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MEI Mechanics 1

MEI, 01/06/09 1/2


Vectors

Section 1: Introduction
Study plan

Background
Many measurements in mechanics are defined by both size and direction a
velocity of 20 ms
-1
to the East is not the same as a velocity of 20 ms
-1
to the
North, for example. Such measurements are called vector quantities.
Vector quantities have both size and direction. A line drawn in a particular
direction and of a set length is called a vector and can represent a vector
quantity. Vectors are widely used in Mechanics 1 to represent forces,
velocities, displacements and accelerations. There are a number of ways of
writing down a vector quantity; most of the common formats are given on
pages 79 to 81.


Detailed work plan

1. From page 79, read carefully the method used to combine the vectors
to get a single vector, or in effect, one vector which has the same effect
as the other two.
Page 80 mentions free vectors. A free vector is vector that has a
magnitude and a direction but NO fixed starting point.
The negative of a vector is a vector that is in the opposite direction to
the original vector, but has the same magnitude. Examples can be
seen on page 81.

2. Exercise 5A
Attempt questions 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 11.

3. Read pages 84 87. It is important that you understand these
concepts as they are used throughout the remainder of the mechanics
course. Sometimes it is convenient to spit a vector into two parts,
rather than just using a single vector (the opposite to adding a vector!).
It is common to split a vector into its horizontal and vertical
components. The letters i and j are used to represent the traditional x
and y coordinate directions. i is a unit vector (a vector of magnitude 1
unit) in the x direction. j is a unit vector (a vector of length 1 unit) in the
y direction.
Adding vectors in this format is very easy. See the examples on page
87. Make sure you are happy with both ways of writing vectors in
component form; e.g.
4
4 3
3



i j
4. Exercise 5B
Attempt questions 2, 4, 6, 8 and 11.

MEI M1 Vectors Section 1 Study plan
MEI, 01/06/09 2/2
5. Read pages 89 to 92. The work on page 89 and 90 involves finding the
magnitude and direction of a vector given in component form. The
magnitude is found using Pythagoras Theorem, and the direction by
simple trigonometry. It is always best to draw a diagram so that you
can check that you have the correct direction.
A unit vector (on page 90) is one that has a length of one unit in the
direction specified by its components. Look carefully at the example on
pages 90 and 91.
The extension to three dimensions follows the same rules as two
dimensions.

6. Exercise 5C
Attempt questions 1, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9.



MEI Mechanics 1

MEI, 01/06/09 1/3
Vectors

Section 1: Introduction

Notes and Examples

These notes contain subsections on
- Adding vectors
- The components of a vector
- The magnitude and direction of a vector
- Unit vectors


Adding vectors

Whenever you are doing work with vectors, draw a diagram. Sometimes it can
be useful to use square paper. Although scale drawings are not acceptable for
this level of work, an accurate diagram can help you check your answer.

As is so often the case in mathematics, clear notation is vital in vector work.
Make sure you use the notations specified on page 79.

One way of adding vectors is to draw them nose to tail, i.e. where one
finishes, the next one starts.





When you add vectors, you are finding a single vector that can replace two or
more vectors.


The components of a vector

Finding the components of a vector is the reverse process of combining two
vectors. It is often more convenient to split a vector into two perpendicular
components, than to use the original vector itself; e.g. the weight of a block
standing on an inclined (sloping) plane (surface) acts vertically down, but it is
more useful to think of part of its weight acting down the slope, and another
part acting perpendicular to the slope. You will use this idea extensively in
chapter 7.

Sometimes you are given the components of a vector, either using the i, j
notation, e.g. 4 + i j, or in column vector form, e.g.
4
1
| |
|
\ .


This is studied in more depth in the next unit and in chapter 7.
a
b
a + b
MEI M1 Vectors Section 1 Notes and Examples
MEI, 01/06/09 2/3
Discussion point, page 87

This is an important result. The diagram below should help to illustrate it:









The magnitude and direction of a vector

The magnitude of a vector is just its length and can be found using
Pythagoras Theorem. The direction of a vector needs more care and a
diagram will always help. The angle is usually measured anticlockwise from
the x axis (the i direction).

Make sure that you read Example 5.5 carefully.


Unit vectors

If you wanted to find a vector of magnitude 40, parallel to the vector
4
1
| |
|
\ .
, the
easiest way to do this is to find a unit vector parallel to
4
1
| |
|
\ .
, and then multiply
that vector by 40 to get the vector you require.

