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XV

21

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3

1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3

1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3

23

43

23
27
27
29
29
31
31
31
33
39
41

2.1
2.2

2.3

2.2.1
2.2.2

2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5 q
2.3.6
2.3.7

45

69

45
45
47
49
49
53
53
53
55
55
55

3.1

3.2

3.1.1
3.1.2

3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3

71
71
75
77
77
77
79

2000

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6
3.7

3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3

3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4

3.5.1 -
3.5.2
3.5.3

81
81
81
83
89
89
91
91
93
97
97
101
103
107
109

113

4.1

4.2

4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
4.1.2.2 2
4.1.3
4.1.4
() .

4.1.4.1
4.1.4.2

.
.
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
4.1.7.1
.
.
.
4.1.7.2

4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3

2000

115
115
115
115
117
119
121

125
129
129
129
131
133
133
133
133
139
139
141
141
141
143
145

XI

151

, ,

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5

5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.3.1
5.2.3.2
.
( )
.
.
5.2.3.3
(, , )
.
.
1.
( )
2.
3.
5.2.4
5.2.4.1
5.2.4.2
5.2.4.3

. /

.
. -
.

5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3

153
153
153
153
155
155
155
155
157
159
159
159
159
163
165
165
165
167
167
169
169
171
171
171
173
175
175
179
179
181
181
181
183
185

187

.1
A.2

XII

A.2.1
A.2.2

189
189
191
191

2000

193

B.1

B.2

B.1.1
B.1.2
B.1.3

B.1.4

195
195
195
197
197
201

209

.1
.2
.3
.4

.5

.6

.7

.4.1
.4.2
.4.3

.5.1
.5.2
.5.3

.6.1
.6.2
.6.3

211
211
211
215
215
215
217
217
217
219
221
221
221
223
225
227

229

231

235

237

241

2000

243

XIII

247

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6

249
251
251
255
255
257

.


.

XIV

2000

(K.2 .A),
(. 3), (.).

exA

, (.3).

B ,A

(.3).

Dr

(.).

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(K.3).

Fd
Fi

(.5).

(K.4).

Gk

i (K.3).

(K.4).

(.3),
(K.5).

Hp

(K.4).

(K.4).

Ki

i (K.3).

(K.3),
(K.3).

(K.4), (K.3).

M CD ,c

(K.4).

Md

(.4 .).

ME
M EW
M pc
M pd
MR
M RC
M Rd
MS
Mv

(K.5).
(.B).
(.).
(.).
(.4, .5).
(.B).
(.4, .).
(.).

(K.5).

(K.4), () (.3).

N cr
Nm
N
N pd

Euler (.).

XVI

(.5).
(.4).
(.).

2000

NS

(.).

(.4).

Q k ,i

i (.4).

Rd

(.4).

d (T )

(.2).

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(.3).

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(.A).

Rf

(.).

R fy

(.).

, , (.3).

Sd

(.4).

SE

(.5).

Sfd

(.5).

Sv

(.5).

(.3).

T1 , T2

(. 2 .A).

Tn

(.3).

VCD

(.B).

VEW

(.B).

VH

(.3).

VM

(.).

V0

( ) (.3).

(.4).

VOb

(.B).

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(.).

Vpd

(.).

Wp

(.4).

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(.4).

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T i (.3).

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(.3 .).

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(.3 .).

2000

XVII

fy

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(.4).

(.).

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.).

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(.3),

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(.5).

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(.5 .).

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(.5 .).

(.5).

XVIII

2000

(.2 .A).

(.4).

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2000

XIX

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2000 -

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24

2000 -

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2000

25

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26

2000 -

[5]

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[2]

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2000

27

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[2]

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28

2000 -

1
[2]

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[3]

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[1]

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2000

29

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[2]

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30

2000 -

1.2.2
[1]

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1.2.3
[1]

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1.3

[1]

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[2]

,
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2000

31

[3]

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,

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32

2000 -

[3]

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2000

33

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34

2000 -

2000

35

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36

2000 -

[4]

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2000

37

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38

2000 -

[5]

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[6]

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.

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2000

39

[1]

[2]

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.

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.1.2.3.

40

2000 -

[1]

,

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[2]

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.

1.3.3
[1]

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(
, , .).

[2]

. 1.3.1
1.3.2

.

2000

41

.2.1
[1]

- -


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,
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[2]

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( , )
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[3]

,
I > 1 ,
, .

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[1]

,
,
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[2]

Penzien-Watabe,
,

{1}.
,
( ).
.
,
( ),

( ).


{2}.
.
,
,
{3}.

44

2000 -

2.1

[1]

,
.
.

[2]

, ,

(. . 2.3.3).

[3]

(
I A ),
(. . 2.3.4).

2.2

2.2.1
[1]

[2]

( ) .
.

2000

45

[3]

:
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).
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.

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[1]

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[2]

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,
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.

(. . 3.4.1).

46

2000 -

[3]

.

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,
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2.2.2
[1]

( ) .

[2]

e ,
.

2000

47

(. ). ,

. ,

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[3]

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),
.

[4]

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3 1). ,
q,
(. .
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[5]

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)

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.

o
T1 T2 .
(1985) Loma Prieta (1989)
( )
I p . ,
.
( 12 ,
I p > 6. ).

:
(. ).

48

2000 -

2
[3]

, 0.70.

[4]

,
d . 2.3,
.

[5]

,
.

2.3

2.3.1
[1]

( 2.1):

d (T )
A I
0
q
1

0.25

T (sec)
0

0.2

0.4 0.6

0.8

1 1.2

2.1: :

2000

d ( )
I

0
=2.5/2.0]
q

49

(. I )
( , , q ).
q , ,
,
.
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.
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q (x y)
.
( ),
q q .
q
q .
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:

q=

Vi2
i

(Vi q i )2
i

Vi q i
.

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5%.
( )
q.


,
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.
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50

2000 -

0 T < T1 :

T 0
d (T) = I A 1 +
1 ........................... (2.1.)
T
q

T1 T T2 :

d (T) = I A

0 ............................................... (2.1.)
q

T2 < T :

d (T) = I A

0 T2

q
T

2/3

................................... (2.1.)

[2]

A = g

(.
2.3.3),

(. 2.3.4),

(. 2.3.5),

K5%,

(. 2.3.7),

T1 T2

( 2.4),

0 = 2.5

, , ,

(. 2.3.6).

7
0.7
2+

........................................................................................................................................ (2.2)

(%) 2.8
.
(..
),
0.5,

.
,
(..
),
.

2000

51

52

2000 -

[3]

, d (T)
(2.1.).

[4]

d (T)
0.25 ..... ............................................................................ (2.3)
A i
2.3.2
[1]

(2.1) :

A v = 0.70 A ,
q
q v = 0.50 q 1.00
1.0.

2.3.3
[1]

, II, III IV,
(
2.2).

[2]

2.1
.

[3]

, 2.2.

[4]

2.2 ,
,
10% 50 .

2.3.4
[1]

,


.

[2]

I 2.3.

2000

53

54

2000 -

2.3.5 q
[1]

,

.

[2]

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.

( )


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[3]

q = 1.

2.3.6
[1]

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[2]

,
,
(. . 5).

[3]

5 m

.

2.3.7
[1]

[2]

1.0.

2.7,


.

2000

55

56

2000 -

2.2:

2000

57

58

2000 -

2.1: ,
. ,

.

