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Aims
To give the student an understanding of:
Aims
To give the student an understanding of:
Objectives
The Student will be able to:
Describe with the aid of sketches the effects of FSE in part filled compartments containing fluids;
calculate the reduction in GM caused by FSE, as an adjustment to KG/GM (Single Weights), or by the inclusion of FSMs into the Moment about the Keel table (Multiple Weights);
Objectives
The Student will be able to:
Calculate the new FSE if a compartment is subdivided. Describe the correct procedures required to carry out the correction of and angle of loll without putting the vessel in further danger.
G B
Showing the vessel at rest with a part filled undivided double bottom tank. The GM shown is the GMSOLID, all of which are on the centreline of the vessel.
W
b W1 G B B1 K Z b1 L1
When the vessel in stable equilibrium is inclined by an external force, buoyancy is lost on the raised side and an equal amount created on the submerged side. This creates a shift of buoyancy from b to b1 in the vessel, moving the overall buoyancy of the vessel along a parallel line from B to B1. This creates a righting lever of GZ.
W1 G G1 g B B1 K g1 Z Z1
L1
As the ballast moves to the low side this causes a shift of weight of g to g1 This causes a shift of the overall centre of gravity of the vessel G along a parallel line to a new position of G1. This reduces the righting lever to G1Z1.
E)
G2
Z2
Vi r tua
lL
os
so
G G1
fG M
(FS
Z Z1
Calculating FSE
The stability information required by law to be supplied to a vessel must include information on the effect of free surface of liquid in the tanks and also how to correct the GM for this effect. Information is usually supplied for each tank in the form of "Free Surface Moments". FSE = Free surface moment or FSM Displacement
Calculating FSE
If there are several Free Surface Moments involved, then they should all be added, then divided by the displacement. FSE = Free surface moments Displacement
Key Points
FSE does not depend upon the weight of liquid in the tank, providing the area of the free surface remains unchanged. FSE does not depend upon the position of the tank within the ship. FSE is zero if a tank is full or empty Every slack tank contributes its own FSE to the total FSE for the ship therefore to reduce FSE keep the number of slack tanks to a minimum. If it is decided to improve stability by filling a DB tank then FSE will worsen the situation before the increased bottom weight is sufficient to bring G down. If at an angle of loll then fill the smallest tank, on the lowest side first.
Execise 1
A vessel has a KM of 5.13m, KG = 4.82m and the FSE = 0.11m. Calculate the effective (fluid) GM. KM KG GMSOLID FSE GMFLUID 5.13 m - 4.82 m 0.31 m - 0.11 m 0.20 m
Subdivisions
FSM and therefore FSE can be reduced to the fitting of equally spaced longitudinal divisions in the tank. To Calculate the subdivided value the FSM or FSE is divided by the new number of compartments (n) squared So: FSMSUB = FSM n2 or FSESUB = FSE n2
Example 1
A tank has a FSM of 3586 tm. Calculate the FSM if the tank is fitted with: (i) (ii) A single longitudinal bulkhead, A further two longitudinal bulkheads.
Example 2
A tank has a FSE of 0.26 m. Calculate the FSE if the tank is fitted with: (i) (ii) A single longitudinal bulkhead, A further two longitudinal bulkheads.
Subdivisions
FSESUB = FSE n2 FSE = FSM Can be combined with
or
FSM
To give
FSESUB = FSM ( x n2) or FSM ( x n2)
Example 3
A vessel displacing 8000 tonne has a DB tank half full, it has a free surface moment 2880 tm. Calculate the free surface effect if:i) the tank is undivided ii) there is a centreline division iii) there is a centreline division and two equally spaced longitudinal bulkheads.
Example 3
(i) The tank is undivided FSE = FSM = 2880 = 0.36m 8000
Example 3
(i) The tank is undivided FSE = FSM = 2880 = 0.36m 8000
(ii) There is a centreline division FSESUB = FSM = 2880 = 0.09 tm ( x n2) (8000 x 42)
1 2
Example 3
(iii) There is a centreline division and two equally spaced longitudinal wash bulkheads FSM = 2880 = 0.023 tm ( x n2) (8000 x 42)
FSESUB =
FSE causes a virtual rise in G If the vessel is tender she will have a small GMSOLID.
If the FSE is greater than the GMSOLID then the vessel will have a negative GMFLUID and will be in unstable equilibrium. An unstable vessel could capsize, but more usually just develops an angle of loll.
The best way to avoid this is to keep the number of slack tanks to a minimum during the voyage. Wherever possible tanks should be either empty or pressed up.
Whilst the vessel is on passage she will use FW, DO & FO, so some slack tanks cannot be avoided. To avoid an angle of loll due to FSE the vessels GMSOLID must be large enough to withstand any anticipated rise in G during the voyage.
Lowering G below M to make the vessel stable will correct an angle of Loll. This can be achieved by:
Moving cargo to a lower position; Jettisoning top-weight (in an emergency); Reducing FSE by pressing up/emptying tanks; Filling low ballast spaces such as DB tanks.
Filling an empty tank will introduce FSE causing a further virtual rise of G, so this must be done with caution and adopting the following procedures:
2. calculate the FSE which will arise before pumping into empty tanks. This will ensure that the rise of G during the operation is acceptable. 3. fill empty tanks one at a time.
Since Moments about the Keel and Free Surface Moments are both Vertical Moments, they can be combined into the same table to calculate KG. The KG calculated automatically will be the KGFLUID The FSM can just be added to the Loaded Moments about the Keel column.
Example 1
A vessel of = 17,922 tonnes is initially upright, KG = 12.66m, KM = 14.24m. The FSMs of the various tanks add up to 1225tm. Calculate the GMf after the following cargo operations if KM is constant. Weight (t) 624 1,296 3,042 312 397 Kg (m) 14.88 8.71 6.69 13.27 14.88
Discharge:
Load:
Example 1
Weight (t)
Loaded 17 922 624 1 296 Discharged 12.66 14.88 8.71
KG (m)
3 042
312 397
6.69
13.27 14.88 FSM
20 350.98
4 140.24 5 907.36 1225.00 258 516.10 - 20 573.28 237 942.82 20 573.28
1 920
Example 1
KGf = Moments about the Keel = Weights
12.045m
KGf
KM KGf GMf