Dcscopcvivca vitaminc!

ov a nccput cu
ccvccttovu! po!oncz Kazimiv Funk, n anu! IIi.
Accsta a studiat stvuctuva tiaminci (vitamina
BI,) i a vcmavcat pvczcn(a unci gvupvi aminicc
(-NH
i
), numind compusu! amin vita!".
Dcnumivca dc vitamin dat accstui compus,
dci impvopvic, s-a cxtins !a divcvsc c!asc dc
compui. n pcvioada uvmtoavc s-au ccvcctat
vitaminc!c B, vitaminc!c D (antivahiticc),
vitamina C (antiscovbutic) ctc.
O dat cu apvoIundavca inIovma(ii!ov i a
dcscopcvivii dc noi vitaminc s-a pvoccdat !a
c!asiIicavca accstova dup diIcvitc cvitcvii:
O ovdinca dcscopcvivii: vitaminc!c A, B, C, D, ctc.
O stvuctuva chimic : acid ascovbic- vitamina C;
tiamina - vitamina B;
O activitatca bio!ogic: vitamina antiscovbutic -
vitamina C; vitaminc!c antivahiticc - vitaminc!c
D;
O mcdiu! dc so!ubi!izavc: vitaminc !iposo!ubi!c: A,
D, E, K; vitaminc hidvoso!ubi!c: vitaminc din
comp!cxu! B (BI, B
i
, B

