++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ To find the number of factors of a given number, express the number as a product of powers of prime numbers.

In this case, 48 can be written as 16 * 3 = (24 * 3) Now, increment the power of each of the prime numbers by 1 and multiply the result. In this case it will be (4 + 1)*(1 + 1) = 5 * 2 = 10 (the power of 2 is 4 and the power of 3 is 1) Therefore, there will 10 factors including 1 and 48. Excluding, these two numbers, you will have 10 2 = 8 factors. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The sum of first n natural numbers = n (n+1)/2 The sum of squares of first n natural numbers is The sum of first n even numbers= n (n+1) The sum of first n odd numbers= n^2 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ To find the squares of numbers near numbers of which squares are known To find 41^2 , Add 40+41 to 1600 =1681 To find 59^2 , Subtract 60^2-(60+59) =3481 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ If an equation (i:e f(x)=0 ) contains all positive co-efficient of any powers of x , it has no positive roots then. eg: x^4+3x^2+2x+6=0 has no positive roots . ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For an equation f(x)=0 , the maximum number of positive roots it can have is the number of sign changes in f(x) ; and the maximum number of negative roots it can have is the number of sign changes in f(-x) . Hence the remaining are the minimum number of imaginary roots of the equation(Since we also know that the index of the maximum power of x is the number of roots of an equation.) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For a cubic equation ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=o sum of the roots = - b/a sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time = c/a product of the roots = -d/a ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For a biquadratic equation ax^4+bx^3+cx^2+dx+e = 0 sum of the roots = - b/a sum of the product of the roots taken three at a time = c/a sum of the product of the roots taken two at a time = -d/a product of the roots = e/a +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ If for two numbers x+y=k(=constant), then their PRODUCT is MAXIMUM if x=y(=k/2). The maximum product is then (k^2)/4 n (n+1)(2n+1)/6

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ If for two numbers x*y=k(=constant), then their SUM is MINIMUM if x=y(=root(k)). The minimum sum is then 2*root(k) . +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

|x| + |y| >= |x+y| (|| stands for absolute value or modulus ) (Useful in solving some inequations) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Product of any two numbers = Product of their HCF and LCM . Hence product of two numbers = LCM of the numbers if they are prime to each other +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For any regular polygon , the sum of the exterior angles is equal to 360 degrees hence measure of any external angle is equal to 360/n. ( where n is the number of sides) For any regular polygon , the sum of interior angles =(n-2)180 degrees So measure of one angle in Square Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Nonagon Decagon =90 =108 =120 =128.5 =135 =140 = 144

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ If any parallelogram can be inscribed in a circle , it must be a rectangle. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ If a trapezium can be inscribed in a circle it must be an isosceles trapezium (i:e oblique sides equal). ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For an isosceles trapezium , sum of a pair of opposite sides is equal in length to the sum of the other pair of opposite sides .(i:e AB+CD = AD+BC , taken in order) . ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Area of a regular hexagon : root(3)*3/2*(side)*(side) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For any 2 numbers a>b a>AM>GM>HM>b (where AM, GM ,HM stand for arithmetic, geometric , harmonic menasa respectively)

(GM)^2 = AM * HM ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For three positive numbers a, b ,c (a+b+c) * (1/a+1/b+1/c)>=9 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For any positive integer n 2<= (1+1/n)^n <=3 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ a^2+b^2+c^2 >= ab+bc+ca If a=b=c , then the equality holds in the above. a^4+b^4+c^4+d^4 >=4abcd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ (n!)^2 > n^n (! for factorial) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ If a+b+c+d=constant , then the product a^p * b^q * c^r * d^s will be maximum if a/p = b/q = c/r = d/s . ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Consider the two equations a1x+b1y=c1 a2x+b2y=c2 Then , If a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2 , then we have infinite solutions for these equations. If a1/a2 = b1/b2 <> c1/c2 , then we have no solution for these equations.(<> means not equal to ) If a1/a2 <> b1/b2 , then we have a unique solutions for these equations.. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For any quadrilateral whose diagonals intersect at right angles , the area of the quadrilateral is 0.5*d1*d2, where d1,d2 are the lenghts of the diagonals. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Problems on clocks can be tackled as assuming two runners going round a circle , one 12 times as fast as the other . That is , the minute hand describes 6 degrees /minute the hour hand describes 1/2 degrees /minute . Thus the minute hand describes 5(1/2) degrees more than the hour hand per minute . The hour and the minute hand meet each other after every 65(5/11) minutes after being together at midnight. (This can be derived from the above) . ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ If n is even , n(n+1)(n+2) is divisible by 24