2 2
4
4 1 17
1
| |
= + =
|
\ .
, so a unit vector parallel to
4
1
| |
|
\ .
is
4
1
1
17
| |
|
\ .
, so a vector
of magnitude 40, parallel to
4
1
| |
|
\ .
is
4
40
1
17
| |
|
\ .
. Note that it is best to leave the
square root in your answer unless you are required to give your answer to a
specified degree of accuracy because if you use your calculator to work out
the components of the vector as a decimal, you will have to round your
answer. With the square root sign left in, it is perfectly accurate.

Note
4
40 160 40
1
17 17 17
| |
= +
|
\ .
i j .
a
b
b
-a
A
B
AB= b a
O
MEI M1 Vectors Section 1 Notes and Examples
MEI, 01/06/09 3/3
Vectors in three dimensions (page 91)

As a challenge (not too difficult!), prove that the magnitude of a general three
dimensional vector,
a
b
c
| |
|
|
|
\ .
, is
2 2 2
a b c + +
Mechanics 1
Vectors

Section 1: Introduction

Crucial points

This section of work should not prove too difficult, provided you take the time
to work through it. This work is very important throughout Mechanics and the
worst mistake you could make would be to underestimate its importance and
not work through it carefully.
MEI, 16/11/05 1/1
MEI Mechanics 1
Vectors

Section 1: Introduction

Exercise

1. Write as a single vector
(i) (ii) PQ AB BC +
JJJG JJJG
RQ
JJJG JJJG
(iii) AB BC CD + +
JJJG JJJG JJJG

(iv) (v) P AC BC BD +
JJJG JJJG JJJG
Q SR RQ
JJJG JJJG JJJG


2. ABCD is a rectangle. Decide w the he low g statements are true or false.
(i) (ii) AB
he r t fol in
AB CD =
JJJG JJJG
BC AD DC + = +
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG


3. Given that PQRSTU is a regular hexagon, decide whether the following
statements are true or false.
(i) (ii) PQ PQ TS =
JJJG JJG
PU =
JJJG JJJG
(iii) QR
JJJG
is parallel to

PS
JJG
4. The diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD intersect at M. If AB = p
JJJG
and ,
express in terms of p and q the vectors
(i) (ii) AM
JJJ
(iii) AC
AD = q
JJJG
BD
JJJG JG JJJG
(iv) MD

JJJJG
5. a, b and c are vectors representing displacements such that a represents 2 km due
north, b represents 1 km north west and c represents 2 km due west. Find the
magnitudes and directions of
(i) 2a (ii) 4b (iii) -a (iv) a + b (v) b c

6. Find the magnitude and direction of the following
(i) 5i + 12j (ii) 3i 4j

7. Find the magnitude of the following
(i) 2i j + k (ii) -i + 7j 5k (iii) 2i 3j + 4k

8. If = 2i j, = 3i + 4j and AB
JJJG
BC
JJJG
AD
JJJG
= i + 5j, ABCD is a quadrilateral and M is
the mid point of CD, express in terms of i and j the vectors
(i) (ii) CD
JJJ
(iii) DB AC
JJJG G JJJG
(iv) AM
JJJJG
(v) DM

JJJJG
9. The position vectors of A and B are a and b respectively. In each of the following
find the distance AB and the position vector of the mid point of AB.
(i) a = 3i 5j k , b = i j + 3k
(ii) a = -7i + 13j, b = 2i j + k

10. Find unit vectors in the direction of
(i) 3i 2j + 4k (ii) 2i j + 5k
MEI, 11/09/08 1/1
MEI Mechanics 1

Vectors

Section 1: Introduction to vectors

Solutions to Exercise

1. (i) AB BC AC + =
JJJG JJJG JJJG

(ii)
(iii)
PQ RQ PQ QR PR = + =
JJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG

AB BC CD AC CD AD + + = + =
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG

(iv) AC BC BD AC CB BD AB BD AD + = + + = + =
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG

(v) PQ SR RQ PQ RS QR PQ QR RS PR RS PS = + + = + + = + =
JJJG JJJJG JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG



2.





(i) AB
JJJG
and CD
JJJG
have equal magnitude but go in opposite directions, so this
statement is false.

(ii) AB BC AC
AD DC AC
+ =
+ =
JJJG JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG JJJG

so this statement is true.


