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According to Jung and other modern psychologists the mind can be categorized into three states-conscious,
subconscious and unconscious. In yoga these are termed
jagrat,

swapna and susnupti respectively. Within these

three states, the consciousness undergoes the experiences

But yoga describes another fourth dimension where the finite mind no longer exists. The consciousness travels into a higher dimension called Turiya, which is beyond objective and subjective
experience.

of mind and body.

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XXII

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(1)

M. Venkata Reddy. Concept of Vyadhikshamatwa or Arogata (immunity) In Yoga, workshop on Traditional Medicine and Immunology, organised by Adviser to the Prime Minister, Technology Mission, Government of India, Ahmadabad, 1988.

XXIV

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INTRODUCTION
Svarayoga
nostrils"!.
It

is

study

of

air

is also translated as the current of

work, but it flows through the right nostril, it is known breathing. when it flows as Sun, Day, Yamuna, Pingla, Shika and Ha though the left it is known as Moon, Night, Ganga, Ida, Shakti and Tha, and when the flow of breath is equal though both the nostrils. It is labeled Agni, Sandhya, Sarasvati and Susumna. The scientific art of regulation the breath is wisely named as
that
is

always at

through the lifewave manifests though nostriL

the

breathed

When

it

Ha-tha, a popular approach to health.

Swarayoga is the ancient science of pranic rhythms which explains how the movement of prana can be controlled by manipulation of the breath. Recently modern science has taken great interest in electromagnetic fields and the behaviour
of bioenergy which is the inherent energy principle of the body with exciting developments accelerating in such areas as
Kirlian photography. The bioenergetics, psychotronics and science of Swarayoga is now in great demand. It is fortunate have rich literature in this branch of yoga. that Telugu's

SWARASASTRAMANJARI is a classical poem in dvipada manjari composed by GANAPARADHYA who belonged to the
The Swarasastramanjari yet unpublished, palm-leaf Teiugu manscript of Ganaparadhya
second quarter of
is
still

fourteenth Century.
at

preserved

Oriental

Research

Institute,

Tirupati

No information (No. D. 2254). other manuscript is forthcoming.

1
.

regarding the

existence of any

author knows modern medical science like physiology pathology, make no clear mention about the purpose of the existence psychology of two nostrils. The whole school of doctors have developed what is called

As

far as the

etc.,

spirology

e.,

the science of breathing.

(xxvi)

It

is

surprising

that

such

an
at

important

treaties

on

Swarayoga is still gathering dust The present study is based on a collection of single manuscript am trying to For almost 15 years of Swarasastramanjan", is the present authorative collect this manuscript. The result version of Swarasastramanjari in Telugu. Perhaps this is the of earliest work seeing the light of the day and is the first
I

the Research

institute,

only its kind in any other regional languages on Swarayoga.

is

This treatise
like
1)
:

based on 8

rare and

unheard

Swarayoga works

Harasastrayoga

2)
4)

Adyatmayoga,
Navanatha Yoga,

3)
5)

Vanitayoga of Vasista

Martandayoga,
Gorakshyoga,
of

8)
8)

Vikramasimhayoga,

7)

Kamakashiyoga (P-105, P-1C6)

Some
still

the

rare

authorities cited on

works mentioned above on Swarayoga and varied schools of knowledge in this work
This
indicatas

remain to

be traced. 1

the keen interest

factual by Ganaparadhya to make his work, authoritative. Rare indeed are works of this type.

evinced

and
It

is

significant that he has not mentioned directly the famous works Chintamani"2 of Svetaketu in the South and like "Swara

"Shiva Swararodaya"3 of North India.

1.

a)

Harasastra- Rudrayamala or Shivaswarodaya.

Harisastra

b)
c)

- Vishnumala.
Kanda)-Swami Kuvalayananda, Kavivafayadhama-

Vasistha Samita (Yoga

1969.
d)
2.

Goraksha Samhita, Sarnpurnand Sanskrit VishvavidyaJaya,. Varanasi-1 977*

Sastri,
K,

Swara Chintamani - Ed, by S N. mundry, Andhra Pradesh - 1968,

Veeravenkayya

&

Sons, Rajah-

3.

Swarayoga: Ed. by Swami Muktibodhananda Saraswati, Bihar School of Yoga, Munger, 1984 (Saraswati has wrongly Suoted Swara Chintamani as a
Tamil Text

-P-

03, but

it

is

a Sanskrit,

(xxvii)

Aboof the Author

Ganaparadhya (1323 - 1345 A.D.) was a son of Gannayamatya and Devamambha, a Telugu Brahman of Kaundinya gotra.

Gannayamatya,

the

father of this

yogi

was

great

minister of

Prataparudra Maharaja, (1295 - 1323 A. D ) the last ruler of Kakatiyas of Oruganti. Annamambha was the sister of this Vgi / poet. Ramaraja the brother of this poet was also a minister and patronised by the Delhi ruler Mahammad Tugha-

lamsha (1323-1345 A. D.) who dethrowned Prataparudra Maharaja and ruled Andhra during the same period. In 1345 the
the
of Andhra Musunuri Kapayanayaka re-captured with the help of all local chiefs and dethrowned Kingdom the muslim rular. From the discussion made above the date

great general

Swarasastramanjari can be fixed between 1323- 1345 A.D. and inferred from the fact that Ramaraja the brother of the
of

yogi

was

patronised by Tughalamsha

during the

same period.

Telugu
1)

literary critics fixed like,

Nelaturi Venkataramanayya,

the great

historian of Andhra,

2)
3)

Chaganti Seshayya,
Sista Ramakrishna Sastri,

4)
5)

T. Susheela,

G, Nagayya,
Arudra.

6)

No doubt Nelaturi Venkataramanayya had shed more on the date of composition of Swarasastramanjari and light collected this manuscript in a matt at Hampi (Karanataka)
during 1934.
majority of the remaining endorsed Dr. Nelaturi's views.
or less

More

scholars

Scribers Date

palm

leaf

copy

of

the

original described

by Majett

This Ms was copied by Majeti Sarvesalingamu Sarvesalingam, saka Virodhi nama samvasara kartika bhahula vidhiya sukravaranV' 1 First preserved at oriental manuscript Madras and
1.

12-12-1829

A. D,

(xxviii)

subsequently transferred to Tirupati was referred by nne. The paim leaf Ms. (No. 2399; measured 17.2 - x 3.2 cm. pages 99 lines 6 on a page, character Telugu condition fair, appearence
fair but is not free from mistakee. It begir The other work Saptaprakarna starts from Fol. 51, a Swarasastramanjari is complete.

old.

mode

of unity

on

Fol.l a,

According to Nidadavolu Venkatarao the scriber Majet Sarvesalingamu was a native of Neelapalli. East Godavari anc son of Salamkayya. He was also scriber of many palmleaf scripts written and supplied to C. P. Brown {1798 - 1884 A, D.) civil servant of British India.

Important and influence of this work: Though most of the important works of the period have
taken
the
still

Champu form, works

being

generally

Intended, for

appeal

simple indigeneous form of The yogi might have undertaken to write in what is 'Dvipada'. called 'JANU - TELUGU" and dvipada metre, because the
in

were

written

the

sanskritic style adopted by the champu writers could not easily be understood by the common masses.
In Arudra's "SAMAGRAANDHRA SAHITYAM" (5 Vol p - 133) mention is made of the influence and importance of this work, As opined by him, most of the yogic authors like

kolani

influenced

Ganapatideva of Sivayogasaram and Vemana were also in one form or other (pp -* 19 to 30).

persona) history.

There are very few biographical details about the author's A statement in the work as follows
:

"Sasmasaramadhyatat Sadhakottumudu

ganapanaradhyumdu kamaneeyamurthi" (P-1Q5) Even though he was busy in the household activities he
practised and advocated

Swara yoga.

