra donezea? is aris mTavari, ramdens ixdi, Tu ra donezea? is xom mainc iRebs am SemTxvevaSi? korufcia is aris, rom iman SeiZleba uxeSad ar gamigo lari aiRos, magram iman xom mainc safasurad gagikeTa! am wuTas korufciazea laparaki, samarTlebrivi is rom irRveva; aqac sakmaod irRveva. - ki, hoda Tanabrad aris procentulad Tu aviRebT. - nu, Tanabrad.

piradad Tqven Tu gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan?

- albaT, yvelas hqonia met-naklebad. - met-naklebad. - me SemiZlia vTqva, rom ar mqonia. Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom arasodes ar mqonia. - ho, axla mec vfiqrob, ra vici, verafers ver vigoneb. - qrTami ar mimicia, magram vici, rom...

Tqvens pirad gamocdilebas davubrundebiT, magram manamde ra aris korufciis gavrcelebis mizezi saqarTveloSi, ra iwvevs korufcias?
- Cemi azriT, ucodinroba. - kanonis ucodinroba. - gaunaTlebloba. - samarTlebrivi... - arsebuli mdgomareoba, raSic Cven vcxovrobT, is saSinelebebi, ase vTqvaT, rac dRes-dReobiT xdeba: ukanonoba... - es SeiZleba iyos erTi kompleqsi, socialuri foni, zogadi socialuri foni, rodesac igive dabali xelfasi aqvT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi da bunebrivia, sajaro moxeles ar SeuZlia 16 larian xelfasze cxovreba. aqedanac gamomdinareobs, erTi faqtori SeiZleba es gamovyoT. meore faqtori, TviTon moqalaqis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis zedmetad dabali done. mesame faqtoric SeiZleba arsebobdes am SemTxvevaSi... - mainc araferi ar Seicvleba. - mesame faqtoria umTavresi, zogadad saxelmwifoSi ukve sakanonmdeblo vakuumi, rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs es procesi. anu es procesi rom SeCerdes, es vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad. igive universitetSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi, es vakuumebi Zalian bevria.

ganaTlebis sistemaSi konkretulad ra vakuumebia?

- vTqvaT, igive ar aris gansazRvruli studentis da universitetis valdebulebebi. Cven praqtikulad aranair, rodesac SemovdivarT universitetSi, formalurad Tu iuridiulad ar xdeba gamijvna, ra valdebulebebi aqvs universitets Cvens mimarT. - es valdebulebebi wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli. - ho, wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli, magram sainteresoa, ramdeni icnobs am wesdebas, xom? - erTi procenti. - erTic ara.

Tu aris es wesdeba da Tqven mas ar icnobT, maSin iqneb sxva problemasTan

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gvaqvs saqme?
- ara, universitetSi rom Semodis studenti, iq unda xdebodes piradi gasaubreba da uflebebis ganmarteba. - ki, magram ar xdeba. - magram me ras viZaxi TviTon kanoni ukve ar avaldebulebs universitets, rom [studentis] Semosvlis Tanave, Tavisive iniciativiT... - anu Tu gainteresebs Seni uflebebi, is getyvis uxeSad: me unda gaswavlo, Sen unda iswavlo; is arc imas getyvis, rom Tu ar iswavli, fuli gadamixadeo... - gasagebia, vTqvaT, igive Cvens universitetze rom aviRoT, debulebaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyo Cadebuli, rom 40% vTqvaT fasiani seqtoridan Semosuli Tanxebis unda moxmarebodaT studentebs, TviTon universitets, materialurteqikuri bazis saxiT, xolo 60% leqtorebs xelfasebis saxiT ar xmardeboda, martivad imitom, rom mxolod im adamianebs hqondaT es debuleba wakiTxuli, vinc es miiRo. da sakmaod rTulad mosapovebeli dokumentia dRemde.

sxva mizezebi, sxva mosazrebebi?

- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba cota xmamaRali naTqvami iyos Cemi mxridan, magram TelavSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea, me ase mgonia, rom Cveni mTavroba da xalxi erTmaneTTan kavSirSi saerTod ar aris, anu Cven, adamiani laparakobs sul sxva enaze, mTavroba laparakobs sul sxva enaze, Cvens problemebze ar laparakoben.

mTavrobas xalxi ar irCevs?

- irCevs, magram raRac momentSi isini ... - formalurad irCevs. - adamianebis azrs isini aRar aqceven yuradRebas imis Semdeg, rac isini amorCeulebi arian. - dabali politikuri kulturac aris amomrCevlisa, amas aucileblad unda gavusvaT xazi, ZiriTadad populisti [politikosebi]. - me ise mgonia, rom xalxi arc cdilobs imis gamosworebas, rac xdeba. - es yvelaferi modis, Cemi azriT, mainc saboloo jamSi imas vfiqrob, im doneze midis ukve aqcenti, rom mTavroba, mTavroba me vfiqrob, yvela CvenTaganis bralic, imitom rom saganmanaTleblo sistema Zalian dabal donezea, es SeiZleba imis bralic aris, amis bralic, magram Cven kargad viciT, rom Tu adamians unda swavla da raRacis miRweva, gadalaxavs im raRac problemebs, magram kidev viZaxi, rogorc weRan vTqvi, Cven vuwyobT amas xels da Cveni isic aris. - ki. - sxvaTaSoris, bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams iRebs, Sen codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. da am SemTxvevaSi me maqvs micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved, vidre imas, vinc aiRo es. - erTi faqti SemiZlia dResdReobiT imasac davoben, uxeSad rom SevadaroT, qaTami ufro adre gaCnda Tu kvercxi; igive situaciaa, meqrTameoba ufro adre gaCnda Tu TviTon meqrTame? imdenad gadajaWvulia es yvelaferi erTmaneTze, igive Cvens dRevandel mdgomareobaSi, rom... - eg marTalia; iyo periodi, roca arc codna, araferi marTla ar fasdeboda, marTla gareT rCebodi, marTla katastrofa iyo.

axla laparakia am Senobaze, am qalaqze, am qveyanaze Tu ...?

- am Senobazec, am qalaqzec da am qveyanazec. elementarulad, ver Sexval, gindac codna gqondes, ver Sexval, Tu raRac gadasaxadi ar Seitane universitetSi; misaReb gamocdebze erTxel CaWra, orjer CaWra, samjer CaWra es ukve xdeboda raRac katastrofulad.

axla mase aRar aris?

- me vfiqrob, axla SeiZleba ase iyos, magram mcodnes xmis amoRebis unari da saSualeba eqneba, odnav mainc rom gaitanos Tavisi simarTle. - meti aqvs. - ukve raRas sasikeTo Zvrebi iqneba, ukve raRac testireba, romelic unda
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iyos misaReb gamocdebze... garkveulwilad aferxebs korufcias. - meore momentic aris, TviTon saxelmwifoebriv doneze Tu vityviT, saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi akisria saxelmwifos winaSe... - da ra uflebebi aqvs, arc is ar icis. - ... da rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom rom misi uflebebi, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi. - ki magram, Cemi azriT, mgoni umetesobas arc unda rom icodes... - masas, zogadad, ver moTxov amas. - arc aqvT moTxovnileba. - gind icode, xom weria xolme, vTqvaT, icode kanoni, iqnebi daculi vici kanoni rom, vTqvaT, ar unda gamCxrikon orderis gareSe, vici, rom is ar aris sabuTi imisa, rom im wuTas me damiWiron, magram dRes-dReobiTac sakmaod efeqturad mimdinareobs es. kanoni icis im adamianma, magram ver icavs im kanons! - verc daicavs, martivad vityvi: Sen rogorc ar unda icode kanoni, Sen ise ver daicav kanons, rogorc iuristi dagicavs maSin Cveni profesia saerTod ar gaxdeboda saWiro. - elementarul imeebze, yvelaferze advokati xom ar geyoleba, ara? - ara, yvelaferze advokati ara, Tundac igive saproceso moqmedebebze roca vsaubrobT, da gakaveben, mainc gWirdeba damcveli.

Tqven daiwyeT laparaki, rom xalxs arc undao arafris Secvla...

- ubralod, me ase mgonia, rom arc cdiloben im situaciis Secvlas, rac aris.

Tu ar cdiloben, maSin ise gamodis, rom moswonT is situacia, Tu ra xdeba?

- ar moswonT, me ubralod ise mgonia, rom mieCvivnen. - rogor aris, iciT? yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvelaferi iyos kanonierad; magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad TviTon mis garda, xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiqrobs, rom ki, ra Tqma unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos, magram... - Tan qarTvelebis fsiqologia ufro sxvanairia. - ... magram am dros TviTonve fiqrobs, rom kargi iqneboda, rom yvela ase iqceodes, magram me mainc privilegirebuli unda viyo. es momenti namdvilad aris. - Cemi azriT kidev, eg ar aris imis dasabuTeba, rom ar unda qarTvel xalxs raRac Secvalos, imitom rom igive es Cveni ori revolucia imis damadasturebelia, rom xalxs raRac undoda da Secvales kidec. - ara, Sen cudad gamige gana ar unda Secvla, unda rom Secvalos, magram... - revolucia moxda, magram jer imdeni araferi ar momxdara. - survili rom ara yofiliyo raRacis Secvlisa da keTildReobisken, arc moxdeboda revolucia. - ki. - me vityvi, rom is elodeba viRacisgan Svelas ki unda, rom Seicvalos, magram TviTon mainc ar akeTebs. - eg marTalia. - saerTod, qarTveli xalxis Cvevaa, da, mgoni, mTavrobac ukve ise mieCvia sazRvargareTidan daxmarebas, miliardi, ori miliardi rogora varT ici, rogorc patara ToTo bavSvi, rom sul Wamaze da sul TxovniT TvaliT vuyurebT, ukve gamogvimuSaves aseTi Tviseba. - nu, axla martivad rom aviRoT: Tu universitetis biblioTekaSi ar aris wigni, Sen SegiZlia moiTxovo es, anu daayeno aseTi moTxovna, imitom rom gaqvs amis ufleba, da meore varianti, rasac realurad studentoba mimarTavs: elodeba axal reqtors, romelic SeiZleba 10 wlis Semdeg movides. iman gadawyvitos es momenti Zalian aris.

ori ramis Sejereba minda. Tqven yvelam TiTqmis yvelam TqviT, rom gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan. amave dros, Tqven axseneT revolucia. Tu SevadarebT mdgomareobas revoluciamde da revoluciis Semdeg, situacia
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Tqvens cxovrebaSi korufciasTan dakavSirebiT Seicvala Tu ar Seicvala?

- Cvens SemTxvevaSi ar Secvlila. - jerjerobiT... - araferi ar Secvlila, jerjerobiT mainc. - magram me vfiqrob, imedi unda iyos, magram jerjerobiT...

niSnavs Tu ara es, rom axla korufcia isevea, rogorc iyo revoluciamde?
- ara, imis laparaki, rom ar Secvlila situacia, cota mgoni ararealuri meCveneba, imitom rom situacia marTla Seicvala. - ara, me rasTanac mqonda Sexeba, iq ar Secvlila situacia. igive universitetis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, leqtorebTan mimarTebaSi. - SeiZleba ufro gaCumda da ar ismis. ise aRar aris aSkarad. - gamocdebTan dakavSirebiT. - axla dameTanxmebiT, sami Tvea Tu oTxi Tvea, rac avirCieT Cveni prezidenti sam TveSi da oTx TveSi aseTi didi problemis mogvareba ar SeiZleba. SeiZleba nela, magram situacia nel-nela win midis gaumjobesebisaken, korufcias vgulisxmob. - imedi geqneba, magram jerjerobiT... - centridan iwyeba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola da mere regionebSi cota ufro sustdeba. - erTi rame minda vTqva, Tu SeiZleba momismineT. Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba. - ki. - jerjerobiT me amas ver vxedav. universitetSi ixdidnen fuls, imitom rom eswavlaT. marwyvs yididnen da ixdidnen. mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom ar eswavlaT. mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom mowyobiliyvnen samsaxurSi da is fuli amoeRoT. axlac asea. movida axali reqtori rac Cemi TvaliT maqvs danaxuli, modiT konkretul faqtebze davideT, mgoni, sjobia. saxelmwifo gamocdaze moikrifa isev fuli, TiTqmis yvela jgufSi. midis reqtori da eubneba: es fuli daabruneT ukan, azri ara aqvs. an: mokrefili gaqvT? dekans mieciT? ara, rogor gekadrebaT, studenti iZaxis. arada, dekani udga gverdze konkretuli faqti vici, da ara, aravis ar miutanoT, es dekanic iZaxis; arada, is fuli jibeSi udevs. kargi, im students awyobs, rom gadaixados, ase vTqvaT, raRacnairad gaZvres. - ki, veTanxmebi, es meqrTameoba universitetSi, pirvel rigSi, xels aZlevs students. rom aviRoT, me roca vabarebdi aq universitetSi, da 100 kaci viyaviT Tu ufro metni, vinc vabarebdiT erTad, iqidan codna hqonda erTi xuT-aT kacs. gvqonda. danarCeni abarebda fuliT. gamocdebze axlac yvelani aZleven fuls, imitom rom Cairicxnen fuliT, ar ainteresebT codna, mSoblebs aqvT aseTi is, rom Cems Svils aucileblad unda hqondes diplomi da ar uyureben imas, rom imaT Svils ar unda swavla. - diplomiani siZe unda iyos, diplomiani rZali unda iyos... - da Semdeg gamocdebzec leqtorebs aZleven fuls. leqtori aiRebs fuls, imitom rom valdebuli ar aris, rom ucodinar bavSvs ise dauweros niSani.

axla, am bolo sesiaze aZleven fuls?

