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TOPIC HIGHLIGHTED
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTIC
TEST
MIX PROPORTION
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTIC
TEST
MIX PROPORTION
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTIC
TEST
MIX PROPORTION
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTIC
TEST
MIX PROPORTION
APPLICATION IN REAL WORLD
COMPARISON
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
DEFINITION
Maximum Minimum
Minimum Compressive Water/ Frost
Category of HPC
Strength Cement Durability
Ratio Factor
CHARACTERISTIC
Based on the results of SHRP C-103 and SHRP C-205 research, the Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA) has proposed criteria for four different
performance grades of HPC. The criteria are expressed in terms of eight
performance characteristics including
The Benefits
Barriers
o Current design criteria may not clearly define the properties and usage
of HPC. More research is needed in this area.
o Compared to normal-strength concrete, the performance of HPC is
more brittle in regions with high seismic activity. This is due to the
greater stiffness of HPC.
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
TEST
AASHTO T 161 1. Test specimen 76.2 x 76.2 x 279.4 mm (3 x 3 x 11 in) cast or cut from
Freeze/Thaw
ASTM C 666 152.4 x 304.8 mm (6 x 12 in) cylinder
Durability
Proc. A 2. Acoustically measure dynamic modulus until 300 cycles.
Abrasion shall be applied for a total of 6 minutes of abrasion time per location.
Procedure B.
56 day tests
Shrinkage ASTM C 157 2. Shrinkage measurements are to start 28 days after moist curing and
days.
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
MIX PROPORTION
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTIC
Overview
o To put the concrete into service at much earlier age, for example
opening the pavement at 3-days.
o To build high-rise buildings by reducing column sizes and increasing
available space.
o To build the superstructures of long-span bridges.
o To satisfy the specific needs of special applications such as durability,
modulus of elasticity, and flexural strength.
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
TEST
Sample Size
The test specimen is formed by inserting a tubular sleeve when the concrete
is plastic and removing it prior to testing, or by drilling a core, in the hardened
concrete, at the time of the break-Off test. The core is drilled with a special
diamond-tipped drill bit. The force is applied through a load cell placed at the
top of the specimen. Approximately one stroke of the hand-pump per second is
applied by the use of a manual hydraulic pump attached to the load cell. The
pumping is continued until the break-off specimen fails. The pressure required
to break-off the test specimen is measured by a mechanically operated
manometer.
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
MIX PROPORTION
Some of the basic concepts that need to be understood for HSC are:
Portland cement.
Proper selection of the type and source of cement is one of the most important
steps in the production of HSC. To achieve higher strengths, it is necessary
to include other materials such as fly ash, silica fume, GGBFS, or
combinations of these materials
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
Coarse aggregate.
Fine aggregate.
Fine aggregates with a fineness modulus in the range of 2.5 to 3.2 are
preferable for HSC. Concretes with a fineness modulus less than 2.5 may
be sticky and result in poor workability and high water requirement.
Chemical admixtures.
Fly ash and GGBFS generally reduce the permeability of concrete even
when the cement content is relatively low, and silica fume is especially
effective in this regard. Tests show that the permeability of concrete
decreases as the quantity of hydrated cementitious materials increases
and the water-cementitious materials ratio decreases.
Admixtures
Pozzolans (fly ash and silica fume) is the commonly used admixtures in HSC.
These materials impart additional strength to the concrete by reacting with
Portland cement hydration products to create additional C-S-H gel
responsible for concrete strength. It would be difficult to produce HSC
mixtures without using chemical admixtures such as super-plasticizer combine
with water-reducing retarder. The super-plasticizer gives the concrete
adequate workability at low water-cement ratios, leading to concrete with
greater strength.
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
DEFINITION
SCC (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for
placing and compaction. It is able to flow under its own weight,
completely filling formwork and achieving full compaction, even in the
presence of congested reinforcement. The hardened concrete has the same
engineering properties and durability as traditional vibrated concrete.