"Samsarajitulaku sahajayogamuna

swarasastrayogambu sarigagadalachi" who were

(p_ 1 05)

He prescribed swarayoga as Sahajayoga all those people entangled and got defeated in their family life,

(xxix)

This Telugu work explains how good or bad events can be foretold according to the position of the Sun and the Moon. There was a general tradition among the ministers of Telugu

Kingdoms to practice yoga, in the war field activities.

particularly

swarayoga techniques

The whole work is written in a simple, easy to underlanguage and at the same time keeping in view the dignity of the theme. It is hoped that this work of Ganaparadhya of the 14th Century will prove a welcome addition to this field of yoga in particular and Telugu in general. (P-111)
stand

Diagnostic approach to Disease in Yoga

A,
practice.
It

NADI PARIKSHAi
In

Nadi Pariksha
it

is

basically a Yogic

Vedic language
of

is

called

'DHARA JNANAM".

through which

knowledge, and such SEERS perceived attained great They were called MAHAJNANI respect. SAMYAMl, DHEERA PURUSHA. The word NADI is derived by the root "NALA GANDHA". Here "GANDHA" means sensory derive the word from the root impulses. Some scholars "NARA" as "RAKTA" VACHAKA and "NARIN" as "HRIDAYA
specialized

is

sort

JNANA "ATMA"

VISESHA.
be

can

VACHAKA".
medium

Therefore this
'

provides the

substance to

the

argument that,

NADI"

is

"PRATI SPANDANA" Conducting

of the organ

"HRIDAYAM".
by the faculty of SAMYAMANA" can have detailed knowledge of
i.e.

Patanjali

says that

positioned
of the entire

in

NABHI, one

"KAYAVYUHA JNANAM"
of

structural and functional aspects

body. LINGA PURANA mentions about

the lineage

ACHARYAS belonging to the southern India viz. SILADA NANDIKESWARA-RAVANA ACHARYAS. RAVANA an ACHARYA
of the
all

above

the

lineage states" Pulse like a lamp, throws light on physiological and pathological states encountered in

man.

Nadi Pariksha - a diagnostic approach

in

disease, Dr,

I,

Sanjeevarao,

The Radionic Association of

India, Souvenir,

?988 - p - 51,

(xxx)

Having positioned Yogi properly before the patient, he takes appropriate forearm of the pstient (in case of males the right forearm and in case of females the left forearm) and holds

Then steadying the forearm at elbow he message the INDRA BASTI VARMA in forearm and presses down in a soothening manner along the forearm upto the wrist. The practical technique may be learned
it

in his

left

hand.

then proceeds to mildly

from the teacher.

Unlike the
for its rate,

modern physician who concentrate on pulse rhytham, volume, calibre, pulse wave, force, and

tension to

know the blood circulation and heart's function, the uses the pulse reading to type the patient into appropriate Yogi "DOSHIC PROFILES", such as VATA, PITTA, and KAPHA and
(PRAKRUTI).
Yogic texts^
describe the

the intermediate constitutional states

disease

in

terms of

''DHATUVAISAMYA" or

"TRIDOSHA THEORY"
B.

of Ayurveda,

Clinical and Biochemical

In

approach
11,

in

Swarayoga
5 to 29)

Swara Chintamani - Cha the following queries.

(Slokas

we

come across

It advices to check the sequence between bowel movements and urination. Urination at the time of the left Swara

(Ida) is a healthy sign.

But

if

the urine

comes

at intervals,

the
is

Prana

is

not

functioning

during the

right

Swara.

optimally, especially if urination This is an indication of worry

anxiety and trouble. First urine excreta (Mala) then gas (vayu). This is a sign of success in any plan. But if all three come together at once definitely the system is disturbed and there is some pranic imbalance

or (mutra) should come, then

between

Ida

and Pingala.

(Refer - P - 173).

The questions are very interesting and show the scientific Svetaketuyogi tried to answer these questions in the light of the prevalent concepts. He thought of the disease as disequilibrufm of normal body constituents (of the three doshas) and restoration of the equilibrium as the of
curiosity.

objective

(xxxi)
it

was

purely

intuitive,

he

dealt

&&
?t

a molecular level. This found either in Swarasastra

at

kind of
IVtanjan

sure to acknowledge Mr. B. Udayakumara s unfailing help and assistance while

from the
|n
rny

original manuscript.
if
|

duty

do not thank Mr. David

U. S. A. on

3 scientist from

ponsibi lity

for the short -

Swarayoga. comings 1

Yours

in

Yoga,

M. VENKATA REODY

Editor a-Director,

Venftana Yoga. Research

Institute,

Secunderabad,

P. India.

sorne more following works have to be add irayoga Sastra (p-184).

in

the

Ramdev Sharma-Bombay
ra- Ashram Yogic
i

(1977) Hindi,

Kriya centre, 1/150, Assi, Varanasi.

Maharaj
natural

Datiya (M.

P.)

energy

healing by M.

V Reddy,

^lahesh,

LE SVAR YOGA
exercise

Relations Cultureiles,
~7

and wrongly quoted as Yogananda as on

INTRODUCTION

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xxxlv

81.
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Scientific Studies on
1.

Swara Yoga

Yoga Danda effect By Swamy Kuvalayananda and

Dr, S. L. Vinekar
....

16O
162

2.

Electrona^ography Studies

....

By Dr.
3.

S-

L Vinekar
Breathing
....

Significance of Nostrils in

By Dr.

163

V. Bhole and

Dr. P. V. Karembelkar

XXXV
4.

Diurnal Pattern of Nostril Breathing and

A Pilot Study Dr. Vijayendra Pratap By

Swara Yoga5.

....163

&

164

Relationship between nostril dominance

and grip strength By Dr. A. M. Moorthy, Dr.

and Dr. M. V. Bhole
6.

16 1
S.

K. Ganguly

Alternating cerebral hemispheric

activity and the Lateral ization of

autonomic nervous function

....

164

By Deboroh A. Werniz
7-

et al

Alternating Lateralization of Plasma asa ^ patency in Humnns catecholamines and

....

165

By Dr. Brain Kennedy,

8.

et al

Nasal Airflow Asymmetries and

Human
9.

performance By Raymond Klein

....

166

Selective hemispheric stimulation

by unilaterel forced nostril breathing Dr. D- A. Wernt et al

10.
11.

....

166

Yoga Update-Breathing

for the Brain

....

168
171

Breathe for the better health

12.

contemporary view of life force Biology: The Merging of Kundalini Yoga and
the neuro sciences

173

By Dr. David Shannahoff

13.
14.

Khalsa
....

Bibliography on Swarayoga
dsSN

184

^N>O
o1

S$a3*

-..

184

tf.

1694-1714)

a f^

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?6Q6 CospSfccS,

S5

epo'dfil, ^)?io

1924.

1905.

a.
S.

cS^ete^o

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fo^ot^s

MS
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10288

6..

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11482

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Vol

1X1 983

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f

13682,

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8.

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o i35S3-5o^O

Ill

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462-468.

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Motoyama: Theories of the Chakras: Bfidge to Consciousness. The Theosdphical Publishing Higher House, Wheaton, III, U.S.A.

Hiroshi

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cxxsi

2.

Ornstain R.

The

Nature of

Human

conjciousness
r

A
3.

book

of

reading,

W.H.

Freeman

Co

San

Francisco, 1973-

Some

neurologists have descriped the right hemisphere as sad and the left as happy. Kinsbourne M; Nenrologist sad hemisphere, happy hemisphere, Psychology Today, May 1981.

The Mind's
functions which

Two

Functions

The ancient symbols, sun and moon, describe two have been known to yogis for countless

S5jj

generations

and

is

on the verge of being understood by

modern psychology in our time. Yoga describes how two It concerns currents wind up through the spine to the brainOne current represents the of our being, the two aspects body's energy and physical activity, but also partially the energy in the nenous system and the brain. The other current stands for the mental aspect of our being-the mind.
psychology has localized the same two functions described by yoga to the two brain hemispheres. Concerning our conscious totality, modern psychology and science in general tend to exaggerate the importance of the

Up

till

now,

brain at
heart.

the

cost

of

the

rest of the system, especially

tho

Here we'll limit ourselves to two short definitions, in deference to the main subject. (For further reading, refer to the titles Swara Yoga and Kundalini Yoga in my book "Yogas Tantra and Meditation in Everyday Life". USA Ballantine,
UK-Rider).

One day science will be able to measure the balance between these two functions,
Bindu No, 1, Yoga Tantra Meditation, Janakanada, Scandinavan Yoga and Meditation School S-340 13 Hamneda Sweden, 1981-30,
5.