- ki. - ki, kaco. - ki, ai axla. ufro Cumad, magram ... - arian leqtorebi, romlebic nebayoflobiT iZaxian uars, da es Zalian kargia, SemiZlia davasaxelo kidec es leqtorebi, magram arian leqtorebi, romlebic, piriqiT, moswrebaze arian, rom vTqvaT momavali wlidan [ar ician, ra moxdeba]. - gavaldebuleben, iseT situacias giqmnian, rom valdebuli xar... - ki, im dRes erTma Tqva, fuli momikrifeT jgufmao. - ara, bolos mase aSkarad aRar aris, magram mainc. - da kidev ra situaciaa rom CaTvlaSi 7 lari ar kmara da 10 lari unda moitano da aseTi raRaceebi. - seilebi ar aris. - ubralo magaliTs moviyvan, rac me gadamxda. xom SeiZleba saxelebis da
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gvarebis dasaxeleba, ara? ese igi, Cemi meuRle wayvanili myavda TbilisSi samSobiarod da darCenili hqonda gamocda germanulSi, qalbaton m. g.-sTan. mivedi am qalTan da veubnebi, rom iqneba an gadavavadoT, an raRaca, imitom rom ar aris fizikurad da axla mSobiare qali rogor Camogiyvano Casabareblad? 25 lari momecio, da yvelaferi kargad iqnebao. nu, vici es qali vinc aris, rac aris rasac metyoda vicodi. jibeSi midevs Cveulebrivi radio. me vuTxari, nakleb ar iqneba-meTqi? arao, rogor, Tan xuTianio mase ara xdebao. me vuTxari, vuxsni, rom Tan gundSi mReris, aqtiuri studentebi varT, is gvikeTebia, es gvikeTebia da iqneba gagviwioT angariSi... daicao, kaco, grantebi gikeTebiao da geqnebao fuli. - da am SemTxvevaSi Sen sTxov gadavadebas, araTu niSnis daweras, ara? - nu, iqneb ramiT mogvexmaroT, an raRaca kargi, gadamivade, eg miTxari! pirdapir 25 lars rom majaxeb, egre xom ara xdeba? kargi-meTqi maSin amoviRe es radio, davanaxe. ai-meTqi diqtofoni, hoda unda garbeino-meTqi magrad. es xdeba reqtoris arCevnebamde. Camovedi, reqtorobis orive kandidats vuTxari me es yvelaferi, am SemTxvevaSi vicrue, rom viTom diqtofonze mqonda es Cawerili, rom cota seriozuloba Semateboda am faqts, da orive Cavayene saqmis kursSi. mere iman etyoba gaikiTxa, gamoikiTxa, rom viRaca igre ar viyavi Tavidan miTxra, sadac ginda iq miCivle, rac ginda isa qenio da mere, rom, etyoba, mixvda, iq viRacasTan mivida da Tqva, uTxres, rom cota saxumaro Tema ar aris egao, mere daiwyo aqeT-iqiT sirbili, xan vin damireka, kaseta momecio, xan isa qenio, xan isa, xan esa... - mere ratom ar uTxari, 25 lari momeci da mogcem-Tqo?

da is 25 lari iqna gadaxdili Tu ara?

- ara. niSani ki Tavisi surviliT dawera, dawera oTxiani. - iZulebiT.

studentis gamoCenis gareSe?

- ki. - SantaJireba moaxdine. - ara, SantaJi ar momixdenia, imitom rom me ara mqonia is kaseta. mere ukve vTqvi, rom is ar iyo Cawerili. morCa. - minda vTqva saxelmwifo gamocdebze. vfiqrob, rom is pirovnebebi, vinc Tavidanve fuliT miiRes, mTeli oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi codna ar miuRiaT, ese igi aZlevdnen leqtorebs fuls. imaT rom mosTxovo saxelmwifo gamocdebze codna, cota, Cemi azriT, vfiqrob rom ararealuria, imitom rom axla Tu, vTqvaT, mesame kursze xar, axla SeiZleba leqtorma, vTqvaT, fuli aRar aiRos da saxelmwifo gamocdazec fuli aRar gTxovon, magram im moswavles, romelsac oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi fuls arTmevdnen, axlac, Cemi azriT, isev fuliT unda isa qnan... - ki, veTanxmebi. - imitom rom ... - magram axla uyure ver dageTanxmebi, universitets Tu unda ramis pretenzia hqondes, anu Tu unda winsvlis pretenzia hqondes, man diplomi ar unda gasces ucodinarze da es daiwyeba dReidan Tu xvalidan... - piradad CemTvis es didi xarji iqneba, marTali giTxraT, magram [mase] saqme ar gakeTdeba. - is pirovneba, romelic Tavisi swavlis periodSi ixdida da axla aRmoCnda am situaciaSi, Cemi azriT, Rirsia da ar imsaxurebs... - ki, ki, ki! - ki. - Rirsia ratom, kargi ra! yvelaferi misaRebi gamocdebidan iwyeba. - maseTi arc unda miiRo. - qrTams rom aZlev Sen, marto is ar aris, vinc aiRo, korumpirebuli, Senc xar korumpirebuli. - gasagebia, magram oTxi wliT ukan dros ver davabrunebT. - kaco, sami weli rom fuli ixade, ar geyo im fulis gadaxda? dajeqi is erTi weli, iswavle ra!
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- erT welSi ver iswavlis is. - ara, me vambob axlandel mdgomareobaze, meoTxe kurselebi, vinc amTavrebs axla. - bodiSs vixdi, magram axla saxelmwifo gamocdebze ici ra moxda? exvewebodnen leqtorebi, sam-sami sakiTxi iswavleTo aq ar iyo laparaki yvela sakiTxis momzadebaze. - sami ki ara, erTi sakiTxi. - imdenad aqvT tvini gayinuli, rom ver iswavles is sami sakiTxi ver iswavles Tu ar iswavles, amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba. mainc iqidan cdiloben gaZvrenas. - es ukve aris TviTon im pirovnebis brali, rogor, sami furceli ver unda iswavlo? - axlobels hqonda erTi gverdi saswavli leqtorma uTxra, es erTi gverdi iswavle da dagiwer ra niSans, samians dagiwer da wadi, ra da es erTi gverdis swavla ver moaxerxa, gadaixada 15 lari. kinaRam ara vceme, me vuTxari, dajeqi ra, rom waikiTxo, viRaca rom mogiyves, imas daimaxsovreb amxela kaci! - ho, magram elementarulad ar atokeben tvins. - urCeviaT fuli gadaixadon da... - CvenTan, magaliTad, agrarulSi96 xom vswavlob aris aseTi pirovneba, g. C., romelic aris Tbiliseli profesori, Camodis CvenTan universitetSi, leqcias atarebs, midis. magram am adamianis sagani xom maqvs me, vswavlob. imis magivrad atarebs viRac qali im sagans, leqcias ra. da es kaci Camodis am semestrSi, bolo semestrSi iyo erTxel Camosuli da is leqcia ratomRac gavacdine me, ver vnaxe, ise rom am semestrSi ar minaxia es pirovneba. Camovida, axla CaTvlagamocdebis periodi xom modis es kaci Camodis erTi dRiT, da im erT dReSi warmoidgine Sen rom vin Caabarebs, Tan aris saSineli mkacri, rom ra vici. hoda, es iTxovs darekavs, Tavis sagans vinc kiTxulobs, etyvis imas, rom amdeni momikrifos jgufma, rom Camova, dro aRar dakargos, aiRos, Caidos jibeSi da wavides xels ki moawers. - da aseTi kaci aris profesori? profesori aris Zalian bevri, rogorc aris generali Zalian bevri. - hoda aris profesori aseTi kaci da is kaci amayobs, rom profesoria da sazogadoebaSi Cans, rom profesoria. me Tu mkiTxav, aseTi profesorebi ki ar unda daiWiro, unda raRac... - unda xarisxi CamoarTva da gauSva... - aseTi momenti xom ar SeiZleba, ara? Camodis iZulebuli xar rom misce fuli, imitom rom... - ho, aseTi situaciaa, zustad magas vambob, Sen xar imisi studenti, iZulebuli xar misce, xom? oTxi weli es studenti iZulebulia misces leqtors fuli, da is leqtoric ra kargi bavSvi xar, ai dagiwer Sen xuTians da mere rom saxelmwifo gamocdebze sTxov codnas... - ara, am universitetSi97 xom ar aris aseTi situacia rom erTi profesori Camodis da magitom, Torem aq xom ar aris ase, rom Tbilisidan... - profesori ar aris, leqtoria, da leqtori gaiZulebs... - ara, rogor ar aris, aq ufro metia, magram me minda isev TavSi davbrunde, erTi wuTi axla, nu davikavebT iseT pozicias, rom Cven yvelani ise movediT am universitetSi da ai sxvebi, sxvebze fuls iReben da isa. - ara, magas arc aravin ar ambobs. - me marTla ar gadamixdia. - arc me gadamixdia. - me 15 larad Cavabare. - me gadavixade. - arc me gadamixdia, magram viRacam viRacas uTxra da movewye universitetSi.

eg aris Tu ara korufcia?

- ar vici.
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saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis Telavis filiali. Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi 87

- ki, ra Tqma unda. - ra Tqma unda, aris. - erTi wuTi, davamTavreb Tu SeiZleba. is viRacis Svilia, is viRacis naTesavia, moewyo. nawili aris fuliT mowyobili, imitom rom imas ara hyavs naTesavi da unda swavla iyvnen, Cemi kurselebic iyvnen, brwyinvaled daamTavres, magram fuli hqondaT gadaxdili. Cemma meuRlem 800 dolari gadaixada inglisurze rom mowyobiliyo, magram oTxi weliwadi da saxelmwifo gamocdebze ise gavida, rom arc erT imaSi kapiki ar gadauxdia. - Zalian kargi! - iZuleba ara yofila, magram survili radgan hqonda swavlisa, gadaixada, imitom rom meti gza ara hqonda. - aravin ar moawyobda. - ki, ra Tqma unda, sabednierod maseTebic arian jer kidev.

Tu saidumlo ar aris, kidev vin Caabara aq ise, rom fuli ar gadauxdia?

- me. - me Cavabare. - mec. - me arc fuli, arc... - me Cavabare, magram axla raSia saqme, viRacam viRacas uTxrao me ubralod ar damikarges Cemi codna, imitom rom ver damikargavdnen, amitom ar vTvli me amas garigebad. - bevrs daukarges. ai Cems dros bevrs daukarges. - pirovnulad Cemze ver damikargavdnen, ra, imitom rom - bevri vici iseTi, rom hqondaT conda da daarekines ubralod, hyavdaT is naTesavi an axlobeli, ise rom am bavSvs codna aqvs da ar daukargoT.

rom ar daerekinebinaT ra moxdeboda?

