Environmental Assessment Report

Project Number: 26194 Environmental Impact Assessment Project Number: 41414 September 2010

Viet Nam: GMS Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project (Multi-tranche Financing Facility)

Prepared by the Viet Nam Expressway Corporation for the Asian Development Bank

The environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADBs Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the Terms of Use section of this website.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of September 2010) Currency Unit Currency Unit US$1.00 = dong VND 19,000

ABBREVIATIONS AAS AASS ADB AIDS ASS BL - LT BOD BR COD dB DERI DO DONRE DOT EH EIA EMC EMP EPA N, E, S, W FFC FO FS GDP GMS ha HCMC IC KEI kV IMC IQS JICA JSC LOD MAB mol MONRE MOPS MOLISA MOT ND Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Actual Acid Sulphate Soils Asia Development Bank Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Acid Sulphate Soil Ben Luc - Long Thanh Biochemical oxygen demand Bridge Chemical Oxygen Demand decibel Danish Environmental Research Institute Dissolved Oxygen Department of Natural Resource and Environment Department of Transport Embankment Height Environmental Impact Assessment External Monitoring Consultant Environmental Management Plan Environmental Protection Agency North, East, South, West Fatherland Front Committee Fuel Oil Feasibility Study Gross Domestic Product Greater Mekong Sub - Region Hectare Ho Chi Minh City Interchange Katahira and Engineers International Kilovolt Independent Monitoring Consultant Impact Quantities System Japan International Cooperation Agency Joint Stock Company Limit of Detection Man and Biosphere Mole Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ministry of Public Security Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs Ministry of Transport Not Detectable

NGO NH PASS PC PCU PIU3 PM10 RAP ROW RP RR3 SEFZ SS TA TEDIS THC T.N T.P TS TSP USD UXO VEC VESDEC VESDI VND VOC VVA VWA WHO

Non-Government Organization National Highway Potential Acid Sulphate Soil People Committee Passenger Car Unit Project Implementation Unit 3 Dust with diameter 10 micron Resettlement Action Plan Right of Way Resettlement Policy Ring Road 3 Southern Economic Focal Zone Suspended solids Technical Assistance Transport Engineering Design and Investigation Southern Company Total hydrocarbon Total nitrogen Total Phosphorus Total solids Total Suspended Particulates United States Dollar Unexploded Ordnance Vietnam Expressway Company Environmental Protection Centre - the Vietnam Environment & Sustainable Development Institute Vietnam Environment and Sustainable Development Institute Vietnam Dong Volatile Organic Compounds Vietnam Veteran Association Vietnam Women Association World Health Organization

CONTENTS Page I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. Introduction B. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework C. Description of the Project D. Description of the Environment E. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures F. Analysis of Alternatives G. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation H. Grievance Redress Mechanism I. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) J. Conclusions and Recommendations POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK A. Project Background B. Legal and Technical Documents used in this EIA C. EIA Methodology D. EIA Organization DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT A. Type of Project B. Location of Project C. Need for Project D. Project Alignment Alternatives E. Interchange Design F. Bridge Design Options G. Traffic Forecast of Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway H. Land Acquisition for the Project I. Raw Material and Equipment Demand J. Construction Process K. Capital Investment of the Project L. Proposed Schedule for Approval and Implementation DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT A. Physical Resources B. Ecological Resources C. Socio Economic Environment ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES A. Approach to Screening of Environmental Impacts B. Impacts in the Pre-Construction Stage and Mitigation Measures C. Environmental Impact in the Construction Stage and Mitigation Measures D. Impacts in the Operation Stage and Mitigation Measures E. Specific Environmental Impact Assessment for Bridge Construction F. Preliminary Assessment of Impact of Climate Change ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES A. Relation to National Strategy B. Structures 1 1 2 2 3 5 10 10 12 12 13 16 16 17 20 22 23 23 23 23 25 44 54 62 64 65 67 69 70 71 71 114 136 149 149 150 179 206 233 242 244 244 244

II

III

IV

VI

C. D. E. VII

Alternative Alignments Description of Project Alignments Agreed Alignment

245 246 249

INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 250 A. Public Consultation following the Vietnamese Guidelines 250 B. Public Consultation following the ADB Guidelines 267 C. Feedback by the Project Owner to Comments of PCs, FFCs and PAHs 276 D. Planned Information Disclosure and Measures during Project Implementation 277 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM A. Introduction B. Proposed Grievance Redress Mechanism (Environmental) for the Project ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN A. Introduction B. Environmental Mitigation Plan C. Environmental Monitoring Plan D. Responsibilities and Authorities for Mitigation Measures and Monitoring E. Environmental Monitoring Reporting System F. Capacity Building in Environmental Management G. Cost Estimation for EMP Implementation CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 283 283 285 299 299 299 299 337 340 340 341 347

VIII

IX

TABLES Page Table II.1: Table III.1: Table III.2: Table III.3: Table III.4: Table III.5: Table III.6: Table III.7: Table III.8: Table III.9: Table III.10: Table III.11: Table III.12: Table III.13: Table III.14: Table III.15: Table III.16: Table III.17: Table III.18: Table III.19: Table III.20: Table III.21: Table III.22: List of Equipment Used in Environmental Monitoring............................................ 20 Communes and Districts Along Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway ................... 23 Comparison of Project Alignment Options at River Crossing Section ................... 31 Summary of Studies on Selection of Alignment Options ....................................... 32 List of Main Control Points and Outline of the Selected Alignment ....................... 37 Main Geometric Parameters in Accordance with TCVN 5729 97....................... 38 Result of Alignment Design ................................................................................... 38 Design Water Level along the Alignment .............................................................. 39 Height of Water Level at Bridge Locations ............................................................ 39 Average Height of Embankment ........................................................................... 40 Result of Vertical Alignment Design ...................................................................... 40 Proposed Method of Soft Soil Treatment .............................................................. 43 Summary of interchanges (IC) .............................................................................. 44 Alternative Designs for Interchange IC1................................................................ 45 Alternative Designs for Interchange IC2................................................................ 46 Alternative Designs for Interchange IC3................................................................ 47 Alternative Designs for Interchange IC4................................................................ 48 Alternative Designs for Interchange IC5................................................................ 50 Alternative Designs for Interchange IC6................................................................ 51 Alternative Designs for Interchange IC7................................................................ 52 Alternative Designs for Interchange IC8................................................................ 53 List of Medium, Short Span Bridges and Viaduct .................................................. 54 Girder Type and Span Configuration of some Medium, Short Span Bridges and Viaduct .................................................................................................................. 54

Table III.23: Table III.24: Table III.25: Table III.26: Table III.27: Table III.28: Table III.29: Table III.30: Table III.31: Table III.32: Table III.33: Table III.34: Table III.35: Table III.36: Table III.37: Table III.38: Table IV.1: Table IV.2: Table IV.3: Table IV.4: Table IV.5: Table IV.6: Table IV.7: Table IV.8: Table IV.9: Table IV.10: Table IV.11: Table IV.12: Table IV.13: Table IV.14: Table IV.15: Table IV.16: Table IV.17: Table IV.18: Table IV.19: Table IV.20: Table IV.21: Table IV.22: Table IV.23: Table IV.24: Table IV.25: Table IV.26: Table IV.27: Table IV.28: Table IV.29: Table IV.30: Table IV.31: Table IV.32:

Clearances for Large Span Bridges of BL- LT Expressway .................................. 55 Navigation Clearances of Bridges in Vietnam ....................................................... 56 Components in Bridges Crossing the Soai Rap and Long Tau Rivers.................. 59 Girder Type and Span Configuration of major Bridges.......................................... 59 Demand Forecast of Cargo through each Port in the Region in 2020................... 62 Cargo Traffic Demands Forecast through Each Port ............................................ 62 Planning of Air Transportation in Southern Vietnam ............................................. 62 Estimation of the Increased Traffic Volume........................................................... 63 Generation and Attraction Trips ............................................................................ 63 Predicted Daily Traffic Volume in Year 2016 to 2036............................................ 63 Area of Agricultural and Aquaculture Land to be Acquired by the Project............. 64 Area of Other Types of Land Acquired by the Project ........................................... 64 Raw Material Demand........................................................................................... 65 List of Construction Equipments for BL-LT Expressway ....................................... 67 Revised BL- LT Costs November 2009 ................................................................. 70 Planned Project Schedule ..................................................................................... 70 Soil Classification in 7 Districts of the Project Area ............................................... 72 Physical - Chemical Properties of Classes of Saline Soils .................................... 75 Physical - Chemical Properties of Classes of Deep Saline Potential ASS ............ 76 Monthly Average of Atmospheric Temperature in Long An, Ho Chi Minh City and Dong Nai During the Period of 2004-2008............................................................ 81 Sunlight hours in Long An, Ho Chi Minh City and Dong Nai 2004-2008 ............... 81 Monthly Average of Humidity in the Period of 2004 2008 .................................. 82 Monthly Average Rainfall in the Period of 2004-2008 ........................................... 83 Highest Wind Speed at the Station (2004-2008)................................................... 83 Main Rivers and Canals Crossed by the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway ...... 84 Hydrology Data of Some Rivers in the Dong Nai - Sai Gon Basin ........................ 85 Locations of Surface Water Quality Sediment and Aquatic Organism Monitoring Sites in EIA for Ben Luc- Long Thanh Expressway Project .................................. 86 Surface Water Quality in May 2009....................................................................... 90 Surface Water Quality in August 2009 .................................................................. 91 Sediment Contamination, May 2009 ..................................................................... 92 Sediment Contamination, August 2009 ................................................................. 92 Particles Sizes of Sediment, May and August 2009.............................................. 92 Locations of Soil Monitoring Sites ......................................................................... 94 Soil Contamination, May 2009 .............................................................................. 95 Soil Contamination, August 2009 .......................................................................... 95 Locations of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Sites in May and August 2009....... 96 Groundwater Quality, May 2009............................................................................ 98 Groundwater Quality, August 2009 ....................................................................... 99 Locations of Air Quality Monitoring Sites in May and August 2009 ..................... 101 Air Quality, May 2009 .......................................................................................... 104 Air Quality, August 2009...................................................................................... 105 Noise Pollution, May 2009................................................................................... 106 Noise Pollution, August 2009 .............................................................................. 108 Vibration Measurement, May and August 2009 .................................................. 111 Species Composition of Phytoplankton in the Project Area ................................ 114 Biodiversity Index (H') and Dominant Index (D) of Phytoplankton in the Project Area .................................................................................................................... 115 Species Composition of Zooplankton in Project Area ......................................... 115 Biodiversity Index and Dominant Index of Zooplanktons in the Studied Area ..... 116

Table IV.33: Table IV.34: Table IV.35: Table IV.36: Table IV.37: Table IV.38: Table IV.39: Table IV.40: Table IV.41: Table V.1: Table V.2: Table V.3: Table V.4: Table V.5: Table V.6: Table V.7: Table V.8: Table V.9: Table V.10: Table V.11: Table V.12: Table V.13: Table V.14: Table V.15: Table V.16: Table V.17: Table V.18: Table V.19: Table V.20: Table V.21: Table V.22: Table V.23: Table V.24:

Table V.25: Table V.26: Table V.27:

Table V.28:

Table V.29: Table V.30: Table V.31: Table V.32:

Species Composition of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Project Area ................. 117 Biodiversity Index (H') of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the Studied Area ......... 118 D index of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the Studied Area ................................ 118 Economic Fish Species Recorded in the Rivers and Canals where the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Runs Across, June 2009 ............................................ 119 Description of Habitat Assessment Criteria ......................................................... 123 Evaluation of Values of the Terrestrial Habitats in the Study Area...................... 127 Flora in the Study Area, 2009.............................................................................. 129 Structure of Fauna in the Study Area, July 2009................................................. 129 The Relevance of Zoning and Function of Biosphere Reserves and the National Objectives of Sustainable Development ............................................................. 131 Common Vegetation Species at Section 1.......................................................... 152 Common Fauna Species at Section 1................................................................. 152 Common Vegetation Species at Section 2.......................................................... 154 Common Wild Animals Species at Section 2 ...................................................... 156 Common Vegetation Species at Section 3.......................................................... 158 Common Wild Animal Species ............................................................................ 158 Common Flora Species at Section 4 ................................................................... 159 Common Wild Animal Species at Section 4 ........................................................ 161 Species to be Planted in the River Banks in Can Gio and Nhon Trach Districts. 162 Common Flora Species at Section 5 ................................................................... 164 Common Fauna Species at Section 5................................................................. 164 Estimated Cost for Planting 1 ha of Rhizophora Apiculata on the Riverside of the Thi Vai River (in 2009) ........................................................................................ 165 Dominant Vegetation Species at Section 6 ......................................................... 168 Dominant Fauna Species at Section 6 ................................................................ 168 Replanting Time for Mangrove Trees .................................................................. 170 Monitoring Plan for Mangrove Replanting ........................................................... 170 Summary of the Expected Impacts of Land Clearance on Mangrove Trees ....... 171 Number of the Project Affected Households by Communes ............................... 172 Typical Agricultural Models and Annual Incomes of Farmers in the Project Area ............................................................................................................................ 173 Impacts of the Alignment Options on Land Use .................................................. 177 Impacts of 3 Alignment Options on Housing Facilities ........................................ 177 Construction Machines Used in the Construction Phase .................................... 180 Air Emission Inventories for Transport ................................................................ 180 TSP, PM10 and Other Air Pollutants at Construction Sites of the East-West Expressway (for Reference in Air Pollution Prediction for Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway) ....................................................................................................... 181 Estimated Pollution Loads of Domestic Wastewater from Construction workers 185 Noise Transfer Over Distance ............................................................................. 188 Noise Pollution at 10 Sites of the East-West Expressway, (for Reference in Prediction of Noise Increase in the Construction of Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway) ....................................................................................................... 189 Vibration at Monitoring Sites in the Construction Phase of the East-West Expressway (for Reference in Prediction of Vibration for the Construction of Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway).......................................................................... 191 Short-Term Effect of Water Acidity on Fish Species ........................................... 194 Average Elevations of Land Fill........................................................................... 197 Prediction of Vibration Pollution .......................................................................... 206 Traffic Pollution Loads by Speed......................................................................... 207

Table V.33: Pollution Loads in the Option of With and Without the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project ............................................................................................ 208 Table V.34: Environmental Efficiency in the Options of With and Without the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project ................................................................................. 209 Table V.35: Computing Results of NO2 Dispersion (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036) .......................................................................................................... 211 Table V.36: Computing Results of SO2 Dispersion (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036) .......................................................................................................... 215 Table V.37: Computing Results of CO Dispersion (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036) .......................................................................................................... 216 Table V.38: Computing Result of Dust Pollution Dispersion over Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036).................... 219 Table V.39: Calculation Results of CO2 Generation for Year 2036........................................ 222 Table V.40: Effect of Traffic Noise Exposure on People......................................................... 225 Table V.41: Noise of Some Types of Road ............................................................................ 225 Table V.42: List of Frontage Roads along the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway............... 231 Table V.43: List of Underpasses and Overpasses along the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway......................................................................................................... 231 Table V.44: Bridges Proposed to Build and Hydrological Parameters at their Positions in Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway ........................................................................... 233 Table V.45: Predicted Erosion of Main Bridges in the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project................................................................................................................. 238 Table VII.1: Summary of Comments and Suggestions from PCs, FFCs and Responses of the Project................................................................................................................. 251 Table VII.2: Program of Consultation with the PAHs on Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................................ 270 Table VII.3: Planned Information Disclosure during Project Implementation.......................... 278 Table VIII.1: Typical Impacts and Types of Grievances in the 3 Stages of the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project ................................................................................. 287 Table IX.1: Environmental Mitigation Plan for Ben Luc- Long Thanh Expressway Project.... 301 Table IX.2: Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project ............................................................................................................................ 329 Table IX.3: Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project ............................................................................................................................ 332 Table IX.4: Simple Tool to Calculate GHG Emissions (CO2 Load) and Threshold Traffic in Terms of Passenger Car Units (PCU): Applied for the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project (in the Operation Phase) .................................................... 336 Table IX.5: Responsibilities of Related Authorities for Implementation of EMP..................... 337 Table IX.6: Proposed List of Equipment and Technical Facilities for Environmental Management in the Construction Phase............................................................. 342 Table IX.7: Technical Facilities and Other Items for Environmental Management in the Operation Phase (Within First 3 Years) .............................................................. 343 Table IX.8: Estimate Cost for Environmental Monitoring ....................................................... 344 Table IX.9: Estimated Cost for Environmental Training ......................................................... 345 Table IX.10: Total Budget for Environmental Management Plan (in USD) .............................. 345

FIGURES Page Figure III.1: Location of Project Alignment (Selected Alternative).......................................... 24

BL- LT Expressway Project and Other Transportation Projects in the Region ... 29 Location of Project Alignment and Interchanges (Selected Alternative) ............. 30 River Crossing Alignment Options (from HCMC to Dong Nai Province), Where the Red Line is Selected Option ......................................................................... 36 Figure III.5: Cross-Section of 4 Lanes Road .......................................................................... 41 Figure III.6: Cross-Section of 8 Lanes Road .......................................................................... 42 Figure III.7: Profile of Topography at the Binh Khanh Bridge................................................. 55 Figure III.8: Profile of Topography at the Phuoc Khanh Bridge.............................................. 55 Figure III.9: Borehole at the Proposed Binh Khanh Bridge .................................................... 57 Figure III.10: Borehole at the Proposed Phuoc Khanh Bridge ................................................. 58 Figure III.11: Location and Vertical Alignment of Binh Khanh Cable Stayed Bridge................ 60 Figure III.12: Location and Vertical Alignment of Phuoc Khanh Cable Stayed Bridge............. 61 Figure IV.1: Soil Map of the Project Districts .......................................................................... 80 Figure IV.2: Location of Water Quality, Sediment and Aquatic Organisms Monitoring Sites, May and August 2009 ......................................................................................... 89 Figure IV.3: Location of Soil Sampling Sites, May and August 2009 ..................................... 97 Figure IV.4: Location of Groundwater Sampling Sites, May and August 2009..................... 100 Figure IV.5: Location of Air Quality, Noise and Vibration Monitoring Sites, May and August 2009 .................................................................................................................. 103 Figure IV.6: Some Pictures in the Field Survey for the ADB TA 7155-VIE, Conducted by the EIA Team for KEI (May and August 2009)........................................................ 113 Figure IV.7: Images of Typical Types of Habitats at Project Area ........................................ 128 Figure IV.8: UNESCO MAB Guideline on the Relevance of Zoning and Function of Biosphere Reserve ........................................................................................... 132 Figure IV.9: Zoning of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve ............................................................. 134 Figure IV.10: Present Landscape of Binh Khanh Commune in Can Gio District.................... 135 Figure IV.11: Present Land Use of 7 Districts ........................................................................ 138 Figure V.1: Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 1 .......................................................... 153 Figure V.2: Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 2 .......................................................... 155 Figure V.3: Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 3 .......................................................... 157 Figure V.4: Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 4 .......................................................... 160 Figure V.5: Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 5 .......................................................... 163 Figure V.6: Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 6 .......................................................... 167 Figure V.7: A Model of 3- Compartment Septic Tank.......................................................... 186 Figure V.8: Flow Chart of Wash Water and Oily Waste Water Treatment to be Applied in the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project...................................................... 187 Figure V.9: Acidic Water Resulted from Digging Acid Sulphate Soil (Photo in Long An province, where serious AASS occurs)............................................................. 193 Figure V.10: Treatment of High Acid Sulphate Soil and Acidic Water with Lime................... 195 Figure V.11: Model of a Reservoir with Settling and Neutralizing Tanks to Prevent Impacts of Acidic Water)..................................................................................................... 195 Figure V.12: Relationship Between the Emission Coefficient (CO) and Vehicle Speed in the OSPM Software (Danish National Environmental Research Institute) ............. 208 Figure V.13: Distribution of the Increased NO2 Concentration at Centerline Along the Expressway (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036).................. 212 Figure V.14: Distribution of the Increased NO2 Concentration at 60m to the Left Side from the Centerline Along the Expressway (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)................................................................................................................. 213 Figure V.15: Distribution Map of NO2 Pollution Increase Over the Entire Expressway and Typical Cross-Sections (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036) 214 Figure III.2: Figure III.3: Figure III.4:

Distribution of the Increased SO2 Concentration at Centerline Along the Expressway (Simulated by Forecast Traffic Flow in Year 2036) ...................... 215 Figure V.17: Distribution of the Increased SO2 Concentration at 60m to the Left Side from Centerline Along the Expressway (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)................................................................................................................. 216 Figure V.18: Distribution Map of the Increased SO2 Pollution Over the Expressway and Typical Cross-Sections (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036) 217 Figure V.19: Distribution of the Increased CO Concentration at Centerline along the Expressway (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036).................. 218 Figure V.20: Distribution of the Increased CO Concentration at 60m from the Centerline to the Left Side (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036) ....................... 219 Figure V.21: Variation of Dust Content at the Centerline (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036) ................................................................................................... 221 Figure V.22: Variation of Dust Content at the 60 m to Left Side form the Centerline (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted fro Year 2036)........................................................ 221 Figure V.23: Relationships Between LA10, LAeq, LA90, and LAmax ................................... 224 Figure V.24: Diagram of Noise Distribution at Section 3: C3-C4 (Predicted for 2036) ........ 227 Figure V.25: Diagram of Noise Distribution at Section 4: IC4-IC5 (Predicted for 2036) ........ 227 Figure V.26: Diagram of Noise Distribution at Section 6: IC6-IC7 (Predicted for 2036) ........ 228 Figure VII.1: Distribution of Jobs of the Affected Households ............................................... 271 Figure VII.2: Percentages of Comments of PAHs About the Project Information.................. 271 Figure VII.3: Percentages of Peoples Knowing about Detailed Information of the Project... 272 Figure VII.4: Percentages of Peoples Opinions about the Effectiveness of the Project ....... 272 Figure VII.5: Percentages of Peoples Opinions about Environmental Impacts of the Project273 Figure VII.6: Percentages of Comments about Mitigation of Environmental Impacts of the Project............................................................................................................... 274 Figure VII.7: Percentages of Opinions about Notice of Environmental Matters .................... 274 Figure VII.8: Percentages of Peoples Opinions about Environmental Monitoring ................ 275 Figure VII.9: Percentages of Peoples Opinions about Improvement of Living Conditions due to Improvement of Environmental Conditions ................................................... 275 Figure VII.10: Percentages of Peoples Opinions about Their Involvements in Environmental Monitoring ......................................................................................................... 276 Figure VII.11: Some Photos of Public Consultation Meetings with PAHs ............................... 280 Figure VIII.1: Steps in GRM for Ben Luc-Long Thanh Expressway Project and participation of stakeholders...................................................................................................... 297 Figure V.16: APPENDICES Appendix II.1: Viet Nam Standards and National Technical Regulations for the Environment Appendix II.1.1: National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT) Appendix II.1.2: Viet Nam Standard for Noise in Public and Residential Areas (TCVN 5949:1998) Appendix II.1.3: Viet Nam Standard for Vibration and Shock (TCVN 6962:2001) Appendix II.1.4: Viet Nam Standard for Vehicle Emission Standard (TCVN 5947:1996) Appendix II.1.5: Viet Nam National Regulation for Surface Water Quality (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT) Appendix II.1.6: Viet Nam National Technical Regulation on the Allowable Limits of Heavy Metals in the Soils (QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT)

Viet Nam National Technical Regulation for Groundwater Quality (QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT) Appendix II.1.7: National Technical Regulation for Industrial Wastewater (QCVN24 : 2009/BTNMT) Appendix II.2: IFC/WB (WHO) Guidelines for Environmental Quality Appendix II.2.1: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines Appendix II.2.2. WHO Guideline Values for Noise Appendix III: Air Pollution Modeling for Year 2036 Appendix III.1: Modeling Software Used Appendix III.2: Input Data of ISC3 Applied for BL-LT Expressway Appendix III.3: Modeling Results Appendix IV.1:Description of Typical Soil Profiles Appendix IV.1.1: Profile Number: BK 07 60 Appendix IV.1.2: Profile Number: CG 07 - 18 Appendix IV.1.3. Profile number: LA 06 85 Appendix IV.1.4: Profile number: PK 07 35 Appendix IV.1.5: Profile number: BRVT-07-38 Appendix IV.1.6: Profile number: BRVT-07-26 Appendix IV.2: Lists of Identified Vegetation and Wild Animal Species Appendix IV.2.1: List of Common Plan Species in the Study Area of Ben LucLong Thanh Expressway Project (August 2009) Appendix IV.2.2: List of Common Fauna Species in the Study Area of Ben LucLong Thanh Expressway Project (August 2009) Appendix IV.3: Analytical Result for Surface Water Quality, Groundwater Quality, Air Quality, Noise, Vibration, Soil Quality and Sediment Quality Appendix IV.5.1:Letter from from Can Gio Protected Forest Management Board (Translated from Vietnamese) Appendix IV.5.2:Letter from Can Gio District People Committee (Translation from Vietnamese) Appendix IX.1: Terms of Reference for External Monitoring Consultant Appendix IX.2:Proposed Programs for Environment Training for Ben Luc-Long Thanh Expressway Project

Appendix II.1.7:

I A. Introduction

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The Project will construct a 58 kilometer expressway between Ben Luc and Long Thanh in the south of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), which is a short link of the GMS Southern Economic Corridor, to improve transport efficiency. The executing agency is the Vietnam Expressway Corporation (VEC), which was established under the Ministry of Transport (MOT) to develop national expressway network in Viet Nam. The project will be co-financed by the Asian Development Banbk (ADB) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The objectives of this EIA report are as follows. (i) Describe aspects and activities related to the design, construction and operation of the Ben Luc-Long Thanh Expressway Project (the project), which may cause positive and negative impacts on the natural and socio-economic environment. Establish the main characteristics of the natural and socio-economic environment at the project area (7 districts where the expressway will pass across). The major environmental components are wetland ecosystem, land, aquatic, air and noise environment. Predict and assess potential impacts on the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment, caused by wastes and non-waste sources during various phases of the project: pre-construction, construction and operation. For each negative impact, corresponding mitigation measures have been formulated for implementation. Prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), including environmental mitigation measures and monitoring activities, capacity building program, public involvement and cost estimation for implementation.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

2. This EIA study was implemented in 7 districts, but mainly in a corridor within about 250m of each side of the project alignment. The main environmental components (physical, biological, socio-economic aspects) related to project activities and impacts were considered in this study. 3. To predict and assess the potential impacts, various methods in EIA were used: checklist, matrix, public consultations, site observations, review of project design, air quality and noise modeling. The standard methods for collection and analysis of environmental samples were applied. 4. I. II. III. IV V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. This EIA report contains the following chapters: Executive Summary Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Description of the Project Description of the Environment (Baseline Data) Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Analysis of Alternatives Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation Grievance Redress Mechanism Environmental Management Plan Conclusion and Recommendations References Appendixes

B.

Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

5. In this ADB TA 7155 - VIE project two separate EIA reports were prepared. The EIA report following the Vietnamese Guideline was conducted based on the main legal background as follows: (i) (ii) The Law on Environmental Protection (LEP, 2005). Decree 80/2006/ND-CP dated 09 August 2006 by the Government of Vietnam (GOV) on detailed regulations and guidance for implementation of some clauses of the LEP Decree 81/2006/ND-CP dated 09 August 2006 by the GoV. Decree 21/2008/ND-CP dated 28th February 2008 by the GoV Circular 05/2008/TT-BTNMT dated 28th February 2008 by Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) on Guidelines on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), EIA and Commitment in Environmental Protection (CEP). Law on Forest Protection and Development, 2004 Law on Biodiversity, 2008 Law on Water Resources, 1998. Law on Biodiversity, 2008.

(iii) (iv) (v)

(vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)

6. Because this project is supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) under ADB TA 7155-VIE "Preparing Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project", the EIA report follows the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (June 2009). 7. In this EIA the following documents of the Government, Ministry of Transport and local authorities related to the Project are also considered. (i) (ii) Decision 1724/Q/TTg dated 01 December 2008 by the Prime Minister on approving the Master Plan of Highways System in Viet Nam until 2020. Decision 101/2007/QD/TTg dated 22/01/2007 by the Prime Minister on approving the Master Plan of Traffic Development of Ho Chi Minh City until 2020 including Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway.

C. 8.

Description of the Project The project includes: (i) Construction of an expressway with a length of 58 km and a a width of about 73 m connecting Ben Luc district of Long An province in the Mekong Delta to Long Thanh district in the Southeastern Region. This expressway will go across the southern districts of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC): Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Can Gio, where at present there is no highway. Construction of over 20 bridges, in which 2 large-sized bridges are Binh Khanh over the Soai Rap river and Phuoc Khanh over the Long Tau river. Construction of auxiliary technical facilities along the expressway.

(ii) (iii)

9. The operation of the expressway will create significant socio-economic effects for HCMC, provinces in the Mekong Delta and Southeastern regions. 10. The construction of the expressway is planned to commence in early 2012 and to be completed by the end 2016.

D.

Description of the Environment

11. From the primary data obtained by field survey and environmental analysis by the EIA consultants and secondary data collected from various central and provincial agencies the following present state of the environment at the project area has been clearly identified. 1. Climate

12. Within the project area there are two distinct seasons: dry season and rainy season lasting from December to April the following year. In the last months of the rainy season (September-November) floods occur, placing constraints on construction of the expressway in flat lowland areas. With the increased impacts caused by climate change the project should include adaptation strategies for climate change in the design to accommodate the expected rise of sea water level in the Dong Nai - Saigon river estuary region. Detailed data on climate at 3 Meteo Hydrological stations located closely to the project area are given in Chapter II of this EIA Report. 2. Hydrology

13. There are over twenty large and small rivers and canals crossing the project alignment. They are main waterways and sources of water supply for aquaculture. There are no canals or rivers used for domestic water supply. A semi diurnal tidal regime is dominant in this region. The river flow depends on the season: it is very high at the end of the rainy season and low at the end of the dry season. Floods sometime occur at some canals and rivers in the Western part of the project area. 3. Soils and Sediment

14. Seven soil classes are found in the project area. The soil map prepared by the EIA Team indicates that acid sulphate soils (ASS) occupy over 30% of the total land area of the project districts. ASS are mainly distributed at the Western and Central sections (Ben Luc, Binh Chanh and Can Gio districts). Saline solids are commonly distributed in Can Gio and part of Nhon Trach, Long Thanh districts. Earthworks at acid sulphate and saline soil areas may cause adverse impacts on the local soil and canal, pond water quality. 15. The analytical data of samples collected at 12 sites in May and August 2009 indicated that at present, there is not significant soil and/or sediment contamination by heavy metals, but grease and oil contamination is found in sediment of the canal and rivers at the project area. 4. Water Quality

16. River and canal water at all 12 monitoring sites were contaminated by organic matter, nutrients, bacteria and oils at slight (at the large rivers) and medium (at canals and small rivers) levels. There are no rivers which meet the Vietnamese National Technical Regulation for Source A of Surface Water Quality (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT). The main water pollution sources are urban wastes (at the canals, rivers in the Western sections) and by industrial wastes (at the rivers and canals in Eastern sections). Problems of pollution caused by toxic chemicals (heavy metals and pesticides) are not found. At present, due to high salinity and/or high pollution by organic matter, turbidity, oils and bacteria, water of all rivers and canals in the project districts are not used for domestic water supply. However, the expected increased water pollution

caused by turbidity, oil, organic matters at some canals caused by road and bridge construction may impact local aquaculture. 17. Groundwater at the monitoring sites is slightly contaminated by bacteria and salinity. However, water of most of the monitored wells may be used for domestic water supply. 5. Air Quality, Noise and Vibration

18. At present, air and noise pollution is evident at the monitoring sites at the existing highway or provincial roads. Dust concentration exceeded the permissible limit in the Vietnamese National Technical Regulation for Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT). Noise levels vary from 65 to 75 dB(A), exceeding the permissible level for residential areas (TCVN 5949:1998). This problem does not occur at the sites located at the field or rural areas far from the existing roads. Levels of SO2, NOx or CO at all monitoring sites were within the standard. Vibration at most sites is within permissible levels. 6. Aquatic Ecology

19. Characteristics of the aquatic habitats at the rivers and canals in the project area were determined by the results of aquatic organism analysis in May and August 2009. The study has clearly identified 3 aquatic ecological zones depending on water salinity (fresh, brackish and saline) occurring at the canals and rivers in the project area. Various biological indices were used for evaluation of biodiversity of aquatic organisms. Lists of identified plankton species and their density, composition and density of benthic animals, composition of economic fish, shellfish, and shrimps were given in chapter IV of this EIA report. In 2009 the EIA study has identified 134 phytoplankton species, 28 zooplankton species, 18 benthic macro invertebrate species and 82 fish species. Composition and density of aquatic organisms vary greatly based on water salinity, water pollution and seasons. Biodiversity indices of the aquatic organisms at each site were determined. The obtained data indicate that no aquatic organisms species found are listed in the Vietnamese Red Book (2000). 7. Terrestrial Ecosystem

20. Based on the results of the field survey from May to August 2009 at the project (ROW), 8 common types of natural habitats at 6 sections in 7 districts of the project area were identified. The major habitats are paddy field, residential land, and canal and river corridors. Mangrove ecosystems are found mainly at the Thi Vai river in the Eastern Sections (in Long Thanh and Nhon Trach districts). At Binh Khanh Commune in Can Gio district, which is located in the transition zone of the Biosphere Reserve, there is no mangrove forest area but only a narrow belt of Nipa palm, Sonneratia spp. and mangrove brush trees. 21. Characteristics of the habitats with lists of vegetation and wild animal species at each of 6 sections along the project alignment were clearly identified. From the list of recorded (148 vegetation species and 19 wild animal species) it is observed that at present at the project area there are no vegetation and/or wild animals species listed in the Vietnamese Red Book. 8. Natural Protected Areas

22. Within a distance of 30km from the project alignment there is only one natural protected site: Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest. This forest is included in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Network. Therefore, considerable attention has been given to this site during the EIA study. Various meetings with the governmental, city and district authorities were held to obtain

comments on the project impacts on this protected area. From the obtained information the following findings may be given. 23. The Can Gio Biosphere Reserve is divided into three zones as follows. (i) Core zone occupies 4,721 ha covered the Southern part of Tam Thon Hiep, Western part of Thanh An and Northeastern part of Long Hoa communes with six sub-zones numbered 3, 4b, 6, 11, 12 and 13. Priority is given to use of the core zone for scientific studies, particularly studies into sustainability and ability of genetic biodiversity restoration. Buffer zone occupies over 37,000 ha and covers the Northern part of Tam Thon Hiep, Eastern part of Thanh An, Eastern part of An Thoi Dong and Ly Nhon and Southwestern part of Long Hoa commune with 18 sub-zones and 3,800 ha of water. In this zone, only limited forest exploitation is permitted on the principles of preservation of resources, biodiversity and ecological balance. In fact, models of forestation together with aquaculture will be maintained in order to secure local peoples income. Transition zone covers all areas of Binh Khanh commune, Western parts of An Thoi Dong, all Ly Nhon communes and all Can Thanh Town, with over 29,000ha of land and 570 ha of water. According to the information from the Can Gio Mangrove Management Board and the Section of Natural Resource and Environment of the district in this transition zone urban, industrial transport and other projects can be developed to meet the local and national economic demands. In this zone transport (highway, road, and port), agriculture, aquaculture, and urban development projects are permitted. These development projects are not forbidden by Ho Chi Minh City, Can Gio Mangrove Forest Management Board, the Forest Development Law of Vietnam and also by UNESCOs Guidelines.

(ii)

(iii)

24. According to UNESCO Guidelines, in the transition zone of biosphere reserves, urban and industrial parks development to meet local and national demands are recommended. Therefore, development of the expressway in the transition zone of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve is widely accepted. 25. Binh Khanh commune, where the Project alignment will go through, is located outside of the mangrove forest. During the past 30 years there was no forest areas planted in this commune. At present, the commune is a main rice cultivation area of Can Gio district. The other parts of the commune area are used for aquaculture, port and residential sites. 26. According to the results of the field surveys conducted by the EIA Team in May August 2009, in Binh Khanh the main vegetation species are rice and Nipa palm. Some thin belts of Nipa palm (Nipa fruticans), Sonneratia spp., and mangrove trees along the Nha Be, Long Tau rivers and canals occur. No forest was observed. There are some species of wild animals such as frogs, snakes, rats and birds which are occasionally found, but there is no species listed in the Vietnam Red Book. E. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

27. In this chapter the following environmental impacts in 3 phases of the project implementation were clearly predicted and the countermeasures were suggested.

1.

Impacted in the Pre-Construction Phase a. Physical Environment

28. In the pre-construction phase impacts on the physical environment from land acquisition, resettlement, and site clearance are expected. b. Biological Environment

29. The impacts of land acquisition and site clearance on the biological environment at 6 sections of the whole alignment were predicted and assessed. 30. At sections 1, 2, 3 (Ben Luc, Can Giuoc, Binh Chanh and Nha Be districts) the impacts on the natural ecosystems are expected as long-term but minor, due to most of the areas being agricultural and residential land and there is no area of forest and/or natural reserve in these sections. 31. At section 4 (Binh Khanh commune in Can Gio district), located in the transition zone of the Biosphere Reserve and about 10km from the boundary of mangrove forest most of the area is used for agriculture, aquaculture and residential sites. There is no mangrove forest in this commune but there are belts of Nipa palm and some mangrove brush trees along the canals, rivers and at the lowland. There are only some small and common wild animal species in this section. Therefore, impacts caused by land clearance on biodiversity in this section are expected as minor. 32. At sections 5 and 6 in Dong Nai province, the alignment goes across a large area of mangrove forest along the Thi Vai river. This forest is an important place for growth of mangrove trees, fish species, amphibian animals and aquatic birds. However, the project will construct two long viaducts to connect the two sections of Thi Vai bridge. Therefore, the area of mangrove forest to be cleared would be small. The impact on the local mangrove ecosystem is expected as minor. 33. In order to minimize the predicted impacts on the existing wetland ecosystems the following measures will be implemented in the pre-construction phase. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Do not cut trees outside the project ROW. Do not dispose waste into forest and wetland area. Design and construct viaducts passing over the mangrove forest area at the Thi Vai river banks. Properly implement the Mangrove Reforestation Plan (MRF) for replanting mangrove trees to compensate the mangrove area lost by site clearance. Depending on topographical, water inundation, soil and water salinity the major trees to be replanted are Avicennia sp., Rhizophora spp. and Nipa palm. c. Socio Economic Environment

34. A total of 2,558 households will be affected by the project due to acquisition of residential land; 1,908 households will be affected by acquisition of agricultural and other lands. 35. Therefore, the project will cause major negative impacts on the project affected households (PAHs). The PAHs will lose income due to loss of agricultural and/or aquacultural

land. They will meet great difficulties in living restoration. Housing and social problems for the PAHs will be created. 36. To minimize the predicted socio-economic impacts to PAHs, a proper Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) prepared by the project and provincial PCs will be implemented. 2. Impacts and Mitigation Measures in the Construction Phase a. Physical Environment

37. Cutting and filling to construct road embankment will cause the main following impacts to the physical environment. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Air (dust) and noise pollution: medium to major impacts. Canal and pond water pollution, caused by storm water containing solids, oils and acidic materials (in acid sulphate soil area): minor to medium impacts. Land pollution caused by storm water containing oils, acidic materials (in acid sulphate soil area): minor impact Water inundation at the upstream area of the embankment in the flooding season if drainage system would not be properly installed.

38. Domestic waste water from construction worker camps, hazardous wastes and construction wastes may cause the following impacts on the physical environment. (i) (ii) (iii) Air pollution by odor: minor impact. Canal and pond water pollution caused by organic matter, nutrients, solid, oil and bacteria: minor to medium impacts. Land pollution by grease and oil: minor impact.

39. To minimize the potential impacts on the physical environment the following main measures will be implemented in the construction phase. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Properly collect, segregate, transport and treat domestic, hazardous and construction wastes, generated at worker camps and construction sites. Construct noise and dust control barriers (walls) at the sensitive receptors closed to construction sites. Properly treat acidic storm water at acid sulphate soil area. Properly install culverts and drainage system connecting the upstream to downstream areas to avoid water inundation at the upstream side. Disposal of untreated wastewater is prohibited while disposal of solid wastes shall only be to sites approved by local authorities. b. Biological Environment

40. During the construction phase the natural habitats would be continuously damaged by cutting and filling activities and encroachment of workers into mangrove forest area, mainly at the Thi Vai river banks. This impact is expected as minor, due to the mangrove area to be encroached being small. 41. Land pollution caused by storm water, domestic wastes from construction worker camps and construction wastes may damage natural vegetation and food crop species. This impact is assessed as minor.

42. Due to canal and pond water pollution by run-off water, particularly acidic run-off water and wastes from the construction sites, fish and shrimp species may be damaged. 43. To mitigate the potential impacts on the biological environment in this phase the following measures are suggested. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Do not clear vegetation cover outside the project ROW. Do not dispose domestic, hazardous and construction wastes into land, field, canals and rivers. Properly treat acidic water from construction site at acid sulphate soil areas. Replant mangroves to compensate the area lost by cutting and filling activity. c. Socio - Economic Environment

44. During the construction phase various negative impacts on the local socio-economic are expected. (i) (ii) (iii) Conflicts between workers with local residents due to differences in customs and cultural: minor impact. Transmission of epidemic diseases from workers to local residents and vice versa: minor impacts. Adverse impacts on business and living conditions of local residents due to movement of construction machines, causing air (dust), noise pollution, damage of local roads, traffic accidents, and water pollution effecting on of aquaculture: medium impact.

45. To mitigate the predicted socio-economic impacts the following measures will be implemented. (i) (ii) (iii) Proper management of labor force, so that workers maintain a good relationship with the local community. Hire qualified locals during construction, as much as possible. Coordinate with local PCs to promote awareness of both workers and local residents on prevention of HIV/AIDs, epidemic diseases such as water-borne and vector-borne diseases, and other related diseases. Implement identified mitigation measures to minimize impacts on air quality, noise, water quality, etc. caused by project-related activities. Environment Impact and Mitigation Measures in the Operation Phase a. Physical Environment

(iv)

3.

46. Air dust, NOx, CO, SOx pollution caused by increased traffic activity will rise. However, the results of the air quality modeling indicate that dust, SO2, NOx, CO concentrations generated by the predicted volume of vehicles in 2036 would not exceed the permissible limit of the Vietnam National Technical Regulation for Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT) and IFC (WHO) Guideline for Ambient Air Quality. Only in cases of cumulative impacts (combination of the existing concentration of air pollutants to the increased level of air pollutants created by the increased traffic facilities), dust and SO2 concentrations at some sites would exceed the permissible limits. CO pollution would not be a problem in the future on this expressway.

47. Noise pollution caused by the increased volume of vehicles will be a major impact. Noise pollution modeling indicates that in 2036, without noise control barriers, noise levels up to within 300m from the road centerline will exceed the Vietnamese and IFC (WHO) permissible limit for sensitive receptors (hospital, office, schools etc.) in daytime and nighttime. 48. Water and land contamination caused by storm water from road surface would be minor. b. Biological Environment

49. During operation of the expressway direct impacts on vegetation and aquatic species are expected as minor. c. Socio Economic Environment

50. In this phase some impacts on the socio economic environment were predicted in the EIA report. (i) Promotion of urbanization, industrialization, trade and tourism in the Mekong River Delta and Southeast regions, improving living conditions, income, education, women roles and poverty alleviation for local people. It is major positive impact of the project. Increase or decrease of traffic accidents, depending on traffic management. Separation of communities due to the physical barrier created by the expressway. d. Induced Development

(ii) (iii)

51. With the expansion of urban, industrial and tourism areas created by the expressway and other projects, it is expected that the area of natural habitats in Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai and Long An Provinces would be reduced, causing various environmental and social impacts. Air, water, land pollution caused by the increased amounts of municipal and industrials wastes would rise. 52. These impacts are expected as medium to major depending on the implementation of the National Strategy for Environment Protection and the policies in sustainable development of local provinces/ ministries. However, these impacts will not be caused by this single project, but even without the project, they will be created by planned and ongoing regional urbanization and industrialization. e. Impacts Caused by Climate Change

53. The main consequence of climate change in the region of projects districts is rise of sea water level. With the high embankment of the expressway and provision of adequate drainage system, the impact of seawater rise on this project is expected as minor. f. Mitigation Measures in the Operation Phase

54. To minimize the predicted negative impacts in the operation phase the following measures shall be implemented. (i) Setting up residential, commercial areas within the safety corridor shall not be not allowed.

10

(ii)

(iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)

(xi)

Construction of sensitive receptors (hospitals, schools, temples, churches within 300m from the road, shall be avoided, as much as possible if noise barriers will not be set up. Construct noise barriers at the sensitive receptors located close to the expressway if it will be required by local residents. Construction of frontage roads, underpasses and overpasses to provide access across the expressway Proper traffic management Installation of traffic sign boards and regular road maintenance. Provision of vegetation cover where it is possible along the expressway. Provision of sanitation facilities at rest stations. Implementation of the environmental monitoring plan. Implementation of laws, policies in environmental protection, biodiversity conservation, forest protection and National Plan for Environmental Protection during the growth of urbanization and industrialization in the region. Proper design, construction and maintenance of the road embankment to prevent damage due to seawater rise and flooding

F.

Analysis of Alternatives

55. In this study various alternatives were analyzed based on points of view of social and environmental impacts. 1. Do nothing option:

56. If the expressway is not built a major link connecting regional economic development with the national highway network will be missing: Do nothing is not an option. 2. With the project:

57. In this option various alternatives in bridges or tunnels and 3 alternatives of alignment were analyzed. (i) Alternative 1: which crosses the Soai Rap river again between the 220kV and the 500kv power-lines then crossing the Long Tau river. This alternative avoids encroachment into a lot of national economic works, dense populated areas and historical sites. Alternative 2: enters Phu Xuan commune and crosses the Nha Be river. This alternative may encroach on various populated areas and large-sized national economic facilities. Alternative 3: enters Phu Xuan commune but runs North of Alignment 2 then crosses the Nha Be river. This alternative also encroaches on many dense populated areas.

(ii)

(iii)

58. Carefully considering all alternatives the project has selected Alternative 1 of alignment and alternative of bridge construction for the feasibility study (F/S). G. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation

59. In this EIA two (2) types of public consultation have been implemented to comply with both Vietnam's and ADB requirements.

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1.

Public Consultation Process Following the Vietnam Guideline

60. The Law on Environmental Protection (2005) strongly requires public consultation and information disclosure on the project to local people prior to its commencement. The Circular 05/2008/BTNMT issued by Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment (MONRE) requires that the project owner should organize meetings with and obtain comments on environmental impacts and mitigation measures of the project from 2 organizations: Peoples Committee (PC) and Fatherland Front Committee (FFC) of each commune where the project is located. PC is an administration agency and FFC is a political - social association, representative of local residents and other public associations. In case the project could cause serious potential impacts, meetings with local residents are also required. 61. To comply with public consultation and information disclosure requirements of ADB, the EIA Consulting Team of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project has conducted the following activities. 2. Public Consultation Process Following the ADB's Guideline

62. ADB strictly requires implementation of public consultation and information disclosure during the conduct of EIA study. This requirement is specified in ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). 63. The public consultation following ADBs requirement was implemented in 2 rounds: (i) First round: in the EIA preparation process: Interview of about 50 PAHs (by random selection) in 7 project's districts by filling questionnaire sheets to obtain information on their actual social and economic conditions and their comments on environmental issues of the project. Separate meetings with 15 communes PCs and 15 commune's FFCs to a) present a summary on the project description, impact assessment, mitigation measures and environmental management plan; b) obtain from them data/ information on the present socio-economic status of each commune; c) obtain from them letters on comments and suggestions on environmental impacts and mitigation measures of the project. Second round: after preparation of Draft EIA report: Organization of 6 meetings with participation of 497 PAHs at 6 representative communes to obtain comments (by filling questionnaires on environmental issues and mitigation measures) and answer to them their questions on environment issues.

(ii)

(iii)

64. The obtained 500 questionnaire sheets filled by almost 550 PAHs (in 2 rounds) and 30 official letters from 15 PCs and 15 FFCs of 15 project communes indicated that all representatives of 15 communes and most of PAHs support the project implementation. However, most of them strongly require the project owner/ contractors to properly implement the following main measures. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Good policies in compensation and resettlement for PAHs. Proper management of labor force and good construction management. Proper control of dust, noise, air, water pollution during road and bridge construction. Do not fill up canals, water drainage systems. Proper management of transport activities to avoid accident and road damage.

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65. The project owner accepted all comments and requirements from PAHs and local PCs, FFCs and promised to implement appropriate measures to mitigate the negative social and environmental impacts caused by the project activities. H. Grievance Redress Mechanism

66. In this EIA a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) was set up with the following contents. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) Introduction Definition of GRM Principles of Good GRM Proposed GRM for Environmental Performance for the Project Identification of stakeholders in GRM for this project Legal guidelines of Vietnam on grievance redress ADB requirements in GRM Project potential impacts and types of grievance Mechanism of grievance redress applied for this project

67. This grievance mechanism is based on the Vietnamese legal framework as well as the ADB Policy. This redress mechanism will be easily applied by local residents, governmental agencies, project owner and contractors because it complies with the following requirements. (i) (ii) (iii) Provides a predictable, transparent, and credible process to all parties, resulting in outcomes that are seen as fair and effective. Builds trust as an integral component of broader community relations activities. Enables more systematic identification of emerging issues and trends, facilitating corrective action.

I.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

68. In this EIA a comprehensive EMP was suggested in order to prevent and address negative impacts caused by Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway. The project owner, its contractors and the related authorities will implement this EMP. 69. The EMP is an integral part of the EIA. The EMP has been prepared to document the environmental management commitments and obligations that will be implemented throughout the pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project. The EMP identifies the commitments and obligations, determines the responsibilities and timing for implementation and provides detailed costs estimates for implementation. 70. The EMP is structured as follows: (i) (ii) Section IX. A contains a summary of the environmental impacts of the Project and description of environmental mitigation measures. Section IX. B contains description of the planned mitigation measures in 3 phases of the project: pre-construction, construction and operation. This description includes project activities; potential negative impacts; responding mitigation measures; location and responsibilities of relevant stakeholders. Section IX.C contains description of the environmental monitoring program in terms of both environmental effects monitoring (i.e. environmental effects of the project in comparison to ambient environmental standards) and project

(iii)

13

(iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

performance monitoring (i.e. compliance of the project with technical standards and EMP requirements for implementation of mitigation measures) Section IX. D contains description of planned public consultation process. Section IX. E contains a description of the Responsibilities and Authorities for Implementation of Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Requirements. Section IX. G contains Environmental Monitoring Reporting System. Section IX. H contains recommendations on the Capacity Building Activities that are required for key agencies involved in EMP implementation. Section IX.I contains a detailed description of technical facilities needed for implementation of EMP and Cost Estimates for EMP implementation.

71. Environmental Mitigation Plan describes the impacts to be mitigated; proposed technical and management measures to minimize the impacts and activities to implement the mitigation measures, including how, where and when they will be implemented. Responsibilities for implementation and supervision of each mitigation measure were also identified. 72. The Environmental Mitigation Plan was prepared for 3 phases: pre construction, construction and operation of the expressway. Table IX.1 in this chapter indicates measures to be implemented for mitigating negative impacts in the Pre Construction Phase. 73. In the construction and operation phases various mitigation measures have been specified to address impacts on the physical, biological and socio-economic aspects. All these measures are feasible and will be implemented by the project owner, its contractors and relevant authorities. 74. There are three types of environmental monitoring to be undertaken for the Project as shown below: (i) Environmental effects monitoring: conducted to assess the impacts of project activities in the pre-construction, construction and operation phases on ambient environmental quality (surface water, air, noise, land, aquatic organisms and terrestrial habitats). Monitoring location of monitoring sites, frequency, and parameters to be monitored and monitoring methods were clearly identified. Responsibilities of the project owner, project supervision consultant (PSC), and local authorities were determined. Project performance monitoring: conducted to evaluate compliance of the project owner and contractors with the mitigation measures specified in the EMP. External monitoring: conducted by an external expert on an annual basis to verify the monitoring information submitted by VEC to ADB.

(ii) (iii)

75. This chapter also defines the reporting requirements, capacity building in environmental management and estimated cost for EMP implementation. J. Conclusions and Recommendations

76. From the results of environmental assessment indicated above, the following conclusions may be given. 77. The Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project plays a significant role in improvement of the transport system of Vietnam. It will contribute to the socio-economic development of the

14

Southeastern and Mekong River Regions. Therefore, the project is strongly supported by Ministry of Transport (MOT), the provinces and people in the project area. 78. From primary and secondary data collected in this EIA, the characteristics of the present state of the environment at the districts where the expressway will pass across are summarized below. (i) (ii) The projects area is located in the downstream of the Dong Nai Saigon river basin; most of the area belongs to wetland with soft, flat and low elevation land. At present, water contamination is high at the canals and evident at the rivers where the expressway will go across. Fish populations are poor in species and density. At present, at the national roads air and noise pollution is significant, but air quality, noise and vibration levels at most communes where the expressway will be constructed, still meet the Vietnamese Standards. In the past most of the area was agricultural land and waste wetland. During the last 20 years, with the rapid urbanization and industrialization a large area was converted for urban, industrial, tourist and aquaculture development. Therefore, natural habitats, biodiversity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems were reduced. Within a distance of 30 km from the project alignment is the Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest (official name given by Ho Chi Minh City PC) which was approved by UNESCO in 2000 to be included in the World Biosphere Reserve Network. This biosphere reserve is an important site for conservation of mangrove forests, protection of the environment, education in biodiversity and economic development to meet local and national demands. The design and construction of viaduct for the expressway will not involve an interchange with the existing Rung Sac highway in Can Gio district. It will go over Binh Khanh Commune, located in Transition Zone of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve. In the past and at present, there is no area of mangrove forest in this commune. The alignment passes through the transition zone of the biosphere reserve. According to UNESCO in the transition zone of biosphere reserve the economic objective is to develop urban areas, industrial zone and economic development to meet the local and national demand. As such, the project alignment in Binh Khanh commune complies with the Vietnamese Laws and UNESCO Guideline. Therefore, it is supported by Ho Chi Minh, Can Gio PCs and Management Board of Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest. The area, where the large area of mangrove forest still occurs, is the Thi Vai river banks in Dong Nai province. The project has been designed to minimize impacts on mangroves in the area through construction of a viaduct in densely vegetated areas instead of a road embankment.

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

79. This EIA has identified adverse environmental impacts due to the project, most of which will be experienced during construction and are therefore, temporary in nature. During construction, communities in the vicinity of the construction site and access roads will be most likely affected by elevated levels of noise and dust emission. Pollution of water resources and the surrounding environment may occur due to earthworks, generation of construction and domestic wastes, disturbance of acid sulphate soils and other project-related activities. During operation, it is anticipated that noise levels at residential areas along the expressway are likely to exceed ambient standards. Exhaust emissions will also contribute to air pollution in the project area.

15

80. Proper and timely implementation of various provisions of the EMP in terms of mitigation measures, monitoring and capacity building will minimize adverse environmental impacts due project construction and operation. 81. To ensure that adverse impacts due to project implementation will be adequately addressed, the tender and contract documents for civil works for the entire project (ADB and JICA sections) shall include the EMP. Regular monitoring and reporting on the status of EMP implementation shall be undertaken to ensure that mitigation measures are implemented as required and to allow for formulation and implementation of corrective actions, as necessary.

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II A.

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

Project Background

82. The Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway (the project or the Expressway), which will be implemented by the Viet Nam Expressway Corporation (VEC), will consist of a Southern link of the planned Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) Third Ring Road and an access link connected to the planned Bien Hoa - Vung Tau Expressway. In the Southern area of HCMC, East-West traffic is restricted due to lack of river crossing facilities, forcing vehicles into the center of HCMC. Construction of HCMC ring roads to establish connectivity with neighboring cities by expressway links is considered a high priority by the Government. In this regard, the expressway will have significant positive impacts on socio-economic activities in the cities and towns around HCMC, and also will improve traffic problems in the center of HCMC by diverting the through traffic to the Expressway. The expressway will be used as freight route to and from the HCMC river ports. The Nha Be, Soai Rap, and Long Tau rivers in the project area are used as navigation channels for large cargo ships accessing the HCMC river ports. Moreover, in the Prime Minister's Decision No. 1734 dated 1 December 2008, the expressway is identified as a part of the National North - South Expressway. The Mekong Delta area contains major agricultural fields which are capable of rice triple - cropping. Industrial parks are being developed in the project area. The expressway will be used as a freight route to transport food produced in the Mekong Delta to the rest of the country by land and maritime transport. 83. The East-West Highway is under construction and will direct traffic through near the center, from Highway 1A in the South - West of Ho Chi Minh to Hanoi Road just East of Sai Gon bridge. The Southern link of Ring Road No.2 will also serve to allow traffic to pass around the city using the existing Sai Gon South Parkway and the Phu My bridge, which has been constructed. This will link to the already designed Ho Chi Minh City - Long Thanh - Dau Giay (Long Thanh - Dau Giay) Expressway. 84. Operation of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway will create the following socioeconomic effects: (i) (ii) Strengthening economic effects, promoting commercial activities of the port systems in the region, reducing traffic congestion and price of transportation. Reducing the amount of time of transports from the Mekong River Delta to SouthEast Regions and vice versa, increasing effects of operating and decreasing fees for transports and customers. Improving economic growth, contributing social benefits for the Southern areas of HCMC where road systems are poor with the density canals systems but lack of roads and bridges. Contributing to socio-economic development of Southeast region and the Mekong River Delta.

(iii)

(iv)

85. As part of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) financed TA (ADB TA 7155-VIE), a team of consultants has been commissioned to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report for the Project. The Project has been categorized by the ADB as a Category A project for which an EIA is required. This EIA has been prepared based on ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), issued in June 2009. The Project will be co-financed with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 86. The structure of the EIA is as follows:

17

I. II. III. IV.

V.

VI VII

VIII. IX.

X.

Executive Summary Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework Description of the Project contains a description of the project during the preconstruction, construction and operation phases; Description of the Environment (Baseline Data) contains information on the existing environment in the project in terms of its physical, biological, economic and social components; Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures: describes the environmental impacts predicted to occur as results of the project and identifies a range of suitable mitigation and enhancement measures; Analysis of Alternatives: presents an analysis of alternatives of various project aspects Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation: provides detailed results of the public consultation and information disclosure processes following the Vietnamese and ADBs Guidelines. Grievance Redress Mechanism: provides a clear mechanism in resolution of complaints related to environmental performance from local residents; Environmental Management Plan (EMP): presents the mitigation plan and monitoring plan for the pre-construction, construction and operation phases, included environmental mitigation, monitoring, capacity building and budgets for EMP; Conclusion and Recommendations: gives the conclusions and recommendations of the EIA; References Appendices

87. Because of the importance of the alignment connecting the Mekong River Delta and the Southeastern Region, the project of Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway has been suggested in the Master Plan of Ho Chi Minh City Transport Development. This plan has been approved by the Government in January 2007. Preliminary research on this project has been conducted by TEDIS. From May 2009, the project has been sponsored by ADB to conduct F/S (the project: ADB TA7155-VIE, implemented by Katahira and Engineers International KEI and associations) B. Legal and Technical Documents used in this EIA 1. Legal Background for EIA

88. In this project 2 EIA reports are prepared. The EIA report following the Vietnamese Guideline has conducted based on legal background as follows: (i) The Law on Environmental Protection (LEP): The LEP, passed by the 9th National Assembly of Vietnam, Session 8 on 29 November 2005, promulgated on 12 December 2005 under Ordinance 29/2005/L/CTN by the President, and effective as of 01 July 2006. Decree 80/2006/ND-CP dated 09 August 2006 by the Government on detailed regulations and guidance for implementation of some clauses of the LEP Decree 81/2006/ND-CP dated 09 August 2006 by the Government on administrative punishment in environmental protection. Decree 21/2008/ND-CP dated 28th February 2008 by the Government on revision, addition of some clauses of the Decree N80/2006/ND-CP which is dated 09 August 2006 by the Government on detailed regulations and guidance for implementation of some clauses of the LEP

(ii) (iii) (iv)

18

(v)

Circular 05/2008/TT-BTNMT dated 28 February 2008 by Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) on Guidelines on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), EIA and commitment in Environmental Protection (CEP). Part III of the Circular provides details of preparation, appraisal and approval of EIA reports. Annex 4 to the circular guides the structure and requirements of EIA report contents.

89.

In addition, legal documents listed below are also complied for EIA of the Project (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Law on Forest Protection and Development, passed by the 6th National Assembly on 03 December 2004 Law on Biodiversity, passed by the National Assembly on 16 September 2008 Law on Water Resources, passed by the 10th National Assembly, Session 3 on 20 May 1998. Construction Law, promulgated by National Assembly of Vietnam on 26 November 2003. Land Law passed by the 10th National Assembly of Vietnam, Session 4 on 26 November 2003

90. Because this project is supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), therefore, in the ADB TA 7155-VIE "Preparing Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project", the EIA report following the ADB guideline is prepared based on the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009), issued in June 2009. 91. In this EIA the following documents of the Government, Ministry of Transport and local authorities related to the Project are also considered. (i) (ii) Decision 1724/QD TTg dated 01 December 2008 by the Primer Minister on approving the Master Plan of Highways System in Vietnam until 2020. Decision 101/2007/QD TTg dated 22/01/2007 by the Primer Minister on approving the Master Plan of Traffic Development of Ho Chi Minh City until 2020 including Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway. Project Relevant International Environmental Agreement to which Vietnam is a Party

2.

92. To date, Vietnam has participated in various international protocols and agreements. The most relevant to this project are listed below. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Ramsar Convention on wetland of international importance especially as waterfowl, as amended by the Paris Protocol on 3 December 1982. Convention on biodiversity, 1992, signed on 16 November 1994. The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer signed on 26 January 1987. United Nations Framework Convention on climate change signed on 16 November 1994. Standards, Technical Regulations Applied in this EIA

3.

93. In this EIA, the following Vietnamese Environmental Standards/National Technical Regulations, which are officially and legally applied in the territory of Viet Nam (Appendix II.1), are used.

19

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix)

National Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT) Vietnams Noise Standard for Public and Residential Areas (TCVN 5949: 1998). National Technical Regulation for Industrial Wastewater (QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT). Vietnams Standard of Vibration Maximum Allowable Values for Industrial Zones and Residential Areas (TCVN 6962: 2001). National Technical Regulation for Surface Water Quality (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT) National Technical Regulation for Groundwater Quality (QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT). National Technical Regulation for Soil Quality Allowable Limits of Heavy Metals in Soils (QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT). National Technical Regulation for Domestic Wastewater (QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT) Various WB/IFC (WHO guidelines) for Ambient Air Quality and Noise (Appendix II.2) were also referred in this EIA. Technical Document Used for EIA

4. 94.

In this EIA, the following technical documents are used: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) Air Quality in Ben Luc- Long Thanh Expressway Project Area, prepared by VESDEC for KEI in ADB TA 7155 VIE May and August 2009. Noise and Vibration Pollution in Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project Area, prepared by VESDEC for KEI, May and August 2009 Water Quality of the Rivers and Canals in Ben Luc- Long Thanh Expressway Project Area, prepared by VESDEC for KEI, May and August 2009 Groundwater Quality in Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project Area, prepared by VESDEC for KEI, May and August 2009 Terrestrial Ecosystems in Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project Area, prepared by VESDEC for KEI, May - August 2009 Aquatic Ecosystems in Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project Area, prepared by VESDEC for KEI, May and August 2009. Priority Measures to be considered in Protection of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve, written by Pham Trong Thinh for VESDEC, June 2009. Fishery in Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project Area, prepared by VESDEC for KEI, June 2009. Socio-Economic Conditions of 7 districts in Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project Area, collected from 7 district PCs by VESDEC, July 2009. Digital Soil Maps of of 7 districts in Ben Luc- Long Thanh Expressway Project Area, scale 1: 50.000, prepared by VESDEC for KEI, June 2009. Digital Land use Map of 7 Districts in Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project Area, Scale 1: 50.000, prepared by VESDEC for KEI, June 2009. Land Acquisition Resettlement Plan Report for Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project, Resettlement Research Team of KEI in ADB TA 7155 VIE Project, August 2009. Reports of ADB 7155 TA VIE Project Preparing Ben Luc- Long Thanh Expressway Project implemented by KEI Joint Venture with ORICONSUL and in Association with APECO, November 2009.

(xiii)

20

95. Various other technical documents of Viet Nam, the World Bank (WB), ADB, JICA, related with environmental assessment for transport projects are also referred in this EIA study. List of the main documents is given in Section "References" in this EIA Report. C. EIA Methodology 1. 96. Methods Used for Impact Prediction and Assessment

The following methods were applied for impact prediction and assessment (i)
(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

use of checklists and matrix Environmental modeling: - For prediction of noise: SOUND 32, - For prediction of SO2, NO2, CO and dust pollution caused by traffic activities: ISC 3. Impact Quantitative System (IQS) for cumulative assessment of the potential impacts. Public consultation to gather inputs for impact prediction and proposed mitigation measures. Methods Used for Environmental Surveys and Analysis

2.

97. To obtain primary information on the present state of the natural environment at 15 communes where is location of the expressway the EIA consultant has conducted field surveys, sampling and analysis of collected samples at 15 air, vibration, noise monitoring sites; 13 water, sediment, aquatic organisms monitoring sites; 15 soil monitoring sites; and 12 groundwater monitoring sites, in two periods: May 2009 (the beginning rainy season) and August 2009 (the mid rainy season). 98. Terrestrial ecology was studied by observation on the existing vegetation and wild animal species at the natural habitats occurring in a width of about 500m (250 m from the center line) of the project right of way in a length of 58,000m of the alignment 99. Equipment and methods used for sampling and analysis of environmental components are indicated in Table III.1. Table II.1:
Water Analysis Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Temperature pH DO EC SS NH4+ NO3Photometer Spectrophotometer at 655 nm, test Ammonia Cyanurate and Ammonia Salicylate Drel 2400 (Hach) at 500 nm test NitraVer 5 SENSION156 (Hach USA) Equipment

List of Equipment Used in Environmental Monitoring

21

Water Analysis Parameter 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 BOD520 COD5 Fe Al3+ Cr3+ Mn Hg Ni T.Coliforms Equipment Oxitop (WTW Germany) Digestion, then spectrophotometer at 420 nm with COD digestion reagent vial Spectrophotometer, Drel 2400 (Hach) at 510 nm 1-10 Phenanthroline Spectrophotometer at 522 nm with Aluminon Spectrophotometer 540 nm 1,5 Diphenylcarbohydrazide Automatic titration AAS (Varian, USA) AAS (Varian, USA) Multitube

Microclimate 1 2 3 Temperature, humidity Wind velocity GPS Testo (Germany) Testo (Germany) Garmin - GPS 12 (USA).

Air Quality, Vibration, Noise Analysis 1 Total TSP (total dust) Filter Whatman/High Volume Sampler SIBATA HCV500, (Japan) Hight Volume Sampler 500 (SIBATA - Analytical Balance Sartorius BP 211 D, 1x10- 5gr TCVN 5067 1995 Absorption apparatus SKC, model 224-PCXR8 (USA), colorimetry NOVA60 (Germany) Absorption apparatus SKC, model 224-PCXR8 (USA), colorimetry NOVA60 (Germany) Absorption apparatus SKC, model 224-PCXR8 (USA), colorimetry NOVA60 (Germany) Gas- chromatography (FID detector, Japan) Equipment Rion NL-2100 (Japan) Equipment QUEST (USA)

PM10

3 4 5 6 7 8

SO2 CO NO2 THC Noise Vibration

100. Soil samples were taken at depths of 20-40cm from the surface. Levels of heavy metals in the soil samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and oil contents - by extraction (n. hexane) and weight. Aquatic organism samples were collected by specific nets for zooplankton, phytoplankton and fish eggs, and by Petersen dredger for benthic animals. Their examination was done following the Vietnamese Standard Methods for Aquatic Organism Analysis.

22

D.

EIA Organization

101. Katahira & Engineers International (KEI) is the main consultant for preparing the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project (ADB TA 7155-VIE), included EIA. The data collection, field survey, environmental analysis, modeling, public consultation and thematic report preparation were implemented by the Environmental Protection Centre (VESDEC) within the Vietnam Environment and Sustainable Development Institute (VESDI) - a National Consulting Firm for KEI. Two separate EIA reports following the ADBs and Vietnamese guidelines were prepared.

23

III A. Type of Project

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

102. The project is a class "A" expressway with a length of 58.0 km and a width of 73 m. According to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) this project is classed as category A project and requires the preparation of an EIA Report. According to the Vietnam Guideline for EIA (Decision N 21/2008/ND-CP) this project belongs to the group of projects needing an EIA. B. Location of Project

103. The Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway starts from the junction with the Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) Trung Luong Expressway at My Yen commune in Ben Luc district, Long An province and ends at the junction with the highway of Bien Hoa Vung Tau at Phuoc Thai commune in Long Thanh district, Dong Nai province. The highway crosses 15 communes in 7 districts in 3 provinces (Table III.1). Table III.1:
Province/City

Communes and Districts Along Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway

District Ben Luc Commune My Yen Phuoc Ly Long Thuong Binh Chanh Tan Quy Tay Hung long Da Phuoc Nhon Duc Long Thoi Binh Khanh Phuoc Khanh Vinh Thanh Phuoc An Long Phuoc Phuoc Thai Section (divided for EIA study) 1

Long An

Can Giuoc

Binh Chanh Ho Chi Minh City Nha Be Can Gio Nhon Trach Dong Nai Long Thanh

3 4 5

104. Location map of project alignment in the traffic system of Ho Chi Minh City and surrounding areas is shown in Figure III.1. C. Need for Project

105. Ho Chi Minh City is the largest economic centre of Vietnam. The economy of Ho Chi Minh City annually contributes approximately 30% of Vietnams total GDP and contributes 2528% of total national budget. 106. The Southern Economic Focal Zones (SEFZ) (including Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai, Ba Ria - Vung Tau, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Tay Ninh and Long An) have the highest growth in industrialization, urbanization and trade compared to other economic regions of Vietnam. Its annual GDP accounts for 40% of the total Vietnam GDP. There are many port systems in the zone, particularly port groups of Ho Chi Minh City, Cai Mep Thi Vai and Dong Nai- Soai Rap.

24

Figure III.1:

Location of Project Alignment (Selected Alternative)

25

107. Volume of goods through the port increased 15% per year (period 2005-2008). Owing to crowded population (7.9 million people in Ho Chi Minh City with the high physical population growth that could increase up to 10.3 million people in 2020) and the acceleration of industrialization, urbanization can cause overload of the traffic system of SEFZ, especially in Ho Chi Minh City. Connection between South-East provinces and South- West provinces (the Mekong River Delta) at present is mainly through National Road 1A (Bien Hoa- Ho Chi Minh City - Tan An). Going from planned Long Thanh International Airport to Ben Luc district (Long An) one has to pass through National Road 51, and National Road 1 with a total of 85 Km in length and usual occurrence of traffic jams. In addition, the Southern area of Ho Chi Minh City which borders Long An has numerous canal systems but there are no roads and bridges that connects the Mekong River Delta with Dong Nai and Ba Ria - Vung Tau. Therefore, the development of an expressway which connects Long An from a starting point of the Mekong River Delta with Long Thanh- in Dong Nai Province through the Southern districts of Ho Chi Minh City (Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Can Gio) and the Southern districts of Dong Nai (Nhon Trach, Long Thanh) is urgently needed. With this road, traffic distance between two regions is shorter by over 20 Km, decreasing traffic congestion at National Road 1A, 51, East-West highway and other roads passing through Ho Chi Minh City that contribute to the development of both South East and South -West regions. D. Project Alignment Alternatives 1. Summary of Project Alignment

108. According to the master plan of traffic development of HCMC for year 2020 and after 2020 approved by the Prime Minister (Decision No. 101/QD-TTg dated 22/01/2007), the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway, one of six expressways at HCMC and surrounding areas, was proposed (Figures 1 and 2). This is an expressway class A with 120km/h designed speed. Project alignment was selected by the consultants after studying advantages and disadvantages of alignment alternatives as shown in Figure III.3. 109. To implement Traffic Master Plan for development of the North South Expressway, Ministry of Transport (MOT) is preparing to invest in some of the expressways as HCMC - Trung Luong Expressway, Trung Luong - My Thuan - Can Tho Expressway, Ho Chi Minh City - Long Thanh - Dau Giay Expressway. 110. Running past HCMC, North - South Expressway will link to the Ring Road 3 (RR3). If the project alignment links to RR3 to the Western Region through Cu Chi district to Binh Duong province and Bien Hoa city, it will have an advantage on topography and geology, however, it will not have high efficiency to service the developing economic areas of Nhon Trach - Long Thanh, Thi Vai ports and Cai Mep ports at the Eastern Region. Therefore, the connection of the project alignment and the North South expressway at HCMC to the Southern Region through Ben Luc to Nhon Trach will be consistent with the traffic master plan approved by the Prime Minister. 2. Detailed Description of Project Alignment

111. In general, the selected alignment of the project was approved by MOT and Peoples Committees (PCs) of HCMC, Long An and Dong Nai provinces. Alignments at each province/city are described below.

26

a.

Alignment in Long An Province

112. The alignment runs through Long An province from Km 0 Km 10. The starting point is located in Ben Luc district on the HCMC-Trung Luong expressway and connects to RR No.3. From here the alignment goes to the South - East direction and crosses National Highway (NH) 1A at Km 3+400 where there are the least number of houses on both sides of the alignment (at Km1923+700 on NH1A). From Km 4 to Km 10, the alignment goes parallel with the administrative boundary between Binh Chanh and Can Giuoc districts. At Km 6 the alignment was adjusted to avoid the resettlement area that is under construction by the Five Stars International JSC (50m away from the right side of the alignment). Basically, the alignment proposed by Consultant has been agreed by Long An PC (letter No. 5414/UBND-CN dated 3rd November 2006). Total length within Long An Province is 4.6km including: (i) (ii) (iii) Ben Luc district, L = 2.20km Can Giuoc district, L = 2.40km There is one interchange at HCMC - Trung Luong Expressway b. Alignment in Ho Chi Minh City

113. In HCMC the alignment runs through Binh Chanh, Nha Be and Can Gio districts from Km 2+200 to Km 30+500. (i) At Binh Chanh district: from Km 2+200 to Km 17+100 the alignment goes across Binh Chanh, Tan Quy Tay, Hung Long and Da Phuoc communes. The alignment is in accordance with the land use master plan of Binh Chanh District. The alignment was modified to avoid the Da Phuoc Waste Treatment Complex as requested by PC of HCMC (Letter No. 8197/UBND-DT dated 16th December 2005). At Nha Be and Can Gio districts the consultants have studied three alternatives of river crossing locations. i. Alternative 1 (South alignment alternative)

(ii)

114. To overcome the disadvantages of the previous alignment studied by TEDI and JETRO, and avoid conflict with the water pipelines in Can Gio area district, avoid affecting the 500kV and 220kV electric transmission lines, Phu Huu 1 port and the existing dense residential area at Nguyen Van Tao street, the alignment runs on the right side and 120m away from the existing 500kV transmission line. There is an overlap of about 20m-30m of a project proposed by Vietnam Maritime Administration (from Km 22 to Km 23). However its master plan can be adjusted (Letter No. 517/UBND-PCT dated 16/6/2009 of Peoples Committee of Nha Be District). Advantages of Alternative 1 over the other options are as follows: (i) (ii) In accordance with HCMC master plan up to 2020 approved by the Prime Minister at the Decision No.101/QD-TTg dated 22 Jan. 2007. The alternative has been agreed by the ADB TA 7155-VIE, MOT and HCMC Department of Transport as per the Notice No. 301/TB-BGTVT dated 30/6/2009 of MOT and Notice No. 270/TB-SGTVT dated 09/6/2009 of HCMC Department of Transport. In accordance with comments from HCMC Peoples Committee in letter No. 207/TB-VP dated 11 April 2006.

(iii)

27

(iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

Avoids running between 500kV and 220kV transmission lines, which is very dangerous during construction as well as operation of bridges. Avoids the Phu Huu 1 Port as requested by Dong Nai Peoples Committee at Letter No. 8156/TTr-UBND dated 01 Oct. 2008. Does not impact on the master plan of Nha Be Area In accordance with the development master plan of HCMC. It is agreed by the Can Gio district PC in Letter N622/UBND dated 10 June 2009 and the Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest Management Board (in letter N126/CV dated 29 July 2009).

Disadvantages (i) (ii) (iii) There are two long high bridges with navigation clearance (about 250x55m). At weak soil area. The overhead transmission lines are visible from the bridge which does not present an attractive view. ii. Alternative 2 (North alignment alternative)

115. To avoid the disadvantages of alternative 1, alternative 2 runs to the North of alternative I crossing through Nhon Duc Phuoc Kieng urban area (Km 20+800-Km 21+100), crossing the Muong Chuoi river at Km 21+500 and running overland to an internal road and Phu Xuan residential area (Km 21+900-Km 22+700), going in between of Techim Petrolimex and Sai Gon Metrolimex Store. However, the alignment of alternative III was not agreed to by DOT of HCMC of Nha Be district (letter No. 517/UBND-PCT dated 16/6/2009 of Nha Be PC and Notice No. 270/TB-SGTVT dated 09/6/2009 of HCMC DOT). Advantages of Alternative 2 (i) (ii) (iii) Construction site is easier than alternative I. Horizontal alignment is smooth. Only one long high bridge with navigation clearance required (about 300x55) at the Nha Be river.

Disadvantages (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) The alignment runs through Nhon Duc - Phuoc Kieng urban area (which has been approved by HCM' PC). May affect the future Phu Dong port. At weak soil area. Runs under the 500kV and 220kV transmission lines. Affects many houses at the existing residential area (particularly at Huynh Tan Phat street). Affects Phap Vo Pagoda (25m away from left side of the centerline). iii. Alternative 3 (North alignment alternative)

116. To avoid the disadvantages of the above two alternatives, alternative 3 runs to the North of alternative I crossing through Nhon Duc Phuoc Kieng urban area (Km20+800-Km21+100), crossing the Muong Chuoi river at Km21+500 and running avoided Phu Xuan residential area (Km22+00-km23+300), avoiding Phap Vo Pagoda, then going through Sai Gon Petrolimex Port. However, the alignment of alternative IIII was not agreed to by DOT of HCMC PC of Nha Be

28

district (letter No. 517/UBND-PCT dated 16/6/2009 of Nha Be PC and Notice No. 270/TBSGTVT dated 09/6/2009 of HCMC' DOT).

29

Figure III.2:

BL- LT Expressway Project and Other Transportation Projects in the Region

30

Figure III.3:

Location of Project Alignment and Interchanges (Selected Alternative)

31

Advantages of Alternative 3 (i) (ii) (iii) Construction site is easier than alternative 1. Horizontal alignment is smooth. Crossing at the narrowest location of the Soai Rap river (perpendicular with river) so has the shortest crossing of the three alternatives.

Disadvantages (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) The alignment runs through Nhon Duc Phuoc Kieng urban area, which has been approved by PC of HCM. May affect the Master Plan of Port System at the other side of the river. At weak soil area. Affects many houses (particularly at Huynh Tan Phat street). Affects Sai Gon Petrolimex port. Is not accepted by DOT of HCMC and PC of Nha Be district.

117. The Consultant (Katahira & Engineers International) - has presented in detail the alignment in HCMC to DOT of HCMC at the meeting on 03/June/2009 with the participants of the city agencies and departments and PCs of Binh Chanh, Nha Be and Can Gio districts. In general, the meeting has agreed to the alignment alternative 1 recommended by the Consultant (as per Notice No. 270/TB-SGTVT dated 09th June 2009). Total length of the alignment in HCMC is about 26 km (alternative) 118. III. 4. Comparison on alignment options in HCMC section is presented in Table III.2 and Figure

Table III.2:
Alternatives 1. Alternative 1

Comparison of Project Alignment Options at River Crossing Section

Advantage - Avoid disadvantage of the previous studied alternatives that is causing effects on 500kV and 220kV power lines. - Avoid crossing Phu Huu 1 port as requested by Dong Nai PC (Letter No. 8156/TTr-UBND dated 1/10/2008) - Selected and agreed to by MOT and relevant agencies and departments of HCMC (Notice No. 301/TB-BGTVT dated 30/06/2009 of MOT and Notice No.270/TB-SGTVT dated 9/6/2009 of HCMC DOT) - Recommended by Nha Be PC (at Letter No. 517/UBND-PCT dated 16/6/2009 of Nha Be PC) - Has lower construction cost than other alternative. - The alignment is about 600m shorter than Alt. 1 - Only 1 large bridge to cross over Nha Be river required. Disadvantage - Two bridges should be constructed - Outlook of the bridge is less attractive than other alternatives.

2. Alternative 2

- The alignment breaks through Nha Be Planning area (not agreed by Nha Be PC at letter No. 517/UBND-PCT dated 16/06/2009)

32

Alternatives

Advantage - Construction cost of bridges is higher due to large bridge with long spans and long viaduct so as to cross over rivers and existing infrastructures. - Geometry of the alignment is better than Alt.1

Disadvantage

3. Alternative 3

- Affect the future Phu Dong port. - Run under the 500kV and 220kV power lines (may have to heighten electric poles) - Cross Phap Vo Pagoda. - Cross through the existing dense residential area in Huynh Tan Phat street. - Construction cost is higher than Alt.1 (due to having to construct large span viaducts to cross residential area, existing roads) - The alignment is about 500m shorter - The alignment breaks through Nha Be than Alt.1. Planning Area (not agreed by Nha Be - Crossing the Sai Gon river at the PC at letter No. 517/UBND-PCT dated narrowest location. 16/06/2009). - Construction cost of bridges is higher - Crossing Sai Gon Petrolimex Store. due to large bridge with long spans and - Crossing the existing dense residential long span viaducts. area in Huynh Tan Phat street. - Geometry of the alignment is better - Construction cost is higher than Alt.1 than Alt.1 - Running under the 500kV and 220kV power lines (may have to heighten electric poles). - Affecting the river port (Dong Nai side)

119. In Dong Nai province the alignment runs through Nhon Trach district (Km 30+500- Km 53+100) and Long Thanh district (Km 53+100-Km 58+500). The alignment avoids Phu Huu I port at Km 30+750 (as requested by Dong Nai PC) and running in parallel with the left side of 500 kV transmission line (away 130 m from the 500kV), crossing 500 kV and 220 kV at Km 32+000. From Km 32+000 Km 52+500 the alignment runs in between the right side of 110 kV and Nhon Trach outer road in accordance with Nhon Trach Master Plan as approved by the Prime Minister. The alignment avoids the Phuoc An port from Km 49+500-Km 52+500, crosses the Thi Vai river at Km 53+100, crosses NH51 at Km 57+500 and connects to future Bien Hoa Vung Tau expressway by an interchange. 120. There are four tentative interchanges in Dong Nai province at: Inter-ports road (about km33), Nhon Trach city road, National Highway No. 51, Bien Hoa -Vung Tau Expressway. Total length in Dong Nai Province is about 28km. Summary of studying on selection of project alignment options is shown in Table III.3. Table III.3:
No. 1 City/ Province

Summary of Studies on Selection of Alignment Options

Studied by KEI - Collect data and update the alignment with the master plans along the alignment and adjust the alignment in partial so as to avoid the dense residential area in NH1 Relevant legal documents - Notice No. 301/TB-BGTVT dated 30/06/2009 of MOT Deputy Minister Ngo Thinh Duc on the inception report of the Ben LucLong Thanh expressway. - Notice No. 74/TB-SGTVT dated 8/6/2009 of Long An DOT on agreement of the alignment of BL

The alignment previously studied by TEDIS and JETRO Long An - The alignment starts at the intersection point with HCM-Trung Luong Expressway and connects to Ring Road 3. The alignment goes through: My Yen commune of Ben Luc Dist, Phuoc Ly and

33

No.

City/ Province

The alignment previously studied by TEDIS and JETRO Long Thuong communes of Can Giuoc Dist. Total length of the alignment in Long An is about 4.5km. - The alignment crosses NH1 at dense residential location. - The alignment crosses Phuoc Ly resettlement area and Hai Son Industrial Park.

Studied by KEI and Phuoc Ly resettlement area. - Study types of the first interchange at the starting point of the alignment to avoid Cao Dai Temple and Xuan Hoa temple.

Relevant legal documents

HCMC

- LT expressway. - Notice No. 01/TB-BGTVT dated 02/01/2008 of MOT Deputy Minister Ngo Thinh Duc on the alignment of the BL-LT expressway. - Notice No. 2005/TB-CDBVN dated 7/6/2007 of Vietnam Road Administration on the BL-LT expressway. - Letter No. 4965/CDBVN-TD dated 5/12/2007 of Vietnam Road Administration regarding contribution on the BL-LT expressway. - Letter No. 5414/UBND-CN dated 3/11/2006 of Long An PC regarding agreement on the alignment. - In HCMC, the alignment - Collect data and - Notice No. 301/TB-BGTVT goes through: Tan Quy update the alignment dated 30/06/2009 of MOT Deputy Tay, Hung Long, Da Phuoc with the master plans Minister Ngo Thinh Duc on the communes of Binh Chanh along the alignment inception report of the Ben LucDistrict; Nhon Duc, Long and adjust the Long Thanh expressway. Thoi communes of Nha Be alignment in partial so - Notice 270/TB-SGTVT dated Dist. and Binh Khanh as to avoid the Pho 8/6/2009 of HCM DOT regarding commune of Can Gio Quang pagoda, Da contents of meeting on the BL-LT district; Total length is Phuoc waste treatment expressway. about 26km. complex. Nhon Duc - Notice 622/UBND dated - The alignment crosses cemetery. 10/6/2009 of Can Gio PC Pho Quang pagoda. - At the location regarding agreement on the - The alignment runs crossing Soai Rap alignment of BL-LT expressway between 200kV and 500kV river, the previous going through Can Gio. power lines. (distance alignment goes - Letter No. 126/CVBQL dated between the two power between the sensitive 29/7/2009 of Can Gio Protection lines is 100m on the west area of 500kV and Forest Management Board bank and 180m at the 220kV power lines, confirming that the alignment center of Soai Rap river.) crossing Phu Huu 1 runs through the Transition zone -Cross Phu Huu 1 Port, port at Dong Nai of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve Dong Nai province side. province side. and has no impact on Can Gio Runs through the Therefore, the Protected Forest. Transition Zone of Can Gio alignment has been - Letter No. 517/UBND-PCT Biosphere Reserve. adjusted to run dated 16/06/2009 of Nha Be PC towards the south and contributing comments on the 110m away from the BL-LT expressway. 500kv power line (to - Letter No. 1534/CHHVN-KHTC avoid relocation of the dated 21/07/2009of VN Maritime power lines and avoid Administration on navigation crossing Phu Hoi 1 clearance of the Binh Khanh and port please refer to Phuoc Khanh Bridges. the comparison table - Letter No. 3996/TNMT-QHSDD of the river crossing dated 11/5/2005 of DONRE of alternative alignment) HCMC on the alignment options

34

No.

City/ Province

The alignment previously studied by TEDIS and JETRO

Studied by KEI

Relevant legal documents

- In Dong Nai province, the Dong Nai alignment runs through: Phuoc Khanh, Vinh Thanh, Phuoc An communes of Nhon Trach Dist.; Long Phuoc, Long Thai communes of Long thanh Dist. Total length in Dong Nai is about 28km - The alignment crosses Phu Huu 1 port (Dong Nai Peoples Committee had issued the letter requesting for the adjustment of the alignment to avoid the port) - The alignment runs parallel and about 70100m away from the 220kV power line on the north. - The alignment runs parallel and crosses Phuoc An port. - Crosses over the Thi Vai river and go into the soft soil area. - The end point of the alignment follows the master plan of Long Thanh Town.

of the BL-LT expressway. - Notice No. 207/TB-VP dated 11/4/2006 by the HCMC PC on consideration of alignment of the BL-LT expressway. - Letter No. 8197/UBND-DT dated 16/12/2005 of HCMC PC on the plan for the BL-LT expressway. - The alignment goes - Notice No. 1020/TB SGTVT in accordance with dated 16/8/2009 of Dong Nai master plan of Nhon DOT on the alignment of the BLTrach District which LT expressway. was approved by the - Letter No. 8156/TTr-UBND Prime Minister. dated 1/10/2008 of Dong Nai PC - Collect data and regarding the additional sea ports update the master in Nhon Trach area, Dong Nai plans along the province. alignment and adjust - Letter No. 861/SGTVT-KH the alignment in partial dated 27/9/2006 of Dong Nai so as avoid cemetery, DOT contributing comments on Phuoc An port, Ba the alignment of the BL-LT Truong temple expressway. - Notice No. 288/DC-SGVT dated 1/2/2008 of Dong Nai DOT regarding comments on the alignment of the BL-LT expressway.