Concrete that requires little vibration or compaction has been used in Europe
since the early 1970s but SCC was not developed until the late 1980’s in
Japan. In Europe it was probably first used in civil works for transportation
networks in Sweden in the mid 1990’s. The EC funded a multi-national,
industry lead project SCC 1997-2000 and since then SCC has found
increasing use in all European countries.
CHARACTERISTICS
Compressive strength
SCC with a similar water cement or cement binder ratio will usually have a
slightly higher strength compared with traditional vibrated concrete, due to
the lack of vibration giving an improved interface between the aggregate and
hardened paste.
Tensile strength
Creep
Shrinkage
The surface of hardened SCC after casting and hardening may be rather
smooth and waterproof. Without any treatment of the surface after placing the
first layer, the shear force capacity between the first and second layer may be
lower than for vibrated concrete and may therefore be insufficient to carry any
shear force. A surface treatment such as surface retarder, brushing or surface
roughening should to be sufficient.
Fire resistance
Durability
TEST
A wide range of test methods have been developed to measure and assess
the fresh properties of SCC. Table below lists the most common tests grouped
according to the property assessed. No single test is capable of assessing all
of the key parameters, and a combination of tests is required to fully
characterize an SCC mix.
Introduction
The slump-flow and T500 time is a test to assess the flowability and the flow
rate of SCC in the absence of obstructions. It is based on the slump test
described in EN 12350-2. The result is an indication of the filling ability of
self-compacting concrete. The T500 time is also a measure of the speed of flow
and hence the viscosity of the self-compacting concrete.
Principle
The fresh concrete is poured into a cone as used for the EN 12350-2 slump
test. When the cone is withdrawn upwards the time from commencing upward
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
movement of the cone to when the concrete has flowed to a diameter of 500
mm is measured; this is the T500 time. The largest diameter of the flow spread
of the concrete and the diameter of the spread at right angles to it are then
measured and the mean is the slump-flow.
V-funnel test
Introduction
The V-funnel test is used to assess the viscosity and filling ability of
self-compacting concrete.
Principle
A V-shaped funnel is filled with fresh concrete and the time taken for the
concrete to flow out of the funnel is measured and recorded as the V-funnel
flow time.
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
L-box test
Introduction
The L-box test is used to assess the passing ability of self-compacting concrete
to flow through tight openings including spaces between reinforcing bars and
other obstructions without segregation or blocking. There are two variations;
the two bar test and the three bar test. The three bar test simulates more
congested reinforcement.
Principle
MIX PROPORTION
There is no standard method for SCC mix design and many academic
institutions and companies have developed their own mix proportioning
methods. These guidelines are not intended to provide specific advice on mix
design but the following table gives an indication of the typical range of
constituents in SCC by weight and by volume. These proportions are in no way
restrictive and many SCC mixes will fall outside this range for one or more
constituents.
o evaluate the water demand and optimize the flow and stability of the
paste
o determine the proportion of sand and the dose of admixture to give the
required robustness
o test the sensitivity for small variations in quantities (the robustness)
o add an appropriate amount of coarse aggregate
o produce the fresh SCC in the laboratory mixer, perform the required
tests
o test the properties of the SCC in the hardened state
o produce trial mixes in the plant mixer.
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
Select required
performance based
on purchaser
Not Satisfactory
Verify or adjust
performance by
laboratory testing
Satisfactory
o adjust the cement/powder ratio and the water/powder ratio and test
the flow and other properties of the paste
o try different types of addition (if available)
o adjust the proportions of the fine aggregate and the dosage of
super-plasticizer
o adjust the proportion or grading of the coarse aggregate
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
DEFINITION
Overview
HDR Engineering Inc.'s former parent corporation, the French firm Bouygues,
has used High Performance Concrete (HPC) with characteristic strengths up to
100MPa -- approximately four times the strength of conventional sidewalk
concrete. Through this work, new frontiers have been opened in the
development of new materials and led to a breakthrough product: Reactive
Powder Concrete (RPC). The term Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) or Ultra
High Performance Concrete has been used to describe a fiber-reinforced,
super-plasticized, silica fume-cement mixture with very low water-cement
ratio (w/c) characterized by the presence of very fine quartz sand (0.15-0.40
mm) instead of ordinary aggregate. In fact, it is not a concrete because there
is no coarse aggregate in the cement mixture. The absence of coarse
aggregate was considered by the inventors to be a key-aspect for the
microstructure and the performance of the RPC in order to reduce the
heterogeneity between the cement matrix and the aggregate.