Sex differences seen brain arymmetries/ Brainminy Bulletin, Tune 2, 1980, 5

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concept of Shiva;Shakti, the twin forces existing within each in each individual, can be seen in the etructure of the brain and pranic body, in terms of Ida and
6.

The

tantrlc

(111-17)

e*

XXVII,

Pingala.

It

two minds, one

certainly substantiates the idea of a person having positive and the other negitive and even the
is

theory that there

male and female side

in

every one.

SWARA YOGA, Swami

Mukthibodhananda saraswati
P-55

Bihar school of Yoga, Mungeer. Bihar, 1984,

5.

'

1920,

6.

<&.*& S [Sa-^,

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The students of Yoga

are

expected to develop

balanced personality, According to Indian concept of Ardhaniarishwar, the right half is supposed to exhibit the male, the
vigorous and the intellectual aspect of the being, while the left half is supposed to represent the female, the submissivel

and the emotional aspect of the being, This concept could be substantiated the observation in relation to the yoga group9.

}& 169

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S,K,
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Between
1

Gonguly M, V, Bhole Relationship dominance and grip strength - A Pilot study, SNIPES Journal Vol-V, No,l, PP-77-80 January 1982
Nostriol

purpose of yoga prevent either hemispher That dominating the other, to create the sattvic state. we meditate in a place where there is very little actiis why of trees in the breeze and vity just the simple natural motion In our ashramas we of some birds. the calls

The

occasionally Plant flowers.

All this

is

to help

calm the mind-

Hatha

Yoga,
-

pradiraka

commentary

by Swami

Vishnu Devananda

P-3)

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SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL

1.

DaUl A. and Barber

T. (1969) Yoga "Yogic featsand hypnosis in the hight of empisical research. American Journal of clinical Hypnosis, 11 155-166.
:

2.

Das. J. P. (1953)
Exper. Hypn.
11
:

Yoga and Hypnosis,

31-37,

int. J.clini

3.

Rao,

(1963) yoga and Med. 17: 38-40,

S.

autohypnotism-

Brit

J.

su^sSifo ^s e3o-/o

(Tantric Science of Brain Breathing

*
)

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The Cakras

"

Fig. I

The Cakraa

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Dr.

Motoyama's long term study of occupuncture and

has led him to the conclusion that these two based on mainly the same energy system and are closely related. Further more, this close correlation between the chakras, organs and meridians has been scientifically studied with the AM! and other instruments. The correspondence between them is tabled below for the
Practice
traditions are

Yoga

readers reference

MERI DIANS AND KI

Measurements, Diagnoses and Treatment principles with the AMI

Hiroshi

Motoyama. Ph.D

AMI

S Y S T

-E

-o

tff

JHAKRAS
/rafadfw,.

ORGANS/TISSUES
and
Urogentaial system

MERIDIANS
Kidney, Urinary Bladder

Svadhishthana

&
Manipura
Digestive System

Small Intestine, Triple Heater

Gall

Liver

Liver,

Bladder'

Stomach, Spleen, Large

Intestine
Intestine.

&

Small

Anahata

Circulatory System

Heart, Heart Constrictor

&
Vishuddhi
Respiratory System

Small Intestine

Lung
tcr

& Heart

Constric-

Ajna &Sahasrara Central Nervous

Urinary Bladder, Small

Intestine'

System

Governor
Conception

Vessel
vessel

&

Psychophysicological changes due to the performance of the Phowa Ritual, Hiroshi Mctoyama, Research for Religion and Para Psychology No-17, Dec- 1987, P-36

diagnoses and Meridians and Kl, measurements, Treatment Principles with the AMI, By Hiroshi Motoyama, Research for Religion and Para Psychology No.

16,Dec1986,

soaSb

ssc.0

feS.

Yoga chudamani upanishad explains the Sahasrara Chakra as follows: "At the top of the head (the Brahman gate), or at Mahabatin, there are one thousand Petals'.

Fiftyoae parts of the cerebram

Kg.

Cerebrum seen from

left.

HI

Cerebnua in betweea the two hemispheres,:

The left hemisphere,

medical- aspect.

No.

51 cut vertically*.

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Theries of chakras
Hiroshi

Bridge

to higher

conciousness by

Motoyama,

The Theosophical

Publishing

House

Madras, 1981.

&'tfr38$5*
3

c5SjTo

PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS
The System
of chgkras
particular mental-emotional

"

helps one to understand how states are directly related to and experienced in specific parts of the body. A disturbance in a bodily function can be understood a physical manifestation cf a disturbancs in the psychological functioning related to a
specific chakra.

For example,

colitis,

diarrhea,

bowel problems can occur as

is

a result of the fear

and othe~ and anxiety

experienced in the fi f st chakra m-de of conciousness. Asthma another condition that results from a disturbances! manipura.

For an asthmatic, the adrenal glands, which are located Manipura Chakra, do not secrete enough adrenalin. The asthmatic lacks the charge Of energy that the
in the region of the

adrenal glands provide. In some cases cortisone, another harmone from the adrenal glands, is used to treat asthma.

Other
also
related

conditions
to issues in

third chakra include anorexia

to disturbances in nervosa and bulimia, which the fifth chakra.

related

the
are

Yoga
cises in

therapist may ask the client to do mental exer. which the client concentrates on the chakra that is

related

to the

disturbed functioning.

Concentration on

and bring the disturbance to the foreground of one's conciousness, where can be more readily res.lved.
energize that center

particular center helps to

it

(PsychotherapyEast and West by Swami Ajaya Pujx The Hirnafayan International Institute of Yoga Science and philcsphy of the U.S-AHonsdale, Pennsylvania 1983, pp - 268 - 269)

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ABACCUS
(2)

1973.
N.

Ragush.

M. (ed)

The human.

Aura Pub:
-

Barkley Publishing cerporation, U. S. A.

(3)

1974

AURA, How

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Appendix
Scientific Studies
1.

VI f

on Swara
DR. S.L Vinekar

Swsmf

Kut/afayananda

(1883-1&66)

(1907-1967)

Yoga

Dsnda
They

Effect

Summary
satisfied

Many
bfeathmg.

Yogirts are not

frcsist

with such mere alternate

nostrils should be

made to work evenfy, i.e., there shoufd be bfockade of no nostril, when one starts these Pfanayamrc exercise, It rs onFy then, they say, that one can get the best results cfaimed for them by Yoga. To open up the nostrils, they take the hetp of a contrivance called 'Yoga-Danda' ('Kubadi' in Northern fndfan Fanguages). This is a she ft crutch! Jke stfck, about two and a haff feet high, which is used to press upon the a& a fame man would arm-pits/ just use a crutch. The aim-pit opposite to the bfocked nostril is
subjected to this pressure. One just sits with the 'crutch' in the arm-pit supporting oneseff to some extent on the same. And this does work, i.e.. does open up tae opposite blocked nostril within a few seconds.

that the

two

161

The whole problem

is

being taken

up

for investigation in

Kaivalyadhama laboratories. It is too early to say anything That there is a usual blockade of one lite in the matter.
e
nostrils

and that

this

blocked

nostril

does open with

>ure exerted on the opposite arm-pit has been confirmed imber of times in the laboratories. (Fig. 7). To modern

even the alternate blockade of one of the nostrils mething new. And, there is, at least for the present no
iology,

omico-physicl-gica! explanatio fcr the phenomenon, but >eleave, it must have something to do wjth sympathetic
rvation.
tise

We

have,

however,

good

clinical

evidence to

that this 'alternate

nt in bringing about a

breathing, may help to some 'balance' in the system, and hence

to refer to this form of traditional

lave
;c

made ourselves bold

breathing method,
Fig, 7

YOGA-DAN DA EFFECT
kymograhic recor to show how a partial congestion in nostril can be relieved in a matter of a few seconds by ting pressure on the opposite arm-pit. In the above rec_rd,

pens have been arranged to give equal calibration. Left This is contirmed by changing Til shows partial blocking. Then the pens, both for ordinay and forceed breathing. left arm-pit i.e., on the same a-Danda is placed under the There is practically no effect on the left nostril but the osite open one is showing a tendenery to get blocked The Yoga-Danda is then shifted to the opposite itly. -pit The result is almost immediate as can be seen in this The left nostril has opened in about 25 seconds and rd.
i
.