Source: Report of ADB TA 7155-VIE project, prepared by KEI Oriconsul APECO, November. 2009

3.

Horizontal Alignment Design of Selected Alignment

121. The horizontal alignment was designed based on the Alignment 1 selected and agreed to by all the relevant authorities of Long An province, Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai province and by the Ministry of Transport. a. 122. Main Control Points and Outline of the Alignment

List of main control points and outline of the alignment is presented in Table III.4.

35

b. 123.

Description of the Alignment

Main features of the sections along the alignment are described as follows: (i) From the starting point at Ho Chi Minh City Trung Luong expressway, the alignment runs from West to East, crossing NH 1A at Km 3+400 (around Km1923+850 on NH1A Binh Chanh commune of Binh Chanh district) where there is only a few houses and utility works, (on the right side of the alignment is Phu Trieu Shoes Company), then goes parallel with the border between Binh Chanh and Can Giuoc districts. From Km 5+800 Km 6+300, the alignment is designed to avoid the Phuoc Ly resettlement area on the right side under construction (60m distant) in Phuoc Ly Commune, Can Giuoc district. From Km 8+200-Km 8+700 the alignment crosses a residential area and Hai Son Industrial Zone in Long Thuong commune, Can Giuoc district (as the expressway is designed based on many control points, it is not possible to avoid this area), then crosses Doan Nguyen Tuan street at Km 9+200, avoids Pho Quang Pagoda on the left side of the alignment at Km 9+500, the alignment runs towards the East to cross over the Ong Keo river at Km 12+700 and crosses NH 50 at Km 13+500 (around Km 9+400 on QL50 Binh Chanh district). From Km 14+700-Km 16+700 the alignment runs on the right side and 60m away from the Da Phuoc Waste Treatment Complex in Da Phuoc commune, Binh Chanh district crosses the Ba Lao river at Km 17+100, avoids the Nhon Duc Cemetery on the left side of Km 17+300 by 50m. The alignment goes through and in accordance with the master plan of Nha Be district, crosses North-South road (Nguyen Van Tao road) at Km 21+900 and runs parallel on the South and about 120m away from the 500kV power line, crosses over the Soai Rap and Long Tau rivers at Km23+500 and 30+400. From Km 24+000 Km 30+000 (6km) the alignment runs through transition zone of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve, however, due to high distance (about 10km from the mangrove forest area the project activities will not cause impacts on the protected mangrove forests. This is determined by the Can Gio PC and Management Board of Can Gio Mangrove Protected Forest (Notice 622/UBND dated 10/6/2009 and Letter N 126/CV BQL dated 29/7/2009). The alignment runs under the 500kV and 220kV power lines at Km 32+000 to go on the right side of 220kV power line and runs in accordance with Nhon Trach Master Plan approved by the Prime Minister (Km 38 to Km 49), from Km 49+400 Km 52+700 the alignment runs avoiding the Phuoc An Port logistics area on the right side and also avoiding the Ba Truong Temple at Km 49+100 on the left side. The alignment crosses the Thi Vai river at Km 53+050, then crosses NH51 at Km 57+600 (Km 35+350 on NH51) and then connects to the planned Bien Hoa-Vung Tau in Phuoc Thai Commune, Long Thanh District, Dong Nai Province.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

36

Figure III.4:

River Crossing Alignment Options (from HCMC to Dong Nai Province), Where the Red Line is Selected Option

37

Table III.4:

List of Main Control Points and Outline of the Selected Alignment

No. 1

Description of control points Starting at the Ho Chi Minh Trung Luong expressway (to be opened in 2010) and connects with RR3 at Ben Luc district, Long An province.

Present pictures

Crossing NH1A at Km3+400, Binh Chanh commune, Binh Chanh district, HCMC (around Km1923+850)

Crossing NH 50 at Km13+500, Da Phuoc commune, Binh Chanh district, HCMC (around Km9+400 NH 50)

Crossing Nguyen Van Tao street at Km21+900 (North-South Arterial road), Long Thoi commune, Nha Be district, HCMC

Crossing over the Soai Rap river (Km23+500) and the Long -Tau river (Km30+400), HCMC (the alignment runs towards the South and 120m away from the existing 500kV power line). (then the alignment runs along the planned of Nhon Trach city from Km38 to Km48 at Vinh Thanh and Phuoc An communes, Nhon Trach district). Crossing NH 51 at Km57+600 (Km35+350-NH51) Phuoc Thai commune, Long Thanh district. The alignment ends at the intersection point with NH 51 and connects to the planned Bien Hoa Vung Tau expressway at Phuoc Thai commune under Long Thanh district, Dong Nai province.

c.

Horizontal Alignment Design

124. The geometric elements of the alignment are designed based on Vietnamese Standard TCVN 5729-97. The Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway is a class A expressway with a design speed of 120km per hour because of the daily traffic volume. The centerline of the road is designed to be located at the Central Reserve for the completion phase. At the location of large

38

cable-stayed Binh Khanh and Phuoc Khanh bridges, the Phase 1 bridge structure will be constructed at centre-line with emergency lane. Table III.5:
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Main Geometric Parameters in Accordance with TCVN 5729 97

Main geometric parameters Unit Kph Class m m m m m m % m m m m m % m m m Number of lanes 4-lane 8-lane 120 kph 120 kph A A 27.50 42.50 27.50 2x15.00 3.00 3.00 21.00 2x1.00 3.00 3.00 250X55 7.0% 650 1,000 4,000 210 150 4.0% 230.00 12,000 5,000.00 250X55 7.0% 650 1,000 4,000 210 150 4.0% 230.00 12,000 5,000.00

Design speed Class of road Subgrade width Carriage way width Emergency lane width Soil shoulder width Width of central reserve Navigation clearance of Binh Khanh & Phuoc Khanh bridges Maximum superelevation Absolute minimum horizontal radius Normal minimum horizontal radius Radius without superelevation Length of transition curve with Rmin Length of transition curve with R = 1000 Maximum Longitudinal Grade (%) % Stopping sight distance Minimum desirable vertical curve radius crest Minimum sag vertical curve radius

Sag

Source: KEI Oriconsul APECO, prepared for ADB TA7155-VIE, November .2009

125. There are in total 13 curves on the whole alignment, one with a minimum radius of 1,000 m at the interchange point with NH51. The remaining radii are from 2,200m to 18,000m. With the curve radius of more than 10,000 m and small deviation angle, it is considered necessary to have a transition curve (with those curves, function of transition curve is not efficient). Table III.6:
No. Radius (m)

Result of Alignment Design

Quantity 0 0 5 6 2 13 Length (m) 0m 0m 10,475 m 13,344 m 3,826 m 30,801 m 58,446 m Rate (%) 0.00% 0.00% 17.92% 22.83% 6.55% 52.70% 100.00%

1 R < 650 m 2 650 m < R < 1,000 m 3 1,000 m < R 4,000 m 4 4,000 m < R < 10,000 m 5 10, 000 m < R 6 Tangent Section Total Curves

4.

Vertical Alignment Design

126. The finished grades of the highway having medians will be defined at centerlines edges of the pavement and controlled by the following:

39

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Elevation system used for the project is the Vietnamese National Elevation System with Hon Daus Level. Existing ground elevation is formed from 3D digital map data at 1:10,000 scales. Average elevation is from 0.5 to 1.5m, this will be updated. The control elevations of the road profile are calculated based on the calculated height of water level with frequency H1% or observed water levels, the locations crossing existing roads, rivers with required navigation clearances and the height of the crossing structures. In order to minimize construction cost, for the crossing locations between expressway and the existing roads (provincial roads, national highways or major arterial roads), we have considered to apply the design with flyover arranged on the crossing roads (for the crossing locations with sparse population along both sides of the alignment) and construction of frontage roads at the locations crossing residential areas or reinstatement of existing roads. For the sections in soft soil area, the design of viaduct is considered to ensure longterm stability of the road. The finished grade is defined from the calculated water level H1% plus the required safety height of 0.5m (and if required, plus the height of waves), and plus the difference from road shoulder of the completion phase to outer edge of median. In addition, the outer edge of bottom of the pavement structure must be maintained above the permanent flooding water level at least 30 cm. Table III.7:
Station

Design Water Level along the Alignment

Locations Ben Luc Long An, Binh Chanh - HCMC Can Giuoc Long An, Binh Chanh - HCMC Binh Chanh, Nha Be HCMC Nhon Trach - Dong Nai Nhon Trach - Dong Nai Nhon Trach, Long Thanh - Dong Nai Long Thanh - Dong Nai Long Thanh Dong Nai H1% (Maximum) 1.70 1.70 ~ 1.63 1.63 1.63 ~ 1.73 1.73 ~ 1.88 1.73 ~ 2.14 5.20 7.50

Km 00+000 to Km 03+000 Km 03+000 to Km 10+000 Km 10+000 to Km 30+000 Km 30+000 to KM 38+000 KM 38+000 to Km 51+000 Km 51+000 to Km 56+000 Km 57+000 Km 58+000

Source: KEI Oriconsul APECO prepared for ADB TA7155-VIE, November 2009

127. The finished grade is defined based on height of structures. For flyover bridges crossing existing roads, the finished grade is defined by required clearance of crossing roads plus height of structure. For bridges crossing rivers or channels, the finished grade is defined by navigation clearance plus height of structure (clearance of crossing roads and navigation clearances shall be agreed by local authorities or authorized management units). The finished grade must enable the arrangement of underpass and horizontal drainage system. Table III.8:
No Name of rivers/canals 1 2 3 4 5 Ong Thoan Ong Keo Ba Lao Binh Khanh Cha Chainage 2+220 12+609 17+145 23+450 26+183

Height of Water Level at Bridge Locations

Qmax (m3/s) Vmax (m/s) Minimum length required (m) 35 250 250 1000 185 Maximum Minimum water level (m) water level (m) 1% 5% 1% 1.70 1.57 -2.91 1.63 1.54 -2.91 1.63 1.54 -2.91 1.63 1.54 -2.91 1.63 1.54 -2.91

74 590 1296 11500 852

1.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25

40

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Phuoc Khanh Ong Keo Bau Sen Vung Gam Thi Vai Tac Ca Tang Bun Ngu Rach Ngoai

30+300 34+700 35+689 43+126 53+042 54+220 55+700 56+838

11500 200 80.4 86.6 3748 294 125 39.2

1.65 1.25 2.02 1.86 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.33

740 230 24 24 300 125 75 12

1.63 1.68 1.88 1.82 1.95 1.95 1.95 2.14

1.54 1.59 1.87 1.87 1.87 2.00

-2.91 -3.06 -0.58 -0.99 -3.69 -3.69 -3.69 0.78

Note: Qmax: maximum discharge at bridge location; Vmax: maximum flow speed at bridge location Source: Report of ADB TA7155-VIE Project, prepared by KEI-Oriconsul APECO, November, 2009

128. In Long An province and Ho Chi Minh City, the average existing ground elevation is about 1 m, and having soft soil area with thickness from 5 m to 25 m. Therefore, the average embankment height will be from 1.5 m to 2.5 m, at the area of soft soil with thickness less than 20 m a viaduct option will be considered. In Dong Nai Province, the alignment goes along Nhon Trach City with an existing ground elevation of 1 m to 2.5 m, and soil profile is rather better for embankment construction. The average embankment height is from 1m to 2m. Table III.9:
Station Km 00 Km 02 Km 02 Km 12.5 Km 12.5 Km 14 Km 14 Km 16 Km 16 Km 31 Km 31 Km 36 Km 36 Km 51 Km 51 Km 55.5 Km 55.5 Km 58

Average Height of Embankment

Embankment difference (m) 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.3 12 1.5 2.5 8 - 10 2 2.5 1.5 2.5 6 1.0 1.5 Remark Embankment Embankment Embankment Embankment Bridge/Viaduct Embankment Embankment Bridge/Viaduct Embankment

Soil upper layer Soft soil upper layer 0m Soft soil upper layer 4m Soft soil upper layer 0m Soft soil upper layer 10m Soft soil upper layer 14m-24m Soft soil upper layer 6m Good soil upper layer Soft soil upper layer 12m Soft soil upper layer 0m

129. Due to having flat terrain, longitudinal grade of embankment is from 0% to 0.5%. Particularly, at the locations of Binh Khanh and Phuoc Khanh bridges which are large bridges with the required vertical clearance of 55m and in order to reduce construction cost, the maximum longitudinal grade is designed at 4%. Table III.10:
No. 1 2 3 4

Result of Vertical Alignment Design

Length (m) 45,000 m 2,000 m 10,000 m 0m 57,000 m Rate (%) 78.95% 3.51% 17.54% 0.00% 100.00%

Longitudinal grade (%) 0 < i < 0,5 0,5 < i < 2,0 2,0 < i < 4,0 i > 4,0 Total

Source: KEI Oriconsul APECO prepared for ADB TA7155-VIE, November 2009

5.

Typical Cross Section

130. Based on the results of traffic demand forecast, the number of lanes of the expressway will be 4 in phase 1 and expanded to 8 lanes in phase 2, which is in accordance with the Decision No. 1734/QD-TTg dated 01/12/2008 by the Prime Minister on the Road Network

41

Development Plan up to 2020 and the Orientation After 2020. Phase 2 is scheduled at the time of saturation traffic of 4 lanes road, which will be after 10-11 years from the opening year of Phase 1. 131. It was decided at the Interim Meetings that the ROW should be the minimum possible. This would mean only 7-metres beyond the construction limits of the Phase 2 of the expressway. In most places that meant a ROW of 73-metres in the embankment sections and 56-metres in the bridge and viaduct sections. 132. The options of selected alternative for cross section are as follows: Phase 1 (4 lanes) Cross-section of 4 lanes option is shown in Figure III.5.

Figure III.5: Cross-Section of 4 Lanes Road

Median strip 2 safety strips at Central reserve Carriage way Width (2 lanes for each side) Emergency lane Width (1 lane for each side) Soil Shoulder Width Slope protection area (Varies) Expanded area for phase III Safety corridor Total: 2 x 0.75 m 4 x 3.75 m 2 x 3.00 m 2x1m 2 x 8.25m 2x7.5m 2 x7m 3.0 1.5 15.0 6.0 2.0 16.5 15 14 73

Phase III (8 lanes) Cross-section of 8 lanes option is shown in Figure III.6.

42

Figure III.6: 6. 133. Pavement Design

Cross-Section of 8 Lanes Road

There are two types of pavement that could be used on the project: (i) Flexible pavement with asphalt concrete wearing surface for the main highway, and rigid concrete pavement for areas adjoining toll stations, and for interchanges and on/off ramps. The pavement structure will be selected based on the availability of construction materials. The availability of rock and other materials suitable for the pavement will be studied for the Ho Chi Minh City area. Axle load surveys on NH 51 and on NH1A have shown excessive overloading which must be curtailed on the Project Expressway if an economic pavement structure can be maintained in serviceable condition. Weight scales have been proposed at the toll plazas and entry to the road to prevent overloaded trucks from using the road. Cement concrete pavement: the feasibility of using cement concrete pavement for the whole length of the expressway will be studied but Vietnamese experience has shown that it is more difficult to achieve the required quality with rigid pavement than using the common flexible pavement. Soft Soil Treatment

(ii)

7.

134. More than half of the Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway will be constructed on soft to very soft clay. These soft soils have a low bearing capacity and exhibit large settlements or failure when subjected to loading. It is therefore necessary to treat soft soil deposits prior to placement of the final road surface layer in order to prevent large settlement, differential settlements and subsequently potential damages to structures. 135. Different ground improvement techniques are available today. Every technique should lead to an increase of soil shear strength, a reduction of soil compressibility and a reduction in the time for construction. 136. The choice of ground improvement technique depends on geological formation of the soil, soil characteristics, cost, availability of backfill material and experience in the past.

43

137.

Summary of soft soil treatment method is presented in Table III.11. Table III.11: Proposed Method of Soft Soil Treatment
Section Thickness of Soft Soil 4m Embankment Height If EH<2.5 m If EH > 2.5m EH<2 m 4>EH>2m 4.9>EH>4 m EH<2m 4>EH>2m Proposed Method of Soil Treatment Base on Initial Analyses No treatment Soil Replacement +Fill Preloading Soil Replacement +Fill Preloading Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Stage filling Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Berm Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Stage filling Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Berm RC Piled Slab applied for area behind abutment Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Stage Filling Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Vacuum Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Vacuum+ Stage Filling Cement Deep Mixing RC Piled Slab applied for area behind abutment Viaduct and/or Bridge Viaduct and/or Bridge Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Stage filling Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Berm No treatment Soil Replacement +Fill Preloading No treatment No treatment Soil Replacement +Fill Preloading No treatment Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Berm Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Vacuum Fill Preloading + Vertical Drains + Vacuum +Stage Filling Cement Deep Mixing or Stone Alternative Method

Km0 to Km11

Km11 to Km14

5m

Km14 to Km16

10m 4.9>EH>4 m

or Stone Columns or LTP

EH<2 2.5>EH>2m 3.0>EH>2.5 m 4.0>EH>3.0 m 4.9>EH>4.0 m

Km16 to Km24

16.5m

or Stone Columns or Stone Columns or Rammed Aggregate Piers

Km24 to Km29 Km29 to km31

18.2m 22.7m EH<2m

Km31 to Km33

8m

4>EH>2m 4.9>EH>4 m EH<2 m EH >2m EH<2 m EH > 2m EH<2 2.5>EH>2m 3.0>EH>2.5 m 4.0>EH>3.0 m 4.9>EH>4.0

Km33 to Km36 Km36 to Km43 Km43 to Km48 Km48 to Km51 Km51 to the End

4m 0m 4m 0m 14m

or Stone Columns or Stone

44

Section

Thickness of Soft Soil

Embankment Height m

Proposed Method of Soil Treatment Base on Initial Analyses Columns RC Piled Slab applied for area behind abutment

Alternative Method Columns or LTP

Source: Report of ADB TA7155-VIE, prepared by KEI Oriconsul APECO, November 2009

E.

Interchange Design 1. Introduction

138. The Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway is designed according to A Type Expressway Standard (speed level 120km/h). There are 8 interchanges on the Project as shown in Figure 3 and as listed in Table III.12. Table III.12:
No 1 2 3 4 Name of IC HCMC - Trung Luong IC (IC1) NH1A IC (IC2) NH50 IC (IC3) Nguyen Van Tao IC (IC4) Km 38 IC (IC5) in Phuoc Khanh commune- Nhon Trach district Phuoc An IC (IC6) NH51 IC (IC7) Bien Hoa - Vung Tau IC (IC8)

Summary of interchanges (IC)

Type of IC Double Trumpet Diamond Trumpet Trumpet Cross road Name Width HCMC Trung Luong Expressway 32 (m) NH1A 43 (m) NH50 40 (m) Nguyen Van Tao 15 (m) Speed 80 kph 80 kph 80 kph 60 kph

Station Km 00+700 Km 03+420 Km 13+550 Km 21+850

5 6 7 8

Km 38+370 Km 50+530 Km 56+600 Km 58+538

Trumpet Diamond Diamond Trumpet

No name Phuoc An NH51 BH -VT Expressway

22.5(m) 61 (m) 64 (m) 37 (m)

60 kph 80 kph 80 kph 120 kph

139.

The Intersection design is based on the following criteria: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) 2. Economic impacts. Approach surrounding areas. Efficiency of traffic treatment. Traffic volume of access road. Traffic safety. Environmental safety (minimize encroachment into ecologically sensitive areas). Easy management. Standard to Design Intersections

140. The Standards applied in the interchange design of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project included: (i) (ii) (iii) Vietnam Criteria 22 TCN 273-01 and TCVN 5729;1997 AASHTO 2004 Criteria. Japanese Criteria (for reference)

45

3.

General Design at Interchanges a. Interchange #1 with the HCMC-Trung Luong Expressway (IC1)

141.

IC1 is located at section Km 00+700. Interchange calculation data: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) On the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway : speed = 120km/h On the HCMC Trung Luong Expressway: speed =120km/h Interchange ramp (direct): speed=50km/h Interchange loops: speed=40km/h

142. During the design process, many solutions were compared, due to the location of the interchange which has several control points: the transmissions lines Cao Dai Church in My Yen commune, My Nhan bridge, local road etc. Basic advantages and disadvantages of two alternatives are shown in Table III.13 and alternative 2 is recommended. Table III.13:
Items

Alternative Designs for Interchange IC1

Alternative 2

Alternative 1

0+ 00

N G

IH C O

I C HO N MO
N H A I3

VA

NG VA

N O

N H AI 3

TP

C H .H O

INH

TP

C H .H O

INH
0 50 0+

Outline drawing
NG RU G ON LU EX PR ES SW AY

1+ 00 0

BE

SA

T NGO

LU

TR

G UN

NG
I NH A BE

-L

ON G

TH

SA

T NGO

RU

NG

G ON LU

EX

PR

ES

SW

AY

BE N LU C -L N O G TH
50 1+

AN

EX

PR

TR

G UN

G N L

AN H EX PR

IN

ES

ES

H A

SW

SW

BE

AY

AY

Features

Type of interchange is cloverleaf full. The ramps of interchanges connecting HCMC Trung Luong by viaduct (8 viaducts). According to this shape, there are 2 weaving points function of these weaving points are to reduce conflicts which have worst affect on traffic organization on the main route. Traffic organization is convenient and clear. Increasing traffic capacity and traffic safety. Decreasing management efficiency due to 4 toll plazas installed. Scope of ramps can prolong on My Nhan bridge by acceleration and deceleration lane. Impacts on Cao Dai Temple, Scope of ramps affect a tower of 500kV transmission line. Construction cost is higher because of larger and land acquisition area. Construction 4 toll plaza and 8 viaducts.

Type of interchange is double trumpet. The ramps of the interchange connect to HCMC Trung Luong by viaduct (4 viaducts). Ramps of interchanges connecting Ben Luc Long Thanh by one flyover. According to this shape, there are no weaving points so traffic organization is convenient and clear. Increasing traffic capacity and traffic safety. Increasing management efficiency due to only one toll plaza installed. No impact on Cao Dai Temple and 500kV transmission line. Construction cost is lower because of less occupation and land acquisition area. Construction 1 toll plaza and 4 viaducts Rrecommended alternative

46

b.

Interchange 2:

143. National Highway 1A Interchange is in Ho Chi Minh City, and links the expressway at Km3+420 to National Highway 1A. Interchange calculation data: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) On the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway : speed = 120km/h On the National Highway NH1A: speed =80km/h Interchange ramp : - direct: speed=50km/h Interchange loops: speed = 40km/h

144. As system traffic of this region is very complex, the HCMC Trung Luong Expressway after completion some of the traffic volume on NH1A will be attracted to HCMC Trung Luong Expressway. This should reduce some of the congestion but the local area contains many industries such as the My An and Hiep Luong industrial estates which are currently expanding. There is also the Phu Trieu shoe factory and residential area located nearby. 145. Basic advantages and disadvantages of two alternatives are shown in Table III.14 and alternative 2 is recommended. Table III.14:
Items
I H O C

Alternative Designs for Interchange IC2

Alternative 2
CH M IN H

Alternative 1

3+

IH

O N

TP

O .H

O C

00 0

O N

TP

CH O .H

IN

nh a Bn th hC ha h n

nh a B n th hC ha h n

Outline drawing
I NG LO AN
xn gia da y phu tri e u

CH U

C H
A
PH C A HU P A TA N G CH U A Ph nha T o cm h e n

PH C A HU P A TA N G CH U A Ph nha T o cm h e n

3+ 50 0

3+ 50 0

NH

A B

E
0

NG LO

AN
xn gia da y phu tri e u

NH

A B

4+ 00

4+ 00 0

Features

No interchange only a flyover. Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway is over National Highway 1A. No connection between the two roads. Transport on National Highway 1A that wants to travel on Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway must go through HCMC-Trung Luong by the road quite a distance about 12km. Especially in the future of this region has some industrial parks. So will cause traffic problems. Impacts less on the neighborhood and residential areas nearby. Organized transportation simple and convenient as there two separate roads. Construction costs will be lower because of smaller occupation and land acquisition area.

Propose

Type of interchange is diamond type, Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway is over NH1A, under the flyover with a roundabout. Transport on National Highway 1A to travel on Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway easily. Therefore the transport of industrial zones will be convenient, saving significant fuel costs and time for drivers. The building of interchange will attract traffic volume increased significantly so large traffic volume of NH1A. In planning future road base width is 120m. Impacts on part of a shoe factory in Phu Trieu and some residents of nearby. More complex because there is one roundabout. Construction cost is higher because of larger occupation and land acquisition area. Recommended alternative

47

c.

Interchange with National Highway 50 (IC3)

146. Interchange IC3 is in Ho Chi Minh City and links the expressway at Km 13+550 with National Highway 50. Interchange calculation data: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) On the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway : speed = 120km/h On the National Highway NH50: speed =80km/h Interchange ramp : - direct: speed=50km/h Interchange loops: speed=40km/h

147. Alternative Designs for Interchange IC3 were considered during the design process Control points include: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) The East and South of interchanges lies the Ong Keo river and system of interlacing canals. North of the interchange there is a resettlement area. West of the interchange is a system of interlacing canals and some tombs. The interchange is near residential areas.

148. Basic advantages and disadvantages of two alternatives are shown in Table III.15 and alternative 2 is recommended. Table III.15:
Items

Alternative Designs for Interchange IC3

Alternative 2
CH MINH I TP.HO

Alternative 1
CH MINH I TP.HO
KENH RACH

Outline drawing
N N SO G O G THN

KHU MO

KHU MO

I VANH DAI 3

BE I NHA

I QLO 50

BE I NHA

KHU MO

KHU MO

KHU MO

KHU MO

N N SO G O G THN
KENH RACH

Features Propose Items Outline drawing Features Propose

Clover leaf type. NH 50 over the expressway. According to this shape, there are 2 weaving points function of these weaving points are to reduce conflicts in traffic organization on the main route. Traffic organization is convenient and clear. Increasing traffic capacity and traffic safety. Decreasing management efficiency due to 4 toll plazas installed. Great impacts on a cemetery nearby. Impacted area is large. Construction costs are higher because of larger land acquisition area, Length of viaduct on ramp is longer.

I LO NG AN

Trumpet type, NH 50 over the expressway. No weaving points so traffic organization is convenient and clear. Increasing traffic capacity and traffic safety. Driver easily type of interchanges. Phase 2, the interchange is designed in double trumpet type. Increasing management efficiency due to only one toll plaza installed. No impact on a cemetery nearby. Less impacts on area residents. Construction costs are lower because of smaller land acquisition area. Length of viaduct on ramp is shorter. Recommended alternative

NG I LO AN

48

d.

Interchange with Nguyen Van Tao Road (North-South Road) IC4

149. Interchange IC4 is in Nha Be District, Ho Chi Minh City and links the expressway at Km21+850 with Nguyen Van Tao Road. Interchange calculation data: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) On the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway : speed = 120km/h On the Nguyen Van Tao road: speed = 60km/h Interchange ramp : - direct: speed= 50km/h Interchange loops: speed= 40km/h

150. Alternative Designs for Interchange IC4 were considered during the design process. Control points include: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) The area east and south of the interchanges was been planned by HCMC. There are a number of canals in the area (Ca Noc, Ngon Lap Dau, and Ba Minh). North of the interchange is a shrimp pond, Ba Chua, Ba Chiem canals. West of the interchange is the Muong Chuoi river. The interchange is near residential areas. This is the way North-South axis, where the large amount of traffic. Electric line 500kV and 220kV go in parallel with the line.

151. Basic advantages and disadvantages of two alternatives are shown in Table III.16 and alternative 2 is recommended. Table III.16:
Items Outline drawing

Alternative Designs for Interchange IC4

Alternative 2
M NG TA I TRU BE N NHA HUY E

Alternative 1
M NG TA I TRU BE N E NHA HUY

M CHIE T BA U V CA

-ng

nh n B Nguy

.Nha

CAU BA

CHIM
RACH BA C HIM
EN VAN NGUY TAO

N HUU NGUYE THO

I QL 50

20

20

20

19

20

NH

TR A CH

Rch

Khe

Gia

Features

Half clover leaf type. With the expressway over Nguyen Van Tao road. Ramp of interchanges connecting with Nguyen Van Tao road by two separate ramps. Ramp of interchanges connecting with the expressway by viaduct (4 viaducts). According to this shape, there are 2 intersections with Nguyen Van Tao road. Traffic organization isnt convenient and clear. Decreasing traffic capacity and traffic safety. Decreasing management efficiency due to 2 toll plazas installed. Construction of two bridges over Ba Chua

19 800

20

SO NG

SO
MU ON G CH UO I
CH RA

NG

20

MU

100

000

200

20

900

300

I QL 50

ON

G CH

400

20

500

UO I

BA UA CH

600

20

700

20

800

21

900
CA BN U

21

H KH

000
A NH

CA U
21

BN

H KH

21

100

A NH

200

21

300
N I KC C P PH HIE

21

400

21

500

N LAP H NGO RAC

DAU

21

600

21

700

21

800

22

900

000

I NH

TR

A CH

Rch Khe

Trumpet type, With the expressway over Nguyen Van Tao road. Ramps of connect with Nguyen Van Tao road by intersection. Ramp of interchanges connecting with Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway by viaduct (4 viaducts). According to this shape, there is 1 intersection of Nguyen Van Tao road. Connecting with present intersection create roundabout. Traffic organization is more convenient and clear. Increasing traffic capacity and traffic safety. Increasing management efficiency due to

HIE

Gia

N I KC C PH P

49

canal. Impacts on residential area nearby. Construction cost is higher because of larger land acquisition area, to building two bridges on ramp and two intersections; Length of viaduct on ramp is longer.

Propose

only one toll plaza installed. Construction of one bridge over Ba Chua waterway. Less impacts on the residential area nearby. Construction cost is lower because of smaller land acquisition area. Building one bridge on ramp and one intersection. Length of viaduct on ramp is shorter. Recommended alternative

50

e.

Interchange with Ring Road 3 at Nhon Trach (IC5)

152. Based on analysis of network traffic of Dong Nai province as planned, replace Ring Road 3 interchange (Km38+370) for Km33 interchange to fit in the planning of the province is proposed. Interchange calculation data: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) On the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway : speed = 120km/h On the Planned Road: speed = 60km/h Interchange ramp : - direct: speed= 50km/h Interchange loops: speed= 40km/h

153. Alternative Designs for Interchange IC5 were considered during the design process. Control points include: (i) (ii) Electric line 500kV and 220kV go in parallel with the alignment. In this area there are many large canals: Cai Tu, Cai Tom, Tac Keo

154. Basic advantages and disadvantages of two alternatives are shown in Table III.17 and alternative 2 is recommended. Table III.17:
Items Outline drawing

Alternative Designs for Interchange IC5

Alternative 2
A N I BIE HO

Alternative 1
A N I BIE HO

I LONG
C N I BE L I LONG THAH N
33+000

THA NH

33+500
CS = 33+780. 624
34+000 30.624 ST = 34+0

BE

C L
32

+5

00

220KV

500KV

Features

Type of interchange is Y type. Traffic organization is convenient and clear. No impact on residential area. The flyover is curve and longer. Construction cost is higher because of larger land acquisition area for building two flyovers, length of ramp is longer.

Propose

Type of interchange is trumpet, The planning road is over Ben LucLong Thanh Expressway by one flyover to fit in the planning of the Nhon Trach city of Dong Nai province. Traffic organization is convenient and clear. No impact on residential area nearby, church and religion. Construction one flyover Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway. The flyover is straight and shorter. Construction cost is lower because of smaller land acquisition area. Length of viaduct on ramp is shorter. Recommended alternative

51

f.

Interchange with Nhon Trach Ring Road and Phuoc An New Ports (IC6)

155. Interchange IC6 is in Dong Nai province and links the expressway at Km 50+530 with the Phuoc An port. In the pre-feasibility study the interchange is designed as a diamond type with the expressway over the road to Phuoc An port. Interchange calculation data: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) On the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway : speed = 120km/h On the road to Phuoc An Port: speed = 80km/h Interchange ramp : - direct: speed= 50km/h Interchange loops: speed= 40km/h

156. Alternative Designs for Interchange IC6 were considered during the design process. Control points include: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) OTL 500kV and 200kV go in parallel with the alignment. Near the underground gas line. This is the main road out of Thi Vai port and Phuoc An port, traffic volume is very large. Near the planned area for transport services.

157. Basic advantages and disadvantages of two alternatives are shown in Table III.18 and alternative 2 is recommended. Table III.18:
Items Outline drawing
I
I VU N G TA U
I VU N G TA

Alternative Designs for Interchange IC6

Alternative 2
U

Alternative 1
TP NH N TR C A H
50
BA ID O XE
I TP

50 80 0

NH N

50 70 0

TR C A H

60 0

50 50 0

50 40 0

BA

ID

XE

50 30 0

50 20 0

BA

ID

XE

50 10 0

50 00 0

49 90 0

49

NG

BA

OT

PN

R NT H

C A

80 0

49 70

NH

B A

49 60

0
N G P CA E M IM C U CA I I A V TH

49

G N P CA E M IM CU C A I I A V TH

NH

50 0

B A

Features

Type of interchange is diamond, Roundabout is an ellipse. Roundabout is an ellipse traffic safety is low, due to small radius. Cost to build each is equivalent.

Propose

Type of interchange is diamond, Roundabout is a circle. Roundabout is circle; traffic safety is high, due to large radius. Cost to build each is equivalent. Recommended alternative

52

g.

Interchange with National Highway 51 IC7

158. Interchange IC7 is in Dong Nai province and links the expressway at Km 56+600 with with National Highway 51. Interchange calculation data: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) On the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway : speed = 120km/h On the road to NH51: speed = 80km/h Interchange ramp : - direct: speed= 50km/h Interchange loops: speed= 40km/h

159. Alternative Designs for Interchange IC7 during the design process. Control points include: (i) (ii) Near the dense residential areas and Phuoc Thai school. The East of interchange, in the future is Vedan and Go Dau industry, Go Dau fuel port.

160. Basic advantages and disadvantages for design two alternatives (Table III.19) and alternative 2 is recommended. Table III.19:
Items Outline drawing

Alternative Designs for Interchange IC7

Alternative 2

Alternative 1

57+0 00

57+0 00

58+000

58+000

57+500

57+500

Features

Type of interchange is diamond. Construction retaining walls tunnel complex and more difficult. But reduce heighten embankment of 2km the last of project. Construction cost is higher.

Type of interchange is diamond. Construction cost is lower

Propose

Recommended alternative

53

h.

Interchange with the Bien Hoa Vung Tau Expressway (IC8)

161. Interchange IC8 is in Dong Nai province and links the expressway at Km58+420 with the proposed Bien Hoa - Vung Tau Expressway at section Km58+420. Interchange calculation data: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) On the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway : speed = 120km/h On the road to Bien Hoa - Vung Tau Expressway: speed = 120km/h Interchange ramp : - direct: speed= 50km/h Interchange loops: speed= 40km/h

162. Alternative Designs for Interchange IC8 were considered during the design process. Control points include: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Planned railway from Bien Hoa to Vung Tau Province Road 22 My Xuan Industrial park. 220 kV transmission line

163. Basic advantages and disadvantages of two alternatives are shown in Table III.20 and alternative 2 is recommended. Table III.20:
Items Outline drawing
Ga

Alternative Designs for Interchange IC8

Alternative 2

Alternative 1

Ga

LT S: 75 33+ 0
ST = 57+907 58+000 .335

LT S:

i Km ha cT Ph

i Km ha cT Ph

33 + 75 0

Features

Type of interchange is a trumpet. According to this shape, traffic organization is convenient and clear. Impacts on province road 22, therefore culvert and viaduct are required. Reduce embankment height at the final line, but construction of flyover on Bien Hoa - Vung Tau Expressway with 6 lane. Construction cost is high.

Propose

Type of interchange is a trumpet; The planning road is over Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway by one flyover to fit in the planning of Nhon Trach City of Dong Nai province. According to this shape, traffic organization is convenient and clear. No impact on province road PR 22 and it is in accordance with planned residential Phuoc Thai commune. Embankment height at the final line, but the construction of flyover on Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway with width of 19.5m. Construction cost is low. Recommended alternative

Sources: Tables 12 - 20: Report of ADB TA 7155 VIE Project, by KEI Oriconsul APECO, November 2009

54

F.

Bridge Design Options 1. Medium and Short Span Bridges and Viaducts a. List of Medium, Short Span Bridges and Viaducts

164.

List of medium, short span bridges and via duct of project is presented in Table III.21. Table III.21: List of Medium, Short Span Bridges and Viaduct
Station Km2+090 to 02+350 Km 3+070 to 03+770 Km 6+050 to 06+610 Km 07+995 to 09+565 Km 12+510 to 12+710 Km 34+600 to 34+800 Km 35+672 to 35+705 Km 43+110 to 43+143 Km 50+192 to 50+867 Km 52+894 to 53+189 Km 53+189 to 56+134 Km52+419 to 52+894 Km 56+823 to 56+856 Bridge Length (m) 260.0 700.0 560.0 1,570 200.0 200.0 99.0 33.0 675.0 295 2,945.0 475.0 33.0

No.

11

Bridge Name Ong Thoan Bridge NH 1A Flyover Bridge Phuoc Ly Flyover Bridge Hai Son Viaduct Ong Keo (main) Bridge Ong Keo (main) Brigde Bau Sen Bridge Vung Am Bridge Phuoc An Bridge Thi Vai Bridge (main) Thi Vai Bridge (approach, East) Thi Vai Bridge (approach,West) Ngoai Bridge

Source: KEI Oriconsul APECO prepared for ADB TA7155-VIE, November 2009

b.

Bridge Design

165. General design of medium, short span bridges and viaducts of project is summarized in Table III.22. Table III.22:
Bridge No. BR1 BR2 BR3 BR4

Girder Type and Span Configuration of some Medium, Short Span Bridges and Viaduct
Name Girder Type PC Solid Slab PC Solid Slab PC Solid Slab PC Solid Slab + PC Box + PC Solid Slab PC Solid Slab + PC Box + PC Solid Slab PC I PC Box PC I PC Solid Slab PC Solid Slab + PC Box + PC Solid Slab Span Configuration 25+13@30+25 25+10@30+2@25+10@30 +25 25+21@30+25 25+19@30+50+37@30+25

Ong Thoan Canal NH 1A (interchange) Phuoc Ly viaduct (flyover) Hai Son resettlement area (viaduct) Ong Keo river

BR5 BR7-1-1 BR7-1-2 BR7-1-3 BR8 BR9 Ong Keo Extrados Brigde Road to Phuoc An Port (interchange) Thi Vai river

25+13@30+(50+90+55)+14@30+25 11@33 (75+175+75) 11@33 25+21@30+25 25+21@30+(40+70+75+70+40)+99@30+25

55

BR10 BR11

Ngoai river NH. 51 (interchange)

PC I PC Solid Slab

5@33 25+12@30+4@25+6@30+25

2.

Large Span Bridges

166. BL - LT expressway must to cross two big rivers which are the Soai Rap and Long Tau rivers. These rivers are important waterways for linking ports at HCMC to others in Vietnam and overseas. In order to pass two big rivers, large span bridges were proposed and selected. 167. Clearances for large span bridges of project are presented in Table III.23. Table III.23:
Name of Bridge Binh Khanh Phuoc Khanh

Clearances for Large Span Bridges of BL- LT Expressway

Navigation Clearance Level I-(Special) I-(Special) B (m) 250 250 H (m) 55 55 Width of River (m) 1000 730 Length of Bridge (m) 1, 090 742

Name of River Soai Rap Long Tau

a.

Topographical Data at Large Bridges Areas

168. The profile of the topography at the Binh Khanh and Phuoc Khanh Bridges are shown in Figure III.7 and III.8.

250000

Figure III.7:

Profile of Topography at the Binh Khanh Bridge

Water

Figure III.8: Profile of Topography at the Phuoc Khanh Bridge b. Geotechnical Data at Large Bridges Area

169. There were three existing drilled wells that can be used for the bridge planning. The geotechnical condition is assumed by data from those drilled wells. The geological feature of object area is divided into 2 zones with layer (1) to layer (2). The cross section of for each drilled wells to be used to design are as shown in Figure 9 and 10.

56

c.

Navigation Clearance

170. The vertical clearance of 55-metres and a horizontal clearance of 250-metres is required by the Vietnam Maritime Administration for the Soai Rap and Long Tau rivers for navigation clearance. This requirement will affect the overall cost of these bridges and so must be carefully studied. The dimensions of the ships estimated by the proposed navigation clearance are as follows: (i) (ii) Vertical clearance of 55-metres is for a container ship of 40,000 DWT Horizontal clearance of 300-metres indicates a length of ship of 200-metres

171. It should be noted that the vertical clearance of 55-metres is the largest for any bridge currently in Vietnam. Navigation clearances of bridges in Vietnam are presented in Table III.24. Table III.24:
Name of Bridge Phu My Bridge Can Tho Bridge Bai Chay Bridge My Thuan Bridge

Navigation Clearances of Bridges in Vietnam

Horizontal Clearance (m) 300-metres 300-metres (95+110+95) 300-metres 300-metres Vertical Clearance (m) 45-metres 39-metres (central span) 50-metres 35-metres

Rivers Sai Gon Hau (Bassac) Cua Luc Tien (Mekong)

57

Figure III.9:

Borehole at the Proposed Binh Khanh Bridge

58

Figure III.10: Borehole at the Proposed Phuoc Khanh Bridge d. Effect of High Voltage ( HV) Power Transmission Lines

172. The influence of the HV transmission lines on the proposed bridges cannot be ignored. The original Pre-FS alignment at the Binh Khanh crossing was designed to go between the 500Kv and 200kV power-lines. This could prove rather dangerous from many aspects. First during construction there could be problems of cranes operating so close to these lines especially floating cranes. Later in the operation phase there are dangers of the collapse of the high electrical towers by reason of corrosion or wind gusts, the multiplier effect causing possible collapse of the bridge structure.

59

e.

Design Standards

173. The bridge design standards for large bridges and structures in this project are the Vietnamese Design Standard (22TCN272-05) and AASHTO-LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design, 3rd Edition 2004). For some design matters the Japan Highway Bridge Standard are considered. f. Bridge Design

174. In this stage, a complex of bridges is proposed by KEI Technical Team to cross the Ba Lao Canal, Nha Be and Long Tau rivers. The starting point of this section is at station 16km585 and ending at station 32km321 with a total length of 15.736km. The complex of Binh Khanh and Phuoc Khanh bridges is Cable Stayed bridges. List of components in complex bridges is presented in Table III.25. Girder Type and Span Configuration of complex bridges is presented in Table III.26. 175. Location and vertical alignment of Binh Khanh PC Cable Stayed Bridge is shown in Figure III.11. Location and vertical alignment of Phuoc Khanh PC Cable Stayed Bridge is shown in Figure III.12. Table III.25:
Bridge No. BR6-1-1 BR6-1-2 BR6-1-3 BR6-1-4 BR6-1-5 BR6-1-6 BR6-1-7 BR6-1-8 BR6-2 BR6-3-1 BR6-3-2 BR6-3-3

Components in Bridges Crossing the Soai Rap and Long Tau Rivers
Name Ba Lao canal, Binh Khanh, Cha river From 16+690 17+018 17+308 21+503 23+126 23+987 25+507 26+132 26+457 28+186 30+036 30+778 To 17+018 17+308 21+503 23+126 23+987 25+507 26+132 26+457 28+186 30+036 30+778 32+332 Length (m) 328 290 4195 1623 861 1520 625 325 1729 1850 742 1554

Phuoc Khanh

Table III.26:
Bridge No. BR6-1-1 BR6-1-2 BR6-1-3 BR6-1-4 BR6-1-5 BR6-1-6 BR6-1-7 BR6-1-8 BR6-2 BR6-3-1 BR6-3-2 BR6-3-3

Girder Type and Span Configuration of major Bridges

Girder Type PC Solid Slab PC Box PC Solid Slab PC Box PC Cable Stayed PC Box PC Solid Slab PC Extradosed Bridge PC Solid Slab PC Solid Slab PC Cable Stayed PC Box Span Configuration

Name Ba Lao canal, Binh Khanh, Cha river

25+11@30+27.5+(40+70+75+70+40) +27.5+136@30+27.5+47.5+29@50+55+7 0+(213+435+213)+70+55+27@50 +44.5+27.5+15@30+25

Phuoc Khanh

37@50 (183.5+375+183.5) 33@50

Source: Report of ADB TA7155-VIE Project, November .2009

60

Figure III.11: Location and Vertical Alignment of Binh Khanh Cable Stayed Bridge

61

Figure III.12: Location and Vertical Alignment of Phuoc Khanh Cable Stayed Bridge

62

G.

Traffic Forecast of Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway 1. Transport Facilities Development Plan and Major Development

176. The area along the BL-LT expressway is the one in Vietnam having highest growth in road traffic, waterway and airway. Now and in the future some of the largest ports will be operated. Long Thanh International Airport has been planned as the largest airport in Vietnam. Beside, in these districts, there are more than 20 industrial parks and major tourist areas. So the increase of traffic flow (ships, cars, aircraft, and passengers) will be very rapid in the period 2010-2030. Demands forecast of transport in the area studied by JICA, ADB and Vietnam is given in the Table III.27 to III.31. Table III.27: Demand Forecast of Cargo through each Port in the Region in 2020
2020 Non Container 1000ton 7,500 4,800 400 6,600 9,500 2020 Container 1000TEU 760 0 300 380 4,750

Sai Gon/Tan Cang/Ben Nghe/VICT Other Ports in HCMC Port Group Cat Lai IZ Port Hiep Phuoc Port Cai Mep - Thi Vai Port

Source: JICA Study; The Port Development in the South of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 2002

Table III.28:

Cargo Traffic Demands Forecast through Each Port

2016 8,625 258 4,209 29,831 2026 11,759 333 6,057 40,853 2036 14,712 372 8,244 51,530

Regions Sai Gon and other Ports in HCMC Cat Lai IZ Port Hiep Phuoc Port Cai Mep - Thi Vai Port

Source: JICA; The Port Development Study in the South of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 2002

Table III.29:
Items Total passenger: (million) - International pass. (million) - Domestic pass. (million) Total Cargo: (million T)

Planning of Air Transportation in Southern Vietnam

2015 13,657 8,683 4,974 0,400 2020 20,279 12,758 7,521 0,600 2030 43,800 28,032 15,768 1,500

Source: Vietnam Civil Aviation Bureau, Long Thanh Airport Planning, 2005

177. The traffic volume may be estimated based on the forecast of the Vietnam Civil Aviation Bureau Plan. The increased traffic volume is presented in Table III.30.

63

Table III.30:
Items Bus Car(Taxi) Truck Total PCU

Estimation of the Increased Traffic Volume

2016 2,592 4,319 4,952 11,863 2026 4,148 6,913 8,227 19,288 2036 12,190 20,317 29,672 62,180

Source: JICA; The Port Development Study in the South of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 2002

Table III.31:
Unit: trip/day

Generation and Attraction Trips

2016 12,064,826 1,230,787 3,334,308 1,257,512 17,889,449 2020 12,575,302 1,690,368 4,819,735 1,835,293 20,922,718 2026 13,375,726 2,580,520 7,940,687 3,005,001 26,903,960 2036 14,823,378 4,197,197 14,430,295 5,246,697 38,699,603

2002 MC Car Bus Truck Total 10,173,480 262,312 597,668 242,805 11,278,267

2009 11,222,010 610,261 1,506,765 556,903 13,897,948

Source: JICA, the Port Development Study in the Southern Region of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 2002

2.

Future Traffic Volume of Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway

178. Based on the demand of increasing of passenger and vehicles to ports, airports, industrial parks, resorts, urban areas from Ben Luc district to Long Thanh district as mentioned above, the number of vehicles operating on the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway will be very large. Results of the forecasts are indicated in Table III.32. Table III.32:
Unit: PCU/Day

Predicted Daily Traffic Volume in Year 2016 to 2036

IC3- IC4 136 216 6,340 6,692 IC3- IC4 4,189 2,069 30,637 36,895 IC3- IC4 12,411 4,150 79,857 96,418 IC4- IC5 320 242 17,274 17,836 IC4- IC5 8,444 1,291 55,203 64,938 IC4- IC5 17,512 2,374 108,364 128,250 IC5- IC6 320 242 17,274 17,836 IC5- IC6 5,243 1,293 51,893 58,429 IC5- IC6 11,971 2,104 94,929 109,004 IC6- IC7 192 166 8,792 9,150 IC6- IC7 2,553 927 45,009 48,489 IC6- IC7 5,023 1,464 84,075 90,562 IC7 - IC8

Car Bus Truck 2016

IC1- IC2 2,848 1,160 18,732 22,740 IC1- IC2 9,777 1,662 52,776 64,215 IC1- IC2 19,452 2,651 83,890 105,993

IC2- IC3 754 1,012 11,300 13,066 IC2- IC3 4,541 2,965 36,075 43,581 IC2- IC3 13,168 6,254 90,195 109,617

0 IC7 - IC8 266 553 24,878 25,697 IC7 - IC8 1,015 906 46,868 48,789

Car Bus Truck 2026

Car Bus Truck 2036

Source: Report of ADB TA7155-VIE Project, November .2009

64

H.

Land Acquisition for the Project

Land Acquisition for Road and Bridge Construction 179. Statistical area of land acquisition for BL-LT expressway construction in Alternative 1 is listed in Table III.33 and III.34. Table III.33: Area of Agricultural and Aquaculture Land to be Acquired by the Project
Aqua-Culture Annual crop land Garden land Total of Land Total of affected affected HH Affected HH Affected house Affected HH area (m2) Numbe Area Numbe Area hold Area (m2) Number r (m2) r (m2) 97 89 186 159 73 270 206 178 111 192 1,189 Phuoc Khanh Vinh Thanh Nhon Trach Phuoc An Long Thanh Phuoc Thai Subtotal (3) Dong Nai Grand total 94 326 470 293 1,183 2,558 112352 108211 220,563 222143 113615 230813 347763 205903 210936 392329 1,723,502 240535 386793 854279 195488 1,677,095 3,621,160 78 40 118 41 41 116 119 82 79 108 586 81 279 206 20 586 1,290 96183 63119 159,302 82337 72704 136334 217954 143724 165617 239742 1,058,412 223119 314047 390391 30569 958,126 2,175,840 6 38 44 81 34 134 69 51 17 21 407 9 32 147 140 328 779 8434 30002 38,436 115817 36734 74881 110375 22476 16347 26602 403,232 2947 43940 124977 85884 257,748 699,416 1 3 4 1 1 7 11 19 11 70 120 6 0 54 4 64 188 15 263 278 327 268 1327 7544 27505 22193 117786 176,950 8278 0 228526 1299 238,103 415,331

Locality District Ben Luc Commune My Yen

Can Giuoc Phuoc Ly Subtotal (1) Long An Binh Chanh Tan Quy Tay Hung Long Binh Chanh Da Phuoc Nhon Duc Nha Be Can Gio Subtotal (2) HCM city Long Thoi Binh Khanh

Source: Report of ADB TA7155-VIE Project, November .2009

Table III.34: Area of Other Types of Land Acquired by the Project

Locality Commune District Ben Luc My Yen Can Giuoc Phuoc Ly Subtotal (1) Long An Binh Chanh Binh Chanh Business and Total of Forestry Land Residential Land other land Total of affected affected HH Affected house Affected HH Affected HH area (m2) Numbe Area hold Area (m2) Number Area (m2) Number r (m2) 97 112352 0 0 15 7720 0 0 89 186 159 108211 220,563 222143 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 36 56 14703 22,423 19875 1 1 1 124 124 700

65

Tan Quy Tay Hung Long Da Phuoc Nhon Duc Nha Be Long Thoi Binh Khanh Can Gio Subtotal (2) HCM city Phuoc Khanh Vinh Thanh Nhon Trach Phuoc An Long Thanh Phuoc Thai Subtotal (3) Dong Nai Grand total

73 270 206 178 111 192 1,189 94 326 470 293 1,183 2,558

113615 230813 347763 205903 210936 392329 1,723,502 240535 386793 854279 195488 1,677,095 3,621,160

0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 5 25 11 41 43

0 0 2589 0 0 0 2,589 0 13888 37280 8770 59,938 62,527

10 78 30 60 31 14 279 2 14 101 218 335 650

2909 16568 6022 10823 6779 2372 65,348 1252 3207 25392 43656 73,507 161,278

3 3 7 9 0 5 28 2 12 0 10 38 67

1000 1703 3279 1375 0 5827 13,884 4939 11711 47713 21710 86,073 100,081

Source: Report of ADB TA7155-VIE Project, November .2009

180. From Tables III.33 and III.34, it can be indicated that demand of land acquisition for Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway project is high. Detailed impacts and measures for mitigation on economic - social impacts are presented in the report "Resettlement Plan" of the ADB TA 7155VIE project. Summary of economic - social impacts as presented Chapter V of this EIA report. I. Raw Material and Equipment Demand 1. 181. Raw Material Demand

Raw material demand of BL-LT expressway project is presented in Table III.35. Table III.35: Raw Material Demand
m2 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m2 m2 km lm lm each km m2 m2 m2 m2 2,540,200 487,000 366,700 1,980,200 366,700 436,800 360,000 362,500 57.10 64,090 7,727 64 57.10 653,546 6,370 17,150 13,720 38,465

Total Earthworks Clearing and Grubbing Topsoil Removal & Storage Excavation & Realignment of Channels Embankment Surplus Soils Cohesive Soil for slope Soft Soil treatment Sodding Other Earthworks Total Drainage Works Side Ditch & Chutes Pipe Culverts Box Culverts & Underpasses Other Drainage Works Total Bridge Works BR 01 Ong Thoan Channel 02+090 - 02+350 BR 02 NH1A Flyover 03+070 - 03+770 BR 03 Phuoc Ly Flyover 06+050 - 06+610 BR 04 Hai Son Viaduct 07+995 - 09+565

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BR 05 Ong Keo River 12+125 - 13+095 BR 06-01 Viaduct #01 16+690 - 17+045 BR 06-02 Viaduct #02 17+045 - 17+245 BR 06-03 Viaduct #03 17+245 - 21+445 BR 06-04 Viaduct #04 21+445 - 23+019.5 BR 06-05 Binh Khanh 23+019.5 - 23+880.5 BR 06-06 Viaduct #06 23+880.5 - 25+305.5 BR 06-07 Viaduct #07 25+305.5 - 26+017.8 BR 06-08 Viaduct #08 26+017.8 - 26+342.8 BR 06-09 Viaduct #09 26+342.8 - 28+529 BR 06-10 Viaduct #10 28+529 - 29+929 BR 06-11 Phuoc Khanh 29+929 30+671 BR 06-12 Viaduct #12 30+671 - 32+021 BR 06-13 Viaduct #12 32+021 - 32+346 BR 07 Ong Keo 34+305 - 35+155 BR 08 Bau Sen 35+672.5 - 35+705.5 BR 09 Vung Gam 43+110 - 43+143 BR 10 Phuoc An 50+192.5 - 50+867.5 BR 11 Thi Vai River 52+419.2 - 56+134.2 BR 12 Ngoai River 56+823.5 - 56+856.5 IC#01 Bridges IC#03 Bridges IC#04 Bridges Total Interchange Works Interchanges x 7 Realign Existing Roads Toll Facilities System Administration Centre Service Centre & Weight Station Total Pavement Works Subgrade Subbase Base Asphalt Concrete Wearing & Binder Other Pavement Works Total Miscellaneous Works Guardrail Traffic Signboard Line Marking Expressway Lighting Noise Barrier Center Median
Source: Report of ADB TA7155-VIE Project, November .2009

m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 PS km LS ls ls m3 m3 m3 m3 km lm m2 m2 km lm lm

23,765 8,698 4,900 102,900 38,575 20,234 34,913 17,451 7,638 53,562 34,300 17,437 33,075 7,963 20,825 809 809 16,538 91,018 809 20,103 15,945 5,579 6 17.00 1 1 1 343,000 458,500 317,200 113,600 32.05 128,180 1,800 69,400 40 15,800 32,045

182. Note: All construction materials for project (sand, soil, stone, cement, steel) will be supplied and transported to the construction site by the material suppliers. Project will not implement any material exploitation activities for soil, sand, stone. So, in principle, assessments of environmental impacts caused by material exploitation activities are not included in this EIA report. During construction of the expressway, locations of quarry and borrow sites, access roads, spoils disposal sites for wastes and other facilities will be determined by contractors. In this FS phase of the project specific locations of these facilities are yet to be determined, potential impacts of operation of these facilities and mitigation

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measures may be only initially assessed (in Chapter V). Mitigation measures and monitoring in environmental management for these activities are initially proposed in Chapters V and IX. 2. Construction Machine and Equipment

183. In the feasibility study phase, the project has not proposed an exact figure for construction equipment. The contractor will propose a specific list of construction equipment when bidding and implementing construction. 184. However, based on an experience from the similar scale projects as HCMC Trung Luong Expressway, Long Thanh - Dau Giay expressway, a number of construction equipment can be estimated as presented in Table III.36. Table III.36:
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

List of Construction Equipments for BL-LT Expressway

Capacity > 20Tons 10 20 Tons Quantity 50 100 30 20 30 10 5 20 10 10 10 10 -

Items Heavy truck Trucks Excavators Bulldozer Rammer Air compressor Pilling machine (pile drivers) Leveling machine Generator Barges for bridge construction Concrete mixing station Asphalt mixing station Other (various items)

J.

Construction Process 1. Preparation Works

185.

Preparation works include the following activities. (i) Site preparation: construction area, after removing UXO (bomb, mine and other explosive materials), relocating power line, water supply pipe, fibre optic cable, the site will be handed over to contractor. Site clearance: Removing existing building, structure and trees in construction site. Manpower, equipment preparation: mobilizing manpower, mustering construction equipment, getting construction licenses. Total number of workers will be mobilized at the peak period is about 1, 000 persons working at the same time throughout the length of the road. Set up auxiliary works: material transfer sites, temporary road, temporary drain, assignment road, site leveling. Construct camp, site office. Connect power line, install water supply system for domestic and construction, set up concrete mixing station and asphalt station.

(ii) (iii)

(iv)

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2. 186.

Construction Works

Construction works include the activities below. (i) Soft soil treatment and road sub-base works: to be conducted immediately after completing the road base construction, include: a) Execute the absorbent wicks; b) Banking, install pressure response temporary platform, loading, unloading and uninstall pressure response platform; c) Injection piles and concrete reduce-load platform after completing the road base loading activities. Building bridges and viaducts: It will be carried out in parallel with the soft soil treatment and road base construction, included: a) producing girder and precast concrete structures; b) execution drilling piles; c) execute bridge abutment and piles on land and water; d) linking spans; e) execute horizontal beam, bridge flat, median area, bridge banister; f) execution pavement layer, installation elastic slot. Execute road pavement, slope protection: 3 months after the end of the soft soil treatment works. Install lighting system and security/safety signal system for land and waterway transportation Completion Works

(ii)

(iii) (iv)

3.

187. Completion works include the following activities. After completing the above construction works, the road should be carried out the completed works for going to operate. Complete work will be implemented at the end of construction time. The work includes: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) 4. 188. Repair of small defects Clean up the construction site, warehouses Collecting waste and superfluous materials Construction waste will be transported to licensed disposal site. Return of the status of drainage system affected temporarily during construction phase Cleaning the whole structure Repair to return of status of local roads effected during construction phase. Principles of Construction Site Organization

The main principles of construction site organization are as follows. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Construction sites should be located at high terrain area having advantage of geological condition. Location of construction sites should be selected in order to minimize the potential impacts on local people. Time accounting used must be consistent with the time limit for construction. Construction camps should be located out of the safety corridor of the high voltage power lines. Organization of 1-2 construction sites for each package for materials storage, concrete mixing station, asphalt station and components manufacturing area, etc. A number of small construction sites along the alignment can be built to store materials to create favorable conditions for construction activities.

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(vii)

In case the service road of construction site crosses the canal or ditch, depending on the actual situation, the specific application will be implemented as follows: a) in the case of dead-end canals, the leveling work will not affect peoples living conditions in the region as well as general drainage of the area. Filling canals or drainage ditches will be done only with agreement of local communities; b) Construction of temporary bridges and culverts with suitable load for transportation in case the flow must be maintained and can not be diverted around the construction camp.

K.

Capital Investment of the Project 1. Loan Sources

189.

The Project is to be co-financed by the ADB and JICA as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) 2. ADB Section 1: 00+600 to 15+000 JICA Section 2: 15+000 to 33+900 ADB Section 3: 33+900 to 57+700 Estimated cost

190. The assumed total cost for a four lane design, including all items of project investment is shown in Table III.37.

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Table III.37:

Revised BL- LT Costs November 2009

Amount 888,513,440 54,358,978 44,728,449 12,234,660 646,228,993 79,735,000 32,619,225 18,608,136 45,815,100 4,000,000 28,000,000 4,068,550 10,000,000 91,865,094 89,065,094 2,800,000 235,868,529 1,262,062,164 63,209,983 98,533,307 116,321,219 278,064,509 1,540,126,673 143,824,326 1,683,950,999

Description I. Total Construction works Total General Items Total Earthworks Total Drainage Works Total Bridge Works Total Interchange Works Total Pavement Works Total Miscellaneous Works III. Total Other Costs Unexploded Ordnance Clearance Supervision Cost Environmental Management Plan VEC Project Administration Costs IIII. Total Taxes Taxes on Construction Taxes on Design & Supervision Resettlement & Utility Relocation IV. Project Cost before Contingency (I+III+IIII) Total Physical Contingency Construction Total Price Contingency Non Bridges Total Price Contingency Bridges V. Total Contingency VI. Project Cost After Contingency Estimated Financial Charge During Construction VIII. Final Cost
Source: Report of ADB TA7155-VIE Project, November .2009 Note: This cost will be revised based on comments of the international donors.

L. 191.

Proposed Schedule for Approval and Implementation Schedule of project preparation and implementation is planned in Table III.38. Table III.38: Planned Project Schedule
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Item Basic design Engineering design Bidding Resettlement Utility Construction Operation

2010

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IV

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

192. The present state of the environment at the project area, included 7 districts where the expressway will cross, is briefly described based on the results of field environmental and social surveys at all project communes and environmental analysis, implemented by the Environmental Protection Center (VESDEC) within the Vietnam Environment and Sustainable Development Institute (VESDI) for KEI in the ADB TA 7155-VIE. (i) (ii) Soil map and land use map (1:50,000 and 1:100,000) Region 3: covering the left side of the Thi Vai river to the end of the expressway at Long Thanh district, Dong Nai province. Its elevation gradually lowers with the average of 2-5m above the sea level. There are some small canals in this region. Region 3: including the left side of the Thi Vai river to the end of the project site at Long Thanh district of Dong Nai province. Its 6 15 m surface layer of plastic clay or drift silt and needs treatment measures to secure stability and to stop subsidence. A common trend of this region is that the surface layer is weaker towards the end of the highway. The strong soil layer is at the depth of 30-40m.

(iii)

193.

The main thematic reports used in this EIA are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) Report on the present terrestrial ecology at the project area Report on the present aquatic ecology at the project area Report on the present air, noise, vibration at the monitoring sites in the project area. Report on the present surface water, groundwater quality at monitoring sites in the project area. Report on the present soil and sediment pollution Report on soil at the project district Report on the present socio-economy of 7 districts in the project area Reports on the results of public consultation and information disclosure on environmental impacts based on synthesis of the questionnaires filled by 50 PAHs in the first round of public consultation, 547 PAHs in the second public consultation and comments on environmental issues of 15 Communes People Committees (PCs) and 15 FFCs.

194. The general information on the physical environment (climate, hydrology, topography, environmental quality), collected from various Governmental research units are also used in description of the environment at the project area. Some original data and information used for this Chapter are included in "Appendices to EIA Report". A. Physical Resources 1. 195. Topography

The topography of the project area is separated into 2 distinctive regions: (i) Region 1: covering districts of Long An province and Ho Chi Minh City. This region is flat, low (0-2.0 m above the sea level), and divided by numerous canals and rivers.

72

(ii)

Region 2: covering Nhon Trach district of Dong Nai province. It is low knolls and hills - region, but much higher than that of region 1 (average height of 2-10m above the sea level). Geology

2. 196.

The project site is geologically separated into 3 regions: (i) Region 1: covering the districts of Long An province and Ho Chi Minh City. There is a weak 10 15 mud layer. Particularly, in Nha Be district, Can Gio district and a part of Western Nhon Trach district bordering the Long Tau river which has a weak 40m mud layer, it is not suitable for building road basements unless proper measures for treatment are taken to secure stability. Region 2: covering Nhon Trach district of Dong Nai province. It is a low knolls and hills region with a good surface layer for building road basements of 20m thick and a strong layer at the depth of 25-35m. Region 3: including the left side of the Thi Vai river to the end of the project site at Long Thanh district of Dong Nai province. Its 6 15 m surface layer of plastic clay or drift silt and needs treatment measures to secure stability and to stop subsidence. A common trend of this region is that the surface layer is weaker towards the end of the highway. The strong soil layer is at the depth of 30-40m. Soils a. Soil Classification

(ii)

(iii)

3.

197. From the data provided by the Southern Agricultural Planning Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development for VESDEC (June 2009), there are 7 main soil groups in 7 districts of the project area identified (Table IV.1). The soil map of 7 districts is given in Figure.IV.1. Out of 7 soil groups, 28 classes of soils have been determined. Table IV.1: Soil Classification in 7 Districts of the Project Area
Soil name Vietnamese I. Sandy Soils 1. Marine Sandy 2. Upland Sandy II. Saline Soils 3. Light Saline 4. Medium Saline 5. High Saline IV. Acid Sulphate Soils (ASS) Potential ASS (PASS) 6. Shallow saline PASS 7. Shallow mangrove PASS 8. Deep PASS 9. Saline Deep PASS Actual ASS (AASS) WRB(1) Hypoluvic Arenosols Albi- Luvic Arenosols Hyposali- Gleyic Fluvisols Haplisalic Fluvisols Hypersalic Fluvisols C Cc Mi M Mn Symbol (ha) 1,304 862 442 4,073 1,376 2,605 93 120,091 98,771 7,619 60,278 18,071 12,803 21,321 Area (%) 0,40 0,26 0,14 1,25 0,42 0,80 0,03 36,78 30,25 2,33 18,46 5,53 3,92 6,53

Hyposali-Epiprothothionic Fluvisols Sali- Epiprotothionic Fluvisols Umbric Gleyic Fluvisols (Epiprotothionic) Umbric Gleyic Fluvisols (Epiprotothionic)

Sp1M Sp1Mm Sp2 Sp2M

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10. Shallow AASS 11. Medium AASS 12. Deep AASS IV. Fluvial Soils 13. Fluvial Soil 14. Red-Yellow Mottled Layer 15. Gleyic Fluvial 16. Stream Fluvial V. Grey Soils 17. Ancient Fluvial Grey Soil 18. Gleyic Grey Soil 19. Grey Soil on Granite VI. Black Soils 20. Brown Soil on Bazaltic 21. Black soil on Bazaltic VII. Yellow Red Soils 22. Brown Red Soil on Bazalt 23. Yellow Brown on Bazalt 24. Yellow Red on Granite 25. Yellow Brown soils on alluvium 8. Others Soils 26. Slope cumulative Soil 27. Developed Soils 28. Eroded Soils Rivers, canals, ponds Total natural area

Umbric Gleyic Fluvisols (Epiorthithionic) Umbric Gleyic Fluvisols (Endorthithionic) Hyposali-Endoorthithionic Fluvisols Eutric Fluvisols Gleyi- Fluvic Cambisols Umbri- Gleyic Fluvisols Umbric/ Dystric Fluvisols Haplic Acrisols Gleyic Acrisols Arenic Acrisols Chromic/ Ferric Luvisols Cumuli- Mollic Gleysols Rhodi- Acric Ferralsols Xanthi- Acric Ferralsols Epilithi- Chromic Acrisols Chromic Acrisols Cumuli- Umbric Gleysols Hortisols Lithic Leptosols

Sj1 Sj2 Sj2M P Pf Pg Py X Xg Xa Ru Rk Fk Fu Fa Fp D N E

16,013 5,078 229 44,968 251 37,056 7,015 646 30,195 19,866 8,037 2,292 6,765 5,407 1,358 41,404 4,383 3,666 1,563 31,793 28,777 304 24,890 3,583 48,935 326,513

4,90 1,56 0,07 13,77 0,08 11,35 2,15 0,20 9,25 6,08 2,46 0,70 2,07 1,66 0,42 12,68 1,34 1,12 0,48 9,74 8,81 0,09 7,62 1,10 14,99 100,00

(*) WRB = World Reference Base for Soil Resources, ISSS/FAO/ISRIC, 2006.

198. The data above indicate that ASS account for 36.78% of the total area. Other soils types are Fluvial soil (13.77%); Yellow red soils (12.68%); Grey soil (9.25%). The lower part of that ranking is as follows: the lowest percentage is account by sandy soils (0.40%); Saline soils (1.25%); Black soils (2.07%) and other soils. b. Distribution of Soil Groups of Each District

199. Distribution of soil groups in 7 districts following administrative unit of the districts is as follows. 200. In Long An province Ben Luc district: including 7 out of 28 classes of soil in the project area, namely: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Developed soil: 16,504 ha (57.00%), Fluvial soils with a red-yellow mottling layer: 4,713 ha (16.28%), Gley fluvial soils: 1,744 ha (6.02%), Shallow actual ASS: 2,296 ha (7.93%), Deep actual ASS: 2,062 ha (7.12%); Deep potential ASS: 323 ha (1.12%) and Deep saline actual ASS: 3 ha (0.01%).

201. In Long An province Can Giuoc district: including 8 out of 28 classes of soil in the project area:

74

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

Deep saline - potential ASS: 7,687 ha (36.60%) Fluvial soil with a red-yellow mottling layer: 4,528 ha (21.56%), Developed soils: 3,718 ha (17.70%), Slightly saline soils: 1,223 ha (5.82%), Deep actual ASS: 1,200 ha (5.71%), Medium saline soils: 629 ha (3.00%), Highly saline soil: 66 ha (0.32%), Shallow saline - potential ASS: 3 ha : (0.01%).

202. In Ho Chi Minh City Binh Chanh district: including 7 out of 28 classes of soil in the project area: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Fluvial soil with a red-yellow mottling layer: 7,479 ha (29.62%), Shallow actual ASS: 5,916 ha (23.42%), Deep actual ASS: 4,153 ha (16.45%), Gley fluvial soils: 3,923 ha (15.53%), Gley grey soils: 2,177 ha (8.62%), Grey soils on old alluvia: 660 ha (2.61%), Developed soils: 21 ha (0.08%).

203. In Ho Chi Minh City Nha Be district: including 5 out of 28 classes of soil in the project area: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Shallow actual ASS: 2,569 ha (25.55%), Fluvial soil with a red-yellow mottling layer: 2,388 ha (23.75%), Deep potential ASS: 1,523 ha (15.15%), Medium saline soils: 1,350 ha (13.42%) and Gley fluvial soils: 8 ha (0.08%).

204. In Ho Chi Minh City Can Gio district: including 2 out of 28 classes of soil in the project area: (i) (ii) Potential ASS under mangrove forests: 42,506 ha (60.36%), Shallow actual ASS: 3,805 ha (5.40%).

205. In Dong Nai Province Long Thanh district: including 11 out of 28 classes of soil in the project area: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) Brown-yellow soil on antique alluvia: 22,607 ha (41.87%), Grey soils on antique alluvia: 6,358 ha (11.78%), Dark brown soils on basaltic rock: 5,407 ha (10.01%), Gley grey soils: 4,155 ha (7.70%), Fluvial soil with a red-yellow mottling layer: 3,257 ha (6.06%), Deep actual ASS: 2,680 ha (4.96%), Yellow brown soils on basaltic rock: 1,882 ha (3.49%), Brown red soils on basaltic rock: 1,777 ha (3.29%), Potential ASS under mangrove forests: 1,333 ha (2.47%), Gley fluvial soils: 1204 ha (2.23%) and Black soils on basaltic rock: 909 ha (1,68%).

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206. In Dong Nai Province Nhon Trach district: including 9 out of 28 classes of soil in the project area: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) Potential ASS under mangrove forests : 8,186 ha (19.93%), Yellow brown soils on antique alluvia: 5.666 ha (13.79%), Grey soils on ancient alluvia: 5,101 ha (12.42%), Deep actual ASS: 5,002 ha (12.18%), Deep saline - potential ASS: 3,988 ha (9.71%), Shallow saline - potential ASS: 3,384 ha (8.24%), Gley grey soils: 1,496 ha (3.64%), Deep actual ASS: 560 ha (1.36%) and Shallow actual ASS : 233 ha (0.57%).

207. From Figure IV.1 ASS groups are common in Nha Be, Binh Chanh and Can Gio districts. When soil layers are dug/or dredged or reclaimed, acidification may be generated causing pollution on water quality of canals and soils. Physical - chemical properties of these soils are given in Tables IV.2 and IV.3, respectively. Table IV.2:
Soil layer (cm) High Saline Soil Ap: 025 6.5 A(B): 25 7.2 50 Cr1: 5090 7.5 Cr2: > 90 7.4 Medium Saline Soil Ap: 025 6.2 Bg: 2550 6.5 Cr1: 5090 6.8 Cr2: > 90 7.2 Low Saline Soil Ap: 025 6.1 Bs: 2550 6.0 Bc: 5090 6.3 Cr: > 90 5.8

Physical - Chemical Properties of Classes of Saline Soils

Total matter (%) N 0.150 0.131 0.121 0.084 0.184 0.180 0.112 0.084 0.188 0.163 0.115 0.115 P2O5 0.112 0.126 0.123 0.109 0.160 0.170 0.161 0.126 0.089 0.152 0.105 0.117 K2O 1.270 1.305 1.295 1.324 1.375 1.374 1.143 1.262 1.282 1.268 1.271 1.278 0.68 0.82 0.84 2.42 0.14 0.25 0.29 0.38 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.18 3.11 3.64 3.79 3.55 0.93 1.88 1.70 1.81 0.811 0.85 0.89 1.12 1.09 1.127 1.37 1.19 0.33 0.48 0.58 0.62 0.29 0.33 0.35 0.42 Cl(%) EC5 T.M.T (mS/cm) (%) Mechanical composition (%) Clay Silt Sand 40.0 43.4 44.9 43.0 51.5 53.7 47.5 48.6 57.3 58.7 54.4 54.6 36.9 34.9 33.8 35.3 25.3 27.0 29.3 31.2 20.2 18.9 21.7 24.2 23.1 21.7 21.3 21.7 23.2 19.3 23.2 20.2 22.7 22.4 22.9 21.2

Organic pHH2O matter (%) 2.85.5 2.34.4 1.74.1 1.23.4 3.5 7.5 2.6 6.3 1.0 4.7 1.4 2.6 3.0 6.5 2.1 5.5 1.5 3.6 1.6 3.5

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Table IV.3:
Soil layer (cm) Ap (015) ACr(1535) Cpr1(3570) Cpr2 (70 120)

Physical - Chemical Properties of Classes of Deep Saline Potential ASS

pH H2O 6.01 6.00 5.67 5.71 KCl 4.57 4.57 3.74 4.25 Organic matter HCHC C/N (%) 2.286 2.814 2.989 2.462 10 14 12 10 Total matter (%) N 0.126 0.112 0.140 0.140 P2O5 0.059 0.060 0.059 0.064 K2O 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 Cl(%) 0.60 0.73 0.84 0.85 EC5 TMT (mS/c (%) m) 2.96 2.69 3.26 4.06 0.96 0.94 1.14 1.42 Mechanical composition Clay 53.92 53.92 49.82 49.92 Silt 25.28 23.28 25.28 29.28 Sand 20.80 22.80 24.80 20.80

Source: Table 41, 42: Cited from a Land Resource in the Project Area of Ben Luc- Long Thanh Expressway Project prepared by Centre of Map and Natural Resources within the Southern Agricultural Planning Institute prepared for VESDEC, June,2009.

c.

Description of Soil Cores at Some Typical Sites at the Projects Districts

208. In August 2009 the Soil Study Team of the Sub National Institute of Agricultural Planning and Projection (SNIAPP) has sampled and analyzed of soil cores at some sites in the acid sulphate and saline soils in the project districts. Description of the soil cores collected at 4 typical sites is summarized below. Detailed description is given in Appendix IV.1. Site 1 ( LA 06 85) Soil name: Vietnam: Saline deep latent acid sulphate soil (Sp2M) FAO/WRB (1998): Umbric Gleyic - Fluvisols Location: Long Thuong Commune, Can Giuoc district, Long An province Date of Sampling: 18 August 2009 Sampled and described by: Le Huu Phu, Tra Ngoc Phong Description of soil profile: (i) Horizon Ahg: 0 30 cm: greyish brown ( 5YR 4/2) clay, wet, semi-mature, medium organic matter, with some roots not decomposed yet, brown motley (7.5 YR 4/4) Horizon Ahg: 30- 60 cm greyish brown ( 10YR 4/2) clay, wet, semi-mature, limited organic matter, mixed with black organic matter, light yellow motley, dim layer change. Horizon Ahg: 60-140 cm light greyish brown ( 10.5YR 4/2) wet soil, clay, wet, semi-mature, limited organic matter, semi-decomposed, some roots not decomposed yet, motley and dim layer change.

(ii)

(iii)

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Photo of the soil core at Site 1

Site 2: BK 07 - 60 Soil name: Vietnam: Saline latent acid sulphate soil (ISp1Mme1) FAO/WRB (1998): Sali Epiprotothionic Fluvisols (Fl titp Sz) Location: Binh Khanh commune, Cann Gio district, HocChi Minh City, 1 km Southeastward from Binh Khanh ferry. Date of sampling : 18 August 2009 Sampled and described by: Le Huu Phu, Tra Ngoc Phong Description of soil profile: (i) (ii) Horizon: 0 30 cm: Clay, wet, light grey (10YR 6/1), amorphous, silty loam, noncohesive, very limited humus, strong gley, and sudden layer change in color. Horizon ACh: 30 70 cm: Clay, wet, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2 Dark greyish brown), unconsolidated blocks, semi-mature, non-cohesive, non-plastic, soft, non-compact, mixed with much semi-decomposed humus, slow layer change in color. Horizon Cph: 90 120 cm: Clay, wet, very dark grey (10YR 3/1) with grey mottling (10YR 6/1 Grey), unconsolidated blocks, relatively soft, non-compact, non-plastic, non-cohesive, low to medium pyrite.

(iii)

Photo of the soil core at Site 2

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Site 3: CG 07 - 18 Soil name: Vietnam: Deep latent acid sulphate permanently saline soil (ISp2Mme1) FAO/WRB (1998): Sali Endoprotothionic Fluvisols (Fl titp Sz) Location: An Nghia hamlet, Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district, 6 km Southeastward from Binh Khanh ferry. Date of sampling: 18 August 2009 Sampled and described by: Le Huu Phu, Tra Ngoc Phong Description of Soil Core (soil horizons): (i) Horizon : 0 30 cm: Clay, wet, light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), weak block structure (semi-mature), medium cohesive, medium plastic, non-compact, soft, containing much leaves being decomposed, with wormholes, mixed with many tiny roots, sudden layer change in color and organic matter composition. Horizon: 30 120 cm: Clay, wet, dark brown (10YR 4/3), immature structure, non-plastic, non-cohesive, non-compact, soft, much semi-decomposed humus (50 70%V), slow weaving layer change in color. Horizon : 120 150 cm: Clay, wet, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2), weak block structure, medium cohesive, medium plastic, medium pyrite.

(ii)

(iii)

Photo of the soil core at Site 3:

Site 4: (PK 07 35) Soil name: Vietnam: Shallow latent acid sulphate, permanently saline soil (ISp1Mme1) FAO/WRB (1998) Sali Epiprotothionic Fluvisols (Fl titp Sz) Location: Eastern side of the Phuoc Khanh bridge, 300m from Long Tau river bank at Phuoc Khanh commune, Nhon Trach district, Dong Nai province. Date of sampling and description: 18 August 2009 Sampled and described by: Le Huu Phu, Tra Ngoc Phong Description of Soil Core (soil horizons) (i) Horizon : 0 30 cm: greyish brown (5YR 4/3), clay, wet, semi-mature to mature, limited organic matter, dark brown motley (5YR3/4), few living roots, gradual layer change.

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(ii)

(iii)

Horizon: 30-60 cm: greyish brown (5YR 4/1), clay, wet, semi-mature, medium organic matter, red brown motley, yellowish brown, limited agglomeration (5YR 4/2), few living roots and humus, plastic and cohesive Horizon: 60 -120 cm: dark grey (5YR 4/1), clay , fine sand, wet, semi-mature, cohesive, plastic, semi-decomposed organic matter

Photo of the soil core at Site 4:

209. To minimize the impacts caused by dredging and/or leveling activities at the acid sulphate soil area, during the design phase the project should carefully study soil physicochemical properties at various places along the project ROW. From the results of this study the project will identify the appropriate measures for acidity control at each section.

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Figure IV.1:

Soil Map of the Project Districts

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d.

Atmospheric Temperature

210. Air temperature directly affects the conversion and diffusion of air pollutants in atmosphere. The higher the air temperature, the quicker chemical reactions and the shorter the residue of pollutants. Variations of air temperature have strong influence on the diffusion of suspended particles (dust) as well as heat exchange in workers body and health. (i) The highest monthly average of 26.6 0C was recorded at Tan An MeteoHydrological (MH) Station, 30.10C at Tan Son Hoa MH Station (Ho Chi Minh City) and 29.70C at Bien Hoa MH Station (Dong Nai province). The lowest monthly average of 24 0C was recorded at Tan An MH Station, 25.50C at Tan Son Hoa MH Station and 25.40C at Bien Hoa MH Station.

(ii)

The monthly averages of temperature over years at the three MH stations in the project area are shown in Table IV.4. Table IV.4:
(Unit: oC)

Monthly Average of Atmospheric Temperature in Long An, Ho Chi Minh City and Dong Nai During the Period of 2004-2008
Tan An MH Station 2005 2006 2007 24.0 25.2 24.8 25.2 25.6 24.4 26.4 26.6 26.6 28.2 28.2 28.3 28.5 27.6 27.4 27.5 27.0 27.5 26.2 26.6 26.6 26.8 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.3 26.4 26.7 26.5 26.3 26.2 27.0 25.4 24.9 25.3 25.3 Tan Son Hoa MH Station 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 27.2 26.2 27.2 25.5 27.2 26.7 27.7 28.2 27.3 27.3 28.5 28.4 28.6 28.0 28.2 30.1 29.8 29.5 29.2 29.5 29.5 29.7 29.2 28.9 28.2 28.1 28.9 28.4 28.8 28.6 27.8 27.5 27.9 27.3 28.3 28 28.4 27.6 28.0 27.7 27.9 27.9 27.6 28.1 27.7 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.9 28.0 28 27.5 28.9 27.9 27.2 26.6 26.2 27.3 28.0 26.9 Bien Hoa MH Station 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 26.1 25.4 26.4 26.7 26.6 26.0 27.2 27.9 26.6 26.7 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.3 27.7 29.7 29.5 29.2 29.4 29.0 28.7 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.4 27.7 28.1 28.0 28.1 28.1 27.4 27.0 27.3 27.3 27.9 27.4 27.8 27.2 27.3 26.9 27.3 27.3 27.0 26.9 27.1 26.7 27.3 27.2 26.9 27.3 27.2 26.8 27.9 26.0 26.5 25.6 25.5 26.6 26.7 26.3

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2004 24.6 24.3 26.5 28.6 28.2 27.0 26.7 26.7 26.5 26.4 26.7 24.8

2008 24.9 24.5 25.7 27.7 26.8 26.9 26.6 26.3 26.3 26.6 25.7 24.9

Source: Data from 3 Meteo-hydrological Stations (Tan An of Long An, Tan Son Hoa of Ho Chi Minh City and Bien Hoa of Dong Nai), 2009.

e.

Sunlight Hours

211. Together with solar radiation, sunlight hours are one of the factors of direct effects on regional thermal regime and on atmospheric stability and the diffusion transformation of air pollutants. The sunlight hours have direct effects on biochemical processes of flora and fauna and on human health. Table IV.5 provides data of sunlight hours measured at the three MH stations in the project area. Table IV.5: (Unit: %)
Month Jan Feb Tan An MH Station Tan Son Hoa MH Station Bien Hoa MH Station 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 232.5 73.0 222.7 192.2 192.2 - 164.8 - 156.3 243.9 230.2 217.8 186.1 190.7 232.0 93.0 223.7 266.0 165.3 - 215.3 - 135.6 235.1 257.2 228.4 246.3 166.0

Sunlight hours in Long An, Ho Chi Minh City and Dong Nai 2004-2008

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Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

217.0 216.0 182.9 153.0 192.2 173.6 186.0 182.9 231.0 198.4

89.0 82.0 76.0 69.0 46.0 62.0 57.0 59.0 59.0 49.0

243.3 239.0 219.0 171.2 148.9 179.8 154.3 185.0 245.4 222.3

257.3 246.0 186.0 162.0 155.0 145.7 150.0 161.2 171.0 16.3

266.6 213.0 179.8 186.0 213.9 176.7 138.0 164.3 168.0 164.3

252.9 225.6 200.4 185.7 153.1 178.1 142.2 138.8 124.8 90.5

216.7 188.3 165.7 172.8 218.7 161.0 142.6 152.4 145.4 134.1

239.4 225.3 193.2 152.5 193.6 165.5 182.5 207.4 243.4 227.7

274.3 245.0 214.5 199.1 157.3 181.6 152.8 184.1 176.2 131.9

248.5 238.9 215.2 187.7 144.0 157.8 150.8 181.9 221.6 216.4

235.7 220.0 184.5 157.7 148.8 138.7 136.9 168.3 171.3 187.8

275.5 202.9 168.2 176.4 200.7 152.7 137.2 160.4 150.9 160.8

Source: Data from 3 Meteo-Hydrological Stations (Tan An of Long An, Tan Son Hoa of Ho Chi Minh City and Bien Hoa of Dong Nai).

f.

Atmospheric Humidity

212. Atmospheric humidity is one of the natural factors of direct effects on the conversion and diffusion of air pollutants in atmosphere. Atmospheric humidity data from 3 MH stations indicates that: (i) (ii) (iii) Highest monthly humidity: 92% Lowest monthly humidity: 67% In the project provinces, humidity is highest in the rainy season (May October) and lowest in the dry season (November April).

Monthly Average of humidity during the year at 3 MH stations is shown in the below Table IV.6. Table IV.6:
(Unit: %)

Monthly Average of Humidity in the Period of 2004 2008

Tan Son Hoa MH Station Bien Hoa MH Station 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 86 68 69 73 74 71 76 73 82 74 75 87 70 69 68 73 69 73 70 78 74 73 87 70 67 71 68 71 71 69 74 76 77 85 71 70 73 73 73 74 72 75 74 78 90 75 74 75 77 81 84 81 79 84 85 90 80 77 81 77 78 85 85 83 85 84 89 81 81 81 84 79 83 86 85 85 82 90 80 78 82 80 83 84 84 85 85 86 91 81 80 81 81 83 86 87 86 86 85 91 79 82 81 80 81 84 85 84 84 85 89 73 79 75 77 79 77 84 79 83 82 87 72 77 73 69 73 76 86 77 79 78

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Tan An MH Station 2004 2005 2006 2007 88 86 87 84 87 87 87 87 83 82 86 85 81 80 84 81 85 83 86 91 89 89 90 91 88 92 90 90 90 91 90 92 91 91 91 92 88 91 89 91 87 92 86 89 87 87 86 89

Source: Data from 3 Meteo-Hydrological Stations (Tan An of Long An, Tan Son Hoa of Ho Chi Minh City and Bien Hoa of Dong Nai).

g.

Rainfall

213. The total rainfall measured at 3 stations in the project area in the period of 2004-2008 is shown in Table IV.7, in which 4 months July, August, September and October have the highest rainfall.