- daukargavdnen! - ki, ar miiRebdnen! - dakargavdnen, imitom rom magaliTs moviyvan, Cemi meuRle rom mowyobiliyo, erT-erT umaRles pirTan reqtoratSi rom mividnen da gasaubreba iyo, Tu Tanxaze iyo laparaki, Tu rac iyo, maSin eubnebodnen, rom ai, momzadebulia da raRaca maSin uTxres, Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs. - ki, eg... - Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs. ar minda davasaxelo saxeli da gvari. - arc gWideba, yvela mixvda! - gavagrZeleb. inglisuri icio, ekiTxeba kio, kargad vicio. mere rad gindao? inglisurze rad ginda rom iswavloo, aq mainc verafers ver iswavlio. anu prestiJi aris nulze dacemuli. TiTqmis yvela fakultetze, garda sociologiurisa, ar aris imis prestiJi dacemuli. - ara, Cvenebi ki fiqrobdnen imas, rom, sityvaze, cudi momentia, rom Svilma ver Caabaros, da iZulebuli gaxdebi mag SemTxvevaSi, rom gadaixado, xom? rom ar darCes Svili gareT magram me vuTxari, rom axla, sityvaze, viRacas daarekinoT iqneb vabareb, hoda ratom unda viyo imis madlieri, Tu SevZeli, rom me CemiT Cavabaro. is fuli gadavixado ar iyo is fuli gadasaxdeli da xom ar isesxebTmeTqi? Tu raRaca, RmerTma daifaros, moxda ise, rom ver da raRaca mere an vinmes [daurekeT] an raRaca, magram gavedi Cveulebriv, uSpargalkod Sevedi, Cveulebriv davjeqi, davwere, gamovedi, damiweres 7 qula. - erTaderTi viyavi, vinc Tavisufali Tema dawera qarTulSi. - mec Tavisufali Tema davwere. - meore dRes [maTematikaSi] mqonda testireba, 10-quliani sistemiT iyo da miviRe 7 damiweres, magram aRar vidave, imitom rom gasuli viyavi. - magram Cems gverdze ra moxda, vTqvaT Zalian kargad momzadebuli bavSvi, romelic ar iyo Telaveli brwyinvaled abarebda istorias, magram ar uwerdnen am bavSvs im niSans! sanam aman mere panika ar daiwyo da viRac ar ipova. - iyo posleze mowyoba.
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- ki. - [anu] moewyobi, da pirvel sesiamde Tu ar dafarav am gadasaxads, gagricxaven. - me xom ar viyavi fuliT mowyobili da cxonebuli g. a. <...> me xom ar viyavi fuliT mowyobili, da es xom icoda iman, iyo proreqtori, da Tu vinme raRacas akeTebda fuliT, midioda magasTan, da is mere reqtorTan iyofda. me rom ar viyavi fuliT mowyobili, pirveli kvira araferi da meore kviras biWebma dalies sasmeli da kursze viyaviT sami kaci fxizlebi, ra atyda mTeli ambavi, dagvibares xuTi kaci, ori CemTan erTad sxva, vinc ufulod moewyo da ori kidev fuliT mowyobilebi, magram imaT Zalian cudi raRaceebi gaakeTes simTvraleSi. me ise iZulebuli gamxades, rom meRiarebina, rom ar gavegde, rom mec davlie, gesmis? - eg ukve dabali donea raRac, sxva sakiTxze gadavdivarT. axla me minda prestiJs Sevexo ese igi, nulzea dacemuli universitetis prestiJi, azri ara aqvs, wiTels aiReb, mwvanes aiReb, cisfers aiReb, mniSvneloba ara aqvs aranairi. - da me mindoda gamemaxvelebina yuradReba TviTon leqtorebis doneze piradad me ucxo enebze vswavlob, magram me Tu ar movemzade da me Tu ar viswavle kerZo maswavlebelTan... - eg skolaSia eg problema da magazec vilaparakebT. - ... kerZo maswavlebeli Tu ar meyoleba, me vinc maswavlis nu movkvdebi, me mgoni, namdvilad. - is ver gaswavlis. - xandaxan, magaliTad jek londonis istoria movuyeviT, magram sinamdvileSi sul sxva rame movuyeviT da ubralod saxelebi SevcvaleT da qali cota nela moyeviTo, rom cota SeesworebinasaviT; me ar movyevi, Cemma kurselma gaakeTa, da Tavisi sakurso miutana TviTon, ese igi gadaaqseroqsa Cumad da miutana, nu qali ver mixvda. - anu kvalifikacia aris Zalian dabali. - ki. - bodiSi, erTi wami, Tundac CvenTan, iuristebTan rac xdeba am universitetSi romc gadawyvitos vinmem, rom iswavlos im programiT, rac aris dRes verasodes ver gaxdeba normaluri iuristi, Tu TviTon ar aris aqtiuri pirovneba. - eg mindoda [meTqva], TviTon aqtiuroba Zalian [mniSvnelovania]. - ki, jer marto masalebi ganaTlebis sistemaSi marTla reforma unda gatardes, imdenad moZvelebul raRaceebs vswavlobT, ubralod... - SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos, vTqvaT, 60-ian wlebSi gamocemuli wignidan, magram iuristisTvis es aris dauSvebeli. - ki, zustad! - davamateb, ra, Tu SeiZleba ai is patiosani leqtorebic, romlebic Zalian cotaa am universitetSi, isinic garkveulwilad xels uwyoben korufcias, da ratom. magaliTad, sociologiurze mowyoba pirvel weliwads Rirda 400 dolari. mere, rodesac prestiJi aiwia, ramodenime leqtorma daxvewa jgufi da Zalian kargad gamoiyvana, igive konferenciebze waiyvana da raRacaSi CarTo mere gaZvirda es, faqtia ra, 800 dolaramde iyo SarSan, saSualod. - ara, meti. - SeiZleba. anu, ese igi, ginda Tu ar ginda, mainc xels uwyob korufcias, ra! - korufciul sistemaSi yvelaferi... - albaT, prestiJis xarjze Rirs raRac, albaT...

axla minda Sevecado Zalian mokled SevajamoT is, rac ukve vTqviT, da mere gadavideT sxva Temaze. ese igi, Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi yvelas gvxdebaT raRac korufciuli faqtebi da yvelas erTxel mainc, Soridan mainc daginaxavT is, rac xdeba arakanonierad. es exeba (a) universitetSi Cabarebas, (b) sesiebs da (g) saxelmwifo gamocdebs. amis garda, Tu aris kidev rame korufciuli SemTxvevebi Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi?
- sxva raRa darCa?

Tu SegiZliaT damisaxeloT korufciis raime faqti, romelsac, Tqveni

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azriT, aqvs raime gamarTleba?

- araviTari. - gaaCnia visTvis? - ara, gamarTleba aqvs. magaliTad, 16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos fuli viRac debilisgan, visac aqvs fuli da sTavazobs. codoa. - magram erTi ramea oRond is bavSvi ar aris codo, rom niSans ar uwers? - ar aris codo, is aris debili... - mcodnesac rom ar ar uwers niSans, mainc awvalebs? - ara, eg... - ara, ki, aseTi faqtebi aris, rom gawvaleben. - Cven erTi rame gamogvrCa. dRes, Cems kursels dRes moxda es ambavi romelic pirvelia Tavis kursze da romelsac hyavs yvelgan xuTi yvelaferi icoda, mesamed daibara qalma da mainc oTxi dauwera, im imediT, rom xuTianisTvis fuls miutanda. es ar aris gawameba? - ara, me magaze ar viZaxi. - oTxi damiwereo, Tqva am bavSvma, xuTi ar mindao. ukve itira kidec. - ar aris ganaTleba. unda icodes, rom SeuZlia man moiwvios komisia... - ukve ra aris, ici? is imedi da isa yvela iseTi xom ver iqneba, ara? - magas viZaxi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar aris kargad Camoyalibebuli, brZolisunariani. - me magaze ar viZaxi. - axla sxva Temaze gadavediT, Cven xom... - ara, sxva Tema ar aris, am qals uWirs am SemTxvevaSi, ityvi, rom 16 lari aqvs xelfasi. - ara, es aris ubralod gamamarTlebeli sabuTi. - me raze vbrazdebi, iciT Cemi azriT, dauSvebelia students aqvs stipendia 17 lari da leqtorebs, profesorebs aqvT sadRac 50 laramde, ra, dedaCems aqvs sadRac 31 Tu raRaca, imdenad sasaciloa es yvelaferi! - 45 lari dekans aqvs. - erTi Zalian uxeSi Sedareba unda moviyvano, bodiSs vixdi winaswar. es aris realoba. aiRebs qrTams, maS ras izavs! axla warmoidgineT: erTi leqciis Catareba Rirda 15 TeTri. da samoqalaqo tualetSi rom Sexvide, Rirs 20 TeTri. ar aiRebs qrTams? aiRebs! - Zalian kargi Sedarebaa, magram... - roca bavSvi Clungia da ar swavlobs, mag SemTxvevaSi ver gaamtyuneb. - ukacravad, magram Cemi 3 Tvis disSvils Clungma eqimma dauniSna gentamicini sinamdvileSi araferze! axla, dedaCemi ki azrovnebs da ar gaukeTa, magram Sen rom dauniSnav bavSvs da imitom aris, dayruvdao da is mouvida da es mouvida Sen ase nu uyureb, rom Clungia da morCa, gavida [universitetidan] da arafers ar gaakeTebs, imaze (vTqvaT, ucxo enebze ara) aTi da aTasi adamianis sicocxlea damokidebuli da aTi da aTasi adamianis ganaTlebaa damokidebuli. - ra Tqma unda! - cxadia.

axla warmovidginoT Telavis saxelmwifo universiteti korufciis gareSe.

- sami studentiRa darCeba! - ver warmomidgenia! - me ver warmomidgenia. - Zalian sasiamovno iqneba, magram Zalian mcire raodenobiT darCeba me gaviricxebi, magram mirCevia meored Caviricxo, magram axla gaviricxo, me amas Tamamad vityvi. - me Zalian gamixardeba! - me, magaliTad, vityvi mirCevia, am universitetSi sul 5 kaci dadiodes da iyos iseTi, rogoric unda iyos wesiT, vidre aq iaros 3 aTasma... - universiteti ver iarsebebs maSin, Tu xuTi kaci ivlis. - maSin ar unda arsebobdes, es aris sircxvili amis arseboba!
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- ki, marTalia, es aris maSin ar unda arsebobdes. - CamovTvaloT, ra SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba universitetSi korufcia. Cemi azriT SeiZleba srulad ver vTqva, magram SevavsoT. erTi is, rom xelfasi unda moematos profesor-maswavleblebs. meore is, rom skolidanve bavSvi unda wamovides codniT. mesame is, rom saerTod es kvalifikacia gadaisinjos profesor-maswavleblebis. - ki, aucileblad, eg aris pirveli. - SemCneulebi vinc arian ise ki ara, rom Tan ar ginda da Tan jibes uwevs, iZulebiT rom arTmevs im fuls, [aramed] Zalian-Zalian rom aqvT am korufciaSi gadgmuli fexebi, eseni unda moSordnen. - ki. - da ucodinroba, TviTon leqtorebis done unda iyos normaluri. - da iseTi leqtorebi, romlebic bavSvebs ukiTxaven vTqvaT, sagani uweria ekonomiqsi magram es ver gaurCevia politikuri ekonomikisgan. aseTi leqtorebic unda gavidnen. - aris leqcia, rodesac erT-erTma leqtorma aseTi faqti arsebobs, ra datova bavSvebi auditoriaSi da uTxra: Cumad iyaviTo, bazari daiketebao, RanZili maqvs sayidelio. taqsiT gaiqca, RanZili iyida, da isev im leqciaSi moaswro, amovida da gauSva is bavSvebi. isini Cumad isxdnen, iman RanZili iyida. an, rZal-dedamTilis urTierTobebze midis saubari. - bavSvebsac awyobdaT, xom, ese igi, Cumad jdoma? - rogor ar awyobdaT! mageTi leqtoris Catarebul leqcias naRdad mirCevia, rom siCumes vusmino! - eg marTalia. - ise marTali xar.

skolebSi korufcias aqvs adgili?

- ki. - ra Tqma unda! - adre ise ar iyo... - skolidan modis, me Tu mkiTxavT.

sad ufro metia skolaSi Tu universitetSi?