162 by the breath from the two nostrils is Even when the Yoga-Danda is removed, the pressure of breath remains equal for a long time, but again the right nostril is showing partial congestion this time. YogaDanda kept in the arm-pit on the same side has again failed
almost equal.
to

the pressure

exerted

produce required

effects.

YOGfC THERAPY
Swami Kuvalananda and S.L Vinekar
-

p-48
:

A New

Approace

in

Neurological Research

Summary

ElectronasographY Studies:

It

the nasal
activity

was found that the electrical potential recorded from mucous membrane, got influenced by the breathing
and the psycological

state of the subject This new as 'Electronasography, There is a hypothesis branch was named that the endings of the nervi terminalae are scattered in the

olfactory

mucous membrene and these nerves have

ramifica-

tions going to the various centres controlling autonomic reactiThe controlled stimulation given by the respiratory vity.

processes of Yogo probably produce activation of some of these centres which may give rise to various psychophysiological
experiences.

Nasal potentials were recorded under a variety of conditions such as Ujjayi Pranayama with and without Kumbhaka, rapid breathing, and deep breathing.

It

was f ^und

that in case of meditation

and Trataka where

the respiration slows down, automaticallg the electrical pstenExistence of differences in the potentials tials were reduced. on right and left nostrils was also revealed in this study which

were independent of breathing

Raf.

activity.

Vinekar

S. L.

Electronasography' Neunlogy, India ,15,:

75-79, 1966.

163
Significance

of Nostrils in Breathing

DR. M. V. Bhole

and

DR.

P.

V. Karambelkar

lp%

-,.-.

*M

SUMMARY:cal

As

far as

the authors know, modern medi-

etc. make on clear physiology, pathology, of two nostrils, mention about the purpose of the existence unequal breathing was noted Out of 204 observations, wnen the subject were at rest in 174 observations (85.5%), swara yoga that usually This observation supports the claim of nostiils is not equal. It Is seen the through both the

sciences

like

that
is

breathing the nostri! opposite to the side on which the Yoga-Danda the same side starts working applied opens or the nostril on

less

than before.

Some volunteers could change the dominance of one

breathing

nostril

merely by

their will

without any meohanical help.

-

Diurnal Pattern of Nostril Breathing

An

Exploratory Study,

DR. Vijayendra Pratap

KAIVALYADAMA LONAVLA
41

0403

POONA

164

SUMMARY dominance nostril breathing some times through right and some times through left and some times equally through both the nostrils does occur. Variation in
:-

The

of

the

preponderence of breathing though right or left observed in 89 patients and 10 normal subjects.

nostrils

were

Svara Yoga

Pilot

Study
was

SUMMARY:women, dominance
in

Results

show

that out of 21

of nostril

breathing

men and 19 either right, left

differ
It

both equal or doubtful. This shows that these subjects did

dominance

of nostril breathing

or nasal air flow.

may

be

suggested here that the olfactory system as a whole (i.e. including the n3n olfactory path ways) plays an impcrtant part in the control of breath. EmDtional conditions can induce changes
in

nostril

breathing which are

is still

known

to

all

of us, but the

Five elements are also responsible for the field of influence of the breath. Research in this field

mechanism

unclear.

must also establish the bilateral and ing on the hemispheres.

insilateral effect of breath-

Moorthy. A.M., Ganguly.

Relationship between
nostril
-

S.K.; Bhole M.V.

grip

Strength

dominance and A Pilot Study

:Static grip strength of both the hands more the right nostril was open for breathing in 30 physical educationists while 34 asthma patients showed just the reverse

SUMMARY
In

when

trend.

39 yoga practioners the grip strength was more on

as that of the nostril.
Vol. 5:1, 77-80,

the

same side

SNIPES Journal

1922

tion of

Alternating cerebral hemispheric activity and the lateralizaautonomic nervous function.

Deborah. A. Werntz,

R,G. Bickford, F.E.BIaonft, andD.S.

Shannahoff Khalasa,

Human

neurobiology,

2:

39-43, 1983.
cerebral hemis-

SUMMARY:
pheric
activity

Alternating

dominance of
in

was demonstrated

human by

use of the

electroencephalogram (EEC). Relative changes of electrocortical activity have a direct correlation with changes in the relative

165
nostril

dominance, the so-called nasal cycle.

The nasal cycle

isa

phenomenon where efficiency

of breathing alternates predo-

minantly through right or left nostril with a periodicity ranging from 25 to greater than 200 minutes. Relatively greater inte-

one hemisphere correlates with predominant grated EEG value in airflow in the contralateral nostril defining a new interrelationand peripheral autonomic ship between cerebral dominance
nervous function.
D.S. Shannahoff-Khalsa

P. 0-

President of the Khalsa foundation for medical science[, Box. 2708, Del Mar CALJFORMA-92014. U. S. A.

nasal

Alternating Lateralizatlon of plasma catecholamines and patency in Humans. Brain Kennedy,MachaefG. Ziegler,

David S.

Shannahoff

Khalasa,

life

science.

Vol. 38,

PPr:

1203-1214.

SUMMARY:
nating

The
of

hose

receives
that
is

parasympathetic innervation

dominance

sympathetic

both sympathetic and manifested by the alteractivity on one side with

166
concurrent

parasympathetic
of

ultradian rhythm

dominance on the autonomic function, known

hours
nasal
in

other.

This

as the nasal

cycle, averages 2-3 have shown that the

cycle

Previous experiments length. is correlated in an inversely

coupled fashion to the alternating dominance of activity in the two cerebral hemispheres, suggesting a common mechanism Here we show that there is an alternation in of regulation. catecholemine levels of blood drawn from anticubital veins that may also correlate with the nasal cycle. Radioenzymatic

measurement of norepinhrina, epinephrine' and dopamine in blood sampled simultaneously from both arms every 7.5
minutes
levels
for periods of

of

3-6 hours demonstrated alternating high catecholemine in one of the two arms. This alterof

nating

lateralization

neurotransmitters

out of 7 experiments using resting ratio of norepinephrine in the

was abserved in 7 human male subjects. The two arms also parallels the
suggests
in activity

pattern of airflow in the nasal cycle, This study that the autonomic nervous system may alternate

through paired structures.

C. Nasal Airflow

Alymmetries and Human

performance.

Rajmond

Keein, David pifon and Susan Prasser, Biological

phychology 23 (1986) 127-137.

SUMMARY

:Recent

studies of the nasal cycle and forced

uni-nostril breathing have demonstrated that integrated EEC amplitudesare greater over the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant (less congested) or unblocked nostrl. Two experiments were designed to determine if asymmetries in nasal airflow,

occurring naturally as a result of the nasal cycle or artificallyas a result of forced uni-nojnril breathing have consequences for human performance on jfbal and spatial tasks that are preferentially

performed by thcajft and

right

hemispheres

respectively.

significant relationshJH/vas obtained breathine nasal airflow with

between the and relative

pattern of spatial vs
effect

verbai performance

uni-nostril breathin

had no

on perfermence.
Selective
nostril

stimulgtion

by
R-

unilaternal forced
B.

breathing;

Wernt

3,

Bickfcrd

and

D.