, PP, acid pantotcnic, acid

Io!ic, biotina, BIi), vitamina C.
O n ovganism vitaminc!c contvibuic !a dcsIuvavca
novma! a pvoccsc!ov dc cvctcvc, diIcvcn(icvc,
dczvo!tavc a ovganismu!ui i dc mcn(incvc a
Iunc(ii!ov vita!c.
O Apovtu! dc vitaminc sc Iacc pc dou ci:
- Apovt cxogcn- a!imcntav pvin cavc, toatc
vitaminc!c pot Ii asiguvatc !a nivc!u! ncccsavu!ui
vitaminic,
- Apovt cndogcn- din biosintczc!c
micvoovganismc!ov intcstina!c, vcpvczint un
cuantum mai vcdus, dav sunt impovtantc pcntvu
ctapa digcstici intcstina!c viznd divcvi compui
dc natuv pvotidic, g!ucidic, !ipidic sau mixt.
Compoz||a ch|m|c | d|str|bu|a |n
a||mente
O itaminc !iposo!ubi!c
O Pvincipa!ii compui inc!ui n gvupa vitaminc!ov
!iposo!ubi!c sunt: vitaminc!c A (vctino!ii);
vitaminc!c D (ca!ciIcvo!ii); vitaminc!c E
(tocoIcvo!ii); vitaminc!c K (mcnaItonc!c).
O Vomnele A sau ^enol sunt cunoscu(i i sub dcnumivca
dc vomne onxe^ojolmce, pcntvu considcvcntu! c au
vo! impovtant pcntvu vcdcvca cvcpuscu!av i pvcvin
xcvoIta!mia.
O Dc ascmcnca, vitaminc!c A sunt imp!icatc n divcvsc
pvoccsc mctabo!icc i imp!icit n pvoccsu! dc cvctcvc i
dczvo!tavc a ovganismu!ui uman, diIcvcn(icvc cc!u!av
novma!, Iunc(ia imun, vcpvoduccvc ,dczvo!tavca oasc!ov.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O itaminc!c A sc aI! sub Iovm dc pvovitaminc A (cavotcni)
pvcdominant n pvodusc dc oviginc vcgcta! co!ovatc: avdci,
movcovi, vavz, voii, caisc, povumb i Ivunzc vcvzi - spanac.
ConIovm unov dctcvminvi ana!iticc s-a dcmonstvat Iaptu!
c cxist o vavia(ic a cuantumu!ui dc vitaminc A n Iunc(ic
dc sczon, Iiind mai cvcscut vava dcct iavna. itaminc!c A
(vctino!ii) sc aI! n - cantit(i mai nscmnatc- n pvodusc
dc oviginc anima!: untuva dc pctc, Iicat, g!bcnu dc ou,
!aptc, unt.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O a omu! adu!t ncccsavu! dc vctino! cstc cstimat !a un
cuantumdc ooo-ooo UI]zi.
O jece jzoloqce.
O Cavcn(a dc vitamin A ducc !a tu!buvvi dc vcdcvc cum
av Ii: hcmcva!opia (scdcvca capacit(ii vizua!c i
ngustavca spcctvu!ui vizibi!), xcvoIta!mia (!cziuni !a
nivc!u! cpitc!iu!ui conjunctiva!, avnd ca cIcct
vascu!avizavca, chcvatinizavca i opaciIicvca covncci)
i chiav ovbivc. Dc ascmcnca, s-a obscvvat Iovmavca
unov chcvatinc !a nivc!u! mucoasc!ov dc !a unc!c
mcmbvanc; ma!Iovma(ii !a nivc!u! schc!ctu!ui;
disIunc(ii a!c gonadc!ov i picvdcvca savcinii !a Icmci.
O Tcgumcntu! dcvinc uscat pic!c dc gsc, cvctc
susccptibi!itatca !a inIcc(ii bactcvicnc, viva!c,
pavazitavc, n spccia! !a nivc! vcspivatov.
O Exccsu! dc vitaminc A ducc !a modiIicvi
Iizio!ogicc cavactcvizatc pvin indispozi(ic, stavc dc
vom, duvcvi dc cap, tu!buvvi cutanatc. a
administvavca cxccsiv dc vitaminc A (un timp
ndc!ungat sau cantit(i mavi !a o dozavc) sc
obscvv mvivca vo!umu!ui Iicatu!ui i a sp!inci,
vcduccvca activit(ii g!andci tivoidc i Ivagi!itatc
!a nivc!u! schc!ctu!ui.
O S-a constat c !a It cxccsu! dc vctino! dctcvmin
ma!Iovma(ii a!c sistcmu!ui ncvvos ccntva! i
cavdiovascu!av.
O Vomnele sau colcje^ol sunt cunoscutc i sub
numc!c dc vomne on^ohce. Accstca sc aI! n
natuv i sub Iovm dc pvovitaminc.
O itaminc!c D cvcsc pcvmcabi!itatca cc!u!c!ov
mucoasci gastvicc pcntvu Ca; Iavovizcaz absovb(ia
intcstina! a cationu!ui Ca
i
"" i vcsovb(ia vcna! a
anionu!ui P " ; asiguv mcn(incvca vapovtu!ui Ca
i+
]
P" !a vapovtu! dc cca. I]i, intcvvcnind i n pvoccsu!
dc ostcogcncz. itaminc!c D Iavovizcaz acumu!avca
dc acid citvic !a nivc! sanguin, intcvvcnind astIc! n
pvoccsu! dc osiIicavc.
O Dc ascmcnca, ca!ciIcvo!ii pavticip !a biosintcza unov
cnzimc, !a mctabo!ismu! !ipidic, !a activitatca
sistcmu!ui ncvvos, intcvvinc n buna Iunc(ionavc a
covdu!ui i n pvoccsu! dc coagu!avc a sngc!ui.
O InI!ucn(caz sintcza pvotcinc!ov contvacti!c n
(csutu! muscu!av; mpvcun cu vitamina A i C
stimu!caz mccanismc!c !oca!c (!a nivc!
vcspivatov) i gcncva!c, dc cvctcvc a vczistcn(ci
ovganismu!ui !a inIcc(ii,
- intcvvinc n diIcvcn(icvca i n pvo!iIcvavca
cc!u!av,
- n (csutu! muscu!av inI!ucn(caz sintcza
pvotcinc!ov contvacti!c,
- impovtant pcntvu activitatca cic!u!ui Kvcbs n
mitocondvii,
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O itaminc!c D sc aI! n !aptc, u!ciuvi vcgcta!c i
anima!c, n untuva dc pctc, unt, smntn,
g!bcnu dc ou, Iicat i (csutu! muscu!av a!
pcti!ov dc mavc, savdinc, hcvingi, vcgcta!c cu
Ivunzc vcvzi, .a.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O Pcntvu ovganismu! adu!t apovtu! vccomandat n
vitaminc D cstc dc ioo UI ] zi.Pcntvu Icmci!c cavc
bcncIiciaz dc o va(ic optim dc ca!ciu i dc
cxpuncvc !a soavc sunt ncccsavc ooUI n timpu!
savcinii i oo UI n pcvioada dc !acta(ic.
O jece jzoloqce.
O Cavcn(a n ovganismu! tnv conducc !a vahitism, cu
ma!Iovma(ii n spccia! a!c oasc!ov !ungi. Dc ascmcnca,
poatc conducc !a tctanic muscu!av, una din Iovmc!c
cavactcvisticc accstcia Iiind spasmoIi!ia.
O a adu!(i dcIicicn(a dc vitaminc D conducc !a o
Ivagi!itatc acccntuat !a nivc!u! oasc!ov ntvcgu!ui
schc!ct, ostcoma!acic (picvdcvi cxccsivc dc ca!ciu),
ostcopovoz (oasc spongioasc), tctanic muscu!av
(!atcnt sau cvonic) i ivascibi!itatc pvin dcpvcsia
ca!ccmici.
O Hipcvvitaminoza sc cavactcvizcaz pvin
hipcvca!ccmic, hipoIosIatcmic, apav ca!ciIicvi n
(csutuvi!c moi, inc!usiv !a nivc! vcna!, pu!monav,
cavdiac. Sc vcmavc ccIa!cc, gvca(, vom,
constipa(ic, po!iuvic, po!idipsic.
O Vomnele E sau ocoje^ol constituic un gvup dc
compui cunoscu(i i sub dcnumivca dc vomne
onse^lce.
O cvoe holoqc.
O TocoIcvo!ii au, n pvincipa!, ac(iunc antioxidant
i dc tvanspovt a! hidvogcnu!ui pcntvu pvoccsc!c
vcdox, pvcvinc pvoccsu! dc mbtvnivc, canccvu!,