A
B
D
C
3.







(i) and PQ
JJJG
TS
JJJG
have the same magnitude and direction, so this statement is
true.

(ii) and PQ
JJJG
PU
JJJG
have the same magnitude but not the same direction, so this
statement is false.

(iii) From the diagram, this is true.

P Q
R
S
T
U

MEI, 11/09/08 1/4
MEI M1 Vectors Section 1 Exercise solutions
4.






(i)
(ii)
BD BA AD p q = + = +
JJJG JJJG JJJG

1 1 1
2 2 2
AM AB BD p ( p q) p q = + = + + = +
JJJJG JJJG JJJG

A
B
C
D
M p


1
2

(iii) AC
(iv)
AB BC p q = + = +
JJJG JJJG JJJG

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
MD BD ( p q) p q = = + = +
JJJG JJJG




5. (i)

has magnitude 2 km, so

has magnitude 4 km.


The direction of 2a is due north.

(ii)

has magnitude 1 km, so

has magnitude 4 km.


The direction of 4b is northwest.

(iii)

a has magnitude 2 km, so


a 2a

b 4b

has magnitude 2 km.


The direction of is due south.

(iv)








Using cosine rule:
Using sine rule:
a

a
= +
=
2 2 2
2 1 2 2 1cos 135
2.80 (3 s.f.)
d
d

=
=
sin sin 135
1
14.6 (3 s.f.)
d

has magnitude 2.80 km, and bearing 360 14.6 = 345.4

(v)





+

a

a
2

b
1
+

a b
d

135
b


b c
1
2


d
45
MEI, 11/09/08 2/4
MEI M1 Vectors Section 1 Exercise solutions
Using cosine rule:
Using sine rule:
= +
=
2 2 2
2 1 2 2 1cos 45
1.47 (3 s.f.)
d
d

=
=
sin sin 45
1
28.7 (3 s.f.)
d

has magnitude 1.47 km, and bearing 90 28.7 = 61.3


b c
6. (i)







d
+

5i 12 j
= + =
2 2 2
5 12 13 d d
= =
12
tan 67.4
5

The vector

5i 12 j has magnitude 13 and direction 67.4 above the


positive direction.

(ii)






i
= + =
2 2 2
3 4 5 d d
= =
4
tan 53.1
3

4 j

The vector

3i has magnitude 5 and direction 53.1 below the


positive direction.

i
7. (i) Magnitude of 2i j k +

2 2 2
2 ( 1) 1 6 = + + =
(ii) Magnitude of + i 7 j 5k

2 2 2
( 1) 7 ( 5) 75 5 3 = + + = =
(iii) Magnitude of 2i 3 j 4k +

2 2 2
2 ( 3) 4 29 = + + =


8. (i)
(ii)
(iii) DB
= + = + + = +
JJJG JJJG JJJG


AC AB BC 2i j 3i 4 j 5i 3 j
= + = + = + + + = +
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG

CD CA AD AC AD (5i 3 j) i 5 j 4i 2 j
= + = + = + + =
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG


DA AB AD AB (i 5 j) 2i j i 6 j


5
12

3
4
d

3i 4 j

MEI, 11/09/08 3/4
MEI M1 Vectors Section 1 Exercise solutions
(iv) = + = + + + = + + = +
JJJJG JJJG JJJG


1 1
2 2
AM AC CD 5i 3 j ( 4i 2 j) 5i 3 j 2i j 3i 4 j


(v) = = = + =
JJJG JJJG JJJG


1 1 1
2 2 2
DM DC CD ( 4i 2 j) 2i j


9. (i) AB
2 2 2
b a
(i j 3k) (3i 5 j k)
2i 4 j 4k
( 2) 4 4
36
6
=
= +
= + +
= + +
=
=





Midpoint of AB ( )
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
1
2
a b
(3i 5 j k) (i j 3k)
4i 6 j 2k
2i 3 j k
= +
= + +
= +
= +





(ii) AB
2 2 2
b a
(2i j k) ( 7i 13 j)
9i 14 j k
9 ( 14) 1
278
=
= + +
= +
= + +
=





Midpoint of AB ( )
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
1
2
5 1
2 2
a b
( 7i 13 j) (2i j k)
5i 12 j k
i 6 j k
= +
= + + +
= + +
= + +





