Chapter No.

6 Electronic Ballast Design

Chapter NO. 6

Electronic Ballast Design

1. Introduction

All gas discharge lamps, including fluorescent lamps,

require a ballast to operate. The ballast provides a high
initial voltage to initiate the discharge, then rapidly limits
the lamp current to safely sustain the discharge. Lamp
manufacturers specify lamp electrical input characteristics
(lamp current, starting voltage, current crest factor, etc.)
required to achieve rated lamp life and lumen output
specifications. Similarly, the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) publishes recommended lamp input
specifications for all ANSI type lamps. Ballasts are
designed to optimally operate a unique lamp type;
however, some ballast will adequately operate more than
one type of lamp. In these cases, optimum lamp
performance is generally not achieved under all
conditions. Less than optimum conditions may affect the
lamp's starting characteristics, light output, and operating
life.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
1.1 Circuit Type and Operating Mode
Fluorescent ballasts are manufactured for three primary
types of fluorescent lamps: preheat, rapid start, and instant
start.
• Preheat Operation Lamp electrodes are heated prior
to initiating the discharge. A 'starter switch' closes,
permitting a current to flow through each electrode.
The starter switch rapidly cools down, opening the
switch, and triggering the supply voltage across the
arc tube, initiating the discharge. No auxiliary power
is applied across the electrodes during operation.
• Rapid Start Operation Lamp electrodes are heated
prior to and during operation. The ballast
transformer has two special secondary windings to
provide the proper low voltage to the electrodes.
• Instant Start Operation Lamp electrodes are not
heated prior to operation. Ballasts for instant start
lamps are designed to provide a relatively high
starting voltage (with respect to preheat and rapid
start lamps) to initiate the discharge across the
unheated electrodes.
Rapid start is the most popular mode of operation for 4-
foot 40 watt lamps and high output 8-foot lamps. The
advantages of rapid start operation include smooth
starting, long life, and dimming capabilities. Lamps of less
than 30 watts are generally operated in the preheat mode.
Lamps operated in this mode are more efficient than the
rapid start mode as separate power is not required to
continuously heat the electrodes. However, these lamps
tend to flicker during starting and have a shorter lamp life.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
Eight-foot 'slimline' lamps are operated in instant start
mode. Instant start operation is more efficient than rapid
start, but as in preheats operation, lamp life is shorter.
The 4-foot 32 watt F32T8 lamp is a rapid start lamp
commonly operated in instant start mode with electronic
high-frequency ballasts. In this mode of operation lamp
efficacy is improved with some penalty in lamp life.

1.2 Energy Efficiency

Fluorescent lamps are reasonably efficient at converting
input power to light. Nevertheless, much of the power
supplied into a fluorescent lamp-ballast system produces
waste heat energy.
There are three primary means of to improving the
efficiency of a fluorescent lamp-ballast system:
• Reduce the ballast losses.
• Operate the lamp(s) at a high frequency.
• Reduce losses attributable to the lamp electrodes.
Newer, more energy-efficient ballasts, both magnetic and
electronic, exploit one or more of these techniques to
improve lamp-ballast system efficacy, measured in lumens
per watt. The losses in magnetic ballasts have been
reduced by substituting copper conductors for aluminum
and by using higher grade magnetic components. Ballast
losses may also be reduced by using a single ballast to
drive three or four lamps, instead of only one or two.
Careful circuit design increases efficiency of electronic
ballasts. In addition, electronic ballasts, which convert the
60 Hz supply frequency to high frequency, operate
fluorescent lamps more efficiently than is possible at 60
Hz.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
Finally, in rapid start circuits, some magnetic ballast
improves efficacy by removing power to the lamp
electrodes after starting.