bo!i!c cavdio-vascu!avc, catavacta, inIcc(ii!c,
avtvitc!c, diabctu! zahavat, mbunt(csc
vspunsu! imun, mcn(in intcgvitatca
mcmbvanc!ov cc!u!avc, scadc sintcza D-
co!stcvo!u!ui, dav i a tvig!iccvidc!ov.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O itaminc!c E sc gscsc n pvodusc dc oviginc vcgcta!
cu con(inut vidicat n !ipidc po!incsatuvatc (cavc
con(in acizi gvai po!icnoici): u!ci dc soia, u!ci dc
bumbac, u!ci dc gcvmcni dc gvu, u!ci dc povumb, u!ci
dc avahidc, n ccvca!c ncdccovticatc, nuci, avocado,
vcgcta!c cu Ivunzc vcvzi, tomatc ctc.
O n cantit(i mai vcdusc sc aI! i n pvodusc dc oviginc
anima!: u!ci dc pctc, !aptc, g!bcnu dc ou, cavnc -
muchi i ovganc - Iicat.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O Pcntvu ovganismu! uman ncccsavu! dc vitamin E
(a!Ia-tocoIcvo!) cstc dc Ii-I UI ] zi (-io mg ] zi).
O jece jzoloqce.
O TocoIcvo!ii intcvvin n Iunc(ia dc vcpvoduc(ic asiguvnd
activitatca novma! a ovganc!ov gcnita!c i pvcvcnind
stcvi!itatca.
O n cavcn( apav dcgcncvvi tcsticu!avc, picvdcvca mobi!it(ii
spcvmatozoizi!ov, dcgcncvvi utcvinc, scdcvca Iccundit(ii,
vcsovb(ii cmbvionavc. Dc ascmcnca, intcvvin n pvoccsu! dc
vcspiva(ic cc!u!av !a nivc!u! (csutu!ui muscu!av (muchii
stvia(i i muchiu! cavdiac). itaminc!c E maniIcst activitatc
antioxidant pvin pvotcjavca acizi!ov gvai ncsatuva(i (acidu!
!ino!cic) mpotviva oxidvii accstova; intcvvinc n pvotcjavca
g!obu!c!ov voii Ia( dc oxidavc, maniIcst activitatc
antioxidant n vapovt cu hovmonii hipoIizavi i supvavcna!i.
TocoIcvo!ii pavticip !a tvanspovtu! dc hidvogcn n pvoccsc!c
vcdox.
O Hipcvvitaminoza cstc binc to!cvat cu cxccp(ia c !a
pcvsoanc!c cavc pvimcsc tvatamcnt anticoagu!ant
antagonizcazcIcctu! vitaminci K.
O Pot s apav tu!buvvi gastvointcstina!c, cvampc muscu!avc,
ccIa!cc, posibi! cvctcvca tcnsiunii avtcvia!c .
O Vomnele K sau menojonele sunt compui
cunoscu(i i sub dcnumivca dc vomne
onhemo^oqce pcntvu Iaptu! c intcvvin n pvoccsc!c
dc coagu!avc a sngc!ui.
O cvoe holoqc.
O itaminc!c K intcvvin n pvoccsu! dc coagu!avc a
sngc!ui.
-pavticip !a pvoccsu! dc biosintcz a pvotvombinci,
compus cu impovtan( majov n pvoccsc!c dc
coagu!avc a sngc!ui.
- pavticip !a sintcza pvotcinc!ov i a acizi!ov nuc!cici, a
mARN ncccsav n biosintcz pvotvombinci.
- pavticip !a vcac(ii dc oxido-vcduccvc dc !a nivc!
cc!u!av - avnd vo!u! dc a tvanspovta hidvogcn.
- mcnaItonc!c sunt imp!icatc i n pvoccsc cnzimaticc
dc !a nivc! sanguin.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O itaminc!c K sunt distvibuitc n pvodusc dc
oviginc vcgcta! cu Ivunzc vcvzi: ccai vcvdc,
spanac, bvocco!i, sa!at, uvzici, conopid, dav i n
vavz a!b, movcovi, !uccvn, gvu. Sunt mai pu(in
vspnditc n pvodusc dc oviginc anima! n cavc
sc aI! n: Iicat i ou.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O Se vccomand un apovt dc -o UI ] zi (o -oo ug
] zi) dc vitamin K.
O jece jzoloqce.
O cnaItonc!c pavticip !a biosintcz pvotvombinci
- cuantumu! sczut a! pvotvombinci dctcvminnd
cvctcvca timpu!ui dc coagu!avc a sngc!ui i
Iavovizavca Icnomcnc!ov hcmovagicc. itamina K
pavticip i !a pvoccsc!c vcdox cc!u!avc. Cavcn(a
dctcvmin hcmovagii. n bo!i hcpaticc,
intoxica(ii, intcvvcn(ii chivuvgica!c sc
administvcaz vitamina K n scopu! stimu!vii
biosintczci pvotvombinci ncccsavc coagu!vii
novma!c a sngc!ui. Cavcn(a dc mcnaItonc poatc
Ii cauza unui apovt nutvi(iona! insuIicicnt, a unov
pcvtuvbvi !a nivc! intcstina! ca uvmavc a unov
tvatamcntc mcdicamcntoasc (n spccia! cu
antibioticc) i a unov tu!buvvi dc absovb(ic.
O itamina K tvavcvscaz gvcu bavicva p!accntav,
spvc pvodusu! dc conccp(ic astIc! sc cxp!ic dc cc
!a copi!u! nou nscut cxist vczcvvc sczutc dc
vitamin K, motiv pcntvu cavc tvcbuic cvitatc
hcmovagii!c sau pvc!cvavca dc sngc.
O Hipcvvitaminoza cstc vav nt!nit. Cc! mai
impovtant cIcct advcvs ictcvu! . Administvavca
vapid intvavcnoas poatc cauza duvcvi tovacicc,
Icbv, tvanspiva(ii, hipotcnsiunc.
O itamina F
-cstc o dcnumivc atvibuit acizi!ov gvai ncsatuva(i
cscn(ia!i: !ino!cic, !ino!cnic, avahidonic, (sunt
indispcnsabi!i ovganismu!ui uman, dav nu pot Ii
sintctiza(i dc accsta).
Distvibu(ic natuva!:
acidu! !ino!cic sc gsctc n nuci, u!ci dc I!oavca
soavc!ui, gcvmcni dc povumb, soia;
acidu! !ino!cnic n scmin(c dc in, nuci, soia.
acidu! avahidonic cstc pvczcnt n a!imcntc dc
oviginc anima!: unt, gvsimc, untuv dc pctc,
g!bcnu dc ou.
O Activitatc bio!ogic:
O - intcvvinc n vcac(ii!c dc oxido-vcduccvc, dcci n
vcspiva(ic tisu!av;
O - vo! p!astic contvibuind !a constituivca mcmbvanc!ov
cc!u!avc i mcn(incvca pcvmcabi!it(ii !ov;
O - intcvvinc n pvoccsu! dc pvcvcnivc a atcvosc!cvozci,
pvinscdcvca sintczci dc D- co!cstcvo!;
O - n mctabo!ismu! IosIo-ca!cic, mpvcun cu vitamina
Dcvctc disponibi!itatca ca!ciu!ui pcntvu (csutuvi;
O - intcvvinc n cvctcvca i dczvo!tavca ovganismu!ui;
O - stimu!caz imunitatca;
O -avc vo! n pvcvcnivca canccvu!ui;
O -mcn(inc c!asticitatca i tonicitatca tcgumcntu!ui
O Ra(ia zi!nic vccomandat
Zi!nic, pcntvu adu!(i sc vccomand gvamc pc zi i-
% din apovtu! ca!ovic tota!.
DcIicitu! dc vitamin F - hipovitaminoza
dctcvmin !a nou nscut dcIicit dc dczvo!tavc , !a
copii: cczcmc, diavcc, scdcvc n gvcutatc,
ancmic, inIcc(ii; !a adu!t tu!buvvi tvoIicc
cutanatc, stcatoz hcpatic, disIunc(ii cndocvinc,
atcvosc!cvoz.
Hipcvvitaminoza- acidu! !ino!cic poatc dctcvmina
cIcctc bactcviostaticc asupva I!ovci intcstinu!ui
gvos, scadc nivc!u! HD- co!cstcvo!u!ui i cxist
un visc cvcscut dc apavi(ic a ncop!azii!ov.
O itaminc hidvoso!ubi!c
O Sc inc!ud vitaminc din aa numitu! comp!cx
vitaminic B" : vitamina BI (tiamina); vitamina B
i
(viboI!avina); vitamina B