If n is any integer , n^2 + 4 is not divisible by 4

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Given the coordinates (a,b) (c,d) (e,f) (g,h) of a parallelogram , the coordinates of the meeting point of the diagonals can be found out by solving for [(a+e)/2,(b+f)/2] =[ (c+g)/2 , (d+h)/2] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Area of a triangle 1/2*base*altitude = 1/2*a*b*sinC = 1/2*b*c*sinA = 1/2*c*a*sinB = root(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(sc)) where s=a+b+c/2 =a*b*c/(4*R) where R is the CIRCUMRADIUS of the triangle = r*s ,where r is the inradius of the triangle . In any triangle a=b*CosC + c*CosB b=c*CosA + a*CosC c=a*CosB + b*CosA ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ If a1/b1 = a2/b2 = a3/b3 = .............. , then each ratio is equal to (k1*a1+ k2*a2+k3*a3+..............) / (k1*b1+ k2*b2+k3*b3+..............) , which is also equal to (a1+a2+a3+............./b1+b2+b3+..........) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ (7)In any triangle a/SinA = b/SinB =c/SinC=2R , where R is the circumradius ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ x^n -a^n = (x-a)(x^(n-1) + x^(n-2) + .......+ a^(n-1) ) ......Very useful for finding multiples .For example (17-14=3 will be a multiple of 17^3 - 14^3) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ e^x = 1 + (x)/1! + (x^2)/2! + (x^3)/3! + ........to infinity 2<e<3 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ log(1+x) = x - (x^2)/2 + (x^3)/3 - (x^4)/4 .........to infinity [ Note the alternating sign . .Also note that the ogarithm is with respect to base e ] ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ In a GP the product of any two terms equidistant from a term is always constant . ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For a cyclic quadrilateral , area = root( (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) * (s-d) ) , where s=(a+b+c+d)/2 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ For a cyclic quadrilateral , the measure of an external angle is equal to the measure of the internal opposite angle. (m+n)! is divisible by m! * n! . ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++ If a quadrilateral circumscribes a circle , the sum of a pair of opposite sides is equal to the sum of the other pair .

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The sum of an infinite GP = a/(1-r) , where a and r are resp. the first term and common ratio of the GP . ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The equation whose roots are the reciprocal of the roots of the equation ax^2+bx+c is cx^2+bx+a ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The coordinates of the centroid of a triangle with vertices (a,b) (c,d) (e,f) is((a+c+e)/3 , (b+d+f)/3) . ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The ratio of the radii of the circumcircle and incircle of an equilateral triangle is 2:1 . ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Area of a parallelogram = base * height ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ APPOLLONIUS THEOREM: In a triangle , if AD be the median to the side BC , then AB^2 + AC^2 = 2(AD^2 + BD^2) or 2(AD^2 + DC^2) . ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

for

similar

cones

ratio

of

radii

ratio

of

their

bases.

The HCF and LCM of two nos. are equal when they are equal . +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Volume of a pyramid = 1/3 * base area * height +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ In an isosceles triangle , the perpendicular from the vertex to the base or the angular bisector from vertex to base bisects the base. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ In any triangle the angular bisector of an angle bisects the base in the ratio of the other two sides. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++Th e quadrilateral formed by joining the angular bisectors of another quadrilateral is always a rectangle.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Roots of x^2+x+1=0 are 1,w,w^2 where 1+w+w^2=0 and w^3=1 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ |a|+|b| = |a+b| if a*b>=0 else |a|+|b| >= |a+b| +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2<= (1+1/n)^n <=3 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ WINE and WATER formula: If Q be the volume of a vessel q qty of a mixture of water and wine be removed each time from a mixture n be the number of times this operation be done and A be the final qty of wine in the mixture then , A/Q = (1-q/Q)^n +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Area of a hexagon = root(3) * 3 * (side)^2 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ (1+x)^n ~ (1+nx) if x<<<1 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Some pythagorean triplets:

3,4,5 (3^2=4+5) 5,12,13 (5^2=12+13) 7,24,25 (7^2=24+25) 8,15,17 (8^2 / 2 = 15+17 ) 9,40,41 (9^2=40+41) 11,60,61 (11^2=60+61) 12,35,37 (12^2 / 2 = 35+37) 16,63,65 (16^2 /2 = 63+65) 20,21,29(EXCEPTION) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Appolonius theorem could be applied to the 4 triangles formed in a parallelogram. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Area of a trapezium = 1/2 * (sum of parallel sids) * height = median * height where median is the line joining the midpoints of the oblique sides. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ when a three digit number is reversed and the difference of these two numbers is taken , the middle number is always 9 and the sum of the other two numbers is always 9 . +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ANy function of the type y=f(x)=(ax-b)/(bx-a) is always of the form x=f(y) . +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Let Then WD^2 W + be any WB^2 point = inside a WC^2 rectangle + ABCD WA^2 .

Let a be the side of an equilateral triangle . then if three circles be drawn inside this triangle touching each other then each's radius = a/(2*(root(3)+1))

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Let 'x' be certain base in which the representation of a number is 'abcd' , then the decimal value of this number is a*x^3 + b*x^2 + c*x + d +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ when you multiply each side of the inequality by -1, you have to reverse the direction of the inequality. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ To find the squares of numbers from 50 to 59 For 5X^2 , use the formulae (5X)^2 = 5^2 +X / X^2 Eg ; (55^2) = 25+5 /25 =3025 (56)^2 = 25+6/36 =3136 (59)^2 = 25+9/81 =3481 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

many of u must b aware of this formula, but the ppl who don't know it must b useful for them. a+b+(ab/100) this is used for succesive discounts types of sums. like 1999 population increses by 10% and then in 2000 by 5% so the population in 2000 now is 10+5+(50/100)=+15.5% more that was in 1999 and if there is a decrease then it will be preceeded by a -ve sign and likeiwse
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Here is a formula for finding the day of the week for ANY date. N = d + 2m + [3(m+1)/5] + y + [y/4] - [y/100] + [y/400] + 2 where d is the number or the day of the month, m is the number of the month, and y is the year. The brackets around the divisions mean to drop the remainder and just use the integer part that you get. Also, a VERY IMPORTANT RULE is the number to use for the months for January and February. The numbers of these months are 13 and 14 of the PREVIOUS YEAR. This means that to find the day of the week of New Year's Day this year, 1/1/98, you must use the date 13/1/97. (It sounds complicated, but I will do a couple of examples for you.) After you find the number N, divide it by 7, and the REMAINDER of that

division tells you the day of the week; 1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, 3 = Tuesday, etc; BUT, if the remainder is 0, then the day is Saturday, that is: 0 = Saturday. As an example, let's check it out on today's date, 3/18/98. Plugging the numbers into the formula, we get; N = 18 + 2(3) + [3(3+1)/5] + 1998 + [1998/4] - [1998/100] + [1998/400] + 2 So doing the calculations, (remember to drop the remainder for the divisions that are in the brackets) we get; N = 18 + 6 + 2 + 1998 + 499 - 19 + 4 + 2 = 2510 Now divide 1510 by 7 and you will get 358 with a remainder of 4. Since 4 corresponds to Wednesday, then today must be Wednesday. You asked about New Year's Day, so let's look at this year, 1/1/98. Because of the "Very Important Rule," we must use the "date" 13/1/97 to find New Year's Day this year. Plugging into the formula, we get; N = 1 + 2(13) + [3(13+1)/5] + 1997 + [1997/4] - [1997/100] + [1997/400] + 2 N = 1+ 26 + 8 + 1997 + 499 - 19 + 4 + 2 = 2518 Now divide 2518 by 7 and look at the remainder: 2518/7 = 359 with a remainder of 5. Since 5 corresponds to Thursday, New Year's Day this year was on a Thursday.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Formula for Sums of Counting Numbers

S(n) = (a(1)+a(n))/2 * n
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

VEDIC MATHS
1. Special method for multiplication by numbers from 11 to 19. Multiplication by 11 Rule: 1. 2. in Prefix a zero to the multiplicand Write down the answer one figure at a time, from right to left as

any multiplication. The figures of the answer are obtained by adding to each successive

digit of the multiplicand. its right neighbour. Remember the right neighbour is the right, (i.e., the correct) neighbour to be added. (1) 123 X 11 = ? Step1: Prefix a zero to the multiplicand so that it reads 0123. Step2: To the right digit 3, add its right neighbour. There is no neighbour on the right; so add 0. 0123 X 11 3 + 0 =3. 3 3 To the next digit 2, add its right neighbour 3. 0123 X 11 2 + 3 = 5. 53 To the next digit 1, add the right neighbour 2. 0123 X 11 1 + 2=3. To 0, add the right neighbour 1. 0 + 1 = 1. 0123 1353 X 11