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Table IV.7:
(Unit: mm)

Monthly Average Rainfall in the Period of 2004-2008

Tan Son Hoa MH Station 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0.1 0.0 1.4 9.5 72.7 16.2 1.5 8.6 0.1 58.9 13.2 9.6 212.1 77.5 127.0 263.9 143.6 299.2 253.4 246.9 246.8 273.9 139.4 182.9 147.2 355.9 228.0 168.6 475.3 331.2 201.3 146.3 349.0 193.4 297.8 283.7 182.9 247.7 281.0 202.6 309.0 388.6 256.1 235.7 165.6 97.0 264.5 16.1 83.8 167.1 12.7 105.4 28.9 27.6 57.8 Bien Hoa MH Station 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 27.3 0 0.4 5.2 2.4 0.0 0 1.4 0 3.9 0.0 1.1 9.2 107.4 37.3 38.5 7.1 65.9 51.7 152.8 257.3 69.7 177.4 387 414.8 197.2 275.6 250.2 236 251.1 202.5 314.8 230.2 375.8 315.2 226.0 160.7 345.0 279.4 422.4 11.7 211.6 307.1 753.5 310.6 271.0 277.4 257.9 159.7 473 47.4 122.9 22.5 125.1 116.9 28.5 82.5 23.6 41.7

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2004 6 30.2 270.3 83.1 240.0 125.7 280.2 140.6 31.7 1.1

Tan An MH Station 2005 2006 2007 2008 0 4 16 59 57 23 2 9 32 15 3.6 89.2 27.3 126.4 127.4 166.8 419.4 162.3 176.6 249.7 179.3 131.8 197.4 196.2 202.0 249.2 130.0 230.6 249.1 198.1 225.2 355.6 253.9 183.9 393.5 149.7 148.8 380.1 256.2 67.6 135.8 64.0 94.0 50.3 9.8 64.1

Source: Data from 3 Meteo-Hydrological stations (Tan An of Long An, Tan Son Hoa of Ho Chi Minh City and Bien Hoa of Dong Nai).

h.

Winds

214. According to statistical data, the project area is affected by two dominant winds, the WSW and the N-NE. The W-SW wind is dominant in the rainy season with the average speed of 3.6 m/s and the N-NE wind in the dry season with the average speed of 2.4 m/s. In addition, monsoon blows over the project area in the N-SE direction in the period from March to May with the average speed of 3.7m/s. In fact, according to monitoring data obtained from the 3 stations in the project site, the maximum wind speed is very high with the highest recorded by Tan An MH Station and followed by that of Bien Hoa MH Station. Tan Son Hoa MH Station of Ho Chi Minh City did not show the highest yet an abnormal speed of 15 m/s was recorded there on July 2007. The highest wind speeds measured by the stations are shown in Table IV.8. Table IV.8:
Unit: m/s

Highest Wind Speed at the Station (2004-2008)

Tan Son Hoa MH Station Bien Hoa MH Station 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 8 5 5 4 11 7 10 6 6 8 8 8 5 5 6 8 6 8 6 7 7 8 8 6 5 6 8 7 8 10 9 12 8 8 6 5 6 8 6 9 8 9 10 10 10 10 6 8 10 8 12 8 8 10 8 12 10 7 8 11 8 8 12 8 12 8 12 9 8 6 15 8 10 9 8 10 12 12 6 8 10 11 8 12 10 8 10 12 14 5 6 6 9 8 7 10 8 7 8 8 6 5 5 10 5 7 10 8 13 8 12 5 5 6 10 6 8 7 9 12 12 8 5 5 6 8 6 7 8 9 6 6

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Tan An MH Station 2004 2005 2006 2007 9 8 9 9 8 9 9 8 9 11 9 9 10 9 9 9 11 12 12 10 12 13 12 9 12 14 11 12 12 13 12 14 8 10 10 12 9 9 12 10 8 9 9 8 7 9 10 7

Source: Data from 3 Meteo-Hydrological Stations (Tan An of Long An, Tan Son Hoa of Ho Chi Minh City and Bien Hoa of Dong Nai)

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4.

Hydrological Regime a. Network of Canals and Rivers in the Project Provinces

215. All rivers, canals and creeks, where the Expressway will be constructed, are located in the downstream region of the Dong Nai - Sai Gon and Vam Co basins. The Dong Nai - Sai Gon river basin makes up a major part of two provinces in the South of the Central Highland, namely Dak Nong and Lam Dong. It covers up almost all provinces in the Southern Economic Focal Zone (Tay Ninh, Binh Phuoc, Binh Duong, Dong Nai, Ba Ria Vung Tau, Ho Chi Minh City and a large part of Long An. It also expands to a part of Tien Giang province in the Mekong Delta, parts of Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan provinces in the South of Central Vietnam, and Dak Lak of the Central Highland. 216. Ben Luc- Long Thanh Expressway alignment will run across 20 rivers and canals names and width of which are indicated in Table IV.9. Table IV.9: Main Rivers and Canals Crossed by the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway
Width (m) 35 250 250 30 40 40 40 No data No data No data 1,000 185 730 40 200 290 No data 75 30 Location Km 1+700 Km 12+170 Km 16 + 300 Km 18+700 Km 19+300 Km 19+700 Km 20+350 Km 20+950 Km 21+650 Km 22+374 Km 22+800 Km 26+200 Km 28+ 900 Km 30+500 Km 33+818 Km 52+700 Km 53+800 Km 55+350 Km 56+420

No. River, Canal 1. The Section passing through Ho Chi Minh City 1 Ong Vilioan Channel 2 Can Giuoc river 3 Ba Lao canal 4 Ong Cai canal 5 Tac Thay Cai canal 6 Bun Dua canal 7 Ba Minh canal 8 Bac Hua canal 9 Khe Giua canal 10 Nha Tho canal 11 Soai Rap river 12 Song Cha canal 13 Long Tau river 2. The Section passing through Dong Nai province 14 Baco canal 15 Ong Keo canal 16 Thi Vai river 18 Tac Ca Tang canal 19 Ben Ngu canal 20 Ngoai canal

Source: TEDIS, Brief Report of Ben Luc - Nhon Trach - Long Thanh Expressway Construction Project, Jan. 2008.

b.

Hydrological Characteristics i. Hydrological Regime of the Dong Nai - Sai Gon River Systems

217. The flows in the basin of the Dong Nai - Sai Gon river system depend upon rainfall and the tidal regime from the East Sea. The hydrological regime is, therefore, spatially and time wise variable. Flows are strong when rain is heavy, weak when rain is light. The flows are ever stronger in strong tide (high tide), going further to land with high amplitude and weaker in low tidal period.

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218. There are two main seasons in the basin (rainy and dry seasons) and therefore, there are two corresponding regimes: flows in the rainy season and flows in the drought season. The changes in flows of the two seasons are very contrasting. 219. The stream system in the site to be crossed over by the project highway is dense with a critical role to play in waterway and flood drainage. It, however, creates conditions for saline water to intrude further to inland. Flows of the largest rivers in the Dong Nai - Sai Gon Basin are shown in Table IV.10. Table IV.10: Hydrology Data of Some Rivers in the Dong Nai - Sai Gon Basin
Station Phuoc Hoa Bien Hoa Dau Tieng Thu Dau Mot Nha Be Go Dau ha Soai Rap River Be Dong Nai Sai Gon Sai Gon Dong Nai East Vam Co Nha Be FLv (km2 5675 22425 2700 4200 27425 5650 40000 Mo (l/s/km2 35.6 34.2 22.3 21 31.5 17.3 25.3 Qo (m3/s 20.2 767 60.2 88.6 864 97.7 1012 Wo (106m3 6387 24252 1903 2802 27320 3089 32000 10% 282 1070 83.5 123 1186 135.4 1403 Qp (m3/s) 50% 75% 200 162 760 615 59.6 48 87.5 71 858 693 96.7 78 1002 809 95% 130 490 38.7 57 557 62 651

Source: The Southern Meteo-Hydrology Station.

ii.

Hydrological Regime of the Small River and Canals in the Project Area

220. Hydrological regimes of all small rivers (Can Giuoc, Ba Lao, Thay Cai, Cha, Ong Keo, Bun Ngu etc) and canals where the project alignment crosses fully depend on tidal regime and hydrological characteristics of the large rivers (Dong Nai, Sai Gon, Soai Rap, Nha Be, Long Tau etc). 221. Some main hydrographic data of river and canal system on the project route are as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) The highest water level with frequency of 1% The highest water level with frequency of 5% The lowest water level with frequency of 99% Average tidal range in day The highest speed The average speed : +1.55m : +1.50m : -2.0m : 1.5m : 2.0m/s : 1.2m/s

222. Excepted for the Soai Rap river, other rivers do not have this phenomenon. River beds and banks at both sides of the rivers are stable; they do not have erosion phenomenon and bank movement. 5. Surface Water Quality

223. In order to assess the water quality of the rivers and canals on the route of Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway, in the period from 20 to 25 May 2009 and from 17 to 24 August 2009, the EIA Study Team has conducted investigations and sampling at 10 sites in May and 13 sites in August in the project area. Locations of sampling sites are detailed in Table IV.11 and Figure IV.2. Results of water quality analyses are given in Tables IV.12 and IV.13.

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Table IV.11: Locations of Surface Water Quality Sediment and Aquatic Organism Monitoring Sites in EIA for Ben Luc- Long Thanh Expressway Project
Code Site Monitoring sites in May and August 2009 CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6 CT7 CT8 CT9 Tan Tuc canal at My Yen commune of Ben Luc district Can Giuoc river at Can Giuoc district Ba Lao canal at Binh Chanh district Soai Rap river at Phu Xuan of Nha Be district Nha Be river at Long Thoi of Nha Be district Nha Be river at Hiep Phuoc of Nha Be district Long Tau river at Phuoc Khanh of Can Gio district Ong Keo canal at Phuoc Khanh of Can Gio district Coordinate N:100 40 39.2 E:1060 33 21.7 N:100 39 01.9 E:1060 39 35.0 N:100 39 35.4 E:1060 41 11.0 N:100 41 52.4 E:1060 45 55.7 N:100 39 52.2 E:1060 44 42.6 N:100 38 29.1 E:1060 46 41.4 N:100 40 14.1 E:1060 47 29.2 N:100 41 54.8 E:1060 48 59.2 N:100 40 13.8 E:1060 59 46.3 N:100 40 45.7 E:1060 59 57.3 N:100 39 7.2 E:1060 45 55.7 N:100 38 43.9 E:1060 46 27.3 N:100 32 32.5 E:1060 47 35

Thi Vai river at the planned Thi Vai Bridge Phuoc An commune of Nhon Trach district Ben Ngu canal at Phuoc Thai commune, Long Thanh CT10 district Additional sites in the Second Field Survey (August 2009) CT11 CT12 CT13 Son Cha river at Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district Creek of Nha Be river at Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district Creek of Long Tau river at Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district

Source: All the tables from Table IV.11 onwards are the data from research and study of the EIA Team of VESDEC for KEI in the Project of ADB TA 1755-VIE, 2009.

224. From the results obtained from analyses of surface water quality at the monitoring sites, the following evaluation on the present surface water quality is given. 225. Regarding pH values, in the early rainy season (in May 2009) at the monitoring sites on the rivers and canals in the project site, pH varied in the range of 6.32 8.05 with the highest (8.05) at the Thi Vai river (Phuoc An commune) and the lowest (6.32) at Nha Be river (Long Thoi commune). High pH indicates the effects of further saline intrusion to the Thi Vai river whilst low pH (lower than 6) reveals that watercourses are acidified (contaminated by acid sulphate) due to irrigation and construction in ASS regions. In the middle of the rainy season (in August 2009), pH at the monitoring sites (6.14 7.08) all decrease compared to that in May.2009 due to the effect of wash out water through ASS areas. 226. Regarding Organic Pollution, in the early rainy season (In May 2009), dissolved oxygen (DO) contents at monitoring sites varied in the range of 2.1 5.4mg/L, of which the highest was recorded at the Long Tau river (at Phuoc Khanh commune) and the highest at the Thi Vai river, Ben Ngu canal (at Phuoc Thai commune). The results indicate that the Thi Vai river is heavily polluted by organic matters (DO: 2.1 2.5 mg/L). The canals such as Tan Tuc and Ba Lao in Can Giuoc district also have significant of organic pollution (DO: 3-4 mg/L).

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227. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) varied in the range of 8 - 48mg/L whilst biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at the monitoring sites was 4 - 34 mg/L. Results of COD and BOD analyses pointed out the worst organic pollution at the rise of the Thi Vai river (Phuoc An commune, Nhon Trach district site CT9 and Phuoc Thai commune, Long Thanh district site CT10), where BOD and COD were 25 - 34 and 38 - 48 mg/L, respectively, far higher than the allowable limits set forth in the National Technical Regulation of Surface Water Quality (QCVN 8:2008/BTNMT) for Source Ib. Organic pollution of the Thi Vai River is mostly due to industrial effluents from Vedan, Nhon Trach, and Go Dau industrial parks. 228. Organic pollution of the Nha Be and Long Tau rivers (sites CT4, CT5, CT6 and CT7) is slightly lower with BOD of 4 6mg/L. Apparent organic pollution was observed at Tan Tuc canal and the Can Giuoc river (BOD: 6 8 mg/L). That is mostly caused by sanitary wastewater from Ho Chi Minh City. 229. In the middle of the rainy season (in August 2009), the increase in flows, dilution and self purification leading to organic pollution in most of rivers, canals and creeks are obvious decrease: in DO (3.0 - 6.3); decrease BOD (2 - 8 mg/L). The sites, which have obvious organic pollution, are Tan Tuc and Ong Keo canals; however they are still complied to the B-Water Source in the National Technical Regulation (QCVN 08: 200/BTNMT, column B). 230. Regarding saline intrusion In May 2009, electrical conductivity (EC) readings at the monitoring sites were in the range of 330 33,000 S/cm. That means the Thi Vai river underwent the worst saline intrusion whilst Can Giuoc canal and Nha Be river were affected by salinity to a certain extent. 231. Salinity at the monitoring sites are of between 168 and 21,003 mg/L (in May) with the highest at Ben Ngu canal at Phuoc Thai commune (21,003 mg/L) due to strong saline intrusion from the estuary of the Thi Vai river. The lowest salinity is at Ong Keo canal (168 mg/L). The investigation was performed at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season yet there was no rain there before and after the time of survey in the project sites. 232. In May 2009, nutrient pollution at Nha Be, Long Tau rivers is low. However, nutrient pollution is certainly occurring as for the Tan Kien river, the Can Giuoc river and Ba Lao canal. Eutrophication can take place with such nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, damaging the growth of aquatic animals and deteriorating water quality. The sources of nutrient pollution in the study sites include domestic wastes, animal waste and wastewater from food, tanning, paper industries and runoff from fields where chemical fertilizers are used. In the August 2009, the increase in dilution and self-cleaning capacity leads to the decrease in nutrient pollution at the rivers and canals significantly. 233. Regarding metal pollution, in May and August 2009, pollution of (Fe, Al) as a result of soil erosion and run-off water to rivers and canals in the project site is still low. The concentration of toxic heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb) at all monitoring sites was far lower than the permissible limit in Column A1 of the National Regulation for Surface Water Quality (QCVN 8:2008/BTNMT). 234. Regarding oil pollution, in May 2009, contents of mineral oil in surface water at the monitoring sites were 0.08 to 0.72 mg/L. The highest value was found on the Nha Be River, at Long Thoi since that has high traffic of boats and barges. The lowest value was found on Ong Keo canal, at Phuoc Khanh commune. In August 2009, oil concentration obviously decreased.

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235. Regarding microbiological pollution, coliforms contents in surface water at the monitoring sites varied in the range of 2.3x102 to 9.3x104 (MPN/100mL) in May 2009 and from 75 to 14.000 MPN/100mL in August 2009. These are from low to quite high value. The highest value was found on Ba Lao canal (NM5) and the lowest Ong Keo canal (NM8). According to the results, up to 9 rivers and canals showed levels of microbiological pollution higher than the permissible limit in the National Technical Regulation in surface water (QCVN 8:2008/BTNMT). However, in the middle of rainy season, the level of microbiological pollution obviously decreases. The main cause of microbiological pollution is wastes from residential areas and boats. 6. Sediment Contamination

236. Sediment samples were collected at the same locations as 13 surface water sampling sites as shown in Figure IV.2 and Table IV.11. Analyzing results of sediment contamination are given in Table IV.14, and IV.15.

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CT5

CT1 CT2

CT3 CT4

CT9 CT11 CT7 CT12 CT13 CT6 CT8

CT10

LEGEND
Surface Water, Aquatic Organism and Sediment quality monitoring sites - Sites from CT1 CT10: locations in the First Surveys Notes: (5/2009) - Sites from CT1 CT13: locations in the Second Surveys (8/2009)

Figure IV.2:

Location of Water Quality, Sediment and Aquatic Organisms Monitoring Sites, May and August 2009

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Table IV.12: Surface Water Quality in May 2009

No. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Parameters EC (S/cm) Turbidity (NTU) Salinity (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD5 (mg/L) SS (mg/L) NH4+ (mg/L) P (mg/L) NO3- (mg/L) NO2 (mg/L) Fe (mg/L) Al (mg/L) Oil (mg/L) Coli form (MPN/100mL) Temperature pH DO
-

CT1 1390 9 795 17 8 12 0.50 0.69 0.93 3.02 0.21 0.16 0.38 1.5.103 31.5 7.03 3.1

CT2 3400 20 1886 18 6 60 0.75 1.61 3.53 0.20 0.14 0.21 0.47 9.3.102 30.8 7.21 2.8

CT3 3000 16 1752 18 12 61 0.60 0.65 3.84 1.59 0.16 0.27 0.37 9.3.104 30.6 7.14 2.7

CT4 1220 30 752 8 4 91 0.75 0.46 2.16 0.1 0.19 0.36 0.440 2.1. 103 30.7 7.00 4.3

CT5 1850 50 1168 11 6 166 0.30 0.47 1.41 0.1 0.14 0.25 0.72 2.4. 104 30.7 6.32 4.6

CT6 3200 20 1527 8 4 50 0.25 0.59 1.52 KPH 0.18 0.29 0.28 1.5. 103 30.6 6.64 5.1

CT7 1580 43 983 8 4 110 0.15 0.32 0.95 0.1 0.15 0.25 0.42 4.6. 103 30.4 6.85 5.4

CT8 330 18 168 15 7 30 KPH 0.52 2.15 0.50 0.42 0.38 0.08 2.3. 102 30.5 7.06 4.2

CT9 6650 29 15219 38 25 143 1.20 0.30 0.19 1.50 0.10 0.053 0.27 7.5. 103 30.9 8.05 2.3

CT10 33000 48 21003 48 34 152 1.25 0.33 0.30 1.50 0.069 0.059 0.31 4.3102 30.3 7.50 2.1

QCVN 08:2008/ BTNMT 10 4 20 0.1 0.1 2 0.01 0.5 0.01 2500 MNP/100mL 6 20

91

Table IV.13: Surface Water Quality in August 2009

No. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 19 10 11 12 13 Parameters EC (S/cm) Turbidity (NTU) Salinity (mg/L) COD (mg/L) BOD5 (mg/L) SS (mg/L) NH4+ (mg/L) P (mg/L) NO3- (mg/L) NO2- (mg/L) Fe (mg/L) Al (mg/L) Oil (mg/L) Coli form (MPN/100mL) Temperature pH DO CT1 770 12 409 14 8 28 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.62 1.94 12.27 0.61 0.26 0.08 1.5 x 101 32.4 6.42 4.2 CT2 380 25 469 4 2 57 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.46 4.15 ND (LOD= 0.01) 0.32 0.25 0.12 2.3 x 101 31.4 6.26 4.7 CT3 500 20 377 12 6 45 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.51 3.55 ND (LOD= 0.01) 0.37 0.15 0.09 9.1 x 101 30.4 6.32 5.1 CT4 203 27 156 4 2 55 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.42 1.06 ND (LOD= 0.01) 0.32 0.38 0.18 4.6 x 103 29.7 6.14 5.7 CT5 1700 14 159 4 2 53 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.40 0.70 ND (LOD= 0.01) 0.16 0.36 ND (LOD= 0.01) 4.6 x 103 29.2 6.41 6.0 CT6 1670 11 179 4 2 41 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.41 1.72 ND (LOD= 0.01) 0.15 0.46 0.07 1.4 x 104 29.3 6.97 6.1 CT7 780 14 500 4 2 42 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.53 2.00 ND (LOD= 0.01) 0.21 0.73 0.15 7.5 x 101 29.5 6.57 6.3 CT8 130 8 53 6 3 23 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.39 1.21 0.21 0.25 0.34 ND (LOD= 0.01) 2.3 x 103 33.7 7.08 5.2 CT9 830 20 514 8 4 43 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.45 2.02 ND (LOD= 0.01) 0.21 0.33 ND (LOD= 0.01) 2.3 x 103 32.2 6.94 3.2 CT10 33000 5 1602 4 2 23 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.38 0.57 1.52 0.10 0.29 ND (LOD= 0.01) 2.3 x 103 32.7 6.82 3.0 CT11 30500 5 1600 4 2 19 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.43 0.22 0.76 0.15 0.44 ND (LOD= 0.01) 4.3 x 101 29.7 6.30 5.6 CT12 1000 20 631 6 3 80 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.42 0.96 ND (LOD= 0.01) 0.25 0.60 0.06 9.3 x 102 29.1 6.32 5.8 CT13 980 13 634 6 3 70 ND (LOD= 0.1) 0.83 1.65 ND (LOD= 0.01) 0.24 0.30 ND (LOD= 0.01) 4.6 x 103 28.5 6.28 6.1 QCVN 08:2008 10 4 20 0.1 0.1 2 0.01 0.5 0.01 2500 MNP/10 0mL 6 20

14 15 16 17

92 Table IV.14: Sediment Contamination, May 2009

No. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Site CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6 CT7 CT8 CT9 CT10 Fe(g/kg) 30.22 32.45 52.41 32.54 39.49 33.70 44.62 39.88 41.04 35.96 Zn(mg/kg) Cr(mg/kg) Cd(mg/kg) Hg(mg/kg) As(mg/kg) 247.09 113.17 92.21 80.27 101.82 84.27 81.52 107.09 106.27 94.35 27.75 45.79 40.92 29.27 42.36 28.73 31.88 34.00 56.72 39.76 0.10 0.050 0.034 0.041 0.039 0.023 0.038 0.030 0.076 0.057 0.22 0.24 0.16 0.13 0.21 0.11 0.15 0.10 0.18 0.11 7.35 8.01 11.28 10.28 11.42 10.30 10.82 10.77 3.54 6.04 Mineral Oil (mg/kg) 24.20 23.70 25.50 26.40 22.70 23.90 24.60 22.50 21.80 24.60

Table IV.15: Sediment Contamination, August 2009

No 11 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 Site CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6 CT7 CT8 CT9 CT10 CT11 CT12 CT13 Fe (g/kg) 45.69 43.36 49.81 55.73 43.05 73.42 63.93 76.46 55.12 50.45 69.96 71.63 43.01 Zn (mg/kg) 79.89 153.50 164.56 131.86 131.56 139.21 99.57 155.17 132.56 79.15 137.35 138.41 96.08 Cr (mg/kg) 40.17 73.11 77.90 77.41 86.35 81.92 74.91 87.96 125.00 58.65 75.50 80.47 65.52 Cd (mg/kg) 0.0047 0.017 0.020 0.0030 0.0076 0.0054 0.0044 0.013 0.031 0.011 0.0059 0.0062 0.0086 Hg (mg/kg) 0.11 0.11 1.43 0.15 0.080 0.22 1.13 0.15 0.10 0.080 0.15 0.15 0.26 As (mg/kg) 6.21 5.17 5.15 6.63 3.96 3.46 7.04 5.63 5.44 4.69 5.27 5.95 3.38 Mineral Oil (mg/kg) 4.4 3.7 3.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 4.7 4.3 5.6 6.8 4.4 4.0 3.2

Table IV.16: Particles Sizes of Sediment, May and August 2009

No 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6 CT7 CT8 CT9 CT10 CT11 CT12 CT13 May 23 29 23 28 27 16 29 10 19 21 Sand (%) August 18 32 17 18 32 17 15 10 18 13 13 18 25 Size particles Heavy soil (%) May August 32 30 22 18 28 25 22 26 18 21 29 23 23 29 26 27 19 19 18 21 27 26 31 Clay (%) August 52 50 58 56 47 60 56 63 66 61 60 56 44

May 45 49 49 50 55 55 48 64 62 61 -

93 237. From data in these tables the followings are found: (i) Fe content in sediment at the monitoring sites varied in the range of 30.22 52.41 g/kg (in May 2009) and 43.01 - 76.46 g/kg (in August. 2009). which is also in equivalent to the average Fe content at many sites in Vietnam (VESDEC, 2006). Zn content in sediment at the monitoring sites was in the range of 80.27 247.09 mg/kg and 79.15 - 155.17 mg/kg (August 2009) which is relatively high (20 50% higher than that of sediment in Tien Giang province (2006) and the Thi Vai river (1995. 2000)). The highest content of Zn was found at Ba Lao and Ong Keo canal. Cr content in sediment samples was in the range of 29.27 56.72 mg/kg (May 2009) and 40.17 - 125.0 mg/kg (August 2009). That is not much different from the results obtained in the studies in Ho Chi Minh City and Tien Giang in the previous years. The monitoring sites of the Thi Vai river have the highest Cr content in sediment. Hg content varied from 0.10 to 0.24 mg/kg (May 2009) and 0.08 1.43 mg/kg (August 2009). From the observed results the highest Hg content was found at Ba Lao canal, Long Tau river. Hg content was over 1.0 mg/kg is much higher than other sites in Vietnam. However, it is much lower than the allowable limit of the Dutch Standard for Sediment. Cd content in sediment samples was of between 0.023 0.10 mg/kg (May 2009) and 0.003 - 0.031 mg/kg (August 2009) which are lower than that in Ho Chi Minh City, Quang Nam and Quang Ninh provinces (VESDEC. 2000 2006). The highest Cd content was found at Tan Tuc canal and the lowest at Nha Be river at Hiep Phuoc commune. As content varied in the range of 2.54 11.42mg/kg 2.4 11.42 mg/Kg (May 2009) and 3.38 - 7.04 mg/kg (August 2009). The As content in sediment of rivers and canals in the study area was far higher than that at Quang Ninh, Quang Nam provinces, but did not exceed the Permissible Standards of various countries (USA, Canada, Hong Kong, Netherlands etc.) The analytical result of sediment taken at CT5 (Nha Be River. Long Thoi area) showed the highest As content. Mineral oil content in sediment at the monitoring sites varied in the range of 21.80 26.40mg/kg (May 2009) and 1.2 - 6.8 mg/kg (August 2009). Such analyzing results indicate significant oil pollution in sediment at the canals and rivers in the study area. That is a consequence of river pollution due to waterway transport and industrial effluents.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

238. By comparison the residues of heavy metals in bottom mud of the rivers and canals in the study area and the Dutch, US EPA and Canadian Standards of Sediment Quality (at present, Vietnam has no standard of sediment quality), it is found that sediment at the rivers and canals in the study area is contaminated by heavy metals, which is, however, far lower than the allowable limits of those standards. 7. Soil Contamination

239. In order to assess the soil quality of the project site in May and August 2009, the project's EIA Team carried out the sampling and analyses of soil samples taken at 12 sites (Figure IV.3 and Table IV.17), results of analysis are given in Table IV.18 and IV.19.

94 Table IV.17: Locations of Soil Monitoring Sites

At the first survey (May 2009) - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Trung Luong Can Tho 1 D1 Expressway, My Yen commune, Ben Luc district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and No. 1 National highway, Binh 2 D2 Chanh commune, Binh Chanh district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Doan Nguyen Tuan Street, Hung 3 D3 Long commune, Binh Chanh district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and No. 50 National highway , Da 4 D4 Phuoc commune, Binh Chanh district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Le Van Luong Street, Nhon Duc 5 D5 commune. Nha Be district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Nguyen Van Tao Street. Longthoi 6 D6 commune, Nha Be district 7 D7 - 200m from the 220kV Power line at Phuoc Khanh commune, Can Gio district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and the Third Ring-Road, Vinh Thanh 8 D8 commune, Nhon Trach district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Access-Road of Ong Keo Industrial 9 D9 Park, An Phuoc commune, Nhon Trach district. - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and No. 51 National highway, Phuoc 10 D10 Thai commune, Long Thanh district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Phuoc Khanh bridge, Phuoc Khanh 11 D11 commune, Nhon Trach district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Ring-Road of Nhon Trach 12 D12 residential area At the second survey (August 2009) - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and HCMC -Trung Luong Expressway, 1 D1 My Yen commune, Ben Luc district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and No. 1 National highway, Binh 2 D2 Chanh commune, Binh Chanh district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Doan Nguyen Tuan Street, Hung 3 D3 Long commune, Binh Chanh district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and No. 50 National highway , Da 4 D4 Phuoc commune, Binh Chanh district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Le Van Luong Street, Nhon Duc 5 D5 commune. Nha Be district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Nguyen Van Tao Street. Long Thoi 6 D6 commune, Nha Be district 7 D7 - 200m from the 220kV Power line at Phuoc Khanh commune, Can Gio district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and The Third Ring-Road, Vinh Thanh 8 D8 commune, Nhon Trach district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Access-Road of Ong Keo Industrial 9 D9 Park, An Phuoc commune, Nhon Trach district. - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and No. 51 National highway, Phuoc 10 D10 Thai commune, Long Thanh district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Phuoc Khanh bridge, Phuoc Khanh 11 D11 commune, Nhon Trach district - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Ring-Road of Nhon Trach 12 D12 residential area - Planned Interchange of BL-LT Expressway and Binh Khanh bridge at Can Gios 13 D14 side, Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district 14 D15 - At proposed Phuoc Khanh bridge, Can Gios side, Can Gio district N Site

95 Table IV.18: Soil Contamination, May 2009

Unit: g/kg dry soil

No.

Site

Fe (g/ kg) 21.48 23.06 22.01 30.34 15.20 30.22 28.60 3.47 6.50 13.46 22.12 3.94 -

Zn (mg/kg) 26.56 41.98 80.43 81.63 44.31 170.50 70.20 0.51 40.54 19.59 31.98 1.17 200 Sand (%) 20 15 14 24 91 87 15 81 77 85 26 92

Cr (mg/kg) 11.37 11.56 16.72 9.45 25.84 19.92 6.28 7.45 23.85 17.08 4.72 26.52 -

Cd (mg/kg) 0.069 KPH (LOD=0.001) 0.078 0.033 0.034 0.032 ND(LOD=0.001) 0.027 0.030 0.024 0.023 KPH (LOD=0.001) 2 Size particles Heavy soil (%) 26 25 22 19 3 3 30 9 7 2 26 2

Hg (mg/kg) 0.13 0.32 0.15 0.13 0.25 0.12 0.27 0.12 4.44 0.16 0.16 0.09 -

As (mg/kg) 0.94 0.88 0.93 1.82 2.09 1.69 1.76 1.04 1.18 0.46 1.07 0.72 12 -

01 D1 02 D2 03 D3 04 D4 05 D5 06 D6 07 D7 08 D8 09 D9 10 D10 11 D11 12 D12 QCVN 032008/BTNMT N 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Site D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12

Mineral Oil (mg/kg) 123.80 101.10 368.20 172.80 364.80 282.50 223.70 372.60 128.80 277.50 341.40 329.90

Clay (%) 54 60 64 57 6 10 55 10 16 13 48 6

Table IV.19: Soil Contamination, August 2009

Unit: g/kg or mg/kg dry soil

No.

Site

01 D1 02 D2 03 D3 04 D4 05 D5 06 D6 07 D7 08 D8 09 D9 10 D10 11 D11 12 D12 QCVN 032008/BTNMT

Fe (g/kg) 47.55 47.03 37.29 89.25 34.40 55.24 13.49 10.11 30.65 3.34 75.17 69.32 -

Zn (mg/kg) 66.58 98.20 70.49 119.32 46.54 124.12 10.34 10.71 72.16 1.47 185.73 179.64 200

Cr (mg/kg) 53.96 43.61 48.05 61.78 46.36 70.68 55.91 66.43 125.47 16.84 128.99 94.23 -

Cd (mg/kg) 0.080 0.043 0.031 0.085 ND ND ND ND 0.030 ND 0.015 0.027 2

Hg (mg/kg) 0.071 0.094 0.12 0.076 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.098 0.098 0.064 0.12 -

As (mg/kg) 1.91 2.42 1.70 1.70 1.82 2.85 1.09 2.36 0.78 0.64 3.41 2.47 12

Mineral oil (mg/kg) 155.8 139.7 298.9 200.7 336.9 292.2 244.8 355.7 109.9 265.5 352.7 334.8 -

Note: ND: No detectable.

96 240. From analyzing the results above some remarks may be given. (i) Compared to the National Technical Regulation of Heavy Metal Contents in Soil for Agriculture (QCVN 03-2008/BTNMT) and the US EPA and Dutch Standards of Sediment, the existing contents of As, Cd, Zn, Cr, Hg in soil at the study area are far lower than the allowable limits. The residues of heavy metals in sediment of the study sites are usually higher than that of soil. This is explained by the fact that heavy metals are washed out from soil and accumulated in bottom mud. This is a common phenomenon in many basins in Vietnam. Groundwater Quality

(ii)

8.

241. Samples of groundwater (water in drilled wells) collected at 12 sites in May and August 2009 in the communes along the project alignment were analyzed. The monitoring sites relating to the ground water quality are given in Figure IV.3 and Table IV.20. Results of laboratory analysis are shown in Tables IV.21 and IV.22. 242. The investigation of the existing quality of groundwater is aimed to evaluate the possibility of using water for local people and construction workers in the future when the highway is under construction. Table IV.20: Locations of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Sites in May and August 2009
Code NN1 NN2 NN3 NN4 NN5 NN6 NN8 NN9 NN10 NN12 Location 36b. Hamlet 6, My Yen commune, Ben Luc Huynh Thi Anh district. Long An B16/24 Hamlet , Binh Chanh commune, Binh Quoc Hung Ice Maker Chanh district 16/39 Doan Nguyen Tuan, Hung Long Doan Hong Hoang Viet commune, Binh Chanh district Hamlet 2, Da Phuoc commune, Binh Chanh Cao Thi Hai district 4/5 Hamlet 3, Nhon Duc commune, Nha Be Nguyen Thi Tuyet Nhung district PC of Long Thoi 68 Hamlet 3, Long Thoi commune, Nha Be commune district 36, Block 4, Chinh Nghia hamlet, Vinh Thanh Nguyen Thi Thiep commune, Nhon Trach district Vung Gam hamlet, An Phuoc commune, Ho Van Chau Nhon Trach district 117 Block 3, Hamlet 1B, Phuoc Thai Truong Van Cuoi commune, Long Thanh district Batruong Hamlet, Phuoc An commune, Nhon Pham Thi Kim Hoa Trach district Wells of Household Coordinate N:1004036.12 E:10603241.75 N:1003939.43 E:10603345.04 N:1003923.56 E:10603638.32 N:1003927.53 E:10603908.32 N:1003942.66 E:10604133.75 N:1004011.53 E:10604327.64 N:1004023.35 E:10605144.73 N:1003933.66 E:10605454.65 N:1004023.54 E:10700152.21 N:1003954.72 E:10605758.41

97

D5

6 14

NN3 -1 D15

8 9 12

10

LEGEND
Soil sampling sites - Sites D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12: locations in the First Notes: Survey (in May.2009) - Sites D1, D2, D3, D4, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, D12, D14, D15: locations in the Second Survey (in August.2009)

Figure IV.3:

Location of Soil Sampling Sites, May and August 2009

98

Table IV.21: Groundwater Quality, May 2009

No Code/Site Electrical Conductivity (S/cm) Turbidity (NTU) Salinity (mg/L) pH COD (mg/L) SS (mg/L) NH4+ (mg/L) P (mg/L) NO3- (mg/L) NO2- (mg/L) Fe (mg/L) Al (mg/L) Zn (mg/L) Mn (mg/L) As (mg/L) Oil (mg/L) E.coli (MPN/100mL) NN1 NN2 NN3 NN4 NN5 NN6 NN8 NN9 NN10 NN12 Detection Limit 1 4 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0005 0.01 QCVN 09:2008 /BTNMT 5.5 8.5 4 1500 0.1 15 1.0 5 3 0.5 0.05 0

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

200 10 81.90 6.15 3 57 ND 0.98 0.11 ND 0.20 0.029 ND ND 0.0018 0.05 ND

660 6 416.52 3.87 3 38 ND 4.32 0.08 ND 12.85 0.20 ND ND 0.0035 0.06 ND

170 19 56.16 6.12 5 40 ND 0.63 0.14 ND 5.01 0.047 ND 0.54 0.0054 2.50 ND

120 30 33.70 6.93 ND 10 ND 0.73 0.16 ND 7.75 0.042 ND 0.33 0.0032 3.80 ND

220 3 56.16 7.44 5 5 ND 0.39 0.14 ND ND 0.022 ND ND ND ND ND

650 3 314.50 7.86 5 4 ND 0.52 0.23 ND ND 0.036 ND ND 0.0039 ND ND

50 3 29.25 6.26 3 ND ND 0.46 0.44 ND 0.33 0.021 ND ND ND ND ND

30 4 18.72 5.99 3 35 ND 2.86 0.49 ND 0.21 0.24 ND ND ND ND ND

20 0 30.42 5.21 2 5 ND 0.77 0.39 ND 0.17 0.033 ND ND ND ND ND

60 0 33.93 4.71 2 5 ND 0.58 6.42 ND 0.37 0.028 ND ND ND ND ND

99

Table IV.22: Groundwater Quality, August 2009

No Code/Site Electrical Conductivity (S/cm) Turbidity (NTU) Salinity (mg/L) pH COD (mg/L) SS (mg/L) NH4+ (mg/L) P (mg/L) NO3- (mg/L) NO2- (mg/L) Fe (mg/L) Al (mg/L) Zn (mg/L) Mn (mg/L) Cr (mg/L) Cd (mg/L) Hg (mg/L) As (mg/L) Pb (mg/L) Oil (mg/L) E.coli (MPN/100mL) NN1 NN2 NN3 NN31 130 16 44.46 6.00 1 42 ND 0.25 0.06 ND 2.91 0.047 ND 1.58 ND ND ND 1.544 ND 0.15 <3 NN4 NN41 160 15 8.19 6.66 2 14 ND 0.27 0.07 ND 3.26 0.041 0.080 0.085 ND ND ND 4.468 ND ND <3 NN5 NN6 NN8 NN9 NN10 NN11 NN12 Detection Limit 1 4 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 QCVN 09:2008 /BTNMT 5.5 8.5 4 1500 0.1 15 1.0 5 3 0.5 0.05 0.005 0.001 0.05 0.01 0

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

200 43 78.39 6.15 1 60 ND 0.58 0.07 ND 0.063 0.330 ND 1.84 ND ND ND 1.330 ND 0.12 <3

130 14 2.34 6.50 2 19 ND 0.25 0.18 ND 3.40 0.031 ND 0.90 ND ND ND 5.633 ND ND <3

170 11 42.12 6.43 2 21 ND 0.27 0.07 ND 10.02 0.056 ND 1.25 ND ND ND 4.397 ND ND <3

120 27 12.87 7.00 2 9 ND 0.31 0.07 ND 10.11 ND ND 0.90 ND ND ND 5.848 ND ND <3

470 0 229.32 7.22 0 0 ND 0.25 0.23 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND <3

620 3 310.05 7.93 0 4 ND 0.25 0.20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.162 ND ND <3

20 0 12.87 5.52 0 0 ND 0.26 0.60 ND ND 0.055 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND <3

30 4 16.38 5.68 8 13 ND 0.16 0.41 ND 0.10 0.40 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND <3

20 5 14.04 5.26 1 12 ND 0.24 0.32 ND 1.49 0.041 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND <3

3100 8 194.22 4.39 1 11 3.02 0.25 0.22 ND 58.99 0.27 0.68 7.845 ND ND ND 9.341 ND 0.18 <3

10 0 3.52 5.20 0 0 ND 0.12 0.32 ND ND 0.046 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND <3

0.0005 0.01 -

100

NN1 NN2 NN3 NN5 NN4 LEGEND

NN6

NN11

NN8 NN9 NN12

NN10

Ground water sampling sites - Sites NN1, NN2, NN3, NN4,NN5, NN6, NN8, NN9, NN10, NN12: Notes: locations in the First Survey (in May.2009) - Sites NN1, NN2, NN3, NN3-1, NN4, NN4-1, NN5, NN6, NN8, NN9, NN10, NN12: locations in the Second Survey (in August.2009)

Figure IV.4:

Location of Groundwater Sampling Sites, May and August 2009

101

243. The conclusion from the analysis is that: at present groundwater in the study area is not polluted by As, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite and microorganism. Nevertheless the concentration of iron and oil at some wells are higher than the permissible limits. 9. Air Quality

244. In order to obtain baseline data of air quality in the project site, in May 2009 and August 2008, the EIA Team of the project has carried out ambient air sampling and analysis at 12 sites (in May 2009) and 15 sites (in August 2008). Locations of air quality monitoring sites are shown in Figure IV.5 and Table IV.23. Analysis results of air quality are given in Table IV.24 and IV.25. Table IV.23: Locations of Air Quality Monitoring Sites in May and August 2009
N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Code VT1 VT2 VT3 VT4 VT5 VT6 VT7 VT8 VT9 VT10 VT11 VT12 VT13 VT14 VT15 Location - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Trung Luong Can Tho Expressway, My Yen commune, Ben Luc district - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and No, 1 National highway, Binh Chanh commune, Binh Chanh district - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Doan Nguyen Tuan Street, Hung Long commune, Binh Chanh district - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and No, 50 National highway , Da Phuoc commune, Binh Chanh district - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Le Van Luong Street, Nhon Duc commune, Nha Be district - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Nguyen Van Tao Street, Long Thoi commune, Nha Be district - At Rung Sac Road, distance 200m from the 220kV Power line, Phuoc Khanh commune, Can Gio district - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and the Third Ring-Road, Vinh Thanh commune, Nhon Trach district - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Access Road of Ong Keo Industrial Park, An Phuoc commune, Nhon Trach district, - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and No, 51 National highway, Phuoc Thai commune, Long Thanh district - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Phuoc Khanh bridge at Phuoc Khanh commune, Nhon Trach district - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Ring-Road of Nhon Trach City (residential area with a distance by 10m to project boundary) - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Vam Sat street, Can Gio district, distance 200m from the 500kV Power line, - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Binh Khanh bridge, Can Gios side, Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district - Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Phuoc Khanh bridge, Can Gios side.

Notes: VT1 VT12: locations of air, noise and vibration monitoring sites in the first survey (May 2009) VT1 VT15: locations of air, noise and vibration monitoring sites in the second survey (August 2009)

245. Considering the results of air quality analyses shown in Table 63 and 64, there are some remarks below may be given. 246. Total suspended particles (TSP) at all sites in May 2009 varied in the range of 0.19 0.81 mg/m3. Excepting at VT4, VT5, VT7, VT8 and VT12, the TSP content were higher than the allowable limit set forth in the National Technical Regulation for Ambient Air Quality QCVN

102

05:2009 (maximum TSP in ambient air: 0.30 mg/m3). The highest TSP value was at VT2 (0.81mg/m3) and the lowest at VT12 (0.19mg/m3). The TSP content is higher than the allowable limit in the QCVN 05:2008, mostly caused by heavy traffic (particularly at VT2: on National Road 1A at Binh Chanh district, VT6: on Nguyen Van Tao street in Nha Be district, VT10: and on National Road 51 to Vung Tau). 247. In August 2009, TSP contents in almost places were still high (0.26 1.28 mg/m3), because of the sampling time in sunny days. At present, at some sites on the traffic roads (VT2, VT3, VT10, VT12) levels exceed the allowable limit many times. PM10 contents at most of the monitoring sites in 2 monitoring occasions were higher than the Vietnamese standards and IFC/WB (WHOs Standard) which is 0,15 mg/m3 (24 hrs averaging period). (i) NO2 concentration at monitoring sites in May 2009 was 0.03 to 0.44mg/m3. Excepted for VT2, VT6 and VT10, the NO2 concentration at other monitoring sites were lower than the allowable limit set forth in TCVN 5937 2005 (maximum NO2 concentration in ambient air is 0.20mg/m3). The highest NO2 concentration was measured at VT2 (0.442mg/m3), which is a point of heavy traffic on National Road 1A crossing Ben Luc district. In August 2009, NO2 concentration at the all sites varied from 0.002 0.346 mg/m3, the highest value at National Roads No.1A and No. 51 (VT10) SO2 concentration at monitoring sites in May 2009 varied in the range of 0.012 0.319mg/m3, which are lower than the allowable limit of the TCVN 5937 2005 (maximum SO2 concentration in ambient air: 0.35mg/m3). The highest concentration was found at VT2 (0.319 mg/m3) and the lowest at VT12 (0.012mg/m3). In August 2009, SO2 concentration at all sites varied from 0.02 to 0.31 mg/m3. The highest value which slightly exceeds the allowable limit is at National Road No.51 (VT10). CO concentration at monitoring sites in May 2009 and in August 2009 was of between 2.48 and 10.27mg/m3, which are lower than the allowable limit of the TCVN 5937 2005 (allowable CO concentration: 30mg/m3). The CO concentration was highest at VT2 (10.27mg/m3) and lowest at VT12 (0.01mg/m3). PM10 content at monitoring sites in May 2009 varied in the range of 0.17 0.72mg/m3 with the highest at VT2 (0.72 mg/m3) and the lowest at VT12 (0.17mg/m3). PM10 dust usually accounts for a high percentage (more than 80%) in the TSP. At some monitoring sites, the PM10 values were far higher than the allowable limit of the TCVN 5937 2005. In August 2009, PM10 content varied from 0.12 to 1.25 mg/ m3, some sites with high PM10 concentration are National Road No.1 (0.45 mg/m3). National Road No.51 (1.15 mg/m3). Volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentrations at monitoring sites were of between 40.0 and 77.8mg/m3 with the highest at VT1 (77.8 mg/m3) and the lowest at VT9 (40.0 mg/m3) in May 2009 and 1.34 - 47.54 mg/m3 in August 2009, the highest at VT1, VT2, VT3, VT10. Lead concentration at monitoring sites in May 2009 and in August 2009 varied from 0 to 0.009 mg/m3 with the highest at VT12 (0.089 mg/m2) and the lowest at VT8 and VT11 (no detectable: <0.001 mg/m3)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

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VT1 VT2 VT3 VT4 VT5 VT6 VT7 VT15 VT13

LEGEND Air, vibration, noise monitoring sites Notes: - Sites from VT1VT12: locations in the First Survey (in May.2009) - Sites from VT1VT15: locations in the Second Survey (August.2009)

VT8 VT11 VT9 VT12

VT10

Figure IV.5:

Location of Air Quality, Noise and Vibration Monitoring Sites, May and August 2009

104

Table IV.24: Air Quality, May 2009

Site VT1 Coordinate Temperature (oC) 34.2 36.0 36.4 36.0 37.2 35.4 30.6 34.0 34.5 35.7 34.2 34.7 NO2 (mg/m3) 0.089 0.442 0.128 0.104 0.067 0.264 0.049 0.043 0.076 0.346 0.164 0.029 0.20 0.20 (1 hr averaging period) SO2 (mg/m3) 0.024 0.319 0.195 0.067 0.035 0.208 0.025 0.019 0.038 0.308 0.064 0.012 0.35 0.50 (10 min averaging period) CO (mg/m3) 5.271 10.270 7.342 6.105 5.293 9.042 3.281 3.516 4.695 10.054 5.284 2.483 30 Dust (mg/m3) 0.563 0.815 0.362 0.205 0.218 0.531 0.208 0.264 0.219 0.587 0.425 0.196 0.30 Dust content PM10 (mg/m3) 0.421 0.723 0.342 0.191 0.201 0.418 0.193 0.242 0.211 0.423 0.414 0.173 0.15 (average 24h) 0.15 (24h averaging period, interim target 1) VOC (mg/m3) 60.93 77.89 67.51 64.31 46.47 44.91 43.63 55.70 40.04 52.92 63.80 59.35 Pb (mg/m3) 0.0046 0.0064 0.0022 0.0025 0.0028 ND 0.0034 ND 0.0014 0.0088 ND 0.0038 -

N:1004035.82 E:10603241.28 N:1003939.66 VT2 E:10603345.36 N:1003923.46 VT3 E:10603638.88 N:1003927.00 VT4 E:10603908.88 N:1003942.66 VT5 E:10604133.36 N:1004011.19 VT6 E:10604327.24 N:1003922.56 VT7 E:10604653.82 N:1004023.70 VT8 E:10605144.40 N:1003933.66 VT9 E:10605454.00 N:1004023.23 VT10 E:10700152.86 N:1004029.88 VT11 E:10604734.20 N:1003954.72 VT12 E:10605758.26 QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT 1h averaging period IFC/WB (WHOs Ambient Air Quality)

105

Table IV.25: Air Quality, August 2009

Site VT1 Coordinate Temperature (oC) 33.4 35.6 35.1 36.7 36.2 35.6 34.1 34.8 31.1 30.1 35.8 35.8 29.7 33.4 35.5 NO2 (mg/m3) 0.048 0.193 0.148 0.065 0.072 0.035 0.026 0.048 0.028 0.034 0.043 0.0403 0.076 0.029 0.146 0.20 0.20 (1 hr averaging period) SO2 (mg/m3) 0.018 0.157 0.238 0.041 0.219 0.029 0.018 0.021 0.024 0.020 0.028 0.019 0.038 0.012 0.208 0.35 0.50 (10 min averaging period) CO (mg/m3) 3.78 6.78 8.43 4.08 3.18 6.10 4.19 6.12 3.68 3.53 3.10 2.97 3.09 2.87 9.67 30 Dust (mg/m3) 0.25 0.54 0.61 0.51 0.54 0.503 0.56 0.52 0.33 0.26 0.42 0.38 0.49 1.25 1.29 0.30 Dust content PM10 (mg/m3) 0.18 0.45 0.27 0.49 0.27 0.47 0.13 0.38 0.11 0.11 0.29 0.27 0.22 0.85 1.15 0.15 (average 24h) 0.15 (24h averaging period, interim target 1) VOC (mg/m3) 11.82 26.27 47.54 19.37 8.64 33.26 1.35 3.30 2.93 2.34 6.21 5.94 7.18 9.64 37.28 Pb (mg/m3) 0.0016 0.0014 ND ND ND 0.0011 ND ND ND ND 0.0060 0.0028 ND ND ND -

N:1004035.82 E:10603241.28 N:1003939.66 VT2 E:10603345.36 N:1003923.46 VT3 E:10603638.88 N:1003927.00 VT4 E:10603908.88 N:1004011.19 VT6 E:10604327.24 N:1003942.66 VT5 E:10604133.36 N10039'12.6" VT13 E:106047'06.5" N:1003922.56 VT7 E:10604653.82 N: 10039'66.3" VT15 E: 106047'67.2" N: 10039'12.6" VT14 E: 106047'06.5" N: 10040'54.72" VT11 E: 106057'58.26" N:1004023.70 VT8 E:10605144.40 N:1003933.66 VT9 E:10605454.00 N:1003954.72 VT12 E:10605758.26 N:1004023.23 VT10 E:10700152.86 QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT 1h averaging period IFC/WB

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10.

Noise

248. In May 2009 noise was also measured at the same sites as those for air quality monitoring shown in Figure IV.5 and Table IV.23. Results of noise measurement are shown in Table IV.26 and IV.27. Table IV.26: Noise Pollution, May 2009
No Site Time 09:09 11:04 14:05 16:01 19:12 22:10 10:04 12:06 15:14 17:20 20:07 23:08 09:01 11:05 14:06 16:08 19:10 22:14 10:11 12:06 15:13 17:06 20:08 23:14 09:16 11:12 14:24 16:08 19:21 22:11 10:04 12:13 15:12 17:23 20:25 23:05 09:23 11:17 14:03 16:15 19:22 22:14 09:12 11:03 14:01 Laeq 58.7 56.6 59.7 58.2 57.4 57.2 81.2 85.1 80.9 92.1 90.6 88.6 73.2 72.5 72.5 70.3 69.6 69.0 77.4 72.2 73.4 74.4 70.1 71.8 66.3 62.3 67.9 66.6 67.3 67.1 73.7 69.9 73.9 80.6 77.0 61.7 59.9 61.9 58.0 66.3 63.6 65.0 57.6 55.8 53.0 Lmax 74.2 73.7 80.1 75.9 74.0 78.2 98.6 108.1 100.8 101.9 99.3 100.9 87.3 86.1 89.4 84.3 83.1 84.6 102.3 86.1 91.5 95.9 87.6 85.1 82.2 81.1 91.4 84.4 81.9 84.8 96.9 85.4 89.3 89.4 84.0 69.3 70.5 76.3 70.1 90.3 73.7 80.3 79.9 74.6 70.4 Parameter Lmin L10 44.7 61.6 36.2 58.7 38.0 62.8 47.7 58.4 45.0 58.4 45.2 59.3 66.0 83.4 66.4 83.3 63.2 82.1 63.1 96.3 65.9 95.5 63.3 93.7 55.9 76.7 52.8 75.7 58.4 75.0 53.3 73.7 53.3 73.2 53.1 72.3 57.0 77.4 54.2 75.8 59.9 75.8 55.9 77.0 56.6 72.3 56.5 74.3 58.5 66.8 48.7 64.8 47.7 70.8 43.0 70.3 56.9 70.8 51.8 68.7 49.0 70.9 45.5 73.9 54.2 76.9 69.2 84.1 72.6 79.4 52.3 64.4 43.8 63.4 48.4 65.2 39.1 61.9 51.4 66.1 51.5 67.2 52.9 67.4 32.2 57.1 33.5 57.6 29.6 54.9 L90 46.8 40.6 44.0 50.8 52.2 48.7 73.0 73.0 71.1 80.7 76.4 71.4 61.5 64.1 64.2 61.9 57.5 58.1 64.4 61.5 64.8 65.4 63.9 64.3 61.4 51.4 54.2 49.6 60.7 57.5 55.4 55.9 62.2 73.1 73.2 55.4 50.5 55.3 45.8 56.3 54.6 57.7 36.8 39.0 34.6 Lpk 108.1 108.9 107.5 113.0 111.5 114.0 118.2 124.0 120.3 135.1 126.6 132.5 110.8 106.8 111.6 110.8 107.4 104.2 120.9 111.1 106.2 116.8 104.4 104.2 95.4 99.2 105.8 104.5 102.0 112.3 114.0 107.0 109.1 122.5 104.7 100.5 92.9 99.6 95.3 123.5 99.0 103.6 104.5 106.8 102.1

VT1 (Agricultural land)

VT2 (Commercial area)

VT3 (Rural residential area)

VT4 (Rural residential area)

VT5 (Agricultural land)

VT6 (Commercial area)

VT7 (Rural settlement area) VT8 (Agricultural land)

107

No

Site

Time 16:03 19:06 22:09 10:04 12:18 15:17 17:10 20:07 23:15 09:27 11:06 14:19 16:24 19:07 22:12 10:10 12:18 15:16 17:14 20:21 23:08 09:12 11:14 14:10 16:07 19:10 22:15

VT9 (Agricultural land)

10

VT10 (Commercial area)

11

VT11 (Agricultural land)

12

VT12 (Agricultural land)

Laeq 55.5 55.2 53.1 44.8 49.9 43.9 50.1 51.7 48.8 73.5 75.6 75.2 75.5 76.1 75.9 62.2 61.6 61.9 62.0 59.6 57.9 56.1 54.4 55.7 56.8 53.5 53.2

Lmax 71.2 75.9 73.5 55.9 68.7 68.2 69.7 73.7 53.9 91.6 93.9 89.5 89.5 84.4 88.6 79.0 75.0 76.3 71.2 71.8 69.5 65.3 62.2 57.9 64.5 66.1 65.7

Parameter Lmin L10 34.3 56.2 29.3 56.5 33.8 53.4 25.7 48.8 27.9 51.9 26.0 41.4 27.2 52.6 28.2 53.0 43.1 50.6 59.9 77.2 61.1 79.2 62.2 78.5 64.7 78.4 64.5 79.2 63.3 78.8 51.2 64.3 53.5 62.6 52.4 65.2 51.6 64.9 50.4 64.9 48.6 57.1 46.8 57.5 40.7 56.0 45.2 56.9 49.6 58.1 45.0 56.4 44.8 56.2

L90 40.1 35.7 38.2 28.6 33.8 28.2 33.0 39.2 43.6 64.4 66.4 67.7 69.3 71.4 69.9 52.7 54.8 55.3 56.2 51.2 54.3 54.9 51.1 54.8 54.4 51.3 50.7

Lpk 104.2 108.8 97.1 93.6 110.8 109.1 111.1 103.2 94.6 117.5 110.5 117.4 107.2 106.2 110.1 101.9 101.0 99.6 100.3 96.9 94.4 101.7 103.0 98.7 102.3 100.8 96.8

Notes: 1. Noise measurement LAeq: (Equivalent Continuous Level) is the equivalent continuous sound which would contain the same sound energy as the time varying sound. LA90: is the noise levels that are 90% exceeded for a sample period. At these levels, the baseline noise level (initial sound) is minor. LA10: is the noise levels that are 10% exceeded for a sample period, usually 60 minutes. LAmax: is the maximum sound from a single source. LAmin: is the minimum sound from a single source. 2. Vietnams Standard for Noise in Public and Residential Areas Maximum Permissible Noise Level (TCVN 59491998) Appendix II.1. For areas of hospitals, libraries. Sanatoria, temples, churches, schools: from 6AM - 6PM: 50 dBA; from 6PM 10PM: 45 dBA; from 10PM 6AM: 40 dBA For residential areas (hotels, administrative offices from 6AM 6PM: 60dBA; from 6PM -10PM: 55 dBA; from 10PM 6AM: 50 dBA For residential areas mixed with commercial, service, production areas From 6AM 6PM: 75 dBA; From 6PM 10PM: 70 dBA; From 10PM 6AM: 50 dBA 3. IFC (WHO)s Guideline for Noise: For receptor: Residential, institutional, educational: 55 dBA in daytime (7:00 22:00); 45 dBA in nighttime (22:00 7:00); For receptor: Industrial, commercial: 70 dBA in daytime and nighttime.

108

Table IV.27: Noise Pollution, August 2009

N Code Time 08:42 10:45 13:08 15:16 17:11 19:14 09:36 11:32 14:18 16:09 18:20 20:17 08:25 10:21 13:10 15:14 18:22 20:18 09:28 11:32 14:12 16:03 19:25 21:16 09:01 11:15 14:08 16:10 19:11 21:16 10:06 12:03 15:14 17:13 20:16 22:18 08:46 10:50 14:11 16:13 19:21 21:27 08:42 10:39 13:16 15:07 18:10 20:16 09:40 11:43 Laeq 57.4 58.7 56.5 55.4 58.2 60.3 82.8 84.3 81.3 88.3 84.3 80.8 71.3 75.0 73.8 74.6 72.0 70.1 78.2 73.5 75.5 72.4 72.6 73.1 68.0 66.7 63.8 65.1 68.6 64.5 74.4 72.5 69.3 75.8 78.5 70.9 58.8 54.9 51.6 57.1 55.5 53.9 57.0 52.8 56.0 53.8 55.2 54.7 57.7 50.8 Lmax 75.2 76.5 71.8 70.5 77.0 79.1 102.3 98.6 93.1 106.7 99.8 96.1 84.1 95.3 91.3 87.6 84.4 82.7 97.5 86.0 89.2 82.7 79.4 81.8 85.1 84.8 81.7 82.5 86.4 81.6 83.9 81.7 74.9 92.1 94.2 85.5 71.9 66.1 63.5 72.2 66.0 66.4 74.6 73.7 72.3 76.1 69.3 71.6 78.2 67.2 Parameter Lmin L10 39.9 59.6 40.7 60.8 36.6 59.4 38.6 58.1 39.9 61.2 49.6 62.2 61.5 83.6 68.7 86.2 70.5 84.4 71.1 89.6 64.1 95.5 64.4 83.0 52.7 75.6 51.0 77.3 55.5 76.7 61.5 78.1 56.2 74.6 53.4 73.3 61.2 80.0 59.3 76.9 60.1 78.2 59.7 75.4 61.8 75.3 60.5 76.4 57.4 70.2 50.3 68.2 49.4 65.2 48.9 67.8 50.1 71.4 48.6 67.2 64.5 76.1 58.2 74.6 56.7 72.3 65.4 78.0 63.8 80.5 59.7 73.7 41.2 56.2 42.3 57.4 40.7 54.7 50.3 59.4 41.9 58.7 39.7 56.8 35.8 56.3 33.9 49.3 33.1 56.1 32.7 51.9 49.0 56.2 38.3 54.2 35.1 51.2 39.5 54.1 L90 44.3 45.2 38.8 40.2 50.4 53.0 70.2 76.5 74.1 74.7 86.6 71.6 58.5 65.9 59.1 66.4 62.0 58.2 67.3 64.7 66.7 64.8 66.7 66.5 60.8 57.0 53.8 55.2 58.7 54.1 64.5 62.8 59.4 65.7 68.1 61.5 43.9 44.2 42.9 46.7 45.0 43.4 38.2 36.1 36.9 43.8 49.9 39.8 37.0 41.1 Lpk 97.5 101.7 100.0 98.6 102.1 103.0 122.2 119.9 118.8 121.8 119.8 116.4 106.9 113.8 106.1 107.2 109.3 111.4 114.4 106.9 108.9 104.4 106.3 101.1 99.2 102.7 103.5 95.4 106.5 102.8 108.7 104.3 102.0 109.6 111.4 102.8 106.6 97.9 90.2 101.5 89.1 91.4 100.1 97.6 99.2 102.1 94.0 93.9 107.3 90.7

VT1 (Agricultural land)

VT2 (Commercial area)

VT3 (Rural residential area)

VT4 (Rural residential area)

VT5 (Agricultural land)

VT6 (Commercial area)

VT7 (Rural residential area)

VT8 (Agricultural land) VT9 (Agricultural

109

Code land)

Time 14:09 16:12 19:14 21:18 09:35 11:26 14:05 16:14 19:08 22:10 09:23 11:18 14:02 16:15 19:22 21:30 09:40 11:39 14:12 16:18 19:05 22:10 08:50 10:46 13:12 15:04 18:16 20:13 09:47 11:44 14:15 16:09 19:18 21:10 09:10 11:14 14:08 16:20 19:17 21:03

10

VT10 (Commercial area)

11

VT11 (Agricultural land)

12

VT12 (Agricultural land)

13

VT13 (Rural residential area)

14

VT14 (Agricultural land)

15

VT15 (Rural residential area)

Laeq 45.9 51.9 47.2 49.3 74.7 76.4 75.0 74.8 77.3 73.9 62.0 57.6 59.4 60.5 56.8 54.5 56.2 52.7 50.0 55.3 51.7 54.5 58.4 49.0 65.7 62.3 53.8 50.8 51.7 46.8 47.0 52.4 50.6 48.9 52.8 53.1 49.6 50.7 52.0 49.3

Lmax 55.3 72.3 55.9 58.9 90.0 94.5 82.3 85.5 97.0 82.1 80.1 73.5 73.1 77.0 69.9 69.3 70.1 68.3 52.2 70.7 65.8 69.4 78.8 69.2 80.7 77.9 75.5 71.1 72.2 63.1 69.8 70.6 71.4 68.7 72.0 71.3 69.1 70.8 71.4 68.7

Parameter Lmin L10 38.2 49.3 38.0 51.1 38.2 50.6 43.7 51.2 65.9 76.8 67.2 77.8 67.3 76.9 65.2 77.2 64.3 78.5 61.7 75.4 42.4 61.6 46.1 55.7 44.5 63.7 44.1 61.8 46.4 59.4 43.3 57.2 45.0 56.6 42.0 55.3 47.9 52.0 43.2 57.4 41.7 53.7 43.1 57.0 37.8 58.5 24.7 48.2 48.3 69.8 43.6 66.1 48.9 56.3 45.7 53.6 35.8 53.9 40.8 49.2 38.5 50.0 40.1 55.6 41.3 53.1 39.6 51.9 37.0 55.1 36.8 56.2 32.2 51.7 39.4 53.4 39.8 54.5 38.5 52.6

L90 39.8 39.8 40.7 47.7 69.3 69.7 66.5 69.2 70.5 65.3 46.3 48.2 45.9 45.6 49.0 45.8 46.8 44.0 41.8 45.6 42.9 45.2 38.5 30.0 53.1 39.2 44.8 42.4 40.5 36.1 38.9 43.2 41.0 38.5 44.3 43.6 40.9 42.2 41.8 40.5

Lpk 89.5 97.1 85.6 91.2 110.6 113.7 106.7 105.3 112.6 102.6 106.7 107.1 97.6 101.0 101.3 97.3 98.8 97.2 85.1 92.4 94.7 97.9 102.7 96.0 100.9 99.8 90.0 90.3 98.1 90.4 89.6 91.8 88.5 89.7 93.9 95.2 90.3 89.1 90.5 88.7

Note: LAeq: (Equivalent Continuous Level) is the equivalent continuous sound which would contain the same sound energy as the time varying sound. LA90: is the noise levels that are 90% exceeded for a sample period. At these levels, the baseline noise level (initial sound) is minor. LA10: is the noise levels that are 10% exceeded for a sample period, usually 60 minutes. LAmax: is the maximum sound from a single source. LAmin: is the minimum sound from a single source.

249. From the data in Tables IV.26 and IV.27 the following evaluation of present noise pollution at the monitoring sites may be given.

110

250. Daytime noise at monitoring sites in May 2009, in the duration from 06:00 to 18:00 varied from 43.9 to 92.1dBA. Excepting data site VT2 (National Road 1A at Ben Luc district), VT4, VT6 (National Road 15 at Nha Be district) and VT10 (National Road 51 at Long Thanh district), noise at monitoring sites was lower than the allowable limit set forth in TCVN 5949 1998 for residential areas amid areas of trading, manufacturing and services from 06:00 to 18:00 is 75.0dBA, but higher than that for residential areas, hotels and offices. The similar situation was recorded in August 2009. In comparison with the IFC/ WHO (WHOs for noise at daytime: 70 dBA for commercial and industrial areas and 55 dBA for residential areas) noise level at various places exceed the permissible limits. 251. Evening time noise at monitoring sites from 18:00 to 22:00 was in the range of 51.7 90.6 dBA (in May 2009). Some monitoring site noise levels were higher than the allowable limit set forth in TCVN 5949 1998 (maximum noise in residential areas amid areas of trade, manufacture and services from 18:00 22:00: 70dBA). The highest noise level was measured at VT2 (90.6 dBA), and the lowest at VT9 (51.7 dBA). 252. Night-time noise levels at the monitoring sites from 22:00 to 06:00 were in the range of 48.8 88.6dBA. Except for site VT9, noise at almost of the monitoring sites was higher than the allowable limit set forth in TCVN 5949 1998 (the maximum noise in residential areas amid areas of trade, manufacture and services from 22:00 06:00 is 50dBA). The highest noise pollution was at site VT2 (88.6dBA) and the lowest at VT9 (48.8dBA). 11. Vibration

253. The vibration was monitored in May and August 2009 at the same sites of air quality and noise monitoring where the alignment crosses. The results of vibration measurement are shown in Tables IV.28.

111

Table IV.28: Vibration Measurement, May and August 2009

VEL (cm/s) Site Coordinate May N:1004035.82 E:10603241.28 N:1003939.66 VT2 E:10603345.36 N:1003923.46 VT3 E:10603638.88 N:1003927.00 VT4 E:10603908.88 N:1003942.66 VT5 E:10604133.36 N:1004011.19 VT6 E:10604327.24 N:1003922.56 VT7 E:10604653.82 N:1004023.70 VT8 E:10605144.40 N:1003933.66 VT9 E:10605454.00 N:1004023.23 VT10 E:10700152.86 N:1004029.88 VT11 E:10604734.20 N:1003954.72 VT12 E:10605758.26 N:1003912,6 VT13 E:1060 4706,5 N:10039407 VT14 E:1060 44706 N:10039663 VT15 E:10047672 TCVN 6962 - 2001 VT1 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 Aug 0.0070 0.0024 0.0004 0.0013 0.0027 0.0012 0.0020 0.0023 0.0067 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0004 0.0005 0.0009 May 0.0980 0.0980 0.0196 <0.0010 <0.0010 0.0196 0.0294 0.0098 0.0098 <0.0010 0.0196 0.0980 0.055m/s2 Aug 0.0098 0.0196 0.0196 0.0196 0.0196 0.0196 0.0098 0.0098 0.0196 0.0098 0.0098 0.0098 0.0098 0.0098 0.0098 0.055m/s2 May 0.220 2.670 1.840 0.340 0.380 0.160 4.860 0.090 0.080 0.007 0.009 0.730 Aug 1.10 9.90 1.90 3.00 2.50 2.40 31.30 1.60 1.20 1.00 1.00 0.70 3.10 0.60 2.30 ACC (m/s2) DISP (m)

Note: VEL: Velocity (cm/s); ACC: Acceleration (m/s2); DISP: Displacement (m)

254. The results of vibration measurement show that: the vibratory acceleration at monitoring sites in May 2009 varied in the range of 0.0010 0.0980m/s2 and 0.0098 0.0196 m/s2 in August 2009. The vibration at monitoring sites was lower than the allowable limit set forth in TCVN 6962 2001 (maximum vibration in residential areas amid areas of trade manufacture and services is 0.055m/s2).

112

Field survey at Binh Khanh Commune in Can Gio District

Benthic animals sampling at a river in the Project area

Ground water sampling at a household in the project area

Noise measurement at Road 15, Binh Khanh commune - Can Gio district

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Vibration measurement at Phuoc Khanh commune - Nhon Trach district

Air sampling at An Phuoc commune - Nhon Trach district

Air sampling and noise measurement at the proposed Binh Khanh bridge, Can Gio district

Vibration measurement at Vinh Thanh commune, Nhon Trach district

Figure IV.6:

Some Pictures in the Field Survey for the ADB TA 7155-VIE, Conducted by the EIA Team for KEI (May and August 2009)

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B.

Ecological Resources 1. Aquatic Ecosystems a. Location of Sampling Sites

255. To obtain baseline data on the present aquatic ecosystems at the project area, in May and August 2009, the EIA Team has conducted two field surveys for sampling aquatic organisms at the main rivers and canals where the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway will cross. Locations of aquatic organism sampling sites are the same as locations of surface water sampling sites (Table IV.11, Figure IV.2). Analytical results on phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic animals and fish eggs are shown in Appendices IV.2.1 IV.2.8 (Volume "Appendices to EIA Report") b. Phytoplankton Communities i. Species Composition

256. In May 2009 there were 134 species belonging to 7 classes of phytoplankton recorded at the monitoring sites. The species composition structure is shown in Table IV.29. Table IV.29: Species Composition of Phytoplankton in the Project Area
Classes Cyanophyceae Bacillariophyceae Chlorophyceae Zygnematophyceae Euglenophyceae Xanthophyceae Dinophyta Total species May 2009 No. species Percentage (%) 18 13.4 58 43.3 18 13.4 25 18.7 9 6.7 1 0.8 5 3.8 134 100 August 2009 No. species Percentage (%) 11 11.2 45 45.9 16 16.3 13 13.3 6 6.1 7 7.2 98 100

257. In August 2009, the number of phytoplankton was fewer in 36 species than that in May 2009. Species numbers of Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae Zygnematophyceae, Euglenophyceae, were reduced by 7 species, 13 species, 2 species, 12 species and 3 species, respectively. Only species number of Dinophyta was increased byn 2 species. 258. Species composition (percentage-%) only changes in Chlorophyceae and Zygnematophyceae. The increase of freshwater discharge from the upper river Dong Nai pouring into Ong Keo causing decrease in typical species of acid water (Zygnematophyceae) may be a reason for this change. 259. There was not a great fluctuation in the species number of Coscinodiscus, Chaetoceros and Nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species between two seasons and their distribution at all sampling sites. It means that basic characteristics of rivers and canals of the project area are salty or originally salty and rich in nutrients. 260. The species characterized for the acid sulfate water included Phormidium chalybea, Eunotia lunaris, Actinastrum hantzschii, Ankistrodesmus fusiformis, Coelastrum cambricum, C. microporum, Anthrodesmus constrictus, A. curratus, Closterium acerosum, C. gracile, Cosmarium contractum, Staurastrum (13 species in total). They appeared commonly in Tan Tuc and Ong Keo canals.

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ii.

Phytoplankton Abundance and Most Dominant Species

261. Quantity of phytoplankton in the project area fluctuated from 4,460 (site CT7) to 651.320 cells x liter-1 (site CT9). The dominant species were Cyclotella sp.. Melosira granulata, Skeletonema costatum that are indicators for organic polluted environment. The highest at the Thi Vai river (CT9) and the lowest at the Long Tau river (CT7). At the remaining sites, the dominant species were Cyclotella meneghiniana, Coscinodiscus lineatus, Skeletonema costatum and Peridinium sp. iii. Biological Indices

262. The biodiversity Index (H') of phytoplanktons at rivers and canals of the project area varied from 0.36 to 3.05 (Table IV.30). The highest value was at CT7 and the lowest one at CT9. Table IV.30: Biodiversity Index (H') and Dominant Index (D) of Phytoplankton in the Project Area
Sites CT1 CT2 0.64 0.90 1.50 0.54 CT3 0.98 0.83 1.87 0.42 CT4 2.54 0.24 0.74 0.85 CT5 3.05 0.17 1.93 0.37 CT6 2.70 0.29 1.65 0.38 CT7 2.23 0.38 2.39 0.18 CT8 2.95 0.15 1.89 0.43 CT9 0.40 0.92 0.67 0.84 CT10 0.36 0.93 1.21 0.55 0.86 0.70 1.90 0.40 2.27 0.36 CT11 CT12 CT13

May 2009 0.97 H D 0.84 August 2009 1.55 H D 0.57

263. The biodiversity Index (H') of phytoplanktons at rivers and canals in May 2009 varied from 0.15 to 0.93, the highest value at CT10 and the lowest one at CT8. In August 2009, it varied form 0.18 to 0.85, the highest value at CT4 and the lowest one at CT7. c. Zooplankton Communities i. Species Composition

264. Analytical results in August 2009 recorded 28 species with 3 forms of larvae while 28 species with 4 forms of larvae recorded in May 2009. Species composition structure is shown in the Table IV.31. Table IV.31: Species Composition of Zooplankton in Project Area
Organisms Rotatoria Oligochaeta Cladocera Copepoda Ostracoda Larva Total May 2009 No. species Percentage (%) 7 25.0 1 3.6 4 14.3 11 39.2 1 3.6 4 14.3 28 100 August 2009 No. species Percentage (%) 8 21.4 6 21.4 12 42.9 1 3.6 3 10.7 28 100

265. In general, there was no great fluctuation in species composition of zooplankton in the project area. The situation is the same for freshwater species and saline water. In May 2009, freshwater and brackish water species included Rotatoria, Cladocera distributed at Tan Tuc

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canal (site 1), Can Giuoc and Ba Lao canals and a few in Nha Be river (sites CT4-CT6) and Ong Keo canal (Site CT8). In August 2009 these species were distributed mainly at canals of Tan Tuc and Ong Keo due to large discharges of freshwater from the upper of the Dong Nai river pours into Ong Keo canal. There was not much change in freshwater species at canals of Can Gio, Ba Lao and Nha Be river. 266. At Tac Son Tra and two small canals in Binh Khanh commune, included species of brackish water crustaceans. Particularly, in site CT12 Asplanchna sieboldi,. Diaphanosoma excisum and Moina dubia appeared due to direct effects from water source of the Nha Be river with low salinity. The species indicated for the rich nutrient water and organic pollution were Philodina roseola, Rotaria rotaria, R. neptunia, Brachionus calyflorus, B. plicatilis, Sinantheria socialis, Moina dubia, Mesocyclops leuckarti, Thermocyclops hyalinus at canal of Tan Tuc, rivers of Can Giuoc, Ba Lao and Ong Keo. Howerver, the level of pollution at Tan Tuc canal is slighter. Saline water species of Oithona similis, Acartia clausi, distributed in the rivers of Long Tau, Thi Vai and Ben Ngu. ii. Zooplankton Abundance and Most Dominant Species 267. Quantity of zooplankton in the project area greatly fluctuated from 2.700 16.000 individuals x m3 , the highest value at CT10 and the lowest at CT11 and CT12. The dominant species were Asplanchna sieboldi and Brachionus falcatus at Ong Keo canal, Acartia clausi, Oithona similis and Nauplius copepod at other sites. iii. Biological Indices

268. The biodiversity Index (H') of zooplankton shows characteristics of environmental quality of the study area. H' varied from 0.33 to 1.94 (May 2009) and from 0.56 to 2.15 (August 2009) (Table IV.32), the highest value at CT1, CT2 and the lowest one at CT7.CT8 (in Nhon Trach district). Table IV.32: Biodiversity Index and Dominant Index of Zooplanktons in the Studied Area
Sites CT1 CT2 1.94 0.27 1.55 0.54 CT3 1.77 0.37 1.65 0.44 CT4 1.54 0.45 1.32 0.62 CT5 1.21 0.46 1.16 0.46 CT6 1.36 0.33 1.53 0.42 CT7 1.53 0.40 0.56 0.87 CT8 0.33 0.94 2.11 0.27 CT9 0.59 0.85 1.41 0.46 CT10 1.02 0.64 1.02 0.64 1.74 0.41 1.26 0.63 1.17 0.53 CT11 CT12 CT13

May 2009 1.75 H D 0.49 August 2009 2.15 H D 0.24

269. The dominant index values of phytoplankton show the stable level and development trend of the study area and varied from 0.27 to 0.94. The highest value was at CT8 and the lowest at CT2. d. Benthic Macroinvertebrates i. Species composition

270. From the results of species examination of benthic macroinvertebrates at 10 sites (in May 2009) and 13 sites (in August 2009) at canals and rivers of the proposed Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway area, there were 13 species identified (May 2009) and 18 species (August 2009). The species composition structure is shown in the Table IV.33.

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Table IV.33: Species Composition of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Project Area

Classes Polychaeta Oligochaeta Gastropoda Bivalvia Ophiuroidea Crustacea Insecta Total species May 2009 No.species Percentage (%) 6 46.0 1 7.6 1 7.6 3 10.6 1 1 13 7.6 7.6 100 August 2009 No.species Percentage (%) 6 33.3 1 5.6 2 11.1 2 11.1 1 5.6 6 33.3 18 100

271. Analyzing the species composition structure of benthic macroinvertebrates at rivers and canals at the project area can be seen that, sea originated organism accounts for higher rates in August 2009 than that in the early of the rainy season (May 2009). 272. The freshwater species were Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri at Can Gio canal - Ong Keo bridge; Melanoides tuberculatus at Tan Tuc canal, rivers of Can Giuoc and Ba Lao and Pila polita at Tan Tuc canal. Sea original species distributed at almost sampling sites, except for Tan Tuc canal. 273. Melanoides tuberculatus indicates for the medium rich nutrient and organic pollution water at not only Tan Tuc canal (CT1) but also Ba Lao canal (site CT3). Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Melanoides tuberculatus indicates for the medium to high rich nutrient and organic pollution water at Can Gio (CT2). Owenia fusiformis, Capitella capitata, Bispira polymorpha indicates polluted water at Nha Be river (CT5 andCT6), Ong Keo (CT8) and Thi Vai river (CT9 and CT10). 274. The distribution of Grandidierella lignorum, Tachaea sp., Cyathura truncata, Alpheus bisincisus at rivers of Nha Be, Long Tau (CT17), Tac Son Tra (CT11), two small canals of Binh Khanh commune (CT12 and CT 13) shows the environment less polluted than other rivers and canals which the project alignment goes across. They are medium polluted (-mesosaprobic). 275. The presence of Solen sp (Bivalvia), Nephthys polybranchia, Owenia fusiformis, Capitella capitata, Bispira polymorpha, Amphioplus laevis, Melita sp., Grandidierella lignorum and young crabs identified that water at the Thi Vai river, Ben Ngu canal in Long Thanh area was polluted at medium level. ii. Structure and Quantity

276. Quantity of benthic macroinvertebrates in the project area highly fluctuated from 60 to 21.250 individual/x m2. The highest density was at CT4 and the lowest at CT5 and CT6. The dominant species were Pila polita at Tan Tuc canal, Melanoides tuberculatus at Can Giuoc canal, Nephthys polybranchiai at Ba Lao canal and in Nha Be river, canals of Ong Keo and Ben Ngu. Owenia fusiformis in the Nha Be river (Nha Be Petrol Storage Area) and Hiep Phuoc port, Tachaea sp. In the Long Tau river, Grandidierella lignorum and Tachaea sp occurred at rivers and canals in Binh Khanh commune. iii. Indices Analysis

277. Based on Biological Indices H (Shannon. 1948), analytical results of H of benthic macroinvertebrates at rivers and canals of the project Ben Luc- Long Thanh area fluctuated from 0.02 to 1.42 (May2009) and 0.41 1.53 (August 2009) (Table IV.34).

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Table IV.34: Biodiversity Index (H') of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the Studied Area
Month Aug09 May 09 CT1 0.41 0.92 CT2 0.73 0.94 CT3 0.43 1.42 CT4 0.48 0.20 CT5 0.96 0.92 CT6 0.80 0.80 CT7 0.80 0.87 CT8 1.03 1.07 CT9 1.38 1.32 CT10 1.53 0.96 CT11 1.12 CT12 0.97 CT13 0.92 -

278. The highest value was at CT9 and the lowest at CT4 (May 2009) and CT1, CT3 (August 2009). Indices H of benthic macroinvertebrate at the project area is low due to strong effects from industrial and domestic wastewaters in the upper area. iv. Dominant Indices (Berger - Parker. 1970)

279. Indices D of benthic macroinvertebrates at the project area fluctuated from 0.54 to 1.0 (May 2009) and 0.39- 0.87 (August 2009) (Table IV.35). Table IV.35: D index of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the Studied Area
EIA Aug 09 May 09 CT1 0.86 0.55 CT2 0.68 0.71 CT3 0.85 0.45 CT4 0.87 1.00 CT5 0.57 0.59 CT6 0.71 0.70 CT7 0.70 0.67 CT8 0.47 0.65 CT9 0.39 0.54 CT10 0.41 0.57 CT11 0.55 CT12 0.50 CT13 0.55 -

Fish Eggs Juveniles 280. In May 2009, at 10 sites only one juvenile of Gobiidae was recorded in the Nha Be river at Phu Xuan (CT4). There were not any larva forms of Zoe and Mysis in the other sites. In August 2009, fish eggs were recognized in 3/13 sites. Fishery Resources 281. Can Giuoc river and Ba Lao canal are the wastewater drainage channels in the Southwest of Ho Chi Minh City. These rivers have black water and mud with smell, high suspended solids, high turbidity (the transparency measured by Secchi: only from 10 to 15 cm in the low tide period and; from 20 to 25 cm. in the high tide). There are no fishing activities at these rivers. Fishing activity in canals of Tan Tuc and Ong Keo and rivers of Ben Ngu and Thi Vai (heavily polluted) were also not observed. 282. The Nha Be river from Phu Xuan to Hiep Phuoc and the Long Tau river at Phuoc Khanh commune receives wastewater from upstream region. With high self-purification, water quality of this river in this area was better than that in other sites at the upstream region. However, there were not any fishery activities, recorded in this river section. The reason may be this is a route for large ships coming in and out, so the fishery activities were limited. There was only a section of the Nha Be river about 5 km far from upstream of Phu Xuan and 3km downstream of the Soai Rap river where fishery activity was observed. The fishing tools were sunken traps ("ghe y" in Vietnamese) and fishing nets. The number of sunken traps fluctuated from 8 to 10 traps in each section. In addition, there were two sunken trap lines (from 3 to 5 sunken traps in each line) at the Long Tau river at Tam Thon Hiep commune area. 283. Fishery activities: sunken traps were used in two periods of 1st and 15th lunar calendar (from 6 to 7 days of each strong tide or weak tide). In low tide, sunken traps were used in 4 or 5 hours, in this duration each trap may collect 0.5 to 1 kg of shrimp and 3 to 4 kg of fish.

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284. The shrimp species such as Metapenaeus ensis, Metapenaeus lysianasia, Macrobrachium mirabile, collected in this area have small sizes and low quality. Macrobrachium mirabile seems to be the most dominant species. 285. The fish species commonly recorded in this area are Pristolepis fasciata, Polynemus sp., Zenarchopterus clarus, Bagroides sp., Stolephonus, Coilia grayii, Septipinna taty, Arius truncatus. The high quality species are Penaeus merguiensis, P. indicus, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (shrimps), Pissodonophis boro, Macrotrema caligano, Lates calcarifer, Plotosus canius, and Pangasius polyuradon (fish). 286. List of fish species recorded during the field surveys of the EIA Team is given in Table IV.36. Table IV.36: Economic Fish Species Recorded in the Rivers and Canals where the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Runs Across, June 2009
No. Scientific name Crustacea Palacanidae Macrobrachium lanchesteri Macrobrachium rosenbergii Macrobrachium equidens Macrobrachium mirabile Palaemon curvirostris Palaemon serrifer Exopalaemon vietnamicus Atyidae Caridina weberi sumatrensis Caridina nilotica bengalensis Alpheidae Alpheus bisincisus Alpheus lottini Penaeidae Metapenaeus ensis Metapenaeus lysianassa Penaeus merguiensis Penaeus indicus Penaeus monodon Parapenaespsis hardwickii Parapenaespsis sculptilis Parathelphusidae Somaniathelphusa brandti Somaniathelphusa sinensis Portunidae Portunus (Portunus) pelagicus Portunus (Portunus) sanguinolentus Scylla serrata Gastropoda Pilidae Pila conica Pila polita Pila ampulacea Viviparidae Local name 1 2 Survey sites 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Tp go Tm cng xanh Tm trng Tm mng sen Tm gai Tm gai Tm gai Tp tru Tp tru Tm tt Tm tt Tm t Tp bc Tm th Tm th Tm s Tm st Tm st Cua ng Cua ng Gh Gh Cua xanh c bu c bu c bu

+ + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

24 25 26

+ + +

+ + +

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No. 27 28 29

Scientific name Filopaludina (Filopaludina) filosa Filopaludina (Filopaludina) doliaris Potamididae Terebralia sulcata Bivalvia Corbiculidae Polymesoda (Geloina) proxima Corbicula leviuscula Corbicula tenuis Arcidae Arca granosa Ostrea sp. Veneridae Meretrix lyrata Solenidae Solen versicolo Pices Ophychthydae Pissodonophys boro Clupeidae Corica sorbona Clupeoides borneensis Pristigasteridae Ilisha pristigastroides Engraulidae Stolephorus tri Lycothrissa crocodilus Thrissa hamiltonii Septifinna taty Coilia macrognathos Coilia grayii Cyprinidae Luciasoma bleekeri Crossocheilus reticulus Epalzeorhynchos kaloperus Bargridae Mystus cavasius Mystus vittatus Pangasiidae Pangasius polyuranodon Claridae Clarias batracus Clarias macrocephalus Ariidae Aricus truncatus Arius sciurus Plotosidae Plotosus canius Belonidae Strongylura leiura Xenentodon canciloides Hemiramphidae

Local name c ng c ng c leng

1 + +

Survey sites 3 4 + +

30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Vp Hn Hn S huyt Hu Nghu Mng tay

+ + +

+ + + + + + +

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

C lch c C cm sng C cm C b C cm bin C tp C lp C lp trng C m g

+ + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + +

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

C lng tong mng C nt C chun sng C cht C cht sc C da C tr trng C trn vng C c ngh C c trng C ngt C nhi xanh C nhi + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + +

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No. 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

Scientific name Zenarchopterus clarus Hyporhamphus unifasciatus Synbranchidae Macrotrema caligans Monopeterus albus Centropomidae Lates calcarifer Ambassidae Ambassis wolffii Polynemidae Polynemus paradiseus Coiidae Datnioides microlepis Nandidae Pristolepis fasciata Eleotridae Eleotris fusca Oxyeleotris urophthalmus Gobiidae Eugnathogobius oligactis Stigmatogobius sadanundio Periophthalmus schlosseri Scatophagidae Scatophagus argus Sparidae Crendens sarissophorus Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Osphionemidae Trichogaster microlepis Channidae Channa striata Psettodidae Psettodes erumei Sleidae Zebrias zebra Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus lingua

Local name C lm km C km sng Con lch sng Ln ng C chm C sn C phn vng C hng C r bin C bng en C bng da C bng trng C bng mt C thi li C nu C cha vi

1 +

2 + +

Survey sites 3 4 + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ +

+ +

C sc bm C lc

+ + + + + + +

C li tru

e.

General Evaluation on the Present Aquatic Ecology

287. Based on species composition, density, bio-indicators, dominant species, indices, the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems of the canals and rivers in the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway project area may be identified as follows. (i) Low brackish water (S 5) are found at the rivers and canals of Can Giuoc, Nha Be, Tan Tuc, Ba Lao, Ong Keo; typical brackish water (S: 5 - 20) are the rivers of Long Tau, Thi Vai and Ben Ngu. The acid sulfate water includes the canals of Tan Tuc (CT1) and Ong Keo (CT8). Water in the project area is polluted from industrial and domestic wastewaters in the levels of mesosaprobic to polysaprobic. There was only one juvenile that was recorded in the Nha Be river at Phu Xuan area, while there was any larva forms of Zoe and Mysis in all sites.