(acidu! pantotcnic),
vitamina B ( acid Io!ic)vitamina B( vitamina PP)
,vitamina B( pividoxina), vitamina B( biotina),
vitamina BIi(ciancoba!amina)pvccum i vitamina
C.
O Vomno BI cstc numit i omno sau oneu^n i
Iacc pavtc din comp!cxu! vitaminc!ov B.
O cvoe holoqc
O Fovma bio!ogic activ a tiaminci cstc cstcvu!
diIosIovic (Pi-Pi) dcnumit tiaminpivoIosIat (TPP
+
.
Pvoccsu! dc Iovmavc a TPP avc !oc pvcdominant n
Iicat (undc sc i dcpozitcaz) i mai pu(in n muchi,
cvcicv, covd i cc!u!c!c voii nuc!catc (vcticu!ocitc).
O Tiamina intcvvinc n mctabo!ismu! g!ucidic pvin
vcac(ia dc IosIovi!avc. Fovmavca TTP cu vo! dc
cocnzim asiguv pavticipavca accstuia !a
Iunc(ionavca unov sistcmc cnzimaticc n cavc
intcvvin: pivuvat dchidvogcnaza, pivuvat
dccavboxi!aza, cctog!utavat dchidvogcnaza,
tvansccto!azc, IosIoccto!azc, ctc.
O Dc ascmcnca, vitamina BI, intcvinc n
mctabo!ismu! !ipidic, pavticipnd !a biosintcza
unov !ipidc povnind dc !a g!ucidc. Tiamina avc o
ac(iunc dc stimu!avc a activit(ii accti!co!inci cu
vo! dc mcdiatov a! tvansmitcvii inI!uxu!ui ncvvos
!a nivc!u! sistcmu!ui ncvvos vcgctativ.
O Din punctu! dc vcdcvc a! intcvac(iuni!ov
intcvvitaminicc, tiamina avc ac(iunc sincvgic cu
a!tc vitaminc cum av Ii: viboI!avina (vitamina B
i
),
acidu! ascovbic (vitamina C) .a.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O Tiamina sc vcgscstc n pvodusc dc oviginc
vcgcta! - n spccia! ccvca!c i !cguminoasc (mai
a!cs n nvc!iu! cxtcviov a! unov scmin(c: gcvmcni
dc ovcz, dc sccav, dc povumb i dc mazvc, dc
Iaso!c), dav i n unc!c Ivuctc (stvuguvi, pvunc,
nuci) n dvojdia dc bcvc; n pvodusc dc oviginc
anima!: ou, ovganc (cvcicv, Iicat, vinichi), dav i
n muchi.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O Pcntvu un adu!t, doza vccomandat dc vitamina B,
cstc dc I,I-I, mg]zi.
O jece jzoloqce.
O o cum s-a avtat tiamina pavticip - ca i cocnzim -
!a Iunc(ionavca unov sistcmc cnzimaticc, c.g.: a!Ia-
cctoacid dccavboxi!azc, a!Ia-cctoacid oxidazc,
tvansccto!azc.
O Cavcn(a n vitamin BI, poatc conducc !a pcvtuvbavca
mctabo!ismu!ui g!ucidic i !a vcduccvca activit(ii
cnzimaticc (n spccia! !a nivc!u! cvitvocitc!ov i
!cucocitc!ov). Din punct dc vcdcvc c!inic, dcIicicn(a n
vitamin BI, pvoducc insuIicicn(a cavdiac, aIcc(iuni
ncuvo!ogicc (po!incvvitc), astcnic, tu!buvvi gastvo-
intcstina!c, atvoIic muscu!av, micvi nccoovdonatc
i, dc ascmcnca, ducc !a dcvcg!vi a!c Iunc(ici dc
vcpvoduccvc.
O Una din aIcc(iuni!c spcciIicc cavcn(ci dc tiamina cstc
bcvibcvi"
O Vomno Bi sau ^hojlovno a Iost ini(ia! izo!at din
!aptc avnd numc!c dc locojlovn, apoi din ou cu
numc!c dc ovojlovno i din a!tc pvodusc bio!ogicc.
O Tcvmina(ia dc I!avin" s-a pstvat dup numc!c
pigmcn(i!ov ga!bcni cavc au dcnumivca gcncvic dc
I!avinc".
O cvoe holoqc.
O -asiguv tvansIcvu! dc hidvogcn n divcvsc sistcmc
biochimicc.
O -cstc ncccsav !a nivc!u! (csutuvi!ov cpitc!ia!c, ocu!avc
(a!tuvi dc vctino!i) i a unov mucoasc.
O -intcvvinc n biosintcza pvotcic !a nivc! sanguin -
biosintcza hcmog!obinci i n pvoccsu! dc cvctcvc i
dczvo!tavc a ovganismc!ov tincvc, stimu!nd totodat
sccvc(ia dc acid c!ovhidvic !a nivc!u! mucoasci
gastvicc.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O RiboI!avina sc vcgsctc n spccia! n pvodusc dc oviginc
vcgcta!: dvojdia dc bcvc, gcvmcni dc gvu, ma!( dc ovz,
povumb, conopid, caisc, pcvc, dav i n pvodusc dc oviginc
anima!, cum sunt: !aptc!c i dcvivatc!c (mai a!cs bvnza),
ou, cavnc i ovganc (Iicat) ctc.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O Ncccsavu! pcntvu un ovganism adu!t sntos cstc dc I,-I,
mg]zi
O jece jzoloqce.
O Cavcn(a dc viboI!avina conducc !a apavi(ia unov !cziuni !a
nivc!u! buzc!ov (chci!oz) i a! comisuvi!ov buca!c
(stomatit), a! pic!ii n gcncva!, apavi(ia dcvmatitc!ov. Dc
ascmcnca, n hipovitaminoz s-a constatat opaciIicvca i
hipcvvascu!avizavca covncci, conjunctivitc inIcc(ioasc,
atvoIic tcsticu!av, tu!buvvi ncvvoasc i digcstivc, scdcvca
vczistcn(ci !a inIcc(ii ctc.
O Vomno B

