Large intestine From ileo-caecal junction to anus 1.

s 1.5m in length Positioned in abdominal & pelvic cavity surrounding coils of small intestines Intraperitoneal parts (have mesentry) Caecum Appendix Sigmoid colon Transverse colon Retroperitoneal parts (no mesentry) Ascending colon Descending colon Rectum

Cardinal features Teniae coli thickening of longitudinal muscularis Haustration puckering created by teniae coli Epiploic appendages fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

Caecum Beginning of large intestines (L- 6cm, W7.5cm) Blind sac In iliac fosa Covered by peritoneum in all sides Opening of ileum on medial sides Appendix attaches to postero-medial aspects Interior ileocaeco orifice with ileocaecal valves (prevent back flow from caecum to small intestines Appendicular orifices

Parts of large intestines Colon Rectum L-12cm, W-4cm Ascending colon L-15cm, W- 5cm Recto-sigmoid junction Continuation of caecum to ano-rectal junction up to right colic flexture No cardinal features retroperitoneal Ampulla dilated lower Transverse colon part, storage of faeces 50cm long Lateral rectal valves- 2 From right colic flexture on the right, 1 on the left to left colic flexture Suspended from posterior abdominal wall by transverse mesocolon Descending colon L-25cm, W- 3.5 cm From left colic flexture to pelvic brim Retroperitoneal Non-mobile Sigmoid colon From left pelvic brim to rectosigmoid junction s shaped L-40cm Suspended by sigmoid mesocolon

Anal canal Ano-rectal junction to anal orifices 3.8-4cm long 2 spinchters Spinchter ani internus (involuntary) Spinchter ani externus (voluntary) anal columns longitudinal mucosal folds anal valves crescentic folds connect lower end of anal columns anal papillae project from free margin of anal valves anal sinuses recesses above the anal valves

 Appendix 2-20cm, average- 9cm Suspended by mesoappendix No cardinal features Has base, body, tip Base constant, tip least vascular and directed to various position Preileal,postileal, subileal, pelvic,subcaecal,paracaec al, retrocaecal

anal glands ducts open in to anal sinuses pectinate lines junction of superior and inferior part of anal canal Part superior to pectinate line differs from the part inferior to pectinate line in arterial supply, innervation, venous and lymphatic drainage Difference is due to different embryological origins of upper and lower parts

Blood supply Artery Branches of superior mesenteric artery Middle colic art. (ascending, transverse colon) Ileocolic art. (lower part of caecum) Right colic art. (upper part of caecum) Branches of inferior mesenteric artery Marginal art. (part of tranverse colon,descending colon) Left colic art. (descending colon) Sigmoid art( sigmoid colon) Superior rectal art. (rectum) Veins Inferior mesenteric vein

Histology No villi Absorptive epithelia with numerous goblet cell Intestinal crypts of lieberkuhns (simple tubular gland) Lined with simple columnar epithelia ,changes at anal canal (below pectinate line) to stratified squamous epithelia