(ii) (iii) (iv)

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(v)

(vi)

(vii)

There were many high economic aquatic species at rivers and canals of Dong Nai- Sai Gon water basin. Due to pollution and over exploitation, the fish resource has decreased. At present, fishery source at canals and rivers where the expressway runs across is low. Therefore, pollution control during project construction activities to protect aquatic organisms in canals and rivers are necessary. The obtained information and data from various studies indicate that at the rivers and canals where there the expressway will traverse there are not species of aquatic organisms belonging to the rare species listed in the Vietnam Red Book (2000). Depending on seasons location of fish breeding grounds are changed, but they are concentrated mainly at the mouths of the Soai Rap and Long Tau rivers, far from the project alignment. There is not an important breeding ground found at the areas where the expressway will traverse. Terrestrial Ecosystems a. Introduction

2.

288. The implementation of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project may cause adverse impacts on the terrestrial ecosystems in the project area. To obtain baseline data and information for impact assessment and proposal of mitigation measures for the negative impacts from May to August 2009 the EIA Team has conducted data collection and field surveys at the planned project right of way (ROW) and surrounding area. The contents of study on the terrestrial ecology are given below. (i) Divide all the length of the projects alignment into sections: a) Section 1: Projects alignment in Ben Luc and Can Giuoc districts of Long An Province; b) Section 2: Projects alignment in Binh Chanh district of Ho Chi Minh City; c) Section 3: Projects alignment in Nha Be district of Ho Chi Minh City; d) Section 4: Projects alignment in Can Gio district of Ho Chi Minh City; e) Section 5: Projects alignment in Nhon Trach district of Dong Nai Province; f) Section 6: Projects alignment in Long Thanh district of Dong Nai Province Collect maps and concerned documents related to flora, fauna and environmental factors in 6 sections: Ben Luc, Can Guoc districts of Long An province (Section 1); Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Can Gio districts of Ho Chi Minh City (Sections 2, 3, 4); Nhon Trach and Long Thanh districts of Dong Nai province (Sections 5, 6) Conduct field survey at an area with 500m width along the proposed alignment in a length of 58 km from My Yen commune of Ben Luc district (Section 1) to Phuoc Thai commune of Long Thanh district (Section 6). In each section the following aspects of ecological study were conducted: a) Remark and identify the habitats; b) Identify common and important flora, fauna species; c) Note abundance of species; d) Identify vegetation coverage; e) Interview local farmers about fauna species occurring in study area; note on present land use; agricultural aquacultural and other economic activities. Identify unknown species in the laboratory Prepare lists of vegetation species and wild animal species recorded at the study area.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v) (vi)

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(vii)

Assessment of value of each ecological component and ecological value in the project area. The suggested criteria for this assessment are provided in Table IV.37. Table IV.37: Description of Habitat Assessment Criteria
Criteria Description Truly natural habitats (i.e. not modified by human activities) are usually highly valued. Generally, those habitats less modified will tend to be rated higher. In general larger area of habitat(s) shall be more valuable than smaller ones, all else being equal. The more diverse the species assemblages and communities of a site, the higher is its conservation value. Rarity can apply to habitats as well as species. The presence of one or more rare habitats and species will give a site higher value than those without rarity. Habitats which are difficult to be re-created naturally or artificially are usually valued higher. In general the more fragmented habitat, the lower is its value. The value of a habitat increases if it lies in close proximity and/or links functionally to a highly valued habitat of any type. Certain sites, through appropriate management or natural processes, may eventually develop a nature conservation interest substantially greater than that existing at present. Factors limiting such potential being achieved shall be noted. Such areas are very important for the regeneration and long term survival of many organisms and their populations Ancient natural or semi-natural habitats are normally highly valued. For some habitats such as woodlands, older ones are normally valued much higher than recent ones. In general sites supporting more wildlife will be rated higher. Taking into account criteria listed above, each habitat is assigned a sensitivity rating from low-high

Naturalness Size Diversity Rarity Re-creatability Fragmentation

Potential value

Nursery/breeding ground Age Abundance/Richness of wildlife Summary Score

(viii)

(ix)

Identify any ecologically significant species occurring in the survey area. Significant species include: a) Locally, regionally or internationally rare/endangered species; b) Species protected under national or international legislation; c) Species of economic/cultural significance. Conduct a specific study on the present biological resources and biodiversity at the project's ROW ans surrounding area in Binh Khanh commune, located in the Transition Zone and the Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve, which is one of most sensitive ecological zones at near the whole project alignment. Collect legal documents and master plan related to development and protection of Can Gio district. The obtained results in terrestrial ecological study are summarized below b. Terrestrial Habitats in the Study Area

289. The surveys along the proposed alignment of the expressway from May to August 2009 have found the following types of habitats. Some images of types of habitats are shown in Figure IV.6.

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i.

Riparian Corridors

290. The vegetation corridors along the Soai Rap, Long Tau and Thi Vai rivers were affected by the process of urbanization in the recent 20 years. The width of vegetation corridors are being narrowed by change into aquacultural, agricultural or industrial lands. 291. Regarding flora, on riparian corridors, where there are residential sites, habors and industrial zones, riparian vegetations were destroyed, and replace by bare lands or concrete bank. There are some planted trees like Coconuts, Eucalyptus, Acacia trees and some shady trees. In residential sites, harbors or industrial zones, some sections of riparian remain natural vegetations.The dominant associations are Nypa palm (Nypa frutican) and Sonneratia (Sonneratia caseolaris) in brackish water ecosystem. Towards to the end of the proposed alignment in high saline water ecosystem at the Long Tau river in Nhon Trach district (Section 5) Nypa fruticans and Sonneratia caseolaris associations are gradually replaced by typical species of mangrove forest with some dominant species as Rhizophora apiculata. Avicennia alba. Excoecarta agallocha. 292. Regarding fauna, this community is much narrowed, but it is a habitat of some animal species such as Passer montanus, Centropus sinensis, Hirundo rustica, Pycnonotus jocosus (Birds), Bufo melanostictus, Rana rugulosa, Trimeresurus albolabris, Xenochrophis piscator (Amphibians and Reptiles). In floodplains of river banks there are habitats of Periophthalmus schlosseri (fish) and some economic value fish and crabs species. ii. Canal Corridors

293. In Sections 2, 3 and 4 of the proposed alignment in Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Can Gio districts and in a part of Section 5 (Nhon Trach district) there are a dense network of canals. The vegetations along these canals have been impacted by the growths of agriculture, aquaculture and urban areas. Almost these habitats are 5m to 20m width. The continuance is low and fragmentation is high. 294. The structure of these canals habitats are the same as in the riparian habitats where there are residential sites, vegetations were destroyed, and replace by bare lands or aquaagricultural lands. Some farmers still kept a narrow strip of natural vegetations along these canals and some farmers planted Coconuts, Eucalyptus, Acacia trees and some shady trees. 295. On canal corridors, where there are not residential sites some strips of natural vegetations remain. The dominant associations in these corridors are Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia caseolaris, Aglaodorum griffithii, and Derris trifolia in brackish water ecosystem. At Sections 5 and 6 of the project alignment, in saline water ecosystem in Nhon Trach and Long Thanh districts, Nypa fruticans and Sonneratia caseolaris, Aglaodorum griffithii, Derris trifolia associations are replaced by species of mangrove forest with some dominant species as Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba and Excoecarta agallocha. 296. At these habitats the common fauna species include Passer montanus, Centropus sinensis, Hirundo rustica, Pycnonotus jocosus, some amphibia and reptiles as Bufo melanostictus, Rana rugulosa, Trimeresurus albolabris, Xenochrophis piscator; and Periophthalmus schlosseri fish are commonly found. iii. Mangrove Forests

297. Results from the field survey in Sections 4 (Can Gio district) 5 and 6 (Nhon Trach and Long Thanh districts) indicate that:

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(i)

(ii)

The project alignment at Binh Khanh commune in Can Gio districtt, where is located the Transition Zone of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve, does not pass through any mangrove forests. In this commune, only some strips of Nipa palm along canals will be encroached on by the project ROW. The proposed alignment of the expressway goes through a mangrove forest located on both sides of the Thi Vai river (at the planned Thi Vai bridge), where it is located outside of the Biosphere Reserve. This forest was replanted 2-3 decades ago. Along the Thi Vai river in the width of 2.0 km and the length of over 45km, from the original point about 2 Km upstream of the planned Thi Vai bridge to the river mouth of the planned Thi Vai bridge, the present area of mangrove forests occupies about 40% (3,500 3,700ha), the remaining area being surface water, saline swamps ports, aquacultural ponds and industrial zones. About 2,200 ha of mangrove forests occur in Nhon Trach and Long Thanh district (1,200 ha at Nhon Trach district and 1,000 ha at Long Thanh district). The remaining forest areas belong to Can Gio district, Tan Thanh district and Ba Ria town. At the area of the planned Thi Vai bridge there are about 12.3 ha of forest (if the width of bridge or viaduct is 56 m as designed in the FS report). From the result of the field survey in this EIA study over 30 vegetation species in this area were identified, but the most common one is Rhizophora apiculata, the remaining species belong to Phoenix species, Soneratia caseolaris, Avicennia alba, A. officinalis, Acantus ebracteatus, Acrostichum aureumspecies. The project will not construct 2 approach roads connecting the Thi Vai bridge to 2 sites, but 2 approach viaducts will be constructed, so the area of mangrove forest to be cleared for construction of viaducts will be only some thousands m2 to one ha for construction of viaduct pillars (detailed area may be only exactly determined during construction phase). Along the alignment mangrove forests are found only at the Thi Vai river banks. At other sections (Can Gio, Binh Chanh districts) along the river banks mangrove trees (mainly Nipa palms, Sonneratia, and some grass trees: Acanthus, Cyperus, and Paspalum species grow thinly. Therefore, area of mangrove trees to be cleared at other sections are small (see Chapter V) and it may be exactly determined only during the construction phase at each site.

298. Structure of mangrove forest at the Thi Vai river is simple: there is a layer of wood trees with 12 17m height and stem diameter (DBH) is about 5cm - 17cm, (average DHB is about 12cm). Density of trees is about 100 5,000 trees per hectare, depending on location: it is high 3,000 - 5,000 trees/ha) at the Western bank (Phuoc An commune Nhon Trach district) and low (100 200 trees/ha) at the Eastern bank (Phuoc Thai commune Long Thanh district). Rhizophora apiculata occurring at 90% in the total species number. Outside the boundary of this forest closest to river banks, some plants such as Avicennia alba, Excoecarta agallocha grow well. Towards upstream of the Thi Vai river at brackish water area, some native plants such as Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia caseolaris, Aglaodorum griffithii, Derris trifolia, Acrostichum aureum are commonly found. 299. Birds are commonly found at the mangrove forest at the Thi Vai river. Some common birds are Passer montanus, Ardeola bacchus, Centropus sinensis, Hirundo rustica, Pycnonotus jocosus, Streptopelia chinensis, Porzana pusilla. iv. Paddy Fields and Upland Fields

300. These habitats occur in the whole sections of the project alignment from Ben Luc, Can Giuoc, Binh Chanh, Nhon Trach districts and Binh Khanh commune of Can Gio district. Composition of species are simple, besides rice, some natural grasses grow such as Ludwidgia adscendens, Ludwidgia octovalvis, Ipomoea aquatica, Cynodon dactylum, Eragrostis pilosa,

126

Echinochloa crus-galli, Eleusine indica, and some representatives of Cyperus. At present, the area of paddy fields is reduced by urbanization and development of industrial parks. In fallow paddy fields, Cyperus malaccensis and Echinochloa crus-galli associations appear. 301. At Section 5 along local road No. 19 in Nhon Trach District, on high elevation, there are upland fields with tapioca (Manihot esculenta). The soil is poor in fertility and has no irrigation system. 302. Some animal species are observed rarely. They are Egretta garzetta, Passer montanus, Centropus sinensis (birds), Bufo melanostictus, Rana rugulosa, Xenochrophis piscator (amphibians and reptiles). v. Aquacultural Land and Ponds

303. Natural ponds are not common in the study area. Almost al ponds are dug for shrimps and fish cultures. They are located mainly at wetland area in districts of Nha Be (Section 3), Can Gio (Section 4), a part of Binh Chanh (Section 2), Nhon Trach (Section 5) and Long Thanh (Section 6). There are few plants species growing around ponds due to high soil salinity and/or acidity. The species of Paspalum vaginatum, Pluchea indica, Acrostichum aureum, Cyperus malaccensis, Scirpus grossus, Scirpus littoralis are commonly found. 304. At this area some bird species of Egretta garzetta, Passer montanus, Alcedo atthis, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, and some reptile and amphibian species as Bufo melanostictus, Xenochrophis piscator may be found. vi. Gardens

305. Gardens are located in all communes in the whole study area, but they are more common in Sections 1 (Ben Luc), 2 (Binh Chanh), 5 (Nhon Trach) and 6 (Long Thanh). A typical structure of these habitats includes a house with some fruit trees, wood trees and shady trees planted around. The common fruit trees are Cocos nucifera, Area catechu, Mangifera sp., Psidium guiava; wood trees are Acacia auriculaeformis, Eucalyptus tereticornis, shady trees are Terminalia catappa, Muntingia calabura, Samanea samam. 306. Common species of Passer montanus, Centropus sinensis, Bufo melanostictus, Rana rugulosa, Trimeresurus albolabris, and Xenochrophis piscator are found at this habitat. vii. Forestry Gardens

307. There are only small forest plantations of under 2 hectares area. They are mainly located on poor quality soils on high elevation land in Nhon Trach (Section 5) and Long Thanh (Section 6) districts, where it is difficult to irrigate or it is not suitable for planting food crops. Common planted forest trees are Acacia auriculaeformis, Eucalyptus tereticornis and rubber tree (Hevea Brasiliensis). 308. Some species of birds Passer montanus, Centropus sinensis, Trimeresurus albolabris, Dicrurus paradiseus, and Pycnonotus jocosus are found in this habitat. Amphibia and reptiles such as Trimeresurus albolabris, Elaphe radiata, Mabuya longicaudata, Mabuya multifasciata, Polypedates leucomystax, Rana guentheri may be found. viii. Residential Land

309. Residential areas are located along existing roads and canals. Vegetations in these areas include fruit trees, shady trees and ornamental plants. Shady trees include Acacia

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auriculaeformis, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Terminalia catappa, Samanea samam, Muntingia calabura, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Delonix regia, Ceiba pentandra, Dipterocarpus alatus, Khaya senegalensis. Fruit trees include Cocos nucifera, Area catechu; Ornamental trees include Hibicus rosa-sinensis, Bougainvillea brasiliensis, Ixora balansae. 310. Wild animal species are observed rarely. The only common species is Passer montanus. ix. Evaluation on the Ecological Values of the Habitats in the Study Area

311. Combining all above given criteria ecological values of all terrestrial habitats in the whole sections of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway project may be evaluated in Table IV.38. Table IV.38: Evaluation of Values of the Terrestrial Habitats in the Study Area
No. Naturalness Size Diversity Rarity Re-creatability Fragmentation Potential value Nursery/breeding ground Age Abundance/Richness of wildlife Summary Score Value
Notes: Code I II IV IV V VI VII VIV Type of community Riparian corridor Canal corridor Mangrove forest Paddy and Upland fields Ponds Gardens Forestry gardens Residential land

Criteria I 7 1 7 6 7 1 6 6 7 6 54 3 II 8 3 8 7 8 2 7 7 8 7 65 2 IV 6 2 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 8 66 1

Habitat type IV V VI 4 8 2 2 2 7 2 2 4 3 36 5 5 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 2 4 35 6 2 7 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 2 36 5

VII 3 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 49 4

VIV 1 5 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 19 7

Score 8 - 1 : The higher score is the more value is

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The Soai Rap river near the proposed Binh Khanh bridge

Nypa fruticans and Sonneratia caseolaris associations at Long Tau river bank

Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia alba Associations at Thi Vai river bank

Vegetation at canal corridors

Vegetation at riparian corridor

Paddy field

Figure IV.7:

Images of Typical Types of Habitats at Project Area

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x.

Flora and Fauna Species at the Project ROW

312. The results of the survey in May to August 2009 conducted by the Project Environmental Team show that in the study area (about 500 meters in width along the Project alignment from Ben Luc district to Long Thanh district), 83 vegetation species (Appendix IV.4.1) and 19 common wild animal species (Appendix IV.4.2) were identified. There are no endangered species listed in the Vietnam Red Book (2000). Biodiversity (area, density and number of vegetation and wild animal species) is not high at almost all sections, except for in a mangrove forest at the Thi Vai river. Mangrove forest is not grown at Binh Khanh commune, although Can Gio district is a location in the Biosphere Reserve. xi. Taxon of Flora

313. The field surveys from May to August 2009 at the proposed Project alignment have identified 148 species of plants of 58 families (Table IV.39). Table IV.39: Flora in the Study Area, 2009
Taxon Polydiophyta Dicotyledonae Monocotylendon Total Families 6 44 8 58 Species 6 97 45 148

314.

List of common flora species in the study area is given in Appendix IV.4.1. xii. Taxon of Fauna

315. Number of fauna families and species found from May to August 2009 at study areas are shown in Table IV.40. Table IV.40: Structure of Fauna in the Study Area, July 2009
Group Mammalia Aves Reptilia Amphibia Total Families 2 13 5 4 24 Species 3 20 13 8 44

Sources: All tables from IV.1. to IV.40 in this Chapter are study results obtained by the EIA Team of VESDEC for KEI in the ADB TA 7155 - VIE, 2009.

316.

List of common fauna species in the study area is given in Appendixes to EIA Report". 3. Natural Protected Areas

317. Within a distance of 30km from the project alignment there is one natural protected site: Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest (Official name of Vietnam) or Can Gio Biosphere Reserve (name given by UNESCO). Closest direct distance from the project alignment to the boundary of the core zone of this Bioshere Reserve is 12.2 Km, by road is over 15.0 Km. Closest direct distance from the project alignment to the boundary of the buffer zone of Biosphere Reserve is 7.5 Km, by road is 9.9 Km. The project alignment traverses only the transition zone of this Biosphere Reserve. Total length of the alignment passing the transition zone is 6,000 m.

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a.

Profile of Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest

318. Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest is located in Can Gio district (formerly Duyen Hai district), in the territory of Ho Chi Minh City. This is a region of estuarine tidal mud flats, where the rivers such as Vam Co, Sai Gon and Dong Nai pour water to the sea. Can Gio district is of a low, muddy and continuously variable terrain with numerous canals, creeks and tributary rivers. It borders Nha Be district in the North, Tan Thanh district of Ba Ria Vung Tau province in the East, the East Sea in the South and Tien Giang and Long An provinces in the West. 319. In 1922, the French planned and reserved 4,500 ha of mangrove forests in Can Gio for prevention of storms and soil erosion, and a reserve for exploitation of wood and firewood. 320. In 1964, the US Army started the destruction campaigns using chemical weapons, i.e. herbicides (Agent Orange, Agent Blue and others). In the period of 1965 to 1970, US aircrafts sprayed defoliants many times which destroyed large area of Can Gio mangrove forest. The forest was mostly degraded and exhausted. 321. After the Liberation (1975), in 1978, Can Gio mangrove forest were given to Ho Chi Minh City with 34,468 ha, including 4,500 ha of Nipa palm, 10,000 ha of chapped mud soil and 5,588 ha of former forested land. The remainder included denuded vegetation covers of bushes and clumps with the coverage of less than 40%. In 1979 the People Committee (PC) of Ho Chi Minh City launched a campaign for reforestation of Can Gio forests in order to create a green lung for the city. 322. In five years from 1986 to 1990, the PC of Ho Chi Minh City allotted land to 23 forestation yards and farms. Can Gio was then planned as a coastal protective forest under Decision 173/CT dated 29/ May /1991 by Prime Minister. On 02 February 2000, the Management Board of Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest was established under Decision 169/QD-UB-CNN by the PC of Ho Chi Minh City. At present, this agency includes 96 staff who are in charge of controlling 36,997 ha of forest. 323. On 21 January 2000 the UNESCO Secretary General signed a decision, designating inclusion of Can Gio Mangrove Forest into the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. From this time Can Gio mangrove forest, the first one of Vietnam, became a member of the worldwide network of 368 biosphere reserves. b. Zoning of the Can Gio Biosphere Reverve

324. According to the official information of UNESCO (Vietnam's Biosphere Reserves Laboratories for Sustainable Development, 2008) and data from the Southern Forest Planning Institute (2009) the zoning of "Can Gio Bioshere Reserve is as follows. (i) Core Zone occupied 4,721 ha covered the Southern part of Tam Thon Hiep, Western part of Thanh An and Northeastern part of Long Hoa commune with 6 sub-zones numbered 3, 4b, 6, 11, 12 and 13. According to UNESCO and the Southern Forest Planning Institute, priority is given to use of the core zone for scientific studies, particularly comparative studies and researches into sustainability and ability of genetic biodiversity restoration, into adaptation of the biota changed by human influences. The relevance of zoning and function of biosphere reserves and the national objectives of sustainable development regulated by UNESCO are presented in Table IV.40. Buffer Zone: occupied over 37,393 ha, covered Northern part of Tam Thon Hiep, Eastern part of Thanh An, Eastern part of An Thoi Dong and Ly Nhon and

(ii)

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(iii)

Southwestern part of Long Hoa commune with 18 sub-zones and 3,800 ha of water. In this zone, limited forest exploitation is permitted on the principles of preservation of resources, biodiversity and ecological balance. In fact, models of forestation together aquaculture (snail, shell-fish, crab, and fish) at small or family scale will be maintained in order to secure local peoples income. Transition Zone: covered all area of Binh Khanh commune, Western parts of An Thoi Dong and Ly Nhon communes, all area of Can Thanh Town with over 29,310ha. According to UNESCO in the transition zone of biosphere reserve the economic objective are "to develop urban areas, industrial zone and economic development to meet the demand of local and national".

Table IV.41: The Relevance of Zoning and Function of Biosphere Reserves and the National Objectives of Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Economic objectives Zoning of biosphere reserve Buffer zone (economic Transition zone development which do (economic development not affect core zone) meet the demands of local and national) Absorb carbon which To develop economic To develop urban areas, contributes to reduce the clean, to develop ecoindustrial zone GHG, maintain tourism, trade with underground water, flood locals. control and maintain ground water. Contribute to cultural Creative job, contributing Contribute to implement education, environmental to eliminate hunger and the economic moral: harmonious reduce poverty and development target of between people and social problems. local and regional. nature. Conserve, reserve Green environment. Green - clean - beautiful genetic variations and Green belt to protec environment, develop rare species for human environment. park areas, tree. Core zone (Biodiversity conservation)

Social objectives

Environmental protection

Source: UNESCO MAB, Operation of Using Biosphere Reserves as Learning Laboratory for Sustainable Development, 2008 (Figure IV.8.)

325. According to the information of the Can Gio Mangrove Management Board and the Section of Natural Resource and Environment of the district in this transition zone all kinds of transport (highway, road, and port), agriculture, aquaculture, urban development projects are permitted to be developed. 326. It is clear that a section of the expressway connecting the Nha Be river to Long Tau river across Binh Khanh commune was included in the Master Plan of Ho Chi Minh City. 327. With above information on the zoning of the Can Gio Biosphere Reserve , the alignment selected for the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway will not cross over Can Gio mangrove forest due to it being located in the North of Binh Khanh commune about 10km from the forest. Therefore, this project and other infrastructural projects in Binh Khanh Commune comply with the Vietnam' Laws on Forest Protection and Development and Biodiversity and the UNESCO Regulation. 328. This project alignment is accepted by the Management Board of Can Gio Protected Forest (Letter N126/ CV BQL dated 29 July 2009) and the Can Gio District PC (Notice: 622/ UBND dated 10 June 2009).

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Figure IV.8:

UNESCO MAB Guideline on the Relevance of Zoning and Function of Biosphere Reserve

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c.

Biodiversity of Can Gio Mangrove Forest

329. After 30 years of rehabilitation, Can Gio mangrove forest has now returned to a green state. At present, the total area of forest is 38,660 ha, occupying 54.16% of the total area of the district. The total planted forests include 34,440 ha of Rhizophora apiculata, 715 ha of eucalyptus, 280 ha of Nipa palm, 18 ha of Avicenna, 68ha of Rhizophora mucronata, 99ha of Sindora maritima, 638ha of Ceriops spp. and the remaining area is other species. Studies of Vien Ngoc Nam et al discovered 157 vegetation species of 76 families, including typical species of saline wetlands such as Rhizophora spp., Nipa palm, Avicennia spp., Sonneratia spp., Bruguiera, Acanthus etc. 330. Together with the recovery of the vegetation carpet, the fauna in Can Gio biosphere reserve has developed in numbers of species and individuals in the core zone of the Bioshere Reserve. 331. As for aquatic creatures, the Environmental Protection Center (VESDEC) of VESDI (2000, 2009) has identified 90-180 phytoplankton species of 6 phyla, depending on seasons and locations, 26-51 zooplankton species, 36-50 zoobenthos species such as shrimp, crab and shell-fish. 137 fish species with economically valuable ones such as catfish, Lates calcafier were identified by Hoang Duc Dat and others (1997). 332. The study by Nguyen Ngoc Sang, the Institute for Tropical Biology, from September 2006 to March 2007 discovered other 9 amphibian and reptile species (Occidozyra martensii, Polypedates dennystii, hemidactyctylus garnoti, Calotes mystaceus, Ahaetulla nasuta, A. prasina, Enhydris enhydris, Ptyas korros, Nija nija). However, there is no reptile species in this region listed in the Vietnam Red Book (2000). 333. Tidal mud flats and sand dunes in the biosphere reserve are the vital habitats of 145 coastal bird species. A report by the ADB (1999) recorded typical bird species such as Tringa glareola, T. totanus, Actitis hypoleucos, Pluvialis squatarola, Charadrius mongolus, and Himantopus himantopus. At present, they are very rarely observed in the Can Gio forest. 334. Some endangered bird species have been observed in Can Gio with low frequency; those include Tringa guttifer, Limnodromus semipalmatus, Pelecanus philippensis and Mycteria leucocephala (Tordoff et al. 2002.). At present, they have almost disappeared in this Biosphere Reserve. 335. As for wild animals, 19 mammal species including monkey, wild board, otter, wild cats, etc. are recorded in the core and buffer zones. Besides monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with about 500 individuals, the other mammal animal species are very rarely observed. d. Biodiversity at the Projects ROW at Can Gio District

336. The proposed alignment of Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway will across the Northern part of Binh Khanh commune in Can Gio district. Binh Khanh commune is located in the transition zone, outside of the mangrove forest. During recent 30 years there was not an area of forest planted in this commune. At present, the commune is a main rice cultivation area of Can Gio district. Large part of the commune area is used for aquaculture, port and resident sites (see land use map scale 1:50,000 in this chapter and Google map in Chapter V). 337. According to the results of the field surveys conducted by the EIA Team in May August 2009, in Binh Khanh the main vegetation species are rice, various species of brush trees. Some

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thin belts of Nipa palm, Sonneratia spp. along the Nha Be, Long Tau rivers and canals occur. There are some species of wild animals as frogs, snakes, and birds but they are rarely found. There is not a species belonging to the Vietnam Red Book (detailed data on vegetation and animal species found in Binh Khanh commune are shown Chapter V of this EIA Report.

Proposed

Ben

Luc

Long

Thanh

Long Tau rriiverr Long Tau ve

Nha Be rriiverr Nha Be ve Transition Zone Biinh Khanh B nh Khanh

Buffer Zone

Core Zone

Tam Thon Hiiep Tam Thon H ep An An Thoii Tho Thanh An Thanh An

Ly Nhon Ly Nhon

Long Hiiep Long H ep Ganh Ganh Raii Ra

Soaii Soa

Rap Rap
Dong Trranh rriiverr Dong T anh ve

Transition Zone

LEGEND Core zone Buffer zone Transition zone

Figure IV.9:

Zoning of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve

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Figure IV.10: Present Landscape of Binh Khanh Commune in Can Gio District

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C.

Socio Economic Environment

338. Based on information from Socio- Economic Reports for 2008 and the first 6 months of 2009 provided by Peoples Committees of 7 districts in the project area and the results in the Socio- Economic Survey of the EIA Team, the present state of socio- economy of the project districts are summarized as follows. Present land use of 7 districts is shown in Figure IV.11. 1. Socio-Economy of Ben Luc District of Long An Province a. Population

339. According to Long Ans Statistics Yearbook in 2008, Ben Luc district has an area of 289.539 km2 and population of 132,691 inhabitants (65,118 inhabitants are male and 67.501 inhabitants are female), population density of 458 inhabitants/km2 (18,778 inhabitants living in the urban area and 113,841 in the rural area). b. Education

340. In the school year 2008-2009, in Ben Luc district there are 14 public kindergartens and semi-public kindergartens with 133 classrooms in total; 24 public primary schools (364 classrooms), 13 secondary schools (219 classrooms) and 3 high schools (100 classrooms), 4,415 pupils in total (3,259 public pupils and 1,156 semi-public pupils), 4,151 pupils in the kindergartens. c. Health Care

341. In 2008, there were 17 medical stations with 125 beds, 1 general hospital with 120 beds; 15 medical stations at communes in the Ben Luc district. In 2008, there were 162 medical personnel included 41 medical doctors, 58 physicians and technicians, 56 nurses and 7 persons working in the other related field. d. Agriculture

342. The total production of agricultural sector in 2008 of district achieved VND 368 billion (fixed price in 1994), obtaining 106.9% of the year plan. The production value of cultivation sector was VND 306 billion, obtaining 110% of the year plan. The production value of animal husbandry sector was VND 57.5 billion, obtaining 101.7% of the year plan. GDP of the sector of agriculture in 2008 was about VND 195 billion, obtaining 101% of the plan, increasing 3.1% compared to that in 2007, but agricultural structure/ total district GDP obtain only 6.5 % decreasing 1.7 % compared to that in 2007. e. Industry

343. The output value of industrial sector in 2008 was VND 7.159 billion, obtaining 103.27% of the plan, the key industries included food processing, textile, wood processing and others. Domestic investment in 2008 of the district included 950 companies with total capital of VND 5,410.7 billion, accounting for 25% compared to that of province. The number of individual businesses in the period was 434 households in a total of 5,877 households in the province. f. Trade and Services

344. The value of trade and services in 2008 was about 688 billion, increasing 126% compared to that in 2007, and obtaining 122.4% of the year plan. GDP of trade and services

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sector was 165 billion, increasing 22.7% compared to that in 2007. There were 5.865, hotels and restaurants in 2008, with 11,937 people working in this field. g. 345. Land Use

The present land use in the district is as follows: 23,170.21 ha 21,802.77 ha 1,286.06 ha 79.73 ha 1.65 ha 5.274.74 ha 1,239.32 ha 2,625 ha 15.22 ha 87.18 ha 1,308.02 ha 508.92 ha h. Historical, Cultural and Religious Works i. Religious Buildings

Agricultural land - Cultivation land - Forestry land - Aquaculture land - Other agricultural land Non- agricultural land: - Residential land: - Land for specific use (road, office, hospitals) - Religious land: - Cemetery land - Stream. river and water body land Unused land

346. According to the statistics, Ben Luc district has 18 Buddhist pagodas spreading in almost communes of the district. Besides, there are 4 Catholic churches and a temple of Cao Dai. All of these structures will not be affected by land acquisition, and project construction and operation (here and after: zones may be evidently affected by construction and expressway operation- noise impacts is about 200 m from the alignment). ii. Cultural and Historical Monument

347. In the district there are 3 historical monuments. There not a historic or religious site/building will be affected by the project. 2. Socio - Economy of Can Giuoc District a. Population

348. In 2008, population of Can Giuoc district was 132,691 inhabitants, in which 49.1% of male and 50.9% of female, and population density was 809 inhabitants/km2.

LAND USE MAP 138 BEN LUC LONG THANH EXPRESSWAY PROJECT

IC1 IC3 IC4

IC5 IC6

IC7

IC8

SCALE: 1.200.000

Figure IV.11: Present Land Use of 7 Districts

139 b. Education

349. In the school year 2008-2009 in Can Giuoc district there are: 1 public kindergarten (10 classrooms, 21 teachers, 314 pupils), 16 semi- public schools (140 classrooms, 144 teachers, 3.875 pupils), 1 private school (10 classrooms, 21 teachers, 317 pupils), 39 primary, secondary and high schools with 777 classrooms, 1, 069 teachers, 26, 541 pupils). c. Health Care

350. In 2008, Can Giuoc has a general hospital (170 beds), 17 medical stations, 225 medical personnel, in which the number of medical doctors was 49 people, 74 physicians and technicians, 86 nurses in the other related field. d. Agriculture

351. Winter-Spring rice-crops had 5,755 ha, obtaining 112.7% of the year plan, harvested 5,586 ha, and obtaining 97.1% of the plan. Productivity of 33.7 quintal/ha, output of 18.829 tons. In season crops, 2,791 ha were sowed, obtaining 85% of the plan and harvesting, obtained 44% with productivity of 2.43 quintal/ha and output of 2,630 tons. In SummerAutumn crops, 4,765 ha were sowed, obtaining 88% of the plan. Vegetables and crops were planted and harvested 1,318 ha, obtaining 92% of the plan, increasing 19% compared with that in 2007. e. Industries and Handicrafts

352. Total output value is estimated VND 40.4 billion, increasing 18% that of the same period last year. Total retail goods and services sales is estimated as VND 31 billion. f. 353. Trade and Services

There were 4,942 hotels, restaurants in 2008. g. Land Use

354.

The present land use of the district is as follows. 15,340.63 ha 12,554.42 ha 40.63 ha 2,745.58 ha 5,459.58 ha 2,379.43 ha 965.01 ha 38.49 ha 129.59 ha 1,947.06 ha 200.4 ha h. Historical, Cultural and Religious Works i. Religious works

Agricultural land - Cultivation land - Forestry land - Aquaculture land Non-agricultural land - Residential land: - Land for specific use (road, office, hospitals) - Religious land - Cemetery land - Stream. river and water body land - Unused land

355. According to the statistics, Can Gio district has 5 small pagodas spreading at almost communes of district. Besides, there are 3 churches and 4 temples of Cao Dai. All these structures are located outside the project impact zone.

140 ii. Cultural and Historical Monument

356. Sites include Ton Thanh pagoda which is recognized as a national cultural historical monument at My Loc commune, Linh Son pagoda which is an archaeological relic at Rach Nui, Dong Thanh commune, Giac Tanh pagoda at Tan Kim commune, Thoi Binh Pagoda which is an art architecture at Phuoc Lai commune. All these structures are located outside the project affected zone. 3. Socio - Economy of Binh Chanh District a. Population

357. According to Ho Chi Minh Citys Statistics Yearbook in 2008, Binh Chanh had population of 373,441 inhabitants and population density of 1,478 inhabitants /km2. b. Education

358. In the school year 2008-2009, Binh Chanh district had 21 kindergartens (422 teachers, 9,444 pupils), 45 primary, secondary and high schools (980 classrooms, 1,373 teachers, 38, 846 pupils) c. Health Care

359. Binh Chanh district has 2 hospitals and 22 medical stations. There were 416 sick cases: 322 Dengue fever, 92 other diseases and 2 cases of H1N1. d. Industries and Handicrafts

360. Output value (fixed prices in 1994) for the first 5 months in 2009 achieved VND 1,034 billion and 621 million, increasing 26.88% compared to that of the same period in 2008. Output value of industrial sector for the first 6 months in 2009 was estimated 1,257 billion 483 million VND, obtaining 46.16% of the year plan of 2009, increasing 27.35% compared to that of the same period in 2008. These are the results of increase in some industries such as food and drink processing (25.89%), shoes industries (19.89%), production of rubber and plastic products (27.34%), metal products (17.84%). e. Agriculture

361. In 2008, area of Summer- Autumn rice cultivation area was 2,448 ha, obtaining 106.9% of the plan and decreasing 6.53% compared to that of the same period last year. Winter-Spring crop rice area was 920.8 ha, obtaining 84.24 of the plan, decreasing 13.4% compared to that of the same period last year. Harvested output was 20,257.6 tons; Summer- Autumn crop rice area was 490 ha, obtaining 52.57% of the plan decreasing 8.05% compared to that of the same period last year. 45 ha of corn and about 1, 267 ha of sugar-cane were planted. Area of aquaculture is estimated at 950 ha, obtaining 95% of the year plan increasing 1.28% compared to that of the same period last year. Besides fish, 22,246 crocodiles, in which 993 parents crocodiles, were bred. Animal husbandry was well developed with 30,248 pigs, 1,056 cows, 1,162 goats, 542 sheep. f. Trade and Services

362. Sales (real prices) for the first 5 months in 2009 achieved VND 1,450 billion, increasing 25.99% compared to that of the same period in 2008. Sales for the first 6 months in 2009 estimated VND 1,762 billion and 427 million VND, obtaining 48.74% of the plan in 2009, increasing 26.56% compared to that of the same period in 2008. g. 363. Land Use

The present land use of Binh Chanh is as follows.

141 Agricultural land - Cultivation land - Forestry land - Aquaculture land - Other agricultural land Non- agricultural land - Residential land - Land for specific use (road, office, hospitals) - Religious land: - Cemetery land - Pond and water body land - Other agricultural land Unused land h. 19,356.93 ha 16,742.08 ha 1,421.47 ha 1,161.60 ha 31.78 ha 5,603.87 ha 1,761.95 ha 2,798.48 ha 23.34 ha 92.09 ha 927.09 ha 0.92 ha 294.48 ha Historical, Cultural and Religious Works i. Religious Works

364. According to the statistics Binh Chanh district has 21 Buddhist pagodas and 5 Catholic churches. All of them are located outside of the project affected zone. ii. Historical and Cultural Monuments

365. Binh Chanh has Rach Gia Historical Monument, Hau My Communal House at Hung Long commune, Lang Le- Bau Co at Tan Kien commune, Tan Tuc Communal House. Besides, it also has other art architecture monuments at city level such as Phu Loc Communal House at hamlet 5 in Phong Phu commune and Binh Truong Communal House. There is not a site affected by the project. 4. Socio - Economy of Nha Be District a. Population

366. According to Ho Chi Minh Citys Statistics Yearbook in 2008, Nha Be had population of 82,819 inhabitants and population density of 825 inhabitants /km2. There were 48.76% of male and 51.23% of female. b. Education

367. In the school year 2008-2009, Nha Be district had 16 kindergartens (158 teachers, 2,703 pupils), 19 primary, secondary and high schools (346 classrooms, 486 teachers, 12,645 pupils). c. Health

368. Nha Be district has 1 hospital, 1 preventive medical centre and 7 medical stations. There is no epidemic disease happened in the district; implementing well vaccination program for all pupils and measures to prevent Dengue fever, varicella and rubella. d. Industries and Handicrafts

369. Estimated output value of industrial sector achieved VND 69,103 billion, obtaining 54.84 % of the plan in 2009 (126 billion)

142 e. Agriculture

370. Animal husbandry in 2008 there were: 10,000 pigs, cows, buffalos, goats, sheep were grown by 500 households in the district. Aquaculture: 168 ha in total area were used for fish and shrimp culture. The harvested shrimp were 288.6 tons at 104 ha and 2,775 tons/ha on average productivity. Amount of harvested fish were 1160 tons/290 ha in total output. 4 tons/ha on average productivity. f. Trade and Services

371. Estimated sales of trade and services achieved VND 1,449.993 billion, obtaining 44.79% of the plan in 2009. g. 372. Land Use

The present land use is as follows 5,226.57 ha 4,367.90 ha 846.34 ha 12.51 ha 4,786.64 ha 764.36 ha 1,770.13 ha 7.62 ha 25.73 ha 2,218.80 ha 42.18 ha h. Historical, Cultural and Religious Buildings i. Religious works

Agricultural land - Cultivation land - Aquaculture land - Other agricultural land Non- agricultural land - Residential land - Land for specific use (road, office, hospitals) - Religious land - Cemetery land - Stream, river and water body land Unused land

373. According to the statistics, Nha Be district has 9 pagodas, 1 church and 1 temple of Cao Dai. All of them will not be affected by the project activities. ii. Historical, Cultural Monument

374. Nha Be district has Go Moi Historical Monument at Ba Buom hamlet in Phu My commune. They are located outside the project affected zone. 5. Socio-Economy of Can Gio District a. Population

375. According to Ho Chi Minh Citys Statistics Yearbook in 2008, Can Gio had an area of 713.7 km2, occupying 32% of the total area of Ho Chi Minh City but its population was only 69,545 inhabitants, occupying only 1.1% of the total City's population. Population density was 99 inhabitants/km2, in which 49.95% of male and 50.05% of female. Natural birth rate is 0.54%. b. Education

376. In the school year 2008-2009. the district had: 8 kindergartens (122 teachers, 2,492 pupils), 25 primary, secondary and high schools (391 classrooms, 616 teachers, 12,789 pupils).

143

c. 377.

Health Care

Can Gio has 1 hospital, 1 spare medical centre, 1 local ward and 8 medical stations. d. Industries and Handicrafts

378. In Can Gio district industry and handicraft is very poorly developed. In the first 6 months of 2009 estimated production value (price in 1994) in 2008 achieved only VND 83.7 billion, increasing 31.6% comparing to the same period of 2007. e. Agriculture

379. Agricultural production value in the first 6 months in 2009 increased 8%, obtaining 40.6% of the plan: Total output of aquaculture achieved 11,163 tons, equivalent to 71% that of in the same period in the previous year or VND 241,083 million of total output value, increasing 39% compared to the same period previous year and 37 % of the year plan. Production value of agriculture achieved about VND 5,539 million, increasing 8% compared to the same period last year and obtaining 42% of the plan. Salt production achieved 29,500 tons. f. Trade and Services

380. In the first 6 months of 2009 estimated sales achieved VND 1,152 billion, increasing 7% compared to that of the same period last year and obtaining 40.6% of the plan. There are 212,000 tourists, increasing 1% compared to that of the same period last year, obtaining 51.2% of the year plan. g. 381. Land Use

The present land use of the district is as follows. 44,075.88 ha 4,043.69 ha 32,160.62 ha 6,400.25 ha 1,471.32 ha 25,191.76 ha 825.91 ha 829.48 ha 7.57 ha 35.14 ha 23,490.41 ha 3.25 ha 1,153.94 ha h. Historical, Cultural and Religious Buildings i. Religious Building

Agricultural land - Cultivation land - Forestry land - Aquaculture land - Other agricultural land Non- agricultural land - Residential land - Land for specific use (road, office, hospitals) - Religious land: - Cemetery land - Stream. river and water body land - Other agricultural land Unused land

382. According to the statistics, Can Gio has 5 pagodas, 1 church and 4 temples of Cao Dai. All of them are located outside the project affected zone.

144 ii. Historical and Cultural Monument

383. In Can Gio there are a National Historical Monument (Ton Thanh Pagoda), Rung Sac Revolutionary Base and Duong Van Hanh Communal House at Ly Nhon commune. Besides, it also has art architecture such as Can Thanh Communal House at Can Thanh town. All of them are located outside project affected zone. 6. Socio - Economy of Nhon Trach District a. Population

384. Nhon Trach district has an area of 411.32 km2 with population of 137,491 inhabitants and population density of 334 inhabitants/km2 (2008). b. Education

385. In the school year 2008-2009, the district had 14 public schools (163 classrooms, 232 teachers, 4,429 pupils), primary, secondary and high schools (596 classrooms, 914 teachers, 21,152 pupils). c. Health Care

386. Nhon Trach has 1 hospital (60 beds), and 14 medical stations (70 beds). Total number of medical personnel of the district in 2008 was 55 people, including 20 doctors, 11 technicians, 13 nurses and others. d. Industry

387. Industrial production value in the first 6 months in 2009 achieved about VND 3,978 billion, obtaining 45.79% of the year plan and equivalent to 109.28% compared to the same period last year. AT present in the district, there are 328 projects with the total of investment capital up to USD 6 billions and 435.5 million. e. Agriculture

388. Agricultural production value is estimated VND 248.8 billion, obtaining 48% of the plan and increasing 3.7% compared to the same period last year. Total area of trees planted annually is estimated 9,127 ha, obtaining 72% of the year plan, decreasing 2.85% in the same period last year. There are 1,600 buffaloes, 5,470 cows, 40,000 pigs, 180.000 poultries. f. Trade and Services 389. In the first 6 months in 2009 total retail goods of the district achieved VND 392 billion, obtaining 46.12% of the year plan and equivalent to 122.5% that of in the same period of the previous year. There were 254 households (with capital of VND 28.5 billion) registered business increasing to 4,569 business households in the district with the capital of VND 213.4 billion in total. g. 390. Land Use

The present land use of the district is as follows. 27,620.02 ha 16,790.40 ha 8,953.78 ha 1,868.96 ha 7.52 ha 13,394.09 ha 1.877.10 ha

Agricultural land - Cultivation land - Forestry land - Aquaculture land - Other agricultural land Non- agricultural land: - Residential land:

145 - Land for specific use (road, office, hospitals) - Religious land: - Cemetery land - Stream. river and water body land Unused land h. Historical, Cultural and Religious Buildings i. Religious Buildings 4,519.94 ha 49.49 ha 76.31 ha 6,871.25 ha 58.27 ha

391. According to the statistics, Nhon Trach district has 8 pagodas, 3 churches. All of them will not be affected by the project. ii. Historical and Cultural Monuments

392. Nhon Trach has Phu My Communal House which is a provincial level's art architecture at Phu Hoi commune, Nhon Trach tunnel at hamlet 5 in Long Tho commune. Besides, there are other historical monuments such as Mach Ba Well, Nhon Trach Revolutionary Martyr Temple. All of them are located outside the project affected zone. 7. Socio - Economy of Long Thanh District a. Population

393. According to Dong Nais Statistics Yearbook in 2008, Long Thanh had an area of 540.60 km2, population of 222,134 inhabitants and population density of 411 inhabitants/km2. b. Education

394. In the school year 2008 2009. the district had: 23 public kindergartens, (237 classes, 279 teachers, 5,326 pupils), 3 private kindergartens (114 classrooms, 205 teachers, 2,722 pupils), 52 primary, secondary and high schools (1,260 rooms, 888 classrooms, 1,924 teachers, 42,514 pupils). c. Health Care

395. Long Thanh has 19 medical stations (95 beds). The total of medical personnel in whole district is 193 people, including 43 medical doctors, 25 physicians- technicians, 39 nurses and 86 midwives. d. Industries and Handicrafts

396. In the first 6 months in 2009, industrial production value of the district is VND 4,709.2 billion, obtaining 52% of the year plan, increasing 9.29% compared to that of the same period last year. Industrial production value managed by the district was 636.1 billion, obtaining 45.84% of the plan, increasing 9.36% that of in the same period in the previous year, in which export accounting for 59,135 million, obtaining 40.54%, decreasing 2.72% compared to that of in the same period last year. Local industrial production value from foreign investment is VND 3,936.4 billion, increasing 9.57% that of in the same period last year. e. Agriculture

397. In the first 6 months of 2009 production of agriculture forestry and aquaculture was VND 260.6 billion, increasing 9.29 % compared to that of in the same period last year. The production of agriculture is VND 245.6 billion, increasing 9.29 % compared to that of the same period last year. The production of forestry is VND 1,703 billion, increasing 12.9 % compared to that of the same period last year. The production of aquaculture is VND 13.6 billion, increasing 7.6 % compared to that of the same period last year.

146

f.

Trade and Services

398. Total goods sold are estimated as VND 1,862.7 billion, increasing 18.6 % compared to that of the same period last year. Total of retail selling is VND 1,305.6 billion, increasing 19.45 % compared to that of the same period last year. g. 399. Land Use The present land use of the district is as follows. 42,364.87 ha 38,348.69 ha 3,384.03 ha 443.92 ha 188.23 ha 11,410.50 ha 1.515.52 ha 7,130.46 ha 226.98 ha 126.66 ha 2,408.88 ha 220.36 ha 208.67 ha 11.69 ha Historical, Cultural and Religious Building i. Religious Building

Agricultural land - Cultivation land - Forestry land - Aquaculture land - Other agricultural land Non- agricultural land - Residential land - Land for specific use (road, office, hospitals) - Religious land - Cemetery land - Stream. river and water body land Unused land - Unused flat land - Unused upland land h.

400. Long Thanh district has 45 pagodas, 6 churches and 1 temple of Cao Dai. All of them will not be affected by the project. ii. Cultural and Historical Monument

401. Long Thanh has An Hoa Communal House a historical site at An Hoa commune, Nguyen Duc Ung Royal Tomb at Long Phuoc commune. It is located outside the project affected zone. 8. Preliminary Evaluation on the Present Socio-Economic Conditions of PAHs from Public Consultation

402. To obtain preliminary information on the present socio-economic conditions of the project affected households (PAHs) the EIA Team has conducted interview with 50 households in 7 districts at the the Project area: Ben Luc, Can Giuoc (Long An province), Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Can Gio (Ho Chi Minh City), Nhon Trach, Long Thanh (Dong Nai province. The obtained results from the filled questionnaires were synthesized and assessed as follows: a. Interviewers Information

403. Through survey on 50 representative PAHs in the affected area of the project, there are 63.33% of male, 36.67% of female. All of them belong to the ethnic majority of Kinh. There are a variety of religion component including Buddhism (46.67%), Cao Dai Religion (16.67%), other religions accounting for 36.67%.

147

b.

Education Level

404. In 50 PAHs there are 194 people, 7.73% of them at university education level or post - university level, 9.28% of them at college level, 28.35% of them at grade 10-12 level. 65% of them at grade 6 - 9, 22.68% under grade 6 and 10.31% of them illiterate. The collected information shows that education level in different regions greatly differs so that land acquisition and compensation need to be handled carefully and have meticulous related paperwork for households having a low education level. c. Main Income

405. The main income of the interviewed households at the Project communes are as follows: a) Aquaculture (17%); b) Trading (35%); c) Office staff (24%); d) Animal husbandry (12%); e) Gardening (12%); f) Forestry (0%). 406. Through the socio-economic conditions collected from 50 typical households affected by the project, the number of households with main income from salary and business is much more than that from aquaculture, animal husbandry and gardening. According to the surveys results, although at Ben Luc, Can Giuoc, Binh Chanh and Nhon Trach districts have a quite large area of rice cultivation, most of output is used for households and animal raising. 407. Monthly average income of 50 households interviewed have 6.67% of 1-2 million/month. 16.67% of 2-3million/month. 26.67% of 3-5 million/month. 30.00% of 5-10 million/month of and 20.00% of 10 million/month and none under 1 million/month. The survey results show that main income of households is higher than and more stable some other districts in the Mekong Delta Region. d. Requirements in Future Employment

408. There are 53.33% of interviewers keep working their job at present (mainly businessman and workers) and 46.67% do not know what they will work after land loss for the project (almost all households using land as rice planting, gardening, animal raising and aquaculture) e. Environmental Sanitation i. Water Supply

409. Some of 50 households interviewed use rain-water and well-water as main water supply sources, some use drilled well-water and tap-water. According to surveys results, 51.28% of households use rain-water source, 15.38% of them use rain-water source, 25.64 of them use tap-water source and 7.69% of them use dug-well water source. Almost all households in Nha Be and Can Gio use tap-water with price about VND 50.000/m3 (of over 20 times higher than the average price of clean water in the urban area). Groundwater cannot be used for households in Can Gio, whereas in Nha Be water from drilled-well water can be used for bathing and washing mainly, water for cooking and drinking is from watertap or water supply tankers. Concerning water quality in 50 households interviewed, 36.67% of them think that water source is good, 43.33% of them think that it is medium, 3.33% of them think that it is bad and the rest (16.67%) have no comments. ii. Waste Collection, Disposal and Treatment

410. There are 43.33% of households said that waste are collected and treated by collecting system of commune or company; 30.00% of them dug to bury waste; 26.67% of them collect waste and burn. At the crowded population site including Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Long Thanh and a part of Can Gio, there is collecting waste system. At the remaining

148 districts in thinly populated sites, almost waste are collected and treated at households by digging holes to bury making fertilizers for gardening or burning. iii. Sewage Drainage System

411. In 50 households interviewed. 23.33% of them have public drainage water system of commune; 33.33% of them discharges waste water in canal system, the rest of them let waste water overflow and absorb by soil (43.33%). Almost all areas that alignment will pass have not had sewage drainage system, accept for some area close to Highways 1 and 51 or some dense population sites. f. Requirements of PAHs in Environmental Management of the Project

412. According to the results from interview on the representative PAHs the project owner is required to have effective measures in environment protection, particularly dust, noise and vibration mitigation during the project construction activities. The project should ensure a good drainage system, not make difficulties for people in daily life and production, be good at labour resource management that does not affect to public security and spiritual life of the local people. Moreover, the PAHs require that the policies on land acquisition and compensation should be reasonable and the investors should create policies on employments, using local labour resource.

149 V A. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Approach to Screening of Environmental Impacts

413. The approach to screening of environmental impacts for the Project follows the guidance contained in a range of documents relevant to environmental assessment of road projects including the following key documents: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, Toll Roads, April, 2007 Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects (Highways and Roads, ADB, 1993) Vietnam Guidelines for EIA (Decision N21/ 2008/QCP, Circular 05/2008/BTNMT) Vietnam Technical Guideline for EIA for Transport Project, 2002 World Bank (WB) Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Vol.2, Guideline for Environmental Assessment for Roads and Highways Projects,1991.

In this EIA the document (i) is most important to be followed. 414. Issues for inclusion in the environmental screening were identified through the EIA scoping process. Based on knowledge of the existing environment, the project characteristics and experience with the typical potential impacts of road and highway development, those issues for which environmental impacts were likely to occur were identified. 415. A range of technical investigations was carried out for each of the identified environmental issues to determine the effect that the project may have on a particular characteristics of the surrounding environment. Potential impacts were categorized according to the project phases, i.e. pre-construction, construction or operation, in which they occurred. Impacts with the potential to occur during decommissioning or as a result of accidents or unforeseen conditions were also identified. This process was carried out to ensure mitigation measures could be developed which were appropriate to each project phases. 416. For those identified impacts for which it was possible and/or necessary, mitigation measures were developed. The following hierarchy of mitigation strategies (from highest priority to lowest priority) was implemented: (i) Avoiding the impact (e.g. recommending measures to be implemented during detailed design to avoid physical impact on areas of wetland ecosystem, particularly mangroves); Minimizing the impact (e.g. installing wastewater treatment systems to treat effluent before discharge); Rectifying the impact (e.g. rehabilitating areas where mangroves have been destroyed as a result of the project); or Compensating for the impact (e.g., providing financial compensation for those who will lose land as part of the Project).

(ii) (iii) (iv)

417. Cumulative impacts of the project were considered separately. Cumulative impacts are complex impacts that arise from the Project acting in combination with other past, present and future activities and development. Cumulative impacts can be: (i) Additive: impacts that result from the combined effect of a number of smaller impacts

150 (ii) (iii) Compensatory: impacts that occur when the effects of one project or activity act to offset the effects of another Synergistic: impacts that result when smaller impacts combine to create different or more significant impacts the overall impact is greater than the sum of the individual impacts Masking: impacts of multiple projects overlap in a way that there is no perceived additional impact, usually for an initial period of time after which impacts become one of the other types of cumulative impacts

(iv)

Classification of Environmental Impacts of the Project 418. In this EIA report, (negative) environmental impacts of the Project are classified into 5 levels in accordance with international classifications with specific conditions of the project site taken into account. (i) (ii) No impact: means unapparent and negligible influence on the natural and socio-economic environments at the project site and its surroundings. Minor impact (or small impact): means slight influence on a small portion of population (in this projects: some households at each commune) or a small area of natural ecosystems (for example, less than 1.0 ha at each site). Intermediate (or medium impact): means influence on a portion of population or a relatively large area of natural ecosystems (for example 1.0 10.0 ha of forest at each sites). Major impact: means significant influence on a large portion of population (various communes inside and around the project ROW) or a large area of natural ecosystems (more than 10.0 ha each site in this project). Unknown impact: means influence that is unpredictable as lacking information or data (for instance, impacts due to sea level rise, earthquake, heavy flood, etc in this project area).

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

Each impact is also determined as short-term or long-term, recoverable or irrecoverable, unmitigable or mitigable. B. 419. Impacts in the Pre-Construction Stage and Mitigation Measures In the Pre-Construction Stage the main activities of the project are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Study to select best alignment of the expressway. Further investigation on geo-engineering to detailed design the road and bridge. Design roads, bridges and other technical facilities. Acquire land, relocate houses and infrastructural facilities; remove vegetation covers within the project ROW for construction of road, bridges and other technical facilities. Implement resettlement action plan (RAP). Land clearing for preparation of clean area for road and bridge construction. Physical Environment

(v) (vi)

1.

420. From the above identified activities it may be found that in the pre-construction phase, the physical environment, particularly land, water, air environment may be affected. However, the impacts on the physical environment are expected as minor. 421. The geo-engineering investigation by drilling may cause adverse impacts on groundwater quality and air quality. This impact is expected as minor and mitigable.

151 422. During site clearance vegetation cover within the project's ROW will be cleared. This activity not only impacts on local biological resource, which is assessed in the next Section V.B.2, but also on the physical environment. The sections where large area of trees will be cleared are Section 3 (Nha Be district), Section 4 (Can Gio district), Section 5 (Nhon Trach district) and Section 6 (Long Thanh district). The main vegetation species to be cleared are Nipa palm, brackish water shrubs trees (in Sections 3, 4) and Nipa palm, Sonneratia sp., Rhizophora spp. (in Sections 4, 5 and 6) 423. From observation during field surveys it may be estimated that at Sections 3 and 4 total weight of trees to be cleared may be 50 T (mainly at canal and river banks). It may be over 50 T in Section 5 (mainly at the Western Thi Vai river bank: maximum 0.5ha *5,000 trees/ha * 20kg/tree) and over 20 T in Section 6 (mainly at the Eastern Thi Vai river bank: maximum 0.5ha * 2,000trees/ha * 20kg/tree). Amount of vegetation to be cleared at other sections is small. 424. In case of disposal of this amount of biological waste (roots, trunks, branches, leaves of trees) into the surrounded canals, river or land the following environmental impacts may be expected. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) water pollution by organic matters air pollution by odor generated from decaying products obstruction of waterway transport aesthetic impact

425. To avoid the above predicted impacts on the physical environment the following countermeasures will be implemented by each Site Clearance Team. Disposal of cut vegetation into canals, rivers is prohibited. At each construction team properly collect the cut trees into a site and allow local residents to take out for their use for construction materials or fuel. (iii) Burning the cut trees may be done only in some limited cases with the following conditions: Small amount of the cut trees (less than 100kg at a time) shall be burned in accordance with national and local regulations Location of burning place is far (over 500m) from residential areas, and other sensitive receptors such as schools, hospital, culturally significant sites, etc. fuel storage sites, and over 200m from construction worker camp. With available and sufficient fire prevention devices and manpower for fire extinguishing and for ensuring that surrounding vegetation are protected from fire. Will not cause nuisance and safety risks to sensitive receptors (houses, schools, etc.) and road users in the surrounding areas. 2. Biological Environment 426. To clearly predict the impacts of land acquisition and site clearance for road and bridge construction, the EIA Team conducted detailed surveys for 3 months from mid - May to mid - August 2009 on the present ecological conditions, particularly, terrestrial habitats at the project ROW and the surrounding areas with the width and the length of the study area are 500m x 60,000m. 427. To easily identify ecological characteristics of the project area, the whole length of the alignment is divided into 6 sections according to the district's boundaries (see Chapter III). At each section characteristics of habitats, included flora and fauna were recorded. Combining the results of the field surveys, present land use map and analysis of Google maps the following prediction on ecological impacts of land clearance in the pre-construction phase may be given. (i) (ii)

152 a. Ecological Impacts Caused by Land Clearance and Vegetation Removal at Section 1: From Starting Point to Ong Com Canal (Ben Luc and Can Giuoc District Section) and Mitigation Measures

428. In this section only two habitats are dominant: paddy fields, occupying about 88% of the total length of the section. Gardens and residential land, occupying about (12%) of the length of the section (Figure V.1). The common vegetation species are shown in Table V.1 and wild animal species - in Table V.2. 429. All wild animal species are commonly found in the downstream region of the Dong Nai - Sai Gon river basin. Table V.1:
No 1. Habitats Paddy fields

Common Vegetation Species at Section 1

Wild species Ludwidgia octovalvi Ludwidgia adscendens Commellna difiusa Ipomoea aquatica Echinochloa crus-galli Eupatorium odoratum Cynodon dactylum Eleusine indica Chloris barbata Eupatorium odoratum Cynodon dactylum Eleusine indica Chloris barbata Eragrostis pilosa Planted species Oryza sativa Saccharum officinarum Ipomoea batatas Ananas comosus Lycopersicon esculentum Arachis hypogea Cocos nucifera Acacia auriculaeformis Eucalyptus tereticornis Mangifera indica Muntingia calabura Terminalia catappa Peltophorum dasyrrachis Delonix regia

2.

Gardens and Residential land

Source: all tables and figures in Chapter V, except for tables V.18, V.20, v.24, V.26, V.27, V.29, V.31 and figure V.23 are study results of VESDEC/ VESDI in the ADB TA7155-VIE.

Table V.2:
1. Habitats Paddy fields

Common Fauna Species at Section 1

Aves Egretta garzetta Reptilia and amphibia Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Bufo melanostictus Xenochrophis piscator Enhydris enhydris Trimeresurus albolabris Hemydactylus frenatus Mabuya longicaudata Mabuya multifasciata

Manmalia Rattus argentiventer

2.

Gardens and Residential land

Rattus exulans

Passer montanus Centropus sinensis Rattus exulansRattus exulans

430. From the above information the impact caused by land clearance and vegetation removal in this section is assessed as negative and long - term. However, the area of vegetation removal is small, the vegetation species to be cleared are rice, vegetables, sugar canes, some common fruit trees, wild grass species and eucalyptus. Total area of wild trees at the river/canal bank to be cleared is less than 1,000m2 at each site. There are no wild animal species classified as rare or endangered, this impacts is assessed as minor. 431. The impact can be mitigated by (i) do not cut vegetation carpet outside of the project ROW, (ii) do not fill up canals within the project ROW and the surrounding ponds and wetland area. Replanting of the lost vegetation area at this section is not necessary.

153

Figure V.1:

Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 1

Note: width of the habitat corridor in this map and all next maps is 100m.

154 b. Ecological Impacts Caused by Land Clearance and Vegetation Removal at Section 2: from Ong Com Canal to Ba Lao Canal (Binh Chanh District)

432. In this section dominant habitats may be identified with their percentages in the total length of the section as follows: paddy fields (47%), gardens and residential land (36%), aquaculture lands/ponds (7%), riparian/canal corridors (3%), wetlands (4%), (Figure V.2). The common vegetation species are listed in Table V.3 and wild animal species - Table V.4. Table V.3:
No 1. Habitats Paddy fields

Common Vegetation Species at Section 2

Wild species Ludwidgia octovalvi Ludwidgia adscendens Commellna difiusa Ipomoea aquatica Echinochloa crus-galli Eupatorium odoratum Cynodon dactylum Eleusine indica Chloris barbata Eupatorium odoratum Cynodon dactylum Eleusine indica Chloris barbata Eragrostis pilosa Nypa fruticans Pluchea indica Acrostichum aureum Nypa fruticans Acrostichum aureum Cyperus sp. Annona glabra Combretum quadrangulare Nypa fruticans Acrostichum aureum Derris trifolia Nypa fruticans Acrostichum aureum Derris trifolia Planted species Oryza sativa Saccharum officinarum Ipomoea batatas Ananas comosus Lycopersicon esculentum Arachis hypogea Cocos nucifera Acacia auriculaeformis Eucalyptus tereticornis Mangifera indica Muntingia calabura Terminalia catappa Peltophorum dasyrrachis Delonix regia Ipomoea aquatica Colocasia esculenta Nelumbo nucifera Melaleuca cajuputi Nelumbo nucifera Ipomoea aquatica Samanea samam Nypa fruticans Melaleuca cajuputi Bambusa sp. Cocos nucifera Cocos nucifera Eucalyptus tereticornis Acacia auriculaeformis

2.

Gardens and Residential land

3.

Aquacultural land

4.

Waste wetland

5.

Canal corridor

6.

River corridor

433. From the above data the impacts caused by vegetation removal on the existing natural habitats are assessed as negative and long-term. However, due to the area of the mangrove trees to be cleared being small (about 3,000 m2 in total at all river and canal banks and wetland area), the main mangrove species are Nipa fruticants and Sonneration caseolaris, which is very common tree in the project districts, and there are no vegetation and animal species which are rare or endangered, this impact may be assessed as minor.

155

Figure V.2:

Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 2

156 Table V.4:

1. Habitats Paddy fields

Common Wild Animals Species at Section 2

Aves Egretta garzetta Reptilia and amphibia Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Bufo melanostictus Xenochrophis piscator Enhydris enhydris Trimeresurus albolabris Hemydactylus frenatus Mabuya longicaudata Mabuya multifasciata Bufo melanostictus Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Bufo melanostictus Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Xenochrophis piscator Bufo melanostictus Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Xenochrophis piscator Bufo melanostictus Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Xenochrophis piscator

Mammalia Rattus argentiventer

2.

Gardens and Residential land

Rattus exulans

Passer montanus Centropus sinensis

3. 4

Aquacultural land Canal corridor

Rattus argentiventer Rattus argentiventer

Egretta garzetta Alcedo atthis Centropus sinensis Alcedo atthis Centropus sinensis Alcedo atthis Hirundo rustica Egretta garzetta Alcedo atthis

River corridor

Rattus argentiventer

Waste wetland

Rattus argentiventer

434. The impact can be mitigated by the following measures: the vegetation area along the canals shall be restored by replanting strips of mangrove trees with 50 -100 m in length on each bank and 5 -10m in width if land is available. Nipa palm may be replanted by local farmers at wetland area outside the project ROW. Total area to be replanted shall be at least equivalent to the area of mangrove to be cleared, which is about 3,000 m2). The species to be planted are Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) and Sonneratia caseolaris. The density of trees is required as 1.5*1.5m (for Sonneratia caseolaris) and 2.5*2.5m (for Nypa fruticans). At this section and other sections replanting nipa palm at the river/canal banks is compulsory because of this vegetation has importance in soil erosion control. However, suggestion of replanting this tree in cultivation areas is not feasible and practical, due to: (i) (ii) (iii) With the increased urbanization and infrastructural development in the provinces in the coming decades no land used for planting this tree. In the recent decades Nipa palm has become "agricultural vegetation" but not wild species. In difference with Rhizophora, Sonneratia its values in ecological conservation and economy is low. Therefore, when area of agricultural land will be reduced, local farmers will plant other trees which have higher economic value. In Vietnam agricultural land is private one, farmer can cultivate what trees they like, government or project can not interfere. This tendency is irrevocable at present and the future. c. Ecological Impacts Caused by Land Clearance and Vegetation Removal at Section 3: From Ba Lao Proposed Bridge to the Soai Rap River (Nha Be District Section) and Mitigation Measures

435. In this section dominant habitats are: paddy field (40% of the total length), aquaculture lands/ponds (13%), riparian/canal corridors (13%) and residential and garden land (14%), and waste wetland (11%) (Figure V.3). The common vegetation species are listed in Table V.5 and wild animal species are listed in Table V.6.

157

Figure V.3:

Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 3

158 Table V.5:

No 1. Habitats Aquacultural land & ponds Canal and river corridors

Common Vegetation Species at Section 3

Wild species Nypa fruticans Pluchea indica Acrostichum aureum Nypa fruticans Aglaodorum griffithii Acanthus ebracteatus Derris trifolia Sonneratia caseolaris Gymnanthera nitida Annona glabra Flagellaria indica Hibiscus tiliaceus Eupatorium odoratum Cynodon dactylum Eleusine indica Chloris barbata Eragrostis pilosa Planted species Ipomoea aquatica Nelumbo nucifera Cocos nucifera Nypa fruticans Annona glabra Cocos nucifera Samanea samam Eucalyptus tereticornis Terminalia catappa

2.

3.

Residential and garden land

Cocos nucifera Eucalyptus tereticornis Terminalia catappa

Table V.6:
1. Habitats Aquacultural land & ponds

Common Wild Animal Species

Aves Egretta garzetta Alcedo atthis Hirundo rustica Alcedo atthis Centropus sinensis Dicrurus paradiseus Passer montanus Reptilia and amphibia Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Bufo melanostictus Xenochrophis piscator Xenochrophis piscator Enhydris enhydris Trimeresurus albolabris Hemydactylus frenatus Mabuya longicaudata Mabuya multifasciata

Mammalia Rattus argentiventer

2.

Canal and river corridors Residential and garden land

Rattus argentiventer Rattus exulans

3.

436. In the past, there were large waste wetlands with some plants representative of brackish water ecozone such as Nypa fruticans, Pluchea indica, and Acrostichum aureum. At present, almost all areas are used for aquaculture; some areas are used for rice cultivation, the natural wetland area to be lost to the project is small: total mangrove area at the river/canl banks to be cleared is estimated at 3,000 - 4,000 m2 (mainly at Eastern Ba Lao river bank, in which Nipa palm and grass trees: Acanthus, Acrostichum spp. are dominant). Therefore, the impacts of land clearance and vegetation removal in the project ROW to the natural ecosystem is long - term but minor. 437. To mitigate the impact the following measures could be applied (i) restoration of the lost vegetation area a long rivers and canals by replanting of strips of mangrove trees with about 50m in width, depending on the land conditions. Ensure that the total area of mangrove to be replanted is at least equivalent to the area to be cleared at canal/river banks. The species to be planted are Nypa fructicans (with a density of 2.5*2.5m), Sonneratia caseolaris (with a density of 1.5*1.5m). At saline water areas some species of Hibiscus liliaceus, Aglaodorum griffithii and Rhizophora apiculata could be additionally planted. do not cut trees grown outside of the project ROW; do not fill up canals, creeks, ponds and wetland area outside the project ROW.

(ii) (iii)

159 d. Ecological Impacts Caused by Land Clearance and Vegetation Removal at Section 4: From the Soai Rap river to the Long Tau river (Can Gio District Section)

438. The length of this section is about 6.0km. In this section the dominant habitats are: aquaculture lands/ponds (9%), riparian/canal corridors (17%), residential and gardens (3%), paddy field (42%). No forest area is found in this Section (Figure V.4). The common vegetation species are listed in Table V.7, wild animal species - Table V.8. Table V.7:
No 1. Habitats Aquacultural land & ponds

Common Flora Species at Section 4

Wild species Nypa fruticans Pluchea indica Acrostichum aureum Aglaodorum griffithii Acanthus ebracteatus Derris trifolia Sonneratia caseolaris Gymnanthera nitida Annona glabra Flagellaria indica Hibiscus tiliaceus Eupatorium odoratum Cynodon dactylum Eleusine indica Chloris barbata Eragrostis pilosa Ludwidgia octovalvi Ludwidgia adscendens Commellna difiusa Ipomoea aquatica Echinochloa crus-galli Cyperus sp. Scirpus littoralis Planted species Ipomoea aquatica Nelumbo nucifera Cocos nucifera Nypa fruticans Nypa fruticans Annona glabra Cocos nucifera Samanea samam Eucalyptus tereticornis Terminalia catappa

2.

Canal and river corridors

3.

Residential and garden land

Cocos nucifera Eucalyptus tereticornis Terminalia catappa

Paddy field

Oryza sativa Saccharum officinarum Ananas comosus

439. Although Can Gio district is located in the Biosphere Mangrove Reserve, Binh Khanh commune is located in its transition zone, where from the past (1975) to the present time no area of mangrove forest was planted. Therefore, there is no forest occurring at the project ROW. A part of this section of the alignment runs through canal and riparian corridors of the Soai Rap and Long Tau rivers. The impacts of land clearance and vegetation removal to the natural ecosystems are expected to be long - term but it would not be significant as the width of the lost habitats is narrow. Almost all areas of the planned ROW have been exploited for aquaculture. Some areas are used for paddy fields and residential land. So, direct impacts of the project on the Can Gio mangrove forest are not expected. 440. According to UNESCO guideline for zoning and functions of biosphere reserves (Figure IV.8, Chapter IV) in the transition zone urban and industrial parks are suggested to be developed to meet local and national demands. Therefore, development of the expressway in Binh Khanh commune located in the transition zone of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve is accepted and supported by local authority and Management Broad of Can Gio protected Mangrove Forest.

160

Figure V.4:

Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 4

161 Table V.8:

1. Habitats Aquacultural land & ponds

Common Wild Animal Species at Section 4

Manmalia Rattus argentiventer Aves Egretta garzetta Alcedo atthis Hirundo rustica Alcedo atthis Centropus sinensis Dicrurus paradiseus Passer montanus Reptilia and amphibia Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Bufo melanostictus Xenochrophis piscator Xenochrophis piscator Enhydris enhydris Trimeresurus albolabris Hemydactylus frenatus Mabuya longicaudata Mabuya multifasciata Bufo melanostictus Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Enhydris enhydris

2.

Cananal and river corridors

Rattus argentiventer

3.

Residential and garden land Paddy field

Rattus exulans

4.

Rattus argentiventer

Egretta garzetta

441. Even though the construction of the expressway and two big bridges (Binh Khanh and Phuoc Khanh) will cause minor impacts on the mangrove ecosystem of Can Gio, due to the area of mangrove trees to be cleared being small, all vegetation species in this section area very common in HCMC and downstream of the Dong Nai river, there are not any wild animal belonging to the Vietnam Red Book (2000). Total area of mangrove trees (mainly Nipa palm) in a length of 3,000m at the Eastern Soai Rap river where the alignment across is about 40,000 - 60,000m2. However, a viaduct will be constructed at this section area of mangrove trees to be cleared for the Soai Rap (Binh Khanh) bridge at Eastern bank is about only 10,000 m2 (for viaduct pillar construction). Area of mangrove trees to be cleared at the Western bank (in Section 3) is about 1,000 m2. Density of Nipa palm in the Eastern bank of the Soai Rap river is 20 trees/100 m2 and it is 10 trees/100 m2 at the Western bank. Total area of mangrove trees to be cleared for Long Tau (Phuoc Khanh) bridge is about 5,000 - 6,000 m2 for both river banks. Nipa palm and Sonneratia spp. are dominant along the Long Tau river. Densities of Nipa palm and Sonneratia are 20 trees/100 m2 and 10 -15 trees/100m2, respectively. Sonneratia grows only at the river banks. 442. Because of the sensitivity of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve, the following measures shall be taken to minimize the potential impacts caused by land clearance and vegetation removal for road and bridge construction. 443. During the land clearance, vegetative corridors along the rivers of Soai Rap and Long Tau as well as canals out of the ROW shall be maintained for biodiversity protection and erosion/landslide prevention. Because the risk of landslide in this zone is very high due to the expressway running on the edge of the Soai Rap river, restoration of riverside vegetation is essential. 444. An area of mangrove trees lost by the project shall be compensated by replanting of the same area of mangrove trees. The area to plant is the river bank closed to bridge construction site. At each bank of two rivers the length and width of replanted area is about 200m x 5 -10m (at 2 banks of the Long Tau river) and about 2,000m x 5 - 10m at Eastern bank of the Soai Rap river. Due to Western bank of the Soai Rap river is planned for harbour construction, replanting at this place is not suggested. Adaptable species for this purpose are listed in Table V.9.

162 Table V.9:

No. 1

Species to be Planted in the River Banks in Can Gio and Nhon Trach Districts
Latin name Brackish Ecozone Sonneratia caseolaris Nypa fruticans Acanthus ebracteatus Aglaodora griffithii Saline Ecozone Rhizophora apiculata Avicennia alba Excoecarta agallocha Sonneratia caseolaris Living form Wood Aquatic shrub Aquatic weed Aquatic weed Wood Wood Wood Wood Ecological conditions Brackish Ecozone Roadside elevated land Roadside inundated fields Roadside inundated fields Roadside inundated fields Saline Ecozone Roadside semi-inundated land Roadside semi-inundated land Roadside semi-inundated land Roadside semi-inundated land

2 3 4 Saline water 5 Tall-Stilt Mangrove 6 7 8 Crabapple Mangrove

Species Brackish water Crabapple Mangrove Mangrove palm Sea holly

e.

Ecological Impacts Caused by Land Clearance and Vegetation Removal at Section 5: From the Long Tau River to the Thi Vai River (Nhon Trach District Section) and Mitigation Measures

445. In this section the dominant habitats are paddy and upland field (66%), residential and garden land (7%), aquaculture lands/ponds (10%), mangrove forests (2%), canal and river corridors (3%), forestry gardens (6%) (Figure V.5). The common vegetation species are listed in Table V.10, the common wild animal species - in Table V.11. 446. Almost all this section runs through paddy fields on low land, and residential sites, a small part of the section runs through upland fields of casava (Manihot esculenta). Therefore, potential impacts of the project on the natural habitats at the western part are assessed as minor. 447. However, the end of this section runs through an area of mangrove forest at the Thi Vai river bank with about 700m in length. As mentioned in Chapter III, within Nhon Trach and Long Thanh districts, area of mangrove forests along the Thi Vai river is about 2,200 ha. Due to the two viaduct which will be constructed to connect the Thi Vai bridge to 2 sides, the area of mangrove forest to be cleared at 2 river banks may be only some thousands m2 to maximum 1.0 ha (for construction of viaduct and bridge pillars), depending on construction options. Because of density of mangrove trees and biodiversity in vegetation at the Thi Vai river banks are high, clearance of this vegetation may cause medium ecological impacts. 448. Total area of mangrove trees to be compensatively replanted at Section 5 (from the Eastern bank of the Long Tau river to Western bank of the Thi Vai river is about 8,000 m2 in maximum (3,000 m2 at the Eastern Long Tau river and 5,000 m2 at Western Thi Vai river). 449. The impact on the mangrove forest at the Thi Vai river bank can be mitigated by a compensation reforestation to assure an area of forest lost by the project will be compensated by the same area of replanted forest. The site for planting the compensational forest shall be selected based on the following criteria: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) it connects to the existing forest; its ecological properties and soil are good for the species to be planted; its land value is low; it is not located in any area which has been planned for other economic sectors.

163

Figure V.5:

Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 5

164 Table V.10:

No Habitats Paddy fields

Common Flora Species at Section 5

Wild species Ludwidgia octovalvi Ludwidgia adscendens Commellna difiusa Ipomoea aquatica Echinochloa crus-galli Eupatorium odoratum Euphorbia hirta Celosia argentea Ageratum conyzoides Rhizophora apiculata Sonneratia caseolaris Avicennia alba Nypa fruticans Pluchea indica Acrostichum aureum Derris trifolia Eupatorium odoratum Urena lobata Mimosa pudica Ageratum conyzoides Eupatorium odoratum Cynodon dactylum Eleusine indica Chloris barbata Eragrostis pilosa Eupatorium odoratum Cynodon dactylum Eleusine indica Chloris barbata Eragrostis pilosa Nypa fruticans Pluchea indica Acrostichum aureum Derris trifolia Hibiscus tiliaceus Planted species Oryza sativa Ipomoea aquatica Colocasia esculenta

1.

Upland field 2. Mangrove forest 3 Aquacultural 4 Forestry gardens

Manihot esculenta Arachis hypogea Saccharum officinarum Zea mays Rhizophora apiculata

Nypa fruticans Nelumbo nucifera Nymphaea rubra Acacia auriculaeformis Area catechu

5.

Residential and garden land 6.

Canal and river corridor 7

Area catechu Eucalyptus tereticornis Acacia auriculaeformis Artocarpus heterophyllus Terminalia catappa Nypa fruticans Eucalyptus tereticornis Acacia auriculaeformis Cocos nucifera

Table V.11:
No 1. Upland fields 2. Habitats Paddy fields

Common Fauna Species at Section 5

Aves Egretta garzetta Hirundo rustica Reptilia and amphibia Hoplobatrachus rugulosus Bufo melanostictus Xenochrophis piscator Trimeresurus albolabris Mabuya longicaudata Mabuya multifasciata

Mammalia Rattus argentiventer

Rattus argentiventer

Centropus sinensis Dicrurus paradiseus Passer montanus Pycnonotus jocosus Centropus sinensis Dicrurus paradiseus Passer montanus Pycnonotus jocosus Endynamis scolopacea Alcedo atthis Hirundo rustica Egretta garzetta Ardeola bacchu Gallicrex cinerea Phalacrocorax

Forestry gardens 3.

Rattus argentiventer

Mangrove 4

Dremomys rufigenis

Trimeresurus albolabris Elaphe radiata Mabuya longicaudata Polypedates leucomystax Rana guentheri Enhydris enhydris Cerberus rhynchops Homalopis buccata Xenochrophis piscator

165
fuscicollis Ploceus philippinus Streptopelia chinensis Alcedo atthis Centropus sinensis Dicrurus paradiseus Passer montanus Centropus sinensis Passer montanus Egretta garzetta

Canal and river corridor Gardens and Residential land Aquacultural land

Rattus argentiventer Rattus exulans

7.

Rattus argentiventer

Xenochrophis piscator Enhydris enhydris Trimeresurus albolabris Trimeresurus albolabris Hemydactylus frenatus Mabuya longicaudata Mabuya multifasciata Xenochrophis piscator Enhydris enhydris

450. The species to be planted include Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, Bruguiera cylindrica, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Excoecarta agallocha, and Lumnitzera racemosa. The density is 1.5m x 1.5m (for Rhizophora apiculata). 451. The site proposed for re-forestation: the saline swamp on the right bank of the Thi Vai river that is downstream of the proposed Thi Vai bridge, adjacent to the affected forest. At present, it is poor mangrove forests. The project owner shall coordinate with the PC of Phuoc An commune of Nhon Trach district for its restoration. 452. Unit cost for planting one ha of mangrove forest at the Thi Vai river bank is estimated in Table V.12. 453. Beside a reforestation plan for compensation of the lost forest at the Thi Vai river the main measure to be used to avoid forest fragmentation and to maintain the flows in the aquatic biota in the mangrove forest, is to build a viaduct, but not a road to the bridge. Total bridge length is 3,7200m, in which length of viaduct is 3,425m.This is the first project in Vietnam to take such a measure for biodiversity protection at the coastal forest area. Table V.12:
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Expense Nursling Labor Service Caring Total

Estimated Cost for Planting 1 ha of Rhizophora Apiculata on the Riverside of the Thi Vai River (in 2009)
Quantity 150 kg / ha 20 man-day / ha 1 ha 3 years Unit price 3,000 VND / kg 120,000 VND / man-day 3,000,000 VND / ha 1,300,000 VND /year Cost VND/ha 900,000 2,400,000 3,000,000 3,900,000 10,200,000 or USD 570

166 f. Ecological Impacts Caused by Land Clearance and Vegetation Removal at Section 6: From Thi Vai River to End Point of Long Thanh District (Long Thanh District Section) and Mitigation Measures

454. In this section the dominant habitats are mangrove forests (37% of the total section length), upland field (6%), residential and garden land (18%), aquaculture lands/ponds (9%), Acacia and forest gardens (11%) canal and rivers corridor (2%) (Figure V.6). The common vegetation species area listed in Table V.13, the common wild animal species are listed in Table V.14.

167

Figure V.6:

Present Terrestrial Habitats at Section 6

168 Table V.13:

No 1. Mangrove forests

Dominant Vegetation Species at Section 6

Wild species Rhizophora apiculata Sonneratia caseolaris Avicennia alba Eupatorium odoratum Urena lobata Mimosa pudica Ageratum conyzoides Eupatorium odoratum Cynodon dactylum Eleusine indica Chloris barbata Eragrostis pilosa Eupatorium odoratum Urena lobata Mimosa pudica Ageratum conyzoides Cynodon dactylum Eleusine indica Chloris barbata Eragrostis pilosa Nypa fruticans Pluchea indica Acrostichum aureum Derris trifolia Nypa fruticans Pluchea indica Acrostichum aureum Derris trifolia Hibiscus tiliaceus Planted species Rhizophora apiculata

Habitats

2.

Acacia Forestry gardens

Acacia auriculaeformis Hevea brasilinensis

3.

Residential and garden land

Eucalyptus tereticornis Acacia auriculaeformis Artocarpus heterophyllus Terminalia catappa Manihot esculenta Arachis hypogea Saccharum officinarum Zea mays Ipomoea batatas

Upland field

Aquacultural land

Nypa fruticans Cocos nucifera Ipomoea aquatica Nypa fruticans Cocos nucifera Eucalyptus tereticornis Terminalia catappa

Canal and river corridor

Table V.14:
No 1. Habitats Mangrove forests

Dominant Fauna Species at Section 6

Aves Alcedo atthis Hirundo rustica Egretta garzetta Ardeola bacchu Gallicrex cinerea Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Ploceus philippinus Streptopelia chinensis Centropus sinensis Dicrurus paradiseus Passer montanus Pycnonotus jocosus Endynamis scolopacea Reptilia and amphibia Enhydris enhydris Cerberus rhynchops Homalopis buccata Xenochrophis piscator

Mammalia Dremomys rufigenis

2.

Forestry gardens

Dremomys rufigenis Rattus argentiventer

3.

Residences

Rattus exulans

Passer montanus

Upland field

Rattus argentiventer

Centropus sinensis Dicrurus paradiseus Passer montanus Pycnonotus jocosus Egretta garzetta

Trimeresurus albolabris Elaphe radiata Mabuya longicaudata Mabuya multifasciata Polypedates leucomystax Rana guentheri Hemydactylus frenatus Mabuya longicaudata Mabuya multifasciata Trimeresurus albolabris Mabuya longicaudata Mabuya multifasciata

Aquacultural land

Rattus argentiventer

Xenochrophis piscator Enhydris enhydris

169

Canal and river corridor

Rattus argentiventer

Alcedo atthis Centropus sinensis Dicrurus paradiseus

Xenochrophis piscator Enhydris enhydris Trimeresurus albolabris

455. To construct Thi Vai bridge and a road section from the river to National Road 51 a large area of mangrove forest at the Thi Vai river bank would be cut off. However, the area of forest would be lost by Thi Vai bridge construction at the Eastern bank may be only 4,000 - 5,000 m2, due to the project will not construct an approach road but a viaduct to connect the bridge with the National Road N51. Total area of mangrove forest at both banks of the Thi Vai river to be lost by the project would be maximum 1.0 ha. 456. From the above data the impacts of land clearance to the wetland ecosystems at the western part of Section 6 are predicted as long - term, irreversible, but minor. 457. In order to minimize negative impacts on the mangrove forest at the Thi Vai river bank, the project owner shall take the same measures for forest restoration as for the right bank of the Thi Vai River. Those include: (i) (ii) Building up a viaduct of 3,425m connecting Thi Vai bridge with the junction to National Road 51. Planting a compensational forest.

458. The area of the compensational mangrove forest shall be equal to the forest area to be lost (to be exactly measured in the construction stage). The site selected for the compensational forest is a saline swamp on the Eastern bank of the Thi Vai River that is adjacent to the bridge. The tree to be planted is Rhizophora apiculata. At present, in this place there is only a poor mangrove forest. The project owner shall negotiate with the PC of Phuoc Thai commune about the area, plan, cost and organization for that purpose. f. Mangrove Reforestation Plan (MRF)

459. The project owner (VEC) or its PIU3 will cooperate with: Section of Forestry within Division of Agriculture of Long Thanh PC (in case of reforestation at the Thi Vai river) or Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of HCMC (in case of reforestation at HCMC), who have rich experiences in mangrove forest plantation, to prepare a MRF. 460. Contents of this MRF shall comply with the following requirements. (i) (ii) (iii) The plan will be prepared prior commencement of construction stage. The plan shall be implemented during the construction stage. The source of funds for mangrove replanting is included in the project cost, which is USD 570/ha for Rhizophora spp. and USD 400/ha for Nipa palm.

461.

Primary components of the MRF ar suggested as follows: (i) Objective: Replanting mangrove forest with Rhizophora apiculata to be main species. Assocated species for replanting are Avicennia Alba, Nipa fruticans, Bruguiera cylindrica, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Excoecarta agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa. Criteria for selection of above species are a) grows well at the local conditions of soil, topology, water quality tide and climate; b) have high ecological and or economic values; c) easy and low cost in replanting; Criteria for site selection are a) Former area of mangrove forests, but now the mangrove trees have low density; b) Not far from the project construction site; c) have suitable natural conditions for mangrove replanting (topography, soil,

(ii)

(iii)

170 water, tide, sediment etc.; d) Land may be agreed by local residents or authorities for mangrove replanting (land will not be planned for industry, port or residential development; land with low cost) From the above criteria the most suitable area to be replanted are the Thi Vai river banks (for Rhizophora) and river banks of Long Tau, Soai Rap, Can Giuoc , Ba Lao rivers, (for Nipa and Sonneratia), where there are not planned urban, port, industrial development Planting density for Rhizophora apiculata : 1.0m x 1.0m or 1.5m x 1.5m. Planting density for associated species : 2.0m x 2.0m / 3.0m x 3.0m

(iv)

(v)

462. Planting technique and labour will be provided from local forestry agency and farmers who have experience in planting mangrove forest (the project owner will pay for this cost). 463. Replanting time frame is suggested in Table V.15. Table V.15:
No. 1.

