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ktRir àyaeg>

In Samskrit there are three types of àyaeg> = usage of a verb. The three àyaeg> are –
 ktRir àyaeg> - active voice
 kmRi[ àyaeg>- passive voice
 Éave àyaeg> - passive impersonal
In ktRir àyaeg> The verb denotes the ktaR of the action. “Denotes the ktaR” means that the verb stands for the ktaR
i.e it represents the ktaR i.e it is intrinsically connected to the ktaR. This is true in any language even though the
terminology may differ. e.g. The boy eats ApUpa.
Here the ‘boy’ is the ktaR = doer and the ‘ApUpa’ is the the kmR = object. The ‘eats’ is intrinsically connected to the
‘boy’. That is why if we change the number of the agent, the verb will also change. e.g. Two boys eat an ApUp.
balaE ApUpm! oadt>. bala> ApUpm! oadiNt.
In the above it may be observed that when the number of the agent changes, the number of the verb also
changes. Therefore the verb in ktRir àyaeg> denotes the ktaR.

In kmRi[ àyaeg> the verb denotes the kmR (the object). This is true for any language
e.g. the ApUp is eaten by the boy.
Here the verb has changed to ‘is eaten’. This verb will change whenever the object changes and Not when the
agent changes. e.g. -
Two ApUp are eaten by the boys. Two ApUp are eaten by two boys
ApUp>1/1 balen3/1 oa*teIII/1 .
ApUp>1/1 bala_yam!3/2 oa*te1/1.
ApUp> balE>3/3 oa*teIII/1.
ApUp>1/1 balen3/1 oa*te III/1 .
ApUpaE1/2 balen3/1 oa*ete III/2.
ApUpa>1/3 balen3/1 oa*Nte III/3 .
In Éave àyaeg> the verb denotes the abstract sense (Éav) of the root (Not ktaR Nor kmR) e.g.
Ahm! jIvaim - I live. (not Éave àyaeg)
mya jIVyte - It is lived by me – this is Éave àyaeg> which means ‘I live’

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