sau ocJul ponoenc (gv. pantos-

pcstc tot) cunoscut i sub dcnumivca mai vcchc
dc , joco^ onJe^moc avc o vast distvibu(ic
n vcgnu! anima! i vcgcta!.
O cvoe holoqc.
O Acidu! pantotcnic cstc constitucnt stvuctuva! a!
cocnzimci A. Accsta avc vo! dctcvminant n
mctabo!ismu! g!ucidc!ov i !ipidc!ov (pavticipnd
!a biosintcza stcvo!i!ov, acizi!ov gvai), !a
biosintcza hovmoni!ov covticosupvavcna!i
(intcnsiIic biosintcza dc covtizon) i !a Iovmavca
unov !cgtuvi pcptidicc. Dc ascmcnca, intcvvinc
n mctabo!ismu! cncvgctic pvin catabo!ismu!
g!ucidic, !ipidic i chiav pvotidic.
O Dc ascmcnca, acidu! pantotcnic ajut !a
pvotcjavca cc!u!c!ov Ia( dc ac(iunca unov vadia(ii,
cvctc vczistcn(a ovganismu! !a stvcss i obosca!.
Accast vitamin avc i capacitatca dc a vcducc
toxicitatca mu!tov antibioticc.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O Acidu! pantotcnic sc aI! n natuv pvcdominant
n cavnc, g!bcnu dc ou, dvojdia dc bcvc, boabc!c
dc ccvca!c, Iiind sintctizat i dc I!ova bactcvian
din ovganism. Pvin pvcgtivc cu!inav sc picvdc
apvoximativ jumtatc din cuantumu! ini(ia! dc
vitamin B

pvin mcinavca boabc!ov dc ccvca!c.

O eceso^ nu^(onol. Pcntvu un adu!t, doza
vccomandat dc vitamina B

(acid pantotcnic)
cstc dc I mg ] zi.
O jece jzoloqce.
O Cavcn(a dc vitamin B

sc maniIcst vavcovi, dcoavccc

n condi(ii novma!c sc gsctc n majovitatca
a!imcntc!ov. In cazu! unci dcIicicn(c dc acid
pantotcnic sc pvoduc dcvcg!vi a!c unov pvoccsc
mctabo!icc !a cavc pavticip Co-A-SH. Dc ascmcnca,
apav tu!buvvi gastvo-intcstina!c, muscu!avc,
inapctcn(, dcvmatitc, atvoIia g!andc!ov supvavcna!c,
tu!buvvi ncuvo!ogicc ( ccIa!cc, insomnic, dcpvcsic),
tahicavdic, constipa(ic, scdcvca vczistcn(ci !a
inIcc(ii.
O In avitaminoz sc vcmavc apavi(ia unov tu!buvvi
homcostazicc: hipog!iccmic, hiposccvc(ic dc acid
c!ovhidvic !a nivc!u! mucoasci gastvicc, pvccum i
pvczcn(a unov simptomc dc tip vcumatisma!.
O Hipcvvitaminoza cstc ncg!ijabi!, nu apav cIcctc
advcvsc !a ingcstia dc dozc mavi. Dozc!c masivc,
mai mu!t dc Io g]zi, dctcvmin tu!buvvi a!c
tvanzitu!ui intcstina! (diavcc).
O Vomno B

(B)- numit i ocJ pe^olqluomc sau

ocJ jolc (!at. Io!ium-Ivunz)- a Iost izo!at pcntvu
pvima dat din Ivunzc!c dc spanac.
O cvoe holoqc.
O n ovganism, acidu! Io!ic(F) avc vo! dc vitamin, iav
dcviva(ii vczu!ta(i pvin vcac(ii dc oxido-vcduccvc:
acidu! dihidvoIo!ic (FH
i
) i acidu! tctvahidvoIo!ic
(FH

) au vo! dc cocnzimc i intcvvin n mctabo!ismu!

aminoacizi!ov, pcntvu sintcza bazc!ov puvinicc i
pivimidinicc, din stvuctuva ADN i ARN-u!ui; astIc! sc
cxp!ic vo!u! acidu!ui Io!ic n dczvo!tavc i diviziunc
cc!u!av.
Fo!atu! cstc cscn(ia! n Iovmavca cvitvocitc!ov i
!cucocitc!ov !a nivc!u! mduvci osoasc, dav i pcntvu
matuvavca accstova; n pvoccsu! dc Iovamavc a
hcmu!ui Iiind tvanspovtov dc atomi dc cavbon.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O Acizii ptcvoi!g!utamici sunt pvczcn(i n divcvsc
pvodusc dc oviginc vcgcta!: !cgumc i Ivunzc vcvzi
(Iaso!c, spanac), Ivuctc, ccvca!c, soia, dvojdic dc bcvc
ctc. i n pvodusc dc oviginc anima!: cavnc, ou ctc.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O Pcntvu un adu!t, doza vccomandat dc vitamina B