Shannahoff-KhalsHBman Neurobiology

(1987) 6

167
have previously demonstrated by the amplitudes, that an ultranian rhythm of alternating cerebral dominance -exists in humans. This rhythm the nasal cycle, since its lateralization is tightly coupled with
of

SUMMARY:- We
EEG

integration

correlates with shifts

nostrils,

in

airflow

through

the

left

and

right

integrated amphtudes in one hemisphere correspond to predominant Airflow in the contraThe nasal cycle is known to be regulated by lateral nostril.
relatively greater

where

and parasympatheiic branches of the autosystem. This dynamic lateralization of alternating activity in the autonomic nervous system exists in other peripheral structures and also in erv to be the made or regulaThis paper shows that forced notion of the corticol rhythm.
tne sympathetic
matic

nervous

nostril produces a relativen incerease in the contralateral hemisphere. This phethe EEG amplitude nomena was demonstrated in 5 out of 5 untrained subjects.
tril

breathing

in

one

in

These

suggest the possibility of a non-invasive approach in the treatment of states of psychopathology where lateralized cerebral dysfunction have been shown to occur.
results

168

Yoga Updade

Breathing for The Brain

Breath through your nose
in
in,

out

in,

out. Hold a mirror

front of your nostrils. You'll find the pools of condensation from your two nostrils are different in size.
Peculiar, isn't
it? At any given moment you see with both both ears, yet breathe mainly through one

eyes, hear
nostril.

with

This dominance lasts anywhere from one hour to more than three hours, then reverses over a period of minutes. The yogis of ancient India first discovered this subtle rhythm and its mental correlates more than 5,000 years ago though the "nasal cycle" itself wasn't documented in the West until the We now know the nasal cycle is just one late 19th Century.
of the body's
to three hourf
abilites.

many
sound

in

"ultradian" rhythms short cycles of one many metabolic functions and perceptual
:

Recently this nasal cycle has re-emerged as a promising focus of scientific research. My colleagues Floyd Bloom of the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, CA,

and Deborah Werntz of the University of California, San Diegoand followed the advice of Yogi Bhajan, a U.S. master of Kundalini Yoga. We investigated a supposed relationship between the nasal cycle and a rhythm in brain hemisphere domiI

nance.

It

reflects

The nasal rhythm, hemisphere

treating a way to help shift our brains toward

window on the brain: activity may prove valuable in mental disorders. On a practical level, it may give us
found,
is

we

and

more

logical thought, or

the other way, to intuitive insight.

different kinds of

thought to house two hemisphere engages intelligence. in linear activities such as language and calculation. The right seems to deal with more abstract, aesthetic and spatial
brain's

The

hemishpheres

are

The

left

skills.

169

Now

it

seems

that

the

hemispheres alternate

in

steady

rhythm. On the average, from left to right hemisphere and back again about 10 times every 24 hours. That means you may have more luck balancing a
of thinking shifts

our dominant

mode

checkbook during an episode of left-brain dominance and enjoy the arts more when your right brain is "on."
Our studies show that you can tell which side of the brain dominant at any given time. You just test which nostril you're is using most. Right-nostril dominance goes with left-brain activity, But beyond that, by forcing a left-nostril with the right brain. in your breathing you can actually stimulate the less switch
active hemisphere.

person breathing through the

right nostril
air

can activate the right

the left

hemisphere simply
versa.

by forcing

through

nostril, and vice

The possible uses of this brain/breathing switch are fascinating. If we're right about the brain's division of power, changes shift our moods and attitudes. in breathing patterns could helf
For example,

work
If

performance

usually

fluctuates

hours or so.

shifting

modes

of intelligence
a

doldrums breathing exercises could be

them.

every two cause on-the-job way to break out of

Long ago, the yogis advocoted forced-nostril breathing to pattern of "thought waves. They observed deep sleep is induced more quickly wiih left-nostril breathing, aided by lying on the right. Appetite and digestive ability were high during right-nostril dominance. And the yogis claimed sexual union was most satisfying when the male was breathing through the
alter the

right nostril; the

woman, through

the

left.

The yogis also believed that acute mental discomfort could

be alleviated by forced breathing through the congested nostril. Breathing exercises designed to balance the hemispheres and

promote mental development became central to

living

their

everyday

(p

171).

How does it all work? The precise connection between the lowly nose and the lofty mrnd remains unclear. But the brain's tiny control center, the hypothaiamus, is surely a crucial go-between.
It

affects the

whole body.

170

Through the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the hypothaiamus or chestrates a myriad of body activities that are not under conscious control, from gastric contractions to goosebumps The ANS is made up of two separata nerve networks-the sympathetic and the parasympathetic -with opposite actions on any given organ. Sympathetic nerves usually constrict blood vessels, for instance, while parasympathetic nerves dilate them. Ihe nasal cycle is generated by constricting the blood vessels in one nostril, opening it wider, and dilating them in the other.
Surprisingly, the nasal cycle may reflect nervous system in the entire body, as my recent experiments with Michael Ziegler and Brian Kennedy of the University of California San Diego show. When the right nostril is dominant, its blood vessels are constricted, suggesting greater sympathetic

rhythms

activity

on the body's right side. And, indeed, we found relative increases in norepinephrine-a neurotransrnitter that reflects sympathetic activity-in the right

arm during
metabolic

right nostril

dominance.
of the right and

We
left

may

find that the

activities

by this autonomic rhythm, are as different as the brain hemispheres. The thymus gland, master regulator of the immune system, has a left and a right,
lobe.

sides of the body,

as governed

Lymph nodes, which spread

to the left and right, are partly

governed by the sympathetic nervous system. So brain hemisphere rhythms could be reflected in the immune system.

As we learn more about the two halves of the brain, the importance of controlling their rhythms may become more significant. For example, studies done by psychiatrist Pierre FlorHenry of the University of Alberta suggest schizophrenia may involve more abnormal left-brain activity; depression shows
greater right- brain dysfunction.

Could the breathing exercises discovered by the yogis help with mental illness? In an era dominated by drugs and high-tech scanners, it would ba ironic if so simple a procedure as altering ojr breathing patterns could give temporary relief from moodiness or madness. Davjd Shannahoff-Khalsa, of the
president

Khals^ Foundation for Medical Science, P.O. Box 2708, Del Mar,

CA

92014, 619-755-0539

American Health, November

86

171
Ancient Exercises

Breathe for Better Health

These breathing exercises may be useful in regulating the cycle and balancing brain hemisphere activity. Though they haven't been tested by neuroscientists, they come from KundaThey're certainly .iini Yoga as it has been taught by Yogi Bhajan.
!

safe to try, with a

you're epileptic, or drugs or alcohol.

few cautions:

Don't

try

these exercises

if

when

driving a car, or

under the influence of

MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL BALANCE

This very simple breathing exercise creates a relaxed, broad
TW?ntal

view that

is

very cantering, and has baen used

in

the tre-

atment of angina,
Sit

with your spine straight, close your eyes and focus them

your nose and eye-brows meet, Use your on tha point where to cover the end of your right nostril rest your left right thumb hand in your lap and inhale slowly through your left nostril. Then

remove your thumb, place your right little finger over the end of your left nostril and exhale slowly through your right nostril. Than inhale through the right and exhale through the left. Repeat this alternating pattern. Do not hold your breath *n once you've
inhaled; begin to exhale

immediately.

Also,

once you're

done

exhaling, inhale immediately.

so

start

The more powerful the breath, the more powerful the effect, moderately at first. Continue for a maximum of 11
less at first
If

minutes,

you

like.

EXPANDING AND INTERGRATING THE MIND

This exercise also releases tension, stimulates the
lism,
ight,

metabostr-a*

provides ene'gy and is very hBaling. With your spine sit on the floor with legs crossed, or in a chair with

both

feet flat

manner as In the same manneras in the first brain exercise> Relax both hands in your lap. If you can, extend your tongue out of your mouth and
on the floor. Close your eyes
in

the

same

curl in into a

U-shape. Inhale through the curled tongue by break-

172
Ing the breath
into eight equal parts.

(If

you're

unable-

to curl

through the curled tongue and eight parts out through the nose, at about two parts per second. Begin with a few minutes five to 10 is the maximum in the beginning and slowly build up the time by until you reach a maximum of 31 a minute or two everyday,

ineight parts through your nose.) Then your tongue, close your mouth and exhale through your nose, again breakinq the breath into eight equal parts. Continue: eight parts in

inhale

minutes.
D,S.K,

for the new audio tape an "Creative Breathing: Right and Left Brain/' send S9.95 plus S1.95 handling, to A. H. Audio, Box

2830, Hendersonville,

NC 28793-2830,

American Health, November 8S

173

A CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF
THE

LIFE

FORCE BIOLOGY

MERGING OF KUNDALINI YOGA AND THE NEUROSCIENCES

1

DAViD SHANNAHOFF-KHALSA
Del
Life

The Khaisa Foundation for Mar, CA 92104, USA

Force Meridians and

Medical Science, P.O. Box 2708,

theAutonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The ancient concepts of ida pingula, and sushumna as the major channels for the flow of life force energy, or prana, within the body and how they relate to metabolism will be introduced here with related scientific studies. In yogic medicine, for energy flowing on the left ida means a channel or meridian the right. Both ida side of the body, with pingula flowing on
three

and pingula are adjacent to the central meridian, sushmna, which corresponds to the anatomical vicinity of the spinal. In yogic

nerve fibers,
etic

medicine, ida and pinguia are also expressed in the activity of where they are specifically related to the sympath-

and parasympathetic fiber

systems on the two side of the

body.

