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NHPC – FARIDABAD
A
Project Report
On
Study of Hydro Power Plants and Detailed
Design of Large Hydro Generators
Aditya Lad
Ankur Singhal
Hanish Kukreja
III Year,
Electrical Engineering,
IIT Roorkee.
Page 1 of 67
TABLE OF CONTENTS
National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (NHPC)................................................... 6
CORPORATE MISSIONS........................................................................................................ 7
CORPORATE OBJECTIVES................................................................................................... 7
PROFILE OF NHPC:................................................................................................................ 7
PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS(2005-06).............................................................................8
PROJECT DETAILS............................................................................................................... 10
PROJECTS (Completed and in operation):......................................................................... 10
PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION............................................................................11
PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT............................................................................. 11
PROJECTS AWAITING CLEARANCE/GOVT. APPROVAL (Stage-II)........................ 11
PROJECTS FOR DPR & INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT (Stage-II)................. 12
PROJECTS UNDER SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION (Stage-I)..................................12
PROJECTS IN PIPELINE
..............................................................................................................................................12
SMALL HYDRO/GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS................................................................ 13
PROJECTS ON DEPOSIT / TURNKEY CONTRACT BASIS......................................... 13
PROJECTS IN JOINT VENTURE..................................................................................... 13
LOCATION MAP OF NHPC PROJECTS............................................................................. 14
EXPERTISE OF NHPC IN HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS............................................... 15
REHABILIATION & RESETTLEMENT.............................................................................. 15
METHODOLOGY OF FORMULATION OF R & R PLAN............................................. 15
DESIGN E & M (ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL) DIVISION...................................17
DATA GROUP .....................................................................................................................17
GENERAL INTRODUCTION................................................................................................18
HYDROPOWER GENERATION AND ITS PRINCIPLES.............................................. 18
HYDROPOWER PLANT....................................................................................................... 19
MAIN PARTS OF HYDROPOWER PLANT.................................................................... 19
TYPES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS..............................................................................20
PLANT DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 21
HYDRO TURBINES...............................................................................................................22
TYPES OF HYDRO-TURBINES :..................................................................................... 22
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF TURBINE:.......................................................................... 22
VALVES:.................................................................................................................................23
POWER HOUSE..................................................................................................................... 24
PROCEDURE FOR DIMENSIONING OF POWER HOUSE .......................................... 24
HEAD CALCULATION......................................................................................................... 24
SELECTION OF MACHINE SPEED.....................................................................................25
CALCULATION OF SPEED:.................................................................................................25
HYDRO GENERATORS........................................................................................................25
CLASSIFICATIONS...........................................................................................................26
DESIGNATION.................................................................................................................. 26
Page 2 of 67
GENERATOR BARREL.....................................................................................................27
COMPONENTS OF GENERATOR................................................................................... 29
PARTS OF STATOR ........................................................... 29
ROTOR COMPONENTS ..................................................................30
BRACKETS.....................................................................................................................33
GENERATOR AUXILIARIES....................................................................................... 34
TURBINE – GENERATOR SET............................................................................................36
DESIGN STUDY.....................................................................................................................37
OUTPUT COEFFICIENT................................................................................................... 37
MACHINE PARAMETERS............................................................................................... 38
STATOR DESIGNING....................................................................................................... 40
MODIFIED CALCULATION.............................................................................................42
RADIAL LENGTH OF AIR GAP...................................................................................... 42
SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO.................................................................................................. 43
EFFECT OF SCR ON MACHINE PERFORMANCE.................................................... 43
CALCULATION OF MEAN LENGTH OF A TURN. ..................................................... 44
NUMBER OF RADIAL VENTILATING DUCTS.......................................................... 44
ARMATURE WINDINGS, COILS AND THEIR INSULATIONS.................................. 45
WINDINGS........................................................................................................................ 47
ARMATURE WINDINGS: ..............................................................................................48
CHOICE OF TYPE OF STATOR WINDING....................................................................50
Annexure I............................................................................................................................... 52
Annexure II.............................................................................................................................. 55
Page 3 of 67
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to Mr. V.K Abbey -Executive Director, Mr. M.A. Padmanabhacharya –
Chief Engineer (E) ,Mr. Anish Gouraha – Deputy Manager (E) , Mr. Abhishek Ranjan –
Engineer (E) , Mr. Sunil Kumar –Engineer (E), Mr. Kapil Shrivastava, Engineer (IT) of
Design (E&M) Division for their regular guidance and kind co-operation in the project.
We are also thankful to the Design (E&M) staff for their cooperation and help in
solving our problems.
Page 4 of 67
ABSTRACT
This project report includes the overview of a typical hydropower plant and describes the
technical aspects of designing a hydropower plant. It also includes detailed study of turbines,
large hydro generators. The report discusses the various design parameters of a hydro
generator and the ways to calculate them. To automate this task, we have also developed an
application in Visual Basic 6.0 which accepts rating of a generator as input from the user,
computes the design parameters and the user has option to save the result in excel format.
Annexure I, at the end of the project report, includes the screenshots of the application.
Page 5 of 67
National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (NHPC)
NHPC, a Govt. of India Enterprise, was incorporated in the year 1975 with an
authorised capital of Rs. 2000 million and with an objective to plan, promote and
organise an integrated and efficient development of hydroelectric power in all
aspects. Later on NHPC expanded its objects to include other sources of energy
like Geothermal, Tidal, Wind etc.
Page 6 of 67
XIth plan. NHPC's capabilities include the complete spectrum of hydropower
development from concept to commissioning.
CORPORATE MISSIONS
• To achieve international standards of excellence in all aspects of hydro power
and diversified business.
• To execute and operate projects in a cost effective, environment friendly and
socio-economically responsive manner.
• To foster competent trained and multi-disciplinary human capital.
• To continually develop state-of-the-art technologies thru innovative R&D and
adopt best practices.
• To adopt the best practices of corporate governance and institutionalize value
based management for a strong corporate identity.
• To maximize creation of wealth through generation of internal funds and
effective management of resources.
CORPORATE OBJECTIVES
1. Development of vast hydro potential at faster pace and optimum cost eliminating
time and cost over-run.