353

Therefore, 123 X 11 = 1353 (which you can easily verify by a conventional multiplication). MULTIPLICATION BY 12: The method is exactly the same as in the case of 11 except that you double each number before adding the right neighbour. (1) 13 X 12 =? Prefix a zero to the multiplicand so that it reads 013. Double 3 and add the right neighbour 013 X 12 neighbour;therefore add0).

Step1: Step2: 6

Double 1 and add the right neighbour 3. 2 X 1 + 3 =5 Double 0 and add the right neighbour 1. 2 X 0 + 1 =1

013 X 12 56 013 X 12 156

Therefore, 13 X 12 = 156 (which you can again verify by a conventional multiplication).

MULTIPLICATION FROM 13 TO 19: The reason why the rule is different for multiplication by 11 and by 12 is obviously because the right digits are different. The right digit, we could call

the Parent Index Number (PIN). Thus in 11, the PIN is 1 and in 12 it is 2. (In 13, it is 3; in 14, it is 4 etc.) When the PIN is 1, we are simply taking each figure of the multiplicand (we could call this figure the Parent Figure PF in short ) as such and adding the right neighbour. When the PIN is 2, we are doubling the PF and then adding the right neighbour. Obviously, if the PIN is 3 (as in 3), we would treble the PF and then add the right neighbour. If the PIN is 4 (as in 14), we would quadruple (i.e. multiply by 4) the PF and then add the right neighbour. If PIN is 9 (as in 19), we would multiply the PF by 9 and then add the right neighbour, What is the advantage of the method? We need know the tables only upto 9 and still multiply by a simple process of addition. (1) 39942 X 13 = ? 2331 039942 X 13 519246 58265 X 15 = ? (2) 43285 X 14 = ? 21132 043285 X 14 605990 (4) 25654 036987 X 16 591792 (6) 96325 X 18 = ? 85224 096325 X 18 1733850 36987 X 16 = ?

(3)

34132 058265 X 15 873975 (5) 69873 X 17 = ? 57652 069873 X 17 1187841 (7) 74125 X 19 = ? 73124 074125 X 19 1408375

2.

Multiplication of two 2 digit numbers Consider the conventional multiplication of two 2 digit numbers 12 and

23 12

shown below: X 36 Ans. 276 24 23

It is obvious from the above that (1) the right digit 6 of the answer is the product obtained by the "vertical"

multiplication of the (2)

right digit of the multiplicand and of the multiplier.

the left digit 2 of the answer is the product obtained by the "vertical" multiplication of the left digit of the multiplicand and of the multiplier

(3) the middle digit 7 of the answer is the sum of 3 and 4. The 3 is the product of the left digit of the multiplicand and the right digit of the multiplier; the 4 is the product of the right digit of the multiplicand and the left digit of the multiplier. This means that, to obtain the middle digit, one has to multiply "across" and add the two products (in our example 1 X 3 + 2 X 2) The working in our above example can therefore be depicted as 12 23 1X2/1X3+2X2/2X3 and can be summarised as 12 23 = 276

2/3+4/6

3. the

When the units figure is "one" in both the numbers being multiplied, process of multiplication: multiplication is simplified further. Consider the following

31 21 2X3/2X1+1X3/1X1 You will notice that the middle digit of the answer is 2 X 1 + 1 X 3 i.e. (2 + 3) X 1. So, instead of multiplying "across" for the middle term, you could simply add the tens digit of the two numbers. Therefore, 31 X 21 = 6 / (2 + 3) / 1 = 651 Similarly, in 81 X 91, you could obtain the middle term as 17, by merely adding 8 and 9. 4. Like wise, when the tens figure is "one" in both the numbers being multiplied, you could obtain the middle term by simply adding the units digit of the two numbers. For instance, the middle term in 12 X 17 is 2 + 7, i.e. 9, in 8 X 12 it is 8 + 2 i.e. 10 etc.