49
132
114
66
74
79
84
1
55
129
118
68
70
86
88
120
104
96
25
21
45
72
127
28
54
67

II
III
II
II
II
II
III

III
III
II
II
III
III
II

IV
II

III
II
III
III

III
III
III

II
II
II
II
II

III
II

II
II

IV
III
III

II
III
II
IV
III
II
II
III

27
26
35
95
38
91
3
63
12
24
47
9
115
116
42
131
11
19
71
117
103
60
37
8
85

2000

ZIXNH

6
39
80
107
59
89
121
18
62
46
77
73
102

II
II
III
III

III
III
III
III
III

III
IV
III
II
II
II
II
II
III

III
II
III
III

III
II
II
II
II
II

III
II
II
III

III
III
III
III
II
IV
II
III

II

III

93
92
75
65
40
111
116
130
97
109
110
29
69
81
15
16
41
7
2
22
119
83
20
82
44
33
100
87
128
122
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105
108
113
5
23
13
134

59

60

2000 -

85
98
76
52
136
126
53
123
64
61
133
135
31
36
101
17
125
32

III
III
II
II
II
III
III
III
II

III
III

III
III
III
II

134
34
14
56
57
4
94
51

III

II
II

II
II
III
II
III
III
III

III
III
III
II

48
50
99
43
30
58
124
112
10

2.2: : A = g (g: )

II

III

IV

0.12

0.16

0.24

0.36

2.3:

, ..
, , .

0.85

, ,
.

1.00

, ,

24.

(.. ,
) .
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, .

1.15

1.30

(..
.).

2000

61

62

2000 -

2.4:

T1 , T2 (sec)

T1

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.20

T2

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.20

2.5: .

, 70.

70.

5. 70.

70.

5.
70.
5.

( l p > 50 ) 10.
,
(
, )

. (.
. 5.1[3]).

.
,

.
(). .
.

2000

63

64

2000 -

2.6: q.

1.

2
q

3.50

3.00

. 50% -
1/3 .

2.00

4.00

. *

4.00

. :
2.

3.00

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( *)

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4.

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2.00

3.00

2.7: .

1.

1.

1.

2.

2.

2.

0.90

0.80

( )

: ,
.

2000

65

{1}

Penzien, J. and Watabe, M. (1975): Characteristics of 3-Dimensional Earthquake

Ground Motions, Earthquake Engin. and Struct. Dynamics, vol.3, pp. 365-373.

{2}

Rosenblueth, E. and Contreras, H. (1977): Approximate Design for Multicomponent

Earthquakes, Jour. Engin. Mechanics, ASCE, vol.103, No EM5, pp. 881-893.

{3}

Anastassiadis, K. (1993): Directions Sismiques Defavorables et Combinaisons

Defavorables des Efforts, Annales de lI.T.B.T.P., No512, p. 82-99.

66

2000 -

2.8: .

:
:

:
:

2
%

2000

67

.3.1
.3.1.1
[1]

, ,
/
.
- . 4.1.2.2, 5.2.3 5.2.4.
,
- ( , ,
, .), - .

[2]

,
( .3.1.1):

.3.1.1:
)

,
( ).

( Fe* , *e )
2.3
q=1 .

Fe ,
,
Fe = Fe* q .

( u = *e ).

q {1}:

70

2000 -

3.1

3.1.1
[1]

, -
, , -
- ( 2 ).

[2]

q.

2000

71

q=

Fe* Fe* Fy
=

= qd qo
Fe Fy Fe

qd =

Fe* *e
=
Fy y

qo =

Fy
Fe

y
e

, .
,

-
.

q d = 2 1 ,
q d = , = u y
.
qo ,


. 2.6
q, q d q o
.

:
-
,
.
u = *e ( ),
q = q o u = q e ,
T > 0.6 sec .
0.1 < T < 0.6 sec
( ),
u = ( 2 1 ) *e q = q o 2 1 < q o .
, ..
2 (
2/3 1),
.
q
.

72

2000 -

2000

73

[3]

q,
.
, e
Fe = Fe* q ( .
2.1) q
*e = u .

[4]

. . .2.2.1.[2].

[5]

, , g = 1.35 q = 1.50
( ),
.


(, ).

.

.3.1.2
[1]

,
, ,
.
,

,
.

{2},{3},{4},{5}.

[2]

(, , , ).
-


( ).
,
.

[3]

,
,
.

74

2000 -

[3]

()
,

q.

3
[4]

[5]

, ,
,

V.

. 3.6, . ,
, , ,
.

3.1.2
[1]

:
) .
) ( ).

. 3.4 3.5 .

[2]

,
, ,

, .
.

[3]

, , .

2000

75

.3.2
.3.2.1
[1]

.

(
).

( ).

[2]

. , , ,
.

[3]

[4]

, , , .

.3.2.2
[1]

)
,
.
) ,

.
)
/,

.

[2]

, ,

.

76

2000 -

3.2

POOMOIH

3.2.1
[1]

O

.

[2]

( ).

[3]

, ,
,
.

[4]

H , , .
(
).

3.2.2
[1]

H
:
K
,
.
H

.
E

.

[2]

2000

77

. ,
, , ,
.
[3]

(. . 3.7) 1 = 0 ,
2 = 0 . ,
(.. ,
, , .) .

.3.2.3
[1]

,
-
,
( ).

- . . 4.1.7.1.
, ,
. ,

,
. , , ,

(. .3.1.1).

[2]

, .
0.40E I g ,
0.60E I g
0.80E I g {6},{7} ( I g =
). ,
b m = 8h f + b w
b m = 3h f + b w .

[3]

)

. -


- (. .
.3.1.1.[2]).
)
( )
.

78

2000 -

[3]

G k + 2 Q k ,
G k Q k
2
4.1.

3.2.3
[1]

.

,

.

.

[2]

II.
, II
I,
(
), 2/3 ,
1/2,
( ) 1/10
I.

[3]

:
H

q.
( )
,
(%) .

2000

79

) -

q.

.
[4]

.

(.. ).

.3.3
.3.3.1
[1]

( )
, ,
,
(.
. .2.2.1.[3]).

[2]

.3.3.2
[1]

,
( 3.3.2).

,
.

[2]

(

). ,
. (3.11),
. 3.4.4.[4].

80

2000 -

H
(. . 4.1.2.2, 4.1.7 5.2.4).

[4]

, ,

( ).

3.3

3.3.1
[1]

,
,
m i Fi
,
,
e i i.

[2]

H e i 0.05 L i , L i
.

3.3.2
[1]

m i
M i ,
,
.

[2]

,
, ,
,
2 e i Fi . Fi
, ,
(3.15) .


.

2000

81

3.3.2:

.3.3.3
[1]

e f e r (
)
{11}.
e f = e r = 0
.

[2]

( ).
,
,
,
.
( )
, .


{8}.
( ),

82

2000 -

3.3.3
[1]

,
, Fi
M i
( )
( 3.1):

max e i = e fi + e i ................................................................................. (3.1.)

min e i = e ri e i ................................................................................ (3.1.)
: e i e fi , e ri
.
[2]

Po
z o = 0.8 H (i o ) ,

M zi = + c Fi , c
Fi (.. c=1).

2000

83

{9},{10}:
Fi ,
2
i i
i
.
[3]

x y
:
x y, z 0.8H
.

[4]

. (3.2)
(.. < 10 o ) .
(.. u XX u YY )
, = 0 .

[5]

84

2000 -

[3]

, x, y
Po XY
:

2 =

2 u XY
......................................................................... (3.2)
u XX u YY

u XX , u YY u XY = u YX Po
Fi :
X: u XX , u YX
Y: u XY , u YY

Y
y

Fi, x
Mi
max e y,i = efy ,i + e y ,i

eoy ,i

eox ,i

Fi, x

Fi, y

Po

min e y,i = e ry ,i e y,i

Fi , y
max e x ,i = efx ,i + e x ,i

min e x ,i = e rx ,i e x ,i

3.1: .

[4]

,
x, y
.

[5]

,
,

2000

85

[6]

e f e r
e o ,
{11}. ,
e r .

[7]

,
{11},{2}.

86

2000 -

e fi = 1.50 e oi , e ri = 0.50 e oi

............................................................................................

(3.3., )

e oi i
(. e ox ,i e oy ,i ).
[6]

e fi , e ri e oi
(. ),
.