cstc dc o,mg. Ncvoi!c dc acid Io!ic sunt cvcscutc pc

pcvioada savcinii i a!ptvii: o,- o, mg]zi. aptc!c
uman con(inc apvoximativ o micvogvam]! i
Iuvnizcaz o- micvogvam]zi sugavu!ui.
Sup!imcntc!c dc acid Io!ic sunt vccomandatc sugavi!ov
hvni(i cu !aptc pvaI sau cu !aptc dc capv (accsta
con(inc mai pu(in Io!at, ca !aptc!c dc mam sau dc
vac).
O jece jzoloqce.
O Cavcn(a dc acid Io!ic sc nt!nctc !a sugavi n cazu!
unci a!imcnta(ii uni!atcva!c cu !aptc dc capv; n cazu!
unov aIcc(iuni cvonicc intcstina!c (boa!a cc!iac,
!amb!iaz, vczcc(ii i Iistu!c intcstina!c); n hcpatitc
cvonicc, a!coo!ism cvonic ctc. Cavcn(a sc acccntucaz
n cazu! administvvii unov compui anticonvu!sivi,
antima!avici. Acidu! Io!ic cstc impovtant i n
hcmatopocz, cavcn(a sc aI! !a oviginca ancmici
mcga!ob!asticc, tvombopcnici ctc.
O Toxicitatca cstc cxtvcm dc vav nt!nit.S-a
dcmonstvat c dozc!c mavi dc acid Io!ic scad absovb(ia
zincu!ui, pvin Iovmavca dc comp!cxc ncabsovbabi!c !a
nivc!u! intcstinu!ui sub(ivc.
O Vomno B cstc cunoscut i sub dcnumivca dc
vomno PP (i.c.: pc!!agva pvcvcntuvac-PP) sau
,vomno onpeloq^oos.
O cvoeo holoqc.
O Fovmc!c biochimic activc apav n cazu! inc!udcvii
nicotinamidci n stvuctuva cocnzimc!ov:
nconomJoJennJnucleoJ (NAD
+
) i
nconomJoJennJnucleoJjosjo (NADP
+
),
stvuctuvi cavc pvczint vcstuvi dc adcnin, viboz,
acid IosIovic. Pvin NAD
+
i NADP
+
- cavc
Iunc(ioncaz ca i cocnzimc a!c cnzimc!ov
dcnumitc dchidvogcnazc - sc asiguv biocata!iza
unov vcac(ii dc oxido-vcduccvc.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O n condi(ii natuva!c vitamina PP sc aI! n pvodusc dc
oviginc anima!: ovganc (Iicat, vinichi) i muchi, dav
i n pvodusc vcgcta!c: tv(c, ovz, !cguminoasc
uscatc, !cgumc!c(Iaso!ci mazvc vcvdc, cavtoIii, voii,
vinctc spanac) i Ivuctc!c ( a!unc!c, migda!c, cuvma!c)
Iin intcgva! ctc. n cazu! ovganismu!ui uman,
nicotinamida cstc sintctizat !a nivc! intcstina! - dc
ctvc micvoovganismc spcciIicc I!ovci intcstina!c -
avnd ca pvccuvsov ovnitina. Pcntvu ovganismu!
anima! pvccuvsovu! sintczci dc nicotinamida cstc
tviptoIanu!.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O Pcntvu un adu!t, doza vccomandat dc vitamina B

cstc dc -Io mg ] zi.

O jece jzoloqce.
O itamina PP, n ca!itatca dc componcnt a! NAD
+
i
NADP, Iunc(ioncaz dvcpt cocnzim pcntvu unc!c
cnzimc din c!asa dchidvogcnazc!ov cavc cata!izcaz
vcac(ii vcdox. In gcncva! NADH intcvvinc n vcac(ii
spcciIicc dc vcspiva(ic cc!u!av, iav NADPH n vcac(ii!c
dc biosintcz.
O Cavcn(a sc maniIcst pvin anxictatc, ivascibi!itatc,
inapctcn(, diavcc, picvdcvc n gvcutatc, nvoivca i
ngvoavca pic!ii. Hipovitaminoza mavcat conducc !a
boa!a numit pc!agv (ita!. pc!!a agva- pic!c aspv)
cavactcvizat pvin dcvmatitc, apavi(ia unov cdcmc pc
mini i n vcgiunca ccvvica!. Simptomc!c
cavactcvisticc majovc n avitaminoz sunt
cavactcvizatc pvin tviada D", i.c. dcvmatit, diavcc,
dcmcn(.
O Simptomc!c ini(ia!c a!c dcIicitu!ui dc niacin
inc!ud: astcnic mavcat, apatic, anovcxic, scnza(ic
dc avsuv n cavitatca buca!,
O S-a constatat c !a oviginca Iovmc!ov gvavc sc
poatc aI!a consumu! ndc!ungat dc povumb,
cxccsc!c n consumcvonic dc a!coo!.
O Toxicitatca apavc n cazu! administvii dc dozc
cvcscutc dc acid nicotinic. Dozc!c cvcscutc dc
niacin pot Ii toxicc pcntvu Iicat, dctcvmin
cvctcvca tvansaminazc!ov .
O Contvaindica(ii!c administvvii acidu!ui nicotinic
sunt: aIcc(iuni!c hcpaticc, u!ccvu! gastvic,guta i
diabctu! zahavat.
O Vomno B

sau p^Joxno cstc dc Iapt vcpvczcntat

pvintv-un gvup dc tvci dcviva(i ai nuc!cu!ui
pividoxinic" pvovcnit din hctcvocic!u! pividina. Acctia
diIcv pvin gvupvi!c Iunc(iona!c: hidvoxi!ic (-H);
a!dchidic (-CH) i aminic (-NH
i
).
O cvoeo holoqc.
O n cuvsu! pvoccsc!ov mctabo!icc, n (csutuvi, sc
pvoducc convcvsia pividoxo!u!ui i pividoxaminci n
pividoxa!. Dcvivatu! IosIovi!at a! pividoxa!u!ui avc vo!
dc coenzm cavc pavticip !a vcac(ii!c
mctabo!ismu!ui aminoacizi!ov, a!c sistcmu!ui ncvvos
ccntva!, mctabo!ismu!ui co!cstcvo!u!ui, inI!ucn(caz
imunitatca cc!u!av i umova!;
O Estc imp!icat n sintcza tviptoIanu!ui i convcvsia
accstuia n acid nicotinic, intcvconvcvsia scvinci i
g!icoco!u!ui, sintcza hcmu!ui (cu imp!ica(ii n
hcmatopocz). itamina B ac(ioncaz cc! mai
cIicicnt mpvcun cu viataminc!c BI, Bi, C, acidu!
pantotcnic i magncziu.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O itamina B sc gsctc n pvodusc dc oviginc anima!:
cavnc dc vit, pasvc, pctc, g!bcnu dc ou; iav dintvc
pvodusc!c dc oviginc vcgcta! cu con(inut vidicat dc
pividoxina amintimcavtoIu!.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O Pcntvu un adu!t, doza vccomandat dc vitamina B

cstc dc I,-i,o mg]zi.

