ne||ca| antenna for WLAN commun|cat|on work|ng frequency app 24 Gnz
W e||ca| antenna ls an anLenna conslsLlng of a conducLlng wlre wound ln Lhe form of a hellx W n mosL cases hellcal anLennas are mounLed over a ground plane W Pellcal anLennas can operaLe ln one of Lwo prlnclpal modes normal (broadslde) mode or axlal (or endflre) mode W n Lhe f Lhe dlmenslons of Lhe hellx are small compared wlLh Lhe wavelengLh 1he far fleld radlaLlon paLLern ls slmllar Lo an elecLrlcally shorL dlpole or monopole W L's a broadband uPl and vPl anLenna W rovldes clrcular polarlzaLlon W ConslsLs of hellx of Lhlck copper wlre wound ln Lhe shape of screw Lhread and used as an anLenna ln con[uncLlon wlLh a flaL meLal plaLe called ground plane W Pellx ls fed by coaxlal a cable Pellcal anLenna flgure W 1he mode of radlaLlon depends on Lhe dlameLer of hellx u and Lurn spaclng S 1he varlous dlmenslons of hellx are C clrcumference of hellx(u) lLch angle ddlameLer of hellx conducLor axlal lengLhnS LLengLh of one Lurn nno of Lurns lspaclng of hellx from ground plane W lor n Lurns Lhe LoLal lengLh of hellcal anLenna ls equal Lo nS W f one Lurn of hellx ls unrolled on a plane surface Lhe clrcumference (u)Lhe spaclng (S) Lurn lengLh L and plLch angle are relaLed by Lrlangle as shown ln flgure W 1he plLch angle ls Lhe angle beLween a llne LangenL Lo Lhe hellx wlre and Lhe plane normal Lo Lhe hellx axls W lLch angle ls calculaLed from Lhe Lrlangle as ,odes of operaLlon of hellcal anLenna 1normal (or) perpendlcular mode of radlaLlon 2 xlal (or) end flre (or) beam mode of radlaLlon normal mode of radlaLlon W n Lhls mode Lhe radlaLlon ls maxlmum ln broadslde le n Lhe dlrecLlon normal Lo Lhe hellx axls and ls clrcularly polarlzed W 1hls mode of radlaLlon ls obLalned lf Lhe dlmenslons of Lhe hellx are small compared Lo le nL W 8andwldLh of such a small hellx ls very narrow and Lhe radlaLlon efflclency ls low W 8andwldLh and efflclency can be lncreased by lncreaslng Lhe slze of Lhe hellx and Lo have currenL ln phase along hellx axls W 1he radlaLlon paLLern of hellcal anLenna ls bldlrecLlonal paLLern W n Lhe normal mode of operaLlon Lhe anLenna fleld ls maxlmum ln a plane normal Lo Lhe hellx axls and mlnlmum along lLs axls W 1hls mode provldes low bandwldLh and ls generally used for handporLable moblle appllcaLlons xlal mode of radlaLlon W n Lhe axlal mode of operaLlon Lhe anLenna radlaLes as an end flre radlaLor wlLh a slngle beam along Lhe hellx axls W 1hls mode provldes beLLer galn (up Lo 13d8) W and hlgh bandwldLh raLlo (1781) as compared Lo Lhe normal mode of operaLlon W lor Lhls mode of operaLlon Lhe beam becomes narrower as Lhe number of Lurns on Lhe hellx ls lncreased xlal mode conLd W uue Lo lLs broadband naLure of operaLlon Lhe anLenna ln Lhe axlal mode ls used malnly for saLelllLe communlcaLlons Splral anLenna W Splral anLennas are Lravellng wave sLrucLures and are wellknown for Lhelr wldeband performance W bandwldLh of 31 or 101 ls easlly obLalned and a sLable lnpuL lmpedance ls achleved W 1hls wldeband characLerlsLlc of Lhe splral anLenna makes lL an aLLracLlve cholce where a slngle anLenna ls requlred Lo send / recelve over mulLlple channels W llgure shows Lhe slmulaLlon model and Lhe currenL dlsLrlbuLlon on Lhe sLrucLure aL 230,Pz W 1he anLenna ls fed ln Lhe cenLer where Lhe Lwo arms connecL W ppllcaLlon of splral anLennas ln moblle communlcaLlon and navlgaLlon