1.3 Ballast Factor

One of the most important ballast parameters for the
lighting designer/engineer is the ballast factor. The ballast
factor is needed to determine the light output for a
particular lamp-ballast system. Ballast factor is a measure
of the actual lumen output for a specific lamp-ballast
system relative to the rated lumen output measured with
reference ballast under ANSI test conditions (open air at
25 degrees C [77 degrees F]). An ANSI ballast for
standard 40-watt F40T12 lamps requires a ballast factor of
0.95; the same ballast has a ballast factor of 0.87 for 34-
watt energy saving F40T12 lamps. However, many ballasts
are available with either high (conforming to the ANSI
specifications) or low ballast factors (70 to 75%). It is
important to note that the ballast factor value is not simply
a characteristic of the ballast, but of the lamp-ballast
system. Ballasts that can operate more than one type of
lamp (e.g., the 40-watt F40 ballast can operate either 40-
watt F40T12, 34-watt F40T12, or 40-watt F40T10 lamps)
will generally have a different ballast factor for each
combination (e.g., 95%, <95%, and >95%, respectively).
Ballast factor is not a measure of energy efficiency.
Although a lower ballast factor reduces lamp lumen
output, it also consumes proportionally less input power.
As such, careful selection of a lamp-ballast system with a
specific ballast factor allows designers to better minimize
energy use by "tuning" the lighting levels in the space.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
For example, in new construction, high ballast factors are
generally best, since fewer luminaires will be required
required to
meet the light level requirements. In retrofit applications
or in areas with less critical visual tasks, such as aisles and
hallways, lower ballast factor ballasts may be more
appropriate.
To avoid a drastic reduction in lamp life low ballast factor
fa
ballasts (<70%) should operate lamps in rapid start mode
only. This is particularly relevant for 32-watt
32 watt F32T8 lamps
operated at high frequency.
Finding the ballast factor for lamp-ballast
lamp ballast combinations
may not be easy, as few ballast manufacturers provide
pro this
information in their catalogs. However, if the input power
for a particular lamp-ballast
lamp ballast system is known (usually
found in catalogs) an estimate of the ballast factor is
possible.

2. Conventional Ballast

The simplest form of ballast is an inductor. Figure 1

Ballast shows a driving circuit for a fluorescent lamp
operated from the 220/240V mains.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
Conventional ballast consumes 4 watt for 60cm florescent
lamp and 8 watt for 120cm florescent lamp. This means
that in case of lamp fault and lamp removal the
conventionall ballast will consume its power. So there is no
energy saving in conventional ballast.

Florescent lamp with Magnetic Ballast

experiment:

Fluorescent tubes and discharge lamps require the
intensity of the arc to be limited, and this function is
fulfilled by a choke (or magnetic ballast) placed in series
with the bulb itself.
itself

This arrangement is most commonly used in

domestic applications with a limited number of tubes. No
particular constraint applies to the switches.

Dimmer switches are not compatible with magnetic

ballasts: the cancellation of the voltage for a fraction of the
period interrupts the discharge and totally extinguishes the
ampere.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

The starter has a dual function: preheating the tube

electrodes, and then generating an overvoltage to ignite
ignit the
tube. This overvoltage is generated by the opening of a
contact (controlled by a thermal switch) which interrupts
the current circulating in the magnetic ballast.

During operation of the starter (approx. 1 s), the

current drawn by the luminaries is approximately twice the
nominal current.

Since the current drawn by the tube and ballast

assembly is essentially inductive, the power factor is very
low (on average between 0.4 and 0.5). In installations
consisting of a large number of tubes, it is necessary
necess to
provide compensation to improve the power factor.

For large lighting installations, centralized

compensation with capacitor banks is a possible solution,
but more often this compensation is included at the level
of each luminaries in a variety of different
different layouts.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

The compensation capacitors are therefore sized so that

the global power factor is greater than 0.85. In the most
common case of parallel compensation, its capacity is on
average 1 µFF for 10 W of active power, for any type of
ampere However;
owever; this compensation is incompatible with
dimmer switches.