When

pingula

is active, i.e.

dominant,

airflow

through the

dominates and the left nostril is relatively congested. And when ida is dominant, nasal airflow is greater in the The first releft nostril, with a relative congestion in the right.
right nostril

corded observation of

this

phvsiological

phenomena

of nasal

western science was in 1889 by the German Physician, Kayser. He termed this relative congestion/decongestion of nasal turbinates the "nasal cycle". In 1895, Kayser described this phenomena as an expression of the alternation of peripheral vasomotor tone on the two sides of the body. He noticed the following autonomic phenomena to correlate with right-left
dominance
in

phases of the nasal cycle: the relative lateralization of dialation and constriction of pupils; variations in iacrimal gland activity and nasal mucosa secretions; and redness in the inner ear.
This
in

the

was West

the
that

first

scientific

report

of

an

observation

supports yogic

physiology.

However,
different

even
it

though the nasa! cycle was studied in tories around the world and reported on

many

labora-

in scientific

journals,

1. Paper presented at first International Conference on Medicine Madras, India, Feb 27-March 1, 1987.

Energy

174

was

not until Beiokert

in

1951 again studied simultaneously other

phenernena regulated by autonomic activity. He made similar observations to Kayser and called these changes the "halfsided rhythms of vegetative innervation". He even wondered if there was any correlation of the nasal cycle with a similar phenomena in cerebral circulation. But he found no evidence of this. Although, he did find a report by Spnngorum and Centenera (1937) giving evidence of lateraiized flow patterns in the kidneys,

was studied by otorhinolaryngaloStoksted 1952. 53, 60; Keuning for gists (Heetderks, review, 1968; Hasagawa and Kern 1978) from the perspectiue of chronic unilateral or bilateral nasaf obstruction. Many of these studies were inspired by attempts to develop medications to As a result, relieve nasal congestion (see Soubeyrand, 1984). the anatomy and physiology for regulation of the nasal cycle was studied fn depth. It was found that both sympathetic and
Primarily, the nasal cycle

1927;

parasympathetic nerves that innervate the nasal mucosa on both sfde alternate in their patterns of dominance to produce the nasal cycle. When sympathetic dominance occurs on the right, vasoconstriction produces decongestion of
greater
airflow.
that passage

and hence dominance

Simultaneously,

parasympathetic

manifests in the left nostril, causing congestion of that nasal airway. This right-left relationship is what yogis call greater Greater activity of ida nadr would be the activity of pingula. reverse with dominant sympathetic activity on the left and par-

sympathetic on the right*

Mind And Metabolism

The nasaf cycle is the key to understanding how mind and metabolism are coupled via the ANS. The work by Werntz, Bickford, Bloom, and Shannahoff-Khalss (198u, 81, 83) demonstrated
the nasal cycle was coupled to the ultradian rhythms of the alternating lateral (ration of cerebra! hemispheric activity. This

how

modern physiologies! technidominance between the right and ques, any pattern of alternating human subjects. This innate left hemispheres during waking in of central nervous system (CMS) function is not only linrhythm ked to the peripheral ANS rhythm, but is no doubt the same phenomenon studied from a different viewpoint. Remarkably enough, the relationship of the cerebral rhythm and the nasal cycle along wrth other peripheral correlates was part of the yogic working

was

the first study to show, using

175

knowledge thousands of years ago,

EEG experiments during sleep, have also provided evidence for rhythms of alternating cerebral hemispheric activity in humans
et aU 1972), (Barcaro, et aU 1986; Banquet, 19B3; Goldstein, of alternating cerebral hemispheric activity is This phenomena coupled to the phases of REM and non REM sleep (Barcaro, et al

1986; Banquet 1933; Goldstein, et

In

al.

1972.
(

EEG monts93 was used

980, 83, 83 (- standard both hemiThe amplitudes of both hemispheres from 1-35 Hz we^e spheres. simultaneously rectified, integrated and subtracted usin^ a
the experiments by
et al,

Werntz

to record

EEG

activity over

Drohocki-type integrator (Goldstein and Beck, 1366j to indicate which hemisphere had greater EEG amplitudes.

According to the ancient science of Kundalim Yoga the more dominant hemisphere Is contralateral to the active nostril, Mowever, according to much of the literature on EEG studies,, to reduced mengreater EEG amplitudes supposedly correspond
tal activity.

is

This was a controversial point -in the Uterature and discussed in Werntz, et aJ (198,<) and in greater depth by Werntz. Bickford, Shannahoff-Khalsa (1987 in press).

Although psychological studies performed by Klesn and Arcerebral hemispheres alterroitage (-979) suggest that the two nate during waking, the*r study did rtot include the n-8sa! cycle or other related autonomic phenomena. Klein, P4lon, Prosser, and Shannahoff-Khalsa (1936) did a study with 126 nghi-har.ded 1. Moorthy A,M. et al P-164 males (66) and females (70) to assess

which hemisphere corresponded to the dominant nostril. They used the same psychological tasks -as Klein andArmitage (1979) for the verbal and spatial, or left and right hemispheric skills^ nostril domirespectively. Klein et aU (1986) showed that ngnt nance with correlated greater verbal performance and that left nostril dominance correlated with greater spatial performance, This supports the yogic claim of eontraiateral dominance, which when also considered from the neuroanatomical point of view,

would be the expected orientation.

Another study by Beubel and Shannahaff-Khalsa
(

98T,

in

submission) supported the same contraiateral relationship of nostril and hemisphere. This experiment had 23 subjects who completed the tasks which differed from those of Klein et aU

176
(1986). These results also showed a significant correlation of the side of unilateral forced nostril breathing on increased mental activity in the contrafateral hemisphere independent of
initial

dominance
The relationship of cerebral dominance and nasal airflow studied by Bell and Shannahoff-Khalsa (1985) therusing

was

mistors for bilateral

tympanic
nasal

membrane temperature
for

measurements

and

thermistors

(TMT) measuring airflow

activity

Three other studies all suggest that increased cortical is associated with a relative decrease in TfvlTs.

The studies by Werntz et al. (1983), Klein et al. (1986), Beuble and Shannahoff-Khalsa (1987), and Bell and ShannahoffKhalsa (1985) all suggest that whan the nasal cycle switches dominance, the cerebral hemispheres do as well, and vice versa
In yogic medicine, supposedly this rhythm in healthy individuals, under normal and unstressed conditions (not laboratory environ-

activities are limited) goes through 10 cycles/day, an average for the rhythm of 2.5 hours duration In producing the review by Keuning (1968), he summarizes the work of some authors on the length of the nasal cycle. "According to Heetderks

ments where

(1927) Stoksted (1953) and Flottes

(1961)

80%

of their cases

length of 3 hours. !n the remaining 20% Flottes found cycle lengths of up to 8 hours Heetderks states that in about 20% of the cases there was fluctuation without

showed an average cycle

cycle of reaction, that is, one side of the nose was swelling and emptying without the opposite phase on the other side. Heet-

derks states that in the same individual the cycle was not the same under apparently the same conditions while Flottes found the cycle lengths about the same on repeated examinations."

Keuning (1968) studied 17 normal males in their twenties and found a range of 2-7 hours, with an average of 4 hours and 20 minutes. All these studies are done in the
laboratory using subject

groups varying in age and probably with some variation in the restriction of locomotor activity, etc. However, these results

are similar to the yogic claim of 2.5 hours.

When we consider the length of time of the ultradian rhythm REM and non REM sleep, we have an average of 80-120 minutes, where non REM gets shorter over the night and REM gets
of

longer.

177

the supposed night time correlate of the cerevaries as it must reflect some kind of compensation rhythm or re-euilibration for daytime lenghts, which would help to reestablish homeostasis. In the ancient science of Kundalini Yoga,
bra!