Replanting Time for Mangrove Trees

TIme July September At least 3 months before planting July October (best on mid of Sept.) Maximun 10 days after collecting seedlings April June April June April June 5 6 years old September April 4 6 months in nursery April October

Activity For Rhizophora specie Collecting Rhizophora seedlings Prepared land Planting Caring 1st year Caring 2nd year Caring 3rd year Thinning For associated species Collecting other seeds Seedling in nursery Planting

2.

464.

Monitoring program for mangrove replanting is suggested in Table V.16. Table V.16: Monitoring Plan for Mangrove Replanting
Method - plot 20m x 20m survey Frequency 1 per year Cost (USD) 2000

Monitoring time After planting

1st year

2nd year

3rd year

Content - Density per hectares - Height of seedling - Diameter of seedling - Density per hectares - Height of seedling - Diameter of seedling - Density per hectares - Height of tree - DBH - Density per hectares - Height of tree - DBH - Presence of fauna - Humman activities

- plot 20m x 20m survey

1 per year

2000

- plot 20m x 20m survey

1 per year

2000

- plot 20m x 20m survey - Field survey

1 per year

2500

Note: Budget for monitoring of the MRF will be provided by VEC. Cost of monitoring includes all expenditures for labor cost, consulting fees, travel etc.

465. Schedule of future consultations with local and forestry officials to determine suitable species and locations for replanting is proposed as follows: (i) Meeting with local forestry consulting agency to prepare MRF: first 3 months from the commencement of construction stage.

171 (ii) Consultation with local forestry consulting agency on location of replanting sites and species, cost etc: first 6 months from the commencement of construction stage. Implementation of replanting plan, include agreement in land use, site preparation, seed provision, planting etc: from month 12 to month 24. Implementation of MRF monitoring: from month 12 to month 48.

(iii) (iv) 466.

A summary of the expected impacts to mangroves is given in Table V.17. Summary of the Expected Impacts of Land Clearance on Mangrove Trees
Location Bank of Ong Com and Ba Lao canals Banks of Ba Lao canal (Eastern bank) Soai Rap river (Western bank) and wetland along the road Banks of Soai Rap river (Eastern bank), Long Tau river (Western banks) and wetland Banks of Long Tau river (Eastern bank), Thi Vai river (Western bank) Bank of the Thi Vai river (Eastern bank) Total area of mangrove to be cleared (m2) 3,000 4,000 Affected species Nypa fruticans - Nypa fruticans - Sonneratia - Nypa fruticans - Sonneratia - Nypa fruticans - Sonneratia - Nypa fruticans - Sonneratia

Table V.17:
Section 2 3

14,000

8,000

5,000

Total

34,000

Estimate area is based on the width of the road is 73m, width of bridge is 56m.

3.

Socio - Economic Environment

467. Socio - economic and cultural impacts caused by land acquisition and resettlement are assessed in detail and measures for impact mitigation are suggested in the Reports of Resettlement Social Study of the ADB TA 7155 -VIE, November, 2009. In this EIA Report these impacts and mitigation measures are only briefly summarized with some additional comments from the results of public consultation conducted by the EIA Team. a. Impacting Scope of Land Acquisition and Resettlement 468. The expressway will cross over 15 communes of 7 districts of Long An, Dong Nai provinces and Ho Chi Minh City. The assessment of land acquisition impacts is made by the Resettlement Team of KEI based on satellite photos and cadastral maps of the affected communes and districts with the ROW of 54 - 73 m. i. Impacts on Individual Households

469. The survey team of EPC - the Resettlement Team of KEI in ADB TA 7155-VIE carried out for the IOL in the period from June to late October 2009 and the results obtained are as follows: 470. There are a total of 2,558 households (HH) with 11,194 persons (186 in Long An, 1,189 in HCMC and 1,183 in Dong Nai province) would be affected; of which: there are 650 household (36 in Long An, 279 in HCMC and 335 in Dong Nai province) affected on residential land. Of these 559 plots of residential land are with houses and 91 plots without houses. 471. There are 1,908 household (149 In Long An, 910 in HCMC and 849 in Dong Nai province) affected on other lands (annual crop land, garden land, forestry etc.). There are

172 878 households (885 houses) either fully or partially affected on houses; of which 559 households (563 houses) on residential land and 319 households (322 houses) on nonresidential land. Total area of affected houses need to be compensated is 99,811 m2, of which, area of partially affected houses is 2,087 m2 (20 houses), area of fully affected houses is 97,724 m2 (865 households). 472. From 559 households (563 houses), there are 493 households (495 houses: in Long An, 220 in HCMC and 247 in Dong Nai province) fully affected on houses on residential land (and 329 households (322 affected houses: 27 in Long An, 181 in HCMC and 114 in Dong Nai province) on non-residential plots. 473. From 493 household who are fully affected on houses on residential land (417 residential plots will be fully affected and 76 residential plots will be partially affected, thus, fully affected houses on these plots would be rearranged on the remaining areas), there are 354 household (12 In Long An, 169 in HCMC and 173 in Dong Nai province) with 354 houses are with the remaining residential land is less than 100 m2, thus, they have to be relocated and 139 household (16 In Long An, 51 in HCMC and 72 in Dong Nai province) with 141 houses are with the remaining residential land is equal or more than 100 m2, thus they could arrange the affected houses on the remaining area. The remaining houses will be partially affected only. 474. There are 2,558 household (185 in Long An, 1,189 in HCMC and 1,184 in Dong Nai province) are affected on annual crops and trees. Total residential affected land is 161,278 m2 (Long An province is 22,423 m2, HCMC is 65,348 m2 and Dong Nai Province is 73,507 m2). Total other affected land is 3,459,882 m2 (Long An province is 198,140 m2, HCMC is 1,658,154 m2 and Dong Nai Province is 1,603,588 m2). 475. Table V.18 below and Tables IV.33 and IV.34 (Chapter IV) describe affected population, affected land, buildings, substructures, trees, crop etc of the individual households and collective and public works. Table V.18:
District Ben Luc Can Giuoc Sub total (1)-Long An

Number of the Project Affected Households by Communes

Commune My Yen Phuoc Ly Long Thuong Binh Chanh Tan Quy Tay Hung Long Da Phuoc Nhon Duc Long Thoi Binh Khanh Phuoc Khanh Vinh Thanh Phuoc An Long Phuoc Phuoc Thai Household Male Female members 97 459 216 243 89 420 182 239 Only land of Hai Son Company Ltd., will be affected 1,183 4,910 2,333 2,577 159 735 384 351 73 337 176 161 270 1,247 652 596 206 952 497 455 178 785 404 381 111 489 252 238 192 861 460 401 1,189 5,405 2,824 2,581 94 370 179 191 326 1,284 620 664 470 1,851 894 957 Only one collective institution will be affected is Long Thanh Forest Protection Management Board. 293 1,405 639 766 1,183 4,910 2,333 2,577 2,558 11,194 5,554 5,640 Total of HH

Binh Chanh Nha Be Can Gio Subtotal (2)-HCMC

Nhon Trach

Long Thanh Subtotal (3)-Dong Nai Grand total

Source: Resettlement Report preparaed by EPC - the Resettlement Team of KEI in ADB TA 7155-VIE, October 2009.

173 ii. Public Assets and Works Affected by the Project

476. The public assets and works to be affected include commercial forests, rural roads, electric grids, irrigation works, etc. For instance, in Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district, over 10,000 m2 of commercial land, about 4000 m2 of rural roads, and 1.2 km of low-voltage lines will be affected. b. Socio-Economic Impacts to the PAHs

477. The acquisition of agriculture land, residential land, commercial land and public works for the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway project will cause the following negative impacts on the PAPs. i. Loss of Agriculture Land and Socio-Economic Impacts 478. The project will temporarily or permanently acquire a large area of agriculture land. This will cause negative impacts on the local social environment. At present, based on information from local people, the total income from one (1) ha of agriculture land in the relevant districts is VND 33 - 35 million per year (2-rice crops and 1-subsidiary crop per year, in Ben Luc, Can Giuoc, Binh Chanh) or VND 20 - 25 million per year (1 rice crop and 1 subsidiary crop per year, in Can Gio) or VND 70 million per year (orchards in Nhon Trach and Long Thanh) or even VND 60 - 100 million per year (industrial shrimp culture, in Can Gio, Nhon Trach, this is however limited). Table V.19 provide information on income from agriculture and aquaculture of some households at the projects comunes. 479. In the future (after 2020), the earning from 1 ha of agriculture land in the region is predicted at VND 40 - 50 million (rice and subsidiary crops) and more than 100 million (orchards or aquaculture). Therefore, the implementation of the project and the loss of 217.58 ha of agriculture land would cause the lost of VND 8.7 - 10.9 billion, the lost of 41.53 ha of aquaculture land would cause the lost of VND 4.15 billion in 2020. Table V.19: Typical Agricultural Models and Annual Incomes of Farmers in the Project Area

Case 1: Mrs. Huynh Thi Anh (66 years old) and her household Address: Hamlet 6, My Yen commune, Ben Luc district, Long An province Main crops: rice, 2 crops/year, yield: 2 crops: 6.0 ton/ha; price of 1 kg of dried paddy = VND 5.000 VND, earning (expended not yet deducted) = VND 30 million/year Case 2: Mr. Nguyen Duy Thanh (64 years old) and his household Address: Hamlet 2, Binh Chanh commune, Binh Chanh district, Ho Chi Minh City Main crops: rice, 2 crops/year, area: 0.34 ha, yield: 6.0 ton/year; earning: VND 10.2 million/year Growth of snapper fish in 500 m2 pond, earning VND 100 million/year Case 3: Mr. Nguyen Van Di (47 years old) and his household Address: 519, Binh My commune, Binh Khanh district, Ho Chi Minh City Crops: rice: 7,000 m2, 1 crop/year, yield: 3 ton/crop/year. Earning: VND 10.5 million/year Aquaculture: 1,500 m2, yield: 600 - 900 kg/year, profit (expenses deducted): VND 5 - 6 million/year Case 4: Mr. Dao Van Nhon (46 years old) and his household Address: 659, Rung Sat road, Binh Thuan hamlet, Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh City White shrimp culture: 11,000 m2, profit: VND 35 million/month Juvenile shrimp production: profit VND 250 - 300 million/month. Case 5: Mrs. Nguyen Thi Tam (60 years old) and her household Address: Chinh Nghia hamlet, Vinh Thanh commune, Nhon Trach district, Dong Nai province 2 Main crops: jackfruit, mango, banana, and apricot: earning: 35 million/year on 6,000 m .

480. The loss of agricultural earning is not big when compared with the benefits from the project in the region yet it will significantly adversely influence the livelihood of the PAHs because they earn their living mostly on agriculture and aquaculture (secondary income may be from breeding and hired work).

174 481. In addition, agricultural land loss will cause more difficulties in the affected households: (i) The farming land of each household is approximately 3,000 15,000 m2, meaning that a loss of 1,000 m2 of land is equivalent to 7 33% of annual income from agriculture; It is very difficult for the affected households to purchase equivalent land lots because the affected districts and provinces have no more farming land for them. It is not easy for the PAPs to find new jobs in trade and industrial sectors because they have never trained in vocational schools. In general, farmers in the affected localities have no skill to work for industrial entities. Local handicrafts, trading and service in various communes are still underdeveloped, therefore, they may not provide much jobs for the PAHs. Unemployment is almost certain for many households subject to full land acquisition. In fact, it is a matter of record that a number of farmers in various regions in Vietnam became jobless after receiving the land compensation. The impacts above are inevitable for infrastructure development projects in Vietnam, particularly expressway projects. In case of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway project, the number of affected household is far lower than those of others such as Hanoi Thai Nguyen, Hanoi - Lao Cai, and many other urban development projects. Conversely, change in land use and construction of the expressway will open various opportunities for socio-economic development of the project districts and the Southern Region of Ho Chi Minh City as it will: a) promote local industrialization, urbanization and commerce; b) create many jobs in the industry and service sectors; c) support cultural, educational and health care development of the communes and districts; d) Boost the value of land at the communes alongside the expressway.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

482. Based on the analyses above, the socio-economic impacts of the project are assessed as negative and major to households which are subject to land acquisition but positive to the entire communes and districts along the expressway. Negative impacts may be mitigated by means of appropriate policies on compensation and employment support for the PAPs. (see Section below) and detailed Report of Resettlement. ii. Loss of Houses, Historic, Cultural, Religious Building

483. Although Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway is aligned so as to minimize encroachment upon residential area, 867 households will lose houses with a total of 91,703 m2. Most of the houses belong to class 4 (725 houses) or temporary (195 houses). There are only 4 houses of villa or class 1. Housing loss will be a major impact on the affected households. For many families, the impact is negative but the investigation by the EIA Team (with questionnaires) shows that 50% of the affected households want early compensation and site clearance, considering it a good opportunity for repairing or upgrading the existing houses or purchasing family utensils. Since the expressway alignment is selected to avoid encroachment into all historic and cultural sites, there is no building of this kind to be affected by the site clearance. iii. Loss of Other Kinds of Land and Technical Works

484. A certain area of Nipa palm and mangrove trees (mostly in Can Gio, Nhon Trach and Long Thanh districts) will be acquired for the project. This impact is minor on the living, production and biodiversity (because the area to be acquired is small). Nevertheless, loss of water surface (ponds, lagoons) may cause significant loss in aquaculture. The loss of about 41.53 ha of fish or shrimp ponds may cause a loss of about VND 2-4 billion /year (in 2009) or over VND 4.0 billion (in 2020), depending on location and environmental conditions.

175

485. It is found in the preliminary investigation that in the ROW of Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway, some wells, schools, 110kV and 220kV lines, and electric poles will be relocated. Nevertheless, the relocation will not be very costly and in general, it will not cause major socio-economic impacts. To minimize disruption to community services due to relocation, the following measures shall be implemented: (i) Water supply pipelines, power supply, communication lines and other utilities shall be re-provisioned before construction works commence (ii) Provisions shall be made to preserve the operation of current facilities in sufficient quantity and in agreement with the local community. (iii) Re-provisioning shall be undertaken in coordination with the utility company and affected households. (iv) Affected households and establishments shall be notified well in advance of such disruption. c. 486. Regional Socio-Economic Impacts of the Project Location i. Overall Impacts

One of the indirect impacts is land price increase as a result of the following: (i) Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway will push forward industrialization and urbanization of the Mekong Delta and the Southeast Regions. It will link the largest industrial parks and largest economic centers of the Southeast Region (Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai, Ba Ria Vung Tau and Binh Duong) to Long An and other developing provinces in the Mekong Delta. As such, the project will promote the socio-economic development of communes and districts alongside the expressway. Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway will contribute to the improvement of other traffic modes in the Mekong Delta and the Southeast Regions because it will link big ports on the riversides of Thi Vai - Cai Mep, Sai Gon, Dong Nai, Nha Be, and Soai Rap with the ports in the Mekong Delta, and roads to international airports such as Tan Son Nhat and Long Thanh, thereby forming a multiplex traffic network. As a result, all socio-economic activities of provinces and districts alongside the expressway will be boosted.

(ii)

487. Thanks to those positive impacts, a major part of households, many economic sectors and even the households whose land is acquired for the project will become accessible to more opportunities. This impact is positive and permanent. ii. Structural Change in Population

488. The population structure will change as a result of changes in land use alongside the expressway. The trends include decrease in people living on agriculture and aquaculture and increase in people involving in services and industries. 489. Regarding promotion of industrialization and urbanization, at present, industries in Long An and other provinces in the Mekong Delta are under-developed with more than 80% population living on agriculture and aquaculture. The Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway when in operation will speed up the industrialization and urbanization in this region. 490. Regarding improvement of womens role, the project is not directly aimed at improving womens social roles. Nevertheless, with the high speeds of economic growth, industrialization and urbanization, the opportunities for women in the districts and communes along the expressway to be involved in social activities will be improved. Those include better conditions for learning, cultural activities and employment.

176 491. Regarding promotion of job opportunities, the construction of Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway will create temporary jobs for thousands of construction workers. A large number of young people residing in districts and communes along the expressway will have chances to take part in the construction. When the expressway is ready, the increasing industrialization and urbanization will create favorable condition for some of inhabitants to shift from the agriculture sector to industries or services, where income and education are better. 492. Based on the analyses above, it is concluded that positive and permanent impacts of the project are much greater than damages to a limited number of people who must relocate and lose land for the construction of the expressway and bridges. d. Measures to Mitigate Negative Socio - Economic Impacts

493. To minimize all above anticipated negative impacts on the local community especially on the PAHs the following measures are applied. i. Determination of the Most Appropriate Alignment

494. The distance of site clearance is about 73 m width over the total length of 58km of the expressway, a poor alignment planning will result in a great number of households, very large areas of agricultural, urban, and industrial land, ports, infrastructure facilities, cultural, religious, historic and cemeteries, etc. being affected, particularly in the districts of Ho Chi Minh City. 495. In order to mitigate socio-economic impacts, the consultants have selected 3 options for alignment, compared them and selected the optimal one. (i) All three options I, II and III (Figure III.4, Chapter III) are the same for the sections from Ben Luc district in Long An province to Binh Chanh district in Ho Chi Minh City). In this region the alignment has been selected so as not to encroach upon a big Cao Dai Temple at My Yen commune and a temple at Tan Buu commune in Ben Luc district The alignment also avoids encroachment into industrial parks and establishment in districts of Ben Luc and Can Giuoc. From Km 14+400 to Km 15+650 in Binh Chanh district, the alignment has been adjusted to avoid the Da Phuoc Solid Waste Treatment Complex of Ho Chi Minh City. From Nha Be district to Nhon Trach district in Dong Nai province: 3 options of alignments crossing over the big rivers Nha Be, Soai Rap and Long Tau have been studied (Figure III.4 in Chapter III): a) Option I (Southern Alignment): this alignment will cross over the Soai Rap river to Binh Khanh commune in Can Gio district, and then over the Long Tau river to Nhon Trach district. This option avoids Nha Be Fuel Complex, 2 high-voltage transmission lines (500kV and 220kV), Phu Huu port and many dense populated areas; b) Option II (Middle Alignment): this option may cross many residential areas, Phap Vo pagoda and various planned infrastructure facilities, causing many major negative socio-economic impacts. Therefore it is not supported by local authorities; c) Option III (Northern Alignment): this option avoids encroachment into some residential areas and Phap Vo pagoda, but this may affect many planned urban areas and ports, and particularly Nha Be Fuel Complex. This alignment may cause major negative socio-economic impacts, therefore, is not supported by local authorities.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

496.

Comparison of impact of the three options are shown in Tables V.20 and V.21.

177 Table V.20:

Option

Impacts of the Alignment Options on Land Use

Residential land (ha) 7,802.50 4,739.06 Agriculture land (ha) 363,720.15 162,265.45 Commer cial land (ha) 0 0 Others (ha) 31,373.86 87,739.21 Total (ha) 402,896.51 254,797.72

Affected commune Nhon Duc, Nha Be dist. Long Thoi, Nha Be dist. Binh Khanh, Can Gio dist. 6,45 Km Nhon Duc Phu Xuan 8,95 Km Nhon Duc Phu Xuan 8,95 Km

Option 1 (Km 16+550 to Km 36+500) Total of Option 1 Option 2 (Km 16+550 to Km 25+500) Total of Option 2 Option 3 (Km 21+700 to Km 25+500) Total of Option 3

12,541.56 9,975.35 7,392.93 17,368.28 10,172.88 7,202.37 17,375.25

525,985.60 465,009.31 253,326.10 718,335 474,217.41 246,643.48 720,860.89

106,472.84 30,015.34 129,280.97

645,000 505,000 390,000 895,000 515,000 380,000 895,000

0 0 0

159,296.72 30,609.71 126,154.15 156,763.86

Table V.21:
Impact Option 1 Total of Option 1 Option 2 Total of Option 2 Option 3 Total of Option 3

Impacts of 3 Alignment Options on Housing Facilities

Total houses 25 58 83 Fully affected houses (m2) 1,310 4,315 5,625 7,022.25 6,731.18 13,753.43 8,582.75 6.558.6 15,141.35 Partially affected houses (m2) 0 424.4 424.4 2,340.75 662 3,003.75 2,340.75 645 2,985,75

Affected commune Binh Khanh Long Thoi

Nhon Duc Phu Xuan

138 91 229

Nhon Duc Phu Xuan

123 89 212

Source: Tables V.20, V.21: from the Resettlement Report of the project ADB TA 7155 VIE, October, 2009.

497. The data above show that Option I will has the least encroachment into residential land, agriculture land and houses. Therefore, Option I has been selected for feasibility study. A disadvantage of Option I is the proximity to Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest (Can Gio Biosphere Reserve). However, it will cross Phuoc Khanh commune (for about 6km length) in the transition zone of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve and the alignment is located about 10 km from mangrove forests. 498. Option I of the project's alignment in the transition zone of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve is in accordance UNESCO regulations. Therefore, this option is accepted by the Management Board of Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest based on its assessment that the project alignment "does not affect the growth of mangrove forest". 499. Option I not only limits encroachment into dense residential areas, industrial parks but also does not encroach into any historic and religious site (temple, pagoda, church, etc.). Therefore, selection of this option is the preferred major measure to minimize local negative socio-economic impacts . ii. Proper Implementation of a Resettlement Action Plan

500. In order to minimize negative impacts of site clearance, the ADB TA 7155 - VIE has prepared a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), complying with the Vietnam Laws and ADB

178 Principles. This is suitable for districts and communes in the project site and feasible to restore production, income and living conditions of the PAPs. 501. The legal backgrounds for the site clearance and resettlement under the project include: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1992) The Land Law, promulgated under Order N 23/2003/L-CTN dated 10/12/2003 by the President. Decree 181/2004/ND-CP dated 29/10/2004 by the Government with Guidelines on Implementation of the Land Law. Decree 188/2004/ND-CP dated 16/01/2004 by the Government on Method of Land Pricing. Decree 197/2004/ND-CP dated 02/12/2004 by the Government on Compensation and Allowance for Withdrawn Land. Circular 116/2004/TT-BTC on Details of Compensation and Allowance. Decree 84/2007/ND-CP dated 25/5/2007 Policies of Ho Chi Minh City, provinces of Long An and Dong Nai on support for site clearance and resettlement. New decrees, decisions of the Government; regulations and policies of provinces to be issued in the site clearance and resettlement period of the project. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009).

(x)

502. The project owner shall also build up resettlement sites for the households whose residential land is fully or mostly affected. All policies on site clearance and resettlement will be published and consulted with the PAPs before implementation. 503. Details of the policies and measures to apply to site clearance and resettlement under the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project are given the Resettlement Report prepared by the Consultants for Project ADB TA 7155 VIE (October 2009). Within the framework of this EIA Report, the policies and measures to mitigate socio-economic impacts cannot be assessed in detail. 504. Local authorities and independent consultants will monitor the site clearance and resettlement at every commune in order to ensure that those policies are properly implemented. iii. Mitigation of Damages to Housing, Historic, Religious Sites and Technical Works

505. There are no historic or religious buildings likely to be affected, therefore, the project will not need any mitigation measure. Regarding relocation and removal of houses, public works and graves in the ROW of the expressway, the project owner will cooperate with the Resettlement Committees of districts to implement the policies and measures in compliance with the Laws and in conformity with actual conditions of PAHs. 506. Measures relating to house relocation are specified in the Resettlement Report of the Project ADB TA7155-VIE. iv. Mitigation of Impacts on Ethnic Minorities

507. Specific measures for ethnic minorities (Khmer, Hoa - Chinese-origin people) are not necessary because the number of households of this category is very small and their socioeconomic development is almost the same as that of majority (Kinh people).

179 e. Impacts of Explosive Materials i. Impacts of Explosives Materials (UXO)

508. In the Vietnam War, thousands tons of bombs and mines were used in the districts to be crossed by Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway. Almost all mines and bombs remaining after the war in residential areas and agricultural land were removed in the period of 1975 1985. Nevertheless, explosives remaining in deep layers should be a matter of concern for the safety of construction workers and the future expressway investigation and removal. Failure to locate and remove all unexploded ordnance (UXO) from the site would cause risks to public health. A specialized contractor from the military Civil Engineering Unit would be engaged to investigate and remove all such material from the site. 509. To minimize the impacts of UXO the project owner will collaborate with a Military Engineering Unit of the Ministry of Defense in investigation and removal of all UXO (bombs, mines) remained prior to construction. The region has been used for agriculture for more than 30 years and explosives material may remain in deeper layers though they cannot be found in top soil. Mine relocation and removal may last several months. This measure will certainly be taken to protect health of passengers, staff and technical men on and alongside the expressway. 4. Inclusion of Environmental Requirements in Bidding Documents

510. The Project owner (VEC) will cooperate with the International Consultant in preparation of bidding documents. The bid invitation document will not only specify requirements in technology, quality, schedules and expenditure of construction but also provide obligated requirements in mitigation of environmental impacts, particularly pollution control, risk prevention and protection of wetland ecosystem. The bid document shall include the EMP, particularly the environmental mitigation and monitoring requirements. 511. Requirements of financial provision for environmental protection, i.e budgets for treatment of solid waste, hazardous waste, wastewater, prevention of fire and explosion, sanitary work, water supply, prevention of land erosion, soil and water acidification, budgets for reforestation, environmental monitoring and environmental management capability improvement will be also specified in the bid invitation document. C. Environmental Impact in the Construction Stage and Mitigation Measures

512. The breakdown of the construction of Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway in 3 provinces and city is as follows: 513. In Long An province, from km 0 to km 10 (crossing My Yen commune, Phuoc Ly, Long Thuong of Ben Luc and Can Giuoc districts): 4.8km of the expressway, an interchange with Trung Luong Can Tho expressway (km0+700) (IC1), Ong Thoan bridge (km2+220,), toll gate. 514. In Ho Chi Minh City, from km2+200 to km30+500 (crossing communes of Binh Chanh, Tan Quy Tay, Hung Long, and Da Phuoc of Binh Chanh district; Nhon Duc, Long Thoi communes of Nha Be district and Binh Khanh commune of Can Gio district): 26 km of the expressway, interchanges with National Road 1A (km3+ 420, IC?), National Road 50 (km13 + 550, IC3), the Nguyen Van Tao in Nha Be (km21+850, IC4), Bridges over the Ong Keo and Ba Lao canals, big bridges of Binh Khanh (over the Soai Rap river) and Phuoc Khanh (over the Long Tau river), toll gates. 515. In Dong Nai province from km30+500 to km58 (crossing communes of Phuoc Khanh, Vinh Thanh, and Phuoc An of Nhon Trach district; Long Phuoc and Phuoc Thai communes of Long Thanh district): 28km of the expressway, interchanges IC5, IC6, IC7 and IC8, bridges of Thi Vai, Tac Doi, Bun Ngu, toll gates.

180

1.

Physical Environment a. Impacts Caused Wastes and Mitigation Measures i. Dust and Air Pollutants

516.

Air pollutions in this phase will be generated by: (i) (ii) (iii) Dust from digging and leveling, transport of dredged, construction materials etc. for the project Emissions from construction machines containing dust, SO2, NOX, CO, THC, VOC, etc. due to activities of construction machines. It is calculated that the digging and embanking volumes are estimated at 61,581m3 and 1,978,752m3, respectively. Therefore, the project will use a large number of vehicles and construction machines as listed in Table V.22. Construction Machines Used in the Construction Phase
Quantity (unit) 50 100 50 50 200 20 200 20 40 32

Table V.22:

Machine Excavators Road rollers Bulldozers Dredgers Trucks Concrete mixers Compactors Pile drilling machines Cranes Barges of various kinds

517. Emissions from motorized vehicles and road dust when they run on the access route to the project site will be the main causes of air pollution. It is difficult to predict the pollution load of road dust but in fact, road dust is precipitable and can not be widely dispersed. 518. Emissions from diesel heavy duty trucks contain pollutants such as dust, SO2, NO2, CO, VOC. It is calculated from the volume of materials to be transported that in peak periods, some sections or construction sites of the expressway may suffer 100 trips per 8 working hours (i.e. 5 minute/trip). The pollution loads of trucks and machines within 8 hour are predicted based on WHOs Rapid Assessment Data (Table V.23) as follows: TSP = 0.06 kg; SO2 = 0.473 kg; NOX = 0.675 kg; CO = 10.5 kg; VOC = 1.05 kg. Thus, the volumes of those pollutants are minor when the large area of the site is taken into account. Table V.23:
Vehicle Heavy Duty Gasoline Urban driving Unit (U)

Air Emission Inventories for Transport

TSP kg/U SO2 kg/U 4,5S 20S 3,3S 20S 4,29S 20S NOX kg/U 4,5 20 7,5 45 11,8 55 CO kg/U 70 300 50 300 60 28 VOC kg/U 7 30 3,5 20 2,6 12 Pb kg/U 0.31 1.35 0.22 1.35

1000 km 0,4 Ton of fuel 3,5 Highway driving 1000 km 0,6 Ton of fuel 3,6 3.5 - 16 ton heavy duty diesel powered vehicles Urban driving 1000 km 0,9 Ton of fuel 4,3

Source: WHO, 1993. Note: the sulfur (S) content of diesel oil is presumed to be 0.7%.

519. The main component of suspended particulates (TPS) in the construction phase is road dust. Heavy trucks transporting spoil and construction materials for the construction of

181 the expressway will cause dust pollution along the sections under construction, and at construction materials storage sites. The dust content in the air (TSP and PM10) will increase there when trucks are in operation, particularly on dry days. 520. Main subjects of the impact will be residential areas alongside the expressway, and the transport routes used for project transport. The heaviest air pollution is expected at the communes of My Yen (Ben Luc district), Binh Chanh (Binh Chanh district), Da Phuoc (Binh Chanh district), Long Thoi (Nha Be district), Phuoc Thai (Long Thanh district), because these communes are densely populated and adjacent to the construction sites. 521. According to the monitoring data obtained in various construction sites (for instance, the construction of the East-West Expressway in Ho Chi Minh City), in the dry season and peak construction hours, within the distance of 50 m from construction sites, the dust content in the air is always higher than the permissible limit in the Vietnam National Technical Regulation for Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2008/BTNMT). 522. Dust pollution due to transport will also occur on main routes such as National Road 1A, National Road 50, National Road 51 and other roads used for project transport. At present, air pollution as measured at 15 sites along the planned expressway is assessed as minor to medium (Chapter IV). The construction of the expressway will increase the air pollution, particularly at the junction to National Road 1A (in Binh Chanh district), National Road 50, the section to Nha Be district and the area closed to National Road 51 in Long Thanh district where the population density is high. 523. In case that mitigation measures are taken properly for the construction phase, the air pollution can be reduced significantly. This conclusion is made based on the monitoring results of the construction of the East-West Expressway in Ho Chi Minh City. The project for the East-West Expressway in Ho Chi Minh City is similar as that of Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway in term of construction volumes and distances to residential areas. Therefore, it is possible to apply the comparison method to predict air pollution in the construction of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway. This method is usually used in EIA. 524. Some data of air pollution monitoring implemented by ENVITECH for the East-West Expressway project in Ho Chi Minh City are shown in Table V.24. Table V.24: TSP, PM10 and Other Air Pollutants at Construction Sites of the EastWest Expressway (for Reference in Air Pollution Prediction for Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway)
Concentration (mg/m3) No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Code A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 TSP 0.43 0.35 0.49 0.27 0.37 0.32 0.46 0.26 0.78 0.31 0.45 0.25 0.29 0.24 0.61 0.35 PM10 0.33 0.17 0.31 0.12 0.32 0.16 0.36 0.11 0.30 0.15 0.34 0.10 0.24 0.09 0.40 0.18 SO2 0.263 0.130 0.132 0.085 0.135 0.134 0.098 0.081 0.152 0.063 0.091 0.058 0.099 0.054 0.141 0.126 NO2 0.239 0.082 0.045 0.060 0.018 0.125 0.037 0.122 0.037 0.054 0.155 0.047 0.151 0.036 0.056 0.076 CO 26 2.8 8 3.2 6 4.1 5 2.5 11 2.3 17 3.6 12 1.8 15 2.0 THC (CxHy) 7.8 3.8 3.7 3.0 3.9 2.7 4.3 2.4 4.8 2.0 6.5 2.8 4.8 3.5 3.6 3.1 Pb (g/m3) 1,79 0,46 0,37 0,33 0,41 0,25 0,72 0,31 0,85 0,28 0,97 0,30 0,82 0,48 0,51 0,38

182
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 A-10 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 A-11 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 A-12 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 A-13 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 A-14 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 A-15 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 A-16 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 A-17 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 A-18 Dec..2007 Mar.2008 TCVN 5937-2005 A-9 0.64 0.34 0.71 0.31 0.90 0.28 0.31 0.49 0.59 0.32 0.20 0.40 0.65 0.36 0.89 0.38 1.05 0.30 2.80 0.32 0,3 0.50 0.16 0.63 0.19 0.75 0.13 0.29 0.26 0.36 0.17 0.13 0.21 0.52 0.20 0.77 0.19 0.49 0.14 2.01 0.10 0.5 0.199 0.065 0.155 0.093 0.312 0.077 0.152 0.186 0.140 0.078 0.072 0.064 0.122 0.151 0.077 0.132 0.045 0.074 0.112 0.136 0.35 0.161 0.060 0.083 0.072 0.167 0.062 0.162 0.133 0.192 0.051 0.043 0.072 0.072 0.132 0.067 0.075 0.044 0.070 0.129 0.124 0.2 17 3.5 7 2.8 9 1.5 21 4.7 19 1.6 6 2.1 7 2.4 5 3.8 3 1.4 18 2.2 30 6.7 2.9 4.0 2.1 4.5 2.6 5.5 5.2 7.1 3.2 4.6 1.7 4.8 1.9 4.2 3.3 2.7 1.3 6.3 4.1 0,74 0,35 0,45 0,26 0,65 0,20 1,33 1,67 1,54 0,55 1,05 0,26 1.14 0.27 0.28 0.42 0.21 0.36 1.49 0.84 0.0015

Source: ENVITECH, March.2008

Monitoring sites:
Code A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15 A-16 A-17 A-18 Monitoring site Junction of East-West expressway and National Road 1, Binh Chanh district An Duong Vuong road, 20 30 m from the projected expressway Junction of Lo Gom Tran Van Kieu, Dist. 6 Junction of Binh Tien Tran Van Kieu, Dist. 6 Junction of Binh Tay Tran Van Kieu, Dist. 6 Cha Va bridge and Tran Van Kieu road, Dist. 6 Junction of Nguyen Tri Phuong Ben Ham Tu, Dist. 5 Junction of Huynh Man Dat Ben Chuong Duong, Dist. 5 Y-shape bridge, Ben Ham Tu road, Dist. 5 Junction of Tran Dinh Xu - Ben Chuong Duong, Dist. 1 Junction of Nguyen Thai Hoc - Ben Chuong Duong, Dist. 1 2 A Ton Duc Thang road, Dist. 1 Thu Thiem ferry landing, Luong Dinh Cua road, Dist. 2 Tran Nao road, 20-30m from the projected expressway, Dist. 2 Junction of Luong Dinh Cua Tran Nao, Dist. 2 Junction of Luong Dinh Cua Provincial Road 25, Dist. 2 Binh Trung Tay residential area, Dist. 2 Junction of Provincial Road 25 and Hanoi highway, near Rach Chiec bridge

525. This impact on air quality is inevitable at construction sites and may be assessed as major but local (the roadside only) and mitigable by technical and management measures. This impact is temporary and will be terminated when the construction phase of the project ends. 526. The construction will also need a large volume of concrete for construction of bridge and road structures. It is estimated that the project will need 10 concrete mixing stations and therefore, concrete mixing and transport for that purpose will significantly increase dust. According to monitoring results obtained by ENVITECH (2007 2008) in the East-West Expressway project, the dust content at concrete mixing zones is 0.35 to 1.20 mg/m3, depending on the monitoring time and operations of the mixers, and that is 1.16 to 4 times as high as the Vietnamese Standard for Ambient Air Quality (TCVN 5937 2005). As such, the impact of concrete mixing stations on the air quality can be assessed as medium but local and temporary, and mitigable by technical measures.

183 527. To minimize air pollution the following measures will be implement by the project owner and its contractors. (i) Vehicles shall be checked in term of emissions with reference to the Vietnamese Standard for emission of CO, hydrocarbon and smoke (TCVN 6438-2001). The Project Owner shall require subcontractor to show certificates issued by Vietnam Register or Traffic Police that trucks for the project meet the Standard of Vehicle Emissions. Watering of exposed areas during rainless days: at each construction site contractors shall use 1 tanker truck (8 12 m3) for this purpose. Watering is the control measure to be taken at the zones of leveling, in the vicinity of materials stockpiles, and at the sections near populated areas, for instance the ones adjacent to National Road 1A and Provincial Road 50 in districts of Binh Chanh, Nha Be and Long Thanh, etc. Based on experience from the East-West Highway Project, each section of 500 1000m needs 2 workers for watering 4 to 6 times per day, the frequency of which is seasonally dependent. A higher frequency is required in the dry season on the sections of high traffic density and large population. This measure shall be taken by contractors in the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project for reduction of dust emission to the environment. All vehicles carrying potentially dust - generating materials (sand, soil, stone, etc.) to, from and within the site shall be covered with suitable materials such as tarpaulins in order to prevent dust dispersion to the environment. Concrete mixers and asphalt stations are arranged at least 300 m distanced from residential areas. The distance ensures that the impacts of emissions, noise and offensive smells on residential areas are minor. In addition to watering the zones in front of and inside concrete mixing stations, ditches of 4 x 10 x 0.3 m (L x W x D) would be made by contractors in order to wash vehicles before they go out of the stations. This measure is necessary for concrete mixing stations where the dust content is very high as it keeps down soil and sand adhering to vehicle wheels. These are highly feasible measures. The best measure is to wash truck body and tires before moving out of the construction to urban areas. Enclosing walls (3.0 4.0 m in high) shall be built up around the construction sites that are near the sensitive receptors (schools, populated areas, churches, pagodas, etc). This measure is applied well at many infrastructure and road projects in Vietnam. Dredged spoil shall be compacted to minimize dust dispersion to surrounding residential areas. The surface of dredged spoil storage sites maybe covered by dense plastic sheets to prevent dust dispersion. This is also good for soil erosion prevention in the rainy months. This measure is widely applied in other countries. Workers handling construction materials shall be provided with personal work protection equipment (PPE / masks) to limit their exposure to dust. The project owner would arrange for monitoring noise and emissions from construction machines (bulldozers, trucks, etc.). Dust and air emissions are monitored via typical parameters such as total suspended particulates (TSP), PM10, SO2. In addition, the implementation of environmental protection measures by subcontractors at construction sites will be monitored so as to take necessary measures for air pollution control (environmental monitoring is described in Chapter VI). ii. Domestic Solid Wastes

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix) (x)

528. As estimated in Chapter III, in the peak periods of construction, there will be 1,000 workers at construction sites. The total amount of daily generated solid waste would be 800

184 kg. For each camp for 100 workers, the volume would be 80 kg/day. If not properly collected and treated, this volume can pollute soil, surface water, underground water and the air inside and near the worker camps. Particularly, in any period of epidemic, this kind solid waste can bring pathogens from workers camps to residential areas nearby. In normal conditions when camps are far from residential areas, this impact is predicted as minor, local and mitigable. 529. Impacts of domestic wastes from the worker camps can be mitigated by the following measures: (i) (ii) Burning of domestic and construction wastes shall be prohibited. All solid wastes from workers camps are collected, segregated and separately gathered in separate tanks of 100 240L each. Three types of solid wastes shall be segregated: organic wastes, oily solid wastes and hard solid wastes. Organic wastes (waste food, vegetables etc) could be put into a tank with blue label; hard non-water solid wastes (glass, wood) could be put into a tank with yellow label and hazardous wastes, including oily wastes could be put into a tank with red label. Waste foods can be given to local people for feeding animals. Hard solid wastes and hazardous waste shall be moved into a temporary storage site built at the worker camping area and collected weekly and transported to district's solid waste disposal site by a local environmental service enterprise. This model of solid waste management at construction worker camps could be properly applied in this project. The solid waste from construction sites in Binh Chanh and Nha Be, Ho Chi Minh City would be disposed at Da Phuoc Solid Waste Treatment Complex, which is about 0.5 to 25 km from the project site. In cases when construction sites that last for more than 6 months (for building bridges), construction contractors can build pits for receiving and disposing of domestic solid wastes. The pit shall be located over 200m from boundary of the nearest residential area and over 10 m from eating area. A pit of 4.0m x 2.0m x 2.0m (L x W x D) with bottom lined with a clay-layer is adequate for a construction team of 50 workers in 6 months. When the team moves to a new construction site, trash pits shall be disinfected with lime or hypochlorite solution, then covered with a 20 30 cm layer of soil in order to avoid pollution. iii. Construction Solid Wastes

(iii)

530. The main solid wastes generated in the construction stage include biological wastes (cut trees, grass), waste concrete, cement, used fuel containers, unused excavated soil, oily waste cloths etc. 531. These types of solids may cause several environmental problems: (i)

Pollute canal and river due to disposal of construction wastes or storm water flowing across construction waste storage sites. Consequently, canals, rivers and groundwater would be polluted by turbidity, suspended solids, organic matter, oil and acidity (in case of run off water from excess soil containing acidic materials). (ii) Pollute land due to disposal of construction wastes. (iii) Pollute the air due to dust dispersion from construction waste storage sites. (iv) Affect on aesthetics of the area. 532. To minimize the impacts created by construction waste. The following measures shall be taken. 533. The main solid wastes during construction of roads and bridges include waste concrete, bricks, cements, scrap of iron and steel etc. Unused soil (dredged materials) is also considered construction solid waste.

185

(i)

(ii) (iii)

(iv) (v)

All construction waste are collected and stored properly at planned spoil disposal sites for reuse. Spoil disposal sites shall be located closely to each construction site, but far (over 200m) from residential, commercial or cultural sites. Disposal of construction wastes to river, canal or field is forbidden. Contractors would employ 1-2 sanitary workers for collecting and segregating sanitary waste, hazardous waste and construction waste at each construction site. Contractors shall sign contract with environmental service enterprises of districts for safe disposal of construction wastes that are not reused for site leveling. Scrap iron and other kinds of metallic waste are collected and sold to recycling entities. Contractors keep at a proper place the volume of dredged spoil (with high contents of organic matters) that is not used for leveling, and allow local people or companies to take it away for soil reclamation or forestation (farmers in the project districts like to use this type of soil for field reclamation of filling low land area). iv. Domestic wastewater

534. The construction of the expressway will need a large number of workers. On average, each section of 5 - 6 km needs a camp for 100 workers. The number of workers at construction sites would be up to 1,000 (peak periods). As such, the maximum volume of sanitary wastewater would be 120 m3/day with main pollutants of suspended solid (SS), organic matters, oil and grease, nutrients (salts of nitrogen and phosphorus) and microorganisms. 535. The pollution loads of workers sanitary wastewater are predicted as shown in Table V.25. Table V.25:
Parameter BOD520 COD TS SS Oil and grease Total nitrogen Organic nitrogen NH4+ Total phosphorus Total Coliform

Estimated Pollution Loads of Domestic Wastewater from Construction workers

Pollution load of 1 person per day (g/person), average 45-54 (50) 85-102 (94) 170-220 (195) 70-145 (107) 0-30 (15) 6-12 (9) 2.4-4.8 (3.6) 3.6-7.2 (5.4) 0.8-4 (2.4) 106-1010 MPN/100 mL Total pollution load (kg/day), maximum 50 94 195 107 15 9 3.6 5.4 2.4 -

536. In case of without treatment, the concentrations of main pollutants such as BOD, COD, SS in workers wastewater are: BOD: 416 mg/L COD: 784 mg/L SS: 890 mg/L 537. Those concentrations of pollutants exceed the allowable limits of the Vietnam National Regulation for Domestic Effluent (QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT, column B, where the permissible BOD, SS are 50, 100 and 100 mg/L, respectively). Furthermore, domestic wastewater from workers camps may encourage epidemic diseases if any (cholera,

186 diarrhea, etc.) occur. The subjects of this impact include residential areas near the camps and watercourses nearby. 538. Since the number of workers in each camp is at most 100, the impact of domestic wastewater generated from each camp to the surrounding environment is assessed as local and mitigable. 539. To properly mitigate the potential impacts caused by domestic waste water the following measures are suggested. (i) In order to control pollution due to sanitary waste, contractors shall install treatment facilities (mobile toilets) at appropriate places in the construction sites and particularly at workers camping area. Each camp of 100 workers will need at least 4 mobile toilets. As for construction sites located far (over 500m) from residential areas, it is permitted to build temporary bench latrines with a enclosure around a pit. The enclosure may be made of Nipa palm, composite or bricks. Lime is used for daily disinfection and a thin layer of soil is added every 2 to 3 days. Bench latrines shall be located at least 100 m from residential area and/or camps. When workers move to new construction sites, latrines should be sealed off and disinfected with lime. The simple and cheap bench latrines are a preferred solution for construction sites far from residential areas in rural areas. This type of toilets is suitable for the terrain of districts in the project site, particularly in Ben Luc, Nhon Trach and Long Thanh. At construction sites near residential areas, contractors should build up septic tanks toilets. Many types of septic tanks can be utilized for actual conditions. Figure V.7 illustrates an appropriate model for construction sites near residential areas. The model has high treatment effectiveness, for instance, 80% of BOD and 90% of microorganisms may be removed. The liquid components from septic tanks should be collected and transferred to the local sewage system. In addition, contractors should install hand-wash taps at each sanitary site for users.

(ii)

(iii)

Figure V.7: v.

A Model of 3- Compartment Septic Tank Wastes from Machinery Washing and Maintenance

540. Storm water flowing over construction sites, fuel storage sites, machine washing and maintenance sites sweeps away waste on the ground such as sand, soil, high alkalinity created by excessive cement, oil and grease, refuse, etc. This kind of wastewater usually has high turbidity, SS and maybe various hazardous wastes such as oil and grease, etc. and it can therefore pollute the land, surface and ground water environment. 541. Wastewater from construction sites, fuel store sites and from machinery washing will be discharged to fields, rivers or canals along the expressway. At present, water pollution of those rivers and canals is minor and medium with only some parameters exceeding the Vietnamese National Technical Regulation for Surface Water Standard (QCVN 08:

187 2008/BTNMT) (Chapter III). Water pollution, particularly in small canals, will increase when receiving wastewater from construction sites. Nevertheless, since the volume of this kind of wastewater is limited, this impact is assessed as minor, temporary and mitigable. 542. To minimize this impact, this wastewater shall be treated by settling tanks and oil skimmers (oil/water separators) prior to discharge to surrounding fields or canals. A diagram illustrating the treatment of waste water from washing construction machines and vehicles is given below (Figure V.8). A system as such is simple and popular and the design and operation of its devices are so simple that it is not necessary to specify here. Neutralization Wash water from vehicles, machines

Settling tank

Oil separator

Receiving source

Figure V.8: Flow Chart of Wash Water and Oily Waste Water Treatment to be Applied in the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project vi. Soil, Surface and Ground Water Pollution by Wastes 543. Site studies show that the ground water levels in districts of Ben Luc, Binh Chanh, Nha Be, and Long Thanh are deep (15 35 m at the time of study). In districts of Can Gio and Nhon Trach, people rarely use ground water because it is saline. 544. In the construction phase, soil, surface and groundwater pollution may occur with main reasons as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Leakage of oil and/or fuel from construction machinery; Rash disposal of solid waste and sanitary wastewater from construction workers camps; Effluent from construction activities; Storm water flowing over construction sites. Domestic and construction wastes mentioned above.

545. Volumes of storm water may be very high during rainy days. Storm water can lead to soil erosion and inundation. Additionally, storm water at road construction sites in this project may contain high turbidity, SS, acidic materials (at acid sulphate soil areas), metals (Al, Fe, Zn) and oil. Therefore, storm water may pollute land, surface and groundwater, where it will flow across. Consequently, water quality would be degraded, affecting aquatic organisms and water supply. 546. Although the volume of water to be used in the construction of the expressway will be large, approximately 1,200 m3/day on average and maybe up to 3,000 m3/day in peak periods, a major part of water will be consumed for construction (for instance, concrete mixing, dust control spraying, etc.) therefore, the volume of generated wastewater would be limited. It is expected that the impact of wastes in the construction phase on soil and underground water is assessed as minor and possible to mitigable. 547. To minimize impacts of wastes to the land and groundwater environment the following measures shall be implemented (i) Proper management of fuel storage site: each construction site shall install a special site for storage of fuel containers. This storage site shall have roof,

188 walls and cement ground base. A kerb surrounding the storage site for prevention of fuel leakage is required. Proper treatment of all types of solid wastes and wastewater by the technical measures given in relevant section. Discharge and/or disposal of untreated hazardous wastes to the land is forbidden. Install ditches to prevent flow of storm water to cultivation, aquaculture areas or water intake sites for domestic use. Properly treat acidic water. Where significant oil and grease is expected use of oil/water separators for treatment. Regular implementation of the monitoring program for land and groundwater. b. Impacts of Non-Waste Sources and Mitigation Measure i. Noise Pollution

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)

548. According to results of measurement at the sites alongside the expressway (Chapter III), at present the baseline noise there is still lower than the permissible limits of the Vietnam Standard for Noise at mixed residential and commercial - production areas (TCVN 5949 1998), excepted for the sites at National Road 1A and National Road 51. Noise pollution at construction sites and the vicinity is predicted to be increased as a result of the construction activities. 549. The main sources of noise will be construction machines with the noise levels as high as 70 96 dBA, which however significantly decrease over distances. 550. The model of noise transfer prediction indicates that noise reduction is a logarithmic function of the distance from the noise source. Based on the model, it is computed and found that noise reduces by 6 dB(A) when the distance from the noise source doubles. Results of computation based on the noise transfer model applicable to construction machines and trucks in operation are shown in Table V.26. 551. Noise of almost all construction machines except for hammer drill / pilling machine is not higher than 75dB(A) at 150 m distance. Piling machines are the strongest noise generation source with the impacting distance of 383 m. As such, noise pollution will cover a large zone beyond the construction sites of the expressway and bridges. It is noteworthy that the noise increase by many machines working in unison is minor. 552. The results above are obtained given the topography is flat without obstruction. When the site has a vegetation carpet, noise can be further decreased over distances. Table V.26:
Machine Air compressors Compactors Excavators Tractors Bulldozers Pavers Heavy trucks Concrete mixers Concrete pumps Cranes, movable Cranes, derrick

Noise Transfer Over Distance

Distance (m) to 75 dB(A) Min Max 0 50 0 0 0 108 19 136 27 108 68 0 38 121 0 48 30 38 0 43 61 86 Distance (m) to 45 dB(A) Min Max 383 383 341 1.079 341 3.412 607 4.295 857 3.412 2.153 2.153 1.211 3.828 430 1.524 962 1.211 430 1.358 1919 2.710

Noise, 15m distance dB(A) Min Max 74 86 72 73 72 92 77 94 80 92 88 88 83 93 74 85 81 83 74 84 87 90

189
Pumps Electric generators Pneumatic wrenches Jackhammers Pile drivers 70 73 83 82 96 70 82 88 96 103 0 0 38 34 171 0 34 68 171 383 271 383 1.211 1.079 5.407 271 1.079 2.153 5.407 12.106

553. Thus, the noise impact on roadside residential areas can be assessed as major (significant) with a large affected zone (i.e. where noise is higher than the permissible limit in the Vietnamese Standard for Noise at Public Areas, TCVN 5949-1998) and difficult to mitigate. 554. It is possible to use the noise monitoring results obtained by ENVITECH (March 2008) (Table V.27) at 10 mobile sites in the construction of the East-West Expressway project in Ho Chi Minh City to prove the noise increase at construction sites of the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway. Table V.27: Noise Pollution at 10 Sites of the East-West Expressway, (for Reference in Prediction of Noise Increase in the Construction of Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway)
No. Monitoring sites Moi bridge, Nuoc Len canal, Binh Chanh district (Dist.) Construction activities Leveling, building up foundation and building bridge Leveling, paving Noise Mar 2008 Jul 2005 (under (before construction) construction) 74.8 67.7

Construction site on Ho Hoc Lam road, An Lac ward in Binh Tan Dist. Construction site at 343/22A Tran Paving 3 Van Kieu, ward 7, Dist. 6 Construction site near Y-shape Digging and bridging 4 bridge, Dist. 5 Construction site for Thu Thiem Founding piles for the 5 tunnel (near 2A Ton Duc Thang, tunnel Dist. 1) Founding yard, Phuoc Khanh Building up the founding 6 commune, Nhon Trach district, yard Dong Nai province Construction site near the Piling, building up the 7 concrete mixer on Thu Thiem tunnel river bank, Dist. 2 Construction site, from Tran Nao Leveling, paving and 8 road to Catrelon canal, Dist. 2 building bridge Construction site, from Ca tre nho Leveling and road 9 canal to Provincial Road 25, Dist. paving 2 Construction site at Cat Lai Road construction 10 junction, Provincial Road 25. TCVN 5949 - 1998 (applicable to residential areas amid commercial and production areas) 2
Source: ENVITECH, March 2008

67.9 79.6 83.5 76.8

69.4 77.6 75.3 74.2

60.3

64.5

79.0 68.4 78.2 80.9 75.0

65.7 50.1 75.3 76.7

555. Data in Table V.27 shows that the construction of the expressway significantly increases noise when compared with the time before construction (March 2008 vs. July 2005).

190 556. Loud noise can damage health, cause inconvenience to people near the construction sites and affect sensitive animals. Data of the relations between noise and health are given in WHO documents and various medical literatures. 557. Considering the information mentioned above, it is possible to state that residential areas far from the construction of the expressway and bridges (at least 150 m) will suffer minor impacts. In contrast, populated areas near National Road 1A (the communes in Ben Luc and Binh Chanh districts), National Road 50 (the communes in Binh Chanh district), and particularly residential areas of Nha Be district, and Phuoc Thai commune adjacent to the expressway would be exposed to heavy noise. It is noteworthy that the sensitive receptors as cultural and religious buildings, hospitals and the like that are located about 300m from a very strong noise source (eg. pile drivers) may still be affected. Therefore, noise reduction measures are required for those receptors. 558. In order to reduce noise pollution, the project owner shall require and check construction contractors take the measures as follows. ii. (i) General Measures

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

Arrangement of sources of loud noise such as concrete mixers, piling machines, electric generators, etc. at least 300 m from sensitive subjects (for instance, residential areas, hospitals, schools, churches, pagodas, offices, etc.); Restriction of operation of pile drivers, pneumatic wrenches and operation of other strong noise generation sources in nighttime (22:00 to 6:00); Regular maintenance and checkup of vehicles such that they are always in good conditions and satisfactory to the Vietnam Noise Standard; Stipulation of maximum speed of trucks in construction sites; Providing workers near sources of loud noise with noise protection devices such as ear-plugs. iii. Mitigation of Noise for Sensitive Subjects In case that it is impossible to ensure the minimum distance for sensitive receptors as mentioned above, contractors shall take special noise reduction measures, one of which is to build up noise barriers around sources of heavy noise. The walls of 3.0 4.0 m high, may be made of bricks, thick wood or other materials. Depending on material of construction, the barriers can reduce noise levels by 10 - 15 dB(A). Noise Barriers shall be as close to the noise source as possible. A standard design of noise barrier is not practical in this FS study stage. However, based on the capacities of noise transmission reduction of materials given below and local actual conditions (distance from the construction site to nearest sensitive noise receptors, topographic features, availability of materials...) contractors will design and construct noise barriers to minimize noise pollution to acceptable levels. In addition, landform is also effective in noise reduction. The landforms that can be utilized as acoustic screens are earth banks, and enclosing walls of public works

(i)

(ii)

559. In addition to technical measures, managerial ones are feasible. For instance, operations of heavy-duty trucks shall be managed, particularly when they work near sensitive zones. iv. Vibration Impact and Mitigation

560. Among vibration sources, piling machines are highest. Piling machines in operation can cause large vibrations with examples as follows:

191 (i) Binding sheet piles, 4.5 5m long and U-shape are driven in to the necessary depth. An 8-ton hammer with the pulse of 48 KJ can cause vibration of 12.9 mm/s at 10 m distance. Staking a pile into muddy ground with the pulse of 30 KJ can cause vibration of 4.3 mm/s at 10m distance. A diesel hammer working on clay ground can cause vibration of 7 mm/s at 10 m distance.

(ii) (iii)

561. In order to protect offices and public works (schools, hospitals, etc.) the maximum vibration shall be < 2 mm/s. As such, the safety distance for vibration is 7 m for wooden works on clay ground and 12 to 16 m for construction works on weak foundations. 562. Vibration monitoring results obtained by ENVITECH in the construction of the EastWest Expressway, show vibration caused by the construction of the expressway (Table V.28). Table V.28: Vibration at Monitoring Sites in the Construction Phase of the East-West Expressway (for Reference in Prediction of Vibration for the Construction of Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway)
No 1 Code A-1 Monitoring points Acceleration (m/s2)rms Vertical Horizontal 0.0316 0.0205 0.0165 0.0240 0.0180 0.0085 0.0210 0.0055 0.0173 0.0068 0.0170 0.0405 0.0084 0.0110 0.0127 0.0322 0.0125 0.0495 0.0297 0.0218 0.0165 0.0235 0.0197 0.0090 0.0215 0.0050 0.0169 0.0077 0.0186 0.0390 0.0077 0.0135 0.0163 0.0330 0.0138 0.0505

Junction of East-West expressway and National Road 1, Binh Chanh Dist. 2 A-2 An Duong Vuong road, 20 30 m from the expressway 3 A-3 Junction of Lo Gom Tran Van Kieu, Dist. 6 4 A-4 Junction of Binh Tien Tran Van Kieu, Dist. 6 5 A-5 Junction of Binh Tay Tran Van Kieu, Dist. 6 6 A-6 Cha Va bridge and Tran Van Kieu road, Dist. 6 7 A-7 Junction of Nguyen Tri Phuong Ben Ham Tu, Dist. 5 Junction of Huynh Man Dat Ben Chuong Duong, Dist. 8 A-8 5 9 A-9 Y-shape bridge, Ben Ham Tu road, Dist. 5 10 A-10 Junction of Tran Dinh Xu - Ben Chuong Duong, Dist. 1 Junction of Nguyen Thai Hoc Ben Chuong Duong, Dist. 11 A-11 1 12 A-12 2 A Ton Duc Thang road, Dist. 1 13 A-13 Thu Thiem ferry landing, Luong Dinh Cua road, Dist. 2 Tran Nao road, 20-30m from the projected expressway, 14 A-14 Dist. 2 15 A-15 Junction of Luong Dinh Cua Tran Nao, Dist. 2 16 A-16 Junction of Luong Dinh Cua Provincial Road 25, Dist. 2 17 A-17 Binh Trung Tay residential area, Dist. 2 Junction of Provincial Road 25 and Hanoi highway, near 18 A-18 Rach Chiec bridge Vietnam Standard for Vibration in construction activities (TCVN 69622001)
Source: ENVITECH, March, 2008

0.055 (=75dB)

563. Based on the monitoring data in Table V.28 it is possible to anticipate that vibration of construction machines and trucks in the construction of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway would be lower than the allowable limit. Besides, a limited number of machines of strong vibration will work for a relatively short period. For instance, piling machines will work for at most 3 to 4 months at a section; electric generators will work as stand-by in case of electricity cut off (rarely occurs). Therefore, the impact of vibration on people and construction works in the vicinity of construction sites is assessed as minor and temporary.

192 564. To minimize vibration pollution the following measures will be applied. (i) Offices and similar sensitive receptors (schools, hospitals, houses, etc.) are safe when the maximum vibration < 2 mm/s. For protection of construction structures, the safe distance from a source of medium vibration (for instance, a heavy trucks, generators, etc.) is 7 m for wooden structures on clay and 12 to 16 m for structures on muddy soil. The minimum distance is 30 40 m for piling machine into clay ground and 45 m for muddy ground. Results of vibration monitoring by VESDEC in various infrastructure and traffic development projects (for instance, vibration from the construction of the International Terminal of Tan Son Nhat Airport in Ho Chi Minh City and vibration from vehicles in national roads) show that the levels are lower than the allowable limits. Therefore, it is not necessary to take any measure to reduce vibration from operations of vehicles in the construction of the expressway and bridges. Noise and vibration from operations of construction machines in the construction of the expressway and bridges shall be monitored. v. Impact of Acid Sulphate Soils and Mitigation Measures

(ii)

(iii)

565. Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway will cross some low land areas such as communes of districts of Ben Luc, Binh Chanh, Nha Be and Can Gio. At those sites road foundations must be embanked against water inundation in the flood season. According to the preliminary design of the expressway, the foundation must be at least 0.5 m higher than the highest flood level recorded in the last 100 years to secure continuous traffic on the expressway. 566. Noticeably, the expressway will be constructed at some areas of potential and actual acid sulphate soil ASS (see the soil map in Figure IV.1, Chapter IV). The investigation of the Sub National Institute of Agriculture Planning and Projection found that the foundation is shallow potential acid sulphate soil (PASS) which occurs at communes of Quy Duc and Da Phuoc in Binh Chanh district, and actual acid sulphate soil (AASS) and deep potential acid sulphate soil occurs at Binh Khanh commune of Can Gio. Digging and embanking in acid sulphate soil may cause acidification of soil and water. This matter is actually occurring in many areas in the Mekong Delta and Western part of Ho Chi Minh City. 567. The mechanism of the acidification is as follows: (i) Acid sulphate soil contains high contents of pyrite (FeS2), which, when the soil is dug or turned upside down, is exposed to sunlight and contacted with water, thereby oxidized with the presence of microorganisms. At high pH, pyrite can be oxidized when ferrous ions (Fe2+) are present: The latter is slow when pH<4 but very speedy (more than million times higher) with the presence of catalytic microorganisms (iron-oxidation bacteria).

(ii) (iii)

568. The study of NEDECO for the WB Project for Inland Waterway Rehabilitation in the Mekong Delta (1999) indicates that 1m3 of actual acid sulphate soil can release 20-60 moles of acids. That is the basis for calculation of acidification when acid sulphate soils are dug and embanked. 569. Figure V.9 shows the released acidic material from dredged AASS may pollute the surrounded water environment. If acidic water has high acidity (pH < 5), high concentrations of Fe and Al, it may damage cultivated plants and fish species.

193

Figure V.9:

Acidic Water Resulted from Digging Acid Sulphate Soil (Photo in Long An province, where serious AASS occurs)

570. Storm water flowing over disturbed acid sulphate soil is easily acidified and then water flows to watercourses, acidifies canals and aquaculture ponds. This phenomenon may occur at districts of Can Giuoc, Binh Chanh and Nha Be. Certain results of acidification include damages to aquatic resources and water quality of rivers and water there. According to the studies of Le Trinh et al., the section in Cu Chi district of the Sai Gon river (Ho Chi Minh City) has been acidified evidently (pH = 4.5 5.5, whilst the pH of the Dong Nai river, which is not affected by acidic water is usually neutral, i.e. 6.8-7.3). This is a proof of the impact of digging/embanking in acid sulphate solids in Long An and Ho Chi Minh City. 571. Fish species may be killed when pH of water is too low. The effects of water acidity on fish species were evaluated by Wellburn (1988) as given in Table V.29.

194 Table V.29:

pH Range 6.5-9.0 6.0-6.4 5.0-5.9 4.5-4.9 4.0-4.4 3.5-3.9 3.0-3.4 No effect Unlikely to be harmful/except when C02 level are very high (> 1000 mg/L) Not especially harmful except when C02 levels are high (>20 mg/L or ferric irons are present Harmful to the eggs of salmon and trout species and to adult fish when Ca , Na and Cl- are low Harmful to various fish species Lethal to salmonids Most fish are killed within hours
2+ +

Short-Term Effect of Water Acidity on Fish Species

Effect

Source: Wellburn ( 1998)

572. Nevertheless, according to the design of the project, embanked soil will be strongly compacted then covered with layers of sand and macadam and the oxidation will be hindered and furthermore, the leachate of acidified water (if any) from the road foundation to rice fields or aquaculture ponds would be minor. Therefore, it is predicted that if the design is observed, the impact of the construction of the Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway would be minor. In contrast, digging and storage of spoil not satisfactory to technical requirement may cause serious acidification of aquaculture ponds and rice fields. Sections 1 and 2 (Ben Luc, Can Giuoc, and districts in Ho Chi Minh City) may be affected by this impact at minor to medium levels. 573. The embankment of the road foundation may also cause other negative impacts such as flow obstruction, water inundation landscape change, air and noise pollution due to construction machines. Those impacts are already anticipated and assessed in other sections. 574. The following measures are recommended in order to prevent the acidification during road construction at acid sulphate soil areas. (i) (ii) The physical - chemical structure of soil shall be analyzed before digging to indicate which layer and what depth to be dug; In case that a large volume of acid sulphate soil must be dug for embanking the road bed, the contractor shall cover the face of the road bed with a layer of soil or clay not containing acid sulphate soil. Storm water from construction site with high acidity (pH < 5.0) shall be treated with lime with the amount calculated based on the volume and pH of water. This measure is costly and therefore, it will be applied at special places, for instance, water intake for domestic use, zones near agriculture ponds or cultivating fields and in case that this acidic water is generated by project activities (in some places without project activity pH values of pond, canals are may be lower than 5 or lower than pH value of storm water from construction site. In this case, project will not be responsible for water treatment). This measure has been taken effectively at some construction works in the Mekong Delta. Photos illustrating the leachate from an acid sulphate soil layer and the use of lime for treatment of sulphate water at construction sites in the Mekong delta are given in Figure V.9 and V.10, respectively. In case that spoil is heaped up along the road, in order to avoid of the transfer of sulphate water to agriculture and aquaculture land, construction contractors shall design and utilize storing grounds with enclosure of suitable width and height. The capacity of a storing ground is determined case by case. The

(iii)

(iv)

195 enclosure shall be 1.0 2.0m wide, 1.0 1.5m high and carefully compacted against erosion and percolation.

Figure V.10: Treatment of High Acid Sulphate Soil and Acidic Water with Lime (v) The enclosure shall preferably include resettling reservoirs to reduce turbidity and suspended solid and to treat leachate of acidic water (including neutralization with lime if pH of water in the reservoir is lower than that at the surrounding environment). A design of a reservoir with settling tanks for storing dredge spoil is shown in Figure V.11.

Spoil ground

Figure V.11: Model of a Reservoir with Settling and Neutralizing Tanks to Prevent Impacts of Acidic Water) (vi) The aforementioned model of acidic dredged water treatment for spoil grounds have applied effectively to various projects in the Mekong Delta (for instance, the WB project for Rehabilitation of Inland Waterways of the Mekong Delta, 2000 2005 designed by SMEC, monitoring by VESDEC of VESDI).

196 (vii) Any construction contractor who causes soil or water acidification that kills fish or shrimp or damages crops shall be subject to compensation and fines under Vietnam laws. vi. Impacts of Foundation Elevation and Mitigation Measures

575. The topography of the entire project expressway is generally low and flat (except for the section that crosses over the Center of Nhon Trach district). The flow in the flood season is NW - SE (in Ben Luc, Binh Chanh, and Nha Be) or N-S (Can Gio, Nhon Trach and Long Thanh). The main meteo-hydrological feature of the project site is bi-seasonality. At the end of the rainy season (October to December), flood water from the Plain of Reeds (Dong Thap Muoi) is poured to the East of Vam Co and West Vam Co rivers and other rivers and canals in the basin of the Vam Co river covering Ben Luc and Can Giuoc districts. Meanwhile, flood water from the upstream rivers such as Dong Nai and Sai Gon flows to the rivers of Nha Be, Soai Rap and other canals. During that period, a major part of low land in Ben Luc, Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Can Gio, and Nhon Trach are inundated, and canals play the role of water drainage for residential and urban areas and industrial zones in the project site. 576. As such, if a road foundation is built up with an elevation of over 3m above the existing ground, a dike obstructing flood water is formed. It means that in the rainy/flood season, water flow is stopped by the expressway and the Northern zones are then inundated. This phenomenon has been recorded at some national roads in Central Vietnam and the Mekong Delta. Inundation, if occurred, will cause a series of adverse environmental and social effects, which include water pollution, epidemic disease transmission, crops and aquaculture damages, construction work degradation and life disturbance. This impact is assessed in two cases: if drainage culverts under the road are not effective, the impact is medium to major, depending on locations. Nevertheless, according to the design, the expressway will have effective cross drainage which will be regularly maintained and cleared of debris. Thus, if contractors follow the design, this impact is predicted as minor. 577. In order to mitigate this impact, the project owner shall implement the following measures: (i) (ii) Carefully study the topographic features of each section of the expressway to ensure correct design of road foundation. Design and construct adequate culverts dependent on location and sized to allow rapid water drainage from the upstream to downstream area in the event of intense rainfall. Strictly control the construction, operation, maintenance and clearing of drainage culverts and ditches during expressway construction and operation. vii. Impacts of Landslide and Soil Erosion

(iii)

578. Results of the investigation and evaluation of characteristics of geology, landform, hydrology and engineering geology throughout the alignment from Ben Luc district to Long Thanh district indicate the causes of landslide as follows: (i) Slope angle is the main cause of landslide. The higher slope angle, then the lower the stability of the slope. The slope of the entire alignment is not high, at most 0 0.5% and the average elevation is 0.5 1.5m, of landslide by topographic difference is minor. Groundwater in soil layers has close relations with the surface flow. Heavy rains or flood water form an underground flow that hollows the top soil base and when water has gone down, an underground water depth difference is created, damaging the loosened top soil. When it is drought, lower hollows shrink and consequently, soil cracking and depression are easy to occur.

(ii)

197 (iii) Underground depths of aquifers in Ho Chi Minh City, Long An, Dong Nai are decreasing. According to Nguyen The Ngoc (2000), the underground depth in Ho Chi Minh City has annually decreased 1.5 m to 2 m. Aquifers are deteriorating because the extraction of groundwater in the City is more than 600,000 m3/day while the supply capacity is less than 200,000 m3/day. Monitoring data provided by the Southern Union of Engineering Geology and Hydrology shows the different decreases of underground depths at some locations. In Binh Chanh and Nha Be where the expressway will cross, the annual decrease is approximately 0.5 m to 0.77 m. In association with the underground depth decrease, salinity intrusion and land depression are increased. Decreased depths of extracted aquifers and the increasing growth of construction works on the ground have jointly deformed the landform (i.e. depression) at many zones in Ho Chi Minh City. The sloping terrain in the West to East direction is another factor. With the elevation of 0.5 1m on average, surface flows are easy to form after heavy rains. The flow will affect the road face and cause erosion when the rainfall is large enough. Therefore, the zones where the slope is in the North to South direction, i.e. crossing over the centerline of the expressway (for instance, Ben Luc and Nhon Trach) will have high risks of erosion.

(iv)

(v)

579. Erosion of the positive embankment slope can fill up the road face and that of the negative embankment slope can lead to erosion of road shoulders. Both cases lead to traffic obstruction and dangers to people on the expressway. 580. Based on site studies and technical data, it is predictable that geological landslide in the rainy season is likely to occur at the sections and zones as follows: a) section from the start of the expressway (My Yen commune in Ben Luc district) to Hung Long commune in Binh Chanh district (around National Road 1A) overlies the ground of non-strengthened alluvia with a motley layer. Depression is easy to occur if the road foundation is not reinforced; b) sections crossing Quy Duc and Da Phuoc commune, Binh Chanh district, Nhon Duc and Long Thoi commune in Nha Be district, Binh Khanh commune in Can Gio district, Phuoc Khanh in Nhon Trach district overlie weak (soft) foundations, therefore, and depression is easy to occur. 581. Topographical landslide can occur according to the height of the expressway embankment above the surrounding land. The section from Ben Luc to Nha Be crosses flat terrain while the section from Nhon Trach to Long Thanh is slightly higher elevation. Details of the land fill elevations necessary for building up the expressway are given in Table V.30. Table V.30:
Section Km0 Km12 Km12 km16 Km16 km31 Km31 km36 Km36 km42 Km42 km52 Km52 km58

Average Elevations of Land Fill

Filling thickness (m) 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 8.0 - 10.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.0 1.5 6

Top soil On weak foundation, 3m-4m On weak foundation, 4m-10m On weak foundation, 14m-25m On weak foundation, 3m 8m On strong foundation On weak foundation, 4m 10m On weak foundation, 3m 15m

(i)

(ii)

Km 0 km 12, i.e. the section from the start of the expressway to Ong Keo canal that crosses My Yen, Binh Chanh, Tan Quy Tay and Hung Long communes: the land fill elevation is 1.5 2.5m. The landslide risk of this section is high because the land fill elevation is high. Km 13 km 16, i.e. the section from Ong Keo canal to Ba Lao canal, crossing Da Phuoc commune: the land fill elevation is 2 to 2.5m, i.e. the largest over the entire expressway and therefore, the risk is very high.

198 (iii) (iv) (v) Km 17, i.e. Ba Lao bridge: this is affected by the flow of Ba Lao canal and the risk of landslide is also high. Km 17 km 23 from Ba Lao canal to the Soai Rap River: the terrain is flat and landslide can hardly occur, unless there is a heavy rain. Km 24 km 30, i.e. the section crossing Binh Khanh commune in Can Gio district: the risk of erosion is very high because the geological foundation is very soft while the zone is adjacent to big rivers such as Soai Rap and Long Tau. According to the selected plan of alignment, the section from km 24 to km 26 will go along the bank of the Soai Rap river. That is the section of extremely high risk of landslide. Therefore, it shall be taken into account during the design and construction of the bridge. Km 31 km 36: this section crosses Phuoc Khanh commune in Nhon Trach district, where the topographical difference is 2 2.5m. Therefore, the risk of landslide is high. Km 36 km 42: this is located within Vinh Thanh commune in Nhon Trach district where the geological foundation is strong and the topographical difference is 1.5 2m. As such, landslide can hardly occur. Km 42 km 52: crossing Phuoc An commune, Nhon Trach district, where the land fill elevation is so low (1 1.5m) that there is less risk of landslide. Km 52 km58 (end of the expressway): crossing the Thi Vai, a big river in a zone of weak foundation. The risk of landslide is therefore high and shall be taken into account during the design and construction of the bridge.

(vi)

(vii)

(viii) (ix)

582. The information mentioned above show that the problems of erosion and landslide should be greatly considered in the design and construction of the expressway as well as its bridges. The impact of erosion and landslide can be predicted as minor to medium (depending on sections) but mitigable technical solutions. 583. In order to limit erosion and landslide of river banks and road beds, particularly at the construction sites of bridges on weak soil with high flow rates such as Ba Lao bridge (Km10+100), Binh Khanh bridge (Km23+400), Phuoc Khanh bridge (Km30+300) and Thi Vai bridge (Km53+100), the following measures shall be taken. (i) An appropriate number of culverts with suitable dimensions are designed and built up at the zones which are vulnerable in the flood season (particularly the sections crossing Ben Luc, Binh Chanh and Nha Be) to avoid flood water infiltrating the road beds under construction. This measure will also help prevent upstream water inundation in the rainy/flood season. Drains are arranged properly so as to avoid the erosive effect of flows. Roadside draining ditches are paved with stone or concrete when roads are under construction. The uncovered areas of talus are reduced by ramming and grassing when road beds are under construction. Do not cut off vegetation carpet along the river bank and along the expressway. Vegetation carpet is effective in preventing soil erosion and landslide. Planting mangrove trees along the river bank where close to the road and/or bridges, particularly at the bridge construction sites. The most appropriate trees for planting are Nipa palm (at the brackish and light saline areas) and Rhizophoa spp (at the light saline areas). viii. Impacts Caused by Other Construction Activities

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(vi)

584. During the construction stage the following activities will be implemented by contractors. (i) Operation of borrow sites for taking soils for road construction.

199 (ii) (iii) Construction and use of access roads for material transport Land excavation and dredging during road and bridge construction.

585. In this project, quarry operation is not expected as all amounts of stone, sand and gravels will be provided to construction contractors by material providers who operate private quarries. 586. At this stage of the study, specific locations of access roads, borrow sites and dredged material disposal sites are not determined, so detailed impact assessment and mitigation measures may not be anticipated. However, the general potential impacts of above mentioned activities are expected as follow. (i) Encroachment into forest, agricultural, commercial and / or residential areas, causing ecological and socio-economic impacts (in cases of construction and operation of access roads, spoil storage sites and borrow pits). Socio economic impacts of land acquisition for borrow sites, access roads or spoil disposal sites are assessed in Section V.B.3. Impacts on the biological environment are assessed in Section V. B. 2 (Chapter V). Noise, vibration, air, water and land pollution caused by operation of earthwork at borrow sites, access roads and excavation/dredging activities. Environmental pollution generated by operation of access roads, borrow sites and excavation/dredging activities are assessed in above Section V.C.1. (Chapter V). Land slide and soil erosion caused by construction and operation of access roads, borrow sites and excavation /dredging, spoil disposal activities. This type of impacts is assessed in Section V.C.1. (Chapter V).

(ii)

(iii)

587. Beside the above expected impacts operation borrow sites may cause the following specific adverse impacts: (i) Land and water acidification caused by storm water, flowing across borrow sites at acid sulphate soil areas. (ii) Lost of vegetation. (iii) Disfigurement of local landscape (iv) Creation of habitats for growth of mosquitoes and pests. (v) Safety risks due to creation of stagnant bodies of water and flooded pits. 588. All above expected impacts caused by operation of borrow sites are assessed as minor, short-term and mitigable. 589. To avoid the impacts associated with access road construction and operation the following measures will be applied. (i) (ii) (iii) Proper implementation of resettlement action plan (RAP) in case of land acquisition for access road construction. Proper control of soil erosion, land slide, storm water, construction and domestic wastes during access road construction. Proper noise, vibration control and dust control during truck movement at residential and/or commercial areas.

590. To minimize impacts caused by operation of spoil disposal sites the following measures are suggested. (i) Dredged and excavated materials shall be reused or provide for local residents for land reclamation as soon as possible. The remaining spoils can be disposed into low elevation sites for road construction or land reclamation.

200 (ii) (iii) Temporary vegetation of stockpiles would be carried out to minimize soil erosion, landslide and dust pollution. Temporary sediment traps (ditches and ponds) would be installed if high sediment laden runoff were observed.

591. To avoid impacts associated with borrow pits dredge and operation the following measures will be implemented. (i) Select proper places for setting up borrow pits to avoid areas of serious acid sulphate and saline soils and to avoid encroachment into forest, cultivation, commercial and residential areas. Borrow sites shall be located over 300m away from residential commercial, cultural sites. Proper soil erosion control during borrow pits construction and operation by proper design and installation of adequate drainage system. Proper control of storm water at borrow sites in the rainy season by using sediment traps, treatment of turbidity, strong acidic water (by lime) and oil separation water if high turbidity, high acidity or high oil content were found. Proper dust control during dredging, excavation at borrow sites and earth transport. Topsoil (about 15 cm) will be kept and refilled after excavation is over, Long term material stockpiles will be covered to prevent wind erosion, Upon completion of extraction activities, re-contour borrow/quarry pit wall, or fill-up when there are available and suitable materials such as excavation spoils, replace topsoil, and re-vegetate with native species such as grasses and fast-growing shrubs, Quarries and borrow pits will not be established in national, provincial, district and village conservation forests and other protected sites, Operation of existing quarry/borrow sites shall be preferred over establishment of new sites, as much as possible, In case the Project will involve new quarry/borrow sites, necessary approvals from environmental authorities shall be obtained prior to operation of such sites, During borrow site operation, provide adequate drainage to avoid ponding or accumulation of stagnant water, Borrow/quarry sites shall not be located in productive agricultural land and forested areas, Upon completion of extraction activities, borrow pits shall be dewatered and fences shall be installed, as appropriate, to minimize health and safety risks, To avoid drowning when pits become water-filled, measures such as fencing, providing flotation devices such as a buoy tied to a rope, etc. shall be implemented. Borrow pits will be left in a tidy state with stable side slopes and proper drainage in order to avoid erosion and ponding. It is possible that villagers may request borrow pits to left excavated so that they may be used as water reservoirs or fishponds. If this were to be agreed between the contractors and the villagers, all the full safety measures detailed above must be observed. Such agreements would be formalized in writing between the contractors and the villagers after full discussion with all concerned parties. Biological Environment a. Terrestrial Ecosystem

(ii) (iii)

(iv) (v) (vi) (vii)

(viii) (ix) (x)

(xi) (xii) (xiii) (xiv)

(xv) (xvi)

2.

592. In the construction phase, some activities in land clearance and vegetation removal would be continued. Activities in worker camp, construction of material stockpiles, construction of access roads, disposal of dredged soils etc. could damage vegetation cover

201 surrounded the project ROW. Additionally, filling up canals or water drainage systems at the wetland ecological zone, e.g at Can Gio, Nha Be, Nhon Trach districts may adversely affect the growth of mangrove trees. 593. As the area of trees that could be damaged by the above mentioned activities would not be large, the impacts on terrestrial ecosystem in the construction phase are expected to be minor and controllable. 594. To mitigate damage of the local terrestrial ecosystem the following measures will be implemented by contractors under the monitoring of the project owner and local authorities. (i) (ii) (iii) Expanding the project ROW to the wetland and mangrove forest area particularly, at the Thi Vai river bank is forbidden. Cutting trees outside the project area is forbidden. Prior to commencement of construction activities on site identify and mark with suitable visual reminders the areas of mangroves that are not to be disturbed during the works. This measure is recommended for the construction site at the banks of Soai Rap, Long Tau and Thi Vai rivers where belts of mangrove trees occur. Do not dispose dredging spoils and all types of wastes to upland/or mangrove forest areas. Do not fill up canals at the construction area without consultation with local authorities and environmental agencies. Do not discharge oily wastewater to the surrounding environment. Prohibit workers from collecting firewood and construction materials from surrounding forests, and from hunting wild animals. b. Aquatic Ecosystems

(iv) (v) (vi) (vii)

595. Filling and leveling activities in road and bridge construction would cause various impacts on the local aquatic ecosystem. The main sources of the impacts are identified as follows. (i) Filling up canals, ponds, wetland areas for road construction which would change local hydrology and reduce aquatic habitats. Consequently, animals, particularly fish; crustacean and mollusc species, would be reduced in composition and density. Disposal of domestic construction and hazardous solid wastes from the construction sites to the surrounded canals and/or ponds would pollute the water environment and change the canal or pond bed structure. Consequently, the community of aquatic animals would be damaged. Discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater from worker camp, concrete preparing machines and from fuel storage sites would pollute receiving water sources. Consequently, aquatic ecosystem of canals and/or ponds would be damaged. Leakage of acidic water and run - off water from construction sites at acid sulphate soil areas would acidify water in the receiving pond and fields. Consequently, aquatic animal species particularly shrimp and fish would be killed.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

596. All above predicted impacts may be found at the large - sized construction projects in various provinces. In the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway project these impacts are assessed as medium (in case of poor implementation of the Environmental Management Plan - EPM), but as minor (in case of proper implementation of EMP. These impacts are expected as local, temporary and mitigable.

202 597. To avoid or minimize the impacts on aquatic ecosystem the following measures will be implemented. (i) (ii) Do not fill up canals and ponds without consultation with local authorities, people and environmental agencies. Proper treatment of all types of domestic and industrial wastewater to comply with the Vietnam Standards/Technical Regulations for Effluents prior discharge into the surrounding environment. Technical measures for waste water treatment are indicated in above section. Dispose domestic, industrial and hazardous solid wastes into the surrounding canals, ponds, forests is forbidden. Proper domestic and hazardous solid waste management is recommended in above section. Proper treatment of strong acidic water generated from acid sulphate solid areas prior to discharge into the surrounding ponds, canals and fields used for aquaculture, water supply or protection of aquatic life. Technical measures for treatment of acidic water are shown in above section. Socio-Economic Environment i. Construction Worker Influx and Unplanned Migration

(iii)

(iv)

3.

598. During construction activities, a peak workforce of approximately 1,000 construction workers will be required on site in the duration of over 60 month period. While strategies to ensure that local people are employed as part of the construction workforce will be implemented, the large number of workers required coupled with high levels of employment in the project area and thus the relatively small available workforce, means that many of these workers will not be local to the project area. 599. Potential positive effects of the influx of construction workers will include demand for retail and other services, which may result in increased economic activity and benefits for some local businesses including food suppliers and other retailers. 600. Potential negative effects of a large influx of large workforce of predominantly male workers will include increased socially undesirable activities, conflicts between residents and new comers, increased stress on services and infrastructure and environmental effects of construction worker camps. 601. Large influx of workforce may cause disease transfer between local residents and workers and vise versa. The common epidemic diseases may be affect to public heath are flu, water born diseases, HIV/ AIDS. 602. Introduction of the new workforce may cause feelings of tension between established residents and the newcomers. This may particularly be the case if newcomers feel excluded from opportunities offered by the project in terms of employment. The high existing levels of employment in the project area should minimize possible tension; however the potential for them to occur should be anticipated and planned in proactive way, by giving preference to hiring local persons if they have appropriate skills. The introduction of a new large population will increase pressure on existing services, particularly pressure on clean water supply solid waste management and energy provision. 603. Environmental effects of construction worker camps may include water quality deterioration from wastewater discharge, odor and vermin problems from poor solid waste management and general health and safety concerns if camps are not maintained in an orderly fashion. As noted, the locations of the temporary workers camps have not yet been determined; however they are likely to be located on the places not far from the existing residential areas.

203 604. Often the commencement of large infrastructure projects can precipitate high levels of unplanned migration from other areas and households move to the area in the hope of direct or indirect employment or other benefits, such as claiming land compensation. In this case of the Project, it is anticipated that unplanned migration will be relatively low due to a range of factors. Firstly, throughout the broader project area and surroundings, economic conditions are relatively good with low levels of unemployment due to the wide range of job opportunities in the industrial and service sectors. Thus, the numbers of households prepared to move to the vicinity of the project site on the hope of employment may be less than in other more economically disadvantaged areas. Secondly, the Resettlement Policy (RP) contains a provision that persons moving to the area after the completion of the detailed measurement and census survey, which will follow completion of the detailed design of the Project, will not be entitled to compensation by the Project. This approach will assist to reduce households moving to the site during construction activities in the hope of claiming land compensation. 605. To minimize the above predicted negative impacts the following measures will be implemented. (i) Implementation of measures to maximize local employment to minimize the numbers of non-local workers employed at the project site. Severely affected and vulnerable affected persons will be given priority in gaining employment in the works. As a minimum, in each severely affected household, one person of working age will be prioritized in gaining employment during the construction phase. Individual households will identify the member best placed to benefit from this measure. This requirement will be included in the contractor's contract. In addition to this contractual requirement, the contractor will be encouraged to hire additional appropriately skilled workers. In recognition of the fact that despite implementation of the above measures, large numbers of non-local workers will still be required, construction contractors will work with the local authorities to develop a range of measures to minimize the adverse effects of the planned construction force and unplanned migrants. In order to protect workers health, construction contractors shall take measures as follows: a) supplying sufficiently clean water for domestic use and providing safe food supply. For the construction sites far from water sources, contractors will use tank trucks for transporting clean water to worker camps; b) storing clean water in containers made of stainless steels, cement or composite with covers; c) keeping clean kitchens and canteens, covering up foodstuffs against rats, flies and the like; providing hand-wash facilities at canteens. In order to prevent epidemic diseases such as water-borne and vector-borne diseases, HIV/AIDS, transmitting from workers to local inhabitants and vice versa, the measures to be taken by construction contractors include: a) providing a medical station at every construction site to give drugs, health care, first aids, etc. in case of sickness or work accidents; b) educating construction workers in preventive measures (particularly HIV/AIDS) with special attention to new flu such as H5N1, H1N1 and other epidemics. c) organizing workers for killing pathogenic vectors such as flies, mosquito, rats, etc; d) cooperating with medical stations of communes and districts for health care and preventive medicine, and periodical health check (twice per year). Construction contractors shall sign contracts with environmental service units of districts for collection of garbage from workers camps and disposal at local dump sites. The frequency of collection shall be at least once every two days. The solid waste management measures at construction sites are as follows: a) Segregation of solid wastes into domestic waste, construction waste and hazardous waste (oil and grease and chemical contaminated waste); b)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

204 Installing labeled bins/containers for solid waste storage: blue container for domestic waste, red ones for hazardous waste and yellow ones for construction waste; c) Transporting segregated solid wastes by local environmental service units to disposal sites by means of separate containers. 606. In order to avoid conflicts between construction workers and local inhabitants, construction contractors shall take measures as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Employing as many local laborers as possible for simple jobs such as digging, leveling, handling materials, cooking, etc. Educating construction workers in interrelationships with local inhabitants. Well fill up holes, borrow pits to prevent health risk and delete vector growth places. Declaring temporary residence of workers with communal polices. Periodically (once every two months) holding discussions with district PCs about relationships between workers and local inhabitants. Educating workers in morality, industrial behavior and healthy life; strictly managing the work force to avoid alcoholism, gambling and fights among workers and between workers and local inhabitants. ii. Impacts on Cultural Heritage Sites

607. So far, archaeological study at the project's ROW was not implemented, yet and this study is not planned for the coming years. Therefore, impacts on archaeological values associated with the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project is unknown. To avoid the impacts of road and bridge construction on archeological values the following measures are suggested. (i) Alert district or provincial Departments of Culture - Information and Tourism on discovery of any objects of possible archaeological significance that may be uncovered during construction. Immediately suspend construction activities affecting the area of the find until a qualified site assessment has been made and contractors have been given permission by the cultural management authorities to process. iii. Health and Safety Risks

(ii)

608. During the construction stage health and safety of local residents and construction workers may be adversely affected by the following activities. This impact depends on organization of construction activities and distance from the construction sites/impact generators and the receptor, but they are expected as medium or minor and mitigable. (i) Noise pollution, generated by truck movement at dense populated areas and/or construction machines (bulldozers, trucks, air compressors, compactors, excavator, hammer drill etc.). Strong noise pollution (noise level of over 80 dBA) can cause stress in children and raise blood pressure, heart rates and levels of stress. Dust (particulate matters) pollution generated by earth work activities and truck movement. Airborne high dust concentrations may cause inhibited lung function, deficit in pulmonary function, lung diseases and even increased acute respiratory morbidity for adults. Chemical hazards generated by exhaust emissions containing high concentration of SO2, CO, XOx, VOC, PAHs from construction equipment trucks and painting, which may cause lung diseases and other chronic diseases.