2. Completion of all on-going projects within stipulated time frame.
3. Ensure maximum utilization of installed capacity and help in better system
stability.
4. Generation of sufficient internal resources for expansion and setting up new
projects.
5. Corporate development along with simultaneous Human Resource Development.
PROFILE OF NHPC:
Page 7 of 67
Joint Venture Projects 2 Nos. (1520 MW)
Projects on Turnkey Basis 5 Nos. (89.35 MW)
Other Projects 13 Nos. (9610 MW)
In 2005 - 2006
Energy Generated (Including Deemed
12567 MU
Generation)
Capacity Index 98.16%
Sales Turnover 18340 Million
Net Profit 7010 Million
Performance Rating "Excellent"
NHPC presently own and operates total 9 Hydro Power Stations situated in
Northern, Eastern and North-Eastern regions of India.
PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS(2005-06)
1. Registered a net profit of Rs. 701 crore against Rs. 685 crore during the
previous financial year.
2. Achieved an all time high sales turnover of Rs. 1834 crore as against Rs.
1668 crore during the year 2004-05.
3. Rs. 140 crore given to Government of India as Dividend for 2005-06.
4. The Corporation is in the process of raising 100 Million USD loan through
ECA route for part financing of prestigious Subansiri lower Project.
5. Obtained new consultancy assignments amounting to Rs. 65 crore against
the target of Rs. 20 crore.
6. Total bills for Rs. 1858 crore raised to SEBs.
7. Achieved total realization of Rs. 1911 crore.
8. Standard & Poors (S & P) & Fitch Ratings reaffirms NHPC’s Long Term
Foreign Currency Rating to BB+(Stable). Fitch Rating also reaffirmed rating
for Domestic borrowings as AAA.
9. Paid up capital of the Corporation raised to Rs. 10215 crore.
10. The Power Stations achieved a capacity index of 98.16% this year against
the last year index of 95.28 %.
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11. Achieved highest ever generation of 12567 million units against last year
generation of 11286 million units.
12. Commissioned the 280 MW Dhauliganga Power Station in Uttaranchal.
13. Power Purchase agreements signed for Kishanganga, Nimmo Bazgo,
Chutak, Uri-II, Dul Hasti, Chamera-III and Teesta Low Dam Project Stage-IV
with the concerned beneficiaries.
14. Finalized major contract agreements for civil works of Uri-II, Chamera-III,
Parbati-III & Teesta Low Dam Stage-IV Projects.
15. Baira Siul Power Station in Himachal Pradesh completed 25 years of
operation.
16. Achieved the feat of excavating one of the longest Inclined Pressure Shafts in
the World at Parbati Stage-II Project.
17. Signed agreements with Government of Sikkim for execution of the 495 MW
Teesta Stasge-IV and 210 MW Lachen Hydroelectric Projects in Sikkim on
BOOM basis.
18. MOU signed with Uttaranchal Government for implementation of 240 MW
Chungar Chal, 630 MW Garba Tawaghat and 55 MW Karmoli Lumti Tulli
Projects in Uttaranchal.
Page 9 of 67
Fig 1. Analysis of Revenue 2004-05
PROJECT DETAILS
PROJECTS (Completed and in operation):
POWER STATIONS
Installed
S. Year of
Project State Capcaity
No. Commissioning
(MW)
1 Baira Siul Himachal Pradesh 3 x 60 1981
2 Loktak Manipur 3 x 30 1983
3 Salal - I Jammu & Kashmir 3 x 115 1987
4 Tanakpur Uttaranchal 3 x 40 1992
5 Chamera - I Himachal Pradesh 3 x 180 1994
6 Salal - II Jammu & Kashmir 3 x 115 1996
7 Uri Jammu & Kashmir 4 x 120 1997
8 Rangit Sikkim 3 x 20 1999
9 Chamera - II Himachal Pradesh 3 x 100 2003
Dhauliganga
10 Uttaranchal 4 x 70 2005-06
Stage - I
11 Indira Sagar * Madhya Pradesh 8 x 125 2004-05
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Total 3755
No. of Beneficiary States / UTs / Corporations : 24
The upcoming projects of NHPC are categorised broadly into three groups
depending upon the clearance obtained from the government. This broad
classification of new projects also indicate the stage / present status of the projects.
Page 11 of 67
PROJECTS FOR DPR & INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT (Stage-II)
Capacity
S. No. Project State
(MW)
1 Siang (Upper/Inter.) Arunachal Pradesh 11000
Total 11000
PROJECTS IN PIPELINE
Page 12 of 67
8 Kawar Jammu & Kashmir 320
Total 7980
Projects in Pipeline
S. No. Project State Capacity
(MW)
1 Karmoli Lumti Tulli Uttranchal 55
2 Garba Tawaghat Uttranchal 630
3 Chungar Chal Uttranchal 240
4 Lachen Sikkim 210
Total 1135
Sippi Project (4MW), Ar. Pradesh: In Sippi project about 80 % of earth work and
41% concreting work has been completed.
Capacity
Project Country / State Status
(MW)
Devighat Nepal 14.10 Completed
Kurichu Bhutan 60.00 Completed
Andaman &
Kalpong 5.25 Completed
Nicobar
Arunachal Under
Sippi 4.00
Pradesh Construction
Arunachal Under
Kambang 6.00
Pradesh Construction
Total 89.35
Page 13 of 67
Omkareshwar M.P 520 ( 8 x 65 MW Under Construction
)
Total 1520 MW
Page 14 of 67
EXPERTISE OF NHPC IN HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS
A. World Class expertise in Design & Hydroelectric Projects
F. Equipped with state of art equipment and techniques for investigation of projects
and preparation of detailed project reports.