No doubt

right nostril sleep is the equivalent of

is

REM sleep ana left nostril the equivalent of non REM sleep. Also, somnabulism, or sleep sle^p walking according to ycgic medicine takes place during
dominance.

left nostril

The work of the Sperry (1954), and others, with split-brain

patients,
lities,

or

shows us that their are two separate minds, personadomains of consciousness, one for each hemisphere,
is

can operate independently, This commissures are disconnected.

apparent

when

the cerebral

Upon

testing,

the hemisphere

is initially presented with the stimulus produces a reswithout consultation of the other. This results in such ponse different reactions that one is lead to believe that two very

which

separate "personalities" exist.

Many

ntial function.

other studies on the hemispheres support this differeThe asymmetry of human emotion is summarized

He states that "the patient with in a review by Bear (1983). right-hemisphere damage may be severely impaired by unconcern unrealistic assessement of emotional priorities, and failures in
emotional communication", while often results in aphasia.
left-hemisphere

damage more
and

Fior-Henry's (1979) classic work comparing

right

left

temporal lobe foci epileptics reveals a preponderance of mood and affective disorders with right-sided foci, and a thought disorder, which he termed 'schizophreniform psychosis" to be statistically more prevalent with foci in the left temporal lobe.
In

the investigation of

Me

Intyre et al.

(1976), again coma

agressivity

paring left versus right temporal lobe epileptics, showed that right foci produced an

study on
pro-

"impulsive"

agressive pattern compared with a controlled

file of those with left foci

"reflective"

differential hemisphere mentality, and Cecotto (1959) and Rossi and Rosadini (with by Terzian review, 1967), used hemisphere inactivation by injection with

Other classic studies on

178

sodium amobarbital. The results were statistically consistent showing that barbiturization of the left hemisphere usually produced the "depressive-catastrophic" reaction, and a "euphoricmaniacal" reaction was produced when the right hemisphere

was

put to sleep.
In

view of the discovery of

this natural

rhythm of the dyna-

mic

lateralization of cerebral activity, a

fascinating observation
is

by Lynn (reported in Ischlondsky 1955) stand. He described how two "antipode

personalities,

now

easier to under-

or diametricall-opposed"

patients,

in two female multiple personality disorder (MPD) would alternate with a simultaneous switching jn

peripheral vasomotor tone on the two sides of the body. Lynn described the two personalities as (1), impulsive, irresponsible,

mischevious and vindictive,

full of

rebellion

against

authority.

with hate toward other people around

her, using

abusive langu-

age, scaring other patients with lurid tales of state hospitals and sex relations, and (2) as dependent, submissive, shy, self-effacing, affectionate

obedient, and sought

affection

and approval

from those previously abused.

The agressive personality was dominant in the right nostril and the shy personality was dominant in the left nostril. This shifting in personality and AIMS function is consistent with the
yogic understanding of the correlation of personality with nostril dominance. In fact, in yogic medicine, it is known that an individual can learn to consciously
will, within the

switch hemispheres/nostrils

at

span of one breath, to adopt the "proper" mode of function to suit the circumstances. The switching phenomenon exhibited with MPD suggests that this normal neurological mec-

hanism
ptation

for
in

switching cerebral dominance is also useful for adaextreme situations like dissociative disorders.

Two

of intelligence

minds, two separate computers, or two separate modes wax and wane with each other throughout the 24

hour cycle. The left computer is dominant with greater activity of ida, and the right computer with pingula. The hemispheres and nostrils are one way to look at the balance of activity of ida

and pingula According to yogic medicine, the dominance of on the left or pingula on the right is manifested throughout

ida

the

179
entire periphery as is furthhr documented This would suggest that studying

in

the

two cases

of

MPD
in

ANS

function"

elsewhere

the periphery

may also

reflect the

"ultradian

rhythm of ida

and pinguia".
Other Studies or Later'Q^z^ion^
i

ANS^^tiyj^in

the Periphery

Again in yogic medicine, the phenomena of lying on one side and generating a change in ANS function is familiar. Yogis know that lying on the right side, or applying pressure under the
right armpit

on the fifth

intercostal

space while vertical, can

activate the left nostril-right hemisphere

is

also possible. This is a

ing the

hemispheres

if desired. The reverse more primitive mechanism for activatcompared to "mentally controlling'' the

ANS-CNS dominance as
enough, scientific
pressure on nasal

studies

real yogis can simply do. Interestingly on this phenomena of posture and

dominance have been carried out in several Rao and Potdar (1970) report that changes in the laboratories. can be accomplished by sitting in either ph ase of the nasal cycle
under the armpit or lying position with the pressure the side. These results have been confirmed by horizontal on
a vertical

Cole and Haight (1984), Haight and Cole (1984), Cole and Height (1986). Prior to these studies, some researchers noticed that nasal dominance. However, they assuposition could influence med tfrat gravity plaved a role in the changes of blood tSow
causing congestion. Yogis have a!so
the right side,

discovered
will help

compared

to the

left,

that lying on to induce deep

the sleep more rapidly since left nostril dominance helps engage REM sleep. non right hemisphere and

Sweating patterns, termed hemihidrotic reactions, that differ on the two side of the body as a result of pressure reflexes are reviewed by Takagi and Kobayashi (1955). These "skin pressurereflexes'' are discussed as having therapeutic value
vegetative and also in relationship
to the

nasal

cycle,

lung function

and

other organs influenced by the antagonistic effects of the symalso found pathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. They that a pressure point on the hip could act similarly to the armpit When these two point, although it was weaker in influence. on opposite sides they produce what they points are activated called the "crossed-hemihidrotic reaction'-', i.e., a lateralized

180
the body was reversed on sweating pattern on the top of lower half.
the

Eccles and Eccles (1981)

make comparisons

of normal and

how "stress abnormal asymmetries in ANS function and state balance may be disrupted or with hypothaiamic instability this and result in the marked autonomic asymmetry seen in migraine
or Meniere's

syndrome".

of patients presenting Riga (1957) did a clinical analysis obstruction. Patients with obstwith right or left chronic nasal ruction on the right were more frequently affected with a range
of

both physical and psychological disorders

disorClearly degrees of symptomatology in psychosomatic ders, as well as states of mind in healthier conditions, are couunderstood pled to this pendulum of ida and pingula, And unless
in

the familiar physiological terms,

scientific

it

is

not surprising

why

the

concepts of "ida"

western
rate

and "pingula" have been so difficult for the mind to grasp. Simply, ida and pingula desc-

ribe the functional relationship

between

the

mind as two

sepa-

computers and the metabolic correlates in the alternating rhythm of ANS activity. The ANS is the neurel matrix that links mind with metabolism.

The two hemispheres also play

in the regulation of the

remarkably

different role
et
ai,

immune system.

Renoux

(1983)

and later Neveu et ai. (1986) in mice demonstrated a result of fundamental significance in the newly founded field of psychon-

eurormmunology

Renoux

et a}.

(1983)

showed

that "partial

ablation of the left fronto-parretaf cerebral cortex decreases the number of spleen T cells, impairs IgG-alpha sheep red blood cell

oantigens.

and rnitogen-induced responses, and delays the response to allIn contrast, these events are increased following a
symmetrical lesion of the right neocortex.

The findings extend previous results showing that the neocortex modulates Natural Killer activity and the efficacy of T cellspecific serum factors". This result and the finding of natural rhythms in cortical activity brings a new facet into play ''the rhythms of laterality and immunity".

181

The Basic Rest Activity Cycie and Cerebral Intelligence

Stoksted (1953) and
that the

Eccies

(1978) had

earlier

proposed
in

hypothalamus may be responsible

in

for regulating cyclical

changes

nasal resistance.

Experimental

evidence

hypothalamus does directly influence sympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa both unilaterally and bilaterally (Eecles and Lee. 1981, Malcomson
1959).
In

shows

the cat

that the

yogic science,
if

the right nostril-left

ted even

the left

the fight or flight response engages, hemisphere system is instantaneously inirianostril-right hemisphere is dominant This

when

switch can happen

in less

than a

second.