Constraints affecting compensation:

The layout for parallel compensation creates constraints

on ignition of the ampere since the capacitor is initially
discharged; switch-on
switch produces an over current. An
overvoltage also appears, due to the oscillations in the
circuit made up of the capacitor and the power supply
inductance.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
The Following Experiment Can Be
Used To Determine The Effect Of The
Compensation:

• Assuming an assembly of 50 50 fluorescent tubes of 18

W each and ballast resistance of 50 Ω:

Before Compensation:

Input voltage =220 v

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

Current without compensation

Phase shift

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
After Compensation:

Using Parallel Compensation with C =3.5 µF And 350

Volt Capacitor

So at C =3.5 µF
We can improve the power factor by increasing the
capacitance.
The advantages of the compensation:
• Improving the PF causing decrement in current.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

2. Electronic Ballast

Electronic ballast circuits have recently undergone a

revolution in sophistication from the early bipolar designs
of ten years ago. This has been brought about partly by
the advent of power MOSFET switches with their
inherent advantages in efficiency, but mainly by incentives
and utility rebate programs sponsored by domestic and
foreign governments. New IEC requirements have also
spurred the design of high power factor ballasts and are
starting to impose further restrictions on crest factor,
ballast factor and life expectancy (see IEC555 Standard.)
Any lamp acts as a capacitor in the off mode then the pre
heat mode to start ionization of the inner gas inside the
lamp after that the lamp enter the ignition mode to make
a complete break down with the arc occurrence ,finally the
lamp acts as non linear to operate in the run mode .
The main idea of ionized gas lamps is the break down
energy that is required to ionize the inner gas as Q=W C V2

Where
Q=ionized energy
W=angular frequency
C=lamp capacitance

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
V=lamp required energy for ionization will be
increased which cause lamp strikes to turn on
this is job of electronic ballast operating voltage
By increasing the frequency that the lamp is operated on

2.1 Electronic Ballast Operation:

DESIGN APPROACH
The functions performed by present day electronic
ballasts include electromagnetic interference (EMI)
filtering to block ballast generated noise, rectification,
power factor correction (PFC) for sinusoidal input

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
current, under voltage lockout (UVLO) and fault
protection, half-bridge
bridge switches with driver and timing for
high-frequency
frequency operation, and
an final output stage to power
the lamp . The focus of this paper is on the design of the
output stage using a simplified model. This is presently
one of the most popular approaches to powering a
fluorescent lamp at High-frequency.

The lamp requires a current

current for a specified time to
preheat the filaments, a high-voltage
high voltage for ignition, and
running power. These requirements are satisfied by
changing the frequency of the input voltage and properly
Selecting Vin, L and C. For preheat and ignition, the lamp
is not conducting and the circuit is a series L-
L-C. During
running, the lamp is conducting, and the circuit is an L in
series with a parallel R-C.
R

There are many advantage as mentioned in chapter 2 of

CFL with electronic ballast but its considered great source
sourc
of harmonics due to power electronic device that switches
high frequency.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
The harmonics are being collected to return in the neutral
conductor if it doesn't taken in consideration ,the neutral
wire may be greater than the actual phase current if the
neutral conductor is designed on the actual current
without the effect of harmonics ,it cannot with stand for
long life causes mud operation of all system.
The magnitude of the transfer function (lamp voltage
divided by input voltage) for the two circuit configurations,
illustrates the operating characteristics for this design
approach. The currents and voltages corresponding to the
resulting operating frequencies determine the maximum
current and voltage ratings for the inductor, capacitor and
the switches, which, in turn, directly determine the size
and cost of the ballast.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

2.2 Electronic Ballast Of Compact Fluorescent

Lamp:
The main function of compact Fluorescent LAMP
electronic ballast is satisfying the required high frequency
for safe operation with required output lumen .

There are many advantages of compact Fluorescent

LAMP as mentioned in chapter 2 but its electronic ballast
is considered a great source of harmonic due to the
power electronic devices which switch at high frequency
these harmonics are being collected to return in the
neutral conductor if it doesn't take in consideration ;the
neutral current may be greater than the actual phase
current whether the neutral conductor is designed on the
actual current without the effect of harmonics it cannot
withstand for a long life causing a mull operation of all
system.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