H. Consultancy Services :
•Detailed Investigation
• River basin studies
•Preparation of DPRs
•Design and Engineering
•Tender documents and evaluation of Bids
•Construction planning and management
•Environment management
•Operation and management
•Quality control and assurance
•Renovation and modernization of power plants
Page 15 of 67
a. Socio-economic and Ethnographic Survey: A detailed socio-economic
survey is conducted before formulation of Resettlement and Rehabilitation
(R&R) Plan for the Project Affected Persons (PAPs). In places where ethnic
minorities dominate, as in Sikkim, a separate Ethnographic Survey has also
been conducted to understand the local culture and behaviour of the people.
b. Formulation of R & R Plan: The R & R plan is formulated in association with
State Revenue Department, District Administration and representatives of the
local people. After the Plan is formulated, it is forwarded to the concerned
State Government for its approval and modification, if any. The revised Plan
is then in some case is sent to the Ministry of Environment and Forests for
final approval. NHPC makes every effort towards socio-economic upliftment
of the affected people thereby improving their quality of life.
c. Implementation: After getting approval from MOEF or from the concerned
Department of the State Government, the Plan is set for implementation by
NHPC in close coordination with the District Administration.
d. Monitoring: To ensure effective implementation of the R & R Plan a
Monitoring Committee is constituted (project level) at each project comprising
of State Government Officials, representatives from the affected families,
officials from NHPC, a representative from State Forest Department, and a
Senior Citizen of the area/Member Legislative Assembly (generally an elected
representative of the local residents of the area). Apart from this a Grievance
Redressal System is also set up where the affected people can send in their
grievance, if any.
Page 16 of 67
DESIGN E & M (ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL) DIVISION
Objectives
1. Planning and preparation of Electrical and Mechanical design for DPR of new
projects and assistance in clearance by CWC & CEA.
2. Power Potential Studies, Power System Studies and Detailed Engineering.
3. Preparation of Technical specification of Electrical and Mechanical
equipments and various units of Power House and Switchyard.
4. Standardization of Technical specification for Electrical and Mechanical
equipments.
5. Assistance in evaluation of all tenders pertaining to Electrical and Mechanical
equipments and systems of Power House and Switchyard.
6. Detailed Engineering of E & M equipments, approval of civil, E & M drawings
etc.
7. Technical / Design support to projects.
8. Professional up gradation including recommending training programs for
employees in the division.
9. Preparation of operation manuals for electro-mechanical
installations/equipments.
10. Assistance in preparation of project completion reports.
DATA GROUP
Objectives
1. Engineering Data
2. Collection group
3. EDP Related Works of DEM Division.
4. ERP Coordination.
5. Standardization of all existing processes of designing.
6. To device a methodology with or without the help of software for managing
data.
Page 17 of 67
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Oceans cover more than 70% of the earth's surface, making them the world's largest
source of hydro energy. There are many different ways to extract energy from water.
Seawater is the source of deuterium, the ideal fuel for nuclear fusion. Surface water
also stores a massive amount of solar energy that can be exploited to design
thermal power plants. In addition, water contains mechanical energy that can be
converted to useful work in the form of the potential energy of waterfalls, tides, and
ocean waves. According to some estimates, these resources have the potential to
produce 1-2 terawatts of electricity, enough to cover the energy demands of the
entire globe, but tapping into most of that potential is not yet economically feasible.
Egyptians harnessed energy from flowing water about 2,000 years ago by turning
waterwheels to grind their grain. These primitive devices allowed the force of falling
water to act on a waterwheel and provide rotational energy or shaft power. Through
the centuries, mechanisms were designed to facilitate many other applications
beyond the simple grain mills of the Egyptians. By the time of the industrial
revolution, waterpower was used to drive tens of thousands of waterwheels. Today,
hydropower is the most widely available renewable energy, and is used almost
exclusively for electric power generation. Hydropower provides 19% of all electricity
used around the world.
Two medieval varieties of waterwheels were undershot and overshot wheels.
Undershot refers to a paddle wheel fixed to the bank of a river or hung from an
overhead bridge. It is turned by the impulse of the water current. Overshot water
mills work by bringing a stream of water through a pipe or canal and pouring it onto
the wheel from above.
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Undershot Wheel Overshot Wheel
HYDROPOWER PLANT
The most common type of hydropower plant uses a dam on a river to store water in
a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it,
which, in turn, activates a generator to produce electricity. But hydropower doesn't
necessarily require a large dam. Some hydropower plants just use a small canal to
channel the river water through a turbine.
Page 19 of 67
Fig 4. Side view of HE project
1. Dam - Most hydropower plants rely on a dam that holds back water, creating a
large reservoir. Often, this reservoir is used as a recreational lake, such as Lake
Roosevelt at the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington State.
2. Intake - Gates on the dam open and gravity pulls the water through the penstock,
a pipeline that leads to the turbine. Water builds up pressure as it flows through
this pipe.
3. Turbine - The water strikes and turns the large blades of a turbine, which is
attached to a generator above it by way of a shaft. The most common type of turbine
for hydropower plants is the Francis Turbine, which looks like a big disc with curved
blades. A turbine can weigh as much as 172 tons and turn at a rate of 90 revolutions
per minute (rpm), according to the Foundation for Water & Energy Education
(FWEE).
5. Transformer - The transformer inside the powerhouse takes the AC and converts
it to higher-voltage current.
6. Power lines - Out of every power plant come four wires: the three phases of
power being produced simultaneously plus a neutral or ground common to all three.
7. Outflow - Used water is carried through pipelines, called tailraces, and re-enters
the river downstream.
Page 20 of 67
Storage plants impound and store water in a reservoir formed behind a dam.
During peak demands, where sufficient electricity cannot be generated by
conventional means, enough water is released from the reservoir to meet additional
power requirements. The water storage and release cycles can be relatively short
(storing water at night for daytime power generation), or long (storing spring runoff
for power generation in the summer). In these plants, water always flows downward
from a storage reservoir behind a dam to the turbine.
The major objection to these plants is that the water flow rate downstream from the
dam can change greatly, causing a sudden power surge. This often involves
dramatic environmental consequences including soil erosion, degrading shorelines,
crop damage, disrupting fisheries and other wildlife, and even flooding and droughts.
Pumped storage plants (PSP) reuse water after it is initially used to generate
electricity. This is accomplished by pumping water back into a storage tank at a
higher elevation during off-peak hours when the need for electric power is low.
During peak demands and when there is an unexpected spike in the electrical load,
water is allowed to flow back into the lower reservoir to produce more electricity. An
important advantage of PSPs is the quick delivery of power during emergencies and
power surges. In comparison, a typical coal- or natural gas-fired power plant takes
many hours to start. In the United States, about one quarter of all hydropower
generated is from pumped storage plants.