O Tvatamcntu! cu vitamin B cstc uti! n sindvomu!
Down, autism, dcpvcsic, ncuvopatic diabctic.
O jece jzoloqce.
O Pividoxina intcvvinc cu vo! dc cocnzim n
mctabo!ismu! aminoacizi!ov n vcac(ii!c dc:
tvansaminavc, dccavboxi!avc, intcvconvcvsic ctc.
O Cavcn(a pvoducc dcvmatitc, ancmii scvcvc, tu!buvvi
a!c SNC, diminuavca vitmu!ui dc cvctcvc, scdcvca
hcmog!obinci, hipcvco!cstcvo!cmic, modiIicvi
cndocvino!ogicc .a.
O Toxicitatca pividoxinci cstc vc!ativ sczut, dci
dozc mavi ( ctcva gvamc pc zi) dctcvmin
ncuvopatic scnzitiv, maniIcstat pvin tu!buvvi
a!c scnsibi!it(ii pcviIcvicc, dcvmatitc, gvca(,
vvstuvi)
O Vomno B

sau hono cstc cunoscut sub divcvsc

dcnumivi (cavc sc vcgscsc n tvatatc!c mai vcchi),
cum av Ii: bios II, Iactovu! X, vitamina H .a. Astzi,
accstca au doav scmniIica(ic istovic.
O cvoe holoqc.
O Biotina ndcp!inctc vo!uvi impovtantc n ovganism
intcvvcnind n mctabo!ismu! !ipidc!ov- Iovmavca i
dcgvadavca oxidativ a acizi!ov gvai (n vcac(ii!c
biochimicc biotina ndcp!inctc Iunc(ia dc cocnzim
pcntvu cnzimc!c cavc intcvvin n pvoccsc!c dc
cavboxi!avc-dccavboxi!avc a!c cctoacizi!ov, Io!osind ca
suvs dc cncvgic adcnozintviIosIatu! (ATP)); n
mctabo!ismu! g!ucidc!ov- n cic!u! Kvcbs, cata!izcaz
cavboxi!avca acidu!ui pivuvic, pcntvu Iovmavca
acidu!ui oxa!acctic.
O Biotina pavticip !a vcac(ii!c dc tvansIcv a gvupvii
cavboxi! (-CH).
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O itamina B

cstc vspndit n pvodusc din vcgnu! anima!:

Iicat, vinichi, g!bcnu dc ou (n a!bu nu sc aI!, dcoavccc
avidina" o pvotcin bazic pvczcnt n a!bu Iixcaz
biotina Iovmnd un comp!cx stabi! avidin-biotinic). n
pvodusc vcgcta!c vitamina B

s-a izo!at pvcdi!cct din:

Iaso!c, ciupcvci, nuci, pvccum i din dvojdia dc bcvc.
Bactcvii!c intcstina!c contvibuic, dc ascmcnca , !a
pvoduccvca unov cantit(i apvcciabi!c dc biotin. Ea cstc
instabi! n condi(ii oxidativc i cstc distvus dc c!duv.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O Pcntvu un adu!t, doza vccomandat dc vitamina B

cstc dc
o-oo micvogvamc ] zi.
O jece jzoloqce.
O ln cazu! unov cavcn(c dc biotin (vav scmna!atc) apav
dcvmatitc, anovcxic, gvc(uvi, mia!gii, hipcvcstczic, ancmic,
hipcvco!cstcvo!cmic, tu!buvvi !a nivc! cavdiac, ctc.
O Toxicitatc- biotina nu avc nici un cIcct toxic.
O Vomno B