• Comparison of Electronic Ballast with

Conventional Choke

Characteristics Electronic Ballast Conventional Choke

1 Power consumption < 2W 4:9 W
of Ballast
2 Power consumption <= 35 W for 35 W 45:50 W for 40 W
of total fixture TFL TFL
3 Noise level Nil Audible
4 Operating voltage 90 - 265 V AC 210 - 250 V AC
range
5 Functioning of lamp:
-Flickering Nil Present
-Starting Instantaneous Delayed
-Light output 2400 lumens 2450 Lumens
-Life of lamp 5000 hours 3500 hours
6 Starter Not required Required
7 Temperature rise Negligible At least 10 deg to
15 deg above ambient
8 Power factor > 0.95 < 0.4
9 Condenser Not required Required for P.F.
Improvement
10 Weight Very light Heavy
11 Lamp efficiency 68 lumens / W 45 Lumens/W
12 Protection Fuse & thermister No protection

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
Florescent lamp with electronicBallast
experiment:
1. For single lamp:

Voltage and current wave form:

Harmonic graph:

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

Harmonic list:

2. For large numbers of Compact fluorescent

lamp such as (K3) :

Voltage and current wave forms:

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

Harmonic graph:

Harmonic list:

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

Neutral current wave form:

Harmonic contents:

Notice that these results are taken by power analyzer

equipment.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
Comment:
Although the advantages of the electronic ballast in the
field of energy saving ,as it reduces the power losses
,reduces the power ,increases the harmonics ,increasing
the neutral wire sizing and reduce the consumed active
power than the supply apparent Power.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
3. Electronic Ballast Design

3.1 Advanced Power

Power Factor Correction And Ballast
Control Using [ Irs 2168d] IC:
IC:
The Design Can Be Done In 5 Steps As Shown Through
Ballast Designer Software:
STEP1: “selection of the suitable IC for optimum design”

IRS2166D
IRS2168D IR2156 IR21592 IR21571 IR2520D IR2161
Pins no. 16 14 16 16 8 8 16
PFC. √ _ _ _ _ _ √
PFC.
Over
crt.
√ √ _ _ _ _ _
Protect
.
Half
bridge
OC √ _ _ _
_ _ √
prot.
Preheat
freq. √ _ √ _ _
√ √
Preheat
time √ √ _ _
√ √ √
Programmable

Ignition
ramp √ _ _ √ _ _ _
Run
freq. √ _ _ _ _
√ √
Dead
time
_ _ _ _
√ √ √

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
Preheat
crt. _ _ _ _ _ _
√
Min.
freq.
_ _ _ _ _
√ √
Critical
conduc
-tion
√ _ _ _ _ _
mode √
booster
One-chip
ballast control √ _ _ _ _ _ √
solution
Internal
bootstrap √ _ _ _ _ _ √
MOSFET

• From the previous comparison we found that

“IRS2168D” and “IRS2166D” have many and suitable
features for our application according to performance,
efficiency and economically. So the choice will be one
of them.

• “IRS2168D” has features not found in “IRS2166D”

and these features are:-
- PFC, ballast control and 600 V half-bridge driver in
one IC
- Critical-conduction mode boost-type PFC
- Programmable PFC over-current protection
- Programmable half-bridge over-current protection
- Programmable preheat frequency
- Programmable preheat time
- Programmable ignition ramp
- Programmable run frequency
- Closed-loop ignition current regulation

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
- RoHs compliant
- Fixed internal 1.6 µs HO and LO dead time
- Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
- End-of-life window comparator pin
- Internal 65-event current sense up/down fault
counter
- DC bus under voltage reset
- Lamp removal/auto-restart shutdown pin
- Internal bootstrap MOSFET
- Internal 15.6 V Zener clamp diode on Vcc
- Micro power startup (250 µA)
- Latch immunity and ESD protection

STEP2:
STEP2: “Design of line input”
The “IRS2168D” is a power factor control IC – One chip
ballast control solution- so that the line input design is
active PFC to connect the PFC circuit with the IC & other
connection won’t be useful.
• Selection of voltages rate:

1) “90 to 265VAC/500VDC” is the most suitable for

the electronic ballast because:
i- The AC side gives flexibility in range for the
input voltage to work in any conditions even
there is reduction in voltages or overvoltage
from the supply.
ii- The Dc side out from boost circuit with the
max value applied to inverter circuit to
achieve preheats voltage value.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
STEP3: “Select
Select the lamp type “
- We choose the T5 fluorescent lamp of 35 watt
because it is available in market.
- Where 5 divided by 8 (5/8) is the radius of the lamp
in inch.
STEP 4: “Selection
Selection of lamp circuit configuration”
configuration
- The design is implemented on two parallel lamps
- Single lamp configuration:

STEP5: “Getting
Getting the opimum design of the ballast
circuit “
• Finally the selection for of ballast configuration
configuratio will
be:
- “IRS2168D”.
- Active PFC connection of “90 to
265VAC/500VDC,90 VAC /260 VDC”.
- T5 lamp of 35 ,18watt.
- Dual parallel configuration voltage mode heating.
- The IRS2168D is a fully integrated, fully protected
600 V.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
- Ballast control IC designed to drive all types of
fluorescent Lamps. The IRS2168D is based on the
popular IR2166 Control IC with additional
improvements to increase ballast Performance.
- The PFC circuitry operates in critical Conduction
mode and provides high PF, low THD and DC Bus
regulation. The IRS2168D features include
Programmable preheat and run frequencies,
programmable Preheat time, programmable PFC
over-current protection, Closed-loop half-bridge
ignition current regulation, and Programmable end-
of-life protection.
- Comprehensive Protection features such as
protection from failure of a lamp to strike, filament
failures, end-of-life protection, DC bus Under voltage
reset as well as an automatic restart function, have
been included in the design

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
3.2 Functional description of ballast section:
3.2.1 Under voltage lockout mode(UVLO):
Designed to maintain an ultra low supply current of 250
μA (IQCCUV), and to guarantee the IC is fully before
the high- and low-side output drivers are activated
• This mode will operate when one of two conditions
occur:
i) VCC Fault or Power Down
ii) Lamp Fault or Lamp Removal
• Sequence of UVLO operation:
i) ½ bridge is off.
ii) CPH & VCO input pins are 0 voltages.
iii) PFC off.
iv) The VCC capacitors (CVCC1 and CVCC2)
are charged by the current through supply
resistor (RVCC) minus the start-up current
drawn by the IC.
v) When the voltage at VCC exceeds the IC
start-up threshold (VCCUV+) and the SD
pin is below 3.0 V (VSDTH-), the IC turns
on and LO begins to oscillate.
vi) CVCC1 and CVCC2) begin to discharge due
to the increase in IC operating current.
vii) The high-side supply voltage, VB-VS, begins
to increase as capacitor CBOOT (CBc) is
charged through the internal bootstrap
MOSFET during the LO on time of each
LO switching cycle.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

viii) When the VB-VS

VB VS voltage exceeds the high-
side start-up
start up threshold (VBSUV+), HO then
begins to oscillate.
ix) LO and HO are both oscillating, the external
MOSFETs (MHS and MLS) are turned on
and off with a 50% duty cycle without
overlapping.
x) The half-bridge
half bridge output (pin VS) begins to
switch between
between the DC bus voltage and
COM.
xi) During the dead time (td=1.6µ s) between the
turn off of LO & turn on of HO the half
bridge output voltage varies from COM tothe
to

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
DC bus voltage at dV/dt rate determined by
the snubber capacitor (CSNUB).
xii) As the snubber capacitor charges, current
will flow through the charge pump diode
(DCP2) to VCC.

xiii) After several switching cycles of the half

bridge output, the charge pump and the
internal 15.6 V Zener clamp of the IC take
over as the supply voltage.
xiv) CVCC2 supplies the IC current during the
VCC discharge time and should be large
enough such that VCC does not decrease
below UVLO-
UVLO before the charge pump takes
over.
xv) CVCC1 is required for noise filtering and
must be placed as close as possible and
directly between VCC and COM, and should
not be lower than 0.1 μF.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
xvi) R1 and R2 are recommended for limiting
high currents that can flow to VCC from the
charge pump during hard-switching of the
half-bridge or during lamp ignition.
xvii) The internal bootstrap MOSFET and supply
capacitor (CBS) comprise the supply voltage
for the high side driver circuitry.