In modern pumped storage plants, the same turbine-generator that generates
electricity from falling water can also be used to pump the water back into the
storage tank. In this case, the generator changes the direction of the electric field,
forcing the turbine to rotate in the reverse direction and act as a motor, which runs
the pump.
Run-of-River Plants are typically low dams where the amount of water running
through the turbine varies with the flow rate of water in the river. The flow rate of
water in the run-of-river plants is usually smaller than in pumped storage plants, and
the amount of electricity that is generated changes continuously with seasons and
weather conditions. Since these plants do not block water in a reservoir, their
environmental impact is minimal. A peaking plant can be turned into a run-of-river
plant if a healthy stream of water is allowed to flow downstream of the dam from the
reservoir.
PLANT DESIGN
In a typical small hydro scheme, a portion of the water is diverted from a river or
Page 21 of 67
stream through an intake valve to a man-made weir, and passed through a heavy
metal screen into a settling chamber in which stones, timbers and other debris are
removed and suspended particles of dirt settled before entering the turbine. Since no
reservoir is blocking the flow of water, the impact on the river and habitat is
minimized.
HYDRO TURBINES
TYPES OF HYDRO-TURBINES :
A) Reaction Turbines
1. Francis
2. Kaplan
3. Propeller
4. Bulb
B) Impulse Turbines
1. Pelton
Head Range
2m to 70 m Kaplan
6. Turbine shaft
7. Turbine pit liner (Upper & Lower)
8. Turbine guide bearing
• Housing
• TGB Pads
9. Servomotors
10. Regulating ring/Regulating Mechanism
11. Shaft seal
12. Governor & OPU system
Specific speed of a turbine: The specific speed (m-KW system) of a turbine is the
speed of a geometrically similar turbine that would develop one kW power under a
head of one meter.
Francis 60 to 400
Pelton 4 to 60
VALVES:
There are two types of valves:
1. Spherical valve: It is used where the head is high, i.e. to sustain high pressure.
(For Heads above 200m)
1.
2. Butterfly valve: It is used where the inlet pressure of water is comparatively
lower.
(For Heads above 200m)
POWER HOUSE
POWER HOUSE BUILDING CONSISTS OF THREE MAIN AREAS NAMELY
• Head Calculation.
• Selection of specific speed and synchronous speed of turbine.
• Fixing the turbine setting
• Calculation of discharge diameter.
• Calculation of spiral case dimensions
• Calculation of draft tube dimensions
• Calculation of Generator dimensions.
• Finalization of overall dimensions of the power house.
HEAD CALCULATION
• From economical point of view, the turbine and generator should have the highest
practicable speed to develop given hydropower for given design head. However,
final speed may be selected considering the following parameters:
• Variation of head,
• Silt content,
• Cavitation,
• Vibrations,
• Drop in peak efficiency etc.
• From the available formulae, the specific speed for a specific head is calculated.
Then for even number of poles of generator, rated speed is obtained. On the basis
of this rated speed, corrected specific speed is calculated.
CALCULATION OF SPEED:
• Specific speed w.r.t. Head
– Kaplan Turbine, Ns = 2570 * H-0.5 ….HARZA
= 2334 * H-0.5 ….USBR
HYDRO GENERATORS
Page 25 of 67
Capacity of such generator varies from 500 KW to 500 MW.
Power factor are usually 0.90 to 0.95 lagging.
Available head is a limitation in the choice of speed of hydro generator.
Standard generation voltage in our country is 3.3KV, 6.6KV, 11 KV ,13.8 KV, &
16KV at 50 Hz.
Short Circuit Ratio varies from 1 to 1.4.
CLASSIFICATIONS
Classification of Hydro Generators can be done with respect to the position of rotor
( i) Horizontal
(ii) Vertical (two types)
a) Suspension Type
b) Umbrella Type
DESIGNATION
SV 505 - 16
190
Where,
SV Þ SYNCHRONOUS VERTICAL
505 Þ OUTER DIAMETER OF STATOR CORE in cm
190 Þ ACTIVE LENGTH AT STATOR CORE IN in cm
16 Þ NO. OF POLES
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GENERATOR BARREL
Di (Air gap diameter, select from fig. 8 on page no. 25 of BHEL curve)
Da (outer core diameter)
Df (Stator frame diameter)
Db ( Inner diameter of generator barrel)
Page 28 of 67
SELECTION OF NO. OF POLES
COMPONENTS OF GENERATOR
STATOR
ROTOR
BRACKETS
GENERATOR AUXILIARIES
PARTS OF STATOR
Sole plates are embedded in the secondary concrete and are designed to support
generator frame.
The sole plates are designed to transmit the tangential stresses of the generator
to the concrete under most severe conditions.
The design should accommodate for free radial movement of frame on account of
radial expansion caused by temperature rise.
STATOR FRAME
The stator frame has to ensure following functions:
Support weight of magnetic core, winding and upper bracket.
Transmit vertical loads, normal and accidental torques to the foundations.
Withstand centripetal and unidirectional magnetic forces which may result on
account of eccentricity of rotor
Guide the cooling air towards heat exchangers
Allow a good positioning of magnetic core punchings.
Allow stator handling.
Support the connections and terminals.
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The frame is made up of rolled steel sheets supported by vertical beams of high
inertia.
The frame is shipped to site in single or several parts depending upon the
handling and transportation limitations of the site.
STATOR WINDINGS
Stator Windings can be of Double Layer Bar Type Wave connected or Coil type
Lap connected.
For Hydro generators normally bar type wave connected windings are used.
Each bar is composed of an assembly of strands of small radial section in order to
reduce copper losses.
Each strand is in turn insulated by glass lapped tape with epoxy resin.
Each bar is insulated over its whole length by continuous taping according to class
‘F’ insulation.
The connection between bars is achieved by means of copper plates brazed to
the individual strands and are insulated by having gaps filled with post polymerized
resin.
The whole winding is totally insulated without any bare point to avoid fault on
account of moisture/polluting agent.
The windings are fastened to the supporting rings to form a homogeneous and
solid assembly.