- universitetSi. - universitetSi. - skolaSi iafi, universitetSi Zviri. - skolaSi gamoxatvis forma sxva aris. - skolaSi iwyeba korufcia da mere grZeldeba universitetSi. - ara, iq fuli ar aris, skolaSi. - rogor ar aris! pirvel skolaSi vici maswavlebeli, rom 60 lars iRebs niSanSi! - Tavi daanebe pirvel skolas! - ginda dagisaxelo? - vin aris? - n. T. - ara. - studenti modis skolidan, me vfiqrob, skolidan unda daiwyos maswavleblebisa da sistemis gadaxaliseba, rom mere kadri wamovides normaluri. - ar aris korufcia, rom Sen bavSvs Zalas atan, rom, ginda Tu ara, SenTan moemzados, da Tu SenTan ar moemzadeba, niSans ar dauwer? - da emzadebian? - ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars arTmev da maswavleblad iReb, rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere isev aq fuliT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase gagrZeldes mudmivad? - Caketili wrea. - eg modis skolidan. TavSi rom urtyav, rom eubnebi, rom Seni saqme ar aris, Seni uflebebis dacva araferi ar aris aq universitetSi rom amodis da is rom fuls sZalavs iman ar icis, rom komisia unda moiwvios da viRacasTan erTad
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Caabaros, daCagrulia. - ai, universitetSia eg faqtori, rom momzadebaze skola maxsendeba xolme magaze, erT leqtorTan vemzadebodi, da Semdeg ukve, rom davanebe am leqtorTan momzadebas Tavi, imitom rom aranairi Sedegi vera vnaxe ai veranairi, naxevari saaTi vsaubrobdiT, meWoraveboda uxeSad rom vTqvaT, da siTamamec ar myofnida, rom meTqva rom ara Semdeg misi mSoblebis binis pirdapir daviwye momzadeba da amis gamo ignorirebas mikeTebda kursze, maxsovs, maSin kargi aRmavlobis periodi mqonda, da, rasac hqvia, Caaqro mTlianad CemSi eg, da axla ver viwyeb isev Tavidan, imitom rom is Zalian Zlieri survili mqonda. da rom vuyvebodi seminars, yovelTvis ukmayofilebis SegrZneba hqonda da Suaze mawyvetinebda an roca xels viwevdi, ignorirebas mikeTebda es imitom, rom masTan aRar vemzadebodi. - aseTi faqtebi skolaSi xSiria xolme. - amaSi geTanxmebi, magram meore momentic aris. rodesac aq adamiani modis, da elementaruli, minimaluri azrovnebis donec ara aqvs. magaliTad, Cven visxediT CaTvlaze, Sexvda qristianoba, da naxevari saaTi mekiTxeboda, saidan daviwyo qristianobao. bolos leqtorma mohkra yuri da eubneba saidan unda daiwyo qristianoba, axla ar gamagiJoo! - mkalaviSvilidan-Tqo. - miT umetes, rom faqtebi dazepirebuli ki hqonda, magram veRar moaxerxa imis gadaxarSva. - TviTon skolaSi maswavleblebis done aris Zalian dabali. erTi statia davwere erTi sami Tvis win ese igi, 90% maswavleblebisa ori xeliT mwyevlida. statia exeboda skolis problemebs, arc saxelebi damisaxelebia, arc gvarebi modiodnen da, Sen is ratom dawere?. iq wamZRvarebuli maqvs ilia WavWavaZis kacia-adamianSi romaa, vinc luarsabis saxeSi Tavis Tavs icnobs da a.S. vekiTxebi: icani Seni Tavi? ara, kaco! Sen gagikeTebia aseTi rame? ara! - maS ra ginda? ara, es xom skolis prestiJia! ra skolis prestiJia, es rom xdeba, ar aris prestiJis dacema? - ai, goka gabaSvilma rom Tqva, erTi gadacema gavakeTeo da sul nacvalsaxelebiT vlaparakobdio da yvelam damirekao, ratom Tqvi, goka, Cemze? yvela kargad xvdeboda, vin ra gaakeTa. - yofili ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge mibarebs axla mibarebs, warmoidgine meo suliT pedagogi varo, da rogor unda makadros adamianmao, rom skolaSi fuliT awyoben xalxso? saxeli da gvari miTxari, vino? axla, me unda vuTxra, gaigeT? mere is wavides, ciliswamebaze miCivlos da marbeninos giJiviT. - axla, skolis wesdebaSi weria, rom is bavSvebi, vinc cxovroben Telavs gareT, skolas unda hqondes erTi avtobusi, rogorc sazRvargareT aris, da Turme es bavSvebi me ar vicodi, axla gavige skola valdebulia es bavSvebi waiyvanos saxlSi da Semdeg diliT wamoiyvanos. imis gamo, rom skolas ara aqvs, igive pirvel skolas, amis saSualeba, hqondes avtobusi, hqondes yoveldRiurad benzini... - ra sisulelea! - ... direqtori ar iRebs saerTod soflidan bavSvebs, dameTanxmebiT, albaT, imitom, rom pirvel skolaSi iSviaTia... - eg aris diskriminacia sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. - ... an Tu iRebs, maSin im bavSvs saxlSi manqana unda hyavdes, da im SemTxvevaSi iRebs. - an fuli unda hqondes da gadaixados. - ra Tqma unda, esec korufciaa, xom? - ara, ara, es ukve diskriminaciaa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. - ai ra informacias vflob: 2003 welSi skolebSi, Tu ar vcdebi, 355 aTasi lari iyo gamoyofili xelfasebisa da socanaricxebis garda, rom unda daxarjuliyo. ese igi, rom gadagvexeda, rogor iyo gamoyofili: yvela skolaSi saxuravi unda iyos gakeTebuli, fasadi unda iyos gakeTebuli, merxebi unda iyos, skamebi unda iyos, dafebi, sul yvelaferi unda iyos ar aris arsad! midixar buRalteriaSi, xom? am saqmes edga a. g., proeqtis farglebSi. mivida buRalterTan, ekiTxeba: es fuli Camogividao? Camomividao. <...> mere mivida sxva skolebSi, wamoiReTo? arao. is midis isev buRalterTan, romelic eubneba, waRebuli aqvTo [fuli]. aba maCveneo qviTrebio, miReba-Cabarebis raRaca eg kontrolis palatis saqmeao,
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Sen vina gkiTxavs, wadio ar iZleva! azri ara aqvs, xalxo! - iq sxva situaciaa. - magedan modis. - ra doneze qreboda fuli, kacma ver miagno. - ara, dawyeba eg aris, skolidan, magram dRes-dReobiT universitetis korufcia ufro damRupvelia. - ara, gamomdinarea skolidan. - me vfiqrob, universitetidan gadaiRo skolis struqturam, imitom rom adre ar iyo. - ara, ra aris erTi rame, ra. studenti rom modis universitetSi, is modis skolidan da is skolaSi Tu mieCvia meqrTameobas, fulis micemas, raRaceebs, xom igives gaagrZelebs aq da aravis ar unda gaukvirdes es. - amis mizezi ra aris, iciT? weRan rom viZaxdiT, im avtobusebze, im fasadis SekeTebaze da a.S. skolas ara aqvs fuli da iZulebuli xdeba, xom? - ki, iZulebuli xdeba. - anu saxelmwifom dRes, samwuxarod, qarTulma saxelmwifom yvelanairi moraluri ufleba dakarga, vinmes rame mosTxovos; Tundac im adamians, romelsac Sia da raRacas iparavs, da martivad vityvi, ratomac. saqarTvelos parlamentma rodesac daadgina, rom saarsebo minimumi unda iyos 115 lari, da igive parlamenti adgens, rom minimaluri xelfasi qveyanaSi unda iyos 14 lari, xom amiT igive Seni xelisufleba geubneba, rom sasikvdilod xar ganwiruli da Seni Tavis gadasarCenad rac ginda is qenio. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelanair moralur valdebulebas mosamarTle kargavs, rom miusajos... - ese igi, raRac momentSi saxelmwifo gvibiZgebs korufciisken. - raRac momentSi ki ara, gibiZgebs Sen! - eg yvelaferi maRlidan modis, aba... - isic sakiTxavia, minimumi aris marTla is 115 lari, Tu ufro meti sWirdeba adamians, magram rodesac Sen amas akeTeb, da plius... - yvelas ara aqvs imis saSualeba, kerZo biznesi wamoiwyos, yvelas ara aqvs imis saSualeba, arian adamianebi, mcodneebi... - ver dadgeba da papiross ver gayidis quCaSi! - profesoria! - viRa iyidis, yvelam rom papirosi gayidos? - rogor ara, gaiyideba! oRond, erTi rame kidev da skolasTan dakavSirebiT xmas aRar amoviReb. Zalian aris axla yuradReba misaqcevi da dasafiqrebeli rogorc viciT, reformiT SeiZleba iseTi rame moxdes, umaRles saswavlebelSi saerTod gauqmdes gamocdebi da skolaSi miRebuli raRac Sefasebebis mixedviT ganawildes. es aris absurdi aq ixsneba korufcia da midis skolaSi, Tu direqtori ar Seicvala, Tu sistema ar Seicvala, Tu monitoringi an sazogadoebrivi, an saxelmwifo, an raRacnairi monitoringi ar ganxorcielda. - nu, praqtikebze rom viyaviT [skolebSi] bavSvebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, swavla ar undaT! es aris kidev yvelaze didi, da maswavlebels rom eubnebian, ki-Wa! mere vubnebi, Sen swavla ar ginda-meTqi? da me rad minda swavla, me rad minda!, marto rom ipranWebian da bolos veRar Sevikave Tavi, me rom Seni maswavlebeli viyo, kedelze gartymevinebdi-Tqo Tavs. aris usaSinlesi mdgomareoba. ara, ar vartymevinebdi, magram im wuTas... - meoTxe skolaSi maswavlebelma marilze daayena muxlebiT bavSvi. - eg adre iyo, axla piriqiT xdeba. - adre ara, erTi wlis winandeli faqti. - Sevedi skolaSi da guli gamiskda telefonze TamaSobs naxevari klasi, ra! meoTxeklaseli lawirakebi! - Cems periodSic iyo, magram verc erTi maswavlebeli ver bedavda xeli daedo CemTvis. - maswavlebeli rom yviris, maswavlebeli rom wivis, wixliT rom Semodis, rom Semodis da ar icis, rom Sesavali unda gaakeTos, bavSvi unda moamzados, da im gagiJebul bavSvs rom dadgeba da wivil-kivils dauwyebs: modi gakveTili Camabare!, JurnalSi yofaqcevis magivrad saganSi erTians rom dauwers ar iswavlis da ver gaamtyuneb. ai eg maswavlebeli unda miartya kedelze!
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axla skolis Tema davxuroT. erTi Zalian mokle SekiTxva universitetTan dakavSirebiT rogor fiqrobT, axali reqtori ras Secvlis? ramdenad TvliT, rom reqtoris Secvla moitans sasurvel cvlilebebs korufciis dargSi? sxva dargebs jerjerobiT nu SevexebiT.
- axali reqtori ecdeba, me vfiqrob, rom mcdeloba iqneba, magram ramdenad ganaxorcielebs, eg ar vici. imitom rom me vici erTi magaliTi, rom moatyues reqtori. sinamdvileSi fuli iqna aRebuli, erT-erTi bavSvis SeyvaniT, aiRo sxvam is fuli, 300 dolarzea aq saubari, aiRo sxvam, erT-erTma moxelem es fuli da Seiyvana reqtorTan rogorc uniWieresi bavSvi, rogorc es-es-es. - me SemiZlia faqtebiT vilaparako. 12 maisidan aris reqtori, damtkicda 1 ivniss, Tu ar vcdebi. ukve aris raRac sasikeTo Zvrebi, me, magaliTad, Cems Tavze gamovcade, davinaxe. - ki. - axali cocxis faqtori mgonia jerjerobiT. - ara, me ara mgonia axali cocxis faqtori. axla raSia saqme saxelmwifo gamocdebze am kacma Semoiara absoluturad yvela auditoria da uTxra, rom ar gadaixadoT araferi, ar mokrifoT, dekans ar misceT, aravis ar misceT, vinc ginda mogTxovoT, imitom rom azri ar eqneba. da marTla CaiWrnen is fulgadaxdilebi. - ukan daubrunes fuli? - ar vici, ra gaakeTes. - eg dekanebis da studentebis [saqmea]. - mere mirbodnen saCivlelad, ai, maS fuli raRas gamogvarTveso? karg dros mirbodnen! es erTi. meore, sanam reqtoris arCevnebi iqneboda, studentebis garkveulma nawilma movagroveT 600 xelmowera [erT-erTi kandidatis] mxardasaWerad magram es ar iyo raRaca Tavis moqonvis principi, Cven mas warvudgineT Cveni programa, ra unda Seesrulebina mas studnetebisTvis. da amaze dagvTanxmda. iq iyo: biujetis gamWvirvaloba, misaRebi gamocdebis gamWvirvaloba, rac ukve faqtia da me piradad Cemi arasamTavrobo organizaciis saxeliT mivmarTav da me davakvirdebi misaReb gamocdebs Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi axla. da iq iyo sxvadasxva sakiTxebi, romlebzec es kaci dagvTanxmda, romlebzec visaubreT, romlebic gvjera, rom gakeTdeba, da jerjerobiT midis sworad yvelaferi. - ho, imedi aris. - is fuli, mosawyobi fuli, ojaxidan mainc xom gamodioda, ara? da midioda marcxena jibeSi. axla me vnaxe, rom fasian seqtorze gazrdilia gadasaxadebi. - ho. - da es aris marTali. imitom rom mainc gamodis is fuli, da [sjobs] wavides ise, rom leqtorebs gauzardo xelfasi, vidre is marcxniv wavides. - ar SeiZleba, Seni arasamTavrobo organizacia ara marto misaRebze daeswroT, aramed, vTqvaT, saxelmwifo gamocdebze da aseve sesiaze? - ki. - kargi iqneba!