This

ss

an adaptive

mechanism that
gence of the
to survive. This

is

left

used to quickly access and utilize the intellihemisphere for the "basic knowledge" needed
correlates

with the

ergotrophsc

rage-related

sympathetic activities discovered by

of the
riles in

immediate shifting of ANS MPD (Ischlondsky, 1955) is another example nature can utilize normal mechanisms for survival,

Hess and others. The case function and personality proof

hew

similar "polarity of

mind"

is

observed

in

the structure of

personality in the three cases of extreme function discussed above barbiturization of one side; hyper-excttablity of one side
:

These are the ends of spectrum that one might expect to find beyond the normal limits of function with the BRAC. In yogic medicine, pinguia and ida are also described as being "hot" and "cold", or "sun" and "moon", and "male" and "female", for the function of right nostril-left hemisphere and left nostril-right hemisphere dominance, respectively. It seems that the pendulum described bv
in

temporal lobe epHepsy; or with MPD.

the

the yogis for the relationship

of the

mental correlates for Ida

and pinguia

is

consistent with western concepts.

Self-Regulation of Cerebral Intelligence and

ANS

Function
is

The third major and central meridian,

to

sushumna,

related

to spinal canal. According anatomically region when the chemistry of the brain and spinal fluid Yogic medicine, are equis "conditioned" and the "energies" of ida and pinguia

the

of the

182
state of consciousness is possible. ally mixed an "elevated" However, this happens only when the pituitary and pineal achie-

ve a specific secretory relationship, and when certain connecta figurative sense, the "energies" of ing nerves are activated. In effect sushmna, and when they do equally, both ida and pingual a range of important events can occur. First, a transition point exists where both hemispheres are equal in influence. In most and is not consciously people this transition is very short-lived since the necessary neural activation and glandular experienced This is also the moment of increased activity are unmanifested. is where self-mastery begins. It creativity. This balance point
is

from

this point of function, that the yogi

consciously controls

the balance of energy of ida and pingula. He chooses the hemiHe is not sphere suited to the situation for optimal performance. but hs chooses to utilize the controlled by the "thought waves",

desired

mode

of intelligence. This state of equilibrium, is where

transcendental reality begins. The yogi is always consciously controlling his prana or life force levels. Once having developed
the ability to maintain this equilibrium on a regular basis, the yogi must then always regulate this balance from the conscious
state.

The rhythm

is

then no longer "autonomic".

for self-regulation is

of view, the primary natural mechanism conscious control of the airflow in the nostrils. Besides regulating the rate and rhythm for both nost-

From the yogic point

there are numerous patterns for altering airflow on the two sides independently. Sound is another important method that can be employed for self-regulation of the central nervous system (Shannahoff-Khalsa and Bhajan, 1986)
rils,

Werntz,

et al. (1981, 87)

demonstrated the cortical

effects

of altered breathing patterns in the laboratory using the EEG. They found that selective hemispheric stimulaiion could be achnostril breathing to

Untrained subjects were requested to do unilateral forced determine if the relative dominance of EEG activity would be effected. Significant shifts in hemispheric
ieved
in

EEG dominance were obtained

pilot

25 of 31 attempts using
replicated
is

five
in a

different subjects. Srinivasan (1986)

this result

study and along with ShannahoffsKhalsa gating this phenomena.

further investi-

183

C, ROLDAN E, LEPICOVSKA. V, EEC Changes course of Hatha yogic exercises intended for meditation. Activ. nerv. Sup (Proha) ZZ 1980, No. 2, Institute of Physiological Regulations, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences PRAGUE, "JAPA with shallow breath at 4-5 c/Min. induce large amplitude theta and Delta or regular beta in the frontoparietal areas. This .activity may occur simultaneously in the occipital and frontal leads of one hemisphere with alpha,
1.

DOSTALEX.

in

the

Automatic Automatic Attentive Breathing Pectoris, Medicine, Vol. 31, pp 875-881, 1948. Angina
2.

Friedella, A.

in

3.

James

funderburk, "nostril,

dominance"

science

studies

yoga, Himalayan International Imtitue of yoga sciences philorphy

of

USA, Honesdale, pennsyluonsa, 1977, P-48

Luce, G. Body Time, Pantheon Books,

4.

New

York, 1971.

5. Prasad, R. Nature's Finer Forces, House, Adyar, India 1947. 6.

Theosophical

Publishing

Pratap, Vijayendra, 197 1, diurnal pattern of nostril breathing, Chakra, A Journal of Tantra and Yoga, Vol. I, Winter 1970-71.
7.

back,
8.

Pratap, Vijayendra, 1974, Svarayoga-A Modality in BiofeedBiofeedback Society Conference, Colorado Springs, 1974.

Pratap

Left

Vijayendra, and Hemisphere Difference

Wade
in

Berrettine 1975-Right and Mantra Meditation-A Cast study,

Yoga research Society Conference,

9.

Le Syndrome Nauro-Retelex DeL'Ostruction Nasale Riga, I.N Unilateral (The Neuro-Reflex Syndrome of Unilateral Nasal
,

Obstruction). The Revue d'oto-Neuro-Ophatalmologie, Vol. XXIX

No, 6 pp. 325-332, 1967.
10.

Singh. H.G., Swara Vigyan

and

Behavior

Patterns, Vedic

Path,
11.

March

1-981.

Venkata Reddy.

M.,

Swara

Yoga as

system of natural

184
International Conference Energy Healing. Paper presented at the Institute of Magnetobiology, 27th on Energy Medicine, Madras

Feb. 1987.

TM,

Westcott, Mark Hemispheric S/mmetry of the EEG During on T. M. Collected papers, Vol I. Edr, David. W. Orme-Johnson, Lawrence. H. Domash and John. T.
12.

Scientific Research

Farrow (Los Angeless

MIU

Press).

APPENDIX-Vlil
1

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SVARODAYAS'ASTRA
1}

with Narapatikavi Sarvodayah of Narapatijayacharya 'Subodhini Sanskrta-Hindi commentary by Ganeshadatta Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Publisher Pathaka

Varanasi, 1971, pp. 368.

2)
3) 4)

Jayalakshmi Tika on Narapatijayacarya.

Narahari Manjari Tika on Narapatijayacarya.

Sivasvarodaya, Text with Hindi Translation by Pandit Mihirchand. Pub Khemraj Shrikrishnadas, Sri Venkateswara
:

Press, Bombay. 1667

5)

pp 94.
with Marathi
:

Sivasvarodaya, Text

Translation

by Vaman

Eknath Kemkar, Pub Raoji Sridhora Gondhaiekar, Jagaddhitecchu Press, Pune, 2nd Edn. 1883. pp. 68.
6)

Sivasvarodaya,

Translated

B. Baijanath Prasad,

by R, 1918, pp. 136.

D.

Upadhyaya. Pub:

7)

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Press,

Caranadasa,

Pub

Shri

Venkateshwar

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8)

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Dr.

M.

L.

Gharote

kindly

furnished

Principal, G. S. Letter Ref. No.

SRD/17

College of Yoga, Lonavla Dt. 8 January 88

(Personal Communication).

185
9)

Siva

Svarodaya, Text
Bar,

and

English

Translation

by Ram
1980,

Kumar

Pub

Prachya

Prakashan

Varanasi,

pp.XXIX, 172.

MSS. REFERJNCESJ3N SVARAYOGA

i

1)

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in

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Raiasthan

9lJ22^

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3)

from Brah-

Be

ga^sH!n^^

e r s ty
i

C
B

G
B
4)

- 2346 Pavanavijaya Svarodaya by Bhaskara. - 697 Pavanavijaya Svarodaya by Bhaskara - 3558 Pavanavijaya Svarodaya by Bhaskara. - 2022 Pancatatta Vijaya Svarodaya.

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5)

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Misra Narahari.

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6)

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7)

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8)

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3/9044 Svarodaya Sastra (Tattvabhagah). Quoted by Rajendraiai Mitra in his Aphorism of Patanjali. i) Samarasarasvarodaya by Ram. it) Svarodaya by Vyas.
Scindia Oriental Institute, Ujjain.
i)

10)

Pavanavijaya Svarodaya by Alakhadas Ms. No. 30.

GO

1
-

a
1

S
9
1
Ci 30

a
&~ O"

g
9
4fr
49'

11

15
17

2
8-

49-

7-

&

12

IS
22
76-

a
i

11T
134

22
2

T64
168.

27
21

1022

15)82

Rajmond

Raymond