ROTOR COMPONENTS
ROTOR SHAFT
ROTOR SPIDER
ROTOR RIM
ROTOR POLES
RING COLLECTORS
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Fig 16. Rotor
ROTOR SHAFT
ROTOR SPIDER
Rotor spider has to ensure following functions:
To transmit the motor or braking torques between the turbine shaft and the rim.
To ensure the centering of the rim and the poles.
To support the braking track and withstand its centrifugal forces.
To ensure the passage of the cooling air flow to the rim.
The spider is composed of discs and ribs welded longitudinally to the shaft.
The ribs are designed to accommodate machined bars for guiding the rim plates
Page 31 of 67
Fig 19. Rotor Spider
ROTOR RIM
ROTOR POLES
Page 32 of 67
RING COLLECTORS
The field current is supplied to the field winding from the excitation system,
through a system composed of slip rings and brushes.
The slip rings, which are made of forged steel, are installed in the upper part of the
rotor.
The connection between the slip rings and field windings is achieved through
copper bars fitted inside or along the shaft on the upper part of the rotor.
The slip rings are designed to fit properly with the brushes and are grooved
spirally to reduce brush wear.
The brushes are carefully designed so as to carry required field current
Brushes are held by insulated brush holders
BRACKETS
UPPER BRACKET
The upper bracket has to ensure the following functions:
Support vertical loads of generator upper floor and the superstructure
To take upper guiding radial forces tangentially to the concrete walls of the
generator pit
To accommodate and transfer the vertical load of the rotor and turbine assembly
in case of suspended type of machine.
To provide path for circulation of air.
The upper bracket is composed of central hub supporting the guide and/or thrust
bearing
The structure is formed by lattice of laminated steel beams resting on upper part
of the stator frame which are anchored to the generator pit either directly or through
radial jacks.
Air baffles fitted on the bottom side of the upper bracket allow proper circulation of
air flow
The upper bracket is shipped in single or several parts and are assembled at site
as per the requirements.
LOWER BRACKET
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Supports the lower guide bearing and it combines braking and lifting jacks
In case of umbrella / semi-umbrella it may also house the thrust bearing and
therefore need to transfer load of rotor and turbine to the foundations
.
It is composed of central hub with steel arms welded to it.
The bottom side of the arms are provided with fixing arrangement for fixing them
upon anchoring plates which are embedded in the concrete
The upper side of the arms accommodate for braking and lifting jacks along with
necessary pipeline i.e., oil and air pipelines
.
The hub will accommodate for guide bearing and / or thrust bearing as per the
requirement
.
GENERATOR AUXILIARIES
EXCITATION SYSTEM
AIR COOLING SYSTEM
BRAKING AND JACKING SYSTEM
BEARINGS
FIRE PROTECTION
HEATERS
EXCITATION SYSTEM
Excitation systems supply and regulate the amount of dc current sent to the
generator field winding.
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EXCITATION SYSTEM – COMPONENTS
BEARINGS
Vertical hydro generators are normally provided with thrust bearings and guide
bearings.
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The number of guide bearings depends on the size of the machine.
THRUST BEARINGS
The hydro generators have thrust bearings located either at the top (Suspended) or
at bottom (Umbrella / Semi-umbrella) of the generator to support the rotating weight
of the machine.
GUIDE BEARINGS
Hydro generators are provided with lower and / or upper Guide bearings for
maintaining the shaft in alignment
Page 36 of 67
Fig 22. T.G. Set Section
DESIGN STUDY
OUTPUT COEFFICIENT
Output Equation: Q = C0 * D2 * L * Ns
From these equations we can infer that the volume of active parts is inversely
proportional to the value of output coefficient C0. Thus an increase in value of
Results in reduction in size and cost of machine and so looking from the economics
point of view the value of output coefficient should be as high as possible.
Now we see that output coefficient is proportional to specific magnetic and electric
loading .Therefore the size and cost of the machine decreases if we use increased
values of specific magnetic and electric loading. Hence economically these values
should be as high as possible. their limit is decided by analyzing the effect of
increased loadings on performance characteristics of machine. Too high values may
have adverse effects on temperature rise,efficiency,power factor(in case of induction
motors) and commutation conditions (in case of dc machines).Therefore optimum
values are selected.
Page 37 of 67
We can calculate the output coefficient from a graph (Large AC Machines, JH Walker, Figure
1-1 page 4.) if we know the number of poles of the machine. The graph is obtained by
analyzing the published data of 40 generators in manufacture in USA, Canada, UK,
Japan a Europe.
MACHINE PARAMETERS
Flywheel Effect:
(or Mechanical Inertia is defined in terms of the start up time
of the unit)
(Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering
by Thomas C. Elliott, Kao Chen, Robert Swanekamp)
The heavy pole pieces produce a flywheel effect on a slow speed rotor. This helps to
keep the angular speed constant and reduce variations in voltage and frequency of
the generator output.
Number of poles :
Can be calculated as P=120f/N
Page 38 of 67
Where f =frequency of output
N=speed of the rotor
The ventilating systems can be classified into three types depending upon how the
air passes over the heated machine parts ,as :-
(a)Radial,
(b)Axial.
Radial Ventilating System :This system is most commonly employed because the
movement of rotor induces a natural centrifugal movement of air, which may be
augmented by provisions of fans if required .
The advantages of radial system are :
(1)minimum energy losses for ventilation
(2)sufficiently uniform temperature rise of machine in the axial direction
Axial Ventilating System: In this case the ventilating ducts are parallel to the axis
.This system is suitable for machines with medium output and high speeds. This is
because in high-speed machines, a solid rotor construction with restricted spider is
used in order to avoid centrifugal stresses and this restricts the provision of using
radial ducts.
This disadvantages of axial ventilation are:
(1) non uniform heat transfer
(2) increased iron loss – the provision of axial ventilating ducts behind the slots of
the stator reduces the amount of iron giving rise to increased flux density in the
stator core, this increases the iron loss. However in large number of cases this loss
is compensated by improved cooling.
STATOR DESIGNING
Pole pitch is defined as the peripheral distance between two consecutive poles. It
may be expressed as number of slots, degrees .(electrical or mechanical)
Calculated as : ψ= pi x Di/P
Flux per pole (φ) =Mean flux density * Pole pitch (ψ)* Length of core * 0.01
Assuming a suitable value of Bm, the flux per pole can be calculated.