[7]

,
(x y) m,i
M i ri
( m ,i ri ). mx ,i my,i
x y :
2
mx ,i = 2x + e ox
,i

2
my,i = 2y + e oy
,i

............................................................

(3.4.)

............................................................. (3.4.)

e ox ,i e oy ,i

x, y

x y

, :

x =

cuy
z

, y =

cux
z

...............................................................................................

(3.5 , )

ux,uy

Po
Fi x
y

(i o )
M zi = + c Fi .

2000

87

.3.4
.3.4.1
[1]

,
.

[2]

:
)

,

.

,

(, )
( ).

,

( ).

,

( ).

[3]

, (. 2.2.1.[2]),

{12}. ,
.

[4]

1
i Ei
E i

Ei

( E = E i ).
i

88

2000 -

3.4

3.4.1
[1]

[2]

[3]

( )
. q = 1
e (T) ( ),
q > 1 d (T) .

[4]

,

.

2000

89

.3.4.2
[1]

-,
.
,
.

.

[2]

,
, (
).

(residual mode)
M = M M i I A
i

{5}. , ,
M
.

[3]

.3.4.3
[1]

(3.6) :

1 Ti
=
1 + 0.1 i j
r Tj
i j ( %)
.
[2]

A i , B i , ...
(i)
,
. ,
ex A , ex B , ...
,

. (3.7)
CQC- (Complete Quadratic Combination),
(3.9)
SRSS- (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares). ,

90

2000 -

3.4.2
[1]

,
M i 90%
M .

[2]

(..
)
T = 0.03 sec ,
,
M M i .

[3]

T 0.20 sec .

3.4.3
[1]

i j ( i < j ) Ti T j ( Ti T j )
:

1 Ti
=
1 + 0.1
r Tj

....................................................................................................................................... (3.6)

( %) .
[2]

, ex A
:

ex A =

( ij A i A j ) ............................................................... (3.7)
i

A i (i = 1,2,...) :

ij =

8 2 (1 + r ) r 3 2

10 4 1 r 2

+ 4 2 r (1 + r )2

2000

................................................................................ (3.8)

91

, ij :

ij =

[3]

10 4 1 r 2

8 i j i + r j r3 2

+ 4 i j r 1 + r 2 + 4 i2 + 2j r 2

. , ..
ex (3.7) (3.9)
ex M ex N
N .
(..
).

.3.4.4
[1]

ex A
, , .

[2]

,

{2},{5},{6},{12}. ex A
B, A ( )
B, A B .

92

2000 -

i j ( ii = 1, ij = ji ).
ij = 0
:

ex A =

A i2

...................................................................................................................................... (3.9)

[3]

, ,

.

3.4.4
[1]

,
ex A :

ex A =

(ex A, x )2 + (ex A, y )2 + (ex A, z )2

........................................................... (3.10)

ex A, x , ex A, y ex A, z
x, y z,
(. 3.7 3.9).
[2]

ex A B, A
:

B, A =

PAB
ex A

............................................................................................................................................ (3.11.)

PBA = PAB = ij A i , x B j , x + A i , y B j , y + A i , z B j , z
i

.................... (3.11.)

A, B

( A i , x , B j , x ), ( A i , y , B j , y ), ( A i , z , B j , z ), i, j = 1,2,...N

x, y z, .

2000

93

[3]

(.. ),
ex ex . (3.10).
-
-
, .
, ,
,
Gupta {5}
{12}.
,
. (3.10) (3.11). ..

(2x3)
,
:

ex M
M , M
M , N

1 = 4 = M , M , 2 = 5 = ex M , 3 = 6 = M , N
N ,
N ,
ex N

M
M
ex M , ex M ex N
( 1 , 2 , 3 )
( 4 , 5 , 6 ). , o
M o , M o N o
G k + P + 2i Q ki ,
i =i o + i , (i = 1,2,...6) .
(. . 3.3.2.[1]) 4x6=24
.
[4]

, ( x,
y) :

S = S x 0.3 S y
S = 0.3 S x S y
:

S1 = + S x + 0.3 S y = S5

94

2000 -

[3]

,

( ) .

[4]

, ,

:

S = Sx S y Sz
S = S x S y S z
S = S x S y S z
= = 0.30 . S x , S y S z

A, B,...
x, y z, .
(. . 3.1.1.[5])

2000

95

S 2 = + S x - 0.3 S y = S 6
S3 = + S y + 0.3 S x = S 7
S 4 = + S y - 0.3 S x = S8
:

ex M , y
ex M , x

S x = ex M , x S y = ex M , y
ex N , y
ex N , x

( ,
) x y .
S o = [M o M o N o ]T

G k + P + 2i Q ki ,
Si = S o + S i , (i = 1,2,...8) i.
4x8=32
.
S x S y M , M N
,
.

.

.3.5
.3.5.1 -
[1,2]
{10},{11}:

96

( )
x y
( ).

x y,
- .
Fi , x Fi , y

2000 -

= 0 . ,

,
.

3.5

3.5.1 -
[1]

(- ).

,

. 3.3.3.

[2]

d (T) .

2000

97

,

.
)

-

(. ).

Fi , x
Fi , y


. , d q=1,
e .

[3]

.

,
. , ,
-
, .

[4]

q,
(. 2.6).
(..
), -

. ,
-
, -

e f e r (. ). , ,

G A s h
E I h .

98

2000 -

[3]

[4]

:
)

10 .

5
.
4
3
V.

, :
)

. ,
,
( )
4, 35%
.

K i = K i +1 K i K i

0.35K i 0.50K i , .

E I h .

m i = m i +1 m i m i
0.35m i 0.50m i , .

.

2000

99

.3.5.2
[1]

(3.12) : ,

,
, d (T )
.

[2-4] VH

. (3.14)
,
(3.15)
( ).

100

2000 -

3.5.2
[1]

( ) :

Vo = M d (T )

...................................................................................................................................... (3.12)

d (T )

,
. (2.1)

,

.

:

T = 0.09

H
H

L H + L

.............................................................................................................. (3.13)

[2]

Fi = (Vo VH )

m i i
,
mj j

i, j = 1,2,...N ............................................................ (3.14)

mi

i,

i

,
,

VH =

0.07 T Vo ( 0.25 Vo )

2000

101

.3.5.3
[1-3] Fi , x Fi , y
, . 3.3.3.[1]:
1. (max e x , i , max e y , i )
2. (max e x , i , min e y , i )
3. (min e x , i , max e y , i )
4. (min e x , i , min e y , i )

102

2000 -

T 1.0 sec

[3]

Fi = (Vo VH )

mi zi
,
mj zj

i, j = 1,2,...N

............................................................ (3.15)

[4]

z i i .

(3.15)
:
)

1, 2 3
.

1 2
, .

1 2
.

3.5.3
[1]

Fi
x, y . 3.3.3,
. 3.6,
ex A
:
2

ex A = A, x + A, y + A, z

.................................................................................................... (3.16)

A, x , A, y A, z ( )

x, y z, .
[2]

ex A B, A
:

B, A =

A, y
A,
A, x
B, x +
B, y + z B, z
ex A
ex A
ex A

...................................................................... (3.17)

B, x , B, y B, z ( )

2000

103

.3.5.3.(1):

3.5.3.(1).
ex A
- A, x , A,y
A,z .(3.16) .

.(3.17).
3.4.4 [1], [2] [3].
[4]

F = Fx 0.3 Fy
F = 0.3 Fx Fy
:

F1 = + Fx + 0.3 Fy = F5
F2 = + Fx - 0.3 Fy = F6
F3 = + Fy + 0.3 Fx = F7
F4 = + Fy - 0.3 Fx = F8
:

104

2000 -

x, y z, .
[3]

[4]

. 3.4.4.[3].

, ,

:

F = Fx Fy Fz
F = Fx Fy Fz
F = Fx Fy Fz
= = 0.30 . Fx , Fy Fz

x, y z F .