5. If the units figure or the tens figure is the same in the two numbers, the process of multiplication could be simplified as shown in the following examples: (1) 8 3 The middle term is obtained by multiplying 3 by 17, 17 being he sum of 8 9 and93 83 9 3 and 93 72519 = 7719 (2) 2 8 In this case, the middle term is 2 multiplied by 11, 11 being the sum of 8 2 3 and 3 42 22 4 = 644 6. Multiplication of 2 three-digit numbers Let us consider the multiplicand to be ABC and the multiplier to be DEF, as shown below: ABC X DEF Answer 1. The extreme right digit of the answer is obtained (as before) by vertical multiplication as 2. CXF

The extreme left digit is also obtained (as before) by vertical multiplication as A X B The "middle" digits are obtained (as before) by multiplying Progressing one step at a time to the left, the "middle"

across.

3.

digits are

successively BXF+CXE AXF+CXD+BXE AXE+BXD The process is set out in detail for following examples below . 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1X4/1X5+2X4/1X6+3X4+2X5/2X6+3X5/3X6 = 4/13/ 28/ 27 / 18 = 56088 2 4 5 1 9 8 2 X 1/ 2 X 9 + 4 X 1 / 2 X 8 + 5 X 1 + 4 X 9 / 4 X 8 + 5 X 9 / 5 X 8 = 2/ 22/ 57 / 77/ 40 = 48510 7. Multiplication of Numbers of Different Lengths 2.

In the examples we saw above, both the multiplicand and the multiplier contained the same number of digits. But what if the two numbers were to contain a different number of digits; for instance, how would we multiply 286 and 78? Obviously we could prefix a zero to 78 (so that it becomes 078, a 3 digit number) and proceed as in any multiplication of two 3 digit numbers. The following examples will clarify the procedure: (1) 286 X 78 =? (2) 998 X 98 =?

2 8 6 0 7 8 0 1472 106 48 = 22308

9 9 8 0 9 8 0 81 153 144 64 = 97804

8.

Special case where the units figures of the multiplicand and the multiplier together total 10 and the other figures are the same. Consider (i) 23 X 27 (ii) 94 X 96 (iii) 982 X 988 In all of them, the units figures together total 10 [3 + 7] in (i), 4 + 6 in (ii) and 2 + 8 in (iii)], also the other figures of the multiplicand and the multiplier are the same [2 in (i) 9 in (ii) and 98 in (iii)] In such cases, a special method can be used. But before we see the new method, let us consider the multiplication of 23 by 27 by the method we had learnt. 23 X 27 would give us the answer as 621. Do you notice anything special about the answer? The right part is the product of the unit figures 3 and 7 of the 2 numbers and the left part 6 of the answer is the product of 2 (the tens figure) and the next higher number 3. This gives us the special rule: (1) To obtain the right part of the answer, multiply the units (i.e. of the extreme right) digit of the 2 numbers

(2)

To obtain the left part of the answer, multiply the other (i.e. the left), digit/s by one more than itself/themselves. For example, if the left digit/s of the 2 numbers is/are 3, multiply 3 by 5, multiply 6, multiply 99, multiply 100, multiply 888, multiply (3 + 1) i.e. by 4 5 by 6 6 by 7 99 by 100 100 by 101 888 by 889 etc

The only thing you have to be careful about is to ensure that the right part of the answer always has 2 digits. For example in 29 X 21, the left part of the answer is 2 (2 + 1) and the right part is 9 X 1 i.e. 9; however the right part will be written as 09 and not as 9 because the right part has to contain 2 digits. Therefore, 29 X 21 = 609.

9.

Special Method for Squaring numbers ending in 5

An obvious extension of the above method will be in finding the square of numbers ending in 5. Consider 15 X 15. Here the sum of the units digit of the 2 numbers is the same. Hence, the above method will apply. Infact it will apply in squaring any number ending in 5. Since in all these cases the right digit of the multiplicand and the multiplier is 5, the right part of the answer is always 25 and therefore, we can mechanically set down 25 as the right part of the answer without any calculation all that is needed is to find out the left part of the answer and this done exactly as in the previous section. 152 = 225 80910025 252 = 625 8752 = 765625 89952 =