3.2.2 Preheat mode(PH):

The IRS2168D enters preheat mode when VCC
exceeds the UVLO positive-going threshold
(VCCUV+) (VCC>12.5).
• Sequence of PH operation:
i) The internal MOSFET that connects pin CPH to
COM is turned off and an external resistor begins
to charge the external preheat timing capacitor
(CPH).
ii) LO and HO begin to oscillate at a higher soft-start
frequency and ramp down quickly to the preheat
frequency.
iii) The VCO pin is connected to COM through an
internal MOSFET M1 so the preheat frequency is
determined by the equivalent resistance at the
FMIN pin formed by the parallel combination of
resistors RFMIN and RPH.
iv) The frequency remains at the preheat frequency
until the voltage on pin CPH exceeds
approximately 2/3*VCC (VCPHEOP+) and the
IC enters Ignition Mode.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
v) During preheat mode, the over-current protection
on pin CS and the 65-cycle (nEVENTS)
consecutive over-current fault counter are both
enabled.
vi) The PFC circuit is working in high-gain mode (see
PFC section) and keeps the DC bus voltage
regulated at a constant level.

3.2.3 Ignition mode(IGN):

This mode is defined by the second time CPH

charges from 1/3*VCC (VCPHSOI-) to 2/3*VCC
(VCPHRUN+).

• Sequence of IGN operation:

i) When the voltage on pin CPH exceeds 2/3*VCC
(VCPHRUN+) for the first time, pin CPH is
discharged quickly through an internal MOSFET
down to 1/3*VCC (VCPHSOI-)
ii) The internal MOSFET turns off and the voltage
on pin CPH begins to increase again.
iii) The internal MOSFET M1 at pin VCO turn off
and resistor RPH is disconnected from COM.
iv) The equivalent resistance at the FMIN pin
increases from the parallel combination
(RPH//RFMIN) to RFMIN at a rate programmed
by the external capacitor at pin VCO (CVCO) and
resistor RPH.
v) This causes the operating frequency to ramp down
smoothly from the preheat frequency through the
ignition frequency to the final run frequency.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
vi) During this ignition ramp, the frequency sweeps
through the resonance frequency of the lamp
output stage to ignite the lamp.
vii) The over-current threshold on pin CS will protect
the ballast against a non-strike or open-filament
lamp fault condition.
viii) The voltage on pin CS is defined by the lower
half-bridge MOSFET current flowing through the
external current sensing resistor RCS.
ix) This resistor programs the maximum peak ignition
current (and therefore peak ignition voltage) of the
ballast output stage.
x) Should this voltage exceed the internal threshold
of 1.2 V (VCSTH+), the ignition regulation circuit
controls the voltage on the VCO pin to increase
the frequency slightly.
xi) This cycle-by-cycle feedback from the CS pin to
the VCO pin will adjust the frequency each cycle
to limit the amplitude of the current for the entire
duration of ignition mode.
xii) When CPH exceeds 2/3*VCC (VCPHRUN+) for
the second time, the IC enters run mode and the
fault counter becomes enabled.
xiii) The ignition regulation disabled in run mode but
the IC will enter fault mode after 65 (nEVENTS)
consecutive over-current faults and gate driver
outputs HO, LO and PFC will be latched low.
xiv) The output voltage of the ballast will increase
during the ignition ramp tRAMP because the
frequency ramp down from the preheat frequency
to the ignition frequency and will be constant
during ignition because the ignition regulation

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
circuit will regulate the amplitude of the current
for the entire duration of the ignition time tIGN.
xv) During ignition mode, the PFC circuit is working
in high gain mode and keeps the DC bus voltage
regulated at a constant level.
xvi) The high-gain mode is necessary to prevent the
DC bus from decreasing during lamp ignition or
ignition regulation.
xvii) Also during ignition mode, the SD/EOL fault is
disabled.