Page 40 of 67
In the preliminary stage, tentative value of number of turns per phase can be
calculated as
T ph = (k1k2 V ph)/4.44fφ
Total current in a slot should not exceed 5000 A. (Current in Slot should lie between
3000 to 5000A as per CEA)
If I be the rated current per phase and there be p parallel paths then current per
conductor is I/p , and current per slot is 2*I/p
This should not exceed the limit of 5000 A.
5000 > 2 * I / p
this gives a minimum value of p , the value of p greater than or equal to this value
which
satisfies other designing constraints are chosen as the appropriate number of
parallel paths.
After the calculation of turns per phase we can calculate the approximate no. of
stator slots.
No. of slots is given by,
Ns = (no. of phases) * T ph * (no. of parallel paths) / (turns per
coil)
Where
Z = No. of conductors per slot and
S = Total no of slots
Page 41 of 67
MODIFIED CALCULATION
New Flux per pole=k1 x k2 x rated generator voltage/(4.44 x Turns per phase
x f)
f = 50 Hz
k1 x k2 = 1.1 (source : page 14,Large AC Machines J.H.
Walker)
Modified Flux density = Flux per pole / (Stator core length x pole pitch)
Where, Stator core length and pole pitch are expressed in meters
Where
I ph =current per phase
Tph = turns per phase
Ka =Amplitude factor obtained from the graph
(given on page 79 ,fig 5-1,Large AC machines by
J.H.Walker)
k1*k2=1.1
Page 42 of 67
Then ,
where,
Ma=0.796*ge*Bg * 10^4
The short ratio (SCR) of a synchronous machine is defined as the ratio of field
current required to produce rated voltage under open circuit conditions to the field
current required to circulate rated current at short circuit.
Short circuit ratio is the reciprocal of synchronous reactance Xd ,if Xd is
defined in per unit value for rated voltage and rated current. The value of Xd for a
given load is affected by saturation conditions then exist, while SCR is specific and
univalued for a given machine as it is defined at the rated voltage.
For salient pole hydro electric generators SCR varies from 1.0 to 1.1.
(b) Stability.
A low value of SCR has a lower stability limit as the maximum power output of the
machine is inversely proportional to Xd.
(c) Parallel Operation
Machines with a low value of SCR are also difficult operate in parallel because a
high value of Xd gives a small value of synchronizing power. This power is
responsible for keeping the machines in synchronism. Also the transmission line
impedance adds up to the machine impedances thus it further reduces the
synchronizing power as the machines are weakly held in synchronism. They become
more sensitive to torque and voltage disturbances.
Page 43 of 67
(d) Short circuit current
A small SCR indicates a small value of short circuit current as Xd is high. But this is
not a problem as short circuit currents can be limited and the machines need not be
designs with low values of SCR.
We have seen that a machine with low value of SCR has a lower stability limit
and a low value of inherent voltage regulation. On the other hand a higher value of
SCR means a high value of short circuit current. Also the machine designed with a
higher value of SCR has a long air gap which means that the mmf required by the
field is large. Hence a machine with higher SCR is costlier to build. Present trend is
to design the machine with a low value of SCR . This is due to the recent
advancement in the fast acting control and excitation systems.
The MLT is assumed to be made up of the following portions: The length of coil in
the slot (Lc) ,the length of the straight portion extending from the core to the angled
portion of the end winding (Ac), the angled portion (Y) and the portion at the end
consisting either of the evolutes (multi-turn-coil) or clips (single turn bar) . The MLT
is then given by
MLT =2*Lc +4(Ac+Bd)+4Y ,(Lc is in cms)
Where
Ac + Bd is obtained from fig 3-9 ,Large AC Machines J.H.Walker.
And Y =Pdsecθ3/2
Page 44 of 67
(page 68, 69 Large AC Machines J.H.Walker)
Where
nd=number of radial ventilating ducts
wr=width of duct beam in cm
(Page 70, Large AC Machines by J.H. Walker.)
Where, stacking factor = 0.93 (Page 89, Large AC Machines by J.H. Walker.)
Single turn coil : A single turn bar winding is used in machines when the
armature current per circuit exceeds 1500 A.
As the current is quite large so the cross-section of the conductors used is very
large and so bars used are subdivided into many parts to reduce the eddy
current losses in them.
There are two conductors in a slot if the bar winding is used. Each conductor
consists of two vertical stacks of copper laminations insulated by either asbestos
or glass rovings.
The two vertical stacks used are also insulated from each other.
This temp rise difference is reduced by increasing the no of strands in the top coil
side there by reducing the thickness of the strands in the top coil side.
2. Slot insulation: Insulation used for insulating the conductor from the slot. The
width of the slot is usually less than 25 mm with a value of 5 mm for the
thickness of main slot insulation.
1. Bitumen Mica flake insulation system: The application of the bitumen main
insulation leaves voids at each cross over so as to give rise to corona losses.
This can be avoided by using asbestos boards as packers or by applying
asbestos or mica putty.
Page 46 of 67
Bitumen mica folium applied to the slot portion of the bar while mica tape on
the overhang portion was most commonly used insulating materials earlier.
The mica tape 0.13 mm thick and 20 mm wide is wrapped by hand up to 20
half layers. So this process is both time consuming and expensive.
This system permits the machine to be operated at a higher temp rise due to
its greater thermal conductivity.
Multi turn coil: In this type of coils an additional insulation between between
individual turns has to be provided. The interturn insulation must be designed to
withstand surges of magnitude 1.5 times of the line voltages.
The inter turn insulation used is mica tape half overlap and asbestos. The thickness
of the mica tape is 0.13 mm and that of asbestos 0.38 mm.
Multi turn coils epoxy novalak mica paper system : The epoxy novalak mica paper
insulation used is different for the slot portion of the conductor and the over hang.
Novalak mica paper tapes are used for the slot portion while isopthalate varnished
mica flake tapes are used for the over hang.
(source: Pg-744, A.K.