TO MULTIPLY ANY TWO NUMBERS A AND B CLOSE TO A POWER OF 10 a. the b. c. Take as base for the calculations that power of 10 which is nearest to

numbers to be multiplied Put the two numbers A and B above and below on the left hand side Subtract each of them from the base (nearest power of 10) and write down the remainders r1and r2 on the right hand side either with a connecting minus sign between A & r1 and B & r2 if the numbers A and B are less than the closest power of 10. Otherwise, use a connecting plus sign between the numbers and the remainders. d. The final answer will have two parts. One on the left hand side and the other on the right hand side. The right hand side is the multiplication of the two remainders and the left hand side is either the difference of A and r2 or B and r1 if the numbers are less than the closest power of 10. Otherwise, it is the sum of A and r2 or B and r1 Few examples, which make the procedure clear, are: e.q. 1. Multiplication of 9 and 7 The closest base to the two numbers in this case is 10 Therefore 9 - 1 (The remainder after subtracting the number from 10) 7 3 (The remainder after subtracting the number from 10) The right hand side of the answer will be 1 X 3 = 3 The left hand side can be computed either by subtracting 3 from 9 or 1 from 7 which is 6. Therefore, the answer is 63. e.q. 2. A more difficult example will be the product of 94 and 87 The closest base in this case will be 100 Therefore 94 6 87 13 81 . 78 8178 Here, 6 in the first row is the difference 100 and 94 and the 13 in the second row is the difference between 100 and 87. The right hand side of the answer is obtained by the multiplication of 6 and 13 which is 78 and the left hand side is obtained by the difference between either 87 and 6 or 94 and 13, both of which give the answer 81.

e.q. 3. Taking numbers which are greater than the closest power of 10 Find the product of 108 and 112 The closest base is 100 in this case as well Therefore 108 + 8 112 + 12 120, 96 The procedure is the same with only difference being that instead of subtracting the remainder of one number from the other number, we add in this case as the number were marginally larger than the nearest power of 10 e.q. 4. When the number of digits of the product of the remainders is greater than the power of 10 closest to the two numbers e.g. Product 84 and 92 84 16 92 8 76. 128 (76 + 1), 28 7728 As the product of 16 and 8 is 128 which is a three digit number as against 2 being the power of 10 in100, we carry forward the digits on the left more than 2 digits (in this case) and add to 76, the left hand side of the answer e.q. 5, When one of the number is lesser than the closest power of 10 and the other greater than the closest power of 10 Product of 88 and 106 88 12 108 + 8 96 . 96 The operation is similar, excepting that as the right hand side of the answer is obtained by the multiplication of a positive and a negative number the answer has to be subtracted from 100 by reducing the left hand side number by 1 Multiplication of numbers which are not close to the nearest power of 10 Let us take the case of multiplication of 41 by 43. Going by the earlier method we have the nearest power of 10 as 100 or 10. In the former case. The remainders are 59 and 57, multiplication of which will be as tedious as the multiplication of these two numbers. In the latter case. the remainders will be 31 and 33 which will be equally difficult Therefore, we need to look at an alternative method. In this case, we can take 50, which is a sub multiple of 100 or a multiple of 10 and proceed Method 1: Take 50 as the base which is half of 100 41 9 43 7 34 .63 Since 50 = 100/2. we divide the left hand side number also by 2 while retaining the right hand side. Therefore the answer will be 1763. Method 2 We can start off instead of using 50 as the base, we can use 40 as the base 41 + 1 43 + 3

44, 3 and since 40 is 4 times 10, we multiply 44 by 4 to yield by 176 and join the right hand side to yield 1763 the same answer. To Calculate the squares from 51 to 59:- There is one general formula (5x)2 = (25 + x)/x2 Where x is a digit in units place Note: Slash here does not represent division, It is just to differentiate between the two value. x2 should be a two digit no. If it is a single digit no, make it a two digit no by placing a prefix 0 before x2 e.g. 32 = 9, Make it of two digits i.e. 09 Let us calculate the squares of 54 In this case our x is 4 (54)2 = (25 + 4)/42 = 29/16 = 2916 is our answer

TO CALCULATE THE PRODUCT OF NOs. (Ending with 5) WHICH DIFFER BY 10

e.g. 45 x 35 Step 1: First of all write 75 in the last two places of the product 45 x 35 = __75 Step2: Then Multiply 4 with 3 and add the smallest of these to the product i.e. (4 x 3 + 3) = 15 Step3: Now Place these two digit before 75 to get our required product i.e. 45 x 35 = 1575