danarCenebis azri mainteresebs kidev ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom universitetSi situacia gamoswordes korufciis TvalsazrisiT?
- Cemi azriT, pirvel rigSi leqtorebs xelfasi unda gaezardoT. - unda gaezardoT. - [fasiani seqtoris gadasaxadebis gamoyenebiT ufro kargia maTi xelfasebis gazrda.] - ki, Torem saxelmwifo ar gazrdis Tavisi iniciativiT. - da Semdeg leqtorebis atestacia unda moxdes. - unda akontrolon misaRebi gamocdebi, TviTon universitetis xelmZRvanelobam. anu, me viZaxi, kargi mxriv unda akontrolon. - a. erT wels iyo mimReb komisiaSi Tavmjdomared. movida viRac qistio, imas, ra Tqma unda, Tavidanve ise hqonda saqme, rom imas unda Caebarebina. dedaCemma [Tqva], Tavidanve momceso sia, ai amaT unda Caabarono, da danarCenebma ar unda
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Caabarono. - maraa, kaco, me rom gamocdebi mqonda, mubnebodnen, mwvane ginTia, risi geSiniao. - movidao viRac qisti, romelmac ar icoda qarTuli. axla me veubnebio, me ar vici qisturio da rusuli me ki vicio, magram ruseTSi ar varT da ratom unda gamogcado rusulad? am dros is unda mieRoT. - Cems win gogo gadioda, istorias rom vabarebdi ra Tqma unda, ar icoda, da erT-erTi sakiTxi hqonda [erekle]. [gamomcdeli] eubneba axla, rac ici is moyevio da araferi ar vicio. gagiJda, moixsna saTvale ras hqvia araferi ar vicio, uxerxul mdgomareobaSi nu magdebo, iq 70 kacze meti zis auditoriaSi, Tan icis, rom viRaca magis mere unda CaWras moyevio rame! araferi ar vicio.

sanam movrCebiT universitetis Sesaxeb saubars, vinmes rame xom ar darCa saTqmeli?
- am yvela problemis mogvarebasTan erTad unda aiwios universitetis prestiJi, anu, raSi gamoixateba: unda daematos iseTi sagnebi, iseTi fakultetebi, romlebic kaxeTs sWirdeba, ra. amdeni pedagogi weliwadSi kaxeTs ara sWirdeba, Cemi azriT, da es aucileblad unda gakeTdes da es reqtoris Zalian didi survilia da, albaT, momavali wlidan gakeTdeba, unda gakeTdes mevenaxeobameRvineobis fakulteti, razec aris moTxovna kaxeTSi, oRond es unda iyos Zalian prestiJuli fakulteti, Tundac weliwadSi uSvebdes xuTs, magram profesional kadrs. da imas garantirebuli eqneba samsaxuri. axla Cven rom mivdivarT, ar viciT sad mivdivarT diploms ki viRebT, magram sul sxvagan vfiqrob vimuSavo, imitom, rom maRali xelfasia. - kidev erTs davamatebdi. me vfiqrob, leqtorebis kadri unda gadaxalisdes, anu gadamzaddessaviT... - rame treningebisaviT... - ... da literaturac unda gaZlierdes, Torem is literatura, romliTac swavlobdnen 10 wlis win, ukve CvenTvis moZvelebulia. - anu, Taobebia gaWedili. erTi qalia kaxeTSi, 75 wlis, vinc akeTebs miwis analizs. - marto erTi qali? - is qali rom mokvdes, ver gaigeb, kaxeTSi ra miwaSi ra Cayaro. SeiZleba vazis miwaSi miwis Txili Cayaro, qvebSi Cayaro RanZili, anu ra unda gaakeTo, ar ici. - me vfirqob, mTavari problemebi ukve Tqves: is, rom leqtorebma unda atestacia, Tu rac aris [gaiaron], rom leqtoris done iyos maRali, da rac mTavaria, da mec amis msxverpli var, rom TviTon ara var mondomebuli, magram vapireb Cemi azriT, bavSvebis mondomeba swavlisadmi, es iqneba, me mgoni, gadamwyveti, imtom rom Tu is bavSvi swavlobs, da Semdeg Tu is Tavis uflebebs gaecnoba, da Semdeg, Tu is Tavisi uflebebisaTvis daiwyebs brZolas, ukve daanaxebs Tavis saxes reqtoratsac da leqtorebsac da ukve esec erT-erTi is iqneba, rom korufcia aRmoifxvras mTlianad. imitom, rom am revoluciazec, igive, xalxma daanaxa, da ara vinmes yvirilma, ukacravad, xalxma daanaxa, aqvs xalxs amis saSualeba, energia da CveniT unda gavakeToT es, me mgoni. - Cemi azriT, sanam saxelmwifoSi ar Seicvleba situacia, universitetSic ar Seicvleba; roca saxelmwifoSi Seicvleba, me vfiqrob, rom avtomaturad aqac sxvanairi situacia Seiqmneba. - araswori midgomaa. - ho. - saerTod es aris Zalian daStampuli, yovelTvis ase iyo, zevidan qveviT. modiT, piriqiT, qvevidan SevcvaloT, da ava is nel-nela zeviT. - saxlis Senebas iwyeben, me rogorc vici, saZirkvlidan. - weRanac vTqvi me es azri da axlac gavimeoreb, rom igive saxelmwifo gamocdebze is, rodesac 4 weli aZlev fuls, axla, saxelmwifo gamocdebze, aRar unda aiRon fuli da pirdapir gauSvan isini, arc CaWran, araferi Cemi azriT. gauSvan is studentebi, da igive samsaxurSi roca miva is, mixvdebian, rom mas ara aqvs codna, da morCa. is, rom is studentebi CaWran, romlebic 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi fuls aZlevdnen universitets...
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- unda CaWran! - ar SeiZleba! - ara, ar unda CaWran! - unda CaWran! axla ratom - Cemi azria! unda gauSvan, wavidnen. - wavidnen da adamians wamali dauniSnon, romelic mas ar sWirdeba? - ara, imas ar miiReben samsaxurSi, roca ar eqneba codna. - e-e, fuls miscems da miiReben. - Tu maSin, me vlaparakob, roca gamoswordeba situacia. - jerjerobiT xom... Tu Sen igives gaakeTeb, ar gamowordeba! - meti raRa pativi unda ecaT [saxelmwifo gamocdebze], ver gavige geubnebian, wigni Semoitane, konspeqti Semoitane, mTeli biblioTeka amoitane, dade da waikiTxe erT saaTs gaZleven, ori sityva gviTxari! oTxians giwerT, Tu oTx sityvas gvetyvi, or sityvaze samians giwerT. ver iZaxian! maS ar unda CaWra egeTebi? - hoda unda gauSva, isini arc arasdros ar iswavlian, unda gauSva eseTebi, wavidnen ra! - unda sacerSi gatardes yvela. - ver garicxav, imitom rom roca fuliT gyavs miRebuli, imas... - kargi, is wava da giCivlebs. - sad giCivlebs? - getyvis, rom vabarebdi, ras gamomarTvio fuli? - ras giCivlebs, ras ambob? - raRaca sistemis cvlas mohyveba xolme viRacis... - ZiriTadi yvelaferi iTqva, da, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovania, rom Seicvalos saswavlo programebi, romlebic aris Zalian moZvelebuli, Tundac Cems fakultetze, ucxo enebze, aranairad ara varT kmayofili im swavliT meTodebiT, rasac gavdivarT, da me ara var darwmunebuli, rom rodesac davamTavreb, viqnebi srulyofili da kargi specialisti da isev bavSvi fiqrobs, rom sxva gzebiT miiRos, Seivsos is codna roca man es codna unda miiRos universitetSi, da yvelanairad unda iyos dakmayofilebuli. Cemi azriT, es unda Seicvalos. - Cemi azriT, aucileblad unda gadaxalisdes saswavlo programebi, ukve iTqva da veTanxmebi, absoluturad gawelili, gaberili da xSir SemTxvevaSi, uazro sagnebis swavleba, anu, rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro, vTqvaT, akademiur doneze icode saqarTvelos istoria, Cemi azriT. - Tu ar abareb istoriulze. - sjobia profesiuls daeTmos meti dro da ara piriqiT, profesiuli sagnebis xarjze farTovdeba is sagnebi, romlebic... elementarulad, saqarTvelos istoria igulisxmeba, rom iswavleba skolaSi. igive qarTuli ena. marTalia, qarTuli ena aucilebelia, imitom rom aCvena gamokiTxvebma, rom TiTqmis aravin ar icis normalurad aq, magram mainc es ar unda aRematebodes, vTqvaT, erT wels da ar unda gadadiodes sam welze. - ubralod normalurad unda iswavlebodes. - da testi unda iyos. es aucilebelia, Cemi azriT. - me minda kidev erTi davamato, Cemi azriT, CaTvla-gamocdebis arsebuli sistema unda Seicvalos testirebiT, imitom rom, Cemi azriT, jer erTi CaTvlagamocdebs miaqvs uazrod didi dro, meorec, aseTi erTi erTze Secvla leqtorTan yovelTvis iwvevs korufciul moments, da sjobia testi, jer erTi, is dokumentic aris. - davamateb testebi iyos ara marto, vTqvaT, pirveli semestris bolos, meore semestris bolos, aramed, vTqvaT, erTi Tvis Semdeg... - ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, da gaadvildeba studentis saqme. - ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, imitom rom ici, rogor aris? rom ar gTxoven, adamiani xar da gimuSavdeba erTi momenti. yovelTviuri an yovelkvireuli gamokiTxva rodesac ar aris, Sen ar swavlob, da gamocdebis [win] amxela wignebs ixli TavSi da ra Zali medga... - ho, ra!
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- movaleobas ixdi, ver gaxsovdeba. - axla iseTi gadaRlili var gamocdebis mere, ver vazrovneb. - me Tu mkiTxavT, pirvel rigSi, unda gamoicvalon leqtorebi, arian ukve Zalian bebrebi bevrni. - marTalia! - marTalia! - sapensio asaki... - axali kadri unda movides. - ara, erTi-ori xanSi Sesuli namdvilad kargia oRond, ver ityvi, rom axalgazrdebi unda Semoiyvano... - ara, me ar viZaxi, axalgazrdebi unda SemoviyvanoT unda SemoviyvanoT iseTebi, vinc ufro... - Semoyvanaze, umjobesi xom ar iqneba, rom weRan rogorc vTqvi rom gadaxalisdes. - asaksac gaaCnia, mikiTxavda kaci, SeiZleba, Zalian brwyinvaledac icoda, [magram] misi xmis tembri iyo CurCuli, da auditoriis damorCilebis done nuli. - da, sxvaTaSoris, eg iwvevs ukve... xuTianze damTavrebuli studenti, marTla kargi studenti, Cemi axlobeli movida SarSan, undoda rom leqtorad imuSavos, magram... am dros me mikiTxavs qali leqcias, romelsac kbilebi daaviwyda saxlSi da meubneba, wadi Svilo, kbilebi momitaneo. amasTan is axalgazrda gogo, romelmac marTla xuTebze daamTavra me xuTosnebi ar mainteresebso, maSin reqtoratSi uTxres. - erTi momentic aris, arian aq moxucebi, xanSi Sesuli kadri, romelsac SeiZleba sapensio asaki aqvs, magram imas ver Secvli, imitom rom brwinvalea. - egeTi SemTxvevebi... - skolaSic da universitetSic asaks ratomRac abaven Rvawlmosilebas es ase aRar aris. - marTalia.