Sawhney)
WINDINGS
TWO TYPES:
2. Distributed windings : are used in stator and rotor of all the ac machines.
Page 47 of 67
ARMATURE WINDINGS:
Related Terms:
CLOSED WINDINGS :
Two types:
1. Lap windings : a=P
2. Wave windings : a = 2
Where,
a = no of parallel paths
P = no of poles
Lap Windings :
yb = 2C / P +/- K
yw = yb – yf = 2
yc = 1
Where,
C = no of coils
P = no of poles
yc = commutator pitch
yb = back pitch
yw = winding pitch
K = Fraction or integer such that yb is an odd integer.
Page 48 of 67
Wave windings :
yc = (C + 1) / (P/2)
yw = 2 yc
yw = yb + yf
Where,
C = no of coils
P = no of poles
yc = commutator pitch
yb = back pitch
yw = winding pitch
OPEN WINDINGS :
Page 49 of 67
Related terms:
1. Phase spread: May be defined as the angle subtended by one phase belt
where phase belt is the group of adjacent slots belonging to one phase.
2. Integral slot windings: In this type of windings the slots per pole per phase
is an integer. These may be full pitched or chorded windings.
3. Fractional slot windings: In this type of windings the slots per pole per
phase is not an integer. These may again be full pitched or chorded windings.
Two types:
2. Mush windings
For making a choice between the two types of windings we need to compare the
two windings (multi turn and single bar) :
Page 50 of 67
1.The multi turn coil winding allows greater flexibility in selecting the value of number
of slots to give required number of turns per phase than the bar winding.
2.The process of winding multiturn coils involves bending the top coil-side after the
bottom coil side has been placed in the slot. To ensure that this bending does not
damage the insulation at the point where the coil side emerges from the slot, the
insulation has to have sufficient flexibility . This is also helpful when faulty coils have
to be replaced in service. With the bar winding , bottom and top bars are laid in the
slots separately and no bending is involved.
3.The choice between a multi turn coil lap and a bar winding may in the first place be
determined solely on a cost basis since a multi turn coil being machine made is
cheaper than the hand made bar. For heavy current generators having current >
1500 amps (source:page 23,Large AC Machines by J.H.Walker) the choice is a bar
winding and this may use the lap or wave connection. The extension of the end
windings from the core are greater with the wave than with the lap but this is largely
counterbalanced by the reduced end connections of a wave winding.
4.The bar windings require clips to be soldered at each pair of bars at the back and
front of each pair of bars in order to produce series connection of the coils. These
are obviously not required with the multi-turn coils so that in this respect the latter is
cheaper to wind than the former.
5.In deep coil sides, it is necessary to consider the transposition of individual strands
in each effective turn to avoid excessive eddy current effects. In multi turn coils with
the turns per coil greater than three the transposition is inherent in the 180 degree
turn in the evolute if the coil, is effective in restricting the circulating eddy current loss
to an acceptable value. With 2 or 3 turns a semi Roebal transposition in one turn of
the coil will again satisfactorily reduce the circulating eddy current loss. With the
single turn bar winding with the solid connection of the strands and thus no
transposition in the evolute, full Roebel transposition which eliminates the circulating
eddy current loss, is essential.
6.In addition to the main insulation to earth the multi turn coil requires each turn to
be insulated with several layers of mica tape, to provide sufficient dielectric strength
to withstand steep fronted impulses set up by switching or lightning strokes on the
line . This turn insulation lowers the space factor in the depth of the slot. In the single
turn bar winding with 2 effective bars per slot the inter turn insulation is of course
twice the thickness of the insulation to earth so that no special precautions against
impulses are necessary.
7. With say, 2 circuits in parallel in each phase, in the multi-turn coil an inter turn
insulation failure will lead to a circulating current in the 2 parallel circuits and a
reduction in the line current. However, with only one ineffective turn the out of
balance in the line current may be insufficient to operate the Merz-Price relay. This
situation is covered by bringing out the ends of the two circuits and installing a circuit
balance relay, which operates as soon as the voltages in the two circuits are
Page 51 of 67
unequal. Such a relay is of course connected in each phase .As discussed above
with a single bar winding no inter turn insulation failure may be anticipated and such
relays are unnecessary.
Many firms in Europe and the USA, particularly the latter where labor
charges are high, prefer the multi turn coil with its relatively low labor
content and thus overall cost. In the USSR the single turn bar winding with
wave connection is used on all hydro electric generators, its technical
advantages, in the opinion of Russian designers, outweighing the slight
additional cost.
Annexure I
a) Input Screen
Page 52 of 67
b) Output
Page 53 of 67
Page 54 of 67
Annexure II
Software Code
a) Form1
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Cols = 2
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Rows = 11
For count1 = 0 To 1
'Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Col = count1
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.ColWidth(count1) = 2000
Next count1
For count2 = 0 To 10
'Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = count2
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.RowHeight(count2) = 600
Page 56 of 67
Next count2
'Next count1
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Col = 0
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 0
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "PARAMETER"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 1
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "Rated Current"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 2
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "Number of Poles"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 3
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "Output Coefficient"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 4
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "Air Gap Diameter"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 5
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "Number of Parallel Paths"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 6
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "Number of Slots"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 7
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "Number of Radial Ducts"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 8
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "Effective Core Length"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 9
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "Number of Strands"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 10
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "Depth of Slot"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Col = 1
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = 0
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = "VALUE"
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Col = 1
For cur_row = 1 To 10
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Row = cur_row
Form1.MSFlexGrid1.Text = spec(cur_row)
Next
'--------------------------------------------------------------------
End Sub
Page 57 of 67
Private Sub Text1_KeyPress(Index As Integer, KeyAscii As Integer)
Dim acceptable_text_symbols As String
Dim ch As String * 1
Dim decimal_flag As Integer
decimal_flag = InStr(Text1(Index).Text, ".")