(. . 3.1.1.[5]), = 0
.

2000

105

F1 , y
F1 , x
F ,
F ,
2 y
2 x
Fx = . , Fy = .

.
.
FN , y
FN , x

x
y
, 4x8=32
(. 3.5.3(4)).

.

3.5.3.(4): .

.3.6
[1]

.

,

.

106

2000 -

3.6

[1]

:
)

Rayleigh:

2000

107

[2,3]
. 3.5.3 . 3.4.4
.
. (3.11.)
. (3.17).

.3.7
[1]

, .

[2]

,
= g
A (1 + z H ) z
-. (
2 )
. T > 2T = 1
( ).

108

2000 -

T = 2

m i y i2
i
mi yi

......................................................................................................................... (3.18)

yi (i = 1,2,...,n)
mi mi 1.
)

Fi = M d , v (T )

mi yi
,
mj yj

(i, j = 1,2,..., n ) ....................................................... (3.19)

M , d , v (T)
(n) m i .
[2]

Fi
, ,
,
.

[3]

3.7

POAPTHMATA KTIPIN

[1]

.. ,
. H

.

[2]

(4.17),
:
= (1 + z / H)

........................................................................................................................................ (3.20)

:
= A/g ,

2000

109

[3]

{1}

Uang, Chia-Ming, (1991): Establishing R (or R ) and C Factors for Building Seismic
w
d
Provisions, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.117, No1, pp. 19-28.

{2}

, ., (1989): K , Computer Technics,

.

{3}

, ., (1983): , ., , ...,
.

{4}

Chopra, A. , (1995): Dynamics of Structures, Prentice-Hall.

{5}

Gupta, A.-K., (1992): Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design
of Structures, CRC Press, Inc.

{6}

Penelis, G. - Kappos, A., (1997): Earthquake-resistant Concrete Structures, E

and FN SPON.

{7}

Paulay, T.- Priestley, M.J.N., (1996):

, .

{8}

., (1991): M , ,
TEE, .5-56, 5.

{9}

, . - , ., (1997):
: . , 17, 1-2,
.

{10} , . - , ., (1997):
: . , 17, 3,
.
{11} Anastassiadis, K. - Athanatopoulou, A. - Makarios, T., (1998): Equivalent Static
Eccentricities in the Simplified Methods of Seismic Analysis of Buildings, Earthquake
Spectra, Vol. 14, Number 1, p. 1-34.
{12} Anastassiadis, K., (1993): Directions Sismiques Defavorables et Combinaisons
Defavorables des Efforts, Annales de l I.T.B.T.P. No 512, p. 82-99.

110

2000 -

[3]

2
1 + (1 T / T )2

1 , ....................................................................... (3.21)

2000

111

.4.1.2
.4.1.2.1
[1]

, (4.1) :
Sd = G k + 2 Q k E

[2]

Gk

Qk

({1}, {2})
, 2
, ,

.
: {1}, {2}, {5}, {7}, {8}, {9}.

114

2000 -

4.1

AOYH KATAPPEYH

4.1.1
[1]

.
:
E
( ),
2 ,
, 2 T.
E ,
, .
E
.
O :

4.1.2
4.1.2.1
[1]

2
,
:

Sd = G k + P E + 2 Q k ,i

[2]

[3]

........................................................................................................... (4.1)

Gk

Q k ,i

(
) .

,
,
,

2000

115

.4.1.2.2 2
[1]

(4.2)
,
,
, 2 .
,
( , , .)
.
z
.
.
, ( )
( )

. ,
.
,
( 0.005 ),
. 4.2.2,
(. . .4.2.2).
: {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {10}, {15}, {18}.

116

2000 -

. ,
(.. ).
[4]

,
4.1.

4.1:

A/A

1.1

, , , ,

0.3

1.2

(, ,
.)

0.5

1.3

0.6

1.4

(, ,
, , , .)

0.8

1.5

0.0

0.0

( )

0.3

4.1.2.2 2
[1]

,

(4.1) ( P-),
,
(4.2), 0.10.

N
V h

......................................................................................................................................................... (4.2)

N , V
(4.1),

. H :

= q

........................................................................................................................................................ (4.3)

:
q

2000

117

.4.1.3
[1]

(4.4)
. ,
, m ,
,
,
.

.

[2]

/ ,
, .
, ( ),
,
, .
,
4 :

118

2000 -

,
,
(4.1)
.

[2]

O
X Y.

[3]

0.10 < 0.20 2

1 .
1

[4]

0.20 .

[5]

2
[1],
[3] [4],
2
.

.

4.1.3
[1]

Sd R d ............................................................................................ (4.4)
:

[2]

Sd

(4.1)

Rd

,
( m )
.

(..
)

.

2000

119

max M

min M

max N

min N

...................................................(1)

E x E y ,
X Y , (
), (
)
(. . 4.1.2.3):

E x + 0.30 E y E y + 0.30 E x ,
-. 4
, 4 (1),
(4.1),

,
.
2
3 , M x , M y . ,
6 (max min
) ,
.
, ,
,
, , . ,
min M,
( ).

120

2000 -

4.1.4 ()
- .
[1]

,
,
,
( ).

.

[2]

. ,

2000

121

.4.1.4
[4]

,

. ,
.

,
, .

.

122

2000 -

(
).
[3]

[4]

.
,

.

.
H


. ,
:

(
)
( )

( 4.1).



().
M


(.. )
.


.
(. . 4.1.4.1.[2],
. 5.2.2, B), M R
, ,


. H

.

[5]

2000

123

.4.1.4.1
[1]

, ,
,

,
.
,
.
, ..

(. . .4.1.4.2.()). ,
, .

[2]

CD > 1.00
, ,
().
, ,

.
Rd = 1.40
/ ,

.
CD ( CD = Rd ),

M Rd / M Eb = 1.00 ,

.

124

2000 -

q 1.5 q/2,
1.0, q 2.6.

. 4.1.4.1, . 4.1.5 4.1.6,
(
. .5.2.[2]).
. 5.2.2, cd .

4,
3, q=1.
4.1.4.1
[1]

.
,

. ,
. 4.1.4.2,
,
( M CD ) (4.1). H

(4.1).

[2]

H M CD,c

M Ec , ,
,

M CD ,c = CD M Ec

...................................................................................................................................... (4.5)

CD ( ),
:

CD = Rd M Rd / M Eb

.................................................................................................................

(4.6)

M Rd

,
M Ec .

2000

125

[6]

:

, ,
.

Rd .
:{10}, {11}, {19}.

126

2000 -

M Eb

M Ec .

Rd

=1.40
.

[3]

H
. O

, ,
.

[4]

CD , ,
.

[5]

M Ec,1
, .

M Ec ,1 > M Eb
:

M CD ,c =1.40 M EC M SC

...................................................................................................................... (4.7)

M SC (4.1).
[6]

,


(4.1)
.
.

2000

127

.4.1.4.2
.

[4]

,
( )
.

M Rd / M Eb ,
CD (4.6). ,
CD .
,
,
(. . .4.1.4.1.[1]).
, CD
q .
: {10}, {17}.

.
[1]

(. 4.1.5.1.[4]), (
) . ,

128

2000 -

4.1.4.2
.
[1]

. .
[1]

.

.

[2]

(
).
. O
1.35 M Ec M SC


.

[3]

,
,
.

[4]

, CD

q
( CD q ).

.
[1]

2000

129

.

.
[2]

V 0.60
.

[3]

,
.
: {10}, {12}, {13}, {19}.

130

2000 -

( . .1.4).

[2]

,
v =
,
v > 0.60

............................................................................................................................................................... (4.8)

,
.
[3]

[4]

.

:
)

, ,
,

1/3
,
[2] .

. 3.3.3.[7].

.

, ,

.

, .

(), (), ()
[3], . 4.1.4.1

(4.8).