The Technology
RPC will be promisingly able to solve a lot of drawbacks of last concretes, i.e.
poor flexural behavior, cracks, shrinkage, and creep. For these reasons, RPC
will be suitable in various applications for structures with light and thin
components such as roofs of stadiums, long spans of bridges, or structures
requiring safe protection such as security enclosures for banks, containment
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
o No coarse aggregates
o Optimizing the grain size distribution to densify the mixture
o Post-set heat-treatment to improve the microstructure
o Addition of steel and synthetic fibers (about 2% by volume)
o Use of super-plasticizers to decrease the water to cement ratio
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
CHARACTERISTICS
Overview
However, due to the use of very fine sand instead of ordinary aggregate, the
cement factor of the RPC is as high as 900-1000 kg/m3. This unusual
cement factor could increase drying shrinkage and creep strain of the RPC with
respect to ordinary concrete with cement factor usually in the range of 300-500
kg/m3. The compressive strength of RPC is typically around 200MPa, but can
be produced with compressive strengths up to 810MPa. However, the low
comparative tensile strength requires prestressing reinforcement in severe
structural service. The material's ductility and ability to absorb energy is also
improved with typical values 300 times greater than HPC, making it
comparable to that of some metals.
Its superior strength combined with higher shear capacity results in significant
dead load reduction and limitless structural member shape. RPC provides
improved seismic performance by reducing inertia loads with lighter
members, allowing larger deflections with reduced cross sections, and
providing higher energy absorption. Its low and non-interconnected porosity
diminishes mass transfer making penetration of liquid/gas or radioactive
elements nearly non-existent.
The RPC concept is based on the principle that a material with minimum
defects such as micro-cracks and inside voids. Therefore, it will be able to
realize a greater load-carrying capacity and greater durability. RPC can, in
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
some areas, compete with steel. The refinements involved in RPC technology
make it possible to create a more homogeneous cement-based material by
reducing the differences between the cement and aggregate. This results in a
concrete product with properties which, in the past, have been reserved for
metals and allows for the design of new products and structures using
concrete. If we consider of its performances nearing those of metals and
slightly, RPC is truly competitive where steel is predominant. However,
RPC will not replace concrete where conventional concrete economically meet
the required performance criteria.
TEST
So far, only two methods have been highlighted. One is the conventional
way of treating the RPC as normal concrete. Another one which is still under
further experiment is ultrasonic testing. Because of the homogeneous,
highly packed nature of the RPC microstructure, it is possible to use
ultrasonic testing in ways not possible with traditional concrete. Transducer
frequencies of 10 to 20 times those used in normal concrete can be used to
launch and receive ultrasonic waves over distances on the order of several
hundred millimeters.
spring, (B) transducer jig, (C) ultrasonic transducer, and (D) RPC cube.
Initial research indicates that ultrasonic wave velocities can help determine
the elastic properties of the material, and traditional pulse-echo ultrasonic
testing can be used to detect cracks in the cement matrix. Ongoing research is
exploring how ultrasonic velocity measurements can be used as a
quality-control tool during construction and how ultrasonic testing may be used
for in-service inspection of bridges constructed of RPC. The outcome of the
experiment has confirmed that ultrasonic testing has the potential to be used
as guide for RPC testing and further testing is required.
AUTHOR: AU YONG THEAN SENG
www.madisonvelocity.blogspot.com
MIX PROPORTION
COMPARISON