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26 states and 6 centrally administered Union Territories / 2 states are partially claimed by Pakistan and China ederal system #elatively centralized federal government controls the most essential government functions. Bicameral Parliament / #ajya Sabha (Council of States) / Lok Sabha (House of the People) 545 members / 2 are appointed by the President of India / the rest are directly elected from single-member districts.
26 states and 6 centrally administered Union Territories / 2 states are partially claimed by Pakistan and China ederal system #elatively centralized federal government controls the most essential government functions. Bicameral Parliament / #ajya Sabha (Council of States) / Lok Sabha (House of the People) 545 members / 2 are appointed by the President of India / the rest are directly elected from single-member districts.
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26 states and 6 centrally administered Union Territories / 2 states are partially claimed by Pakistan and China ederal system #elatively centralized federal government controls the most essential government functions. Bicameral Parliament / #ajya Sabha (Council of States) / Lok Sabha (House of the People) 545 members / 2 are appointed by the President of India / the rest are directly elected from single-member districts.
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Descărcați ca PPT, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
#epublic of ndia A federal republic with a parliamentary system of government capital: New Delhi A federal system 26 states and 6 centrally administered Union Territories 2 states are partially claimed by Pakistan and China ederal system #elatively centralized federal government controls the most essential government functions defense foreign policy taxation public expenditures economic (industrial) planning ederal system state governments formally control agriculture education law and order within states dependent on central government for funds ederal system Balance of power between central and state governments varies by time and place state power was constrained during the rule of Nehru and ndira Gandhi state governments have more room to maneuver when central government is weak since 1998 ederal system considerable center-state conflict when ruling political party in a state is different from national ruling party Parallel state structure ormal political structure of the states parallels that of the national government national state President Governor Prime Minister Chief Minister Parliament Assembly Supreme Court High Court The legislature Parliamentary system of government the executive authority is responsible to the Parliament The legislature bicameral Parliament #ajya Sabha (Council of States) Lok Sabha (House of the People) #ajya Sabha (Council of States) The Upper House Upper House #ajya Sabha (Council of States) not more than 250 members 12 are nominated by the President of ndia the rest are indirectly elected by state Legislative Assemblies The Council of States can not be dissolved members have terms of 6 years 1/3 members retire at end of every 2nd year Lok Sabha House of the People Lower House Lok Sabha (House of the People) 545 members 2 are appointed by the President of ndia the rest are directly elected from single- member districts 5-year terms unless dissolved Lok Sabha elects its presiding officer the Speaker Lok Sabha Elections held at least every 5 years Prime Minister may call elections earlier 543 single-member districts of roughly equal population party nomination 1st-past-the-post winner-take-all women's share Elections to Lok Sabha Vote share of 3 major political parties Current composition 43 parties in the 13th Lok Sabha (1999) 39 parties in the 14th Lok Sabha (2004) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 184 138 ndian National Congress (NC) 109 145 Communist Party of ndia (M) 34 43 other political parties 218 217 total 545 543 ndian National Congress ndia's oldest political party since 1885 ndia's premier political party until 1990s in 1960s many regional parties started challenging NC's monopoly on power ndian National Congress ndira Gandhi created a top-down structure party leaders appoint party officials some limited party elections left-of-center, pro-poor political platform ndian National Congress NC moved toward the ideological center Beginning in 1984 NC today tilts right-of-center economic efficiency business interests limited government spending ndian National Congress NC has always attracted support from diverse social groups in the 1990s NC has lost some of its traditional constituencies among the poor and Muslims Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) The major political party in ndia today right-leaning, Hindu-nationalist party first major party to mobilize explicitly on the basis of religious identity Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) better organized than NC disciplined party members carefully selected party cadres clear and respected authority line within the party Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Traditional supporters urban, lower-middle-class groups base of support widened since mid-1980s Hindu nationalism north-central ndia decline of ndian National Congress Muslims as convenient scapegoat for frustration BJP's rapid rise to power electoral success from 1989 to 1999 difficulty in forming alliance with other parties break with past traditions relatively moderate, centrist position BJP formed governing coalition in 1998 collapsed in 1999 BJP formed a new coalition in 1999 more broadly based than previous coalition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) economic liberalization and stability privilege the interests of the Hindu majority Prime Minister Leader of the majority party leader in Lok Sabha becomes the prime minister prime minister nominates a cabinet members of Parliament in the ruling coalition Council of Ministers effective power is concentrated in the office of the prime minister where most of the important policies originate Prime Ministers of ndia 38 years in the Nehru-Gandhi family more and more rapid turnover The President of ndia Head of the State Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces elected by an electoral college national Parliament state legislature 5-year terms can be reelected The President of ndia Ceremonial office symbolize national unity supposedly above partisan politics mostly acts on the advice of the prime minister President plays a significant role when the selection of a prime minister is complex in 1998 President requested BJP to form govt. The Judiciary undamental contradiction in constitution principle of parliamentary sovereignty principle of judicial review The Judiciary judiciary tries to preserve the constitution's basic structure to ensure that legislation conforms with the intent of the constitution parliament tries to assert its right to amend the constitution