4.1.5
[1]

[2]

2000

131

.4.1.7
.4.1.7.1

.
[1]

,
. (), ()
() , , ,
. (), () ()
, , . (), () (),

132

2000 -

.
[3]

B.

4.1.6
[1]

. O


1.20.

[2]

.
( ,
, ).

[3]

H
.

[4]

4.1.7
4.1.7.1
[1]

.



.
.
E :

.
[1]

( / )
.

, ,

2000

133

,
, .

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

,
,
.
[3]

,

.

[4]

(
) ,
(, , ). , ,

134

2000 -

.
[2]

[3]

() .
(.. )
2
( . 4.1.4.2.).

( )
.

4.00
( L, ..).
,
.

. H

.
.


, , , ,
..


. O
( B,
B1.3) q = 1.00.

[4]

,
. 4.1.4.2..

2000

135

,
, .
,

.
,

.
, ,

. , ,

.

,
,
, .
,
,
,
.
,
,

.
, ,

. ,
,

.
, ,
.

( ),

, .
,
( ),
. 4.1.4.1,
.
,
(

136

2000 -

, (.. Pilotis
).

2000

137

) (Pilotis
).
, . 4.1.4.2., ,
,
.

[4]

138

2000 -

.
[1]

( ) .
()
(..

)

. ,

.

[2]

.
[1]

,

.

[2]

[3]

,
.

.

[4]

[5]

(..
, Gerber ..)
.

2000

139

.4.1.7.2 -
[1]

, ,
( ) ,
, .

[3]

,
,

. ,
,
( ), /
( , ,
).

.

[4]

,
, ,
,

. ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
: {2}, {19}, {20}.

140

2000 -

4.1.7.2
[1]

,
,
.

[2]

.
.

[3]

( = q ) ,

.
,
.

[4]

,
,
, ,

:
4 cm 3
8 cm 4 8
10 cm 8

.

4.2

EPIOPIMO BABN

4.2.1
[1]

2

,

.

2000

141

.4.2.2
< ,
:

q

2.50 h
h

0.005 0.007
,
:

N q
V h

. 4.1.2.4 .
, , :

= 2.50 m / , q 2.50
= q m / , q < 2.50
:

= V / N ,
m ,
m < .
= V / N
,
(
). , 0.10,
:
:

= 25 , q 2.50 ,
= 10 q , q < 2.50

op
0.20
0.175

op = 0.007

0.125

op = 0.005

0.10
2.50
1.00

142

2.00

3.00

4.00

2000 -

4.2.2
[1]

[2]

, ,
,
0.005.
( ,
.)
0.007.
O
3,
q / 2.50 1.00.

.

2000

143

, ,
, 0.10 ,
m .
: {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {15}, {16}, {17}, {19}, {22}.

144

2000 -

4.2.3
[1]

H p = Wp p / q p

................................................................................................................................... (4.17)

Wp ,

[2]

. 3.7.[2],

qp

p

1.50:
A
.

.

[3]

q p

q p =1.00
.
.
K, ,
1/2
.
T
.

2000

145

{1}

, .
, 1995.

{2}

EUROCODE No 8: Structures in Seismic Regions, Part 1 Draft, Edition, May 1988,

and relevant Background Documents (Volume 2).

{3}

Uniform Building Code, 1988 Edition.

{4}

SEAOC: Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary, 1990.

{5}

ATC-3-06: Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for

Buildings ATC, April 1982, and
NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for
New Buildings, 1988.

146

2000 -

q p =2.50
E . M
2.00 m.
K, ,

1/2 .
.
A .
A .
H ,
, 2 KN.
[4]

1 2 I
q p =2.50 2
II.

2000

147

{6}

AASHTO 1983: Guide Specifications for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges.

{7}

New Zealand Standard Code of Practice for the Design of Concrete Structures,
Standard Association of New Zealand, 1982.

{8}

Portuguese Earthquake Resistant Regulations, 1987.

{9}

Swiss Standard SIA 160: Actions on Structures.

{10} Paulay, Bachmann, Moser: Erdbebenbemessung von Stahlbetonhochbauten,

Birkhauser 1990.
{11} Park R., Ductile Design Approach for Reinforced Concrete Frames, Earthquake
Spectra, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Vol. 2, No. 3, May 1986.
{12} Paulay T., The Design of Ductile Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls for Earthquake
Resistance, Earthquake Spectra, Earthquake Engineering Research institute, Vol. 2,
No. 4, 1986.
{13} Paulay T., A Seismic Design Strategy for Hybrid Structures, 5th Canadian Conf.,
Earthquake Engineering, Ottawa, 1987.
{14} Priestley M., Park R., Strength and Ductility of Concrete Bridge Columns Under
Seismic Loading, ACI Structural Journal, January-February 1987.
{15} R. Luft: Comparisons Among Earthquake Codes Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 5, No. 4,
1989.
{16} Chia-Ming Uang, V.Bertero: UBC Seismic Serviceablility Regulations: Critical
Review, ASCE, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 7, 1991.
{17} N. Priestley, M. Calvi: Towards a Capacity-Design Assessment Procedure of Reinforced
Condrete Frames, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1991.
{18} E. Wilson, A. Habibullah: Static and Dynamic Analysis of Multistory Building including
P-Delda Effects, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1987.
{19} : 8, ,
1655, 18.03.1991.
{20} S. Anagnostopoulos, K. Spiliopoulos: An Investigation of Earthquake Induced
Pounding between Buildings, private communication to be published, Int.Journal of
E.E.S.D.
{21} . . , . , . :
, 9 . , 1990.
{22} . , .. :
, 9 . ,
1990.
{23} EUROCODE No 3: Design of Steel Structures, Part 1: General Rules and Rules for
Buildings Draft, Edition 1988.

148

2000 -

2000

149

152

2000 -

, ,

5.1

KATAHOTHTA YEAOY EMEIH

5.1.1
[1]

,

, ,



.

5.1.2 P
[1]

2, 3 4

.

[2]

O

.


.

.
,
,
.

[3]

,

.

.

25% 2.

5.1.3
[1]

,
.
H
. 5.4. ,
.

2000

153

154

2000 -

, ,

5.1.4
[1]

O

,
.

2 ( ),
.

[2]

, ,
,

.

[3]

,
,
,
(.
. .5).

5.1.5
[1]

()
.


.
,
.

.

5.2

5.2.1
[1]

,
.

[2]

O
. ,

2000

155

.5.2.2

, (5.1) (5.2),

.

20%

.
: {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {6}.

156

2000 -

, ,

.
.
5.2.2
[1]

SFd ,

, :

S Fd = S v + CD SE

.................................................................................................................................... (5.1)

[2]

Sv

(, , )

SE

CD ,
(5.2).

CD ,
:

CD =1.20 M R / M E M V / M E q

..................................................................................... (5.2)

M R M E

,
(. . 4.1.4.[3]
4.1.4.[4])

[3]

,
, CD
. .5.3.[1].

[4]

(, ),
(5.1) CD , 1.35

.

2000

157

.5.2.3
.5.2.3.1

[2]

,
,
,
( c u ,
c tan).

158

2000 -

, ,

[5]

. 3.4.4.[2] 3.5.3.[4],
,
==0.3
CD = 1.0.

[6]

(.. )
(5.1)
,
.

5.2.3
5.2.3.1
[1]

H . 5.2.2

.
, . 5.2.3.2 5.2.3.3,
:
(
)

( ).
. 5.4


. 5.2.3.2 5.2.3.3, .

[2]

. 5.2.3.2
5.2.3.3 Z,
c d d .

.

5.2.3.2
[1]

, :

( )

[1]

2000

159

160

2000 -

, ,

N Fd R Nd

..................................................................................................................................................... (5.3)

N Fd

( )
(5.1),

R Nd

( )
,


, S Fd (5.1).

[2]

R Nd ,

.
, ,
.

[3]

.


.