(ii)

(iii)

205 (iv) Accident risks may occur by improper implementation of safety regulations: shortage in provision of workers; workers do not comply the safety regulations, accidents caused by electric shock or other reasons etc.

609. To minimize the above predicted impacts to public health the following measures will be implemented by construction contractors. (i) (ii) (iii) Properly implement measures for noise control suggested in para 558. Properly implement measures for air pollution and exhaust emission control suggested in para 527. Sufficiently provide personnel protective equipment for workers, particularly for those working at sites with high noise or vibration, or close to electric sources and at bridge construction sites. Set up a medical point at each construction team of above 200-300 workers to be responsible for first aid and emergencies; cooperate with commune's medical stations in treatment of safety risks for local residents and construction workers. Barriers (e.g., temporary fence) shall be installed at construction areas to deter pedestrian access to these areas except at designated crossing points. The general public/local residents shall not be allowed in high risk areas, e.g., excavation sites and areas where heavy equipment is in operation. iv. Community Disturbance

(iv)

(v) (vi)

610. All PCs, FFCs at 15 project's communes and almost all of the interviewed local residents support this project. However, all of them require the project owner and its contractors to solve the expected impacts on local socio-economy and environment due to the project's implementation which may create various disturbances on the local community. The major concerns on community disturbance are as follows. (i) (ii) Land acquisition and resettlement, which are assessed in Section V.B.3. Environmental pollution caused by road and bridge construction affecting their water, air, public health, cultivation, aquaculture and business which is assessed in Section V.C.1. Influx of construction workers, affecting on local culture and environmental quality which is assessed in Section V.C.3.

(iii)

611. To minimize the expected community disturbance the following measures will be implemented by VEC/PIU3 and its contractors. (i) (ii) Thoroughly prepare and implement a RAP complying with the Vietnamese Laws, ADB principles and requirements of local government and residents. Prepare and implement a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) related with resolution of claims of PAHs in environmental performance. The GRM suggested in this EIA report shall be notified to local PCs, FFCs and residents prior to commencement of the construction stage. Properly implement all countermeasures proposed in this EIA report and the EMP of this project to mitigate all potential impacts which may be generated during the pre-construction, construction and operation stages. Contractors/PIU3 shall provide information for commune's PCs and local residents (in written form) on the construction plan, including activities which may cause serious environmental impacts: location of worker camps, location of construction sites, date of construction, access roads for material transport, location of spoil disposal sites etc... Contractors/PIU3 shall closely cooperate with local PCs, DONREs, relevant authorities and the PAHs in solution of all socio-economic and environmental impacts generated during the project implementation. With proper

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

206 implementation of the measures given in the EMP, disturbance to the local community from the project will be minimized and the project will be strong supported by local stakeholders. D. Impacts in the Operation Stage and Mitigation Measures 1. Physical Environment a. Vibration

612. In the operation phase, the very high traffic density of Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway is the main generation source of vibration, particularly when heavy trucks are running. According to the EIA study for Ho Chi Minh City - Long Thanh Dau Giay Expressway Project (the Center for Traffic Environmental Protection, 2007), the vibration of the expressway is predicted as follows. L = L0 - 10.log(r/r0)-8.7.a(r-r0) Where: L(dB) is vibration at the point at the distance r (m); L0(dB) is vibration at the point at the distance r0 (m); a: vibration reduction coefficient of soil (a= 0.01 for stone, 0.1 for sandy, muddy soil and 0.5 for clay). The foundation of the expressway is constituted of sandy and muddy soil (according to TEDIS) then a = 0.1. 613. Computed results are given in Table V.31. Table V.31:
Distance from road edge (m) 10 20 25

Prediction of Vibration Pollution

Vibration of road basement Sandy /muddy soil Clay 93.00 93.00 69.97 10.82 64.25 Very low

Source: Center for Traffic Environmental Protection Ministry of Transport, 2007.

614. Computing results in Table V.31 show that with the foundation is sandy/muddy soil, the vibration at a point 25 m in distance from the expressway edge (64.25dB) meets the Vietnamese Standard (TCVN 7210-2-2) applicable to vibration (65 dB). If the foundation is clay, the vibration is far lower and can meet the standard for residential areas when the distance is less than 20 m. 615. It is planned that the safety distance is 28.75 m from the expressway edge. As such, residential areas near the expressway will not be affected by the vibration during operation of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway. Therefore, specific measures for vibration control are not required. b. Air Pollution due to Vehicle Emission i. Options of Assessment of Environmental Impacts due to Traffic Emissions

616. Pollution due to traffic emissions is an important matter that shall be predicted. In this EIA study, the prediction of air pollution due to traffic emissions is considered in two options; with and without the expressway. 617. In this case without the expressway, vehicles from Ben Luc to Long Thanh and vice versa will utilize the route as follows: National Road 1A the East-West Expressway, Ho Chi Minh City Long Thanh - Dau Giay National Road 51 Long Thanh with over 85km in total 618. In the case with the expressway, the total length of the route from Ben Luc to Long Thanh is 58km only (27Km shorter than that of the Option I). Therefore, the fuel consumption is lower, the economic efficiency is higher and environmental impacts are reduced.

207 Additionally the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway can lessen the occurrence of traffic jams and at the same time, boost the transport speeds on the roads that link the East and the West of Ho Chi Minh City Region. 619. Nevertheless, the operation of Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway will increase air pollution at 15 communes along it. Therefore, the increase in roadside pollution along the road shall be predicted. ii. Environmental Efficiency of the Project

620. The environmental efficiency of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway is expressed by the reduction of pollution loads when it is exploited. In an attempt to evaluate the efficiency, the consultant has calculated the pollution loads of traffic emissions in 2 options, i.e. with and without of the project. The parameters used in the calculation are as follows: (i) Pollution loads: the pollution loads of vehicular emissions at every speed range are calculated based on the tools integrated in a software product called OSPM (Operational Street Pollution Model), which is developed by Danish Environmental Research Institute (DERI). Calculated results are given in Table V.31 and a diagram illustrating the relationship between vehicular speed and discharge coefficient of the representative parameter (CO) is shown in Figure V.12. Run length: The run length of the project alignment is 58km and when the project is absent, it is 85km. Speed: the average of vehicular speed on the expressway is set at 110km/h (designed speed 120Km/h) and when the project is absent, it is 50km/h. Average traffic flow: The predictions of traffic development in the projected expressway in 2016, 2026 and 2036 (by KEI and associates, in project ADB TA7155-VIE, August 2009) are used to determine the average traffic flow on the expressway. Fuel: It is estimated that 50% of vehicles consume gasoline and the other 50% consume oil. Table V.32:
Vehicle speed (Km/g) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 NO2 (g/km) Gasoline 1.38 1.57 1.72 1.85 1.95 2.02 2.06 2.08 2.06 2.02 1.99 1.95 1.91 1.86 1.80 1.73

(ii) (iii) (iv)

(v)

Traffic Pollution Loads by Speed

Dust (g/km) Gasoline Oil 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.046 0.046 0.043 0.043 0.041 0.041 0.038 0.038 0.036 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 Benzene (g/km) Gasoline Oil 1.74 0.03 1.08 0.02 0.81 0.01 0.67 0.01 0.57 0.01 0.50 0.01 0.45 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.35 0.00 CO (g/km) Gasoline 65.87 42.57 32.97 27.50 23.90 21.30 19.33 17.77 16.50 15.44 16.08 16.64 17.20 17.76 18.32 18.88

Oil 0.79 0.68 0.59 0.52 0.47 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.48 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.69 0.75 0.80

Oil 1.44 0.97 0.77 0.65 0.57 0.52 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33

Source: Danish National Environmental Research Institute, 2007

621. Computing results of pollution loads of traffic emissions in the options of with and without the project are shown in Table V.33.

208

Figure V.12: Relationship Between the Emission Coefficient (CO) and Vehicle Speed in the OSPM Software (Danish National Environmental Research Institute) Table V.33: Pollution Loads in the Option of With and Without the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project
Unit Km PCU/day PCU/day PCU/day kmph Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Kg/day Without Project 85 18.803 43.969 80.078 50 1,933.9 4,522.2 8,236.0 73.5 171.9 313.1 463.5 1,083.8 1,973.9 20,010.2 46,791.8 85,219.0 110 1,390.5 3,251.5 5,921.8 38.2 89.3 162.6 190.9 446.3 812.8 9,466.2 22,135.8 40,314.5 With Project 58

Parameter 1. Traveling distance 2. Predicted traffic density - 2016 - 2026 - 2036 3. Vehicle speed 4. NO2 load - 2016 - 2026 - 2036 5. Dust load - 2016 - 2026 - 2036 6. Benzene load - 2016 - 2026 - 2036 7. CO load - 2016 - 2026 - 2036

Source: Calculated by the EIA Team of KEI in ADB TA 7155-VIE, September, 2009.

209
Note: * traffic flow on the expressway is the average of the flows at its start and end at each time

Table V.34:

Environmental Efficiency in the Options of With and Without the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project
Scenario NO2 (Kg/day) 1,933,9 1,390,5 543,4 4,522,2 3,251,5 1,270,7 8,236,0 5,921,8 2,314,3 Dust (Kg/day) 73,5 38,2 35,3 171,9 89,3 82,7 313,1 162,6 150,5 Benzene (Kg/day) 463,5 190,9 272,6 1,083,8 446,3 637,6 1,973,9 812,8 1,161,1 CO (Kg/day) 20,010,2 9,466,2 10,544,0 46,791,8 22,135,8 24,656,1 85,219,0 40,314,5 44,904,5

2016 1. Without the project 2. With the project 3. Pollution load decrease in the option of with the project 2026 1. Without the project 2. With the project 3. Pollution load decrease in the option of with the project 2036 1. Without the project 2. With the project 3. Pollution load decrease in the option of with the project

622. The results in Table V.34 indicate that with the project, the pollution load of NO2 from vehicles running from Ben Luc to Long Thanh may be reduced up to 543.4kg/day (198.3 ton/year) in 2016 and 2,314.3 kg/day (844.7 ton/year) in 2036. Similarly, pollution loads of dust, benzene and CO will decrease significantly with the presence of the project. Particularly, the pollution load of CO will substantially decrease (more than 50%) with 44.9 ton/day reduced in 2036. 623. The above information indicates that the environmental efficiency (air pollution reduction) of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway project is very high, with less environmental pollution from unnecessary fuel consumption due to current traffic congestion on the road from Ben Luc to Long Thanh. iii. Air Pollution due to Traffic Emissions on the Expressway

624. As computed and compared above, the pollution loads of vehicle emissions on the expressway will be cut down significantly. Nevertheless, the expressway will generate air pollution in its vicinity. In an attempt to predict the increased air pollution, the pollution dispersion model ISC3 is used in order to compute the increase of pollution. The description of the model, its application conditions and computing results are given below. 625. ISC3 is software for computing air pollution diffusion in conditions of complex topography and weather. ISC3 was established and developed since 1980s with the support of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 626. ISC3 has an almost indefinite capacity to cover various kinds of emissions sources, for instance point source (air flue), spatial source (coal yard), open source (gas discharge gate), line source (traffic), as well as types of pollutants (TSP, PM10, SO2, NO2, NO2, CO, THC, Toluene, offensive smell, etc.). ISC3 can help compute the pollution diffusion over hundreds of kilometers of various terrains (plain, hill, mountain and coast, etc.) and complicated weather for every hour or day. 627. To date, ISC3 v.2000 is the most updated version, issued in 2000-2001. ISC3 is accredited and used by environmental agencies of the US, Australia, China, Japan and European Union as well as international organizations such as WB, ADB. In Vietnam, ISC3 has been used for predicting the industrial pollution diffusion for the Southern Focal

210 Economic Zone in 1997 and 2002 (a project managed by the Environmental Protection Department), the Central Focal Economic Zone in 2000 (also under the Environmental Protection Department), industrial projects (thermal power plants, cement) and some traffic projects (the East-West Expressway in Ho Chi Minh City). 628. ISC3 also utilizes other algorithms developed by Willis and Deardorff (1981), Snyder et al. 1985, Briggs (1993) for prediction of vertical and transversal diffusion in atmosphere. Input parameters of the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway are: (i) Source of emissions: line source. Because the length of expressway is 78 times as large as its width, it is divided into sub-section of 2 km each for application of the ISC3. Location of sources: in the longitude/latitude coordinates, UTM, VN-2000 Technical parameters of sources: as for traffic sources with the pollution loads in 2036 (the largest) Pollutants: the pollutants in the project include smoke (from burning of fuels), road dust, NO2 and SO2 (because CO is far lower than the limit set forth in the Vietnamese standard, there is no need to include it in the computation). Topographical parameters: the basic terrain is plain with reference to DEM or XYZ digital maps. Climate: wind speed and direction, humidity, radiation, etc. with data as given in Chapter Two, this EIA report. Computing zones: Results are projected to the coordinates compatible to those of the source, in the distance of 1000 m from the centerline of the expressway. The grid of results may contain up to thousands points for each computing sub-section (2km). Results: The results from ISC3 are included in a data file showing the distribution of pollutants in the computing zone and concentrations of pollutants in a day. Result treatment: The result for the entire expressway is the sum of computing sub-sections. The result is treated with GIS software in order to incorporate it with maps of population, agriculture, urban areas, forest, etc. and to make specific maps showing the impacts of pollution diffusion from vehicles to the vicinity. Baseline database: The baseline data is taken from the air quality monitoring results obtained by the EIA Team in May 2009 over the entire alignment, the sampling sites of which are in accord with each section of the project expressway. Technical data of the expressway: length: 58,000m, average width: 73m

(ii) (iii) (iv)

(v) (vi) (vii)

(viii)

(ix)

(x)

(xi)

629. Computing results of NO2 dispersion at various sites at typical cross-sections at the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway are given in Table V.35 and the variation of NO2 concentrations at the centerline and 10 m distance from the centerline are illustrated in Figures V.13 and V.14, respectively. 630. A diagram showing the distribution of NO2 pollution over the entire expressway and the typical cross-sections of some sections are shown in Figure V.15.

211 Table V.35: Computing Results of NO2 Dispersion (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)
Predicted concentration of NO2 at project sections (microgram/m3) Section Section Section Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 7 1 5 6 IC 2-3 IC 3-4 IC 4-5 IC 7-8 IC1-2 IC 5-6 IC 6-7 CT1 80 21.2 23.4 22.7 9.8 8.6 101.2 103.4 102.7 89.8 88.6 CT3 120 15.8 16.3 17.3 15.3 14.1 135.8 136.3 137.3 135.3 134.1 CT5 60 18.9 21.7 29.1 15.2 12.0 78.9 81.7 89.1 75.2 72 CT11 160 21.5 23.0 22.1 15.7 14.3 181.5 183.0 182.1 175.7 174.3 200 200 CT9 70 16.7 18.2 24.9 19.4 17.9 86.7 88.2 94.9 89.4 87.9 CT12 30 17.5 19.3 22.2 15.0 12.9 47.5 49.3 52.2 45.0 42.9 CT10 150 11.7 15.7 18.8 6.0 5.2 161.7 165.7 168.8 156.0 155.2

Contents

Baseline

Sampling code Value L+60m

Computed NO2 concentration and its dispersion

L+50m Centerline R+50m R+60m

L+60m Predicted concentration of L+50m NO2 in air environment Centerline (combining with R+50m the baseline data of NO2 R+60m QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT (1-hour average) Limited value of WB/IFC Guidelines (1-hour average)

Notes: a) Section (Sect.) 1: (IC1 IC2) from My Yen commune in Ben Luc distirct Sect. 2: (IC2 IC3) from Phuoc Ly commune (Can Giuoc district) to Hung Long commune (Binh Chanh district) Sect. 3: (IC3 IC4) from Da Phuoc commune (Binh Chanh district) to Nhon Duc commune (Nha Be district) Sect. 4: (IC4 IC5) from Long Thoi commune (Nha Be district) to Binh Khanh commune (Can Gio district) Sect. 5: (IC5 IC6) from Phuoc Khanh commune (Nhon Trach district) to Vi Nhan commune (Nhon Trach district) Sect. 6: (IC6 IC7) from Phuoc An commune (Nhon Trach district) to Phuoc Thai commune (Long Thanh district) Sect. 7: (IC7 IC8) Phuoc Thai commune (from NR 51 to the planned Bien Hoa - Vung Tau Highway) b) CT1, CT2, CT10: Air quality monitoring sites in this EIA study, Locations of which are indicated in Chapter III. - L+60m 60m on the left of the centerline - L+50m - R+50m - R+60m Edge of the ROW from the left edge (50m from the centerline) Edge of the ROW on the right (50m from the centerline) 10 m from the right edge (60 m from the centerline)

631. Computing results of NO2 diffusion at sections of the entire Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway show that: (i) (ii) The distribution of NO2 at cross-sections inclines to the left of the centerline because of the dominant wind direction and the traveling direction of vehicles. The increase of NO2 concentration at the distance of 50 m on the left varies from 15.7 g/m3 at Section 7 (Phuoc Thai commune in Long Thanh district) to 23.4 g/m3 at Section 1 (My Yen commune in Ben Luc district, Long An provine). The increase of NO2 concentration at the centerline is 17.3 g/m3 at Section 2 and up to 29.1 g/m3 at Section 3 (Da Phuoc to Nhon Duc communes). In comparison with the permission limit in the Vietnam National Technical Regulation for Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT) and limit value of

(iii) (iv)

212 WB/IFC Guidelines is 200 g/m3, the highest increase of NO2 at the centerline of Section 3 is only 14.55% of the limit and the lowest one at the left edge of Section 7 is 2.6% only. That means there is no risk of NO2 pollution (i.e. exceeding the standard) due to the presence of the project. When compared with the baseline NO2 concentrations, the lowest increase at the right edge of Section 7 is 3.4 %, and the highest one at the centerline of Section 6 is 74%. When the baseline concentration is added (to evaluate the combined effect of traffic emissions and NO2 pollution in the existing environment), the predicted NO2 concentration in the air will fall in the range of 42.9 g/m3 (at the distance of 23.5 m from the edge of Section 6) and 183.0 g/m3 (at Section 4, i.e. the highest). At the latter point, the NO2 concentration measured in the monitoring course of May 2009 was 150g/m3. Thus, even when the baseline concentration of NO2 is added, the total NO2 concentration in the air over Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway is still lower than the permissible limit set forth in QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT and in WB/IFC Guidelines (permissible limit = 200 g/m3).

(v)

(vi)

632. Computing results of SO2 dispersion at various sites at typical cross-sections of sections of Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway are given in Table V.36 and the variation of SO2 concentrations at the centerline and 50 m distance from centerline (i.e. 13.5m from the edge) are illustrated in Figures V.16 and V.17. 633. A diagram showing the distribution of SO2 pollution over the entire expressway and the typical cross-sections of some sections are shown in Figure V.16.

Figure V.13: Distribution of the Increased NO2 Concentration at Centerline Along the Expressway (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)

213

Figure V.14: Distribution of the Increased NO2 Concentration at 60m to the Left Side from the Centerline Along the Expressway (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036) 634. Computing results of SO2 diffusion at sections of the entire Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway (Table V.34) show that: (i) (ii) The distribution of SO2 at cross-sections inclines to the left of the centerline because of the dominant wind direction and the traveling direction of vehicles. The increase of SO2 concentration at the distance of 60 m from the centerline varies from 8.9 g/m3 at Section 7 (IC7 IC8) to 16.4 g/m3 at Section 4 (IC4 IC5). The increase of SO2 concentration at the centerline varies in the range of 14.3 g/m3 at Section 7 and 19.0 g/m3 at Section 5 (IC5 IC6). In comparison with the limit set forth in the Vietnam National Regulation (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT), the highest increase of SO2 at the centerline of Section 3 (Da Phuoc to Nhon Duc) is only 6.3% of the limit and the lowest one at the right edge of Section 7 is 3.4 % only. That means there is no risk of SO2 pollution (i.e. exceeding the standard) due to the presence of the expressway. When compared with the baseline concentrations (May 2009), the lowest increase at the right edge of Section 7 is 1.7% higher yet the highest one at the centerline of Section 6 is 110%. When the baseline concentration is added (to evaluate the combined effect of traffic emissions and SO2 pollution in the existing environment), the predicted SO2 concentration in the air will vary in the range of 19.8 g/m3 (at the distance of 60 m from the centerline of Section 6) and 218.9 g/m3 (at Section 7). All the predicted values are within the limit set forth in the Vietnam National Technical Regulation QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT (permissible limit = 350 g/m3). The WB/IFC Guideline for SO2 is not used for evaluation as it relates to 10 minutes or 24 hrs averaging period, but not for 1 hour averaging period.

(iii) (iv)

(v)

(vi)

214

CrosssectionofdistributionofSO2concentrationincreasingatSection1
20

CrosssectionofdistributionofSO2concentrationincreasingatSection2 14
12

18

Conc. of SO2 (microgram/m3)

16 14 12 10 8 6 4
Conc.ofSO2(microgram/m3)

10

2 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

0 100 200 0 300 Distance(m) 400 500 600

Distance (m)

CrosssectionofdistributionofNO2concentrationincreasingatSection4
20 18

Conc. of SO2 (microgram/m3)

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Distance (m)

Figure V.15: Distribution Map of NO2 Pollution Increase Over the Entire Expressway and Typical Cross-Sections (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)

215

Table V.36:

Computing Results of SO2 Dispersion (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)
Predicted concentration of SO2 at project sections (microgram/m3) Sect. 1 IC1-2 Sect. 2 IC 2-3 CT3 190 12.0 12.4 13.1 11.7 10.7 202.0 202.4 203.1 201.7 200.7 Sect. 3 IC 3-4 CT5 30 14.3 16.7 22.1 11.6 9.1 44.3 46.7 52.1 41.6 39.1 Sect. 4 IC 4-5 CT11 60 16.4 17.4 16.8 11.9 10.8 76.4 77.4 76.8 71.9 70.8 350 24 hrs averaging period: 125 (interim targets); 50 (interim targets); 20 (guideline) 10 minute averaging period: 500 (guideline) Sect. 5 IC 5-6 CT9 30 12.7 13.8 19.0 14.8 13.6 42.7 43.8 49.0 44.8 43.6 Sect. 6 IC 6-7 CT12 10 13.4 14.7 16.9 11.4 9.8 23.4 24.7 26.9 21.4 19.8 Sect. 7 IC 7-8 CT10 210 8.9 11.9 14.3 4.6 3.9 218.9 221.9 224.3 214.6 213.9

Contents

Sampling code Value L+60m L+50m Computed SO2 concentration and Centerline its dispersion R+50m R+60m Predicted L+60m concentration of L+50m SO2 in air Centerline environment (combining with the R+50m baseline data of R+60m SO2) TCVN 5937:2005 (1 h averaging period) Baseline WB/IFC standard (WHO Guideline)
Note: L+60m L+50m P+50m P+60m

CT1 20 16.2 17.8 17.3 7.4 6.6 36.2 37.8 37.3 27.4 26.6

60m on the left of the centerline 50m from the centerline (13.5 m from the edge ROW borderline) 50 m on the right of the centerline (ROW borderline) 60m on the right of the centerline

Figure V.16: Distribution of the Increased SO2 Concentration at Centerline Along the Expressway (Simulated by Forecast Traffic Flow in Year 2036)

216

Figure V.17: Distribution of the Increased SO2 Concentration at 60m to the Left Side from Centerline Along the Expressway (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036) 635. Computing results of carbon monoxide (CO) dispersion at various sites at typical cross sections at the expressway are given in Table V.37 and the variation of CP concentration at the centerline and 50 m from centerline are showed in Figures V.19 and V.20. Table V.37: Computing Results of CO Dispersion (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)
CO concentration at sections (microgram/m3) Section1 Section2 Section3 Section4 Section5 Section6 Section7 IC1-2 IC 2-3 IC 3-4 IC 4-5 IC 5-6 IC 6-7 IC 7-8 CT1 CT3 CT5 CT11 CT9 CT12 CT10 5,271 947 950 660 201 100 6,218 6,221 5,931 5,472 5,371 7,342 1,044 1,046 700 221 115 8,386 8,388 8,042 7,563 7,457 5,293 899 901 620 191 92 6,192 6,194 5,913 5,484 5,385 5,284 1.169 1.172 790 248 118 6,453 6,456 6,074 5,532 5,402 30,000 4,695 1,044 1,046 710 221 102 5,739 5,741 5,405 4,916 4,797 2,483 928 930 635 197 92 3,411 3,413 3,118 2,680 2,575 10,054 570 571 385 121 58 10,624 10,625 10,439 10,175 10,112

Baseline data (2009) Computed results for increased CO dispersion caused by the project

Site (2009) Value Centerline (T) T+25m T+50m T+100m T+150m

Centerline (T) Predicted CO T+25m concentration, combining with T+50m baseline data of T+100m CO T+150m QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT

217

CrosssectionofdistributionofSO2concentrationincreasingatSection2 14

12

10

Conc. of SO2 (microgram / m 3)

Expressway
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Distance (m)

CrosssectionofdistributionofNO2concentrationincreasingatSection4
20

18

C o n c. o f S O 2 (m icro g ram /m 3)

16

14

12

10

HighwayExpress
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Distance (m)

Figure V.18: Distribution Map of the Increased SO2 Pollution Over the Expressway and Typical Cross-Sections (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)

218
Note: T+25m T+50m T+100m T+150m

At 25 m on the left from centerline At 50 m on the left from centerline At 100 m on the left from centerline At 150 m on the left from centerline

636.

From Table V.37 the following comments may be given: (i) The increased CO concentration at the centerline at Section 8 (interchange with the Bien Hoa Vung Tau Expressway) would be 570 g/ m3 and at Section 3 would be 1,169 g/ m3. The increased CO concentration at the road edge (25 m from the centerline) would be 571 g/ m3 (at Section 7) to 1,172 g/ m3 (at Section 3).

(ii)

637. dust:

Regarding the prediction of dust pollution, it is noted that there are two kinds of traffic

(i) (ii) (iii)

Dust in vehicle emissions (calculated based on the emission coefficients of the fuel burning), Road dust: resulted from tire abrasion and arising out of road surface. The emission coefficient of road dust applies for Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway is 0.115g/km.PCU (for road surface covered with bitumen concrete) (according to US EPA).

Figure V.19: Distribution of the Increased CO Concentration at Centerline along the Expressway (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)

219

Figure V.20: Distribution of the Increased CO Concentration at 60m from the Centerline to the Left Side (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036) 638. Computation results of dispersion of 2 kinds of dust at various sites in the typical crosssections of the expressway are shown in Table V.38. The variations of dust contents at the centerline and the 60 m distance are illustrated in Figure V.21 and Figure V.22. Table V.38: Computing Result of Dust Pollution Dispersion over Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)
Predicted concentration of TSP at project sections (microgram/m3) Sect.1 Sect. 2 Sect. 3 Sect. 4 Sect. 5 Sect. 6 Sect. 7 IC1-2 IC 2-3 IC 3-4 IC 4-5 IC 5-6 IC 6-7 IC 7-8 CT1 CT3 CT5 CT11 CT9 CT12 CT10 560 21.21 23.43 22.72 9.78 8.65 32.48 32.28 31.50 32.28 32.48 53.69 55.71 54.22 42.06 41.13 613.7 615.7 614.2 657.8 360 15.79 16.33 17.29 15.33 14.12 35.64 35.43 34.57 35.43 35.64 51.43 51.76 51.86 50.76 49.76 411.4 411.8 411.9 410.8 210 18.88 21.73 29.10 15.23 12.04 30.74 30.56 29.81 30.56 30.74 49.62 52.29 58.91 45.79 42.78 259.6 262.3 268.9 255.8 420 21.53 22.97 22.14 15.67 14.26 39.83 39.59 38.63 39.59 39.83 61.36 62.56 60.77 55.26 54.09 481.4 482.6 480.8 475.3 210 16.75 18.18 24.95 19.41 17.89 35.64 35.43 34.57 35.43 35.64 52.39 53.61 59.52 54.84 53.53 262.4 53.6 269.5 264.8 190 17.49 19.30 22.21 15.03 12.91 31.66 31.47 30.71 31.47 31.66 49.15 50.77 52.92 46.5 44.57 239.2 240.8 242.9 236.5 580 11.69 15.68 18.79 6.03 5.17 19.30 19.19 18.72 19.19 19.30 30.99 34.87 37.51 25.22 24.47 611.0 614.9 617.5 605.2

Contents

Baseline

Computed TSP concentration caused by emission and its dispersion Computed TSP concentration caused by dust dispersion from surface road and its dispersion Total of TSP increased Predicted concentration of TSP in air environment,

Sampling code Value L+60m L+50m Centerline R+50m R+60m L+60m L+50m Centerline R+50m R+60m L+60m L+50m Centerline R+50m R+60m L+60m L+50m Centerline R+50m

220
Contents Predicted concentration of TSP at project sections (microgram/m3) Sect.1 Sect. 2 Sect. 3 Sect. 4 Sect. 5 Sect. 6 Sect. 7 IC1-2 IC 2-3 IC 3-4 IC 4-5 IC 5-6 IC 6-7 IC 7-8 601.1 409.8 252.8 474.1 263.5 234.6 604.5

combining with R+60m baseline data of TSP QCVN 1-hour 05:2009/BTNMT 24-hours WB/IFC guideline for PM10 (no guideline for TSP)

300 200 24 hrs averaging period 150 (interim target 1); 100 (interim target 2); 75 (interim target 3), 10 (guideline) 24 hrs averaging period: 75 (interim target 1); 50 (interim target 2); 37.5 (interim target 3); 25 (guideline)

Note: L+60m L+50m R+50m R+60m

60m on the left of the centerline 50m from the centerline (13.5.m from the edge) 50 m on the right of the centerline 60m on the right of the centerline

639. Computation results of dust diffusion at sections of the entire Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway given in Table V.38 show that: (i) The distribution of total TSP at cross-sections inclines to the left of the centerline because of the dominant wind direction and the traveling direction of vehicles. Road dust is less affected by wind and the traveling direction. The increase of total dust content at the distance of 50 m from the left edge varies from 24.47 g/m3 at Section 7 to 62.56 g/m3 at Section 4. The increase of dust content at the centerline varies in the range of 37.51 g/m3 at Section 7 to 60.77 g/m3 at Section 3. In comparison with the permissible limit guided in the Vietnam National Technical Regulation for Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT) for 01-hour averaging period, the highest increase of dust at the left edge 50 m distance from the centerline of Section 4 is 20.85 % of the limit and the lowest one at the right edge 60 m distance from the edge of Section 7 is 8.15% only. (Comparison of the obtained data of TSP (total dust) with the WB/IFC (WHO) guideline is impossible due to WB/IFC (WHO) does not have guideline for TSP but only for PM10 and PM2.5 (see Appendix II.2) When the baseline dust concentration is added (to evaluate the combined effect of traffic emissions and pollutants in the existing environment), the predicted dust content in the air will vary in the range of 234.6 g/m3 (at the right edge distance of 60 m from the centerline of Section 7) and 657.8 g/m3 (at the right edge of Section 1, i.e. start of the expressway). All the predicted values in sections 1, 2, 4 and 7 are higher than the permissible limit in QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT (limit = 300 g/m3), the reasons is the dust concentration of the baseline in sections 1, 2, 4, 7 exceeded the permissible limit in QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT (limit = 300 g/m3) and the main source of dust pollution in those sections is dust from the other sources (dust dispersed from uncovered road, road surface, construction sites, under construction road). In locations where baseline levels are below the prescribed limit (as sections 3, 5 and 6) modeling results show that dust levels will not exceed applicable standard QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT (limit = 300 g/m3 for 01-hour average) during operation. However, dust emission from road surface could also be attributed to the Project since dust suspension is also caused by vehicular movement when the road is operated in bad maintenance condition

(ii) (iii) (iv)

(v)

(vi)

221

Figure V.21: Variation of Dust Content at the Centerline (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted for Year 2036)

Figure V.22: Variation of Dust Content at the 60 m to Left Side form the Centerline (Predicted by Traffic Flow Forecasted fro Year 2036) 640. From above information it may find that the main sources of dust pollution at the areas surrounded the existing roads (NH1, NH 50, NH51...) are dust from dirty road surface, dust from construction sites near by and from industrial enterprises. Dust from old vehicles is also a reason. Therefore, to minimize dust pollution effectively the following measures are suggested. (i) (ii) (iii) Regularly repair road surface to ensure it is fully coved by asphalt-concrete layer but not by earth. Do not permit vehicles, what do not comply with the Vietnamese Air Emission Standard for Vehicles, to operate on this expressway. Properly implement air pollution control at construction sites and industrial enterprises.

641. The above proposed measures may have high effectiveness with the following conditions.

222

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

The Expressway Management Company of VEC will well implement measure (i). The Vietnam' Registering Authority will strictly check and give licence for vehicles following the Vietnamese Standards. The Provincial Transport and Environmental Polices strictly check and monitor air emission from vehicles moving on this expressway. The provincial/ district DONREs strictly conduct air emission monitoring and control at construction and industrial sites. iv. Generation of GHG by traffic operation on the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway

642. Green house gases (GHGs) will be generated by vehicles operating on this expressway. From the predicted number of cars, buses, trucks in Chapter III and based on the rates of Carbon dioxide emission from different types of vehicles, published in some international literatures, the amounts of CO2 generated at each section and at the whole Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway in the peak traffic operation (2036) is predicted (Table V.39). Table V.39:
Parameters Length of section Car volume (number of cars) Car CO2 emission rate Bus volume (PCU) Bus volume (number of buses) Bus CO2 emission rate Truck volume (PCU) Truck volume (number of trucks) Truck CO2 emission rate Total of CO2 (kg/day) Section 1 IC1-2 3.5 19,452

Calculation Results of CO2 Generation for Year 2036

Section 2 IC2-3 10.0 13,168 Section 3 IC3-4 7.5 12,411 Section 4 IC4-5 8.0 17,512 0.1796kg/km Section 5 IC5-6 21.5 11,971 Section 6 IC6-7 7.5 5,023 Section 7 IC7-8 1.0 1,015

2,651
757

6,254
1,787

4,150
1,186

2,374
678 0.9564kg/km

2,104
601

1,464
418

906
259

83,890
23,969

90,195
25,770

79,857
22,816

108,364
30,961 0.8347kg/km

94,929
27,123

84,075
24,021

46,868
13,391

84,786

255,841

168,058

237,097

545,329

160,146

11,607

Notes: Traffic volume: based on project forecasted traffic volume for year 2036. 1 car = 1 PCU (passenger car unit) 1 bus, struck = 3.5 PCU CO2 emission factor is taken from Table 5 in paper Measuring the Invisible: Quantifying the Emission Reduction from Transport Solution, 31 December 2008. CO2 factor is used for case that EURO 4 Standard will be applied. From Table V.39, it may estimate that in year 2036, total amount of CO2 generated on the expressway is 1,462.864 ton/day or 533,945.36 ton/year, if the EURO4 standard will be applied.

643. Minimizing the GHG emission may not be done by the project itself, but by the policies of the Government in integrated environmental protection and development of transport. Some following general measures are suggested.

223

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Production and import of vehicles which have low GHG emission: before 2010 the EURO4 for vehicles will be applied in Viet Nam. Promotion of development of vehicles which use liquid gases or other type of fuels. Strictly check up air emission from vehicle engines, based on the existing and updated Vietnamese Standards for Vehicle Emission Operation of vehicles which do not meet the Vietnamese Standard for Vehicle Emission on this expressway is prohibited c. Impact of Traffic Noise

644. Traffic noise is produced by the travel of vehicles on roads. It is dependent upon 7 factors as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Traffic density Traffic speed Composition of vehicles Road slope; Pavement type and structure; Traffic conditions Noise level of each kind of vehicle.

645. The noise of a vehicle is the result of combination and interaction of various noises generated by: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) 646. Engines; Movement; Braking apparatus; Interaction of tires and road face; Components on frame and body of vehicle; Movement of the air flow around the vehicle.

The diffusion and impact of noise are dependent upon factors as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Road cross-section; Distance from the noise source to the receptor; Surface coating between the noise source and the receptor (for instance, grass, water, concrete...) Natural or man-made obstruction objects; Climate and weather. Impact of traffic noise

647.

In order to assess the impact of traffic noise, 4 parameters are usually used: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) LA10: is the noise levels that are 10% exceeded for a sample period, usually 60 minutes. Laeq: (Equivalent Continuous Level) is the equivalent continuous sound which would contain the same sound energy as the time varying sound. LA90: is the noise levels that are 90% exceeded for a sample period. At these levels, the baseline noise level (initial sound) is minor. Lamax: is the maximum sound from a single source.

224 648. 649. Relations between parameters of traffic noise are illustrated in Figure V.23. According to experienced data, traffic noise has properties as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) A 3 dBA noise level increase is equivalent to a 0.5-fold increase in traffic flow. A 10 dBA noise level increase is corresponding to a double of sound intensity sensed by hearing. A gear up/down by 10 kmph of a vehicle lead to a noise increase/reduction by 1 dBA. Effects of traffic noise exposure on human being are shown in Table V.40.

Figure V.23: Relationships Between LA10, LAeq, LA90, and LAmax

225 Table V.40:

No. 1 2 3 4 5

Effect of Traffic Noise Exposure on People

Effect on receiving people Inconsiderable Minor Medium Considerable Major
Traffic Noise Management: Code of Practice, 2008;

Increase in noise (dBA) <1 1 to <3 3 to <5 5 to <10 > 10

Source: Department of Main Roads, Road www.mainroads.qld.gov.au/; www.wsdot.wa.gov/.

650. As mentioned in Chapter II, the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway in phase 2 will have 8 lanes with the designed speed of 80-120 kmph. According to Department of Main Roads (Australia), Road Traffic Noise Management: Code of Practice, 2008, an 8-lane expressway with the speed >97 km/g will produce the centerline noise level > 88 dBA (Table V.41). Table V.41:
No. 1 2 3 4

Noise of Some Types of Road

Noise (dBA) 80 82 86 > 88

Road type and speed Street in a populated city Street with designed speed of 56 65 km/h, 2 4 lanes with traffic signals and left/right turns Expressway with designed speed of 72 97 km/h, 2 lanes Expressway with designed speed > 97 km/h, 4 - 8 lanes

Source: Department of Main Roads (Australia) Road Traffic Noise Management: Code of Practice, 2008

651. In order to obtain a relatively precise prediction of traffic noise in the operation phase of Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway, the EIA Consultant has utilized a noise diffusion computation software named SOUND32 for computation based on the traffic flow predicted for the year 2036 (8 lanes). 652. SOUND32 is a product of the Traffic Administration of California, USA. SOUND has been tested and allowed as a tool to evaluate noise to serve urban and traffic projects in California. With high accuracy and stability, SOUND32 is also in use for various researches, traffic development and construction projects in many countries all over the world. 653. From the computed noise levels indicated in Figures V.24 V.26 it may be predicted that at the peak traffic period (2036) noise pollution would be significant problem at the road side areas. At all sections in a distance of 30m from the centerline noise level would meet the Vietnam Noise Standard for Mixed Residential, Commercial and Production area in Daytime (75dBA). For WB/IFC Guideline, it will take a distance of 100m from the centerline to meet the limited noise level is 70 dBA (for daytime and nighttime) for Mixed Residential, Commercial and Industrial. However, only in a distance of about 300 m from the centerline noise level would meet the Vietnam Standard for Nighttime (60dBA). 654. Comparing with the IFC/WB 2007 Guideline (WHO Standard,1999) at about 60 m from road edge noise level may meet the Standard for Industrial, Commercial Areas (70 dBA) in day time and night time. Therefore, impacts caused by traffic noise pollution are assessed as major, long - term, but difficult to be mitigated. 655. To minimize noise impacts caused by traffic activities the following measures will be implemented. (i) Building up noise control barriers at especially sensitive zones (hospitals, schools, pagodas, etc.) at the existing residential sites at 15 communes along the

226 expressway. This is a solution for reducing noise levels by possibly 10-15 dB(A). The ADB RETA 7155 - VIE has planned to construct wall barriers at the most sensitive noise receptors along the expressway. Total length of the barriers is 15,800 m. However, installation of noise barriers in front of residential houses may not be supported by local residents, because most of them do not like to have a wall in front of their houses. Therefore, construction of noise barriers will be done only upon official request of local district or commune' authorities. If control walls will be required by local people, the project owner will conduct detailed design and construct them at the noise sensitive places. Cost for noise control wall is very high: in USA cost of one mile of noise barrier is about 1.3 USD million. Ensuring that all vehicles such as trucks, buses, cars and motorcycles meet the Vietnamese Standard of Noise for Road Vehicles (TCVN 5948 1999); as such, all vehicles running on the expressway shall have the licenses by Vietnam Register or competent authorities certifying their compliance to the noise standard. Traffic Police regularly checking noise of vehicles and imposing regulatory fines to any vehicle that produces noise exceeding the allowable limit. Do not plan and set up new sensitive noise receptors (hospitals, schools, churches, temples) in a distance of less than 300 m from the road edge, where noise level exceeding the Vietnam guideline for residential sites in night time. Developing a traffic noise monitoring network: in cooperation with Departments of Natural Resources and Environment or the General Department of Environment, establishing a noise pollution map of the expressway for planning and construction of residential and urban areas adjacent to the expressway. This has been partially done in the computation and prediction of noise transfer in this EIA study.

(ii)

(iii) (iv)

(v)

656. The above measures (ii) and (iii) may be implemented without great difficulty, but the measures (i) and (iv) may not fully implemented because of various reasons: (i) (ii) Measure (i) will not be accepted by great number of local residents and by high cost. Measure (iv) may be applied for some new sensitive works (schools, hospitals) but this will not be practical with most of the existing and new works, due to at present within 50 m from the road edge from the starting to the ending points thousand houses of local residents existed and a number of new houses, schools, religious buildings will be constructed in the area within 10 -100 m from the road edge during and after construction of the expressway. The local authorities can not forbid this tendency.

657. With these reasons the Vietnamese and WB/IFC standards for noise at residential areas (50 dBA) would not be complied with in this project and in all other expressway projects in Viet Nam. From monitoring data collected by the EIA consultant for this project it was found that noise levels at residential sites within 10-50 m from the main roads in the cities at well as in rural area are usually 60 -70 dBA in day-time. In this range of noise pollution complaints from local residents were not recorded.

227

Figure V.24: Diagram of Noise Distribution at Section 3: C3-C4 (Predicted for 2036)

Figure V.25: Diagram of Noise Distribution at Section 4: IC4-IC5 (Predicted for 2036)

228

Figure V.26: Diagram of Noise Distribution at Section 6: IC6-IC7 (Predicted for 2036) d. Road Pollution

658. The expressway may be polluted by waste matter carelessly thrown by passengers and drivers. In addition to pollution of the expressway, roadside fields and residential areas, such pollution can be unsightly on the expressway. This impact may occur but it is minor and mitigable. 2. 659. Biological Environment

In the operation stage biological environment may be affected by the following reasons. (i) Run off water from the road surface containing solid materials, grease and oil, which may pollute pond and fields receiving polluted water. Consequently, aquatic organisms maybe adversely affected. This impact is expected as minor, as contents of pollutants in run- off water may not be high. Traffic emission containing air pollutants (dust, SO2, NOx, CO, Pb, and VOC) may cause air pollution which may affect vegetation and wild animal species. This impact is expected to be minor as air pollution caused by traffic activity is slight. Induced impacts generated by high development of urban, industrial and tourist areas due to good traffic system connecting Dong Nai province, Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta. The induced impacts include increased air, water, soil pollution and reduction of wetland and forest areas. These impacts may directly damage natural habitats, biodiversity of flora and fauna. These impacts will not be directly created by this project and only be mitigated by the proper implementation of the policies of GOV in sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.

(ii) (iii)

229 3. Socio - Economic Environment a. Traffic Accident

660. Theoretically, traffic accidents on Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway with 4 or 8 lanes, and without at-grade intersections, will have less chance to occur due to advanced traffic alarm systems. . However, because of poor implementation of traffic law and regulation in Vietnam, traffic accidents may occur as follows. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) 661. Roadside districts/provinces open roads crossing the expressway. Residential or commercial areas planned or built encroach upon the safety corridor of the expressway. Drivers have no experience of high-speed driving and fail to abide by the traffic law, for instance, overdrinking, poor health or road-hogging, etc. Motorcyclists encroach on car-lanes, drinking, or road-hogging. Pedestrians crossing the prohibited sections. Unclear traffic signals, failure of traffic lights, etc. Animals cross the road Poor quality of vehicles. Poor maintenance of road and bridges.

Traffic accidents may cause various social impacts: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Different levels of disability or even fatalities for people. Lost work time, Lost money for treatment Damage vehicles and traffic signal systems.

662. In Vietnam in the recent years, annually over 12,000 persons died due to traffic accidents. The accidents happened mainly at highways. Therefore, traffic accidents are an important issue to be concerned during development of the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway. 663. It is impossible to predict the severity of traffic accidents because it is dependent upon traffic management and peoples awareness with traffic laws and regulations. Nevertheless, the impact of traffic accidents is preventable by legal and technical measures. 664. In order to prevent traffic accidents in the operation of the expressway, the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Exploitation Company of VEC shall implement the measures below. (i) Cooperation with the PCs of Ho Chi Minh City, Long An, Dong Nai: in prevention and control of: a) Planning and building up of any residential or commercial area that encroaches upon the safety corridor of the expressway; b) Opening access roads to the expressway; c) Commercial and living activities within the safety corridor. Provision of pedestrian access across the expressway at locations of residential and/or commercial centers. Proper maintenance of the expressway including a) Repair, rehabilitation and maintenance of the road face, basement, bridges and other construction works: this shall be done regularly to promptly remedy any damage and defect, etc. and maintain the expressway in the best conditions; b) Repair and maintenance of bridges: this shall include regular check of technical conditions of piers, beams, banisters, etc.; c) Full maintenance: this shall be done periodically (once every 5

(ii) (iii)

230 years) in order to improve the quality of the road face and road adherence; d) Renewal: this is carried out after every 2 full maintenance cycles, including replacing the aged surface, i.e. the layer of 7 cm of bitumen concrete roadway; Installation and maintenance of signals, sign, markings to regulate traffic, including posted speed limits, warning of sharp turn or other special road conditions, posts and road divider lines throughout the expressway Regular repair and maintenance of the lighting system. Movement of bicycles, motorbikes with designed speeds below 70 km/h and poor quality vehicles on this expressway is prohibited. Regular checkup: the traffic polices of provinces that are crossed by the expressway shall check up and impose stringent fines on any breach of the road traffic law, for instance, overloading, over sizing, over speeding, overtaking, illegal road crossing and others. Well organized Transport Rescue Teams with suitable technical facilities to rescue the damaged vehicles on the road b. Environmental Accidents

(iv)

(v) (vi) (vii)

(viii)

665. Environmental accidents (fire and explosion) may occur on the expressway, those include: (i) (ii) 666. Fire and explosion of fuel stations. Fire and explosion of trucks transporting fuels or inflammable chemicals.

The probability of the impact is low and in fact, it is possible to prevent and respond.

667. To minimize the potential environmental risks during operation of the expressway the following measures will be implemented. (i) The Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Operation Company shall cooperate with provincial police and Vietnam Register in regular checkup of safety systems and devices of fuel trucks running on the expressway. Fuel stations shall be arranged at least 100 m from residential and commercial areas and in compliance with technical fire requirements stipulated by the Ministry of Public Security. c. Upstream Inundation

(ii)

668. If the drainage is not properly designed and built and canals become filled up, Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway will become a 58Km dike that obstructs the upstream flow, (particularly in the North and northwest of the expressway). Consequently, upstream communes will be inundated in the flood season, production; trading and living of local inhabitants will be damaged. This phenomenon has happened previously at some highways in the Central Region and Mekong Delta. 669. To prevent this impact the following measures will be implemented. (i) (ii) Proper control of culverts, so that water flow from upstream to downstream sides could not be stopped. Do not fill up canals and/ or drainage systems in the area.

231 d. Impacts on Local People Due to Division by the Expressway

670. The expressway may create a physical barrier isolating villages, fields and residential sites along the road into two sides. This may obstruct local residents to get their fields, to visit their neighbours, to go to local administrative offices, and markets etc. This impact is expected as medium if the project does not implement suitable measures for mitigation. The obstruction by the expressway to the normal daily pattern of local residents will create strong complaints from communes authorities and residents. 671. This physical barrier may also obstruct animal crossing. However, this impact is small, since the number of domestic animals at the communes is small and very few wild animals are living at the project area. 672. To avoid the division of community by the expressway the project has planned and will design and construct a number of frontage roads, underpass and overpasses. These facilities were planned at the high populated areas and at the suitable sites for local residents to pass across the expressway. The location of frontage roads and underpasses, overpasses is indicated in the following tables. Table V.42: No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

List of Frontage Roads along the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Length (m)
400 900 1,712 1,168 900 600 2,000 2,100 2,630 2,120 1,850 1,300 1,050 Total

Left Side
KM1+400 KM2+400 KM3+420 KM5+132 KM6+300 KM9+600 KM10+200 KM14+200 KM36+000 KM38+630 KM40+750 KM43+950 KM45+900 KM1+800 KM3+300 KM5+132 KM6+300 KM7+200 KM10+200 KM12+200 KM16+300 KM38+630 KM40+750 KM42+600 KM45+250 KM46+950

Right Side
KM1+300 KM2++400 KM3+420 KM5+132 KM6+300 KM9+600 KM10+200 KM14+200 KM36+000 KM38+630 KM40+750 KM43+950 KM45+900 KM1+950 KM3+100 KM5+132 KM6+300 KM7+150 KM10+200 KM11+700 KM16+300 KM38+630 KM40+750 KM42+600 KM45+250 KM46+950

Length (m)
650 700 1,712 1,168 850 600 1,500 2,100 2,630 2,120 1,850 1,300 1,050

Total (m)
1,050 1,600 3,424 2,336 1,750 1,200 3,500 4,200 5,260 4,240 3,700 2,600 2,100 36,960

Table V.43: N
1 2 3 4

List of Underpasses and Overpasses along the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Size (m)
6x3.2 4.5x3.2 6x3.2

Station
KM0+579 KM5+132 KM10+200 KM13

Length (m)
28.5 29.2 28.5

Remark
Underpass Underpass Underpass Overpass

232
5 6 7 8 9 10 KM38+622 KM40+744 KM42+600 KM43+930 KM46+950 KM48+690 6x3.2 6x3.2 4.5x3.2 4.5x3.2 4.5x3.2 4.5x3.2 28.5 30.3 30.1 30.3 31.0 28.5 Underpass Underpass Underpass Underpass Underpass Underpass

Source: Tables V.42, V.43 from ADB TA 7155 VIE project, November 2009.

e.

Impacts of Induced Developments

673. Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway will create favorable conditions for the fast development of cities, industrial parks, seaports, airports, commercial sectors and tourism in the Southeast Region and the Mekong Delta. As discussed above, those are major positive impacts of the project with the socio-economic points of view. 674. Nevertheless, the increases in urbanization, industrialization, the development of trade and tourism and the population growth along the expressway will trigger a series of negative environmental impacts. Those include: (i) (ii) Increase of municipal and industrial wastes and creating increased pollution of the air, water and land. Encroachment into the wetland areas when urban and industrial zones and tourist sites are expanded, particularly in Nha Be, Can Gio, Nhon Trach districts. It is possible to state that with reduction of wetland area the urban environment of Ho Chi Minh City will increasingly worsen with intensive water inundation in the flooding season; reduction of vegetation covers. Additionally the consequences of climate changes would be harder, adversely affecting production and health. With reduction of wetland areas, the biodiversity of Ho Chi Minh City, Long An, and Dong Nai provinces will deteriorate.

675. It is noteworthy that those negative impacts are not directly caused by Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway. In fact, it depends much on the development of infrastructure for traffic, industry, urban areas and tourist sites of the provinces in the region. 676. A general concern is the increase in the number of tourists and vehicles accessing Can Gio Biosphere Reserve. However, this impact will not occur due to the expressway as it will not connect with Road 15 (Rung Sat highway crossing Can Gio mangrove forest) that is under construction by Ho Chi Minh City. There will be neither vehicles nor passengers coming to Can Gio district via Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway. Therefore, any impact on biodiversity and ecosystems of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve will not be caused by this project. 677. For the mangrove forest along the Thi Vai river in Dong Nai province: since the project will build a viaduct passing over the forest, the operation of Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway will not affect the mangrove ecosystems there. 678. The most important role in mitigation of degradation of natural ecosystem during the increased industrialization and urbanization in this region is the effective implementation of the following Laws and policies: (i) (ii) Law of Environmental Protection (2005) Law of Forest Protection and Development (2004)

233 (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) Law of Water Resource (1998) Land Law (2003) Law of Biodiversity (2008) National Plan for Sustainable Development (2005) Vietnam Standards and National Regulation for the Environment. And other laws, governmental decisions, circulars of MONRE and policies of the city/provinces in integration of environmental consideration into economic development.

679. Implementation of the above laws and policies is the responsibility of all governmental authorities, people and investors in the region. E. Specific Environmental Impact Assessment for Bridge Construction

680. Construction of bridges is a component of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway project. It includes the following activities. a) in the pre-construction phase: site investigation, design, site clearance and resettlement, UXO investigation and removal; b) In the construction phase: transport of materials, construction of road and viaducts to the bridges, construction of bridges, construction of auxiliary facilities; c) in the operation phase: traffic over bridges. 681. Therefore, the environmental and socio-economic impacts of bridge component in 3 phases are basically the same as those of road construction that are predicted and assessed above. Therefore, this assessment of the impacts caused by on bridge component does not repeat such impacts. It focuses mainly on prediction of some specific environmental impacts related to land clearance for bridges and bridge construction. 1. Introduction of Bridges

682. Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway will cross various rivers and canals in the districts of Ben Luc, Can Giuoc (Long An province); Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Can Gio (Ho Chi Minh City); Nhon Trach, Long Thanh (Dong Nai). Noticeably, Binh Khanh bridge over the Soai Rap river and Phuoc Khanh bridge over the Long Tau river are the two big ones; the others are small or medium. The list of bridges and hydrological parameters of the relevant rivers along the alignment of Ben Luc Long Thanh are shown in Table V.44. Table V.44: Bridges Proposed to Build and Hydrological Parameters at their Positions in Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway
Chainage Km02+225 Km08+100 Km12+600 Km15+600 Km17+100 Km19+150 Km19+750 Km20+125 Km20+670 Km21+125 Km21+475 Km23+400 Km26+150 Qmax (m3/s) 74 41 590 65 1.296 60 85 75 85 49 120 11.500 52 Vmax (m/s) 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.25 Minimum drain passage (m) 35 20 250 30 250 30 40 40 40 40 60 1,200 185 Maximum water level (m) 1% 5% 1.70 1.63 1.63 1,54 1.63 1.63 1,54 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.63 1.63 1,54 1.63 1,54 Minimum water level (m) 1% -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.91

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Name Ong Thoan Chua Can Giuoc Ong Nam Ba Lao Ong Cai Tac Thay Cai Kenh Bun Dua Ba Minh Ngon Lap Dau Ca Noc Binh Khanh Song Cha Lon

234
Minimum drain passage (m) 50 60 700 40 230 15 25 20 15 300 125 75 Maximum water level (m) 1% 5% 1.63 1.63 1.63 1,54 1.65 1.68 1,59 1.70 1.75 1.81 1.86 1.95 1,87 1.95 1,87 1.95 1,87 Minimum water level (m) 1% -2.91 -2.91 -2.91 -2.96 -3.06 -3.08 -3.20 -3.35 -3.45 -3.69 -3.69 -3.69

No 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Name Song Cha Nho Xom Quan Phuoc Khanh Thu Ho Ong Keo Lon Ong Keo Nho Dai Dien Vung Gam Ba Bong Thi Vai Tac Doi Ben Ngu

Chainage Km27+850 Km28+850 Km30+300 Km31+800 Km34+700 Km35+400 Km38+900 Km43+150 Km45+550 Km53+100 Km54+200 Km55+700

Qmax (m3/s) 71 121 11.500 80 200 52 82 59 49 3.748 294 125

Vmax (m/s) 1.00 1.00 1.65 1.00 1.25 Note 1 Note 1 Note 1 Note 1 1.25 1.25 1.00

Source: ADB TA 7155-VIE, August.2009

2.

Impacts and Mitigation Measures in the Pre - Construction Phase

Physical Environment 683. In the pre - construction phase the main activities are design of the bridges, land clearance and implementation of resettlement. These activities would not cause negative impacts on the land, water and air environment. Therefore, assessment of the impacts on the physical environment and proposal of counter measures area not necessary. Biological Environment i.

Agricultural Ecosystems (rice fields and aquaculture land)

684. These ecosystems are prevailing at almost all communes affected by the land clearance. In detail, they exist at the sites selected for building up the bridges of Ong Thoan (Km2+225), and Chua (Km8+100) at Binh Chanh commune in Binh Chanh district; Can Giuoc (Km12+600) at Quy Duc commune in Binh Chanh district; Ong Nam (Km15+600) at Da Phuoc commune in Binh Chanh district. The site clearance for building the bridges will affect rice fields and aquaculture land alongside canals and rivers. 685. At the site for Ba Lao bridge, the site clearance will acquire a zone of aquaculture ponds. In the territory of Nhon Duc commune in Nha Be district, where bridges of Ong Cai (Km19+150), Tac Thay Cai (Km19+750) and Ba Minh (Km20+670) will be built; land acquisition will affect aquaculture ponds and rice fields, reducing the area of those wetland ecosystems. Similarly, the construction of bridges of Ngon Lap Dau (Km21+125) and Ca Noc (Km21+475) at Long Thoi commune in Nha Be district will occupy the area of aquaculture land and rice fields. 686. In the sites for the big bridge of Binh Khanh (Km20+400) at Long Thoi commune in Nha Be district and Binh Khanh commune in Can Gio district, the site clearance will affect aquaculture ponds, rice fields and secondary crops, reducing their areas. At Binh Khanh commune in Can Gio district, where it is projected to build the bridges of Song Cha Lon (Km26+150), Song Cha Nho (Km27+850), and Xom Quan (Km28+850), land acquisition and site clearance will affect aquaculture and rice cultivation, the latter of which covers a large area in the region. 687. Phuoc Khanh bridge is the second largest bridge following Binh Khanh bridge over the Long Tau river. Land acquisition at Binh Khanh commune for building viaducts will affect aquaculture and reduce the area of wetland ecosystems. At Phuoc Khanh commune in Nhon Trach district, Dong Nai province, where it is projected to build up the bridges of Thu Ho

235 (Km31+800), Ong Keo Lon (Km34+700), and Ong Keo Nho (Km35+400), land acquisition will affect the areas of rice fields and short-term industrial crops. 688. Land acquisition and site clearance for Dai Dien bridge (Km38+900) at Vinh Thanh commune in Nhon Trach district will affect rice fields amid short-term industrial crops. The projected site for the bridges of Vung Gam (Km43+150) and Ba Bong (Km45+550) at Phuoc An commune in Nhon Trach district is aquaculture land. At the projected site for Ben Ngu bridge (Km55+700) at Phuoc Thai commune - Long Thanh district, land acquisition will affect agriculture land and wetland. 689. All sites projected for bridges and viaducts at 15 communes of 7 districts are currently agriculture (rice fields) and/or aquaculture land, which belong to wetland ecosystems. Wetland is of economic and environmental significance as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) It is the habitat and growth field for various flora and fauna species of high values of economy and biodiversity. Its bio-productivity is high. It receives rain water and upstream effluents from urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City, Long An, Dong Nai, storing water and treating polluted water. It regulates the hydrological regime and climate. It is very sensitive to internal changes of the environmental factors and external effects.

690. The reduction of wetland area due to the construction of the expressway and bridges would reduce the value of the natural ecosystem. Nevertheless, the wetland areas to be acquired for the bridges are minor (less than 10 ha in total) compared with the area to be acquired for industrial parks and urban areas in this region. As such, this impact is assessed as irrecoverable but minor. ii. Natural Ecosystems

691. The investigation of the existing biodiversity and bio-resources of the study site of the entire Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway has noted the following : (i) At the sites projected for the bridges of Ong Thoan (Km2+225), Chua (Km8+100), Can Giuoc (Km12+600), Ong Nam (Km15+600), Ba Lao (Km17+100), Ong Cai (Km19+150), Tac Thay Cai (Km19+750), Kenh Bun Dua (Km20+125), Ba Minh (Km20+670), Ngon Lap Dau (Km21+125), Ca Noc (Km21+475), Binh Khanh (Km23+400), Song Cha Lon (Km26+150), Song Cha Nho (Km27+850), and Xom Quan (Km28+850), the natural vegetation cover has already been encroached upon for expandion of agriculture and aquaculture land. Therefore, the remaining vegetation is mostly strips and bands of brackish water species scattering on riversides, which include communities of Nypa fruticans and Sonneratia caseolaris, Aglaodorum griffithii, Derris trifolia. The site clearance in the preconstruction phase will cut off the remaining trees at the sites, thereby reducing the local biodiversity. Nevertheless, since the riverside ecosystems are poor in term of biodiversity, and the area of site clearance is limited, this negative impact is assessed as minor. At the sites projected for the bridges of Phuoc Khanh (Km30+300), Thu Ho (Km31+800), Ong Keo Lon (Km34+700), Ong Keo Nho (Km35+400), Dai Dien (Km38+900), Vung Gam (Km43+150), Ba Bong (Km45+550), and Ben Ngu (Km55+700), the riverside mangrove ecosystems are changed with brackish water species replaced with typical saline water species with the prevailing of communities of Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, Excoecarta agallocha. The

(ii)

236 destruction of riverside mangrove belts for building bridges would damage those ecosystems. Nevertheless, the results of the environmental surveys (Chapter III) show that the ecosystems are already deteriorated and the species number is limited. Areas of mangrove trees to be cleared at riversides of each river vary from about 1,500 m2 at Ben Ngu, Dai Dien, Vung Gam bridges to 2,000 m2 at Ong Keo Lon bridge and 3,000 m2 at Phuoc Khanh, Binh Khanh bridges. Therefore, the impact of site clearance for bridges on the ecosystems is minor. The mangrove ecosystem appears only at the sites for the projected bridges of Thi Vai (Km53+100) and Tacdoi (Km54+200) at Phuoc An commune in Nhon Trach district - Dong Nai province. The forest structure there is simple with one layer of wooden trees (Rhizophora apiculata) of 5 10m height, 5 17cm diameter (12cm on average) and density of 100 to 500 trees per hectare. The dominant species of Rhizophora apiculata account for more than 95% and the remainders include Avicennia alba, Excoecarta agallocha, Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia caseolaris, Aglaodorum griffithii, Derris trifolia, Acrostichum aureum. This is the habitat of various bird species, some amphibian and reptile species, and a number species of fish, shrimp and mollusk. Site clearance for building up Thi Vai bridge and viaducts will remove a part of the vegetation carpet located in the ROW (approximately 3,000m2 to 5000 m2 in option of viaduct construction and at most 28 ha in option of construction of road to the bridge). Because the project has designed and will build a viaduct, this impact is assessed as minor. Furthermore, this impact can be minimized by the program of compensatory reforestation. b. Socio-Economic Environment i. Housing Loss for Building bridges

(iii)

692. The survey of the EIA Team found that at the sites projected for the bridges on the rivers and canals of Chua (Km8+100), Can Giuoc (Km12+600), Ba Lao (Km17+100), Tac Thay Cai (Km19+750), Ba Minh (Km20+670), Ca Noc (Km21+475), Song Cha Lon (Km26+150), Song Cha Nho (Km27+850), Xom Quan (Km28+850), Phuoc Khanh (Km30+300), Thu Ho (Km31+800), Ong Keo Lon (Km34+700), Ong Keo Nho (Km35+400), Ba Bong (Km45+550), many households setting on the riversides. Particularly at the sites of Ba Lao (Km17+100) and Ca Noc (Km21+475), the number of the PAPs would be large. They will lose residential land and must relocate. Number of households to be affected by bridges construction is included in Table V.18. This socio-economic impact was assessed in Section V.B.3 (Socio-Economic Environment) ii. Loss of Agriculture and Aquaculture Land

693. The environmental survey found that rice cultivation and aquaculture plays a major part in economic activities of people in the zones to be crossed by the expressway. Those exist at almost all sites for bridges. That means site clearance will affect the existing rice cultivation and aquaculture (mostly fish and shrimp culture). The acquisition of agriculture or aquaculture land will adversely affect the family economy of the PAPs. 694. At the site for the bridges in Nhon Trach district of Dong Nai province, i.e. from Thu Ho bridge (Km31+800) to Dai Dien bridge (Km38+900), in addition to rice cultivation, farmers also plant industrial crops such as cassava and cashew nuts. As such, land acquisition cause loss of production land, consequently, impacts on income of the PAPs. At the sites for the bridges of Vung Gam (Km43+150), Ba Bong (Km45+550), and Ben Ngu (Km55+700), land acquisition will affect local aquaculture.

237 iii. Overall Assessment on the Socio-Economic Impact of Site Clearance for Bridges Construction

695. The acquisition of aquaculture/agriculture and residential lands for building bridges and viaducts will cause negative socio-economic impacts on the PAP. The impacts are assessed and predicted in details in the RAP report of the project. They are inevitable but the areas of land acquisition for bridge construction are small and the overall impact is therefore minor and mitigable. 696. To minimize the adverse impacts of land acquisition and site clearance to the PAHs the RAP report of the ADB TA 7155 - VIE has suggested various policies and action plans. The project Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) was prepared based on the legal documents of Vietnam but it also complies with the ADB policy principles and requirement on Involuntary Resettlement. The project owner in cooperation with district's Resettlement Committees will implement the laws, regulations and policies of the Government, relevant city/provinces and the ADB policy to support the PAHs in resettlement, restoration of their production and improvement of their living conditions. 3. Impacts Associated with Bridges Construction a. 697. Physical Environment

During bridge construction the following impacts would be produced. i. Noise and Vibration

698.

In the construction phase, noise will be generated by: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Construction machines Concrete mixers Piling Transport of sand, macadam, steel and iron, and construction materials in general Electric generators

699. The impacts are similar with those of the construction of the expressway which have been predicted and assessed in above para 548 - 564. ii. River Erosion

700. Main characteristics of rivers in the region include permanent availability of water, small slope of riverbed, dependency of water level upon seasons (dry and rainy) and tidal influence. The basin is lying over weak foundation (soft soil) and river banks are muddy and easily eroded. Therefore, bank erosion is possible during the construction of bridges. 701. The cause of erosion is water that erodes, digs and washes away materials of the riverbed and river banks. Erosion is a natural cycle; therefore, determination of erosion at the project area is very complicated. 702. In the construction of bridges, the main cause of narrowing is the flow constriction (encroachment) by the viaduct foundation or piers/pillars. Consequently, the flow passage is reduced; the speed and riverbed cut press increase. 703. Local erosion at piers/pillar or abutments is the washing away of bottom mud or sand by the formation of "horse-shoe" whirlpools at their foundations. Horse-shoe whirlpools are formed

238 when the upstream flow bumps into the obstructing face, increasing the current around the pier or abutment and consequently, the materials at their foundations are moved. In addition to horse-shoe whirlpools, there are downstream film whirlpools. Both kinds of whirlpools can wash away materials at the foundation. The intensity of whirlpools is quickly reduced when the downstream distance from the pier expands. Consequently, deposition of materials takes place in the downstream zone. 704. The factors affecting the depth of local whirlpools include: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) Speed of the inflow, Depth of the flow, Width of the pier, The flow stopped by the abutment, Length of the pier, Dimension and particle distribution of bottom materials, Angle of the inflow, Shape of the pier or abutment, Riverbed status,

705. The erosion is predicted for the main bridges that have piers located in rivers, i.e. Ba Lao, Binh Khanh, Phuoc Khanh and Thi Vai. The flow used in the computation has the 1%, frequency of the record high in history. Because the analytical data of particle distribution, in this study, D50 and D95 are presumed at 0.015mm and 0.5mm, respectively as the data used in the designing of Long Thanh bridge (see the Hydrological Study Report on Ho Chi Minh City - Long Thanh - Dau Giay Expressway) with similar conditions taken into account. Nevertheless, in the phase of detailed design, the erosion prediction will be updated with relevant dimensions, i.e. actual D50 and D95 at each bridge. The predicted erosion of the bridges is shown in Table V.45. Table V.45: Predicted Erosion of Main Bridges in the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project
Erosion depth (m) Chainage Km(12+600) Km(17+100) Km(23+400) Km(26+150) Km(34+700) Km(30+300) Km(53+100) Name of bridge Can Giuoc Ba Lao Binh Khanh - PA. B1 Binh Khanh - PA. B2 Binh Khanh - PA. B3 Song Cha Ong Keo Phuoc Khanh - PA. P1 Phuoc Khanh - PA P2 Thi Vai Overall erosion 0.16 0.29 0.23 0.11 0.26 0.20 0.34 Local erosion 4.38 6.86 7.73 7.73 9.51 9.51 5.07 Total erosion 4.54 7.15 7.96 7.84 9.76 9.71 5.41 Note Note 1

Note 1 Note 1

Note 1: piers not located in the main river

706. The predictive results of erosion in Table V.42 and hydrological data in Table V.43 indicate that: at the project sites of Ba Lao bridge (Km17+100) where the flow rate and velocity are 1,296m3/s and 1.25m/s, respectively; of Binh Khanh bridge (Km23+400) with 11,500m3/s and 1.25m/s; Phuoc Khanh bridge (Km30+300) with 11,500m3/s and 1.25m/s; and Thi Vai bridge (Km53+100) with 3,748m3/s and 1.25m/s, the risk of erosion is very high. Therefore, it is essential to take appropriate measures to prevent and limit erosions, including pier erosion, abutment erosion and bank erosion. 707. In order to minimize river bank erosion the following measures will be implemented.

239

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

At all bridge construction areas where may be eroded, embankments with solid stone layer, will be constructed. The area of stone embankment at each site will be designed case by case. At river banks closed to the bridge construction site vegetation carpet will be planted for soil erosion control. The length and width of tree belt for each bank at each bridge construction site is about 50-100*2-10m, depending on the actual situation at each site. The trees to be planted are Nipa palm (in Ben Luc, Binh Chanh and Nha Be districts), Sonneratia spp. and Nipa palm (in Can Gio district) and Rhizophora spp. and Sonneratia spp. in Nhon Trach, Long Thanh districts. Density of trees is 1.0*1.0m (for Rhizophora), 1.5*1.5m (for Nipa palm), 2.0*2.0m (for Sonneratia spp.). Area of mangrove trees to be cleared for bridge construction is estimated in Section IV.B.2.g (Chapter IV). Detailed calculation of vegetation areas to be cleared at each location will be done in the construction stage, based on construction options of each contractor. Therefore, replanting cost for each location will be calculated in detail at that stage. Properly design and construct structures of piers and abutments to avoid soil erosion. b. Biological Environment

708. During bridge construction, activities such as drilling, pier piling, etc. will all cause negative impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystem at the rivers. Those impacts include: (i) (ii) Disturbance of water and river bed where is habitats of fish and mollusk species because of drilling, piling and concrete filling; Increases in suspended solid (SS) organic matters heavy metals and oil from bottom sediment, because of pier construction activities. Consequently, the dissolved oxygen (DO) in water are reduced, turbidity and concentrations of toxic chemicals are increased with this water pollution, aquatic species (fish, shrimp, crab, etc.) at the construction site would be affected. Oil pollution created by discharge of oily wastes and leakage of fuel from barges to canal or river. Riverbed disturbance and changes of the structure and composition of zoobenthos in the site as a result of dredging.

(iii) (iv)

709. In general, all impacts mentioned above are negative to aquatic organisms in the project site. Nevertheless, since the construction volumes of piers, abutments and waste matters will be small, those impacts are assessed as minor, local and temporary (during bridge construction only). After completion of construction, those impacts will no longer exist and the aquatic biota can be restored. 710. Due to impacts caused by piers/pillar construction on local water quality and aquatic ecosystem is minor and specific mitigation measures are not necessary to be implemented. However, to prevent water pollution caused by wastes from barges used for bridge construction the following measures will be implemented. (i) Discharge untreated wastewater and release rubbish from barges to water is forbidden. The barge owners shall install wastewater collection and treatment system and rubbish bins. Solid wastes shall be periodically collected and transported to local disposal sites.

240 (ii) The barge owners participated in bridge construction for this project shall have an oil spill prevention and response plan and relevant technical facilities for its implementation. Proper organization of barge operation so that navigation risk could not occur. c. Socio - Economic Environment i. Impacts on Waterway Transport

(iii)

711. According to investigation results, the alignment of Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway will cross 3 main branches of the Dong Nai Sai Gon River, namely Soai Rap, Long Tau and Thi Vai. They are important waterways in the Southeast Region. 712. The investigation of the sites for the bridges of Can Giuoc (Km12+600), Ba Lao (Km17+100), Binh Khanh (23+400), Song Cha Lon (Km26+150), Phuoc Khanh (Km30+300), Ong Keo Lon (Km34+700), Ba Bong (Km45+550), Thi Vai (Km53+100), and Ben Ngu (Km55+700) found them having high density of waterway traffic. The most important waterway crosses the site of Binh Khanh bridge (Km23+400) on the Soai Rap River and Phuoc Khanh bridge (Km30+300) on the Long Tau River. They are two rivers linking the ports of Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai, Ba Ria - Vung Tau, and Long An to other ports in Vietnam and the World. 713. In the construction phase, the large number of construction machines for building the bridges, for instance, barges, piling machines, and others, will narrow the width of rivers or canals, obstructing the river traffic. This impact is assessed as minor to medium depending on the bridge site but temporary and possible to mitigate. 714. In case of construction of small bridges at narrow canals the activities in excavation, earthworks, stockpiling etc. on canal banks may cause obstruction of waterways. These impacts may be observed at some bridge construction projects in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and in other countries. At these bridge construction sites, these activities may not only obstruct waterways, but also reduce canal water flow, causing stagnation, and deterioration of water quality. 715. To well prevent obstruction of normal waterway transport the following measures will be applied by bridge construction teams: (i) Installation of machines for bridge construction (floating cranes, barges etc.) will be done within only the limit which will not encroach into the ship movement channel. This limit shall be agreed by the Vietnam Maritime Board or the DOT of the relevant provinces/city. Installation of temporary signaling points to regulate boat movement at the bridge construction sites. Proper cooperation with local Waterway Police in regulation of waterway transport and protection of the bridge's construction machines. Water courses (rivers, canals) shall be kept free of excavation spoil and construction debris, floating and submerged. Spoil and construction materials stockpiles area shall be located away from water bodies and under no circumstances will these materials be dumped into watercourses.

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

716. Obstruction of waterways may result due to by excavation, earthwork or stockpiling during construction of the large bridges (Binh Khanh and Phuoc Khanh bridges). However, from observation at the large bridge construction projects, like Phu My bridge on the Sai Gon river (2006-2008), Can Tho bridge on the Hau (Bassac river) (2004-2009), Bai Chay bridge on the

241 Cua Luc Bay (2002-2005) activities in earth works, stockpiling did not cause obstruction of ship or boat movement, as materials were stored at the river banks far from navigation channels. Therefore, this type of impact will rarely occur during construction of Binh Khanh, Phuoc Khanh and Thi Vai bridges. Implementation of the above mitigation measures will avoid such impact. ii. Impacts of Waterway Accidents

717. Movement of barges and operation of floating cranes for bridge construction, particularly at Binh Khanh bridge over the Soai Rap River and Phuoc Khanh over the Long Tau River, may obstruct traffic and accidents may occur. Nevertheless, this impact is avoidable because the investor and subcontractors will take proper managerial measures in the construction of bridges, particularly large ones. 718. To avoid this type of accident the following measures will be implemented by bridge construction contractors. (i) Proper organization of construction activities at bridge's pier construction (installation of construction machines, barges etc at the place permitted by the Waterway Transport Authority) so that construction activities could not encroach into the navigation channels. Proper management by the contractors in cooperation with Waterway Police for movement of barges/ships transported materials for bridge construction, so that interference between them and commercial ships or passenger boats would not occur. Installation of rescuing facilities (oil collectors, hydrants, pumps, chemicals, fire extinguisher etc. for fire control, life buoys, etc.) at all barges/ships of the bridge construction contractors. Setting up of temporary signaling stations to warn boats on any obstruction to traffic.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

719.

In case of oil spills the constructor shall immediately implement the following actions (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Inform the Sai Gon Port Authority, who is responsible for waterway transport in Ho Chi Minh City and surrounded region. Inform to Oil Rescue Companies operated in the region of Ho Chi Minh City asking them to support in oil spill control. Inform the communes which may be affected by oil spill dispersion, so that they could prevent water, land and economic damages. Organize oil collection in cooperation with the oil rescue companies to minimize as much as possible oil dispersion. After control of oil spill the contractor will cooperate with the relevant local communes in treatment of water, land pollution and compensation for environmental and economic damages, following the relevant Vietnamese Laws and Guidelines, if oil spills came from bridge construction activities.. Impacts in the Operation Stage of Bridges

4.

720. In the operation stage of bridges, main environmental impacts will be caused by traffic operation, including: (i) (ii) (iii) Increased air pollution. Increased noise and vibration pollution. Increase in traffic accidents.

242 721. These impacts are the same as those of the operation of the expressway and predicted in above section. F. Preliminary Assessment of Impact of Climate Change

722. Climate change may affect the natural environment and socio economic development of Viet Nam in general and the estuarine regions of the Dong Nai Sai Gon river basin and Mekong river delta in particular. 723. As suggested by some scientists, Viet Nam will be one of 5 countries in the world to suffer the most serious consequences of climate change. The Mekong river delta and the Dong Nai Sai Gon estuarine region may be seriously affected by the consequences of climate change. 724. The main consequences of climate change in this region will be: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Increased drought in the dry season Increased flood in the rainy season Increased frequency of typhoons and other bad weather phenomena Increased sea water level rise.

725. Increase of sea water level rise would be the most serious consequence of climate change to this region. With the increased sea water level the following consequences would be expected: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Soil and water in the inland area will be saline, causing constraints for water supply, agriculture, infrastructural facilities etc. Reduction of agricultural, freshwater aquaculture land, causing loss in income of local farmers. Damage on infrastructural facilities urban and industrial facilities. Damage on native ecosystems in the region. Increased inundated area in the low land region. Increased diseases, particularly, epidemic diseases.

726. As preliminary prediction of MONRE (2009) the rise of sea level in the Mekong Delta Region would be + 30 cm in 2030, + 50 cm in 2050 and + 75 100 cm in 2100. 727. With the above prediction by the year 2100, the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway would not be affected by the sea water rise due to the height of its embankment is 1.0 m higher than the high water (5%) predicted in year 2036. 728. However, with long term inundation by seawater in the area surrounding the expressway, the road embankment could be eroded and damaged if not strong enough. 729. To minimize road damage caused by sea water inundation the road embankment will be designed and constructed, so that it will not be infiltrated by inundated water and the embankment heights may be raised in the future if necessary. 730. In case of high sea water rise, the physical barrier of the expressway may cause sea water inundation at the seaward side, creating adverse impacts on living conditions, agricultural production for local residents. However, this impact is expected as minor because the project has designed various culverts to create normal flow of flood water from upstream to downstream sides and vice versa.

243

731. To properly mitigate this impact in the design phase the design consultants will carefully study topographic, hydrological features and socio economic conditions at each section to design sluices, underpass roads suitable for each site to assure normal flow of flood water from the sea and from the upstream side.

244 VI A. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

Relation to National Strategy 1. Summary of Project Alignment

732. The Traffic Master Plan for development of the North South Expressway is being implemented by the Ministry of Transport (MOT) through investment in several expressways including the HCMC Trung Luong Expressway, Trung luong My Thuan Can Tho Expressway, and the Ho Chi Minh City Long Thanh Dau Giay Expressway. 733. The master plan of traffic development of HCMC for year 2020 and afterwards was approved by the Prime Minister (Decision No. 101/Q-TTg dated 22/01/2007), and the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway is one of six expressways located near HCMC and its surrounding areas. (Figure 1, Chapter I) 734. Running pass HCMC, the North - South Expressway will link to the Ring Road 3 (RR3). If the project alignment link to RR3 to the Western Region was through Cu Chi district to Binh Duong province and Bien Hoa city, it would have an advantage on topography and geology, however, it would not efficiently service the developed economic areas such as Nhon Trach Long Thanh, Thi Vai ports and Cai Mep ports at the Eastern Region. Therefore, the connection of the project alignment and the NorthSouth expressway at HCMC to the Southern Region through Ben Luc to Nhon Trach will be consistent with the traffic master plan approved by the Prime Minister. 2. Do Nothing Option

735. This expressway is class A with 120km/h designed speed. If the expressway is not built a major link connecting regional economic development with the national highway network will be missing. Do nothing is not an option. B. Structures 1. Bridges or Tunnels

736. The large river crossings were studied for the alternative alignments. The first possible choice is the type of crossing. The road could either run below the rivers in tunnels or above the river by a bridge. Each of the two types of crossing were studied carefully for each alignment. 2. Types of Tunnels

737. Two types of tunnels were considered : The immersed tube tunnelling method (IMT) and the tunnel boring machine (TBM) method. The immersed-tube, or sunken-tube, method, used principally for underwater crossings, involves prefabricating long tube sections, floating them to the site, sinking each in a previously dredged trench, and then covering with backfill. 738. Tunnel boring machines (TBM) are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional 'hand mining' in soil. A TBM has the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, difficult to transport and require significant infrastructure. A TBM is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They can bore through hard rock, sand, and almost anything in between. This could be one of the first times used in Vietnam.

245

739. The Immersed Tube Tunnels cost much less than the Tunnel Boring Machine type. This eliminated the TBM type from further consideration. The cost of IMT tunnels was then compared with the cost of bridges. Feasible alignments for tunnels do exist, however these would involve passing under land adjacent to land used for storage of petroleum products and unloading jetties. Obtaining agreement for such an alignment would be difficult. There are also safety concerns for the fire risk in a tunnel, as well as risks during construction of an immersed tunnel in a busy shipping area. Consequently bridges were selected. 3. 740. Types of Bridge

There are three main types of bridge: (i) (ii) (iii) Cable-stayed bridge Suspension bridges Cantilever bridge

741. A cable-stayed bridge is a bridge that consists of one or more columns (normally referred to as towers or pylons) with cables supporting the bridge deck. Suspension bridges generally require more cable than a cable-stayed bridge. A full cantilever bridge would require even more material and be substantially heavier. A cantilever bridge also has a more noticeable impact on water turbidity than either the suspension bridge or a cable-stayed bridge. 742. Cable-stayed bridges are considered economically more feasible; aesthetically more pleasing; and easier to construct than either cantilever or suspension bridges. On environmental grounds, especially in relation to water resource issues there are clear environmental advantages in constructing cable-stayed bridges. Cable-stayed bridges have been selected for this Project. C. Alternative Alignments

743. There were a total of three alternative alignments considered. Along with these three alignments there were also the two alignments considered in the JETRO Study and the PreFeasibility Study. These were : (i) Alternative FS: which crosses the Soai Rap River between the 220 kV and the 500 kV power-lines approximately 110-metres south of the all the power-lines and runs between them until South of Binh Khanh Commune and it emerges south of the these power-lines then crossing the Long Tau River and entering Dong Nai Province. Alternative JETRO: which crosses the Soai Rap River again between the 220 kV and the 500 kV power-lines approximately 110-metres south of the all the powerlines and runs between them and overlaps these powerlines near Binh Khanh Commune and then crossing the Long Tau River north of the Pre FS Alignment and entering Dongnai Province. Alternative 1: which crosses the Soai Rap River approximately 110-metres south of the all the power-lines and runs parallel with the power lines within Can Gio District of Ho Chi Minh City South of Binh Khanh Commune then crossing the Long Tau River and entering Dong Nai province very near the Pre-FS Alignment. Alternative 2: enters Phu Xuan Commune of Nha Be District of Ho Chi Minh City and crosses the Nha be River.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

246 (v) Alternative 3: enters Phu Xuan Commune of Nha Be District of Ho Chi Minh City but runs North of Alignment 2 to avoid a temple then and crosses the Nha Be River (see Figure 4, Chapter I).

D.

Description of Project Alignments 1. Alignment in Long An Province

744. The alignment runs through Long An province from Km 0 Km 10. The starting point is located in Ben Luc District on the HCMC-Trung Luong expressway and connects to RR No.3. From here the alignment goes to the South-East direction and crosses National Highway (NH)1A at Km 3+400 where there are the least number of houses on the both sides of the alignment (at Km1923+700 on NH1A). From Km 4 to Km 10, the alignment goes parallel with the administrative boundary between Binh chanh and Can Giuoc Districts. At Km 6 the alignment was adjusted to avoid the resettlement area that is under construction by the Five Stars International JSC (50m away from the right side of the alignment). The alignment has been agreed by Longan PC (letter No. 5414/UBND-CN dated 3rd November 2006). 2. Alignment in Ho Chi Minh City

745. In HCMC the alignment runs through Binh Chanh, Nha Be and Can Gio districts from Km 2+200 to Km 30+500. At Binh Chanh district: from Km 2+200 to Km 17+100 the alignment goes across Binh Chanh, Tan Quy Tay, Hung Long and Da Phuoc communes. The alignment was modified to avoid the Da Phuoc Waste Treatment Complex as requested by PC of HCMC (Letter No. 8197/UBND-DT dated 16th December 2005). The alignment is in accordance with the landuse master plan of Binh Chanh District. 3. River Crossings

746. The FS and JETRO alignment (dark blue & purple lines in Figure IV.4) did not have an accurate map of the location of the OTL and so proposed a location too close to them. They went between the overhead transmissions at the Binh Khanh Bridge location, north of the 500 KV OTL and south of the 200 KV one. There is not enough room to build the bridge safely. 747. At Nha Be and Can Gio districts the consultants have studied three alternative river crossing locations to avoid the OTL and keep away from Binh Khanh Town and a new port development near the Phouc Khanh Bridge on the Dong Nai side. a. Alternative 1 (South Alignment)

748. To overcome the disadvantages of the previous alignment studied by TEDIS and JETRO, and avoid conflict with the water pipelines in Cangio area, avoid affecting the 500KV and 220KV electric transmission lines, Phu Huu 1 port and the existing dense residential area at Nguyen Van Tao street, the alignment runs on the right side and 120m away from the existing 500KV transmission line. There is an overlap of about 20m-30m of a project proposed by Vietnam Maritime Administration (from Km 22 to Km 23). However its master plan can be adjusted (Letter No. 517/UBND-PCT dated 16/6/2009 of Peoples Committee of Nha Be District). i. 749. Advantages

This Alternative has the following advantages (i) In accordance with HCMC master plan up to 2020 approved by the Prime Minister at the Decision No.101/QD-TTg dated 22 Jan. 2007.