acceptable_text_symbols = "1234567890"
ch = Chr(KeyAscii)
If Chr(KeyAscii) = "." And decimal_flag = 0 Then
KeyAscii = KeyAscii
ElseIf InStr(acceptable_text_symbols, ch) Or KeyAscii = 8 Then
KeyAscii = KeyAscii
Else
KeyAscii = 0
End If
End Sub
b) Form2
Form2.Visible = False
End Sub
Page 58 of 67
Form2.Visible = False
End Sub
c) Module1
Page 59 of 67
Public Function output_coeff(x As Double) As Double
Select Case x
Case 6 To 9
out_coeff = 0.5 * (x - 8) + 6
Case 9 To 10
out_coeff = 0.2 * (x - 9) + 6.5
Case 11 To 12
out_coeff = 0.15 * (x - 12) + 7
Case 13 To 15
out_coeff = 0.1 * (x - 12) + 7
Case 16 To 20
out_coeff = 0.06 * (x - 20) + 7.6
Case 21 To 27
out_coeff = 0.04 * (x - 20) + 7.6
Case 27 To 39
out_coeff = 0.017 * (x - 27) + 7.9
Case 39 To 70
out_coeff = 0.013 * (x - 70) + 8.5
End Select
output_coeff = out_coeff 'returning the value
End Function
Select Case x
Case 5 To 17
peri_velocity = -2 * (x - 5) + 110
Case 18 To 20
peri_velocity = -1 * (x - 17) + 86
Case 21 To 26
peri_velocity = -0.67 * (x - 20) + 83
Case 27 To 35
peri_velocity = -0.55 * (x - 26) + 79
Case 36 To 50
peri_velocity = -0.33 * (x - 35) + 74
Case 50 To 70
peri_velocity = -0.2 * (x - 50) + 69
End Select
calculate_airgap_dia = peri_velocity
Page 60 of 67
End Function
Public Function calculate(volt_rated, pow_rated, speed_rated, scr, pow_fac,
stack_fac As Double, scheme As Integer) As Variant
'-------------------------------------------------------
curr_rated = (pow_rated * 1000 / pow_fac) / (1.732 * volt_rated) 'in AMP
num_pole = Round(num_pole, 0)
Page 61 of 67
parall_path = parall_path + 1
Loop
'------------------------------------------------
'----------------MODIFIED CALCULATION-----------------
turns_ph_new = num_slots / (3 * parall_path)
air_gap_ampturn = arm_rxn / ((1 / scr) - 0.15) 'for power fac =0.9 ,Xd=1pu,Xl=.15pu
Page 62 of 67
'----------------SLOT DESIGNING------------------------
cross_sec_cond = curr_rated / (parall_path * 3.5 * 100) 'in cm^2
'-----------------SLOT WIDTH--------------------------
'Tooth width at 1/3rd of its height = (Length of air gap + 2 x Depth of stator slots / 3)
x (Pi / No. of slots) - Width of stator bar Source??
'Flux density at tooth = Flux per pole / (Slots per pole per phase x Tooth width at
1/3rd of its length x Effective pole arc) in Wb/sq m Source not given
Page 63 of 67
X1 = 5.5 * (x - 18) + 119
mean_len_turn = 200 * len_core + 4 * X1 + 4 * X2 'cm
End Function
'======================================================
xlapp.Workbooks("wbook").Activate
Set wsheets = xlapp.Sheets("sheet1")
'wsheets.Cells(2, 1) = Str$(curr_rated) 'data read from the excel sheet.
'-----------------------------------------
wsheets.Cells(3, 4) = Str$(pow_rated)
wsheets.Cells(4, 4) = Str$(volt_rated)
wsheets.Cells(5, 4) = Str$(speed_rated)
wsheets.Cells(6, 4) = Str$(scr)
wsheets.Cells(7, 4) = Str$(pow_fac)
Page 64 of 67
wsheets.Cells(8, 4) = Str$(stack_fac)
wsheets.Cells(9, 4) = Str$(50)
wsheets.Cells(10, 4) = Str$(1 / scr)
wsheets.Cells(11, 4) = Str$(0.15)
wsheets.Cells(12, 4) = Str$(amplitude_fac)
wsheets.Cells(13, 4) = Str$(curr_rated)
wsheets.Cells(14, 4) = Str$(num_pole)
wsheets.Cells(15, 4) = Str$(fly_eff)
wsheets.Cells(16, 4) = Str$(out_coeff)
wsheets.Cells(17, 4) = Str$(air_gap_dia)
wsheets.Cells(18, 4) = Str$(pole_pitch)
wsheets.Cells(19, 4) = Str$(pole_arc)
wsheets.Cells(20, 4) = Str$(parall_path)
wsheets.Cells(21, 4) = Str$(num_slots)
wsheets.Cells(22, 4) = Str$(2)
wsheets.Cells(23, 4) = Str$(num_cond_series_ph)
wsheets.Cells(24, 4) = Str$(slot_pitch)
wsheets.Cells(25, 4) = Str$(slot_ang_mech)
wsheets.Cells(26, 4) = Str$(slot_ang_elec)
wsheets.Cells(27, 4) = Str$(turns_ph_new)
wsheets.Cells(28, 4) = Str$(flux_pole_new)
wsheets.Cells(29, 4) = Str$(flux_den_new)
wsheets.Cells(30, 4) = Str$(flux_den_max)
wsheets.Cells(31, 4) = Str$(arm_rxn)
wsheets.Cells(32, 4) = Str$(air_gap_ampturn)
wsheets.Cells(33, 4) = Str$(radial_airgap)
wsheets.Cells(34, 4) = Str$(num_radial_duct)
wsheets.Cells(35, 4) = Str$(len_core)
wsheets.Cells(36, 4) = Str$(len_core_eff)
wsheets.Cells(37, 4) = Str$(len_core_active)
wsheets.Cells(38, 4) = Str$(cross_sec_cond)
wsheets.Cells(39, 4) = Str$(num_strand)
wsheets.Cells(40, 4) = Str$(total_depth_strand)
wsheets.Cells(41, 4) = Str$(slot_depth)
wsheets.Cells(42, 4) = Str$(Width_Stator_Bar)
wsheets.Cells(43, 4) = Str$(mean_len_turn)
xlapp.Visible = True
'wbook.Close
'xlapp.Quit
'Set xlapp = Nothing
End Function
Page 65 of 67
REFERNECES
Web Links
1. http://www.nhpc.co.in
2. http://www.abb.com
3. http://www.hydropower.alstom.com
4. http://www.power-technology.com
5. http://www.iri.columbia.edu
Page 67 of 67