[4]

1/3
, (5.3)

,
, , 1/
3 (
, 1/9 ).
1/3

:
,
. 5.2.4.1



( q > 1.0 ) CD
(5.2) q.

. 5.1.5.
1/4 ,
.

2000

161

.5.2.3.2
.

[1]

40% ,
. 5.2.1.
: {1}, {4}, {5}, {6}.

162

2000 -

, ,

[1]

VSd R Sd + R Pd

....................................................................................................................................... (5.4)

[2]

VSd

(5.1),

,

, . 5.2.2.[6],

R Sd

R Pd

.

40%
.
R Pd
,


.

R Sd :
1) :

R Sd = NFd tan( d )

................................................................................................................................. (5.5)

NFd

(5.1)

:
d ,

,

2000

163

.5.2.3.3
: {3}, {5}, {11}.

164

2000 -

, ,

( 2 / 3) d ,
,
/,

.
2) :

R Sd = A s u 0.4 N Fd

...................................................................................................................... (5.6)

,

,

su

N Fd

[1]

(5.1)
.

( Winkler),
,
.

5.2.3.3 (, , )
[1]

.
,

.

[1]

,
:
H .
H ( ).
H .

2000

165

166

2000 -

, ,

[2]

H
(. . 5.1.5)
.

[3]

.

.

[4]

.
.

[5]

:

,
,

.

[6]

O
.
, ,
:

, 3.[3]
.
V
3 4.

[1]

1, 2 3 :

( )

[1]

N Pd R Nd

..................................................................................................................................................... (5.7)

N Pd

2000

167

168

2000 -

, ,

(5.1)

R Nd

( )

, /
.
,
R Nd .

[2]

.
,
40 mm.

[1]

VT ,d R Td

..................................................................................................................................................... (5.8)

VT ,d

,
(5.1)

R Td

VT ,d ,
, ,
/ .
. 5.1.5, ,
.

[1]

. 5.2.3.3..

[2]

(
(5.1))
.


(5.1)
(5.2).

2000

169

170

2000 -

, ,

[3]

[4]

2d
.

( > 5), 2d

.
.

,
.

(. 5.2.3.3[6]),
30%
,
.

5.2.4
5.2.4.1
[1]

.

. ,

.
.

5.2.4.2
[1]

[2]

.
:

Fd = N m

................................................................................................................................................... (5.9)

( = A / g ),

Nm

2000

171

172

2000 -

, ,

[3]

0.40 A, 0.50
B 0.60 .

H
:
A I II,
.
M
12.00 m, .

[4]

,

.
(5.1).

[5]

, ,
0.20m.

[2].

[6]

( )
.

5.2.4.3
[1]

,
. 5.2.3.1 5.2.3.2,
,
.

,
.

[2]

,
( )
.

.

.


.

2000

173

.5.3 ANTITHPIEI

MononobeOkabe, ,

.
q w = 1.00
() , , ,
, ,
. ,
, .

174

2000 -

, ,

5.3

ANTITHPIEI

[1]

,
, .

. 5.2.3.2 5.2.3.3 .

.

[2]

.
( 10m)
( 30m)

.

[3]

,
:

[1]

/
0.10% .


Mononobe - Okabe,
h W
V W W.

( ),
[7] .

[2]

O h

h = / qw

................................................................................................................................................. (5.10)

qw

2000

175

[6]

Mononobe - Okabe (. )
)

=i=0 (
), (.2) :

K AE =

cos 2 ( )

sin( + ) sin( )
cos cos( + ) 1 +

cos( + )

(.2) < + i , sin(--i)

, Mononobe-Okabe
.
> i
i > .
h , , = - i

i :

h , = tan( i) /[1 + 0.30 tan( i)]

h , K AE

max K AE =

176

cos 2 (i )
cos( i) cos 2 cos( + + i)
2000 -

, ,

q w

300 ( mm)

2.00

200 ( mm)

1.50

1.20

1.00

()

0.70

[3]

O v 0.30.

= = 0.30 . 3.4.4.[4] 3.5.3.[4].

[4]

h v

( L).

[5]

H -
( 2 / 3) d , d
.

[6]

, MononobeOkabe.

2000

177

,
h , ,
K AE .
o

, .. =i=0, = 35 = 0.50, h= h, = 0.578,

:
K AE cos = 1.91

6
.

:
: {6}, {7}, {8}, {9}.

1.50 H

0 H

0.50 H

[1]

, ,
,
Mononobe-Okabe.
( ) .
, ,
. , ,
'
(

178

2000 -

, ,

5
[7]

( ),
.


.

[1]

. ..
,
.

[2]

1.50 H
0.50 H ,
H ( = . H
10.00m).

. ( ).

[1]

,
, ,
.
.
(),
K AE K A
K AE K A , Mononobe-

2000

179

Mononobe-Okabe). ,
(
s ).

[2]

,
.
, ( ),
( Eestergaard)
. ,
Mononobe-Okabe
( ).
: {1}, {10}.

180

2000 -

, ,

Okabe (. . ), { h , v } ,
.
,
,
s .
[2]

( k > 0.50 10 3 m / sec )

.
,
(
),
.

p(z) = (7 / 8) h w Hz

............................................................................................................... (5.11)

:
H

[3]

,
p(z )
().

[1]

.
,

1+1.50.

[2]

2.00
.

5.4

PANH - ANAXMATA

5.4.1
[1]

H

.

2000

181

182

2000 -

, ,

: h =

............................................................................................................................ (5.12)

: V = 0.50

................................................................................................... (5.13)

,
0.5 ( B + K ) / 2
5.4.2.
[2]

, III IV
3 4
,
/
.
( ) .

5.4.2
[1]

H 15.00 m
,
:

B = 0.50 ,
K = B (T ) ,
:

(T)

, : T = 2.5 (H / Vs )
: Vs
.
[2]

15m,
, ,
. ,
.
,
.2,
q=1.0, =1.0 =1.0.

2000

183

{1}

EUROCODE No. 8: Structures in Seismic Regions, Part 5, Foundations, Retaining

Structures, Geotechnical Aspects Draft, January 1991.

{2}

Uniform Building Code, 1988 Edition.

{3}

SEAOC: Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary, 1990.

{4}

ATC-3-06: Tentative Provisioins for the Development of Seismic Regulations for

Buildings, April 1984, eae NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development
of Seismic Regulations for New Buildings, 1989.

{5}

AASHTO 1983: Guide Specifications for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges.

{6}

Seismic Design of Bridges, Bridge Commitee, New Zealand National Society for
Earthquake Engineering, 1980.

{7}

Mononobe N., Earthquake Proof Construction of Mansonry Dams, Proceedings,

World Engineering Conference, Volume 9, p. 275, 1929.

{8}

Okabe S., General Theory of Earth Pressure, Journal Japanese Society of Civil
Engineers, Volume 12, No. 1, 1926.

{9}

Richards R. and Elms, D.G., Seismic Behavior of Gravity Retaining Walls, Journal
of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Volume 105, No. GT4, 1979.

{10} Japan Society of Civil Engineers: Earthquake Resistant Design for Civil Engineering
Structures, Earth Structures and Foundations in Japan, 1977.
{11} Gazetas G., Fan K., Kaynia A., Kausel E., Ahmad S., Kinematic Seismic Response of
Single Pipes and Pile Groups, Journal Geot. Engineering, ASCE, Vol.117, 1991.

184

2000 -

, ,

5.4.3
[1]

H

1.00.

2000

185

188

2000 -

A.1

[1]

e (T) :

0 T < T1

T
e (T) = A I 1+ ( 0 1)
TI

T1 T T2

e ( T) = A I 0

T2 < T

T
e ( T) = A I 0 2
T

e (T )

T1 T2

,
2.4
,

2.2,

2.3,

0 =2.50

5%.

[2]

0.70.

[3]

A.2

[1]

/
,
,
. A.2.1.

