Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization

Synchronization
Digital Communication Chapter 6 & 7 Ola Jetlund

Phase sync
PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

November 20, 2007

overview

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Synchronization Costs and Benets Receiver Synchronization Network Synchronization

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

denitions
Coherent versus noncoherent demodulation Reference signal
Must be generated (PLL)

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

Subcarrier synchronization Frequency synchronization Phase synchronization - phase lock

Reference signal is synced in freq. and phase

Symbol synchronization Frame synchronization Receiver versus Network synchronization

costs and benets

Costs hardware and software processing time - communication delay increased receiver power Benets possible reduction in transmit power synchronization allows advanced techniques as
error-control coding multiple access techniques spread spectrum

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

the phase-locked-loop (PLL)

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

r (t) e(t)

f (t) F () y (t)

x(t) VCO

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

is the phase detector f (t) is the loop lter (e.g. a low pass lter) VCO voltage-controlled oscillator

linear loop model

r (t) f (t) e(t) y (t) VCO x(t)

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

r (t) = cos(0 t + (t)) x(t) = 2 sin(0 t + (t)) then e(t) = x(t) r (t) = sin((t) (t)) + 2 sin(20 + . . .) using a low pass lter we get y (t) = sin((t) (t)) (t) (t)

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

linear loop continued

The output frequency of the VCO is a linear function of the input voltage y (t) The dierence in output voltage from 0 is d (t) = {(t)} = K0 y (t) dt = e(t) f (t) K0 (t) (t) f (t) Taking the Fourier transform we get j () = K0 () () F ()

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

linear loop continued

The closed-loop transfer function: K0 F () () = H() = () K0 F () + j The phase error: E () = j() K0 F () + j (t)

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

(t)

F ()

K0 /j

steady-state of the linear loop

Steady-state is found by looking at
t

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

lim e(t)

Symbol sync Frame sync

From the nal value theorem: lim e(t) = lim E () = lim

0

Network sync

2 () 0 K0 F () + j

Now, if limt e(t) = 0 the PLL will eventually lock the phase

performance in presence of noise

Now the received signal is r (t) = cos(0 t + (t)) + n(t) rewriting the zero-mean Gaussian noise: n(t) = nc (t) cos(0 t) + ns (t) sin(0 t) we get the following error signal e(t) =x(t)r (t) = sin((t) (t)) + n (t) + 2 sin(20 + . . .) where n (t) = nc (t) cos((t)) + ns (t) sin((t))

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

complete linear model of the PLL

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

(t)

F ()

K0 /j

(t)

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync

n (t) NB! Assumes sin((t) (t)) (t) (t) which is only true for small phase errors!

Network sync

nonlinear PLL model

(t) (t)

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

sin()

F ()

K0 /j

Symbol sync

n (t) Now (t) = d {(t)} = K0 y (t) dt = K0 sin(0 t + (t)) f (t) + n (t) f (t)

Frame sync Network sync

acquisition - going into lock

Assume that n (t) = 0 and F () = 1 and that the input phase is (t) = i t. Then the output phase can be denoted
t

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

(t) = o t +
0

K0 sin e(t)dt + (0)

where i is the frequency of the input signal and o the frequency of the output signal and the dierence is denoted = i o

acquisition continued
the phase error becomes
t

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

e(t) = (t) (t) = i t

0

K0 sin e(t)dt (0)

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

dierentiating gives de(t) = K0 sin e dt For the loop to be in lock we must have de(t) =0 dt

symbol synchonization

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync

Non-data aided versus data-aided Open versus closed loop symbol sync

Frame sync Network sync

open-loop sync
All open-loop synchronizers produce some information on the frequence of the incoming symbols: Example - autocorrelation of the input shape
s(t) Matched Filter Even-law BPF nonlinearity sgn

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

Example - Fourier component of the data clock

s(t) BPF sgn

Delay T /2

Example - an edge detector

s(t) LPF d/dt ()2 BPF sgn

closed-loop sync

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization

Uses a local data clock. Example:

RT
d

Phase sync
PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync dt || Frame sync Network sync s(t) VCO F () +

R T d
0

dt

||

frame synchronization

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

applies when the transmitted data have some sort of block or frame structure application dependent examples
frame marker codeword transmission

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

network synchronization

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization

Receiver sync
Coherent modulation Broadcast (one direction communication) single-link communication

Phase sync
PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

Terminal sync - transmission parameters are changed to obtain sync

Noncoherent modulation multi user systems satellite communication TDMA systems

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync

Synchronization Ola Jetlund Introduction Synchronization Phase sync

PLL linear loop model nonlinear PLL model

Symbol sync Frame sync Network sync