10. (i)
2 2 2
3i 2 j 4k 3 ( 2) 4 29 + = + + =


Unit vector
( )
1
29
3i 2 j 4k = +



(ii)
2 2 2
2i j 5k 2 ( 1) 5 30 + = + + =


Unit vector
( )
1
30
2i j 5k = +


MEI, 11/09/08 4/4
MEI Mechanics 1

Vectors

Section 1: Introduction

Multiple Choice test

1) A child runs up and down inside a train at 5 ms
-1
. The train is moving at 100 ms
-1
.
The fastest possible speed of the child relative to the ground is

(a) 105 ms
-1
(b) 95 ms
-1
(c) 500 ms
-1
(d) 100.1 ms
-1
(1 d.p.)
(e) I dont know


2) The single vector which is the resultant of moving 5 m east and 12 m

north is

(a) 60 m on a bearing of 67.4 (b) 10.9 m on a bearing of 22.6
(c) 17 m on a bearing of 67.4 (d) 13 m on a bearing of 22.6
(e) I dont know


3) A girl rows at 3 ms
-1
across a river with parallel banks, which is flowing at
4 ms
-1
. Her resultant velocity is

(a) 5 ms
-1
at 53.1 to the opposite bank (b) 7 ms
-1
at 36.9 to the opposite bank
(c) 2.64 ms
-1
at 53.1 to the opposite bank (d) 12 ms
-1
at 48.6 to the opposite bank
(e) I dont know


In questions 4 and 5, use the information given below:
OABC is a parallelogram with = a and OA
JJJG
OC
JJJG
= b. Find in terms of a and b


4) In terms of a and b, vector is AC
JJJG

(a) a b (b) a b
(c) a + b (d) a + b
(e) I dont know


5) In terms of a and b, vector is OB
JJJG

(a) a b (b) a + b
(c) a + b (d) a b
(e) I dont know



MEI, 11/09/08 1/2
MEI M1 Vectors Section 1 MC test
6) Using the diagram below, , in terms of a and b, is







CB
JJJG

(a) 3a + b (b) a b
(c) 3a b (d) b a
(e) I dont know
B
A
C D
2a
b
a


7) If x = 3i + 2j and y = 4i 3j, the vector 2x y is

(a) 5i j (b) 10i + j
(c) 12i + 6j (d) 2i + 7j
(e) I dont know


8) If
1
a
(15i + 36j) is a unit vector, the value of a is

(a) 39 (b) 32.7
(c) 51 (d) 6
(e) I dont know


9) A force F acts in the direction of -6i 8j and has a magnitude of 20 N.
Force F is

(a) (12i 16j) N (b) (12i + 16j) N
(c) (16i 12j) N (d) (14i 2j) N
(e) I dont know


10) A force of (3i + 5j) N and another of (-6i j)N act on a particle. What additional
force must be applied if the particle is to remain in equilibrium?

(a) (3i + 4j) N (b) (3i 4j) N
(c) (9i + 4j) N (d) (2i 5j) N
(e) I dont know

MEI, 11/09/08 2/2
Mechanics 1
Vectors

Section 2: Resolving vectors

Study plan

Background
It is important that you can resolve vectors into two perpendicular components
correctly and confidently. This technique is used extensively throughout the
remainder of the course. Usually you resolve in the direction of motion and
perpendicular (at right-angles to) the direction of motion. Resolving usually
involves using sine and cosine in right-angled triangles.

Detailed work plan
1. The Resolving vectors section, on page 93, has a few simple
examples of resolving a single vector before doing an example of
combining two vectors, on page 94. The Notes and Examples have
more examples.

2. Exercise 5D
Attempt questions 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10 and 11.

3. The next section on velocity triangles (page 97) is an application of the
same techniques used in exercise 5D, but there are times, when you
are combining two vectors, that it is easier to use the Sine Rule. See
the example on page 98, and Example 2 in the Notes and Examples,
which also has a PowerPoint version.

4. Exercise 5E
Attempt questions 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8.
Remember that a good diagram is essential for these questions.


MEI, 17/11/05 1/1
MEI Mechanics 1

MEI, 01/06/09 1/4
Vectors

Section 2: Resolving vectors

Notes and Examples

These notes contain subsections on
- Resolving vectors
- Velocity triangles


Resolving vectors

Resolving vectors is absolutely fundamental to mechanics. To start with you
may find it useful to follow the method below. Once you become fluent (and
you need to keep practising until you feel fluent), you will probably be able to
resolve vectors without really thinking about it.