247 (ii) The alternative has been agreed by the ADB TA 7155-VIE,, MOT and HCMC Department of Transport as per the Notice No. 301/TB-BGTVT dated 30/6/2009 of MOT and Notice No. 270/TB-SGTVT dated 09/6/2009 of HCMC Department of Transport. In accordance with comments from HCMC Peoples Committee in the letter No. 207/TB-VP dated 11 April 2006. Avoids running between 500KV and 220KV transmission lines, which is very dangerous during construction as well as operation of bridges. Avoids the Phu Huu 1 Port as requested by Dong Nai Peoples Committee at the Letter No. 8156/TTr-UBND dated 01 Oct. 2008. Does not impact on the master plan of Nha Be Area In accordance with the development master plan of HCMC. It is agreed by the Can Gio district PC in the Letter N622/UBND dated 10 June 2009 and the Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest Management Board (in the letter N126/CV dated 29 July 2009). ii. 750. Disadvantages

(iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

(ix) The Alternative 1 has the following disadvantages (i) (ii) (iii) There are two long high bridges with navigation clearance (about 250x55m). At weak soil area. The overhead transmission lines are visible from the bridge which does not present an attractive vista b. Alternative 2 (North Alignment)

751. To avoid the disadvantages of alternative 1, alternative 2 runs to the North of alternative I crossing through Nhon Duc Phuoc Kieng urban area (Km 20+800-Km 21+100), crossing the Muong Chuoi river at Km 21+500 and running overlaid to an internal road and Phu Xuan residential area (Km 21+900-Km 22+700), going in between Techim Petrolimex and Saigon Metrolimex Store. However, the alignment of alternative II was not agreed by DOT of HCMC of Nha Be district (as stated in the letter No. 517/UBND-PCT dated 16/6/2009 of Nha Be PC and the Notice No. 270/TB-SGTVT dated 09/6/2009 of HCMC DOT). 752. This Alternatives has the following advantages and disadvantages i. (i) (ii) (iii) Advantages

Construction site is easier than alternative I. Horizontal alignment is smooth Only one long high bridge with navigation clearance required (about 300x55) at the Nha Be river. ii. Disadvantages

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

The alignment runs through Nhon Duc Phuoc Kieng urban area (which has been approved by HCM PC). May affect the future Phu Dong port. At weak soil area. Runs under the 500KV and 220KV transmission lines.

248 (v) (vi) Affects many houses at the existing residential area (particularly at Huynh Tan Phat street). Affects Phap Vo Pagoda (25m away from left side of the centerline). c. Alternative 3 (North alignment)

753. To avoid the disadvantages of the above two alternatives, alternative 3 runs to the North of alternative I crossing through Nhon Duc Phuoc Kieng urban area (Km20+800-Km21+100), crossing the Muong Chuoi river at Km21+500 and running avoided Phu Xuan residential area (Km22+00-km23+300), avoiding Phap Vo Pagoda, then going through Saigon Petrolimex Port. 754. However, the alignment of alternative III was not agreed to by DOT of HCMC PC of Nhabe district (the letter No. 517/UBND-PCT dated 16/6/2009 of Nha Be PC and the Notice No. 270/TB-SGTVT dated 09/6/2009 of HCMC' DOT). 755. The Alternative 3 has the following advantages and disadvantages. i. (i) (ii) (iii) Advantages

Construction site is easier than alternative 1. Horizontal alignment is smooth. Crossing at the narrowest location of the Soai Rap river (perpendicular with river) so has the shortest crossing of the three alternatives. ii. Disadvantages

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

The alignment runs through Nhon Duc Phuoc Kieng urban area, which has been approved by PC of HCMC. May affect the Master Plan of Port system at the other side of the river. At weak soil area. Affects many houses (particularly at Huynh Tan Phat street). Affects Saigon Petrolimex port. Is not accepted by DOT of HCMC and PC of Nha Be district

756. Comparison of Project Alignment Options at River Crossing Section is given in Table 3 (Chapter I). 4. Alignment in Dong Nai Province

757. In Dong Nai province the alignment runs through Nhont Trach district (Km 30+500- Km 53+100) and Long Thanh district (Km 53+100-Km 58+500). The alignment avoids Phuhuu I port at Km 30+750 (as requested by Dong Nai PC) and running in parallel with the left side of 500 KV transmission line (away 130 m from the 500KV), crossing 500 KV and 220 KV at Km 32+000. From Km 32+000 Km 52+500 the alignment runs in between the right side of 110 KV and Nhon Trach outer road in accordance with Nhon Trach Master Plan as approved by the Prime Minister. The alignment avoids the Phuoc An port from Km 49+500-Km 52+500, crosses Thivai river at Km 53+100, crosses NH51 at Km 57+500 and connects to future Bienhoa-Vungtau expressway by an interchange. 758. There are four tentative interchanges in Dong Nai province at: Inter-ports road (about km33), NhonTrach city road, National Highway No.51, Bienhoa-Vungtau Expressway. Total length in Dong Nai Province is about 28km.

249

5.

Horizontal Alignment

759. The horizontal alignment was designed based on the Alignment 1 selected and agreed to by all the relevant authorities of Long An province, Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai province and by the Ministry of Transport. E. Agreed Alignment

760. The Consultants presented the alignment to DOT of HCMC at the meeting on 03/June/2009 with the participants of the city agencies and departments and PCs of Binh Chanh, Nha be and Can Gio districts. Due to lowest negative impacts on local socio economy of the alignment alternative 1, the meeting has agreed to select this alternative of total length in HCMC 26 km as per the Notice No. 270/TB-SGTVT dated 09th June 2009. In general, the selected alignment of the project was approved by MOT and Peoples Committee (PC) of HCMC, Long An and Dong Nai provinces.

250 VII INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

761. In this EIA two (2) types of public consultation have been implemented to comply with both Vietnam's and ADB requirements. A. Public Consultation following the Vietnamese Guidelines 1. Process of Information Disclosure and Consultation

762. The Law on Environmental Protection (2005) strictly requires public consultation and disclosure on information of the project to local people prior to its commencement. The Circular 05/2008/BTNMT issued by MONRE requires the project owner shall organize meetings with and obtain comments on environmental impacts and mitigation measures of the project from 2 organizations: People Committee (PC) and Fatherland Front Committee (FFC) of each commune where the project is located. PC is an administration agency and FFC is a public political-social association, representative of local residents and other public associations. In case project could cause serious potential impacts meetings with local residents are also required. 763. Pursuant to Circular 05/2008/BTNMT dated 08/12/2008 by MONRE, the project owner (VEC) with support of the EIA consultant in September 2009 has implemented consultation with PCs and FFCs of 15 communes, namely My Yen (Ben Luc district, Long An province); Long Thuong and Phuoc Ly (Can Giuoc district - Long An province); Binh Chanh, Tan Quy Tay and Da Phuoc (Binh Chanh district - Ho Chi Minh City); Long Thoi and Nhon Duc (Nha Be district Ho Chi Minh City); Binh Khanh (Can Gio district - Ho Chi Minh City); Phuoc An. Vinh Thanh and Phuoc Khanh (Nhon Trach district - Dong Nai province); Long Phuoc and Phuoc Thai (Long Thanh district - Dong Nai province) with the following activities. (i) (ii) (iii) Provide each PC and FFC a letter of the project owner, included an executive summary of the draft EIA report. Organize meetings with each PC, FFC (30 separate meetings) In each meeting: explain to PC, FFC representatives the project' activities, their environmental impacts, mitigation measures and ask them to give their comments and suggestions on the project environmental issues. Receive their verbal and written comments on project impacts and suggestions on mitigation measures. Summary of Comments of PCs and FFCs from 15 Projects Communes

(iv)

2.

764. The following are summary of main comments and suggestions from 15 FFCs, 15 PCs and responses of the project owner to their comments and suggestion. Responses of the project owner in negative impact mitigation are given in Table IX.1 (Chapter IX).

251 Table VII.1:

No.

Summary of Comments and Suggestions from PCs, FFCs and Responses of the Project
Comments on Environmental issues The investor should require construction contractors implementing appropriate measures for environmental protection such as watering in order to control dust from construction machines and vehicles. How issues will be addressed under the Project The EMP prepared for the project requires that the contractors shall undertake watering of roads, yards at construction sites and roads that pass residential areas twice a day during dry period. The EMP of the project requires that the contractor shall implement proper measures for rubbish and solid waste management. Dumping wastes to residential areas, fields, canals, rivers are prohibited. The project EMP requires that the contractors shall well manage and treat wastewater and runoff waters The project EMP requires contractors to cooperate with local PCs in proper management of construction workers The project EMP requires contractors to implement various technical and management measures in pollution control.

Commune

My Yen Commune

1.1

Comments of PC of My Yen commune (given in letter N32/UBND-VP dated 15 Sept. 2009 to VEC)

Rubbish and solid wastes should be collected and dumped at prescribed places so as not to affect the local field and residential areas in the vicinity of the expressway. Wastewater and runoff water should be well managed to avoid affecting landscape and peoples lives. Construction subcontractors should cooperate with local authorities for proper management of workers in the construction sites. The construction of the expressway is supported but the investor should seriously take the pollution control measures mentioned in the executive summary of the project. People need compensation and support under applicable policies and regulations when their land is acquired for the project. In addition, special attention should be given to the resettlement of the PAP whose land and/or houses are lost for the project. Employment priority in the construction phase should be given to local workers.

1.2

Comments by FFC of My Yen commune (given in letter dated 16 Sept. 2009)

The Project Resettlement Report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements The project EMP requires contractor to employ as much as possible local workers for this project, train them in working skill and discipline

Phuoc Ly Commune Comments by PC of Phuoc Ly Commune (given in letter N31/CVUBND dated 15 Sept. 2009) During construction as well as operation, in order to avoid of any accident that may damage assets or human life in the commune, the investor should make available of sufficient construction and transportation signal boards, lighting and repair works in case of damage. The project EMP requires the contractors to implement various measures for prevention of accidents and repair damaged roads and public works.

2.1

The investor should employ local workers so as to reduce number of workers from elsewhere and thereby avoid of conflicts between local

The project EMP requires contractor to employ as much as possible local worker for this project

252
inhabitants and emigrants. The construction and operation of the expressway may affect some rural roads and irrigation canals and thereby impact on inhabitants life and production. The PMU should pay attention on that matters and take proper measures to remedy. In details, culverts for irrigation canals, overhead bridges for roads, signposts for the junctions of roads and the expressways, etc. In case that a junction is not acceptable, it is required building a rural roads in parallel with the expressway for local inhabitants to access rural roads in the other side. The investor should collaborate with local authorities in making proper compensation plans for the households whose land are lost for the project. The investor should take the environmental management measures specified in the executive summary such as control of dust, noise and vibration during construction, control of the disposal of wastewater and solid waste. The investor should cooperate with local authorities in labor management to avoid of bad security and discipline due to construction workers. Long Thuong commune Comments of PC of Long Thuong 3.1 Commune (given in letter N122 dated 23 Sept. 2009)

The project EMP requires the project owner and its contractors to implement proper measures for prevention of impacts on local roads, canals and to repair the damaged roads, irrigation canals and public words and to prevent labor/transport accidents.

The project resettlement report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements The project EMP requires contractors to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, vibration and wastes generated by project activities. The project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems

2.2

Comments by FFC of Phuoc Ly commune (given in letter N17/KHMT dated 15 Sept. 2009)

The PC supports the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway project and agrees with on the negative impact mitigation measures to be taken by the investor. It is necessary to take proper measures as specified in the EIA report in order to minimize impacts of dust, emissions, noise and vibration in the construction phase of the project. Solid waste should be properly collected and transported; wastewater should be treated satisfactory to Vietnamese standards before discharge to the environment and not causes impacts on the health of people in the vicinity.

The project EMP requires contractor to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, air pollutants, solid wastes and waste waters to comply with the Vietnamese standards/ regulations, so that environmental pollution would not impact on the environment and public health.

Compensation solutions and resettlement should be realized soon for the households whose land is withdrawn in order to stabilize their

The project resettlement report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese

253
lives. The investor should closely cooperate with local authorities for good management of construction workers in order to avoid of loss of local security and discipline. The PC supports the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway project and agrees with the negative impact mitigation measures to be applied by the investor. The investor should take measures of environmental technology and management as specified in the EIA report as follows: It is necessary to limit impacts of dust, noise and vibration from construction, the construction should be scheduled properly so as to minimize impacts on surrounding areas. Filling up canals and arroyos during construction should be restricted as it will block water flow. The project should comply with Vietnamese standards of environment, soil, water, air and protection of biological resource. Site clearance and compensation should be performed properly at request. Resettlement and stabilization of peoples economic activities should be carried out quickly and the PAPs should be supported with job opportunities. Waste from the construction should be properly treated as recommended in the EIA report so as to meet the Vietnamese standards prior disposal to the environment. The investor should well manage construction workers in order to avoid of loss of local security and discipline Binh Chanh Commune Binh Chanh District Comments of PC of Binh Chanh commune, given in Letter N158/UBND dated 17Sept 2003 and comments of FFC Binh Chanh commune in Leter N31/UBND dated 15 sept 2009 and ADB requirements The project EMP requires contractors to cooperate with local PCs in proper management of construction workers

The project EMP requires contractors to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, air pollutants, solid wastes and waste waters to comply with the Vietnamese standards/ regulations, so that environmental pollution would not impact on the environment and pubbic health. The project EMP requires contractors do not fill up canals, irrigation systems The project EMP require project owner/ its contractor to control environmental pollution complying the Vietnamese standards. The project resettlement report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements The project EMP requires contractors to treat construction wastes complying the Vietnamese standards The Project EMP requires contractors to cooperate with local PCs in proper management of construction workers

3.2

Comments of the FFC of Long Thuong Commune (given in letter N0122 dated 23 Sept. 2009)

PC and the FFC of Binh Chanh commune fully support the project. The expressway crossing over Binh Chanh commune will contribute to create a perfect traffic network of the region as well as the rural roads in the commune. It will help streamline the traffic flow over the commune, thereby assist for local socioeconomy. Nevertheless, the expressway will certainly cause direct and indirect impacts on local people

254
instance: traffic safety, social security and discipline. The PC and the FFC of Binh Chanh commune requests the investor and governmental authorities to cooperate for implementation of the project in compliance with applicable regulations, and to take concrete measures for management of motorized vehicles and trucks, for traffic safety in order to avoid of traffic accidents. At the same time, during the taking of steps of the project, the investor and functional agencies should actively and directly cooperate with authorities in order to prevent bad psychological impacts on local people who are affected by the expressway. The section of Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway that will cross over Binh Chanh commune. As such, local people will suffer great environmental impacts. The PC and the FFC of Binh Chanh commune basically agree with the environmental impact assessment as well as the mitigation measures specified in the executive summary. Nevertheless, some environmental impacts should be more concerned: When construction activities are carried out, from leveling, digging, building of basement, etc. people living near by the construction sites will be strongly affected by dust, particularly dust from machines and trucks. Besides, there are 83 houses in the impacting scope of the project, not to say many others in the distance of 200m from the expressway. As such, environmental impacts will strongly affect great number of households.

The project EMP requires contractors to implement effective measures for pollution control and implement compensation for damage of houses, public works, economic facilities following the laws and regulations. Grievance Redress Mechanism is prepared for this project will be applide.

The construction will cause water logging, affecting cultivation and aquaculture, etc. That will greatly affect the family economy of households. In addition, an amount of sanitary waste and chemicals from construction materials will directly affect inhabitants. Therefore, in order to mitigate those impacts, the PC and the FFC of Binh Chanh commune request the contractors to use, enclosing dikes or the like to prevent wastewater from overflowing or

The project EMP requires contractor to properly implement measures for water pollution control and prevention of water inundation.

255
should closely cooperate with construction subcontractors in arrangement of mobile restrooms at the construction site and prohibit direct discharge of sanitary wastewater to the environment. Noise and vibration generated by construction machines will affect people and possibly cause house cracking and land erosion. Therefore, the project should apply proper policies on support and compensation satisfactory to the affected people. It would be better to restrict those impacts as much as possible. The PC and the FFC of Binh Chanh commune require the construction contractors do not fill up canals in order to affect local drainage. Tan Quy Tay Commune - Binh Chanh District Laws of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on site clearance should be complied with satisfactory compensation for the households subject to land acquisition and relocation. The investor should cooperate with local authorities in compensation for those households and foster them to stabilize their living and production. Undertakings specified in the EIA report should be fulfilled, those include: Taking managerial and technological measures to control air pollution, Comments by PC noise, vibration, pollution of surface of Tan Quy Tay water, groundwater and soil due to Commune (given waste matters from construction 5.1 in letter N174 sites. dated 18 Sept. Complying with Vietnamese 2009) standards (TCVN), National Technical Regulation for Environment (QCVN) of soil, water, air, etc. Bearing responsibility before law for any occurrence of pollution that affects peoples living and the environment In order to keep good public security and discipline, the investor should cooperate with local authorities in management of the labor force of the project. The investor should make full use of local laborers in order to limit The project EMP requires contractor to implement proper measures for impact mitigation. The EIA report has proposed a Grievance Redress Mechanism, based on the Vietnamese Laws and ADB policy, Local PCs and PAHs may complain when noise, vibration, land erosion etc. will cause damage their properties or health The project EMP requires contractors do not fill up canals, irrigation systems

The project EMP requires contractor to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, air pollutants, solid wastes and waste waters to comply with the Vietnamese standards/ regulations, so that environmental pollution would not impact on the environment and pubbic health.

The project EMP require project owner/ its contractors to control environmental pollution complying the Vietnamese standards/regulations. The project owner (VEC) has given commitment to bearing all responsibilities to the laws if environmental impacts will cause damage to the environment and/or life of people. Project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems

256
the flocks (of laborers). The PMU should prepare and implement well the site clearance plan with the best conditions for the PAP to stabilize their living and jobs. The following environmental problem should be solved It is requested to investigate and monitor the environmental quality before construction in order to assess environmental impacts of Comments by the construction works and take proper FFC of Tan Quy measures to mitigate negative Tay Commune impacts on the environment. 5.2 (given in letter The construction and operation N12/UBMT dated should be strictly monitored in term of 14 Sept. 2009) environmental impacts such that the environment will not be polluted or at least satisfactory to the allowable limits set forth in the Vietnam environmental law. To obtain high economic efficiency with minimum environmental impacts, the investor should strictly fulfill the undertakings specified in the EIA executive summary of the project. Hung Long Commune - Binh Chanh district The following measures to minimize Comments by environmental impacts should be FFC of Hung implemented. Long commune The investor should restrict any given in leter construction activities that emit or N26/UBMTTQ increase dust content. Particularly in dated 18 Sept the dry season, the investor should 2009 arrange for transporting materials in nighttime to limit dust. Control measures for air pollutants should be taken when machines such as bulldozers, excavators, pneumatic hammers, etc. are in use. Machines of heavy noise and vibration should be arranged far from residential areas to avoid of damages to health of local inhabitants. Remedy should be taken in case that any pneumatic hammers have affected houses. Canals should not be filled up during construction in order to secure water supply and irrigation. Wastewater from construction sites should be discharged via drains such that living conditions of people are not affected. The project resettlement report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements The project EMP requires the project owner /its contractors to conduct environmental monitoring in the pre - and construction stages

The project EMP has proposed full environmental monitoring plans for the project

The project EMP requires the project owner / its contractor to implement the mitigation measures in this EIA report

The project EMP requires the contractors to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, air pollutants, solid wastes and waste waters to comply with the Vietnamese standards/ regulations, so that environmental pollution would not impact on the environment and public health. The project EMP requires contractor to locate strong noise and vibration sources over 200 m from a residential site. Noise control walls should be installed at sensitive areas. The project EIA requires contractors to implement compensation when they damage properties of local people.

The project EMP requires contractor do not fill up canals, irrigation systems.

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Affected people should be compensated satisfactorily. The investor should install lighting systems for construction sites in nighttime and road signs at specific sections (for instance, bends, places near residential areas, cross-roads, etc.) in order to avoid of accidents. In order to avoid traffic accidents in the operation phase, the investor should install and build up proper signaling and lighting systems. Da Phuoc Commune Binh Chanh District After obtaining basic information and environmental impacts of the project, the PC of Da Phuoc commune supports the project and wants it to be developed soon. The PC agrees on the negative impact mitigation measures to be taken by the Investor, and has some comments as follows: In the construction phase, the Investor should cooperate with local authorities to work out proper Comments by PC compensation plans for the of Da Phuoc households whose land is withdrawn Commune (given for the project. 7.1 in letter The investor should install lighting N557/UBND systems for construction sites in dated 15 Sept. nighttime and road signs at specific 2009) sections (for instance, bends, places near residential areas, cross-roads, etc.) in order to avoid of accidents. The work force in the construction phase of the project should be well managed. The investor should cooperate with local authorities in administrative management to avoid of security and discipline loss that may be resulted from the big flocks of laborers for the construction. Comments by The following requirements should be FFC of Da Phuoc achieved by the investor. 7.2 Commune (given The investor should give employment in letter N02/CVpriority to local laborers who want to UBMT dated 13 work for the project. Sept. 2009) The investor should install signposts, fences and lightning systems when the expressway is under construction to avoid of accidents. The investor should well implement the plan for site clearance and compensation for the PAP to stabilize their living soon. The investor should arrange for The Project Resettlement Report has given policies for compensation The project EMP requires contractor to install signal systems to avoid accidents

The Project Resettlement Plan Report has proposed various measures for proper compensation and resettlement following the Vietnamese and ADB policies

The project EMP requires contractor to install sign boards, lighting systems fences etc for prevention of accidents

The project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems

The EPM requires the contractor to employ as much as possible local people to be workers The project EMP requires contractor to install sign boards, lighting systems fences etc for prevention of accidents The Project Resettlement Report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements

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resettlement appropriate to local inhabitants habits. The investor should cooperate with local authorities in administrative management to avoid of security and discipline loss that may be resulted from the big flocks of laborers for the construction. Nhon Duc Commune Nha Be District During construction of roads and bridges, it is necessary to implement proper measures to control the effects of dust and noise pollution on the surroundings. Machines of heavy noise and vibration should be arranged at any place with lesser effects on peoples living. In the dry season, construction sites should be watered to keep down dust on the roads of materials. Restrooms should be available at workers camps to avoid of litter and wastewater that destroy local sanitation and aesthetics. In the operation phase, roads should be repaired and maintained in due time. Road signs should be adequate to avoid accidents. The investor should cooperate with local authorities in administrative management to avoid of security and discipline loss that may be resulted from the big flocks of laborers for the construction. Comments of FFC of Nhon Duc Commune (given in letter N03/CVMT dated 16 Sept. 2009) The following comments were given by the FFC: The investor is required installing signposts, fences and lightning systems when the expressway is under construction to avoid of accidents. In the construction phase, dust and noise will be mostly from transport of materials and therefore the Investor should take measures to restrict dust and noise as much as possible. The trucks for transporting raw materials are heavy and therefore, if the transport will damage local roads the investor should restore the road faces. The project should compensate and

Project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems The project EMP requires contractor to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, air pollutants, solid wastes and waste waters to comply with the Vietnamese standards/ regulations, so that environmental pollution would not impact on the environment and public health. The EMP requires contractors to watering roads and construction sites in dry days The EMP requires contractors to set up sanitary latrines for workers The EMP requires the project owner to properly maintain the expressway and install traffic signs Project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems The project EMP requires contractor to install sign boards, lighting systems fences etc for prevention of accidents

8.1

Comments by PC of Nhon Duc Commune (given in letter N111/CVUB dated 16 Sept. 2009)

8.2

The EMP requires contractor to implement various measures for dust and noise control in transport activity

The EMP requires the contractor to repair roads damaged by the project

The Project Resettlement Report

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support for the PAP under applicable laws and regulations of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the site clearance and construction phase. The cooperation between the Investor and local authorities in administrative management is essential to protect local security and discipline. The construction of the expressway over the commune will actively boost the local economy and the FFC of Nhon Duc commune therefore fully supports the project. Long Thoi Commune Investor Nha Be District. The compensation under the project should be accomplished in full, in due time and in compliance with regulations (with open information to people about the site clearance and compensation plan in an attempt to assist people in site). The project should support the restoration. The project should limit dust pollution during transport and storage of materials, and emissions during operation of machines on the construction phases. Noise and vibration should be reduced to the utmost to avoid of impacts of living activities of people in the vicinity Comments by PC of Longthoi Commune (given in letter N136/UBND dated 18 Sept. 2009) has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements The project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems

The Project Resettlement Report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements

The EMP requires the project owner/contractor to implement various measures for dust control in all phases of the project. The EMP requires project owner/contractor to implement various measures for noise and vibration control in the construction and operation stages.

9.1

The construction should ensure that: environmental components such as soil, water and air, etc. in the vicinity meet Vietnamese environmental standards. Waste matters (construction waste, sanitary waste, etc.) should be collected, transported and disposed during construction such that the living conditions of people and the environmental in the vicinity of the project site are not affected. Construction workers should be strictly managed to avoid of social matters such as discipline loss, traffic safety and residential security.

The project EMP requires contractors to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, air pollutants, solid wastes and waste waters to comply with the Vietnamese standards/ regulations, so that environmental pollution would not impact on the environment and public health.

Camps and toilets should be built up for workers to protect environmental sanitation and urban landscape.

The project EMP requires the project owner/its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems The EMP requires contractor to build up camps and sanitary toilets for workers

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During construction, dust emission from digging, leveling and material transport as well as emissions from construction machines should be limited. Road faces should be watered regularly. Noise and vibration from construction machines and vehicles should be limited. Waste matters (spoil, felled trees, workers sanitary waste, etc.) should be collected and dumped at regulatory places to avoid of environmental pollution. Disposal of any waste to watercourses at the communes should be prohibited.

The EMP requires contractor to build implement various measures for dust, noise and vibration control

The EMP requires contractor to properly collect, transport and treat solid and sanitary wastes, do not dispose wastes to rivers, canals, fields .

9.2

Comments by FFC of Long Thoi Commune (given in letter N42/CVMT dated 18 Sept. 2009)

The investor should install signposts, fences and lightning systems when the construction works in the commune are under construction to avoid of accidents.

The project EMP requires contractor to install sign boards, lighting systems fences etc for prevention of accidents

The investor should work out measures to prevent and remedy incidents (fire, explosion, etc.) to workers and surrounding communities. The investor should cooperate with local authorities for proper site clearance and compensation for the people whose land is withdrawn for the project. The FFC of Long Thoi commune supports this project and respectfully requests the investor and construction subcontractors to follow the points mentioned above. Binh Khanh Commune Can Gio District The investor should take the Comments by PC technical and managerial measures as specified in the EIA report, in of Binh Khanh details as follows: Commune (given Not encroaching upon the forest in letter outside the project site. N114/UBND dated 14 Sept. 2009) Reducing noise pollution during construction Not producing heavy noise and vibration that may affect the living

Various measures for prevention of incidents for workers and local resident are proposed in the EMP

The project resettlement report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements

The EMP require contractor do not encroach into forest outside the ROW

The EMP requires contractor to implement various measures for noise control

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and production of surrounding people. Not filling up canals when the expressway is under construction

The EMP requires contractor do not fill up canals, irrigation systems The project EMP requires contractor to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, air pollutants, solid wastes and waste waters to comply with the Vietnamese standards/ regulations, so that environmental pollution would not impact on the environment and public health. The EMP of the project requires that the contractors shall implement proper measures for rubbish and solid waste management. Dumping wastes to residential areas, fields, canals, rivers are prohibited. The EMP requires contractor to implement to the proposed measures for collection, transportation and treatment of wastes The project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems The EMP has proposed monitoring plans for 3 phases of the project, which should be implemented by relevant agencies The project EMP requires contractor to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, air pollutants, solid wastes and waste waters to comply with the Vietnamese standards/ regulations, so that environmental pollution would not impact on the environment and public health. The project EMP requires contractor to install sign boards, lighting systems fences etc for prevention of accidents

Complying with Vietnamese standards of environment, soil, water, and air.

The compensation and site clearance should be accomplished with clear plans and reasonable compensation rates. The PAP should be helped to restore the economic activities. The investor and construction subcontractors should collect, transport and treat waste matters from workers camps; wastewater from construction sites should be treated before discharge to canals or fields. The work force in the construction and operation of the project should be under good control. The investor should closely cooperate with local authorities for administrative management to protect local security and discipline. Environmental monitoring plans are required for 3 phases, namely preconstruction, construction and operation.

Comments by FFC of Binh Khanh Commune (given in letter N79/MTTQ dated 15 Sept. 2009)

The emission of dust, noise and vibration is unavoidable in the construction but the investor is required taking mitigation measures.

The investor should install signposts, fences and lightning systems when the construction works in the commune are under construction to avoid of accidents. The investor should cooperate with local authorities for proper site clearance and compensation for the

The project resettlement report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement

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people whose land is acquired for the project. complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements

The FFC of Long Thoi commune supports this project and respectfully requests the Investor and construction subcontractors to follow the points mentioned above. Phuoc Khanh commune Nhon Trach District The Land Law and other laws should be complied during site clearance with satisfactory compensation for the households who are subject to land acquisition and/or relocation and allowance for them to stabilize their living and production.

The Project Resettlement Report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements

Comments by the PC of Phuoc Khanh (given in letter N01/UBNDDTM dated 18 Sept. 2009)

The investor should cooperate with local authorities in implement the following measures. Environmental monitoring is essential for environmental management and therefore the project of water, air, and noise and precontruction, construction and operation phases. The labor force should be managed so as not to affect local security and discipline as well as spiritual life of local inhabitants The investor should take measures for treatment of wastes, reduction of dust, noise and vibration satisfactory to Vietnamese environmental standards during the construction and operation of the project and not causative of any difficulty to the living and production of local inhabitants.

The EMP has proposed monitoring plans which should be implement by project owner.

Comments by the FFC of Phuoc Khanh (given in letter N03/CVMT dated 21 Sept. 2009)

The FFC of Phuoc Khanh asks the investor to properly implement the following measures The investor should install signposts, fences and lightning systems when work items in the commune are under construction to avoid of accidents. The investor should employ local laborers for building up construction works in order to cut down the number of laborers from other localities. That will ease administrative management and

The project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems The project EMP requires contractors to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, air pollutants, solid wastes and waste waters to comply with the Vietnamese standards/ regulations, so that environmental pollution would not impact on the environment and pubic health. The project EMP requires contractors to install sign boards, lighting systems fences etc for prevention of accidents

The project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems

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avoid of conflicts due to difference in habits and lifestyle and the resultant loss of discipline and security. The FFC Phuoc Khanh commune supports this project and respectfully requests the PMU to seriously realize the point mentioned above. Vinh Thanh Commune Nhon Trach District During the construction of roads and bridges, it is essential to pay attention to measures to limit and reduce dust and noise pollution to the surroundings. It is noticed that construction machines such as bulldozers, ramming machines, excavators, electric generators and trucks can produce air pollutants. If the construction falls in the dry Comments by the season, material transport routes PC of Vinh Thanh should be watered to keep down dust. Commune (given The Investor should cooperate with in letter N14/CV local authorities in administrative dated 24 Sept. management in order to safeguard 2009) discipline and security when a large number of people gather for the construction. Toilets should be made available at workers camps. The PC of Vinh Thanh commune supports the project on the spirit of cooperation and coordination with the Investor whenever the project needs local supports. The investor is required installing signposts, fences and lightning systems when the expressway is under construction in order to avoid of accidents. In the construction phase, noise will be mainly produced by construction machines and trucks transporting materials therefore, drivers should be required not gearing up and honking when passing over populated areas. The project should compensate and support for the PAP under applicable laws and regulations of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the site clearance and construction phase. The cooperation between the Investor and local authorities for administrative management will be essential to protect local security and discipline when a large number of workers from other localities come.

The EMP has proposed various measures for dust, noise, air pollution control, which should be implemented by project owner/contractor

Project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems The EMP requires contractor to install sanitary toilets for workers

Comments by the FFC of Vinh Thanh Commune (given in letter N53 dated 17 Sept. 2009)

The project EMP requires contractor to install sign boards, lighting systems fences etc for prevention of accidents

The EMP requires contractor do not permit drivers to loudly honk at dense populated area

The Project Resettlement Report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements The EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems

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The construction of the expressway across the commune will positively affect the local economy and therefore the FFC of Vinh Thanh commune fully supports the project. Phuoc An Commune Nhon Trach District The PC of Phuoc An commune, Nhon Trach district, Dong Nai province highly support the project. The project will create jobs for local people and contribute to the development of the commune. The PC of the commune has some opinions for the investor to perform well activities of environmental protection and to limit socioeconomic impacts during the construction and operation of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh expressway project. During the construction phase: taking proper measures for environmental protection, negative impact Comments by PC mitigation, and realizing the environmental monitoring program of Phuoc An satisfactory to the requirements Commune (given specified in the approved EIA report. in letter N51/UBND dated Applying reasonable policies on compensation and site clearance 22 Sept. 2009)

The EMP requires project owner/contractor implement the proposed measures for environmental protection and environmental monitoring.

Well managing the labor force in the construction and operation of the project

Assuming responsibility for compensation of the damages caused by the project to the environment, health and production Giving training priority to local laborers for them to work for the project in the future. During the construction phase: taking proper measures for environmental protection and negative impact mitigation, and realizing the environmental monitoring program satisfactory to the requirements specified in the approved EIA report Well managing the labor force so as not to affect the local security and discipline as well as spiritual life of local inhabitants

Comments by FFC of Phuoc An Commune (given in letter N09 dated 18 Sept. 2009)

The Project Resettlement Report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements The EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems The Grievance Redress Mechanism in this EIA Report will be used for resolution of complaints in environmental damage caused by the project. The EMP requires contractors to implement suitable training programs for local workers. The EMP has proposed various measures for environmental protection and environmental monitoring which should be implemented by project owner/contractors The EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve

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generated problems Taking proper measures for environmental sanitation, and reduction of dust, noise, and vibration from the construction and operation of the project, ensuring good drainage, not causing difficulties to the living and production of local inhabitants. If possible, applying policies to create jobs for local laborers. Long Phuoc Commune Long Thanh District After obtaining basic information and environmental impacts of the project, the PC of Long Phuoc commune supports the project, agrees on the negative impact mitigation measures to be taken by the Investor, and has some comments as follows: In the construction phase, the investor should cooperate with local authorities to work out proper compensation plans for the households whose land is acquired for the project. The investor should install lighting systems for construction sites in nighttime and road signs at specific sections (for instance, bends, places near residential areas, cross-roads, etc.) in order to avoid of accidents. The work force in the construction and operation phases of the project should be well managed. The Project Resettlement Report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements The project EMP requires contractor to install sign boards, lighting systems fences etc for prevention of accidents The project EMP requires contractor to properly implement measures for control of dust, noise, air pollutants, solid wastes and waste waters to comply with the Vietnamese standards/ regulations, so that environmental pollution would not impact on the environment and public health. The EMP requires contractor to enroll as much as possible local labors.

Comments by the PC and Long Phuoc Commune (given in letter N22/CV-UBND dated 11 Sept. 2009)

Comments by the FFC of Long

Planning to align the expressway across historic, education and religious zones should be avoided. When the expressway is put into operation, in order to avoid of any incidents that may damage assets and human being, the Investor should install sufficient lighting systems and road signs and repair any damage. The investor should employ local laborers in order to limit the number of people from other localities and thereby avoid of the poor discipline that may be a result of habitual or cultural conflicts. This is a project of high socioeconomic values, the FFC support

The EMP requires the project owner, its contractors to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems The project has selected the best alignment to avoid all historic and religious sites. The EMP requires project owner to well maintain road, lightning and sign systems.

Project EMP requires the project owner, its contractor to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems

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the project and agree on the environmental impact mitigation measures proposed by the investor. The Investor should take environmental management measure specified in the EIA report, those include: Restricting the emission of dust and toxic gases to residential areas as well as heavy noise and vibration that may affect the living and production of local inhabitants. Implementing environmental monitoring programs in the phases of the project, i.e. from preconstruction to operation. Complying with Vietnamese standards of environment, soil, water and air and protection of biological resources. The Investor should cooperate with local authorities for administrative management of construction workers for safeguarding the communal security and discipline. The EMP has proposed various measures for dust, air, noise, vibration pollution control which should be implement by project owner/contractor The EMP has proposed monitoring plans for 2 phases of the project.

Phuoc Commune (given in letter N06/MTX dated 11 Sept. 2009)

The EMP requires the project owner, its contractors to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems

Phuoc Thai Commune Long Thanh District The PC supports the expressway project as it will positively affect the local socio-economic development. Comments by the The PMU is requested taking PC of Phuoc Thai environmental protection measures Commune (given in the construction and operation in letter N55/CVphases as follows: UBND dated 18 The investor executing the Sept. 2009) environmental management solutions specified in the EIA report, meaning that: Dust emission should be restricted, particularly in the dry season, watering is essential to reduce the production of dust; Heavy noise and vibration that influence inhabitants living and activities should not be produced. The Investor and construction subcontractors should collect, transport, treat and dispose of solid waste and hazardous waste. Compensating and taking supportive measures for people in the site clearance.

The EMP has proposed various measures for dust, noise, vibration control.

Well managing the labor force so as not to affect the local security and discipline as well as spiritual life of

The EMP has proposed various measures for solid and hazardous wastes collection, disposal and treatment. The Project Resettlement Report has proposed proper policies in compensation and resettlement complying with the Vietnamese and ADB requirements The EMP requires the project owner, its contractors to well manage construction workers,

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local inhabitants. train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems

Ensuring that site clearance and compensation is accomplished in due time for people to rehabilitate soon. The FFC of Phuoc Thai supports the project but requires the project owner to well implement the following measures. Avoiding of heavy noise and vibration, for instance, by proper arrangement of noisy machines, in order to minimize impacts on residential areas in the vicinity of construction sites. Not filling up canals in the construction of the expressway. Implementing environmental monitoring programs as specified in the approved EIA report. Well protect sensitive objects such as schools, temples, pagodas, residential areas from the impacts of noise and vibration. The investor should cooperate with local authorities to work out proper compensation plans for the households whose land is withdrawn for the project. The investor should cooperate with local authorities in administrative management to avoid of security and discipline loss that may be resulted from construction workers. The EMP has proposed various measures for noise pollution control, which shall be done by contractor.

Comments by the FFC of Phuoc Thai commune (given in letter N21/CV-MTX dated 29 Sept. 2009)

The EMP requires contractor do not fill canal The EMP has proposed monitoring program to be implemented by project owner. The project EMP has suggested various measures for noise and vibration control at sensitive sites

The Resettlement Report has proposed proper policies for compensation and resettlement

The EMP requires the project owner, its contractors to well manage construction workers, train workers, and to regularly meet local PCs to solve generated problems

B.

Public Consultation following the ADB Guidelines 1. Process of Public Consultation with PAHs Following the ADB Guideline

765. Public consultation following the ADB Guideline has been implemented by the EIA Team in 2 rounds: (i) Round 1: meeting and interviewing 50 PAHs (by random selection) at 7 districts during EIA study (in August 2009) to obtain information on their actual living condition and their suggestions on projects impacts. Round 2: organizing 6 meetings with 497 PAHs at 6 representative communes after preparation of a Draft EIA report (in September and October 2009) to disclose information on the environmental impacts and mitigation measures and to obtain their comments/suggestions

(ii)

268 2. Preliminary Evaluation on the Present Socio-Economic Conditions of 50 PAHs in the First Round of Public Consultation and Their comment on Project Environmental Impacts

766. To obtain preliminary information on the present socio-economic conditions of the project affected households (PAHs) the EIA Team has conducted interview with 50 households in 7 districts at the Project area: Ben Luc, Can Giuoc (Long An province), Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Can Gio (Ho Chi Minh City), Nhon Trach, Long Thanh (Dong Nai province. The obtained results from the filled questionnaires were synthesized and assessed as follows: a. Interviewers Information 767. Through survey on 50 representative PAHs in the affected area of the project, there are 63.33% of male, 36.67% of female. All of them belong to the ethnic majority of Kinh. There are a variety of religion component including Buddhism (46.67%), Cao Dai Religion (16.67%), other religions accounting for 36.67%. b. Education Level 768. In 50 PAHs there are 194 people, 7.73% of them at university education level or post university level, 9.28% of them at college level, 28.35% of them at grade 10-12 level. 65% of them at grade 6 - 9, 22.68% under grade 6 and 10.31% of them illiterate. The collected information shows that education level in different regions greatly differs so that land acquisition and compensation need to be handled carefully and have meticulous recorded paperwork for households having a low education level. c. Main Income 769. The main income of the interviewed households at the Project communes is as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Aquaculture: Trading: Office staff: Animal husbandry: Gardening: Forestry: 17% 35% 24% 12% 12% 0%

770. Through the socio-economic conditions collected from 50 typical households affected by the project, the number of households with main income from salary and business is much more than that from aquaculture, animal husbandry and gardening. According to the surveys results, although at Ben Luc, Can Giuoc, Binh Chanh and Nhon Trach districts have a quite large areas of rice cultivation, most of output is used for households and animal raising. 771. Monthly average income of 50 households interviewed have 6.67% of 1-2 million/month; 16.67% of 2-3million/month; 26.67% of 3-5 million/month; 30.00% of 5-10 million/month of and 20.00% of 10 million/month and none under 1 million/month. The survey results show that main income of households is higher than and more stable some other districts in the Mekong Delta Region. d. Requirements in Future Employment 772. There are 53.33% of interviewees keep working their job at present (mainly businessman and workers) and 46.67% do not know what they will work as after land loss for the project (almost all households using land as rice planting, gardening, animal raising and aquaculture)

269 e. Environmental Sanitation i. Water Supply

773. Some of 50 households interviewed use rain-water and well-water as main water supply sources, some use drilled well-water and tap-water. According to surveys results, 51.28% of households use rain-water source, 15.38% of them use rain-water source, 25.64 of them use tap-water source and 7.69% of them use dug-well water source. Almost all households in Nha Be and Can Gio use tap-water with price about VND 50,000/m3 (of over 20 times higher than the average price of clean water in the urban area). Groundwater cannot be used for households in Can Gio, whereas in Nha Be water from drilled-well water can be used for bathing and washing mainly, water for cooking and drinking is from water-tap or water supply tankers. Concerning water quality in 50 households interviewed, 36.67% of them think that water source is good, 43.33% of them think that it is medium, 3.33% of them think that it is bad and the rest (16.67%) have no comments. ii. Waste Collection, Disposal and Treatment

774. There are 43.33% of households who said that wastes are collected and treated by collecting system of commune or company; 30.00% of them bury waste; 26.67% of them collect waste and burn. At the crowded population site including Binh Chanh, Nha Be, Long Thanh and a part of Can Gio, there is collecting waste system. At the remaining districts in thinly populated sites, most wastes are collected and treated at households by digging holes to bury making fertilizers for gardening, or by burning. iii. Sewage Drainage System

775. In 50 households interviewed 23.33% of them have public drainage water system of commune; 33.33% of them discharges waste water in canal system, the rest of them let waste water overflow and absorb by soil (43.33%). Almost all areas that the alignment will pass do not have a sewage drainage system, accept for some area close to Highways 1 and 51 or some dense population sites. i. Requirements of PAHs in Environmental Management of the Project

776. According to the results from interview on the representative PAHs the project owner is required to have effective measures in environment protection, particularly dust, noise and vibration mitigation during the project construction activities. The project should ensure a good drainage system, not make difficulties for people in daily life and production, be good at labour resource management that does not affect to public security and spiritual life of the local people. Moreover, the PAHs require that the policies on land acquisition and compensation should be reasonable and the investors should create policies on employment, using local labour resource. 3. Comments of 497 PAHs in the Second Round of Public Consultation

777. After completion of a Draft EIA for the Project, from 16 September to 16 October 2009 the Environmental Consultant in the ADB TA 7155 VIE has cooperated with the Social Consultant in consultation with PAHs in 6 typical communes affected by the project. Details of the environmental consultation program are shown in Table VII.2.

270 Table VII.2:

No Location Commune In Long An province 1 My Yen (Ben Luc district) In Ho Chi Minh City 2 Binh Chanh (Binh Chanh district) 3 Longthoi (Nha Be district) 4 Binh Khanh (Can Gio district) In Dong Nai province 5 Phuoc An (Nhon Trach district) 6 Phuoc Thai (Long Thanh district) Total 13/Oct. 2009 95 households 08/Oct. 2009 81 households 16/Sept. 2009 100 households Date

Program of Consultation with the PAHs on Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Venue No. of PAH filled questionnaire Contents of Meetings Participants: households affected by the project and representatives for local authorities Agenda: 1. Presentation - Local representative introduction on participants - Environmental consultant presentation: - Brief description of the project - Predicted negative potential impacts 02/Oct. 2009 52 households - Recommended mitigation measures and EMP 2. Discussion and receiving questionnaire sheets filled by participants

10/Oct. 2009

82 households

16/Oct. 2009

87 households

497 households

778. Results of the consultation on environmental impacts and mitigation measures with the PAPs at 6 typical communes are outlined as follows: f. 779. General Information of the Current Socio Economic State of the Affected Households

Main jobs of people at 6 typical communes in the project site are as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Farmers: as high as 43%, Aquaculture farmers:12%, Workers: 10%, Traders: 9% Others: 13%.

271 780. Consultation results show various kinds of jobs of the affected households that are dependent upon geographic location and surrounding environment. At My Yen commune, farmers account for a high percentage, up to 70%, followed by Binh Chanh commune with 67%. Meanwhile, Binh Khanh and Phuoc An communes see high percentages of aquaculture households with respectively 20 and 25% of the consulted households.

13% 13% 9% 9% 43% 43%

10% 10% 8% 8% 5% 5% 12% 12%

Farmers Farmers Aquaculture farmers Aquaculture farmers Forestry Forestry Office holder Office holder Workers Workers Petty traders Petty traders others others

Figure VII.1: Distribution of Jobs of the Affected Households 4. Comments of Households About Project-Related Information a. Known Information About the Project 781. It is found from the consultation of 497 affected households at 6 typical communes that: (i) (ii) (iii) Only 53% of households were informed about the Ben Luc - Long Thanh project. 45% of the households did not have information of the project. A minor percent (2%) of households said they did not care about this project.

782. The share of households at Phuoc An and Phuoc Thai who did not know information about the project are large (63%). In contrast, the percents of households having information about the project at My Yen and Binh Chanh are as high as 88% and 75%, respectively. That means the public disclosure on the project at My Yen and Binh Chanh was good.

53%

2% 45%

careless know

not know

Figure VII.2: Percentages of Comments of PAHs About the Project Information 783. The Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway project may impact on various districts and large populations in the project area as well as its vicinity. Therefore, dissemination of project-related

272 information to project affected households is essential. It can be summarized from 497 filled questionnaire sheets that : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Number of the interviewed PAHs knowing about the site clearance and resettlement plan occupies 29% of the total interviewed PAHs. Knowing about the investor is 11%, Purposes and objectives of the project are known by 44% PAHs. The project scale is known by 12% Environmental impacts account for 4%.

12%

4% 29%
The site clearance and resettlement plan The investor Purposes and objectives of the project The project scale Environmental matters

44%

11%

Figure VII.3: Percentages of Peoples Knowing about Detailed Information of the Project b. Effectiveness of the Project 784. Out of 497 interviewed PAHs: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) A majority (47%) agreed that the project would improve the traffic system, Contribution to changes in the environment and landscape was indicated by 13%. Job creation and income improvement by the project were indicated by 15% The project giving chance for repairing houses was the opinion of 16%. The projects contribution to improvements of health care, cultural and educational facilities was indicated by 9%.

15% 16%

47%
The project would improve the traffic system Contribution to changes in the environment and landscape to improvements of health care, cultural and educational facilities The project giving chance for repairing houses Job creation and income improvement

9% 13%

Figure VII.4: Percentages of Peoples Opinions about the Effectiveness of the Project

273 c. Comments of Households about Environmental Impacts During Project Implementation

785. By collecting comments of households at 6 typical communes about negative impacts, it is known that: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) 27% of households said the project in operation would increase noise pollution, 22% said air pollution would be increased, 21% mentioned increase of water pollution, 13% said the vegetation cover and biological resources would be reduced, 7% afraid about poor traffic safety. A small percent (4%) said epidemic diseases would be increase Noticeably, (6%) mentioned pollution due to construction wastes.

7% 13%

4%

21%
water pollution noise pollution

6% 27% 22%

air pollution pollution due to waste matters vegetation cover poor traffic safety epidemic diseases

Figure VII.5: Percentages of Peoples Opinions about Environmental Impacts of the Project d. Households comments Relating to Adverse Environmental Impacts of the Project

786. Activities under the project will cause negative impacts yet they can be remedied. From the filled questionnaire sheets it can be stated that: (i) 61% households considered that construction activities would cause environmental impacts (dust, noise, water pollution, etc.), but after construction, these impacts would be completed. 35% of consulted people said negative impacts could only be mitigated in part. The remaining 4% said environmental impacts in the construction phase could not be mitigated.

(ii) (iii)

274

4% 35%

dealt with completely

61%

could only be remedied in part could not be remedied

Figure VII.6: Percentages of Comments about Mitigation of Environmental Impacts of the Project e. Comments about Notice Local Authorities of the Project Implementation

787. The suggestion that project owner/contractors should notice local authorities in advance of the construction received opinions from 497 households in the consultation as follows: (i) Up to 93% consulted households said that construction constructors should make notice in advance of matters relating to the environment, safety and traffic that may occur during the construction. 6% of consulted households gave no opinion about this matter. A minor percent (1%) said advance notice was not essential.

(ii) (iii)

6% 1% 0%

essential

93%

not essential no opinion others

Figure VII.7: Percentages of Opinions about Notice of Environmental Matters f. Comments about Environmental Monitoring During the Implementation of the Project

788. In the consultation of 497 households at 6 communes, most households required that the project owner should check up and monitor the issues in ecology, environmental pollution, traffic safety in the construction stage: (i) (ii) (iii) Consent accounted for a percent as high as 90%, A minor percent (2%) said it would be not essential. The remaining 8% households gave no opinion.

275

2% 8%

0%

essential

90%

not essential no opinion others

Figure VII.8: Percentages of Peoples Opinions about Environmental Monitoring g. Other Opinions

789. When the environment at the place is improved, peoples living would be better. Regarding this: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 72% people agreed with this idea. 23% of participants gave no opinion. 4% people disagreed. Only 1% of participants gave others opinion.

23%

1%

4% 72%

agreed disagreed no opinion others

Figure VII.9: Percentages of Peoples Opinions about Improvement of Living Conditions due to Improvement of Environmental Conditions 790. Regarding peoples involvement in environmental monitoring, in the consultation of 497 affected households: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Up to 68% people wanted to do so. 25% gave no opinion 6% said it would not be essential. Only 1% of participants gave other opinion

276

25%

1%

6%

agreed

68%

disagreed no opinion others

Figure VII.10: Percentages of Peoples Opinions about Their Involvements in Environmental Monitoring 791. Some environmental protection measures recommended by people: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) No disorderly disposal of construction and sanitary wastes in the site Improvement of the environmental awareness of contractors and workers during construction of the road Promotion of public awareness of environmental protection and peoples awareness of sanitation; open dissemination of environmental protection plans Establishment of active organs such as teams, groups and clubs of the Youth for their involvement in environmental protection

C.

Feedback by the Project Owner to Comments of PCs, FFCs and PAHs

792. The project owner (Vietnam Expressway Corporation) found that comments of the PCs and FFCs of 15 communes and the interviewed PAHs very diverse and correct. Therefore, the project owner accepted the comments and suggestions of the PCs, FFCs and people of 15 communes in the project area. 793. Although requirements of the communes PCs, FFCs and PAHs are diverse, but they mainly focus on the following issues: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) Proper implementation of RAP policy Proper control of dust, noise, water pollution during road and bridge construction Proper manage solid wastes and waste waters from worker camps and construction sites. Well organize construction activities to avoid encroachment into residential, agricultural, aquaculture areas Prevent water inundation, do not fill up canals and drainage system. Repair the local roads and public facilities Prevent health accident during road and bridge construction Proper management of labor force Strictly follow the Vietnamese Law on Environment, relevant laws and Standards for Environmental Quality.

794. To meet the requirements of local peoples the project owner will undertake proper measures to prevent and mitigate negative impacts on the environment quality, biological resources and local socio-economy as predicted in this EIA report.

277 795. For the implementation of the Ben Luc Long Thanh expressway project to reach high economic efficiency and at the same time, to minimize negative environmental impacts, the project owner will properly implement all items in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) given in this EIA report, approved by MONRE and ADB. The main tasks in environmental management for this project to be well implemented by VEC and its contractors are summarized below. (i) Select best alignment to minimize encroachment into industrial parks, churches, temples, pagodas, forest areas (especially in the Can Gio Biosphere Reserve) and dense populated areas. Implement the site clearance and resettlement plan in compliance with the laws of Viet Nam, policy of ADB to support the PAHs in life restoration and economic improvement as required by local government and people Apply management and technological measures to control air pollution, noise, vibration, and pollution of surface water, groundwater and soil due to construction activities. Properly protect the aquatic and terrestrial habitats throughout the construction and operation of the expressway. Well manage the labor force in order to avoid community disturbance and negative social matters Well comply with Vietnamese Environmental Standards and Technical Regulations (TCVN, QCVN) for quality of soil, air, surface water, ground water, and noise. To bear responsibility to the laws of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam in case of any occurrence of serious environmental pollution and environmental accidents that severely affect the life and business of people and the natural environment.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv) (v) (vi)

(vii)

D.

Planned Information Disclosure and Measures during Project Implementation

796. The above activities in information disclosures were implemented in the stage of EIA preparation. During project implementation further project information disclosure is planned as follows (Table VII.3).

278 Table VII.3:

No

Planned Information Disclosure during Project Implementation

Timing Implemented by Measures Participants

Content of information disclosure

In the Pre-Construction Stage 1 Disclosure of the content of EIA report approved by MONRE (Vietnam). This information disclosure is required by the Vietnams Law on Environmental Protection (2005) Within 30 days after receiving an approval letter from MONRE on the EIA Report of the Project VEC in collaboration with DONREs HCMC, Dong Nai, Long An provinces 1. Distribution of an Executive Summary of EIA Report to Districts PCs where are project area to inform on the main project impacts and EMP 2. Organization of meetings with Communes PCs and representatives of the PAHs to inform them on the main project impact and EMP. A Grievance Redress Mechanism is also be informed to them In the Construction Stage 2 1. Provision of Working Schedules of the contractors for local PCs and people. 7 -10 days before starting construction activity at each commune PIU3/its contractors Information will be in written form to provide for each PC in the construction area. Commune PCs will inform to people by communes Radio System - Commune PCs, FFCs, - Local people - Socio political associations Provincial DONREs, District DONREs, commune PCs, Communes FFC, PAHs, Socio-political associations

279
2. Provision of quarterly or monthly environmental monitoring reports for provincial DONREs. - DONREs inform main contents of the monitoring reports to district DONREs, PCs and relevant agencies, people. Monthly or quarterly PIU3/VEC Copy of the environmental monitoring reports ditto ditto DONREs District DONREs, PCs, Local people Provincial DONREs

280 Figure VII.11: Some Photos of Public Consultation Meetings with PAHs

1. Public consultation with PAHs in My Yen communes

2. PAHs of My Yen communes asked to reply on environmental impacts

3. Public consultation with PAHs in Binh Chanh communes

4. Explanation of the Environmental consultants to PAHs in Binh Chanh communes

281

5. Public consultation with PAHs in Binh Khanh communes

6. Public consultation with PAHs in Binh Khanh communes

7. Public consultation with PAHs in Phuoc An communes

8. Public consultation with PAHs in Phuoc An communes

282

9. Public consultation with PAHs in Phuoc Khanh communes

10. Representatives of My Yen Communes participate in Public consultation

11. Public consultation with PAHs in Phuoc Thai communes

12. Public consultation with PAHs in Phuoc Thai communes

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VIII A. Introduction 1.

GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

Definition of Grievance Redress Mechanism

797. According to a paper of Compliance Advisor Ombudsman (CAC), prepared for IFC, June 2008 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is an institutionalized and organized method consisting of specified roles, rules and procedures for systematically resolving complaints, grievances, disputes or conflicts, GRMs provide a way to reduce risk for projects, provide an effective avenue for expressing concerns and achieving remedies for communities, and promote a mutually constructive relationship. 798. Local people need a trusted way to voice and resolve concerns linked to a development project, and project owners need an effective way to address community concerns. A locally based grievance resolution mechanism provides a promising avenue by offering a reliable structure and set of approaches where local people and the project owner can find effective solutions together. 799. A well-functioning grievance mechanism includes the following requirements. (i) (ii) (iii) Provides a predictable, transparent, and credible process to all parties, resulting in outcomes that are seen as fair, effective, and lasting Builds trust as an integral component of broader community relations activities Enables more systematic identification of emerging issues and trends, facilitating corrective action and preemptive engagement. Principles of Good GRMs (according to CAC)

2.

800. Problems are often resolved more easily, cheaply, and efficiently when they are dealt with early and locally. The experience and research indicate that there is a core set of practices that mark effective, credible company (project owner or its contractor) community grievance mechanisms. 801. The followings are some principles of effective grievance resolution systems in resolution of complaints in adverse social impacts as well as environmental impacts. 802. Refine core company values. To improve their community relations in general and grievance resolution in particular, companies can adopt certain critical values or attitudes. These include: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Commitment to fairness in both process and outcomes. Freedom from reprisal for all involved parties within the company and in the community. Dedication to building broad internal support for the grievance mechanism across project lines. Mainstreaming responsibility for addressing grievances throughout the project, rather than isolating it within a single department. Willingness by senior management to visibly and sincerely champion the grievance system.

284

803. Start early in the project cycle. The most successful grievance mechanisms are put in place as early as possible ideally, during the project feasibility phase and are modified for later project phases. Problems are often resolved more easily, cheaply, and efficiently when they are dealt with early and locally. 804. Involve the community. Stakeholders (in Vietnam they are local administrative agencies, environmental management agencies, social organizations, environmentalists, scientists, legal agencies etc) from the community and company should be involved in the grievance mechanism. 805. Ensure accessibility. An effective grievance mechanism should be accessible to diverse members of the community. Multiple points of entry, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, or e-mail, should be available. Opportunities for confidentiality and privacy for complainants should be honored where this is seen as important. 806. Maintain a wide scope of issues. The grievance mechanism should be open to a wide range of concerns: both those based in factual data and those arising from perceptions or misperceptions. Perceived concerns can be as critical to address as actual hazards. The mechanism should also be able to address multiparty and multi-issue complaints. 807. Develop culturally appropriate procedures. The mechanism should be responsive, respectful, and predictable clearly laying out an expected timetable for key process milestones. The grievance mechanism should be capable of bridging deep divides, including cultural divides. The design and operation of the grievance mechanism should consider cultural differences, such as communities preferences for direct or indirect negotiation; attitudes toward competition, cooperation, and conflict; the desire to preserve relationships among complainants; authority, social rank, and status; ways of understanding and interpreting the world; concepts of time management; attitudes toward third parties; and the broader social and institutional environment. 808. Incorporate a variety of grievance resolution approaches. To accommodate differences in personal and cultural preferences, the grievance mechanism should offer a variety of grievance resolution approaches, not just a single grievance procedure. The complainant should have influence over which approach to select. Some complaints may be managed in an informal way solely by those directly involved, such as a company representative and the complainant. Others may rely on more formal independent redress, such as arbitration, using a neutral third party. Some mechanisms may rely on an interest-based approach, such as responding to the stated legitimate and perceived needs of the complainant. Others may rely on a rights - based approach, based on legal, contractual, or other rights. Where possible, local, customary ways of grievance resolution should be evaluated and incorporated into the system. 809. Identify a central point for coordination. A well-publicized and consistently staffed position, held by an individual or team, should be maintained. This central coordinator facilitates the development and implementation of the grievance mechanism, administers some of its resources, monitors internal and external good practice, ensures coordination among access points, and makes certain that the system is responsive to the information it manages. 810. Maintain and publicize multiple access points. Expanding access beyond those individuals who have the primary responsibility to receive grievances can significantly reduce barriers to entering the system and encourage community members to address problems early and constructively. Individuals serving as access points are most effective if they are

285

trustworthy, trained, knowledgeable, and approachable regardless of the ethnicity, gender, or religion of the complainant. 811. Report back to the community. The company should provide regular feedback to relevant stakeholders to clarify expectations about what the mechanism does and does not do; to encourage people to use the mechanism; to present results; and to gather feedback to improve the grievance system. Information reported back might include types of cases and how they were resolved and the way the grievance has influenced company policies, procedures, operations, and the grievance mechanism itself. 812. Use a grievance log to monitor cases and improve the organization. In addition to resolving individual or community disputes, the grievance mechanism is an opportunity to promote improvements in the company. A grievance log (or register) can be used to analyze information about grievance and conflict trends, community issues, and project operations to anticipate the kinds of conflicts they might expect in the future, both to ensure that the grievance mechanism is set up to handle such issues and to propose organizational or operational changes. Sometimes, enacting policies or other types of structural change can resolve grievances around a common issue, rather than continuing to settle individual complaints on a case-by-case basis. 813. Evaluate and improve the system. The company should periodically conduct an internal assessment of the grievance mechanism to evaluate and improve its effectiveness. Important elements of evaluation include general awareness of the mechanism; whether it is used and by whom; the types of issues addressed; the ability of the mechanism to resolve conflicts early and constructively; the actual outcomes (impacts on project operations, management systems, and benefits for communities); its efficiency; and, most fundamentally, the ability to accomplish its stated purpose and goals. At certain times, the company should also solicit and include the views of stakeholder representatives to see how the mechanism is proving effective in practice. A good grievance mechanism should be simple to understand but not simplistic in its dealings with people and issues. Clarity and a user - friendly approach are certain to yield positive results. B. Proposed Grievance Redress Mechanism (Environmental) for the Project 1. 814. Identification of Stakeholders in GRM for this Project

This GRM identifies the following stakeholders : . (i) Community includes people of different groups who may be positively or negatively affected by the project during the pre-construction, construction and operation stages. Project affected people (PAPs): people who may be negatively affected by environmental impacts generated by the project activities in the preconstruction, construction and operation stages. Complainant: an individual or group of people with an issue, concern, problem, complaint or claim that he, she or they want addressed and/or resolved (in the field of environmental impacts). Governmental authorities: governmental agencies responsible in state management on natural resources, environment, security and justice in the project provinces or at the central level. In this project, relevant agencies in resolution of grievances in environmental performance include: a) People

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

286

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii) (ix)

Committees (PCs) of communes, districts and provinces/city in Ho Chi Minh City, Long An and Dong Nai provinces. b) Functional agencies of the PCs at communes level: Section of Economy Natural Resources and Environment; Section of Agriculture - Forestry-Fishery; Section of Security, Resettlement Teams, etc. c) Functional agencies of the PCs at district level: Division of Natural Resources and Environment ; Division of Economy; Districts Police; Division of Agriculture - Forestry Fishery, Division of Labor Invalid and Society; Districts Resettlement Committees; d) Functional agencies of Provinces PCs: Departments of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE); Justice (DOJ), Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD), Labor - Invalid and Social Affairs (DOLISA); Environmental Polices Divisions of Departments of Public Security, Department of Planning and Investment (DPI); e) Relevant ministries: Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), Transport (MOT), Justice (MOJ), LaborInvalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) and Planning and Investment (MPI). Social - Political Organizations: Public organization in all communes, districts in the project area. The most relevant to this project are: Fatherland Front Committees (FFCs), included Women Associations, Veterans Associations, Youth Associations, Associations of Farmers. Social Professional Organizations: include non-government organizations (NGOs) at all project provinces. The most relevant for this project are Vietnam Union of the Sciences and Technology Associations (VUSTA), Vietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment (VACNE), Vietnam Association for Environmental Impact Assessment (VAFEIA), Vietnam Association of Biology, and Vietnam Association of Construction etc. Project Owner: in this project this is the Vietnam Expressway Corporation (VEC) and/or its representative: the Project Implementation Unit 3 (PIU3) who is responsible in management of this project. Contractor: a unit who have signed a contract with VEC or PIU3 to implement any part of the project in the pre - and construction stages. Third party: one or some governmental units or independent units who have functions to evaluate damages caused by the project to the PAHs and it is invited by the complainants or local PCs/local socio-political associations to resolve the claims in cases that the project owner or contractors and complainants can not resolve the grievances. In this project the third party may be the local Meditative Committee (Ban Hoa Giai in Vietnamese) (first step) or local and central courts (final step). Legal Guidelines of Vietnam on Grievance Redress in the Environmental Field

2.

815. Chapter XIV in the Law on Environmental Protection (LEP) passed by the National Assembly on 29 November 2005 gives detailed guidelines in inspection, resolution of grievances in cases of environmental damages or risks caused by projects or companies. Some clauses related to directly to grievance redress in the environmental field are listed below. 816. Clause 127 regulates that: (i) Individual/company, caused environmental pollution or damage for communities, should compensate and restore the environment following the LEP and other relevant laws.

287

(ii)

Head of organization/company, governmental officers, who shielded violation of the LEP, causing environmental pollution or damage, should be punished and be responsible for compensation according to the relevant laws.

817.

Clause 128 gives the following general guidelines on grievance redress mechanism: (i) Organization/ individual has right to complain to governmental authorities or to courts on any actions violating the LEP and/or affecting its/his/her or their legal rights or benefits. Citizens have rights to accuse to governmental authorities in the following actions violating the LEP: a) Actions causing environmental pollution, degradation or environmental risks; b) Actions violating rights and/or benefits of the State, communities, citizens, organizations and individuals. Government agencies receiving complaints or accusing letters/petitions should be responsible for review and resolution according to the legal guidelines on grievance and complaints and the LEP. ADB Requirements in Grievance Redress Mechanism

(ii)

(iii)

3.

818. In Appendix 1 of the ADB Safeguard Statement (2009) the requirements in GRM are as follows. The borrower/client will establish a mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples concern, complaints, and grievances about the projects environmental performance. The grievance mechanism should be scaled to the risks and adverse impacts of the project. It should address affected peoples concerns and complaints promptly, using an understandable and transparent process that is gender responsive, culturally appropriate, and readily accessible to all segments of the affected people at no costs and without retribution. The mechanism should not impede access to the countrys judicial or administrative remedies. The affected people will be appropriately informed about the mechanism. 4. Projects Potential Environmental Impacts and Types of Grievances the Project Owner/Contractors Typically Encounter

819. Information from Chapter V and lessons from various road development projects in Vietnam indicate that in 3 stages of the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project various adverse impacts will be generated but only the medium or major impacts will be claimed. The most common potential impacts and correlative types of grievances that the project owner (VEC or its PIU3) and/or its contractors will encounter, are indicated in Table VIII.1. Table VIII.1: Typical Impacts and Types of Grievances in the 3 Stages of the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project
Potential Types of Impacts Grievances In The Pre Construction Stage 1 Land Medium or acquisition major claim that the project activities have resulted in significant adverse impacts on large Complaints Examples

Some families (PAHs) or groups of families; some or groups of business production enterprises, companies; Local organizations or local government agencies.

This type of claim, concern, and complaint will arise in cases that the project or local Resettlement Committees will not properly implement the compensation and support policies.

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2 3

Resettlement Site clearance

population of people ditto Minor or medium or major claim that the project activities in site clearance have caused adverse impacts on public facilities, cultural sites, economic facilities. - From lessons of other similar projects impacts on mangrove trees or mangrove forests are not reason of claim or grievance, due to people not being well aware of their importance.

ditto - Some PAHs. -A group of PAHs. - Some companies -Local governmental agencies.

ditto This type of concerns, claims, grievances may arise in the following cases: - Encroachment or disposal of wastes into cultivation, aquaculture areas outside the project ROW. - Encroachment into business areas outside the project ROW - Encroachment into public technical facilities, cultural, religious sites

In the Construction Stage 4 Noise Medium claim pollution caused by road/bridge construction and material transport 5 Canal or Medium claim aquaculture water pollution caused by storm and waste water from construction sites 6 Land Minor or pollution medium claim caused by disposal of wastes 7 Damage houses, of Minor or medium claim

- Some families - Local PCs or local social political organizations.

- Trucks moving at dense populated area generate big noise. - Operation of strong noise generators (constructions machines makes big noise). Discharge of waster water or polluted storm waters from construction sites to shrimp ponds or canals that may kill shrimps, fish affect water supply or tourism activity.

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Disposal of solid wastes and/or waste waters from construction site/ worker camps, caused land pollution, affecting on food crops and landscape etc. This type of claim will arise when houses, roads and

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roads or local infrastructural facilities, caused by road, bridge construction Filling canals, local water drainage systems

public works will be damaged by construction activities.

Medium major claim

or

Ditto

Obstruction of waterway transport caused by bridge construction Air (dust) pollution caused by earth works and transport of materials

Minor claim

- Waterway transport companies, Inland waterway Police.

10

Medium major claim

or

- Some families - Group of families - Local PCs or SocioPolitical associations - Some companies, affected by air pollution.

11

Land slide, soil erosion, caused damage for cultivation field, aquaculture ponds, local landscape In the Operation Stage 12 Traffic accidents

Minor or medium claim

- Some families - Local PCs or local socio-political associations - Some companies.

This type of grievance may arise when the contractors fill canals or drainage channels of dispose solid wastes obstructing drainage systems of local residents. This type of claim may be risen when operation of barges transported materials for bridge construction or floating cranes will obstruct the normal movement of ships, boats This type of grievances is common at various road construction projects in Vietnam. Claim will be arise when dust pollution is seriously affecting normal business and life of local residents. This type of grievances may arise when soil erosion or land slice may cause significant damage for rice fields, fish/ shrimp ponds local canals or roads.

Minor

- Local PCs

13

Noise pollution, generated by traffic activity

Minor

- Local PCs

Accident would be big problem but complaint about this problem is rarely given, because reasons for traffic accidents are commonly caused by drivers not from the project owner. In Vietnam so far, this type of grievance is not common, although at many places noise levels caused by traffic operation exceed the standard. Most households can live closely to the roads where noise pollution is evident but do not like to have a noise control wall in front of their houses.

290

14

Environmenta risks (fire, explosion)

Minor

Local PCs

This type of grievances did not occur in Vietnam

5.

Mechanism of Grievance Redress Applied for this Project a. Legal Guidelines on Compensation for Damages Caused by Environmental Impacts

820. The LEP (2005) regulates scope and mechanism for compensation and resolution of damages in the environmental field with the following clauses. 821. Clause 130 gives identification of damages caused by environmental pollution and degradation which affected people can complain: (i) (ii) Degradation of functions and useful properties of the environment. Damages of health, life of people and legal profits of organizations/individuals caused by environmental degradation.

822. Clause 131 regulates on determination of damages/loss caused by environmental pollution or degradation: (i) Loss of environmental functions and useful properties is divided into 3 following levels: a) Slight degradation; b) Serious degradation; c) Very serious degradation. Determination of areas, limits of degraded environment include: a) determination of limit and area of the serious and very serious impacted core zone; b) determination of limit and area of the directly affected buffer zones; c) determination of other zones affected by the impacts from the core zone and buffer zones. Determination of degraded environmental components includes: a) Determination of number of the degraded environmental components, types of ecosystems and affected species; b) Damage levels of each environmental component, ecosystem and species. Calculation of environmental damages is regulated as follows: a) Calculation of direct and long-term damage due to environmental degradation; b) Calculation of expenditures for environmental restoration; c) Calculation of budget for mitigation or deletion of the pollution sources; d) Public consultation in resolution. Determination of environmental damages is implemented independently or in cooperation of project owners and affected sides. In cases that project owners or affected sides require the functional agencies in environmental protection should have responsibility to give guideline for calculation.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v) (vi)

823. Clause 132 regulates appraisal of environmental damage or functional degradation with the following requirements: (i) Appraisal of environmental damages or useful properties of the environment is implemented according to requests of complainants or agencies responsible for grievance resolution

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(ii) (iii)

Basis of appraisal of environmental damages are: letters of complainants, information, document, evidences related to damage compensation. Selection of appraising body should be mutually agreed by the compensating side and complaining side. In case no mutual agreement of 2 sides the agency responsible for resolution of grievance will decide.

824. Clause 133 guides resolution in complaint on environmental damages with the following three options: (i) (ii) (iii) Self negotiation between related sides. Request arbitrator to resolve. Request court to resolve.

825. The above legal guidelines on compensation of environmental damages indicate that in the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project as well all the projects in Vietnam all adverse impacts caused by project activities, damaging the environmental quality or natural resources, affecting their properties or life of local residents may be claimed by the affected individual or organizations and the project owners or their contractors should have responsibilities in compensation for the damages and restoration of the degraded components of the environment. Mechanism of grievance redress is regulated in the clauses of the LEP (2005). b. Steps in Grievance Redress Related to Environmental Impacts for the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project

826. To make local residents clearly understand and easily follow the legal regulations in grievance resolution on environmental performance a process of 6 (six) steps in Grievance Redress Mechanism for this project is proposed below. i. Prepare a Complaint

827. Based on the above legal guideline any individual, household or organization (business unit, production unit, governmental or private office socio-political association etc) or commune/district PCs can make a claim against the project owner or its contractors, if her/his or their properties/ life/ business/health or public environment will be damaged by project activities. Their claims may concern all evident adverse impacts : small, medium impacts (noise or dust pollution) to major impacts (massive shrimp death caused by waste water from construction site or strong vibration caused by pile drivers making house collapse or inundation, caused by filling drainage channel etc.). 828. In cases where complainants are individuals/households companies or NGOs claim can be performed by various ways: (i) Verbal: direct express their complaint to representatives of the contractor or project owner in a face to face meeting. Witness of village representatives and neighbors of the complainant is important in verbal conversations. Written form: express their complaint to contractor of project owner (VEC or PIU3) in a written form. In this case witness and confirmation of neighbors of the complainant and representatives of communes PC or FFC is not compulsory but important for further resolution of VEC/PIU3 or its contractors

(ii)

292

(iii)

Use public media: the complainant can provide evidence of impact caused by the project activities to a local or central newspaper or TV to ask the media supporting her/him/them in resolution.

829. In cases of complainants are communes or districts PCs claim can be performed by following ways: (i) Written form: express complaints to contractor or the project owner in written form, included evidences (data, photos etc.) of the damaged caused project activities. This document should be signed by PCs authorities and sent to the contractor, project owner and a copy of the document should be sent to the higher administrative agency (e.g. communes PC should send a copy of its complaint to districts PC). Use public media if it is necessary.

(ii)

830. To obtain proper and fast resolution in all types of preparation of complaints the complainant (individual/household, company, NGO) should: (i) Ask local village / commune officers (PC or Police) to prepare Minutes of Record of evidence of damages caused by the impacts of project activities and with signature of representatives of 3 sides: the project owner or contractor who directly making this damage, complainant and local PC or FFC or witnesses. In principle, the measure may be used in any case, but it is better in the case of failure in selfresolution between the complaint and representatives of project owner/contractor.

(ii)

831. The complainant can directly express her/him/their claims to representative of the contractor/project owner (in case of verbal complaint) or send her/his/their grievance letter to offices of project owner/contractor and with a copy to local commune PC (in case of grievance in written form). If the complainant does not know how to send a complaining letter he/she can ask local PC or a media company help them to send this letter to the contractor/project owner. ii. Receive and Register a Complaint

832. Once a complaint has been received, it should be registered by the project owner/contractor and local PC. Within maximum 15 calendar days a reply in written form from the project owner/contractor should be sent back to the complainant with a copy to the local PC. In this reply letter includes the main following information: (i) (ii) (iii) Registration of the project owner/constructor on the complaint Proposal of project owner/contractor on methods applied for assessment of the damages. Schedule of damage assessment, negotiation and resolution. iii. 833. Screen for Eligibility and Assess the Complaint

This steps to be done by the project owner/contractor are to: (i) Determine whether a complaint is eligible (if it is due to the project) or ineligible (if it is not project - related). This step is important as in some cases the reasons of the claim may not related to the project (for example, in the case of claim about

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(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

loss of shrimp culture: in fact, shrimps may be massively died by bacteria contamination but not by run-off water from the construction site, due to this phenomenon is also happen at the shrimp farms where do not receive run-off water from the project site). To clearly determine validity of the complaint the project owner/contractor should invite a third party such as District/communes PCs, DONRE or other organization to be involved. In case the complaint is found not to be related to the project, the project owner/contractor should clearly explain to the complainant. If the complainant will not agree with the explanation he/she may ask local PC to find a third party (local PC, DONRE or other organization for reassessment. Determine who will conduct the assessment of the damages: Depending on the contents of the complaint some agencies may be asked to help the project owner/contractor in assessment of levels of impacts and damages. They may be an environmental monitoring unit or an economic evaluation unit in the project provinces. In cases that assessment of damages are very complicated, for example, strong inundation caused by canal fill, massive die of shrimp, etc. some functional agencies from central level: MONRE, MARD and experienced specialists may be invited. According to the Law on Environmental Protection (2005), assessment unit should be mutually agreed by 2 sides (the complainant and VEC/or its contractor).

834.

This step is completed within 30 calendar days from receiving the complaint. iv. Assess the Damages Caused by the Project Activities

835. In case the complaint is related to the project activities, representatives of the project owner/contractor with the selected assessment unit should visit the complaint and the place where damaged was complained of. The assessment should be implemented with participation of the complainant and witness of representatives of communes PC or FFC The results of the assessment should be agreed by the complainant and should be signed by the complainant, representatives of project owner/contractor, assessment unit and communes PC. 836. If one side is not satisfied with the assessment results they can propose another method or another assessment unit to re-assess the impacts until the assessment satisfies both sides. In case the complainant requests, the local PC should help her/him/them to find the assessment unit suitable for the case. 837. The step of assess the damages should not be lasted over 45 calendar days from receiving the complaint v. Select grievance resolution approaches

838. Depending on the contents of the complaint and level of adverse impact in this step the project owner/contractor may select a reasonable way for resolution. Some common ways suitable in the conditions of the project provinces are suggested below. (i) (ii) (iii) The complainant proposes a solution, based on their self - evaluation of their damages. The project owner/contractor proposes a solution, based on the legal regulation and their assessment of the damages. The complainant and project owner/contractor negotiate.

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(iv)

Two sides defer to a third party (local mediating committee), governmental agencies with participation of environmental management units. In case of failure in solution proposed by these bodies both sides may request a court to decide.

839. So far, in Vietnam, almost all claims in environmental pollution caused by impacts of the infrastructural projects, included road and bridge construction were resolved by negotiation of the related sides. No case resolved by a court is recorded, excepted for damage in local economy caused by land acquisition and relocation. 840. This step is required to be completed within 60 calendar days from receiving the complaint. After this determined time if this process has not been fully resolved the complainant may send a letter to the project owner / its contractor to require them to speed up the process of resolution. The complainant may also ask local PC to support in enforcing the project owner to speed up the process. vi. Compensate Damages Caused by the Project Activities and Communicate Back to All Parties Involved

841. After obtaining agreement of the complainant and the representatives of the project owner/contractor in levels of damages relating to environmental impacts of the project and methods of grievance redress, the project owner or its contractor will immediately implement compensation for the complainant. The compensation may be done by money and/or properties provision (land, construction materials, house, apartment etc.), depending on the negotiation between two sides or by decision of courts. Compensation includes also restoration of the damaged environment caused by the project activities, if the complainant required (for example, clean aquaculture ponds, polluted by the project or repair/reconstruct damaged house or road). 842. Compensation for the damaged environment should be resolved as fast as possible but should not take over 90 calendar days from receiving the complaint. Only in some cases where a long time is needed for environmental restoration repairing damaged roads, cleaning aquaculture ponds, mangrove replanting etc. the time for completion of compensation may be longer but must not exceed 365 days. The compensation should be observed by a witness who is a representative of the local communes PC. 843. A minute recording the results of this grievance redress should be prepared and signed by the complainant, representatives of the project owner/contractor and local PC. A summary of this minute should be informed to the relevant sides: local PC, complainant, project owner/contractor and media and court (in case of their involvement in the resolution). 844. From resolution of the grievance the project owner/contractor and local PC, sociopolitical and social associations should obtain lessons, so that faster and better resolutions to can be achieved for other claims if they again arise during project implementation. 845. To properly implement the compensation of damages caused by the environmental impacts created by the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project the above suggested Grievance Redress Mechanism should be monitored by the following agencies: (i) (ii) Commune PCs where there is a complaint. Fatherland Front Committee (FFCs) where there is a complaint.

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846. To get better results in grievance redress monitoring these agencies may invite professional agencies, e.g. the Provincial DONRE and Environmental Police or DOJ (in the complicated cases) to participate in the monitoring plan. 847. In case the complainant is not satisfied with the resolution of the project owner/contractor he/she/they can implement the following measures: (i) (ii) (iii) Re-calculate his/her/their loss by project activities; find more evidences of the damages. Refer with a third party (mediator, lawyers to find other approach). Stop complaint if he/she/they aware that his/her/their evidences are not clear or reasons are not from the project.

vii. Responsibilities of Communes or Districts PCs and Public Social Organization in Resolution of Complaints 848. The communes and district People Committees (PCs) are administrative agencies responsible for management of all socio-economic sectors in territory of commune and district. The PC can use its sectoral offices (Resettlement Committee, Office of Agriculture Forestry Aquaculture; Office of National Resource and Environment; Communes police) in implementation of its responsibilities. 849. In the Grievance Redress Mechanism for Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project People Committees take the following responsibilities. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Assist the complainant in making a minute of record about the environmental damages caused by the contractor during project activities. Receive a copy of grievance letter to contractor/project owner from complainant. Monitor the process of the project owner in complain resolution. Based on the Grievance Redress Mechanism proposed for this project. Assist the complainant to enforce the project owner to speed up the process of complaint resolution, if this process was not followed the schedule proposed in the Grievance Redress Mechanism. Involve in screening the validity of the complainant. Advise the affected persons that his/her complaint was found not related to the project by the following steps: - Check again to find real reasons caused damages for his/her property. - Support him/her to prepare and to send complaint letter to relevant agencies, if the reasons were identified. - Support him/her in restoration of living conditions during waiting for compensation from the companies caused damage. Act as Witness in compensation process of the project owner/its contractor for the complainant. In case of the public environment or public works (e.g. river, canal, land, forest, roads, water supply system, communication system etc.) will be damages by construction activities the communes or district PC will take responsibilities to be a complainant. In this case the PC will implement all legal guidelines and follow the steps of the Grievance Redress Mechanism proposed for this project.

(v) (vi)

(vii) (viii)

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850. The Fatherland Front Committee (FFC) is a socio-political organization at commune, district, provincial and central levels. A FFC includes various members associations such as Farmer Association, Youth Association, Veteran Association. 851. In the Grievance Redress Mechanism for this project the FFC at commune or district has the following responsibilities. (i) to be a representative of commune/district to complain the project owner /its contractor in case of public works or economic activities of local people damaged by project activities Assist in document preparation for individual complaints in process of grievance redress. Witness environmental damage assessment, negotiation between the project owner/its contractor and the complainant and in compensation process.

(ii) (iii)

852. Provincial Department and District Division of Natural Resources and Environment (DONREs) may support complaints in assessment of environmental impacts caused by the project activities if it is required by one of 2 sides (complainant and project owner) or by the PC. 853. This may be done by measurement of the loss of fish, shrimp, analysis and evaluation of water pollution (in case of water pollution: generated by storm water from project site) or measurement and analysis of air, noise, vibration pollution caused by construction activities. Data from DONRE in environmental impact assessment may be used by 2 sides: the project owner and the complainant in grievance resolution. 854. Framework for handling complaints involving governmental agencies is shown in Figure VIII.1. most relevant sides, included

297 Prepare a claim Send a copy

Send to VEC/PIU3/Its contractor

Receive and register grievance by VEC/PIU3/its contractor DONRE/relevant agencies: provide environmental monitoring data

PC and its sectoral offices; FFC Monitoring, Speeding up

Screen and assess by the VEC/PIU3/Its contractor Decide, communicate decision

Reject complaint

Act to resolve locally Refer as appropriate

VEC/PIU3/Co ntractor proposes solution

Choose approach Decide Defer to third Utilize customary approach together party to decide

Implement approach

Witness in grievance resolution

Track and document Seek third party input Use third party mediation Feedback and learn Resolved? Figure VIII.1: Steps in GRM for Ben Luc-Long Thanh Expressway Project and participation of stakeholders 855. The time frame for the above procedure is: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Reply to the complainant: within 15 days from receiving the complaint Assess the damage within 45 days from receiving the complaint Select grievance resolution approach: within 60 days from receiving the complaint Compensation for the damaged environment: within 90 calendar days from receiving the complaint, except for some specific cases (within 365 days).

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856. The above GRM is clear, transparent, understandable and based on the Vietnams legal guidelines as well as ADBs Safeguard policy (2009). It may be easily applied by local resident, VEC/PIU3 and its contractors during implementation of the project.

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IX A. Introduction

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

857. In order to prevent and respond to negative impacts caused by Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway the project owner (VEC/PIU3), its contractors and the related authorities will implement the following Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 858. The EMP presented in the following section is an integral part of the EIA. The EMP has been prepared to document the environmental management commitments and obligations that will be implemented throughout the pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the Project. The EMP identifies the commitments and obligations, determines the responsibilities and timing for implementation and provides detailed costs estimates for implementation. 859. The EMP is structured as follows: (i) (ii) Section IX. A contains an Introduction Section IX.B contains a summary of the environmental impacts of the Project and description of the Planned Environmental Mitigation Measures in 3 project's phases. Section IX.C contains description of the Planned Environmental Monitoring Program in terms of both environmental effects monitoring (i.e. environmental effect of the project in comparison to ambient environmental standards) and project performance monitoring (i.e. compliance of the project with technical standards and EMP requirements for implementation of mitigation measures) Section IX.D contains description of planned public consultation process. Section IX.E contains a description of the Responsibilities and Authorities for Implementation of Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Requirements. Section IX.G contains Environmental Monitoring Reporting System. Section IX.H contains recommendations on the Capacity Building Activities that are required for key agencies involved in EMP implementation. Section IX.I contains a detailed description of technical facilities needed for implementation of EMP and Cost Estimates for EMP implementation.

(iii)

(iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

B.

Environmental Mitigation Plan

860. A summary of the environmental impacts and proposed environmental mitigation measures for Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project is given in Table IX.1. Detailed impacts prediction and measures for mitigation of the potential impacts are described in Chapter V. C. 861. Environmental Monitoring Plan Tables IX.2 and IX.3 contain the proposed environmental monitoring programs for: (i) (ii) Environmental effects monitoring is conducted to estimate the impacts of project activities on ambient environmental quality. Project performance monitoring is conducted to evaluate compliance with standards and contractor requirements in the EMP.

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862. Based on the project's EMP included in the EIA approved by ADB the contractors should prepare and implement Construction Environmental Plan (CEMPs) to mitigate over-all impacts generated during construction phase. The CEMPs should be prepared and sent to VEC for review and approval prior to commencement of any site works. 863. CEMP should specify the responsibilities, location, associated costs, time frame and the following information: (i) selection of sites for material exploitation and storing, as well as sites for concrete, crushing and asphalt plants, (ii) plans for material transportation routes and timing, (iii) identification of specific disposal sites for unsuitable soils, (iv) soil erosion control measures including soil stabilization measures at disposal sites. (v) treatment of acid sulphate soils and storm water containing high acidity, (vi) wastewater collection and treatment, (vii) construction camp management, (viii) quarry/aggregate/borrow site management and restoration, (ix) traffic management, (x) noise reduction measures including construction of temporary noise barriers, (xi) dust suppression measures, (xii) handling and storage of hazardous substances such as fuel, etc. (xiii) solid waste collection and disposal, (xiv) replanting measures, (xv) occupational and community health and safety, (xvi) repair of damaged community facilities such as irrigation canals, etc. (xvii) emergency response plan in case of spills and other accidents involving workers and the community, (xviii) chance-find procedures measures and other applicable mitigation measures indicated in the Project EMP. The CEMP should be fully consistent with the Project EMP. Prior to implementation of any site works, the CEMP shall be reviewed and approved by VEC/PIU3 with the assistance of the Project Supervision Consultant.

