System Modeling Coursework

Class 5-6 : Analogous Systems

P.R. VENKATESWARAN
Faculty, Instrumentation and Control Engineering,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal
Karnataka 576 104 INDIA
Ph: 0820 2925154, 2925152
Fax: 0820 2571071
Email: pr.venkat@manipal.edu, prv_i@yahoo.com
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Web address: http://www.esnips.com/web/SystemModelingClassNotes
 WARNING!

• I claim no originality in all these notes. These are the

compilation from various sources for the purpose of
delivering lectures. I humbly acknowledge the
wonderful help provided by the original sources in
this compilation.
• For best results, it is always suggested you read the
source material.

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 Contents

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 What is meant by analogous systems?

• It is possible to make electrical and mechanical

systems using analogs.
• An analogous electrical and mechanical system will
have differential equations of the same form.

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 Analogous Quantities

Mechanical Mechanical
Electrical
Analog I Analog II
Quantity
(Force-Current) (Force Voltage)
Voltage, e Velocity, v Force, f

Current, i Force, f Velocity, v

Lubricity, 1/B
Resistance, R Friction, B
(Inverse friction)

Compliance, 1/K
Capacitance, C Mass, M
(Inverse spring constant)

Compliance, 1/K
Inductance, L Mass, M
(Inverse spring constant)

Transformer, N1:N2 Lever, L1:L2 Lever, L1:L2

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 Analogous quantities in force(Torque)-Voltage Analogy

Mechanical Mechanical rotational Systems Electrical System

Translational systems

Force F Torque, T Voltage, e

Mass, M Moment of inertia J Inductance L
Viscous Friction Viscous Friction Coefficient B Resistance R
Coefficient B

Spring stiffness K Torsional spring stiffness K Reciprocal of

capacitance 1/C

Displacement x Angular Displacement, θ Charge q

Velocity, v Angular Velocity, ω Charge i

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 Analogous quantities in Force (Torque)-Current Analogy

Mechanical Mechanical Rotational Electrical System

Translational systems Systems
Force F Torque, T Current, i
Mass, M Moment of inertia J Capacitance C
Viscous Friction Viscous Friction Coefficient B Reciprocal of
Coefficient B Resistance 1/R
Spring stiffness K Torsional spring stiffness K Reciprocal of
inductance 1/L
Displacement x Angular Displacement, θ Magnetic flux linkage
φ
Velocity, v Angular Velocity, ω Voltage e

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 Converting between systems

• The important relationship when converting from a circuit to the

Mechanical 1 analog is that between Kirchoff's Current Law and
D'Alemberts Law (with inertial forces included).

Electrical Mechanical 1

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 Procedure for Conversion from Electrical to Mechanical

• The conversion from an electrical circuit to a

mechanical analog is easily accomplished if
capacitors in the circuit are grounded. If they are
not, the process results in a mechanical system
where positions must be chosen very carefully and
the process can be much more difficult.

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 Procedure for Conversion from Electrical to Mechanical

• Start with an electrical circuit. Label all node voltages

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 Procedure for Conversion from Electrical to Mechanical

• Write a node equations for each node voltage

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 Procedure for Conversion from Electrical to Mechanical

• Re-write the equations using analogs (make making substitutions from

the table of analogous quantities), with each electrical node being
replaced by a position.

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 Procedure for Conversion from Electrical to Mechanical

• Draw the mechanical system that corresponds with

the equations.

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 Mechanical (Force-Current) to Electrical Conversion

• Start with the mechanical system. Label all

positions.

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 Mechanical (Force-Current) to Electrical Conversion

• Draw over circuit, replacing mechanical elements with their analogs; force
generators by current sources, input velocities by voltage sources, friction elements
by resistors, springs by inductors, and masses by capacitors (which are
grounded). Each position becomes a node.

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 Mechanical (Force-Current) to Electrical Conversion

• Label nodes and electrical elements as they were in

the original mechanical system.

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 Verification of Mechanical to Electrical Analog

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 Verification of Mechanical to Electrical Analog

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 Numerical No.1 Convert into Mechanical equivalent

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 Summary

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 References

• http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/echeeve1/A
nalogous Electrical and Mechanical Systems
• http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/echeeve1/R
ef/Analogs/ElectricalMechanicalAnalogs.html#Q
uantities#Quantities
amongst others…

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 And, before we break…

• The unexamined life is not worth living

– Socrates

Thanks for listening…

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