Draw the vector, magnitude F
Mark on your x and y axes
Mark on one angle, which you know
Make your vector into a rightangled triangle.
Imagine swinging the vector through the angle until it lies on one of the
other sides of the triangle
This component is Fcosu
The other component is Fsinu













So in component form,
Fcos
Fcos Fsin or
Fsin
u
u u
u
| |
= +
|
\ .
F i j .

Sometimes vectors are resolved parallel and perpendicular to a slope along
which a particle is moving. The same principles apply; the x axis would be
drawn parallel to the slope and the y axis perpendicular to the slope.
u
x
y
Fcosu
Fsinu
F
MEI M1 Vectors Section 2 Notes and Examples
MEI, 01/06/09 2/4
If you must resolve a number of vectors and find their resultant, it is best if you
draw up a table.


Example 1
What single force can replace the following system of forces?


6N
x
y
10N
8N
40
35
75


Solution















The single force that can replace the system has magnitude:

2 2
11.95 9.272 15.1 = + = R

N (3s.f.)
and direction:

1
9.272
tan 37.8
11.95

| |
=
|
\ .
(3 s.f.) anticlockwise from the positive x direction.


Vector triangles

The work on relative velocity and vector triangles is just an application of the
work above. In these problems, remember that the path between the two
Force x direction y direction
10 N 10cos 40 = 7.660 10 sin 40 = 6.428
8 N 8sin 75 = 7.727 -8cos 75 = -2.071
6 N -6sin 35 = -3.441 6cos 35 = 4.915
Resultant force, R 11.95 9.272

R
9.272 N
11.95 N
Notice workings are
kept to 4 s.f. to give a
final answer accurate to
3 s.f. - this avoids
rounding errors
MEI M1 Vectors Section 2 Notes and Examples
MEI, 01/06/09 3/4
places is the resultant path and it is usually made up of two parts. The sine
and cosine rule are often useful in this work.
Here is a further example:


Example 2
A helicopter can fly at 200 kmh
1
in still air. It has to travel from an airport to a
hospital. The hospital is 600 km from the airport on a bearing of 250. The wind
speed is 80 kmh
1
and it is blowing from the south west. Work out the course that the
helicopter must fly on and the time that it takes to get to the hospital.

Solution


























Using the sine rule:
sin sin155
80 200
80sin155
sin
200
9.7 (1 d.p.)
o
o
o
=
=
=

The bearing on which the helicopter must fly is 360 110 240 o = (to nearest
degree).

180 155 15.3 | o = =
110
70
45
135
155
200
80
o
|
Draw a simplified
diagram with all the
angles marked on
v
80
Airport
North
Hospital
This is the
resultant velocity
250
North
45
Wind blowing FROM
south west

200
Helicopters speed in still
air, in the direction of the
course it must fly on.
MEI M1 Vectors Section 2 Notes and Examples
MEI, 01/06/09 4/4
Using the sine rule again:
200
sin sin155
200sin15.3
124.9
sin155
v
v
|
=
= =

The time taken
600
4.8
124.9
= =
The time taken is 4 hours 48 minutes (to nearest minute)



You may also like to look at this animated PowerPoint presentation showing
the example above.
Alternatively you could
use the cosine rule
Mechanics 1
Vectors

Section 2: Resolving vectors

Crucial points

1. Make sure that you are confident in GCSE trigonometry
If you are not confident with using sine and cosine to find the i and j
components of a vector, you must practice until you are. You also need to
be able to use tangent to find the direction of a vector. Mastering these
skills is also necessary for your Pure mathematics.

2. Remember to state what the direction of a vector is relative to
Saying that a vector has a direction of, say, does not tell you anything
about its direction unless you also say what the is relative to. Usually
directions are given relative to the positive i direction. In certain
circumstances directions may be given as bearings, which are always
measured clockwise from North. Make sure you state clearly what the
direction of a vector is relative to.

67
D
67
D
3. Make sure that you are fluent with using the sine and cosine rules
If you are not confident with this, you must practice. Mastering these rules
is also necessary for your Pure mathematics.