2000

189

190

2000 -

A.2.1
[1]

:
)

, ,
, ,
.

0.02 sec.

, ,
,
.

,
,
. A.1 5%.

:

[2]

(5) . .


. A.1.[2].

.

E
. A.1 0.20 sec.

0.20 sec 10%

5%.

18 0.01 1 sec.

10 1 2 sec.

8 2 4sec.

A.2.2
[1]

. A.1.

2000

191

194

2000 -

B.1

B.1

[1]

. 4.1.4.[4] .

B.1.1
[1]

VCD,c = 1.40 ( M R ,c1 + M R ,c 2 ) / l c q VE ,c

..................................................................

(B.1)

M R ,c1 , M R ,c 2

,
.

(. .
4.1.4.[4]),

VE ,c

lc

B.1.2
[1]

VCD,b = V0,b + VCD,b .................................................................................................................... (B.2)

:

VCD,b = 1.20 ( M R ,b1 + M R ,b 2 ) / l b q VE ,b / 1.20

.......................................... (B.2)

V0,b

(4.1),

M R ,b1 , M R ,b 2

,
,

VE ,b

lb

2000

195

.B.1.4

196

2000 -

B.1.3
B.1.3
[1]

,
,
, . B.1.1 B.1.2,
. 4.1.4.[4]
.

[2]

CD (4.6)
(4.7).
( M R ,b > M R ,c ),
M R ,c M R ,b (. . 4.1.4.[4]) (4.6).

[3]

H e ( )
:
VCD,e = V0 ,e + VCD ,e

.................................................................................................................................. (B.3)

:
VCD ,e = ( CD ,1 M E ,e1 + CD , 2 M E ,e 2 ) / l e

................................................................................... (B.3)

[4]

V0,e

(4.1),

CD,1 , CD , 2

, [2],

M E ,e1 , M E ,e 2

le

.

. B.2.[4].

B.1.4
[1]

( , l / b > 4 )
()
.

, .

2000

197

[2]

1.30 ,
(.4.), ,
,

,
.


,
.
.

,
.

MR , w O / 3

VCD , w O / 3

MR , w O

VCD , w O

: {10}, {17}, {19}.

198

2000 -

,
. ,
.
[2]

H
,
,
:
VCD , w 0 = CD VE , w 0

.................................................................................................................................... (B.4.)

:
CD = Rd M R , w 0 / M E , w 0 q

...............................................................................................................

(B.4.)

[3]

Rd

1.30
,

M E , w 0 VE ,w 0

()

M R ,w 0

, .
4.1.4.[4].

CD (B.4.),
1/3 ,
:

VCD , w = CD VE ,w VCD ,w 0 / 3 ..................................................................................................... (B.5)

2000

199

.B.2

.

, (
d )
( c ) :

d = 1 + 3 p (1 0.50 p ) ( c 1)
:

c = 1 + ( d 1) /[3 p (1 0.50 p )]
:

p = l p / l = / .

200

2000 -

[4]

,

CD (B.4.).
1/3 M R , w 0
M R , w 0 , :

M CD , w = CD M E , w

.............................................................................................................................. (B.6)

M R , w 0 / 3 M CD , w M R , w 0

........................................................................................................ (B.6)

,

,
, K
M K . O

,
.
[5]

,
.
,

VCD , w 0 / 3 M CD, w 0 / 3
[3] [4],
1/ 3
(J w / J w 0 ) , J w J w 0

.

B.2

[1]

.
,

cu = 0.35% .

0.50 cu .

:
,

2000

201

l p
, ( p )
d :

l p = pd ,

(0.50 p 1.00)
c
20
5
16
4
12
3
8
2
4
0
0

8 10 12 14 16

0 = l / h

, p
0 :

0 = l / d (= / )
:

l p = p / 0
d c
0 ,
p (
0.50 < p < 1.00 ).
, 2.50 3.50
6.00 12.00.
d c
,
/
.
,
(..

,
).
, , d
c
.
( 4): {10}, {14}.

202

2000 -

2000

203

c

( u h ) ( y h )
.
:

cu =

cu
u h

H :

cy =

sy
(1 y ) h

c u / c y c .
, :

cu 1 y
c cu 0.35% sy = 0.20%
sy u

u 1.75 (1 y ) / c
H
c = 10

max u

0.25
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.30
0.45

0.10
0.05

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

y u
,
s = sy = 0.20% y c = cu = 0.35%
u .

204

2000 -

2000

205

,
,
. 18.3.2
. (
),
( , , .),
.

[3]

.

, ,
.
( 4): {1}, {2}, {10}, {21}.

[4]

,
,
,

.
, ,
( )
. ,

, (
) .


,
.

. ,
.
,
( )
.

206

2000 -

[2]

, ,
,

.

[3]

.
.

[4]

,


CD
. ..



.

A
.

2000

207

..2
[1]

net /A


.

, .

210

2000 -

.1

[1]

, , (b/t). O

(q),
, , 1.

.2

[1]

, ,
,

A net / A = 1.262 f y / f u
f y f u
.
A
.

.3

[1]

.
,
( ).

[2]

,
.

[3]

R d 1.20 R fy

................................................................................................................................................ (.1)

R d , R fy
.
[4]

2000

211

212

2000 -

1: b/t
.

(
)

q4 4q2

2>q

33

38

42

50 2

70 2

90 2

, &

b

66

78

90

33

39

41

33

39

41

10

12

10

12

b
b

.
b

.
.

.
b

.
b

10

12

20

22

26

2000

213

214

2000 -

= 235 / f y

T 1 ( )
(+)
.

.4

fy

235

275

355

1.00

0.92

0.81

.4.1
[1]

E . 4.1.4.1 4.1.4.2 A
K.

.4.2
[1]

[2]

M s / M pd 1.00

.................................................................................................................................... (.2.1)

N s / N pd 0.15

...................................................................................................................................... (.2.2)

(Vo + VM ) / VPd 0.50 .................................................................................................................... (.2.3)

:

Ms

Ns

N pd , M pd , VPd

,

,

Vo

2000

215

..5
:

216

2000 -

VM = (M RA + M RB ) / l


.

l
[3]

. .3 Mpd
Vo + VM
.

.4.3
[1]

. 4.1.4.1 .

[2]

H
:

V / Vpd 0.50 .......................................................................................................................................... (.3.1)

[3]

,
4
,
:

V / Vpd 1.00

.......................................................................................................................................... (.3.2)

[4]

.5

.5.1
[1]

.

.

[2]

2 :
.

,
( ). O

2000

217

( )

..5.2

.
,

. ,

,
{1}.
.

. ,

.
.
L/r
,
, .

,
.

{1}

218

AISC Seismic Provisions for structural steel building, June 15, 1992

2000 -

( X)
. Acos
( A
) 10% 2
.
V .
.
O V

.
[3]

K,
,

2 ,
(q = 1.00). H
I 1.

.5.2
[1]

N s / N pd 1.00 ............................................................................................................................................ (.4)

:

Ns

N pd .
E . .2 .3 .
[2]

H
:

= Af y / N cr 1.50 .......................................................................................................................... (.5)

:
A

fy

N cr = 2 EI / l 2

Euler .

2000

219

..6

Ic

Ic

220

2000 -

HMEIH: H 1.50

140 S235, 129 S275 114

S355,
X
.
(.5) .
4.1.4.[5]
.
.5.3
[1]

(4.1)
:

cd = (1.20 N Pdi N vdi ) / N Edi q

:

N Pdi

N vdi

( N vdi = 0)

N Edi

(4.1).

[2]

V
,
.

.6

.6.1
[1]

(-
-).

.
.

[2]

O
I c

2000

221

222

2000 -

I 0 = 2 M pc / Vpc
M pc Vpc
.
I c / I o 0.80 (
).
I c / I o 1.30 (
).
.
.
[3]

. (,
)
, .

.6.2
[1]

A,
1.
, .