universitetis situacia, mgoni, safuZvlianad ganvixileT. Tqveni azriT, SeiZleba Tu ara axla vilaparakoT warmatebuli brZolis Sesaxeb korufciis winaaRmdeg zogadad saqarTveloSi?
- araviTar SemTxvevaSi. - jer ara. - jerjerobiT ar SegviZlia. - Cemi azriT, igive revoluciam erTi Zalian cudi raRac moaxdina xalxi adre xom iZaxda, Cven verafers ver SevcliT, unda movides kargi mTavrobao. axla xalxi uaresad gazarmacda da iZaxis, Cven kargi mTavroba gvyavs da axla isini gviSvelian. anu, ratom aqvs am xalxs aseTi... - ar gamigia maseTi naTqvami. - ra? yvela mase iZaxis! - marTalia, revoluciam erTi ra SeiZleba cudi moitanos xalxs amdeni wlis dagrovili energia im ramdenime kviraSi daaxarjvina da axla aRar ainteresebs im xalxs jer-jerobiT, ai mere ukve daiwyebs isev, albaT. - ara, ki ar ainteresebs, ukve imedi aqvT, albaT, rom raRacas gamocvlian. - ara, imedi SeiZleba gqondes, magram Senc unda iyo aqtiuri. - es aqsiomaa: Sen xar moqalaqe, Sen gaqvs uflebebi, romlebic pirvel rigSi Sen unda daicva. xelisuflebas aravis ar hqondes iluzia, rogorc ginda kargi xelisufleba iyos, is yovelTvis Tavxeddeba xelisuflebiT, es ase xdeba gamonaklisebis gareSe. - Sen xom axla amas iZaxi Sen rom moxvide xelisuflebaSi, analogiurad iqneba. - aucileblad! adamiani var da ase iqneba! - Tu ar Segawuxe, raRaca Tu ar gaiZule, ar gaakeTeb. keTili nebiT es ar iqneba. - aqedan gamomdinare, Sen rogorc ki xuWav Tvalebs... - iTxove da mogecemao raRac unda iTxovo da...
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maS axla aravin ar unda ifiqros imaze, rom rame seriozuli brZola daiwyos korufciis winaaRmdeg?
- ara, rogor ara. - seriozuli brZola da seriozuli cvlilebebi moitana am revoluciam. - aba ra aris seriozuli cvlileba? - Zalian bevri! - me davinaxe cvlileba, dRes-dReobiT myavs axalgazrda axloblebi TbilisSi, romlebic samsaxurs eZebdnen da sakmaod kargi codna aqvT, erTma gogom sami ena icis, yvela Tavis profesiaSi, ase vTqvaT, karg donezea. aqamde Zalian wvalobdnen, da sxvaTaSoris oTxidan samma ukve samsaxuri naxa. me vfiqrob, ukve iciT, rogori done Semovida da rogori azrovneba? rom Tu ar geyoleba samsaxurSi profesionali, ukve rom midixar, TbilisSi elementarulad: inglisuri ici? kompiuteri ici? atestacias gadixar da giReben samsaxurSi. - eg kerZo struqturebSi. - ki, kerZoSia, magram am SemTxvevaSi TviTon Cveni codniT, Cemi azriT, raRac patara wvlils SevitanT korufciis winaaRmdeg. - ki! - imitom, rom sul rom gvqondes magis imedi, weRan rogorc vTqvi, Tu qvevidan ar wamovida, is zemodan namdvilad ar iqneba. - Cemi azriT, kidev, unda Seiqmnas (da mgoni ukve Seqmnilic aris) antikorufciuli komisiasaviT raRaca, sadac iqnebian arasamTavrobo organizaciebis wevrebi, ucxoeTidan moyvanili eqspertebi... unda gaakontrolon. - oRond, es ar unda iyos... [formalurad.] - da unda Sedges es antikorufciuli sabWo da unda gaakontrolon igive Cveni universiteti da ase mivaRwevT Sedegs.

kidev ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?

- Zalian kargia, precedentebi iqmneba, rom korumpirebulebs iWeren, vinc ixlarTeba raRaceebSi, iWeren, magram Cumad mainc xdeba, ra. - Cumad ki ar xdeba, yvelaze didi Secdoma ra aris iWeren, magram ar iWeren Tavisebs. axla saCvenebel daWerebze nu damiwyebT laparaks, ra! - wavidnen, daiWiron anzor burjanaZe da davijereb rom asea, ra!

vin unda ibrZodes, Tqveni azriT, axla saqarTveloSi korufciis winaaRmdeg?

- yvela. - xalxi. - yvela absoluturad. - yvelam, magram mTavrobisgan unda modiodes keTili neba. me rac ginda viyviro... - ra Tqma unda!

ra SemTvevaSi iqneba brZola saqarTveloSi warmatebuli?

korufciis

winaaRmdeg

dRevandel

- Tu kanoni ikanonebs. - Tu ara marto sityviT, aramed Cveni saqmiTac... sinamdvileSi ai gamodian revoluciis dros, da sinamdvileSi saqme saqmeze rom midges, saqmiT verafers ver gaakeTeben. - kanoni ikanonebs da xelfasebi gaizrdeba. magram erTi SemTxveva moxda sagadasaxados TanamSromlebs hqondaT 400 lari xelfasi. axla daaWres da 30 lari dautoves. - ara, 40 lari nuli mouWres. - ara, vici rom 30 Zmakacis deda 400 lars iRebda, atestacia gavlilebi, samjer gamocdebi Caabarebines, axla meoTxed Caabarebines da 30 larze dasves. adre iRebda 400 lars. axla wadi da nu moaparineb imas! - jerjerobiT mainc Zalian Znelad moxdeba es, magram imedi ar unda daikargos.
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konkretulad ra SeiZleba gavakeToT Cven?

- me, magaliTad, Zalian cud mdgomareobaSi var, imitom rom me bevrad mirCevia, rom mivce fuli leqtors da raRac CavTvalo, imitom rom namdvilad problemebiT var savse, magram dRes-dReobiT me amas ar gavakeTeb, miT umetes, maqvs saSualeba. me sami gamocda gadavitane da vapireb swavlas. me vfiqrob, es iyo Cemi erT-erTi Setanili wvlili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. - marTali xar. - albaT marTla, rom aRar gadavixadoT gamocdebSi da CaTvlebSi fuli. - Cveni cxovreba xom marto gamocdebi da CaTvlebi ar aris? - ara. - arc arsad. - me vfiqrob, zogadad interesi unda gaviRviZoT imisa, rom ar CavdgaT fexi iq, sadac... - Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs. - erTi, pirveli Seni piradi magaliTiT misce magaliTi sxvas, meores; es aris erTi momenti, da meore momenti is, rac Sen ici da iman ar icis (Tundac uflebebi, Tundac Sen ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is) Sen daexmaro im adamians im resursiT, rac Sen gaqvs. bunebrivia, Tu raime organizaciis wevri xar, meti saSualeba SeiZleba gqondes, TavisTavad, magram Tu xar rigiTi pirovneba, es ar niSnavs, rom ar SegiZlia Tundac kerZo saubarSi Sens megobars uTxra, elementarulad is informacia, romelic SeiZleba ver moipova, SeiZleba ar undoda, ar gaigo; anda qmediTi daxmareba aRmouCino, gahyve imas, igive informaciis gamoTxovebis momentSi, yvelam xom ar icis? egec Setanili wvlilia. bevri rame SeiZleba! - Tundac, ukanono gadasaxads magaliTad, pasportis aReba mindoda, Sevitane gancxadeba. 6 lari Tu 12 lari momTxoves. me vuTxari: damiwere qviTari da vixdi. ar dagiwero. ratom ar damiwer, veubnebi sxvaTaSoris, maSin vicrue da Tavisuflebis institutis saxeli gamoviyene... - ar aris eg korufcia? - pasporti, Tu piradobis mowmoba? - pasporti. - 6 lari Zalian iafia pasportisTvis. - ara, ubralod gancxadebis Setana. - veubnebi, damiwere [qviTari] da 24 lari unda mogce. analogiurad, diplomis fuli minda, rom bankSi Sevitano ar aris aranairi gza! - angariSis nomeri ici, rom Seitano? - Tundac, bavSvi myavs, da ramdenime dRis win aRricxvaze aviyvane bavSvTa poliklinikaSi. maqvs polisi, dedisac da bavSvisac. TbilisSi samSobiaroSi 100 dolari moaWra polisma. aq mivitane rveuli xom mivitane, kargi, istoriebi ara aqvT; 10 lari xom gadavixade, risTvis eg RmerTma icis. da 5 lari kidev wamlebi mogvces raRac da imaSi gadagvaxdevines. - da is sadazRvevo polisi raRa iyo? - hoda, polisis funqcia ver gavige. Zlivs vikavebdi Tavs, magram aqeT sidedri medga, iqiT dedaCemi kargi, gaCumdi! eqimebia, dagvWirdeba. gavCumdi. mere gamovdivar da yvirian, intriganiao. intrigani var? - eg aris kidev mSoblebis faqtori Zalian is aris. Cems das Sehqonda pasportze 10 lari rom mosTxoves, me vuTxari, ar gadavixdiT-meTqi, da deidaCemma: sircxvilia, gadavixadoT, ra moxdao. - jer skolidanve, Ramis skolaSi vswavlobdi, 9 Tve xom vswavlob, TveSi 10 lari unda gadamexada, ese igi 90 lari, ara? fasianze vswavlobdi. kaco, 120 lariani gadasaxadi momitanes. me vuTxari, damiwereT-meTqi qviTari damiweres, Senaxuli maqvs dRemde. rom moviTxove es qviTari ratom moiTxoveo, direqtori iZaxis, eg giJiao, rom dadis, TavisTvis laparakobso. anu igive, ra!

didi madloba!

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danarTi #2.

Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni

analitikuri gamokvleva socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze rTuli saxeoba, romelic miznad isaxavs ara marto socialuri problemis aRweras, aramed, agreTve misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis gamoaSkaravebas. ix. agreTve: dazverviTi gamokvleva da aRweriTi gamokvleva. anketireba masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT warimarTeba. anketirebis dros respondenti TviTon kiTxulobs kiTxvaris kiTxvebs da Tavadve aRniSnavs pasuxebs, romlebic mis azrs Seesabameba. ix. agreTve: interviu. aqtori (Tvisebriv kvlevaSi) pirovneba, romlis moqmedebac mkvlevris dakvirvebis da Seswavlis sagania. termini gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad CarTuli dakvirvebis Sesaxeb saubrisas. biografiuli interviu siRmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis (biografiis) qronologiur rekonstruqcias, raTa Seswavlil iqnes ama Tu im socialuri problemis gavlena individis cxovrebaze, mis mier ama Tu im movlenebis gaazreba da Sefaseba, da sxv. biografiul interviusa da cxovrebis istorias Soris bevria saerTo, Tumca pirveli gansakuTrebiT farTod gamoiyeneba evropaSi, kerZod germaniaSi, xolo meore aSS-Si. ix. agreTve: cxovrebis istoria. aRweriTi gamokvleva socialuri gamokvleva, romelic tardeba ama Tu im socialuri problemis SeZlebisdagvarad sruli aRweris mizniT, xSirad raTa gamovlenili iqnes, arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri am problemis Semadgenel elementebs Soris. ix. agreTve: dazverviTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva. gamokvlevis programa sabuTi, romelic aucilebelia empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevis Casatareblad. gamokvlevis programa kvlevis dawyebamde unda SemuSavdes. aq Camoyalibebulia gamokvlevis strategia, dasabuTebulia gamokvlevis problemis mniSvneloba da aqtualuroba da mis Sesaswavlad SerCeuli gzebis (meTodebis) gamoyenebis marTebuloba. gamokvlevis programis safuZvliani damuSaveba xels uwyobs xarisxiani gamokvlevis Catarebas da sando Sedegebis miRebas, Tumca wminda gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis SemTxvevaSi misi SemuSaveba SeiZleba ar moxdes. generaluri erToblioba yvela im adamianTa erToblioba, visac axasiaTebs is socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebi, romelTa Seswavlac mkvlevris mizans warmoadgens. gamokvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare, generaluri erToblioba SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos. magaliTad, Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis azris Seswavla, generalur erTobliobas warmoadgens saqarTvelos yvela srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis damokidebulebas ama Tu im problemisadmi, generaluri erTobliobaa saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qalebi; Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT miznad, Cveni generaluri erToblioba am universitetis studentebi iqnebian. generaluri erTobliobis gansazRvra SerCevis Sedgenis safuZvelia. dazverviTi gamokvleva socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze ubralo tipi, romlis mizanicaa ama Tu im problemis winaswari Seswavla, misi mdgomareobis dazverva. ix. agreTve: aRweriTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva. dakvirveba informaciis Segrovebis meTodi (ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba eTnografiaSi, antropologiaSi da sociologiaSi), romlis drosac mkvlevari akvirdeba aqtor(eb)is moqmedebas. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben e.w. ubralo da CarTul (monawile) dakvirvebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevari aranairad ar ereva im movlenebSi, romlebsac akvirdeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi is xSirad
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srulad iziarebs dakvirvebis obieqtTa yofas, monawileobas saqmianobaSi, esaubreba maT, raTa ukeT Seiswavlos maTi cxovreba.