4. Always draw clear diagrams to help clarify problems this is
especially true of velocity triangle questions
Drawing such diagrams really helps to solve many vector problems.
Examples 5.8 and 5.9 on pages 97/98 will help.
MEI, 17/11/05 1/1
MEI Mechanics 1
Vectors

Section 2: Resolving vectors

Exercise

1. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the sum of the three forces
represented by 2i 5j, 3j, and i + 2j.

2. Find the magnitude of the resultant of forces represented by 3i 2j + 3k, i 3j
and 2i + 4k .

3. Find, in the form , the resultant of three horizontal forces with magnitudes
and directions of 16 N in the direction N60W, 8 N in direction N30E and 11 N
in the direction SE.
+ a b i j

4. Find the magnitude of the resultant of two forces of magnitude 15 N and 4 2 N
acting in the directions 3i 4j and i + j respectively.

5. Two forces of magnitudes 7 N and 9 N act at an angle such that sin = 0.4.
Find the magnitudes of two possible resultants.

6. Four forces of magnitudes 12 N, 15 N, 16 N and 8 N all act in the same plane on a
particle in directions SW, N, NW and due E respectively. Find the magnitude and
direction of their resultant.

7. An aeroplane heads due south with a velocity of 300 kmh
-1
. It is being blown by a
wind with velocity 45 kmh
-1
from a bearing of 250. Find the velocity of the
aeroplane relative to the ground.

8. A canal has straight parallel banks 100 m apart. A man rows a boat at 4 ms
-1
in a
direction perpendicular to the banks. If the canal flows at 1.2 ms
-1
, find the
magnitude of the resultant velocity of the boat and the distance downstream that
the boat is carried as it crosses from one side to the other.


MEI, 11/09/08 1/1
Mechanics 1
Vectors

Chapter assessment

1. Ann and Beryl are both pushing a piano. Ann pushes in the direction 4i + 3j and
Beryl in the direction 12i + 5j, where i and j are the standard unit vectors.
Together they produce a force of (68i + 33j) N so that

p(4i + 3j) + q(12i + 5j) = 68i + 33j, where p and q are constants.

Calculate the force with which Beryl pushes. [4]


2. The unit vectors i and j are in the directions east and north in a horizontal plane, as
shown in the diagram below.







east
north
i
j
(i) Show that ki + kj, where k is a positive constant, is a vector of magnitude 2 k
in the direction north-east. [2]

The vector V = (5i j) + q(i + 4j) is in the direction north-east.

(ii) Find the constant q and also the magnitude of V. [6]


3. The position of a boat is given in terms of its bearing and its distance from an
origin O. Unit vectors i and j are east and north respectively.
Initially, the boat is at A which is 2000 m from O on a bearing of 090. After 500
seconds, the boat is at B which is 3000 m from O on a bearing of 150 (see
diagram below).












(i) Show that AB
JJJG
= -500i 2598j, correct to four significant figures. [3]

O
A
B
east
north
150
i
j
MEI, 17/11/05 1/2
Mechanics 1
(ii) Hence calculate the distance AB and the bearing of B from A. [5]

The velocity of the boat is -5i 12j ms
-1
.

(iii)How can you tell that the boat does not travel from A to B in a straight line?
[1]

4. A force of (20i 15j) N acts on a particle at O. The vectors i and j are the
standard unit vectors.

(i) Calculate the magnitude of this force and the angle it makes with the i
direction. [3]

A second force (5i 40j) N also acts on the particle at O.

(ii) What third force is required if the particle at O is in equilibrium with all three
forces acting on it? [2]


5. A heavy packing case is on a rough, uniform and horizontal floor. Alf tries to
move it by pulling with a force of 600 N in the i direction, as shown in the
diagram. The packing case does not move.




i
j
Packing
case
Alf
600 N
(i) Write down the magnitude and direction of the frictional force opposing Alfs
pull. [1]

Alf is now joined by Bert and Chas who pull with the forces shown in the diagram
below. The packing case still does not move.









Calculate the components of the combined pulling force on the packing case in
(A) the i direction,
(B) the j direction. [5]

Packing
case
Alf
600 N
Bert
400 N
Chas
500 N
60
30
i
j
(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the combined pulling force on the packing case.
Calculate also the angle between the direction of this force and the i direction.
[4]
Dave joins the other three and pulls with a force of (100i + pj) N. With all four
pulling, the box moves at a steady speed in the direction of the vector (12i + j).

(iii)Calculate the value of p. [4]

Total 40
MEI, 17/11/05 2/2

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