[2]

.
0,75 t w 10 mm.

[3]

I c / I o 1.40 .

, ,
600 mm. H
:

56 t w d / 5 I c / I o 1.15

38 t w d / 5 I c / I o 0.80 .
I c / I o
.
[4]

,
:

2000

223

224

2000 -

N pc = 2b f t f f y + h w t w f y

................................................................................................................. (.6.1)

M pc = b f t f (h w + t f )f y + 0.25t w h 2w f y
Vpc = h w t w f y / 3

............................................................................... (.6.2)

............................................................................................................................... (.6.3)

b f t f

, , ,

h w t w

, ,

fy

[5]

,
(. . 4.2).

[6]

,
:

N sc / N pc 0.10

.................................................................................................................................... (.7.1)

M sc / M pc 0.70

................................................................................................................................... (.7.2)

Vsc / Vpc 1.00 ........................................................................................................................................ (.7.3)

:

N sc , M pc , Vsc

,
max

Vsc .

.6.3
[1]

. 5.3 :

cd = 1.20 min(Vpdi / Vsdi , M pdi / M sdi )

................................................................................ (.8)

Vsdi , M sdi

, ,
( )

Vpdi , M pdi

2000

225

226

2000 -

.7

[1]

( / )

,
,
.

[2]

= 1.50.

2000

227

230

2000 -

Mononobe-Okabe

i
v
h

E AE

.1:
[1]

E AE ,
{ h , v }, :

E AE = 0.5 H 2 (1 v ) K AE ................................................................(.1)
:

K AE =

cos 2 ( )

sin( + ) sin( i)
cos cos 2 cos( + + ) 1 +

cos( + + ) cos(i )

= arctan h
1 v

,...(.2)

,..................................................................................(.3)

h v

( i .1),

( )

2000

231

232

2000 -

[2]

(.2) sin( i) ,
0.

[3]

, h
:

h / H = 0.40
[4]

(.4)

,
, :

K PE =

[5]

.....................................................................................................................................................

cos 2 ( + )

sin( + ) sin( + i)
cos cos 2 cos( + ) 1

cos( + ) cos(i )

.(.5)

L ( b H / 3 ), ,

, = i .
, ,
( h , v )

.

b
B
i
v
h
E AE

.2: L

2000

233

236

2000 -

[1]

,
(.. ),

,
(...),
.
,
,

. 4.1.2 4.1.3 ,
.

[2]

,
:
: ,
.
: ,
.. 19/26.2.1959 (
36/) .
: ,
.. 19/26.2.1959 ( 36/),
: 1) 2/01/44/275/4.4.84 (
239/) .. 19/26.2.1959 2)
2/01/94/275/30.9.85 ( 587/)
12 .. 19/26.2.1959.
:
17/08/32/275/30.9.92 ( 613/)
.

[3]

...:
,
, [2],
,
:
)

1 2
2.3 ..., ,,, [2]

.. 19/26.2.1959 ( 36/),
: 1) 2/01/44/275/4.4.84 (
239/) .. 19/26.2.1959

2000

237

238

2000 -

2) 2/01/94/275/30.9.85 ( 587/)
12 .. 19/26.2.1959.

12, ...
)

[2] ,
( )
1.10
,
.

...
.

[2], ,
,
.

2000

239

242

2000 -

[1]

Fi ,x
Fi, y
( (i)
) :

ef =

2
R f eo ,
r

er =

2 1 Dr
1

eo
r l r o 2

L rx ,i
Fi , x
efy ,i
Mi

Mi , y
Fi , x

eoy,i

e ry,i
Po

eox ,i M i, x
Fi , y

Fi, y

e rx ,i

L ry ,i
e fx ,i

.1: .

:
1/ 2

2 1
1
1
2 n + 2 n 212 n n
Rf =
2 A1
A2
A1 A 2

2

2 2r1
Dr =
2 n + r22n + 212 rn1 r 2n
2 A1
A2
A1 A 2

1/ 2

2 =

2 o
o2 + 2 1

, o =

2000

eo

p
,
r

243

244

2000 -

A1 = 1 o ,

A 2 =1+ 0 ,

r =

r1 = l r ,

r 2 = + l r ,

lr =

r12 = A 2 A
1

12 =

Lr
r

8 2 (1 + r12 ) r123 2
10 4 (1 r122 ) 2 + 4 2 r12 (1 + r12 ) 2

o
( ) o = 2 o 2o + 2 1
= o 2 o > 0 = 90 o o 2 o < 0 .
e o
ef , e r

Po Po M i , x Po M i , y
M i x y. Lrx, Lry
( )
.

, x y
(i) (. .1) :
e oi x y
(. e ox ,i e oy.i ).
ri (i).
x y (.
x y ).
oi = e oi ri , i = ri , l ri = L ri ri
x y (. ox ,i = e ox , i ri , x ,i = x ri , l rx ,i = L rx , i ri , .).
n=1 T T2 n = 2 3 T > T2 ,

x y (. Tx Ty ).
( %).
e r
1
. e f e o e r e o
2

.

2000

245

248

2000 -

.1

[1]

(
) R Nd , ,

.
() ,
.
:
c ,
S u ( ),
e = M / N V. , M V
,
( V
),
, , ,
, ,

,
.

[2]

- (
. 5.2.3.2..[2] ),

- ()
= w .
= w (1 + j)
j,

B = B 2 e B

, e B
,

L = L 2 e L

, e L
L B ,

2000

249

250

2000 -



A = B
L

A = B L

,
,
,

.
c, q
, .

.

.2

[1]

R Nd ( )
V :

R Nd / A = (2 + ) Su c c + q

................................................................................................ (.1)

:
:

c = 1 + 0.2 ( B / L) .............................................................................................................................. (.2)

, V :

c = 0.5 1 + 1 V / A S u

.......................................................................................................... (.3)

, ,
c (.3)
.
.3
Z.3

[1]

R Nd ( )
V :

R Nd / A = c N c c c + q N q q q + 0.5 B N

.............. (.4)

:
:

N q = e tan tan 2 (45 + / 2)

..................................................................................................

2000

(.5.)

251

252

2000 -

N c = ( N q 1) / tan

..................................................................................................................................

(.5.)

N = 2 ( N q 1) tan .............................................................................................................................. (.5.)

/ 2 ( ).
:
q = 1 + (B / L) tan ....................................................................................... (.6.)
= 1 - 0.3 ( / L) ............................................................................................ (.6.)
c = 1 + (B / L) (Nq / Nc ) .................................................................................. (.6.)

, VL ,
L :

q = 1 VL /( N + A c cot )

......................................................................................................

(.7.)

= q ............................................................................................................................................................................ (.7.)

c = ( q N q 1) /( N q 1)

......................................................................................................................

(.7.)

, VB ,
:

q = [1 0.7 VB /( N + A c cot )]

.......................................................................................

(.8.)

................................................................................................

(.8.)

......................................................................................................................

(.8.)

= [1 VB /( N + A c cot )]

c = ( q N q 1) /( N q 1)

VL L, VB
,
B L ,
(-8) (-7), :

= B (1 / 90) + L ( / 90) .............................................................................(.9)

tan = VB / VL ...........................................................................................(.10)

2000

253

254

2000 -

.4

[1]

:


(
)
(
)

( ).

[2]

[3]

.3
.

/
.
.5

.5

[1]

, ,
,
u.

[2]

u

.

E :

tan E = (1 u / o ) tan

......................................................................................................

(.11)

u / o = / ,
,

c E .

2000

255

256

2000 -

[3]

,
o E :
E = 0.60
E = 0.40 V.

.6

[1]

1
2 ( 4000 m3),

,
.

.

[2]

E
( ), R Fd
:

R Fd / A = 2 i E

................................................................................................................................

(Z.12)

i,
V ( 2 ),
:

i = (1 V / N)1.4

......................................................................................................................................

(Z.13)

A
.1.

2000

257