iRebs

maT

daxuruli kiTxvebi kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi, romlebsac Tan axlavs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia. demografia mosaxleobis struqturis mecnieruli Seswavla, romelic awarmoebs mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdisa da Semcirebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis, migraciis analizs; agreTve, ganixilavs mis asakobriv, sqesobriv Tanafardobas da am maCveneblebis cvlilebebs. demografiuli informaciis Segrovebis umTavresi wyaroa regularuli aRwera, romelic yvela saxelmwifoSi saSualod 10 weliwadSi erTxel tardeba. eTnografia gansxvavebuli kulturis Seswavla da aRwera, romelic ZiriTadad Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT xdeba. eTnografiis ZiriTadi mizania cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi am kulturis warmomadgenlebs esmiT. eTika profesiuli saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli principebis da normebis erToblioba, romelic ama Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs. eTikuri normebi Tavmoyrilia eTikis kodeqsebSi. Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialuri kvlevis meTodebis jgufi, romelic aerTianebs iseT meTodebs, rogorebicaa siRrmiseuli interviu, cxovrebis istoria, fokus-jgufi, dakvirveba, monografiuli gamokvleva, da sxv. es meTodebi cnobilia rogorc moqnili meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebisagan gansxvavebiT miznad isaxavs ara Sesaswavli fenomenis raodenobrivi gavrcelebis suraTis dadgenas, aramed mis siRrmiseul Seswavlas. interviu respondentis gamokiTxvis, misgan informaciis miRebis procesi. interviu verbaluri informaciis miRebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli saSualebaa socialur kvlevebSi. misi ramdenime ZiriTadi tipi gamoirCeva, gamomdinare iqidan, ramdenad struqturirebulia interviu: struqturirebuli, nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli. interviueri kvleviTi jgufis wevri, romelic uSualod esaubreba respondents, mimarTavs mas kiTxvaris kiTxvebiT da iniSnavs miRebul pasuxebs. interviueri ZiriTadad masobrivi gamokiTxvis procesSi gamoiyeneba. informanti CarTuli dakvirvebis dros mkvlevaris informaciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro; Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic exmareba mkvlevars am kulturis SeswavlaSi. kiTxvari specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad Sedgenili kiTxvebis erToblioba, romelTac respondentebi pasuxoben masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros. gamokiTxvis tipidan gamomdinare, kiTxvari SeiZleba miZRvnili iyos mxolod erTi Temisadmi, an sxvadasxva Tematuri blokisagan Sedgebodes. kontent-analizi sociologiuri kvlevis meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac Seiswavleba sxvadasxva tipis dokumentebi maTSi ama Tu im maCveneblebis gamovlenis sixSiris dafiqsirebis mizniT. termini iTargmneba qarTul enaze rogorc Sinaarsis analizi; is SeiZleba iyos rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisebrivi. masobrivi gamokiTxva sociologiuri kvlevis yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli raodenobrivi meTodi, mosaxleobis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemasTan dakavSirebiT misi reprezentatuli nawilis (SerCevis) gamokiTxvis safuZvelze. gamokiTxva xdeba formalizebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze, specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad SerCeul respondentebTan. meTodi ama Tu im saqmianobis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis konkretuli xerxi. socialur kvlevaSi pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis saSualeba. ix. agreTve: Tvisebrivi meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebi. socialuri kvlevis meTodika pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis,
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damuSavebis da gamoyenebis meTodebis erToblioba. socialuri kvlevis meTodologia samecniero kvlevis logika, romelic erTian sistemaSi aerTianebs mis principebs, wesebsa da meTodebs. socialur kvlevaSi meTodologia ganixileba rogorc kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli, ukavSirdeba mis problemur monaxazs da Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs gamokvlevis programaSi. moderatori fokus-jgufis wamyvani, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc Tavad mkvlevari, aseve mowveuli piri. monografiuli gamokvleva kvleviTi midgoma socialur mecnierebebSi, romelic ramdenime meTods aerTianebs; cnobilia, agreTve SemTxvevis Seswavlis saxeliT. es midgoma upirveles yovlisa gamoirCeva imiT, rom mis farglebSi mravali meTodi gamoiyeneba (upirveles yovlisa CarTuli dakvirveba), savele samuSaoebi ki Zalian didi xnis manZilze grZeldeba. Tumca yvelaze xSirad monografiuli gamokvleva Tvisebriv meTodebTan asocideba, mis farglebSi raodenobrivi meTodebic gamoiyeneba. naxevrad daxuruli kiTxvebi kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi, romlebsac Tan erTvis pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia, magram, agreTve mocemulia damatebiTi varianti sxva, sadac respondentebs saSualeba eZlevaT, daafiqsiron gansxvavebuli azri, romelic ar iqna (an ver iqna) gaTvaliswinebuli gamokiTxvis organizatorebis mier. pirispir interviu intervius yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba, romlis drosac interviueri pirispir esaubreba respondents da kiTxvarSi iniSnavs mis mier gacemul pasuxebs. pirispir interviu, rogorc wesi, respondentis binaze tardeba; misi xanrgZlivoba SeiZleba meryeobdes 20 wuTidan 60 wuTamde. intervius sxva saxeobebia satelefono da safosto interviu. raodenobrivi meTodebi socialuri kvlevis formalizebuli meTodebi, romelTa gamoyenebac statistikur kanonzomierebebs emyareba da romlebic miznad isaxavs gamoavlinos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gavrceleba, misi gamovlenis sixSire. es iseTi meTodebia, rogorc masobrivi gamokiTxva, kontent-analizi. reaqtiuloba mkvlevris an kvleviTi situaciis gavlena aqtorebis saqcielsa da naTqvamze, kvlevis obieqtebis reaqcia im garemoebaze, rom mkvlevari Seiswavlis maT; gansakuTrebiT vlindeba CarTuli dakvirvebis warmoebis procesSi. ician ra, rom maT moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara, isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram dakvirvebis warmoebisas es Zalze seriozuli problemaa, vinaidan amaxinjebs miRebul Sedegebs. reprezentatuloba mTavari moTxovna respondentTa SerCevisadmi masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros. reprezentatuloba gulisxmobs, rom SerCeva proporciulad asaxavs generaluri erTobliobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs, warmoadgens ra mis mikromodels. respondenti adamiani, romelic kvlevis Catarebis dros informaciis uSualo wyaroa, romlisganac mkvlevrebi iReben maTTvis saWiro informacias; gamokiTxuli. sadiskusio gegma kvlevis instrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba siRrmiseuli intervius da fokus-jgufebis struqturirebis mizniT. esaa intervius savaraudo kiTxvebis sia. sadiskusio gegma ZiriTadad Ria kiTxvebisgan Sedgeba. savele samuSaoebi termini, romliTac moixsenieba kvlevis Catrebisas pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis procesi. satelefono gamokiTxva masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic tele102

fonis meSveobiT tardeba. satelefono interviuebi, rogorc wesi, 10-15 wuTze met xans ar grZeldeba. satelefono gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gansakuTrebiT Znelia reprezentatulobis dacva. siRrmiseuli interviu intervius saxeoba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba Tvisebriv meTodebSi. esaa nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviu, romelic sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze warimarTeba da miznad isaxavs, Seityos respondentis ara mxolod damokidebuleba da pozicia, aramed motivaciebi. transkripti intervius an fokus-jgufis audio-Canaweris qaRaldze gadatanis (gaSifvris) Sedegad miRebuli teqsti. Tvisebriv kvlevaSi xSirad swored transkriptis saxiT viRebT pirvelad (nedl) monacemebs, romelTa damuSavebac xdeba kvlevis Sedegebis analizis mizniT. fokus-jgufi Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli meTodi, romelic aseve cnobilia jgufuri diskusiis saxeliT. rogorc wesi, fokusjgufSi 6-dan 12-mde respondenti iRebs monawileobas; is warimarTeba sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze specialuri kvalifikaciis mqone wamyvanis, moderatoris mier. Ria kiTxva kiTxvis saxeoba, romelic ar sTavazobs respondentebs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebs. am tipis kiTxvebi Zalian mizanSewonilia imdenad, ramdenadac isini minimalur gavlenas axdens respondnetTa pasuxebze, magram maTi statistikuri damuSaveba Zalian Sromatevadia, amitom Ria kiTxvebi ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli, da ufro damaxasiaTebelia Tvisebrivi kvlevisTvis. SerCeva wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac unda moxdes respondentTa SerCeva generaluri erTobliobis wevrebisagan. am process gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros, sadac SerCeva reprezentatuli unda iyos; Tvisebriv kvlevaSi SerCevis SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT naklebi moTxovna arsebobs. SerCeviTi erToblioba respondentTa jgufi, romelsac Cven viRebT SerCevis Sedegad da romlebsac uSualod gamovkiTxavT. Tu SerCeva sworad ganxorcielda, SerCeviTi erToblioba generaluri erTobliobis reprezentatuli iqneba. cxovrebis istoria siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic miznad isaxavs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlas respondentis cxovrebaSi am problemis adgilis, misi gavlenis dadgenis meSveobiT. ix. agreTve: biografiuli interviu. hipoTeza mecnierulad dasabuTebuli varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevris mier dasaxul kvleviT kiTxvebze. hipoTeza gamokvlevis programis aucilebeli nawilia.

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Tinatin Zurabishvili

QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH

Course outline
As stated in the course syllabus, the main objectives of this 8-week course are two-fold: as a result of attending this course, the students will: (a) get familiar with the theory and history of qualitative research methods in social sciences; and (b) learn how to conduct various types of qualitative research which are most frequently used in the contemporary social research practice. Main topics covered in the course are outlined below. Week 1. Qualitative Methods in Social Research: Introduction and Historical Overview. Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour The first lecture offers introduction to qualitative research methods in social sciences. We start with discussion of the nature and distinctive features of qualitative research methods, which are compared with quantitative methods, such as surveys. We stress that, unlike quantitative research method results, qualitative data are not representative, which, however, does not mean that they are less scientific; they provide deeper understanding of the social world than the quantitative methods do, although they can not be generalized and claimed that their results are representative for the population under study. Qualitative research methods offer more flexibility to the researcher while doing field work. On the other hand, this leads to higher responsibility of the researcher, and poses specific ethnical issues, which will be covered more in detail later on. Major issues in the discussion of the nature of qualitative and quantitative research methods are connected with the idea that qualitative and quantitative methods of social research are of different, but not of opposite nature; they should be used appropriately in order to achieve reliable results. The model of qualitative quantitative interactive continuum developed by Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz (1998) is introduced, which stresses the idea that the two groups of methods can mutually enrich the research. First lecture also offers a historical analysis of development of qualitative research methods, and a discussion of theoretical paradigms that lay behind qualitative and quantitative research methods At the end of the lecture, we discuss research design and the ways to develop it. Detailed analyses of components of research design are presented, in order to make the students familiar with the ways of thinking about new research projects and getting prepared to start one. At the end of the class, we will have discussion and/or Q&A session. Required readings for this week are: Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 288-298 (Some Qualitative Filed Research Paradigms).
Michael Burawoy. 1991 The Extended Case Method. Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of California Press.

Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-12 (Qualitative-Quantitative Research: A False Dichotomy).
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John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 101-122 (Thinking Topics). iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia. // sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998. gv. 22-44. Recommended readings: Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 282-268 (Qualitative Filed Research). Howard S. Becker. 2001. The Epistemology of Qualitative Research. Pp. 317-330 in: Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. W. Lawrence Newman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-381 (Field Research). . . 1995. : , , . - . . 42-80 (). After the first lecture, students are required to prepare two assignments to be submitted two days prior the next class: a) Think of and bring a list of 5 issues which are suitable for qualitative research; and b) Come up with a research design of their own, where both theoretical and practical aspects of the proposed research will be considered; research proposals submitted by the students will be discussed during the next seminar. Week 2. In-Depth Interview Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours The first method that is covered in detail in terms of this course is in-depth interview. While introducing this method, we first distinguish between structured, semi-structured and non-structured interviews. In-depth interview is an example of semi-structured interviews which are conducted based on a discussion guide as a major research instrument, which, however, is not directive, and allows both researcher/interviewer and respondent to develop new issues not mentioned in the guide, provided that they are of interest to the study. After Robert S. Weiss, we consider in-depth interviewing as a process of collaboration between researcher and respondent. Use of open-ended questions stimulates development of the respondents narrative, which can be directed by the questions of the interviewer. We also discuss several probing techniques (silence, echo, baiting) that can help us get more information, often without interviewers injection in respondents narrative. We also discuss technical aspects of conducting in-depth interviews, such as selection and preparation of the setting; recording equipment; selection of respondents. In addition to general discussion about in-depth interview as qualitative research method in the social sciences, we consider two variations of in-depth interviewing, namely, life histories and biographic narrative interviews (Gail Kligmans and Gabriele Cappais works are used to get better understanding of these types of in-depth interview). The lection finishes with the discussion of possibilities of analyzing in-depth interviews. In the end, we offer an example of how a Discussion Guide of an in-depth interview can look like, with a short review which emphasizes its major features. Homework assignments for this week are: 1) to prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of in-depth
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interviews. An example of a discussion guide is presented in the appendix, which can help students to work on their own guide; 2) to conduct 3 in-depth interviews based on this guide, and to discuss the process of conducting these, specifically focusing on the difficulties they encounter; 3) the students are also required to transcribe one of these interviews the one they think was the most successful. The most important and/or typical experiences reported by the students will be discussed during next meeting. Required readings for this week are: Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 121-150 (Issues in Interviewing). H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220 (Unstructured Interviewing). gabriele kapai. 2000. biografiul-naratiuli interviu: Teoriuli winamZRvrebi da gamoyenebis xerxebi. (Targmani wignidan: Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realt locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identit nelle societ multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag). Recommended readings: Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 61-120 (Interviewing). H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 449-488 (Some Traditions of Text Analysis). Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescus Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (Bitter Memories: The Politics of Reproduction in Everyday Life). . . 2000. . .: ., 2000. Week 3. Focus Groups Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours We discuss focus group as a group in-depth interview, which, however, has several specific features, which are determined, first of all, by the fact that up to a dozen of respondents participate in a single focus group discussion. The greatest advantage of focus groups as a qualitative research method is that it gives the researchers the possibility to observe the process of forming group judgments and/or decisions. A short review of the historical development of the focus groups in the social sciences focuses on Robert K. Mertons and his colleagues work in this field. Major areas of use of focus groups in contemporary research practice are reviewed, namely, marketing research, social and political research; these are the areas where focus groups proved to be most effective, while there are some areas where it is not usually recommended to use focus groups e.g., personal relationships; income. In the section devoted to the main features of this method, we discuss distinctiveness of focus groups, technical aspects of their preparation, selection of participants, and advises regarding how to conduct them, specifically focusing on the role and functions of the
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moderator. Next section is devoted to the 10 most frequently used projective techniques that facilitate focus group discussions. These techniques are: verbal associations, finishing sentences, personification, stereotypes, collages, brand mapping, etc. Last section discusses the possibilities of analysis of the data obtained through focus group discussions. Analysis of focus group results is quite similar to the analysis of in-depth interview data, although there are several specific considerations, first of all the level of analysis should be determined; although both individual and group level can be justified, our advise is to base analysis on the interplay of the two levels of analysis (Morgan 1997: 60). Two examples are offered in the end of this lecture, one of which is a possible discussion guide, and the other a descriptive report of a research project based exclusively on focus groups. In addition, Appendix 1 offers a transcript of a focus group conducted with students of one of Georgian universities, where the causes of corruption in Georgian higher education are discussed. Homework assignments for this week are: 1. To find out which projective techniques are used in the Discussion Guide presented in the Example 2. 2. To write a Project Proposal on a given topic (Causes of Corruption in the Georgian Higher Educational Institutions); the project should be conducted using focus groups. 3. To prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of focusgroup discussions, where the students are required to use projective techniques they find suitable for the topic they choose. Our discussion classes will be based on the analysis of the students homework assignments; besides, well watch a tape of a focus-group discussion and evaluate how it was conducted. If possible, Ill try to arrange a visit to a research center where the students will have an opportunity to see a room designed for focus group discussions, with all necessary equipment. Required readings for this week are: David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 31-65. Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 39-68; 97-124. maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. narkomania: problemis Sefaseba axalgazrdebis mier. // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da perspeqtivebi. Telavi: samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti. Recommended readings: . . 2001. -. .: . Week 4. Participant Observation Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour As we move towards non-verbal techniques of data collection, observation is obviously the first method to be introduced. In contrast with the interview techniques discussed during the previous weeks, observation takes place in the natural environment, which presents additional challenges to the researcher. Although a distinction will be made between nonparticipant and participant observation, we will focus on the latter, which is one of the most popular qualitative research methods.
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Historically, participant observation was first developed by anthropologists and ethnographers, and was considered as a means to learn about distinctive culture. Contemporary participant observation as it is practiced by most social sciences, can be applied in modern as well as in non-modern societies; its major aim as well as its major advantage is the possibility to study a distinctive (sub)culture and explain its meanings as they are understood and interpreted by its members. Paradoxically, it is considered that studying unfamiliar cultures is usually more effective than researchers own culture, because in the latter case the researcher can not approach his/her own culture as a complete stranger. Participant observation is always a long-time commitment and usually takes years to collect the data. It starts with entering the field, establishing contact with the actors, finding informants. Characteristics of good informants are also discussed during the lecture. During the fieldwork, the researcher defines the exact focus of observations, starting with descriptive stage of observation and eventually arriving to selective observation. Fieldnotes are discussed in detail, as a way to document how the fieldwork proceeds. As an example of possible analytic strategy used by participant observers, W.F.Whites classical analysis of group structure in the Street Corner Society will be presented, to be further discussed during next weeks class. There is only one homework assignments for this week: The students are required to go to a public library in pairs, take different seats and observe whats going on in the library for 3 hours. They are required to take notes during the observation, but not to share any observations with each other. Immediately after the observation, they have to write (again, separately) fieldnotes based on what theyve observed, and submit them.
Required readings for this week are:
James P. Spradley. 1997. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. Pp. 53-62; 73-84; 100-111; 122-129.
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 3-51; 94-110; 279-373.
Recommended readings:
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (Participant Observation).

Week 5. Participant Observation (continued) Lecture, 1 hour; discussion, 3 hours

During our fifth week, we continue to learn participant observation, in particular how to write fieldnotes during the fieldwork, and how to transform them into the research report. Relatively little new material will be delivered during this week; instead, we will focus of detailed discussion of (a) fieldnotes submitted by the students as a result of observations they made, and (b) readings from Whites Street Corner Society. By next week, the students have to make final decisions regarding their course projects, so these discussions will be particularly helpful at this stage.

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Week 6. Case Study Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour Case study is the final method considered in terms of this course. As in the case of participant observation, we will discuss this method during two week. First we will focus on the history of this method, which was introduced in the social sciences based on the experience of anthropologists. Experience of the Chicago School and their role in establishing this method are also discussed. Case studies are a lot in common with participant observation, but we consider the former as an even broader research approach, rather than a single method of collecting the data. As a multi-method approach, case studies employ a number of research techniques that help the researchers to collect the data; what is particularly specific with case studies, the methods used can be both qualitative and quantitative (e.g., surveys). As an example of early case study research, we will discuss a study of the 1930s conducted by Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues in the Austrian village of Marienthal. This study is very interesting for us mainly from the methodological perspective, use of many various techniques of data collection which are discussed in detail by the authors. Since there is no single way to conduct case study research, and there are no clear guidelines regarding site selection and data analysis, one of the best ways to learn about this method is to introduce more examples. So, the second study we will discuss in detail in this class is Mitchel Duniers Sidewalk, which is distinctive in a number of ways. We discuss several aspects of this study: the research question and how it was formulated; its theoretical context and how Dunier fit his study into the particular one; methodology used by Dunier and, specifically, his relationships with the informants; use of photography in presenting the findings. Required readings for this week are: Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. Pp. 17-42, 231289. James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 25-39 (Informants). Recommended readings: Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage Publications. James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 55-68 (Interviewing an Informant).

Week 7. Case Study (continued) Discussion, 2 hours; students presentations, 2 hours This week is focused on discussions. During the class, we will first discuss readings from the Sidewalk, focusing on the specific ways of conducting fieldwork and building relationships with informants. In the second part of the class, the students will present their research projects focusing on (a) their research questions; (b) sites; and (c) methodology they use to conduct the fieldwork. This will be our final discussion of students research projects before they finish and submit them.
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Week 8. Ethics of Qualitative Research Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours

Its hard to overestimate significance of ethical issues while doing fieldwork. During our last class, we will focus on the responsibility of the researcher while doing fieldwork and the requirements of professional communities towards their members. Codes of ethics have been elaborated in a systematic way after the Second World War by professional associations of the social scientists in Europe and North America; other countries joined them later. Nowadays, most of the professional association are international, which leads to unification of ethical standards of the respective professional activity over the state boarders. Codes of ethics should be distinguished from the legal requirements, and from mutual responsibilities outlined in the contracts signed between the researchers and clients; during the class, we discuss the specific character of ethical norms. Two Codes of Ethics we are focusing on in this class are ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice (ICC/ESOMAR, 1995) and Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics (American Sociological Association, 1999). We focus on: (a) Rights of the respondents; (b) Rights of the clients who commission research; and (c) responsibility towards the society in general. Sanctions against those who violate ethical norms are discussed based on the hierarchy of sanctions in the ASA Code of Ethics. We will also discuss special rules that try to regulate publications of research results in the media, in order to avoid misinformation and deception of public. Two case studies are presented during the class, to be discussed during the seminar; one is a CNN publication where survey results are presented, and the second is a paper where an ethnographer (Eric J. Arnould) discusses ethical dilemmas he faced while doing fieldwork in Chad.
Homework assignments for this week are: 1. the students are required to find on the web codes of ethics of several professional organizations whose members are involved in social research, and to compare these Codes; 2. Assess the quality of presentation of the finding in the CNN publication distributed in class. 3. Discuss the case study concerning ethical dilemmas that Eric J. Arnould faced during his fieldwork and provide their own assessment of the situation and best ways to deal with it.
Required readings for this week are:
W. Lawrence Newman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 396-398 (Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research).
Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 306-307 (Research Ethics in Qualitative Field Research).
Eric J. Arnould. 1998. Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography, in Advances in Consumer Research 25: 72-74.
ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice. http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961
American Sociological Association. http://www.asanet.org/members/ecoderev.html 1997. Code of Ethics.

American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies and Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html
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In the Appendix 1, a transcript of a focus group interview is presented. In the Appendix 2, a Short Glossary of the terms used in qualitative research practice is presented. This is a concise reference for the students, where only terms covered in terms of this particular course are explained. Nevertheless, I hope this will be helpful for the students, given that some of them may not be familiar with any vocabulary connected with research practice, and few of the terms used in this course are already established in Georgian (some are not fully established even in English). Over 40 terms are defined in this glossary, e.g.: actor; respondent; in-depth interview; biographic interview; life history; research design; observation; close-ended questions; openended questions; ethnography; ethics; qualitative methods; quantitative methods; content analysis; focus group; moderator; case-study; fieldwork; discussion guide, transcript; hypothesis, et al. The terms and in (Georgian) alphabetical sequence. This Glossary, however, is not the only one the students will be using; they will be encouraged to consult academic social science dictionaries.

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