3.2.4 Run mode:-

mode:-
Once VCC has exceeded 2/3*VCC (VCPHRUN+) for
the second time, the IC enters run mode

Sequence of run mode operation:-

i) The end-of-life (EOL) window comparator and

the DC bus under voltage reset are both enabled.
ii) CPH continues to charge up to VCC.
iii) The operating frequency is at the minimum
frequency (after the ignition ramp) and is
programmed by the external resistor (RFMIN) at
the FMIN pin.
iv) when open-filament, lamp removal, etc. hard-
switching occurred at the half-bridge at any time:-

1. the voltage across the current sensing resistor

(RCS) will exceed the internal threshold of 1.2
V (VCSTH+)

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
2. the fault counter will begin counting .when the
number of consecutive over-current faults
exceed 65 (nEVENTS) the IC will enter fault
mode
3. HO, LO and PFC gate driver outputs will be
latched low.

# DC Bus Under voltage Reset:-

• DC bus decrease too low during a brown-out line
condition or over-load condition
• the resonant output stage to the lamp can shift near
or below resonance
• During a brown-out line condition or over-load
condition, the resonant output stage to the lamp can
shift near or below resonance.
• This can produce hard switching at the half- bridge
that can damage the half-bridge switches, or, the DC
bus can decrease too far and the lamp can extinguish.
• To protect against this, the VBUS pin includes a 3.0
V under voltage reset threshold VBUSUV-. When
The VBUS pin decreases below 3.0 V (VBUSUV-),
VCC will be discharged through an internal
MOSFET down to the VCCUV- threshold and all
gate driver outputs will be latched low.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
3.3 PFC Section
The control method implemented in the IRS2168D is for
a boost-type
type converter (Fig) running in critical conduction
conduct
mode (CCM). This means that during each switching
cycle of the PFC MOSFET, the circuit waits until the
inductor current discharges to zero before turning the
PFC MOSFET on again. The PFC MOSFET is turned
on and off at a much higher frequency (>10 kHz) than the
line input frequency (50 to 60 Hz).

The PFC control circuit of the IRS2168D includes five

control pins: VBUS, COMP, ZX, PFC and OC.
The VBUS pin measures the DC bus voltage via an
external resistor voltage divider. The COMP pin
programs the on-time
on time of MPFC and the speed of the
feedback loop with an external capacitor .
The ZX pin detects when the inductor current discharges
to zero each switching cycle using a secondary winding
from the PFC inductor. The PFC pin is the low-side
low gate
driver output for the external MOSFET, MPFC. The OC
pin senses the current flowing through MPFC and
performs cycle-by
by-cycle over-current protection.

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

IRS2168D simplified PFC control circuit

The off-time
time of MPFC is determined by the time it takes
the LPFC current to discharge to zero. The zero current
level is detected by a secondary winding on LPFC that is
connected to the ZX pin pin through an external current
limiting resistor RZX. A positive-going
positive going edge exceeding the
internal 2 V threshold (VZXTH+) signals the beginning of
the off-time.
time. A negative-going
negative going edge on the ZX pin falling
below 1.7 V (VZXTH+ - VZXHYS) will occur when the
LPFC current discharges to zero which signals the end of
the off-time
time and MPFC is turned on again

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

Inductor current,
rent, PFC pin, ZX pin and OC pin timing
diagram

4. T5 18W 60 Cm
C DESIGN:

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
Operating POINT GRAPH

Circuit diagram:

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
Data sheet for inductors
1. Resonance inductors

2. Power factor inductor:

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

Bill of materials:

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design

5. T5 36W 120 Cm DESIGN:

Operating POINT GRAPH

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
Circuit diagram:

Data sheet for inductors

1. Resonance inductors

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
2. Power factor inductor:

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
Bill of materials:

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Chapter No.6 Electronic Ballast Design
System Features
• One-chip ballast control solution
• Wide range PFC for universal input and multi-lamp
ballasts
• Ultra low THD
• Closed-loop ignition regulation for reliable lamp
ignition End-of-Life window comparator with internal
OTA
• Lamp removal/auto-restart function
• Fault counter for robust noise immunity
• Brown-out protection and reset
• Internal bootstrap MOSFET

312