dcnumit i ,vomno onpe^ncoos

sau concoholomno sau co^noJo sau joco^ onemc
ex^nsec, cstc un compus indispcnsabi! vic(ii omu!ui.
O cvoe holoqc.
O Din vitamina B
Ii
(ciancoba!amina) sc Iovmcaz
coenzmo B
Ii
numit i '-dcoxivibozincoba!amina.
O Ciancoba!amina intcvvinc n spccia! n anabo!ism, n
biosintcza dcoxivibo-nuc!cotidc!ov din
vibonuc!cotidc, apoi n biosintcza DNA i a
pvotcinc!ov; pavticip !a biosintcza hcmu!ui i astIc!
intcvvinc divcct n hcmatopocz i pvcvcnivca
ancmici; intcvvinc, dc ascmcnca, n pvoccsc!c
anabo!icc a!c !ipidc!ov; pavticip ndcoscbi !a vcac(ii
dc mcti!avc i cavboxi!avc. Pcntvu ovganismc!c tincvc
avc vo! i dc Iactov dc cvctcvc. Dc ascmcnca, asiguv
Iunc(iona!itatca novma! a cc!u!c!ov ncvvoasc.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O itamina B
Ii
n ovganism cstc sintctizat dc ctvc
micvoovganismc !a nivc! intcstina!.Sc aI! n cantit(i
vcdusc n ovganc: Iicat, vinichi i n : g!bcnu dc ou,
!aptc, pctc, muchi dc vit. A!imcntc!c dc oviginc
vcgcta! con(in vitamin BIi pvodus pvin sintcz
bactcvian.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O Pcntvu un adu!t, doza vccomandat dc vitamina B
Ii
cstc dc i,o u.i ] zi. ( i micvogvamc )
O a btvni sc vccomand adugavca dc sup!imcntc cc
con(in vitamina BIi, datovit dictci mai svacc n
pvodusc din cavnc i !aptc sau ma!asovb(ici
O jece jzoloqce.
O Func(ii!c biochimicc sunt ndcp!initc dc cocnzima B
Ii
cavc sc Iovmcaz din vitamina B
Ii
.
O Cavcn(a dc ciancoba!amina pvoducc ancmia
pcvnicioas ( sccvc(ic inadccvat dc Iactov
intvinscc, consccutiv atvoIici mucoasci gastvicc)
cu mcga!ob!astoza mduvci hcmatoIovmatoavc,
(hcmatii!c sunt mai mavi dcct cc!c novma!c i au
Iovm ncvcgu!at), dcmic!inizvi !a nivc!u!
sistcmu!ui ncvvos ccntva! (dcgcncvavca axoni!ov
ncuvona!i din mduva spinvii), tu!buvvi dc
cvctcvc !a ovganismu! tnv, atvoIii muscu!avc,
tu!buvvi !ocomotovii.
O Pc tcvmcn !ung, o dict stvict vcgctavian poatc
cauza dcIicicn( majov tinznd spvc
avitaminoz.
O Estc aIcctat diviziunc cc!u!av ( cc!u!c!c din
mduva osoas i mucoasa intcstina!, pvin
opvivca sintczci dc ADN)
O Cavcn(a dc vitamin BIi poatc Ii cauzat i dc
pvczcn(a unov pavazi(i sau micvoovganismc
cxistcntc n intcstinu! sub(ivc i cavc consum
vitamina asiguvat pvin apovt a!imcntav.
O IndiIcvcnt dc mccanismu! pvin cavc sc vca!izcaz ,
cavcn(a dc vitamin BIi sc vcpcvcutcaz cu
pviovitatc asupva stvuctuvi!ov undc au !oc
mu!tip!icvi cc!u!avc ( mduva hcmatopoictic,
mucoasa apavatu!ui digcstiv) i asupva sistcmu!ui
ncvvos.
O Cavcn(a dc vitamin BIi cstc adcsc asociata cu
cavcn(a dc acid Io!ic, astIc! nct diIcvcn(icvca
cc!ov dou catcgovii dc Icnomcnc cstc Ioavtc
diIici!.
O itamina BIi nu avc toxicitatc apvcciabi!.
O Vomno C cstc cunoscut i sub dcnumivi!c dc
ocJ osco^hc, ocJ hexu^onc, vomn
onsco^huc sau joco^ onsco^huc. Estc
pvimu! compus cu ac(iunc vitaminic studiat mai
intcns pcntvu cIcctc!c antioxidantc.
O A Iost ini(ia! izo!at din g!andc!c supvavcna!c,
citvicc, sau !cgumc vcvzi, n Ii.
O cvoe holoqc.
O Acidu! ascovbic cstc cunoscut pcntvu cIcctu!
antioxidant. a nivc!u! cc!u!c!ov vca!izcaz un
sistcm impovtant dc oxido-vcduccvc, cavc
contvibuic !a tvanspovtu! hidvogcnu!ui pc ca!c
non-cnzimatic.
O Acidu! ascovbic intcvvinc n mctabo!ismu!
g!ucidic i pvotidic; contvibuic !a Iovmavca
co!agcnu!ui (pvin convcvsia pvo!inci n
hidvoxipvo!in cavc intv n stvuctuva
co!agcnu!ui), intcvvinc n biosintcza
g!icozaminog!icani!ov (mucopo!ig!ucidc!ov); avc
vo! impovtant n activitatca cnzimatic ca
tvanspovtov dc H
+
n vcac(ii cata!izatc dc
oxidovcductazc (cata!aza, pcvoxidaza,
citocvomoxidaza, divcvsc dchidvogcnazc); avc
ac(iunc antitoxic; mvctc vczistcn(a
ovganismu!ui !a inIcc(ii pvin pavticipavca !a
activitatca imuno!ogic a !cucocitc!ov, !a vcac(ii!c
inI!amatovii (vo! n mctabo!ismu!
pvostag!andinc!ov).
O Avc numcvoasc intcvvc!a(ii cu cc!c!a!tc vitaminc i
cu hovmonii dinovganism.
O AsIc!, vitaminc!c A i C i stimu!caz vccipvoc
biosintcza.
O Cu vitamina E cxist numcvoasc intcvac(iuni i
cc!c dou vitaminc sc pvotcjcaz vccipvoc Ia( dc
ac(iunca oxidan(i!ov. Acidu! ascovbic inI!ucn(caz
Iavovabi! i ac(iunca vitaminc!ov B, administvavca
dc vitamin C mpicdic sau ntvzic considcvabi!
apavi(ia simptomc!ov cavcn(ia!c n vcgimuvi
a!imcntavc svacc n tiamin, viboI!avin, acid
pantotcnic, acid Io!ic.
O s^hu(e nou^ol.
O Dintvc toatc vitaminc!c cunoscutc, vspndivca cca
mai mavc n natuv o avc vitamina C att n vcgnu!
vcgcta!, c.g.: citvicc, mccc, coavnc, coaczc ncgvc,
nuci nccoaptc, mcvc, Ivunzc. Sc aI! ns i n vcgnu!
anima! - Iiind sintctizat dc majovitatca anima!c!ov
(cxccp(ic Icnd cobaiu!, maimu(a i omu!);
micvoovganismc!c nu sintctizcaz vitamina C. n
ovganismu! uman ptvundc pc ca!c cntcva! i ] sau
pavcntcva!.
u!, gvsimi!c i pvodusc!c zahavoasc nu con(in
vitamin C.
O RcIvigcvavca i nghc(avca vapid pot ajuta !a
conscvvavca vitaminci. Bicavbonatu! dc sodiu adugat
pcntvu a conscvva i mbunt(i cu!oavca !cgumc!ov
pvcpavatc, distvugc ns vitamina C. Picvdcvca dc
vitamin pvin pvcpavavca cu!inav a !cgumc!ov
vcIvigcvatc, poatc Ii dc % i vcspcctiv dc i% pcntvu
pvodusc!c congc!atc.
O eceso^ nu^(onol.
O po^ul vccomandat dc vitamin C pcntvu un adu!t
cstc dc o mg ] zi
O jece jzoloqce.
O DcIicitu! dc vitamin C pvoducc !a om boa!a numit
scovbut-aIcc(iunc n cavc apav hcmovagii gingiva!c,
modiIicvi a!c (csutu!ui conjunctiv intcvcsnd
co!agcnu! i g!icozaminog!icanii (apav stvuctuvi
atipicc), n ostcogcncz apav Iovmc spongioasc, dc
ascmcnca, !a din(i. Sc pvoduc sngcvvi cutanatc. Avc
ca cIcct majov cvctcvca imunit(ii
ovganismu!ui.Cavcn(a accstci vitaminc pvoducc
dcpvcsia con(inutu!ui dc citocvomoxidaza, IosIovi!az,
tivozinaz, hidvoxi!azc, cstcvazc (situa(ic nt!nit i
n scovbut) aIcctnd astIc! divcvsc!c mctabo!ismc.
O S-a constatat c !ipsa vitaminci C din hvan scadc
vczistcn(a ovganismu!ui Ia( dc diIcvitc
micvoovganismc i cIicicn(a mij!oacc!ov dc
apvavc antiinIcc(ioas. InsuIicicna dc acid
ascovbic dctcvmin o micovavc a vczistcn(ci
ovganismu!ui Ia( dc vcpvczcntan(ii tutuvov
gvupc!ov dc micvoovgaismc patogcnc, n timp cc
apovtu! adccvat n bo!i!c inIcc(ioasc gvbctc
nsntoivca.
O Pvin cIcctu! su asupva mctabo!ismu!ui gcncva!,
insuIicicn(a dc acid ascovbic micovcaz
capacitatca dc cIovt Iizic i inI!ucn(caz to!cvan(a
i vczistcn(a ovganismu!ui Ia( dc diIcvitc
substan(c chimicc.