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Table IX.1:
Project activities Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Environmental Mitigation Plan for Ben Luc- Long Thanh Expressway Project
Proposed Mitigation Measures Location Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) No marginal cost Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring Consultant hired by VEC/PIU3 Construction contractors - VEC/PIU3 - Provincial/ district DONREs - VEC/PIU3/ - Project Supervision Consultant (PSC) /ADB

Pre- Construction Phase Detailed design Potential impacts caused by drilling wells for geotechnical investigation Prepararion of CEMP Contractual Requirement

1. Properly cover and seal drilled wells after completion of investigation to avoid potential contamination of groundwater. 2. Prior to commencement of any site works, each contractor shall prepare a sitespecific or construction EMP (CEMP) which specifies the responsibilities, location associated costs, schedule/timeframe and other relevant information for implementing its provisions which will include the following: (i) selection of sites for material exploitation and storing, as well as sites for concrete, crushing and asphalt plants, (ii) plans for material transportation routes and timing, (iii) identification of specific disposal sites for unsuitable soils, (iv) soil erosion control measures including soil stabilization measures at disposal sites, (v) treatment of acid sulfate soils and resulting run-off, (vi) wastewater collection and treatment, (vii) construction camp management, (viii) quarry/aggregate/borrow site management and restoration, (ix) traffic management, (x) noise reduction measures including construction of temporary noise barriers, (xi) dust suppression measures, (xii) handling and storage of hazardous substances such as fuel, etc. (xiii) solid waste collection and disposal, (xiv) replanting measures, (xv) occupational and community health and safety, (xiv) repair of damaged community facilities such as irrigation canals, etc. (xvii) emergency response plan in case of spills and other accidents involving workers and the community, (xviii) chance-find

Project site

No marginal cost

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Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures procedures measures and other applicable mitigation measures indicated in the Project EMP included in the EIA approved by ADB. The CEMP should be fully consistent with the Project EMP. Before civil works begin, the CEMP shall be reviewed by the Project Supervision Consultant and endorsed to ADB. 3. Prohibit disposal of cut vegetation into canals, rivers And other water courses. 4. Collect vegetation wastes (tree trunks, branches etc.) and give away to local residents as needed. 5. Burn the cut trees in accordance with national and local regulations, and only in limited cases with strict conditions (less than 100 kg at a time; more than 500m from residential areas and other sensitive receptors such as schools, hospital, culturally significant sites, etc. and fuel storage sites, 200 m from worker camps; with available and sufficient fire prevention devices and manpower for fire extinguishing and ensuring that surrounding vegetation are protected from fire; will not cause nuisance and safety risks to sensitive receptors (houses, schools, etc.) and road users in the surrounding areas.) 6. Implement proper compensation policies and support PAHs in accordance with approved Resettlemetn Action Plan (RAP)

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

Vegetation clearance

Disposal of biological waste may pollute the air and water environment, obstruct waterway transport, cause adverse aesthetic impact

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractors

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC

Acquisition of agriculture, aquaculture land

Acquisition of forest lland

- Decreased incomes of project-affected households (PAHs) due to loss of land for agriculture and aquaculture. Local socio-economic issues - Reduced biodiversity - Reduced wetland area, vegetation area.

Projects communes

Included in RAP budget

VEC/PIU3

7. Selection of the best alignment to avoid encroachment into Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest and to minimize encroachment into mangrove areas along the Thi Vai river.

Projects communes

- VEC/PIU3 - F/S consultants

- Local PCs - Local social associations (MFC, VWA, VVA, etc) - Provincial/ district DONREs

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Project activities Vegetation clearance

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts Reduced vegetation area, causing damage to local wetland ecosystem

Proposed Mitigation Measures 8. Prohibit vegetation clearing outside the projects ROW

Location Surrounding area of the project ROW

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) No marginal cost

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring Construction - VEC/PIU3 Contractor - PSC - Local PCs - Local social associations - Local residents Detailed Design Consultant - VEC/PIU3

9. Design viaducts to go over the mangrove areas with the lengths longer than the mangrove belts: over 3,000 m at the Eastern bank and over 200 m at the Western bank of the Soai Rap river (at the proposed Binh Khanh bridge); over 200 m at the Western bank and 200 m at the Eastern bank of the Long Tau river (at the proposed Phuoc Khanh bridge); over 700m at the Western bank and 1,200 m at the Eastern bank of the Thi Vai river (at the proposed Thi Vai bridge). 10. Implement a Mangrove Reforestation Plan (MRF) to replant mangroves for compensation of the lost mangrove area at river, canal banks due to site clearance (mainly at river, canal banks in Nha Be, Can Gio, Nhon Trach, Long Thanh districts). The main trees to be selected for replanting are Nipa palm at Section 3 (Binh Chanh district), Nipa palm and Sonneratia at Section (the Soai Rap and Long Tau river banks in Can Gio district),Sonneratia and Rhizophora at Sections 5, 6 (at the Thi Vai river banks in Nhon Trach and Long Thanh districts). Site to be selected for mangrove replanting at each river/canal bank will be close to the cut mangrove areas. Area of the compensating mangroves at the whole alignment is estimated as 4.0 ha in total, but it will be determined in detail at each site

Bridge locations

River bank close to the ROW

VND 40,000,000 (USD 2,200) for replanting mangrove trees at the river banks only

VEC/PIU3 through mangrove replanting contractor (Forest Planting Unit of Dongnai Province or HCMC)

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Provincial/ district DONREs

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Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures during the detailed design or construction phase. Detailed MRF is found in Section V.B.2. of the EIA Report. 11. Select the best alignment to minimize adverse effects on residential land. 12. Implement resettlement and compensation plan based on approved RAP.

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

Acquisition of residential land

- Adverse effects on incomes of PAHs. - Local socio-economic issues

Communes at the Project area Communes at the Project area

No marginal cost Included in RAP budget

Acquisition of industrial, port, historic, cultural, religion, cemetery lands and technical facilities Relocation of industrial, cultural and other community/ public infrastructure facilities

Adverse effects on local economy, culture, religion spiritual life

13. Select the best alignment to minimize encroachment into industrial, port, historic religious, cemetery lands and technical facilities.

Project communes

No marginal cost

- VEC/PIU3 - F/S Consul ants - VEC - F/S Consultants - District's Resettlement Committees - VEC/PIU3 - F/S Consultants District Resettlement Committees

- Local PCs, - Local social associations - Local residents - Provincial/ district DONREs - Local PCs, - Provincial/ district DONREs

Adverse effects on local socio-economy, culture, education facilities, and disruption of utility services.

Project-related activities during pre-

Dust and noise emission, loss of vegetation, damage to properties, etc.

14. Implement approved RAP and the following measures: (i) Water supply pipelines, power supply, communication lines and other utilities shall be re-provisioned before construction works commence (ii) Provisions shall be made to preserve the operation of current facilities in sufficient quantity and in agreement with the local community. (iii) Re-provisioning shall be undertaken in coordination with the utility company and affected households (iv) Affected households and establishments shall be notified well in advance of such disruption. 15. Establish and implement the Grievance Redress Mechanism as described in the EIA, to address complaints about the

Project communes

Included in RAP budget and Project cost

- VEC - District Resettlement Committees - Contractor

- Local PCs, - Local public associations

Projects communes

No marginal cost

- VEC/PIU3 - District Resettlement

- PSC - Local PCs

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Project activities construction, construction and operation Investigation and Removal of UXOs

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures projects environmental performance during various project phases.

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring Committees - Local residents - Local PCs - VEC/PIU3 - UXO contractor - VEC - PSC - Local PCs

Safety risks

16. Engage experienced Military Engineering Unit or accredited contractor for safe detection and removal of UXO. 17. Ensure implementation of safety procedures during UXO detection and removal process 18. Implement proper solid waste management through implementation of the following measures: (i) Prohibit burning of construction and domestic wastes. (ii) Do not permit disposal of solid wastes into canals, rivers, other watercourses, agricultural field and public areas. Disposal shall only be to areas approved/licensed by local authorities. (iii) Properly collect and segregate domestic wastes at worker camps and offices. Use rubbish bins for containing domestic solid wastes (iv) Sign contract with local environmental service units for regular transport (weekly) of solid wastes to disposal sites. (iv) Ensure that wastes are disposed to sites approved by local authority. (iv) Use of pits with proper lining for disposal of domestic solid wastes. Location of the pits shall be over 200m from residential sites and over 100m from workers eating area. Before the team moves to a new construction site, trash pits shall be disinfected with lime or hypochlorite solution, then firmly covered with a 20 30 cm layer of soil.

Project communes Project communes

To be determined No marginal cost

Construction Phase Establishment Generation of domestic of Construction solid waste, causing land, workers camps water, air pollution and advserse effects on public health.

Workers camp sites

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

VND 10,000,000 (for rubbish bins) To be determined

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local social associations. - District DONREs

VND 30,000,000 (20 units)

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Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts Sanitary wastes (sewage) from workers, causing water, air, land pollution, and diseases.

Proposed Mitigation Measures 19. Provide efficient and clean mobile toilets for each construction site (separate facilities shall be provided for male and female workers). 20. Alternatively, install sanitary 2-chamber septic tanks toilets for each construction team of 50 - 100 workers. 21. At worker camps located far (over 500m) from residential areas, bench latrines may be installed. Latrines should be located over 100m from living places and 50 m from canal, river. Daily use lime for disinfection. Well fill up and disinfect before moving the camp to other site. 22. Provide clean water for handwashing at each toilet area. Provide sufficient water for bathing and sanitation purposes. Separate toilets/bathing areas shall be provided for male and female workers. 23. Provide rubbish bins in toilet area for collection of used sanitary paper.

Location Construction site

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) VND 10,000,000/u nit * 20 units

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring Construction - VEC/PIU3 contractor - PSC - District DONREs Construction contractor - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - District DONREs - PIU3 - PSC - District DONREs

Worker camp sites

VND 10,000,000/u nit * 20 units VND 2,000,000/ unit * 100 units

Worker camp sites

Construction contractor

Worker camp sites

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC

Worker camp sites

VND 2,000,000

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local social associations

Conflict between workers and local residents and community disturbance

24. Employ, as much as possible, local people as construction workers and prioritize opportunities for the PAHs. Implement suitable training programs for local workers. 25. Organize orientation/training for workers, particularly for those from other provinces on maintaining good relationship with local residents. Educate workers on morality, avoiding alcoholism, gambling etc. 26. Establish a grievance redress mechanism (GRM), well guide local residents to apply GRM; provide local

Project communes

No marginal cost No marginal cost

Construction contractor Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PCs - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PCs

Project communes

Project communes

No marginal cost

VEC/PIU3

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PCs

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Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures communities information on up coming construction activities; record any complaints received and respond to them based on the GRM, properly cooperate with local PCs, DONREs, social associations to properly solve claims of the PAHs and problems related to environmental issues related to the project. 27. Regularly inform in advance the local PCs and local residents on the location and schedule of construction activities which may cause impacts on the environment and life of people (e.g., road sections to be constructed; roads used for transport, locations of worker camps etc.) 28. Undertake regular meetings (e.g., twice a month) between contractor and Commune PCs on matters that may affect local residents such as presence of workers, construction activities and schedule, etc. 29. Conduct orientation for construction workers regarding health and safety measures, emergency response in case of accidents, fire, etc., and prevention of HIV/AIDS and other related diseases 30. Provide workers with clean and safe food supply and potable water supply in sufficient amount. 31. Provide large - sized rubbish bins at construction sites and worker camps and weekly transport (by local environmental service unit) to district's treatment sites. 32. Ensure cleanliness of work sites and camps, and undertake proper maintenance of sanitation facilities. Implement measures to avoid rproliferation of disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, rats, etc. 33. Provide first-aid facilities and fire-fighting

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring - Local social associations

Project communes

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PCs

Project communes

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PCs

Transmission of infectious diseases from local people to workers and vice versa and other health and safety issues.

Project communes

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC

Worker camp sites

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

Construction and worker camp sites Construction and worker camp sites

VND 25,000,000

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local health care units - VEC/PIU3 - PSC

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC

Construction

No marginal

Construction

- VEC/PIU3

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Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures equipment at appropriate areas within the the construction site and workers camps. 34. Provide clean eating and cooking areas.

Location and worker camp sites Worker camp sites

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) cost No marginal cost

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring contractor - PSC Construction contractor - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local health care units - VEC/PIU3 - PSC

35. Install sign boards, lighting system at the construction sites, borrow pits, or places which may cause accidents for people and workers 36. Provide drainage at construction sites and workers camps to prevent water logging/ accumulation of stagnant water and formation of breeding sites for mosquitoes. 37. Provide adequate housing for workers at the construction camps. Construction of road embankment, access roads, borrow pits, and auxiliary facilities (excavating, filling cutting activities, material transport) Storm water from construction sites, improper stockpiling of sopils and construction materials, haphazard spoils disposal, soil erosion and land slide at construction sites, causing damage to roads, polluting of canals, rivers and pond; and obstruction of flow of water courses. 38. Ensure proper design of road embankment so that soil storm water could be well controlled; erosion and land slide could be minimized. 39. Maintain and replant mangroves along rivers, canals (2-10m in width, 50-500 in length, depending on the location) for erosion control.

Project site Construction and worker camp sites Workers camp sites Project site

No marginal cost No marginal cost

Construction contractor Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC

No marginal cost

Construction contractor Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - VEC/PIU3 - PSC

No marginal cost Project site About USD 500 (for Nipa), to 1,000 (for Rhizophora) /ha

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - District DONRE - VEC/PIU3 - PSC

40. (i)

Project site Provide grass cover and other suitable slope stabilization measures on road embankment slopes and on long term stockpile of spoils Spoil disposal shall not cause sedimentation and obstruction of flow of watercourses, damage to agricultural land and densely vegetated areas. The spoils disposal site shall be

Construction contractor

(ii)

(iii)

309

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures located at least 50 m from surface water courses and shall be protected from erosion by avoiding formation of steep slopes and grassing. Spoils shall only be disposed to areas approved by local authority. Water courses (rivers, canals, etc.) shall be kept free of excavation spoil and construction debris, floating and submerged. Spoil and construction materials stockpile area shall be located away from waterbodies and under no circumstances will these materials be dumped into watercourses. Dredged and excavated materials shall be reused or provided to local residents as soon as possible, if they require such materials, for land reclamation. The remaining spoils can be disposed into low elevation sites for road construction. Provide temporary sediment traps (ditches and ponds) if high sediment laden runoff are observed.

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

(iv) (v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

Activities at borrow pits may cause environmental pollution, soil erosion, damage local natural habitats, agricultural production, residential, commercial, cultural sites, and safety problems.

41. Design and install culverts and drainage systems to avoid flooding 42. (i) Select proper places for setting up borrow pits to avoid areas of serious acid sulphate and saline soils and to avoid encroachment into forest, cultivation, commercial and residential areas. Borrow sites shall be covered by necessary environmental permits/licenses and shall be located over 300m away

Project site Borrow areas

No marginal cost No marginal cost

Construction contractor Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DONRE

310

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures from residential, commercial, cultural sites and other sensitive receptors (schools, hospital, etc.). Proper soil erosion control during borrow pits construction and operation by proper design and installation of adequate drainage system. Proper control of storm water at borrow sites in the rainy season by using sediment traps, treatment of turbidity, strong acidic water (by lime) and oil separation water if high turbidity, high acidity or high oil content were found. Proper dust control during dredging, excavation at borrow sites and earth transport. Topsoil (about 15 cm) will be kept and refilled after excavation is over, Long term material stockpiles will be covered to prevent wind erosion, Upon completion of extraction activities, re-contour borrow/quarry pit wall or fill-up when there are available and suitable materials such as excavation spoils , replace topsoil, and re-vegetate with native species such as grasses and fastgrowing shrubs, Quarries and borrow pits will not be established in national, provincial, district and village conservation forests and other protected sites, Operation of existing quarry/borrow sites shall be preferred over establishment of new sites, as much as possible, In case the Project will involve new

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v) (vi) (vii)

(viii)

(ix)

(x)

311

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures quarry/borrow sites, necessary approvals from environmental authorities shall be obtained prior to operation of such sites, During borrow site operation, provide adequate drainage to avoid accumulation of stagnant water, Borrow/quarry sites shall not be located in productive land and forested areas, Upon completion of extraction activities, borrow pits shall be dewatered and fences shall be installed, as appropriate, to minimize health and safety risks. Borrow pits will be left in a tidy state with stable side slopes and proper drainage in order to avoid erosion To avoid drowning when pits become water-filled, measures such as fencing, providing flotation devices such as a buoy tied to a rope, etc. shall be implemented. It is possible that villagers may request borrow pits to be eft excavated so that they may be used as water reservoirs or fishponds. If this were to be agreed between the contractors and the villagers, all the full safety measures detailed above must be observed. Such agreements would be formalized in writing between the contractors and the villagers after full discussion with all concerned parties.

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

(xi)

(xii)

(xiii)

(xiv)

(xv)

(xvi)

Noise and vibration pollution, affecting public health

. 43. No noisy construction-related activities (e.g., construction works, piling, use of jackhammer, transport of materials along

Construction site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

-PIU3 - Local public associations

312

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures residential areas and other sensitive receptors, piling, etc.) will be carried out during night-time (10PM-6AM) near sensitive receptors (residences, hospital, etc.). As much as possible, locate high vibration generation sources over 50m from residential sites, offices, buildings, etc. 44. Concrete mixers and asphalt stations shall be covered by necessary environmental permits/licenses and shall be established at least 300 m from residential areas, hospital, schools and other sensitive receptors. The distance ensures that the impacts of dust emissions, noise and offensive smells on residential areas are minor. 45. Inform in advance local residents on time/schedule and plan of construction activities. 46. Impose speed limits on construction vehicles to minimize noise emission along areas where sensitive receptors are located (houses, schools, hospitals, etc.). 47. Proper organization of construction plan, so that the loud noise generation machines would not operate during 10PM to 6AM at residential areas. 48. Install noise control walls (3.0-4.5m high, thick materials) at high noise sources that affect sensitive receptors (temples, pagodas, churches, schools) 49. Ensure that operation of trucks and other construction equipment and vehicles do not create high noise levels during movement through densely populated areas. 50. Undertake regular maintenance of

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring - PSC

Construction site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local social associations - VEC/PIU3 - PSC

Construction site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

Construction site

Depending on length and structure of the walls No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local social associations - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local social associations - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local social associations - VEC/PIU3

Project communes

Construction contractor

No marginal

Construction

313

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures vehicles and construction machines. 51. Provide workers near sources of loud noise with protection devices such as ear plugs. 52. On rainless day undertake watering, at least twice per day, on dusty and exposed areas at construction yards, materials stockpile, within and in the vicinity of concrete mixing stations, construction sites and access roads where residential areas and other sensitive receptors (e.g., schools, populated areas adjacent to National Road 1A and Provincial Road 50 in districts of Binh Chanh, Nha Be and Long Thanh, etc.) are located nearby. At each construction site, contractors shall ensure availability of a tanker truck for this purpose. Higher watering frequency (e.g., 4 to 6 times per day) shall be implemented by the contractor as the need to arises to ensure that impacts to sensitive receptors are minimized. 53. In addition to watering the zones in front of and inside concrete mixing stations, the following measures shall also be implemented to reduce impacts due to dust emissions: i) Concrete mixers and asphalt stations shall be located at least 300 m from residential areas, hospitals, schools, and other sensitive receptors. ii) ditches of 4 x 10 x 0.3 m (L x W x D) would be made by contractors in order to wash vehicles before they go out of the stations. This measure is necessary for concrete mixing stations where the dust content is very high as it keeps down soil and sand adhering to vehicle wheels. These are highly feasible measures. The best measure is to wash truck body and tires

Location

Construction site Construction site, concrete mixing stations, materials stockpile areas, and access roads

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) cost No marginal cost No marginal cost

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring contractor - PSC Construction - VEC/PIU3 contractor - PSC Construction contractor

Air pollution (dust, NOx, SO2, CO, Pb, VOC) caused by earth works and other construction activities

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local social associations

Concrete mixing plants and asphalt stations, construction sites

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC

314

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures before moving out of the construction to urban areas. iii) Provide enclosing walls (3.0 4.0 m in high) around the construction sites that are near sensitive receptors (schools, populated areas, churches, pagodas, etc).

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

54. Tightly cover construction materials (sand, soil, cement, gravel, etc.) during transport with tarpaulins or similar sheet materials.

Access roads

No marginal cost

Contractor

55. Dredged spoil shall be compacted to minimize dust dispersion to surrounding residential areas. The surface of dredged spoil storage sites may be covered by dense plastic sheets to prevent dust dispersion. This sheet is also good for soil erosion prevention in the rainy months. Dredged spoils shall be disposed to sites approved by local authority. 56. All vehicles, construction machines used for the project should have license of the Vietnam Register or Police approving compliance to Vietnam Standard on vehicle emission. Damage to local terrestrial ecosystems 57. Expanding the project ROW to the wetland and mangrove forest area particularly, at the Thi Vai river bank shall be prohibited. 58. Cutting trees outside the project area

Spoils disposal site

No marginal cost

Contractor

- VEC/PIU3, - PSC - Provincial Police, - District DONREs - VEC/PIU3 - PSC

Construction site and access roads

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Provincial Police - District DONREs - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DONRE - VEC/PIU3

Construction site and surrounding area Construction

No marginal cost

Construction Contractor

No marginal

Contractor

315

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures shall be forbidden.

Location site and surrounding area Construction site and surrounding area

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) cost

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring - PSC - DONRE Contractor - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DONRE

59. Prior to commencement of construction activities on site identify and mark with suitable visual reminders the areas of mangroves that are not to be disturbed during the works. This measure is recommended for the construction site at the banks of Soai Rap, Long Tau and Thi Vai rivers where belts of mangrove trees occur. 60. Do not dispose dredging spoils and all types of wastes onto mangrove forest areas,agricultural land, densely vegetated areas, and water courses. 61. Prohibit workers from collecting firewood and construction materials from surrounding forests, and from hunting wild animals. Health and safety risks 62. Provide fire fighting equipment at the work areas, as appropriate, and at construction camps. 63. Provide workers with appropriate safety equipment/devices (such as dust mask, hard hats, safety shoes, goggles, ear plugs, etc.) and strictly require them to use these as necessary. 64. Strictly impose speed limits on construction vehicles along residential areas and where other sensitive receptors such as schools, hospitals, and other populated areas are located. Educate drivers on safe driving practices to minimize accidents and to prevent spill of hazardous substances and other construction materials during transport. 65. Barriers (e.g., temporary fence) shall be installed at construction areas to deter

No marginal cost

Construction site and surrounding area Construction site and surrounding area Project site

No marginal cost

Contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DONRE - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PC - DONRE - PIU3 - PSC - PIU3 - PSC

No marginal cost

Contractor

No marginal cost No marginal cost

Construction contractor Construction contractor

Project site

Project site and access roads

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

-PIU3 - PSC

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- PIU3 - PSC

316

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures pedestrian access to these areas except at designated crossing points. Sudfficient lighting at night as well as warning signs shall be provided in the periphery of the construction site. 66. The general public/local residents shall not be allowed in high risk areas, e.g., excavation sites and areas where heavy equipment is in operation. 67. Install temporary shallow ponds (ground for containing dredged materials) and settlement pond at the construction sites which are highly affected by acidic water, to receive run-off water containing acidic materials, neutralize acidic water if its pH <5 or lower than pH value of surrounding water prior to discharge into fields or canals. 68. Use lime to neutralize acidic stormwater and run-off from construction site with pH<5 (if this acidity is created by the project activities) at places close to water intake site for domestic use, agricultrual land, aquaculture pond and in other areas where acidic water is generated by project activities. 69. Cover road bed with high actual acid sulphate soil using uncontaminated soil, clay or sand (as appropriate).

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- PIU3 - PSC - Local PC - PIU3 - PSC - District DONREs

Specific issues: Dredging, filling, cutting activities during road construction at ASS areas

Acidification of soil and water caused by earth filling/cutting activities at acid sulphate soil (ASS) area. Consequently, aquaculture and aquatic organisms in the acidified canals, ponds could be affected.

Project site

Construction contractor No marginal cost

Project site No marginal cost (it depends on the area and acidity) Project site No marginal cost (it depends on the area and acidity) No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- PIU3, - PSC - District DONRE

Construction contractor

- PIU3 - PSC

70. In case that ASS spoil is heaped up along the road, in order to avoid of the transfer of sulphate water to agriculture and aquaculture land, construction contractors shall design and utilize storing grounds with enclosure of suitable width and height. The capacity of a storing ground is determined on a cese by case basis to adequately accommodate spoils and shall be

Project site

Construstion contractor

- PIU3 - PSC

317

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures compacted to avoid erosion and percolation. 71. The enclosure shall preferably include settling or sedimentation reservoirs to reduce turbidity and suspended solid and to treat leachate of acidic water (including neutralization with lime if pH of water in the reservoir is lower than that of the surrounding environment). 72. Any construction contractor who causes soil or water acidification that kills fish, shrimp or other aquaculture species or damages crops shall be subject to fines and payment of compensation under Vietnam laws. 73. During dry days, undertake watering of dredged soil storage sites when such sites are close to residential areas.

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- PIU3 - PSC

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- PIU3 - PSC

Use of hazardous substances (fuel, oil, etc.), generation of construction and domestic wastes

- Surface water, groundwater, air, land pollution caused by spills and construction wastes and excavation spoils - Adverse impacts on cultivated areas and aquaculture - Aesthetic issues

Project site

74. Arrange different kinds of rubbish bins for collection and segregation of domestic waste, hazardous waste around construction, and workers camp sites. 75. In cases when construction sites that last for more than 6 months (for building bridges), construction contractors can build pits for receiving and disposing of domestic solid wastes. The pit should be located over 100m from boundary of the nearest residential area and over 50 m from eating area. 76. Make drainage ditches at worker camp sites and construction sites to prevent flow of storm water to cultivatied land and aquaculture areas. 77. Implement the following measures for handling hazardous substances and wastes:

Workers camp and construction sites,

VND 8,000,000 (for water bowser vehicles) VND 200,000,000

Construction contractor

- PIU3 -PSC - District DONREs - PIU3 - PSC

Construction contractor

30,000,000 (for 15 pits)

- PIU3 - PSC

Workers camp and construction sites, Workers camp sites

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- PIU3 - PSC

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- PIU3 - PSC

318

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts (i)

Proposed Mitigation Measures Store fuel and hazardous substances in paved areas with roof and embankment. If spills or leaks do occur, undertake immediate clean up. (ii) Ensure availability of spill clean up materials (e.g., absorbent pads, etc.) specifically designed for petroleum products and other hazardous substances where such materials are being stored. (iii) Segregate hazardous wastes (oily wastes, used batteries, fuel drums) and ensure that storage, transport and disposal shall not cause pollution and shall be undertaken consistent with national and local regulations. (iv) Ensure all storage containers are in good condition with proper labeling. (v) Regularly check containers for leakage and undertake necessary repair or replacement. (vi) Store hazardous materials above flood level. (vii) Equipment maintenance areas shall be provided with drainage leading to an oil-water separator that will be regularly skimmed of oil and maintained to ensure efficiency. Discharge of oil contaminated water shall be prohibited. 78. Provide information on waste management in training program for workers, including how to manage hazardous wastes. Train relevant construction personnel in handling of fuels and spill control procedures.

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

Workers camp and construction sites

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC

319

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures 79. All excavation spoils that will be re-used shall be collected and stored with adequate protection for dust control and erosion. The spoils shall be temporarily stored in areas close to the construction site but more than 200 from residential, commercial, cultural sites and other sensitive receptors. 80. Disposal of construction waste into fields, ponds, rivers and canals shall be prohibited.

Location Project site

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) No marginal cost

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring Construction - VEC/PIU3 contractor - PSC - Local PC

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DONREs - Local social associations - VEC/PIU3, - PSC - DONREs - Local social associations - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - District DONRE

81. Where significant amount of oily wastewater or spill/leakage of oil and grease may occur (e.g., equipment maintenance areas), oil/water separators shall be provided for treatment of wastewater 82. Contractors would employ 1-2 sanitary workers for collecting and segregating sanitary waste, hazardous waste and construction waste at each construction site. Contractors should sign contract with environmental service enterprises of districts for safe disposal of construction excavation wastes that are not reused for site leveling. 83.Burning wastes at the construction site is prohibited. Except for burning cut trees with following conditions: only a small volume (<100kg/time); far from camps, fuel storage, residential sites (over 500m); with availability of fire control facilities and manpower. 84. Properly plan a spoils disposal area at each construction site. This area shall be approved by the local authority and shall be located 300m from residential sites and well

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

Project site

No marginal cost

Construstion contractor

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3, - PSC - DONREs - Local PC

320

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures protected by fences or walls. 85. Contractors shall keep at an appropriate place the volume of dredged spoil (with high contents of organic matters) that is not used for leveling, and allow local people or companies to take it away for soil reclamation or forestation (farmers in the project districts like to use this type of soil for field reclamation of filling low land area). 86. Organize a team for collection and segregation of construction wastes at each construction site. 87. Properly collect and segregate construction wastes into non-hazardous and hazardous wastes. 88. Sign a contract with district or provincial environmental service unit, (for example HCMC URENCO, Dong Nai URENCO, or Long An URENCO), to weekly transport all amount of hazardous solid wastes to the provincial/ district treatment sites (Da Phuoc in HCMC, Trang Dai in Dong Nai, Duc Hoa in Long An provinces or others). 89. Collect non-hazardous dredged materials to be used for road construction or provided to local residents for land reclamation. 90. Temporarily grow grass on excavated soil storage site and implement other suitable slope stabilization measures 91. Cutting trees outside the project ROW shall be prohibited. 92. Undertake compensatory planting at suitable places close to the project site using native species to replace trees cleared by construction activities. The main area of mangrove replanting is the Thi Vai river banks

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) No marginal cost

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring Construction contractor - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PC

Project site and surrounding area

- Increased river/canal/pond siltation affecting local aquaculture, aquatic ecosystem.

Project site

No marginal cost No marginal cost

Construction contractor Construction contractor Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DONREs

Project site

Project site VND 50,000,000/m onth * 50 months

Project site No marginal cost Project site No marginal cost No marginal cost USD 570/ha for Rhizophora or USD 500/ha for Nipa.

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC

Construction contractor Construction contractor Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - PIU3 - DONREs - PSC - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DONREs

Cutting trees within and outside the project ROW

Reduction of vegetation cover, affecting local biological resource, creating increased soil erosion

Project site

Project site

321

Project activities Transport of construction materials

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts - Damage to access roads and increased traffic congestion on National Highways N1, N51, provincial Road 50 and other roads. - Traffic accidents

Proposed Mitigation Measures 93. In cooperation with provincial Department of Transport (DOT) and Transport Police to properly organize transport of materials for the project. As much as possible, schedule delivery of construction materials and equipment during non-peak hours. 94. In coordination with local authorities, set up clear traffic signal boards and traffic advisory signs at the roads going in and out the road and bridge construction sites to minimize traffic build-up. Provide sufficient lighting at night within and in the vicinity of construction sites. 95. Access roads damaged during transport of construction materials and other projectrelated activities shall be reinstated upon completion of construction works at each section. 96. Truck drivers and equipment operators shall avoid, as much as possible, the use of horns in densely populated areas and where there other sensitive receptors are found such as schools, temples, hospital, etc. are located. 97. Watering of access roads during dry days shall be undertaken along densely populated areas and where there other sensitive receptors are found such as schools, temples, hospital, etc. 98. Design and construct appropriate cross drainage systems with suitable dimensions and appropriate location to avoid flooding on areas alongside the road embankmen, 99. Do not fill up canals and creeks at the construction site. In case filling of local drainage system is extremely necessary, consultation with local authorities shall be

Location Project communes

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) No marginal cost

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring Construction - VEC/PIU3 contractor - PSC - DOTs - Local Police

Project communes

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DOTs - Local Police

Project communes

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

Project communes

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DOTs - Local social association - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DOTs - Local social association - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DOTs - Local social association - VEC/PIU3 - PSC

- Noise, dust pollution

Project communes

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

Specific issue: Establishment of road embankment

Road embankment could obstruct water flow, causing inundation of surrounding areas

Project communes

No marginal cost

Project communes

No marginal cost

- Construction contractor - Design Consultant - Construction contractor - Design Consultant

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Commune PCs

322

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures undertaken and their permission obtained beforehand. An alternative drainage shall be established before the existing canal is filled-up. 100. Similar mitigation measures suggested in items 19-37

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

Specific issue: Construction of bridges

Construction worker camps: causing impacts similar with those at road construction Increased noise and vibration causing impacts similar with those at road construction Domestic and construction waste generation causing the impacts similar to those at road construction

Bridge construction site

Included in costs in items 19-37

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - Commune PCs/ social associations - VEC/PIU3 - Commune PCs/ social associations - VEC/PIU3 - Commune PCs/ social associations - District DONRE - VEC/PIU3 - Commune PCs - District DONRE - VEC/PIU3 - Commune PCs - District DONRE - VEC/PIU3 - PSC

101. Similar mitigation measures suggested in items 40-45

Bridge construction site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

102. Similar mitigation measures suggested in items 74-85

Bridge construction site

Included in costs in items 74-85

Construction contractor

Air pollution caused by earth works and material transport

103. Similar mitigation measures suggested in items 52-56

Bridge construction site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

Land erosion and land slide at bridge construction site. Obstruction of waterways.

104. Confine vegetation clearing within the areas required for construction.

Bridge construction site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

105. Firmly consolidate river banks using stones, concrete and other suitable retaining measures at each bridge construction site and ensure that water courses (rivers, canals, etc.) shall be kept free of excavation spoil and construction

Bridge construction site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

323

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures debris, floating and submerged. Spoil and construction materials stockpile area shall be located away from waterbodies and under no circumstances will these materials be dumped into watercourses. 106. Plant mangrove trees along the river/canal banks close to the bridge construction sites. Width and length of mangrove area to be planted are about 5m*100m (each site at each river bank), depending on each location. 107. Discharge of untreated waste water and release of rubbish from barges shall be prohibited. Solid wastes shall be periodically collected and transported to disposal sites approved/licensed by local authorities. 108. Each barge shall have rubbish bins for solid waste collection, oil separator for proper collection of oily wastewater and fire control facilities. 109. Coordinate wih provincial Department of Transport and Waterway Police to properly organize barge and floating crane activities at each bridge construction site. 110. Do not encroach on the navigation channels (at Binh Khanh and especially Phuoc Khanh Bridges).

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

Bridge construction site

USD 500/ha for Nipa or 570/ha for Rhizophora

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DONREs

Operation of barges for material transport, causing water pollution by wastes, fuel leakage

Bridge construction site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Provincial DONREs - VEC/PIU3 - PSC

Bridge construction site Bridge construction site Bridge construction site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

No marginal cost

No marginal cost

Operation of barges and floating crane in bridge construction, causing inland waterway traffic congestion and environmental risks in case of oil spill.

111. Set up temporary signaling stations to warn boats at the location of floating cranes and pier construction sites.

Bridge construction site

No marginal cost

- Contractors -DOT - Provincial Police - Bridge Contractors - DOT - Provincial Police Bridge Contractors

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC

112. The contractor shall ensure that barge owners involved in bridge construction shall have an oil spill prevention and response plan and relevant technical facilities for its implementation.In case of spills of oil and

Bridge construction site

No marginal cost

Bridge Contractors

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Provincial Police - DOT - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Provincial Police - DOT - VEC/PIU3 - PSC - DONREs

324

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures other hazardous substances, the contractor shall implement the following measures: (i) Immediately inform the Sai Gon Port Authority, who is responsible for waterway transport in Ho Chi Minh City and surrounding region. (ii) Engage oil spill removal companies and local authorities to immediately respond to oil spill incidents caused by the Project. (iii) Immediately inform communes which may be affected by oil the spill. (iv) After the oil spill has been controlled/removed, the contractor will coordinate with the relevant local communes to address land and water pollution cuased by the spill, and to provide compensation for environmental and economic damages, following the relevant Vietnamese laws and guidelines. 113. - Implementation of proper measures to maximize local employment to minimize the numbers of non-local workers employed at the project site. - Severely affected and vulnerable affected persons will be prioritized in gaining employment in the works. As a minimum, in each severely affected household, one person of working age will be prioritized in gaining employment during the construction phase, if he/she is qualified. 114. In recognition of the fact that despite implementation of the above measures, large numbers of non-local workers will still be required, construction contractors will work with the local authorities to develop a range of measures to minimize the adverse

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PC

Specific issue: Impacts of Construction Worker Influx and Unplanned Migration

- Social impacts (employment/livelihood, health risks)

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PC

325

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures effects of the planned construction force and unplanned migrants. 115. Conduct orientation for construction workers on prevention of HIV/AIDs, epidemic diseases such as water-borne and vector-borne diseases,, and other related diseases. 116. Alert district or provincial Departments of Culture and Information (DCI) on discovery of any objects of possible archaeological significance that may be uncovered during construction. 117. Immediately suspend construction activities affecting the area of the find until a qualified site assessment has been made and contractors have been given permission by DCI to proceed. 118. Establishment of sensitive receptors to noise (hospital, schools, religious buildings etc.) should be at a minimum distance of 300m from the road edge to avoid noise impacts. 119. In case sensitive receptors are constructed within 300m from the expressway, consider provision of noise control walls to attenuate noise levels due to expressway operation. 120. Installation of noise control walls at the existing sensitive receptors (schools, temples, churches, hospitals), if it will be agreed by local PCs

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD)

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring

Project site

No marginal cost

Constructor contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PC

Impacts on Cultural Heritage Sites Potential damage to cultural and historical relics

Project site

No marginal cost

Construction contractor

- VEC/PIU3 - PSC - Local PC - DCI

Operation Phase Operation of the expressway Increased noise pollution along side of the expressway causing public health impacts Surrounding area of the road No marginal cost Provincial PCs - MOT - Provincial PCs

Surrounding area of the road

Provincial PCs

- MOT - Provincial PCs

Surrounding area of the road

121. Provide traffic signs prohibiting drivers from blowing horns at the densely populated areas along the expressway.

Project site

Cost already allowed for in Civil Costs budget as contingency figure approx US$5 M. No marginal cost

- PIU3 - Provincial PCs

- MOT - Provincial PCs

Local Police

- VEC - Provincial DONREs - DOT

326

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures 122. Implementation of noise monitoring system. 123. Undertake monitoring to ensure vehicles moving on this expressway have licenses on "compliance to the Vietnam Standard for Vehicle Air Emission" issued by the Vietnam Register Authority (VRA) or Traffic Police 124. Run-off water shall be collected into ditches, installed at two road sides and shall be directed away from surrounding aquaculture ponds. 125. Prohibit throwing of rubbish along the expressway. 126. If rest stations are built along the expressway, provide sanitary toilets and rubbish bins. 127. Carry out road cleaning when it is evidently polluted by earth, dust or oily wastes. 128. Ensure proper collection, storage and disposal of excess/waste paint during road and bridge painting. 129. Ensure drivers are well educated on road safety requirements and adequately trained on expressway driving 130. Ensure that local people are well educated on road safety 131. Install and maintain traffic sign, markings and other devices used to regulate traffic at appropriate places. 132. Regularly maintain and repair road and bridges to ensure good conditions for vehicle movement 133. Prohibit construction of access roads to the Expressway.

Location Surrounding area of the road Project site

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) No marginal cost No marginal cost

Increased air pollution along side of the expressway, affecting public health

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring - Provincial - MONRE DONREs - MOT - VEC Provincial - VEC Police, VRA - DONREs - Provincial Police

Project site

No marginal cost

VEC/Expressway Operator

- VEC - Distric DONREs - VEC - Local PCs - VEC

Project site Project site

Increased field/canal water pollution caused by polluted storm water from road surface

No marginal cost No marginal cost No marginal cost

VEC/Expressway Operator VEC/Expressway Operator VEC/Expressway Operator VEC/Expressway Operator Provincial Police Commune's PCs VEC/Expressway Operator VEC/Expressway Operator -Provincial PCs - VEC/ Expressway

- VEC - Local PCs - VEC - Local PCs - DOT

Project site

No marginal cost No marginal cost

Traffic accidents

Project communes Project site

No marginal cost No marginal cost No marginal cost No marginal cost

- DOT - MOT/VEC - Provincial Police - MOT/VEC

Project site

Project site

- MOT

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Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) No marginal cost

134. Prohibit establishment of residential and commercial areas within the safety corridor of the expressway

Project site

135. Prohibit commercial, tourism activities and crowding of people at the bridges.

Project site

No marginal cost

136. Prepare an emergency preparedness and response plan. Coordinate with local hospitals in first aid and treatment during road accidents. 137. Organize Transport Rescue Teams with good Technical facilities to repair damaged vehicles on the road

Project site

No marginal cost

Project site

No marginal cost

The expressway will create a physical barrier isolating villages, fields and residential sites along the road into two sides. Induced Development Affect Can Gio Biosphere Reserve and mangrove forest at Thi Vai river caused by increase in the number of tourists and vehicles Increased environmental problems caused by rapid urban, industrial and service development in the region

138. Design and construct a number of frontage roads, underpass and overpasses. These facilities shall be constructed at densely populated areas and at other suitable sites for local residents to pass across the expressway. 139. Do not connect Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway to Road 15 in Can Gio district to avoid encroachment on the protected area.

Project site

No marginal cost

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring Operator - Provincial - MOT/VEC PCs - VEC/ Expressway Operator Provincial PCs - MOT/VEC - VEC/ Expressway Operator - Provincial - MOT/ VEC PCs - Provincial PCs - VEC/ Expressway Operator - Provincial - MOT/VEC PCs - Provincial PCs - VEC/ Expressway Operator - Design - VEC Consultant - Construction Contractor

Can Gio district

No marginal cost

HCMC PC

- MOT - MONRE

140. Proper implementation of the GOV policies in Sustainable Development 141. Proper implement of the Laws on Environmental Protection, Forest Protection and Development, Biodiversity, Water Resource and relevant laws, decisions,

The whole Region The whole Region

No marginal cost No marginal cost

Provincial PCs, related ministries Provincial PCs, related ministries

- GOV - MONRE - GOV - MONRE

328

Project activities

Potential Environmental Negative Impacts

Proposed Mitigation Measures standards. 142. Properly prepare and implement a Socio-Economic Master Plan for the Region, including a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). 143. Design and construct road embankment with a height over the predicted highest sea water level by 2100 144. Design and construct road embankment and bridges that could withstand predicted flood levels 145. Design and construct culverts and drainage systems to ensure that stormwater is drained preventing inundation of areas along the road embankments.

Location

Estimated Marginal Cost (USD) No marginal cost

Responsibilities ImplementaSupervision/ tion Monitoring Provincial PCs, related ministries -Design Consultants Contractors -Design Consultants - Contractors -Design Consultants - Contractors - GOV - MONRE

The whole Region

Consequence of Climate Change

Project site

Rise of sea water level

No marginal cost No marginal cost No marginal cost

- MOT/VEC

Project site

- MOT/VEC

Increased rainfall and flood

Project site

- MOT/VEC

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Table IX.2: 1.

Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project (Component 1: Environmental Effects Monitoring)
Location Means of Monitoring Frequency Responsibilities Implementa- Compliance tion Monitoring Project Supervision Consultant (PSC) through Local Environment Effects Monitoring Consultant (EEMC) VEC/PIU3 Cost

Aspect/Parameters to be Monitored Construction Phase Surface water quality: temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH, DO, BOD, COD, NO2-, NO3-, + NH4 , P, Fe, Al, TSS, heavy metals (As, Mn, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn), oil and grease, coliforms, compared to the Vietnam National Technical Regulation QCVN 08:2008 BTNMT for Surface Water Quality which is officially applied in territory of Vietnam. WB/IFC guideline for surface water quality, if it is available will be referred.

Groundwater quality in existing wells close to the alignment: heavy metals (As, Mn, Zn), EC, salinity, turbidity, + pH, COD, SS, NH4 , NO2 , NO3 , P, Fe, Al, oil and E.coli compared to Vietnam National Technical Regulation for Groundwater Quality (QCVN: 13.2008/BTNMT). WB guideline for groundwater quality (if it is available) will be referred. Ambient air quality: t0, wind, humidity, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, Pb, TSP, PM10 (1 hr averaging) compared to the Vietnam National Technical Regulation for Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT). WB/IFC (WHO) guideline for ambient air quality will be

Sites: CT1 to CT13 (Table IV.11, Figure IV.2, Chapter IV) with deletion of CT5, CT6, CT12, CT13 and adding 4 sites: 2 sites at 500m upstream and downstream of Binh Khanh Bridge construction site on Soai Rap river and 2 sites at 500m, upstream and downstream of Phuoc Khanh Bridge construction site on Long Tau river 12 sites: NN1 to NN12 (Figure IV.4, Chapter IV). Location of groundwater monitoring sites may be revised during the construction phase

Analytical Quarterly methods regulated in Vietnam Standards for surface water quality monitoring

VND 2,000,000,000 = USD 111,100 for all activities (travel, accommodation, sampling, analysis, reporting, labor cost) for 5 years, excepted budget for PSC)

Analytical Quarterly methods outlined in Vietnam Standards for surface water quality monitoring

PSC through EEMC

VEC/PIU3

VND 1,800,000,000 ~ USD 100,000 with above explanation

At 15 nearest residential receptors at 15 project communes (to be determined in the construction phase)

Analytical Quarterly methods outlined in Vietnam standards for ambient air quality monitoring

PSC through EEMC

VEC/PIU3

VND 2,000,000,000 ~ USD 111,100 with above explanation

330

Aspect/Parameters to be Monitored referred. Noise Monitoring: (integral noise level): Day time, evening time and night time noise levels dB (A) compared to the Vietnam Standard for Noise in Public Areas (TCVN 5949-1998). WB/IFC (WHO) guideline for noise will be referred Vibration Monitoring: Day time, evening time and Night time vibration monitoring (dB) compared to the Vietnam Standard (TCVN 6962-2001) Mangroves and Aquatic Organism Monitoring: - Total area (ha) at each site. - Biomass of 2 mangroves (kg/m ) - Density of predominant species 2 (indiviuals/m - Species diversity measured by Shannon Weaver index - Average height and stem diameter - Wild terrestrial animals (species composition and density) - Aquatic organisms (planktons, benthos species composition, density and Bioindexes) Operation Phase Ambient air quality: to, wind, humidity, SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, Pb, TSP, PM10 (1 hr) compared with the Vietnam National Technical Regulation for Ambient Air Quality (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT) at the area where the expressway is a main air pollution source. WB/IFC (WHO Ambient Air Quality

Location

Means of Monitoring

Frequency

Responsibilities Implementa- Compliance tion Monitoring PSC through EEMC VEC/PIU3

Cost

At 15 nearest residential receivers at the same sites of air quality monitoring

Analytical Quarterly methods outlined in Vietnam standards for noise measurem ent

VND 500,000,000 ~ USD 27,780 with above explanation

The same sites of air and noise monitoring

Vibration meter

Quarterly

PSC through EEMC

VEC/PIU3

VND 500,000,000 ~ USD 27,780 with above explanation

Mangrove areas at Phuoc Khanh commune (Can Gio district) and at Thi Vai river bank (Dong Nai province)

Field survey by qualified ecologists

Annually

PSC through EEMC

VEC/PIU3

VND 500,000,000 ~ USD 27,780; with above explanation

At 15 nearest residential receivers at 15 project communes (to be determined in the operation phase)

Analytical methods outlined in Vietnam standards for ambient air quality monitoring

Semiannually during 1st year of

operation

Expressway Operator through EEMC

VEC

VND 600,000,000 ~ USD32,200, with above explanation

331

Aspect/Parameters to be Monitored Guideline) Guidelines will be referred. At the areas where there are various air pollution sources this Standard will be also applied but it can not be used for determination of contribution of the expressway operation to the air pollution. In this case, the Vietnam Standard for Vehicle Exhaust Emission will be applied for evaluation on compliance of transport companies on the guideline Vibration monitoring:Day time, evening time and night time noise levels dB (A) compared to the Vietnam Standard for Vibration (TCVN 69622001)

Location

Means of Monitoring

Frequency

Responsibilities Implementa- Compliance tion Monitoring

Cost

At 15 nearest residential receivers at the same sites of air quality monitoring

Analytical methods outlined in Vietnam standards for noise measurem ent

Semiannually during st 1 year of

operation

Expressway Operator through EEMC

VEC

VND 600,000,000 ~ USD32,200, with above explanation,

Noise monitoring (integral noise level) Day time, evening time and night time vibration monitoring (dB or m/s2) compared to Vietnam standard TCVN 6962-2001. WB/IFC (WHO) guideline will be referred Mangroves and aquatic organism monitoring: - total area (ha) at each site. - Biomass of mangroves (kg/m2) - Density of predominant species (individuals/m2 - Species diversity measured by Shannon Weaver index - Average height and stem diameter - Wild terrestrial animals (species composition and

The same sites of air and noise monitoring

Vibration meter

Semiannually during st 1 year of

operation

Expressway Operator through EEMC

VEC

VND 150,000,000 ~USD 8,330 + with above explanation

Mangrove areas at Phuoc Khanh commune (Can Gio district) and at Thi Vai river bank (Dong Nai province)

Field survey by qualified ecologists

Annually in the first 3 years of road

operation

Expressway Operator through EEMC

VEC

VND 500,000,000 ~ USD 27,780 with above explanation

332

Aspect/Parameters to be Monitored

Location

Means of Monitoring

Frequency

Responsibilities Implementa- Compliance tion Monitoring

Cost

density) - Aquatic organisms (planktons, fish: species composition, density and Bioindexes) Note: 1. During the operation phase surface water (canals, rivers) and groundwater quality are not anticipated to be affected by transport activities, therefore, surface and groundwater quality monitoring is not necessary. 2. Budget for PSC, external specialists are included in the project cost.

Table IX.3: 2.
No.

Environmental Monitoring Plan for the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project (Component 2: Project Performance Monitoring)
Location Means of Monitoring Review documents Monitoring Frequency One time, prior to approval of detailed design Prior to issuance of tender documents and during review of bids. One time, prior to commencement of project construction During RAP implementation Random check Random check Responsibilities Implementation Compliance Monitoring Detailed Design Consultant VEC/PIU3

Aspects/Parameters to be Monitored

Pre-Construction and Construction Phases 1 Completion of detailed design in accordance with EMP requirements 2 Inlclusion of EMP in tender and contract documents for civil works.

Review documents

VEC /PIU3

PSC

Preparation of CEMP by contractors

Review CEMP

Construction Contractor

VEC/PIU3 PSC

5 6

Thorough implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Evidence of marking of work site boundaries No cutting of trees outside the project ROW Replanting to replace cleared vegetation

Throughout project site

Methods suggested in RAP Observation Observation

Throughout project site Project site

VEC (PIU3) - Local Resettlement Committees Construction Contractor Construction contractor Construction contractor

VEC/Provincial PCs Local Public associations VEC/PIU3 PSC VEC/PIU3 PSC VEC/PIU3 PSC Provincial/ District DONREs VEC/PIU3 PSC Provincial/ District DONREs VEC/PIU3 PSC VEC/PIU3 PSC Provincial/ District

Project site, mainly at Thi Vai river bank

Observation

Quarterly

No dumping of all kinds of wastes and cut trees in rivers, canals, ponds and field General site condition and cleanliness Covering of all trucks moving to and from site

Project site

Observation

Random check

Construction contractor

9 10

Project site Project site

Observation Observation

Monthly Random check

Construction contractor Construction contractor

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No.

Aspects/Parameters to be Monitored Watering of access roads and construction site on rainless days

Location

Means of Monitoring Observation

Monitoring Frequency Monthly

11

Project site

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Registration papers and compliance certificates of construction vehicles with Vietnam Register Authority of Police approved environmental emissions standards Installation of temporary waste storage areas at each construction site including segregation of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. Sanitation conditions at construction worker camps, included sewage treatment facilities (toilets), domestic solid wastes management etc. Availability of clean and safe food and water supply, clean eating and rest/housing facilities at the worker camps. Compliance to requirements for disposal of vegetation wastes (cut trees, shrubs, etc.). Proper organization of material transport to minimize environmental pollution and community disturbance Condition and effectiveness of erosion controls

Project site

Observation

Random check

Responsibilities Implementation Compliance Monitoring DONREs Construction VEC/PIU3 contractor PSC Provincial/ District DONREs Construction VEC/PIU3 contractor PSC Provincial/ District DONREs

Waste storage areas

Observation

Monthly

Construction contractor

VEC/PIU3 PSC

Project site

Observation

Monthly

Construction contractor

VEC/PIU3 PSC

Project site

Observation/ Laboraroy analysis of water supply (as necessary) Observation

Monthly

Construction contractor

VEC/PIU3 PSC

Random check

Construction contractor

VEC/PIU3 PSC

Project site

Observation

Monthly

Construction contractor

Project site

Observation

Monthly

Construction contractor

19

Condition and effectiveness of construction waste management Evidence of soil and/or water acidification due to leakage of acidic water from construction site to surrounding field, canals Evidence of direct or

Project site

Observation

Monthly

Construction contractor

20

Project site

pH measurement

Random check

Construction contractor

VEC/PIU3 PSC Provincial/ District DONREs VEC/PIU3 PSC Provincial/ District DONREs VEC/PIU3 PSC Provincial/ District DONREs VEC/PIU3 PSC Provincial/ District DONREs VEC/PIU3

21

Project site

Observation

Monthly

Construction

334

No.

Aspects/Parameters to be Monitored indirect disturbance of mangroves and other vegetation outside defined worksite boundaries Stabilization, rehabilitation and landscaping of all land surfaces affected by construction activities Installation of noise and dust control measures

Location and surrounding areas

Means of Monitoring

Monitoring Frequency

Responsibilities Implementation Compliance Monitoring contractor PSC Provincial/ District DONREs Construction contractor VEC/PIU3 PSC Provincial/ District DONREs VEC/PIU3 PSC Provincial/ District DONREs VEC/PIU3 PSC Provincial/ District DONREs VEC/PIU3 PSC

22

Project site

Observation

Monthly

23

24

Dust generation during windy conditions

At construction site close to sensitive receptors Exposed areas throughout project site Project communes

Observation

Monthly

Construction contractor

Observation

Monthly

Construction contractor

25

26

Number and type of community complaints on environmental issues received Mangrove replanting for compensation of mangrove area lost by the project at the Thi Vai river, Long Tau and Soai Rap river banks

Review of complaints

Monthly

Construction contractor

Thi Vai river bank

Observation, measurement

Annually

Mangrove replanting contractor (Forest Planting Unit of Dongnai Province or HCMC) Expressway Operator

VEC/PIU3 PSC

Operation Phase 27 Content of SO2, TSP, PM10, NO2, CO, VOC, lead in vehicle emission compared to criteria in relevant Vietnam Standard 28 Noise levels, generated by vehicles

Project site, near sensitive receptors

Analytical methods in Vietnam standards

Random examination

VEC/Provincial DONREs Envir. Police

Project site, near sensitive receptors Project site

29

Quality of storm water outfall from road surface

Analytical methods in Vietnam standards Observation/rand om examination

Random examination

Expressway Operator

VEC/Provincial DONREs Envir. Police VEC Provincial/ District DONREs Envir. Police VEC Provincial/ District DONREs VEC Provincial Envir. Police

Monthly in rainy season

Expressway Operator

30

Over-allcondition of the road (cleanliness)

Project site

Observation

Quarterly

Expressway Operator

31

Fire prevention system at fuel stations

Fuel station

32

Sanitary facilities at

Stop Over

Observation, random measurement of VOCs, temperature, humidity Observation,

Quarterly

Expressway Operator

Quarterly

Expressway

VEC

335

No.

Aspects/Parameters to be Monitored Stop Over Stations

Location Stations

Means of Monitoring measurement

Monitoring Frequency

33

34

Construction of access roads to the expressway. Establishment of residential and commercial areas along the safety corridor Traffic signal system

Throughout project alignment

Observation

Quarterly

Responsibilities Implementation Compliance Monitoring Operator Provincial/ District DONREs Expressway Provincial PCs, Operator Police

35

Traffic accident

Throughout project alignment Throughout project alignment

Observation

Quarterly

Expressway Operator Expressway Operator

VEC, Traffic Police VEC, Traffic Police

Record of traffic accident

Monthly

Notes:

864. External Experts. Being an environmental category A project, VEC shall engage and retain qualified and experienced external expert(s) to verify, on an annual basis, the monitoring information submitted to ADB. This is required under ADBs Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. The terms of reference for the external monitoring consultant (EMC) is given in Appendix IX.1. 865. GHGs Monitoring/ GHG Emission Inventory. According to Para. 39, Appendix 1 of the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009), quantification and monitoring of GHG emission annually in accordance with internationally recognized methodilogies is required if a project aggregate emissions of direct sources as well as indirect sources such as from electricity purchased for own consumption of the project, is equal to or exceed 100,000 tons of CO2 equivalent per year. 866. Based on the calculation provided in Chapter IV of this EIA report, the 100,000 tons/year threshold will be exceeded. Therefore, a GHG Monitoring Plan through inventory of CO2 emitted annually by traffic activities on the BL-LT expressway is triggred. 867. The data obtained from the GHG inventory can help: (i) Understand CO2 emission amount and trend of ADB supported projects; (ii) Test and improve the methodology for CO2 quantification and monitoring; (iii) Help the borrower (Government of Viet Nam) and VEC to enhance their awareness and promote emission reduction. The recommended method for GHG monitoring for the BL-LT expressway is as follows: (i) Apply ADBs suggested formula using a simple tool to calculate GHG emission (CO2 load) (see Appendix IX.2) for annual inventory of CO2 emission generated by all vehicles using the the BL-LT expressway. (ii) To readily apply ADBs formula, the following table (Table IX.4) shall be used by the project owner (VEC) in calculating annual CO2 emission on the Project expressway.

868.

336

Table IX.4: Simple Tool to Calculate GHG Emissions (CO2 Load) and Threshold Traffic in Terms of Passenger Car Units (PCU): Applied for the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project (in the Operation Phase)

Step 1: Estimate emissions per PCU-Km for different category of vehicles for 50 km/hour average speed (information source EKB, ADB 2010) CO2 Fuel Fuel Emission Veh Type consumption PCU consumption Factor Emissions l/100km per PCU-km Kg/l kg/PCU-km 2w 2 0.5 0.040 2.416 0.10 3w 3.1 1 0.031 2.416 0.07 PC 10 1 0.100 2.416 0.24 LCV 12 1.5 0.080 2.582 0.21 Bus 28 3 0.093 2.582 0.24 HCV 25 3 0.083 2.582 0.22 Step 2: Notice that for 4/6w vehicles CO2 emissions per PCU-km are about 0.24 kg. Step 3: Calculate threshold traffic in PCU likely to generate 100,000 tons of CO2 emissions, annually. Per 1000 PCU, Annual CO2 Emissions for L km long road in tons = Emission/PCU-km*356*L (say A) Threshold PCU to generate 100,000 tons CO2 annually in 1000 PCUs = 100000/A and thus Road Length km 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Threshold PCU (,000) 57 38 29 23 19 16 14 13 11

Step 4: Input traffic data of operational year (Number of vehicle per year) IC1IC2 1,000 1,000 1,000 IC2IC3 1,000 1,000 1,000 IC3IC4 1,000 1,000 1,000 IC4IC5 1,000 1,000 1,000 IC5IC6 1,000 1,000 1,000 IC6IC7 1,000 1,000 1,000 IC7 IC8 1,000 1,000 1,000

Operational Year 20xx Input number of cars Input number of buses Input number of strucks

337

Note: number 1,000 in columns is only example Step 5: Result Road Section 1 (IC1-IC2) 2 (IC2-IC3) 3 (IC3-IC4) 4 (IC4-IC5) 5 (IC5-IC6) 6 (IC6-IC7) 7 (IC7-IC8) Section Length Traffic GHG Emissions Km PCU (,000) (Tons/Year) 3.5 8 2,453 10 8 7,008 7.5 8 5,256 8 8 5,606 21.5 8 15,067 7.5 8 5,256 1 8 701 1.97 Total Emissions

Weighted average PCU for road

Length of the road (km) 59 41,347 Note: Numbers in columns of Section Length is based on current Project design, numbers in columns of Traffic and GHG Emissions are examples only.

869. To calculate number of PCUs the project owner should register the total number and corresponding vehicle types passing through each of the seven toll gates on the length of the expressway. Number of PCUs will be calculated based on the ratios used for change from different types of vehicle into equivalent PCU. 870. VEC, the project owner, is responsible for CO2 emission monitoring. No external environmental specialist is needed for this task. Accordingly, budget for this activity will be included in the VEC annual operation budget, no extra budget is suggested for this activity. 871. Annually, VEC will send to ADB a report on the results of GHG monitoring for this project. D. 872. IX.5. Responsibilities and Authorities for Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Institutional arrangements to implement the EMP of the Project are suggested in Table

Table IX.5:
Authority Vietnam Expressway Corporation (VEC)

Responsibilities of Related Authorities for Implementation of EMP

Responsibilities VEC is Project owner, responsible for project management including overall environmental management. To carry out overall environment management, within VEC an Environment Management Section will be set up. The Section is in charge of guiding and supervising implementation of the EMP for this project and other projects. Ensure that sufficient funds are available to properly implement the EMP Ensure that EMP provisions and ADBs SPS 2009 provisisons are implemented for the entire Project regardless of financing source. Ensure that Project implementation complies with the Vietnamese and ADB's environmental policy principles and requirements

338

Project Implementation Unit 3 (PIU3) -

Establish an environmental grievance redress mechanism, acceptable to ADB, to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples' concerns, complaints, and grievances about the Project's environmental performance Submit semi-annual environmental monitoring reports to MONRE and ADB PIU3 of VEC is responsible for implementation of the Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project. Its responsibilities include: Overall planning, management and monitoring of the environmental management. Ensuring that all environmental protection and mitigation measures of environmental impacts are carried out in accordance with policies regulations on environment and other relevant laws. Coordinating with Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai and Long An DONREs environmental management activities. Organizing training courses for local staff and contractors teams on mitigation measures and safety methods Carrying out internal monitoring with assistance from PSC. Supervising and providing budget for monitoring activities. Reporting on environmental information to VEC and the international donors (ADB and JICA). Implement changes or adjustments according to MONRE recommendation to protect the environment according to Vietnams standards, laws, and regulations. Ensure that sufficient funds are available to properly implement the EMP Ensure that EMP provisions are implemented for the entire Project regardless of financing sources. Ensure that Project implementation complies with ADB's environmental policy principles and requirements Ensure that environmental protection and mitigation measures proposed in the Project EMP are incorporated in the detailed design and that the Project is implemented following ADBs environmental policy principles and requirements. Ensure that tender documents and civil works contracts include the Project EMP and specify requirement for preparation and implement of construction EMP. Review and approve the CEMPs with assistance from the Project Supervision Consultant (PSC), Recruit an external monitoring consultant(s) to verify monitoring information submitted by VEC to ADB Based on the results of EMP monitoring, identify environmental corrective actions and prepare a corrective action plan, as necessary, for submission to ADB Establish an environmental grievance redress mechanism, acceptable to ADB, to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples' concerns, complaints, and grievances about the Project's environmental performance Submit semi-annual environmental monitoring reports to ADB Incorporate into the design the environmental design and mitigation measures specified in the EMP Prepare and submit to VEC and ADB technical and financial proposals in their bids for environmental monitoring and other services. Assist VEC/PIU3 to ensure that the EMP provisions are included in the tender documents and civil works contracts Engage environment specialists to undertake regular project monitoring and reporting based on EMP provisions Prior to implementation of civil works, assist VEC/PIU3 in reviewing the

Design Consultants Project Supervision Consultant (PSC)

339

CEMPs prepared by contractors to ensure that these are consistent with the provisions of the EMP Assist VEC/PIU3 in monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures during pre-construction phase and the environmental performance of contractors based on the EMP and the CEMPs prepared by contractors. Recruit an environmental effects monitoring consultant to undertake ambient baseline data collection and monitoring during construction phase Incorporate in the environmental monitoring reports the results of environmental effects monitoring and undertake data analysis. Assist VEC/PIU3 in preparing monitoring reports for submission to ADB on a semi-annual basis Undertake capacity building/training program on environmental management specified in the EIA/EMP

External Expert

Undertake the following on an annual basis - Review and verify the accuracy, breadth, depth, and relevance of information provided by VEC to ADB with regard to EMP implementation - Determine if EMP provisions (mitigation, monitoring, reporting, etc.) are being conducted in thorough and timely manner and in accordance with budget identified within the EMP - Prepare corresponding reports for submission to ADB and VEC The Construction Contractors (Contractors) will be selected by VEC/PIU3. Their responsibility includes construction works and following contractor specifications outlined in the EIA and EMP. This includes: - Recruit a qualified Environmental Officer on a full-time basis to ensure compliance to environmental contractual obligations and proper implementation of the CEMP - Prepare and submit to VEC/PIU3 a CEMP prior to commencement of civil works - Ensure proper implementation of the CEMP and EMP provisions - Submit monthly reports to VEC/PIU3 on the implementation of environmental mitigation measures - Implement additional environmental mitigation measures, as necessary - Ensuring safety of construction workers and local people during construction. - Comply with Vietnam and ADB environmental policies - Conduct environmental effects monitoring during construction and operation phase. - During construction phase, submit to PSC reports on environmental effects monitoring for integration in the semi-annual monitoring reports to be submitted to ADB - During operation phase, submit to VEC reports on environmental effects monitoring for integration in the annual monitoring reports to be submitted to ADB MONRE is responsible for state management on environmental issues. As part of this responsibility, MONRE will review and approve the GOV EIA report. During EMP implementation, MONRE requires DONREs of Ho Chi Minh City, Long An and Dong Nai provinces act as external regulators. Their duties will include: - Monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures suggested in the EIA report approved by MONRE to minimize the project impacts in the construction and operation phases (compliance monitoring). - Checking environmental pollution and damages caused by the project - Resolution of environmental issues generated by the project The PCs will task their DONREs, DOTs and district PCs to undertake the following:

Construction Contractor

Environmental Effects Monitoring Consultant (EEMC)

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)

Peoples

340

Committees of Ho Chi Minh City, Long An and Dong Nai provinces

Supervision of implementation environmental mitigation measures during various project phases. Checking compliance of vehicles with standard for vehicle emission, Checking fire safety system of fuel station at the project site Monitoring traffic condition and dealing with traffic accidents.

E.

Environmental Monitoring Reporting System

873. The following monitoring of EMP implementation and project environmental performance will be implemented throughout project implementation and operation phases: (iv) Performance monitoring: relates to the implementation of activities in environmental management by the contractors during the construction of the expressway and the implementation of activities in environmental management by the project operator (the Expressway Exploitation Company of VEC) during the operation of the expressway. Monitoring is carried out to ensure compliance with the commitments contained in the EMP. Environmental effects monitoring: relates to the environmental impacts of the construction activities and the operation activities. Monitoring of environmental parameters is carried out to determine compliance with ambient environmental standards or criteria documented in the EMP. External monitoring: conducted by an external expert on an annual basis to verify the monitoring information submitted by VEC to ADB.

(v)

(vi)

874.

The following reports on EMP implementation will be prepared : (i) Semi-annual monitoring report on EMP implementation regarding implementation of mitigation measures during pre-construction and construction phases, and results of environmental effects monitoring. This report shall be prepared by VEC/PIU3 with assistance from PSC. VEC shall submit the report to ADB and JICA. Annual external environmental monitoring report prepared by external expert(s) engaged by VEC. The expert shall verify the accuracy, breadth, depth, and relevance of information provided by VEC to ADB with regard to EMP implementation. During the monitoring, the expert shall also determine if EMP provisions (mitigation, monitoring, reporting, etc.) are being conducted in thorough and timely manner and in accordance with budget identified within the EMP. Annual monitoring report on EMP implementation regarding implementation of mitigation measures during operation phase, and results of environmental effects monitoring. This report shall be prepared by VEC/Expressway Operator and shall be submitted to ADB and JICA.

(ii)

(iii)

F.

Capacity Building in Environmental Management

875. Environmental management at expressways is a relatively new task for Vietnam Transport Sector. Therefore, prior to project implementation, there should be training for staff that will participate in EMP implementation. Management staff will be equipped with knowledge on mitigation measures for environmental impact and monitoring plan. The training will include the following activities:

341

1.

Training for Staff of PIU3 and VEC

876. The following training programs will be provided for VEC/PIU3 staff that work in management of this project. (i) (ii) (iii) 2. 877. Environmental issues related with expressway and bridge construction and operation. Methodology in environmental monitoring. Environmental management in expressway operation. Training for Construction Engineers, included Engineers and Bridge Engineers

The following training programs will be provided for engineers of the contractors. (i) (ii) (iii) Labour Safety: Regular training on safety issues related to the earthwork and civil works; Environmental management for the Project: Providing basic knowledge for staffs about the environmental management related to road and bridge construction. Monitoring and reporting of EMP: The training will include the methodology for site observation and monitoring check sheet filling.

878. Detailed environmental training programs for VEC/PIU3 and contractors are provided in Appendix IX.2. G. Cost Estimation for EMP Implementation

879. To properly implement the EMP the project owner (VEC) shall provide appropriate budget (from the loan funds) for the the following items listed in Table IX.6 IX.10: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Purchase of equipment specified for pollution control. Installation of technical facilities for environment sanitation. Planting mangrove area for compensation of cleared areas due to road and bridge construction. Environmental monitoring in 3 phases of the project. Environmental training to improve environmental management for the project owner and contractors.

880. Aside from the budget provided by VEC, during construction phase, the contractors shall include in their bids sufficient funds to implement various mitigation measures for their implementation as specified in Table IX.1. This condition will be specified by VEC/PIU3 in the Tender Document. 881. Cost of all activities in EMP implementation is estimated in Table IX.10. This cost does not include cost for various other items: clean water supply, dust, noise, vibration control, prevention and treatment of acidic water, fire prevention and control, health care, flood control etc. and salary for the environmental staff of VEC/PIU3.

342

Table IX.6:

Proposed List of Equipment and Technical Facilities for Environmental Management in the Construction Phase Amount (unit)
10

1
1

Items
Water bowser vehicle for water spray Large-sized Containers (bins) for solid wastes (100250L) Septic tanks toilets Mobile toilets Temporary latrines Domestic solid disposal site (pits) Rubbish bins (various kinds) Settlement reservoirs to control run-of water containing acidic materials. Settlement tanks at dredged spoil containing area Containers for waste oils and grease Containers for hazardous solids Expenditures for collection and transport of solid and hazardous wastes Other supporting facilities (various other technical facilities may be required for pollution control and impact mitigation what may not be predicted in this phase of EIA preparation Compensation mangrove replanting

Unit cost Cost (1,000VND) (1,000VND)

800,000 8,000,000

Source of budget
Included in the Projects cost ditto

Note
For the whole project At worker camps At worker camps area At construction sites At construction sites At worker camps area At worker camps area At places of strong acidic water generation At dredged spoil containing sites At machine repair and temporary hazardous waste storage sites Local Environmental Service Units, hired by contractor

100

250

25,000

3 4 5 6 7

20 20 100 20 1,000

10,000 10,000 2,000 1,500 20

200,000 200,000 200,000 30,000 20,000

ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto

20

2,000

40,000

ditto

10

5,000

50,000

ditto

10

60

500

30,000

ditto

11

20

1,000

20,000

ditto

12

60 months

50,000*60 months

3,000,000

ditto

13

reserve

5,000,000

ditto

VEC

14

Max 4 ha

10,200

40,800

ditto

A Forest Planting Unit of Dongnai

343

Items

Amount (unit)

Unit cost Cost (1,000VND) (1,000VND)

Source of budget

Note
Province or HCMC hired by PIU3

Total
Notes: -

VND 18,637,800 = USD 1,035,430

The costs in this table do not include costs for clean water supply, noise, vibration control, construction of drainage systems at worker camps, fire prevention and control, grass cultivation, soil erosion control, treatment of acidification, health care etc. Cost for compensatory mangrove replanting is included the project cost

Table IX.7:

Technical Facilities and Other Items for Environmental Management in the Operation Phase (Within First 3 Years) Item Amount (unit)
3 stations

N
1

Unit cost Cost (1,000VND) (1,000VND)

500,000 1,500,000

Source of budget
Included in the Projects cost

Note
If Rest (Stop Station) set up If Rest (Stop Station) set up. Station Over will be Station Over will be

Sanitation facility at Rest Station on the expressway Rubbish bins at Rest stations (various types) Tree and grass areas on the expressway Vehicles for tree watering Road sanitation trucks (various kinds) Other supporting facilities Total

100

50

5,000

ditto

3 4 5 6

About 150,000 m2 5 10 Various kinds

100 800,000 1,000,000

15,000,000 4,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 VND 45,505,000 = USD 2,528,000

ditto ditto ditto ditto For the whole expressway For the whole expressway For the whole expressway

344

Table IX.8: N

Estimate Cost for Environmental Monitoring Item Cost (VND)

1,200,000,000

In the Construction Phase (60n months) Project Supervision Consultants (PSCs): 2 persons/month* 1 10,000,000VND/person/m *60months = 120m/m Cost for technical services of Environmental Effects Monitoring Consultants (travel, accommodation, sampling, analysis of water, soil, ground water, 2 sediment, air, noise, vibration, aquatic organisms, terrestrial vegetation, reporting, 10 persons 4 times/year)* 200,000,000VND/time Recruitment of External Monitoring Consultants 2 persons in 5 years (1 3 month/year): 10m/m at US$20,000 per month Subtotal In the First 3 Years of Operation Phase (No EMC in Ops Phase) 4 PSCs: 2 persons/month in 36 months Technical services (lump sum: travel, sampling, analysis, reporting). 6 times, 5 5 persons./time. 150,000,000 VND/time Subtotal

6,100,000,000

3,600,000,000 10,900,000,000 US$605,555 720,000,000 680,000,000 1,400,000,000 US$777,777 VND 12,300,000,000 = USD 683,333

Total for 2 phases

Notes: Cost is estimated based on the 2009 price. It will be adjusted year by year. Cost does not include budget for environmental monitoring implemented by governmental authority (MONRE/DONRE)

345

Table IX.9: N
1

Estimated Cost for Environmental Training Item Explanation

Preparation of training material and presentation 10 participants*2 days * 100,000VND For 2 days 3 persons * 10 days, including air tickets, accommodation Preparation of training materials and presentation Preparation of training materials and presentation 30 participants * 2 days * 100,000VND/day For 2 days 4,000,000 Prepation of training materials and presentation 30 participants * 2 days * 100,000VND/day For 2 days

Training program

Cost (VND)
4,000,000 2,000,000 4,000,000 140,000,000

2 trainers (Envir. Specialists)

Training VEC/PIU3

for

10 participants Meeting hall, printing, tea etc. Study tour abroad to learn experiences in EM in road project 2 trainers (environmental specialis) 2 trainers (envir. Specialists)

Training in safety for contractors Training in environmental protection in road and bridge construction

4,000,000

4,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 3,000,000 VND 193,000,000 = USD 10,670

30 participants Meeting hall, printing, tea etc 2 trainers (envir. Specialist)

4 Training environmental monitoring contractors Total in for

30 participants Meeting hall, printing, tea

Note: This cost shall be included in the Project Supervision Consultants cost.

Table IX.10: Total Budget for Environmental Management Plan (in USD) N
1

Item

Construction Phase
USD 1,035,430 US$605,555 10,670 1,651,655,770

Operation Phase
USD 2,528,000 77,780 2,605,780 USD 4,257,435

Technical equipment and facilities for pollution control and environmental protection 2 Environmental monitoring 3 Capacity building (Environmental training) Sub total Total

882. Total budget for Environmental Management Plan in the construction and operation phases: USD 4,257,435. This cost will be included in the project cost. This does not include budget for the following items to be implemented/provided by VEC or its contractors: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Health care, labor safety and UXO detection and clearing Prevention and response of environmental accidents (fire, explosion, oil spill etc.). Vegetation replanting in cases of encroachment outside of the ROW. Clean water supply for workers Construction of noise, dust control barriers/walls on construction sites Compensation of damages caused by project activities

346

(vii) (viii)

Treatment of acid sulfate soils and leachate Mitigation measures with no marginal cost indicated in in the EMP

347

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

883. The Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project will play a vital role in improvement of the transport system of Viet Nam. It will contribute to develop socio economy of the Southeastern and Mekong River Regions. Therefore, the project is strongly supported by MOT, the provinces and people in the project area. The expected impact of the Project will be achievement of increased competitiveness of regional economy along the GMS Southern Economic Corridor in southern Viet Nam and the GMS countries. By expanding access to markets, facilitating the movement of goods, and people, and contributing to connectivity improvements in the GMS, the Project will promote sustainable economic growth, a necessary precondition for poverty reduction. The Project may not have a direct impact upon people living in poverty, but will have indirect impacts through improvement of the investment climate for labor-intensive and export-orientated economic growth. The Project will achieve a more efficient and safer movement of goods and people in the greater HCMC area. Through construction of the project expressway, connectivity of cities and towns around HCMC will be improved and the cost and travel times for the movement of passengers and goods in and around HCMC will be reduced. 884. From primary and secondary data collected in this EIA, the characteristics of the present state of the environment at the districts where the expressway will pass across are summarized below. (i) (ii) The projects area is located in the downstream of the Dong Nai Saigon river basin; most of the area belongs to wetland with soft, flat and low elevation land. At present, water contamination is high at the canals and evident at the rivers where the expressway will go across. Fish populations are poor in species and density. At present, at the national roads air and noise pollution is significant, but air quality, noise and vibration levels at most communes where the expressway will be constructed, still meet the Vietnamese Standards. In the past most of the area was agricultural land and waste wetland. During the last 20 years, with the rapid urbanization and industrialization a large area was converted for urban, industrial, tourist and aquaculture development. Therefore, natural habitats, biodiversity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems were reduced. Within a distance of 30 km from the project alignment is the Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest (official name given by Ho Chi Minh City PC) which was approved by UNESCO in 2000 to be included in the World Biosphere Reserve Network. This biosphere reserve is an important site for conservation of mangrove forests, protection of the environment, education in biodiversity and economic development to meet local and national demands. The design and construction of viaduct for the expressway will not involve an interchange with the existing Rung Sac highway in Can Gio district. It will go over Binh Khanh Commune, located in Transition Zone of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve. In the past and at present, there is no area of mangrove forest in this commune. The alignment passes through the transition zone of the biosphere reserve. According to UNESCO in the transition zone of biosphere reserve the economic objective is to develop urban areas, industrial zone and economic development to meet the local and national demand. As such, the project alignment in Binh Khanh commune complies with the Vietnamese Laws and UNESCO Guideline. Therefore, it is supported by Ho Chi Minh, Can Gio PCs and Management Board of Can Gio Protected Mangrove Forest.

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

348

(vii)

The area, where the large area of mangrove forest still occurs, is the Thi Vai river banks in Dong Nai province. The project has been designed to minimize impacts on mangroves in the area through construction of a viaduct in densely vegetated areas instead of a road embankment.

885. This EIA has identified adverse environmental impacts due to the project, most of which will be experienced during construction and are therefore, temporary in nature. During construction, communities in the vicinity of the construction site and access roads will be most likely affected by elevated levels of noise and dust emission. Pollution of water resources and the surrounding environment may occur due to earthworks, generation of construction and domestic wastes, disturbance of acid sulphate soils and other project-related activities. During operation, it is anticipated that noise levels at residential areas along the expressway are likely to exceed ambient standards. Exhaust emissions will also contribute to air pollution in the project area. 886. Proper and timely implementation of various provisions of the EMP in terms of mitigation measures, monitoring and capacity building will minimize adverse environmental impacts due project construction and operation. To ensure that adverse impacts due to project implementation will be adequately addressed, the tender and contract documents for civil works for the entire project (ADB and JICA sections) shall include the EMP. Regular monitoring and reporting on the status of EMP implementation shall be undertaken to ensure that mitigation measures are implemented as required and to allow for formulation and implementation of corrective actions, as necessary.

BEN LUC LONG THANH EXPRESSWAY PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

APPENDICES

APPENDIX II.1 VIETNAM STANDARDS AND NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT II.1.1. NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT) Unit (g/m3) Parameter 1h-Averaging Period 350 30000 200 180 300 8hrsAveraging Period 10000 120 24hrs Averaging Period 125 5000 100 80 200 150 1.5 Annual Averaging Period 50 40 140 50 0.5

N 1 2 3 4

SO2 CO NOx O3 Total Suspended 5 Particles (TSP) Dust 10 m 6 (PM10) 7 Pb Note: Sign (-): no guideline

II.1.2.VIETNAM STANDARD FOR NOISE IN PUBLIC AND RESIDENTAL AREAS (TCVN 5949:1998) (Maximum Permitted Noise Level) Unit: dB(A) N 1 Area Areas needing special quiet: Hospitals, Libraries, Schools, Churches, Temples. Residential areas. Hotels, Administrative Offices. Residential areas located in commercial, service, production areas. Time period 6h to 18h 50 18h to 22h 45 22h to 6h 40

2 3

60 75

55 70

50 50

II.1.3.VIETNAM STANDARD FOR VIBRATION AND SHOCK (TCVN 6962:2001) (VIBRATION EMITTED BY CONSTRUCTION WORKS AND FACTORIES - MAXIMUM PERMITTED LEVELS IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF PUBLIC AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS) For construction works N Areas 1 Areas needing special quiet Environment 2 Residential areas. Hotels. Administrative Offices 3 Residential area located in trade. service. production areas. Time period 7h - 19h 19h - 7h 7h - 19h 19h - 7h 6h - 22h 22h - 6h Permissible limit (dB) 75 Time of continuous work Baseline level does not exceed 10 hrs/d 75 ditto Baseline level 75 Time of continuous work Baseline level does not exceed 14hrs/d Unit: dB Remark

II.1.4. VIETNAM STANDARD FOR VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARD (TCVN 5947:1996) CO Produced Produced by 1990 after 1990 6% 4.5% volume of volume of air air emission emission Hydrocacbons Produced Produced by 1990 after 1990 1.500 ppm 1.200 ppm volume of volume of air air emission emission Black smoke Produced Produced by 1990 after 1990 75% HSU 66%HSU

Gasoline Engine Diesel Engine

II.1.5. VIETNAM NATIONAL REGULATION FOR SURFACE WATER QUALITY (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT) N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Parameter pH Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Total Suspended Solids (TSS) COD BOD5 (200C) Amonni (NH+4) (N) Chloride (Cl-) Floride (F-) Nitrite (NO-2) (N) Nitrate (NO-3) (N) Phosphate (PO43-) (P) Cyanide (CN-) Arsenic (As) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Chromium III (Cr3+) Chromium VI (Cr6+) Copper (Cu) Zinc (Zn) 2 Unit Permissible Limit A B A1 A2 B1 6-8.5 6-8.5 5.5-9 6 5 4 20 30 50 10 15 30 4 6 15 0.1 0.2 0.5 250 400 600 1 1.5 1.5 0.01 0.02 0.04 2 5 10 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.005 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.5 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

B2 5.5-9 2 100 50 25 1 2 0.05 15 0.5 0.02 0.1 0.01 0.05 1 0.05 1 2

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Nickel (Ni) Iron (Fe) Mercury (Hg) Surfactants Oils & grease Phenols Organochlorides pesticides: Aldrine + Dieldrine Endrin BHC DDT Endosunfan (Thiodan) Lindane Chlordane Heptachlor 27 Organophosphate pesticides Parathion Malathion 28 Herbicides 2.4D 2.4.5T Paraquat 29 Total radioactive 30 Total radioactive 31 E.coli 32 Coliforms

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l g/l Bq/l Bq/l MPN/ 100ml MPN/ 100ml

0.1 0.5 0.001 0.1 0.01 0.005 0.002 0.01 0.05 0.001 0.005 0.3 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 100 80 900 0.1 1.0 20 2500

0.1 1 0.001 0.2 0.02 0.005 0.004 0.012 0.1 0.002 0.01 0.35 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.32 200 100 1200 0.1 1.0 50 5000

0.1 1.5 0.001 0.4 0.1 0.01 0.008 0.014 0.13 0.004 0.01 0.38 0.02 0.02 0.4 0.32 450 160 1800 0.1 1.0 100 7500

0.1 2 0.002 0.5 0.3 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.015 0.005 0.02 0.4 0.03 0.05 0.5 0.4 500 200 2000 0.1 1.0 200 10000

Note: A1: Water Source for domestic use and other purposes. A2: Water Source for domestic use with appropriate treatment technology; for aquatic organism conservation and other purposes. B1: Water Source for Irrigation or other similar purposes. B2: Water Source for waterway transport and other purpose of low quality water uses.

II.1.6. VIETNAM NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON THE ALLOWABLE LIMITS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE SOILS (QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT) Unit: mg/kg dry soil

Agricultural land 1. Asenic (As) 12 2. Cadmium (Cd) 2 3. Copper (Cu) 50 4. Lead (Pb) 70 5. Zinc (Zn) 200 Parameter

Forest land 12 2 70 100 200

Residential land 12 5 70 120 200

Business land 12 5 100 200 300

Industrial land 12 10 100 300 300

II.1.7. VIETNAM NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION FOR GROUNDWATER QUALITY (QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT) N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Parameter pH Hardness (as CaCO3) Total solids COD (KMnO 4) Ammonia (as N) Chloride (Cl -) Fluoride (F -) Nitrite (NO2-- ) (as N) Nitrate (NO3-) (as N) Sulfate (SO42-) Cyanide (CN-) Phenols Arsenic (As) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Chromium VI (Cr 6+) Copper (Cu) Zinc (Zn) Manganese (Mn) Mercury (Hg) Iron (Fe) Selen (Se) Total radioactive Total radioactive E. Coli T. Coliforms Unit mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Bq/l Bq/l MPN/100ml MPN/100ml Limit value 5.5 - 8.5 500 1500 4 0.1 250 1.0 1.0 15 400 0.01 0.001 0.05 0.005 0.01 0.05 1.0 3.0 0.5 0.001 5 0.01 0.1 1.0 No detectable 3

APPENDIX II.1.7. NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER (QCVN24 : 2009/BTNMT) N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Parameter Temperature pH Odor Colour (Co-Pt at pH = 7) BOD5 (200C) COD Suspended Solids Arsenic Mercury Lead Cadmium Chromium (VI) Chromium (III) Copper Zinc Nickel Manganese Iron Sb Cyanide Phenols Mineral Oils Vegetation/animal oils Residual chloride PCBs Organophosphate pesticides Organochloride pesticides Sulphide Fluoride Chloride Ammonia (as N) Total N Total P Coliform Total Radioactive Total Radioactive 0C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml Bq/l Bq/l Unit Value B 40 40 6-9 5.5-9 uncomportabl uncomporta e ble 20 70 30 50 50 100 50 100 0.05 0.1 0.005 0.01 0.1 0.5 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 1 2 2 3 3 0.2 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.2 0.07 0.1 5 10 1 0.003 0.3 0.1 0.2 5 500 5 15 4 3000 0.1 1.0 5 1 0.1 0.5 5 20 2 0.01 1 0.1 0.5 10 600 10 30 6 5000 0.1 1.0 A

Note: - Column A: Values of pollutants in industrial wastewater discharging into water sources used for domestic supply; - Column B: Values of pollutants in industrial wastewater discharging into water sources not used for domestic supply; - Chloride (Cl-) is not used for the receiving water sources which are brackish and saline.

APPENDIX II.2. IFC/WB (WHO) GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY II.2.1. WHO AMBIENT AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Averaging period 24-hour Sulfur dioxide ( SO2) Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2) 10 minute 1-year 1-hour 1-year Particulate Matter PM10 24-hour 150 (Interim target-1 ) 100 (Interim target-2 ) 75 (Interim target-3 ) 50 ( Guideline ) 35 (Interim target-1 ) 25 (Interim target-2 ) 15 (Interim target-3 ) 10 ( Guideline ) 75 (Interim target-1 ) 50 (Interim target-2 ) 37.5 (Interim target-3 ) 25 ( Guideline ) 160 (Interim target-1 ) 10 ( Guideline ) Guideline value in g/m3 125 ( Interim target-1 ) 50 (Interim target-2 ) 20 ( Guideline ) 500 (Guideline ) 40 (Guideline ) 200 (Guideline ) 70 (Interim target-1 ) 50 (Interim target-2 ) 30 (Interim target-3 ) 20 ( Guideline )

1-year Particulate Matter PM2.5 24-hour Ozone 8-hour daily maximum

APPENDIX II.2.2. WHO Guideline Values FOR NOISE The WHO guideline values in Table 4.1 are organized according to specific environments. When multiple adverse health effects are identified for a given environment, the guideline values are set at the level of the lowest adverse health effect (the critical health effect). An adverse health effect of noise refers to any temporary or long-term deterioration in physical, psychological or social functioning that is associated with noise exposure. The guideline values represent the sound pressure levels that affect the most exposed receiver in the listed environment. The time base for LAeq for "daytime" and "night-time" is 16 h and 8 h, respectively. No separate time base is given for evenings alone, but typically, guideline value should be 5 10 dB lower than for a 12 h daytime period. Other time bases are recommended for schools, preschools and playgrounds, depending on activity. The available knowledge of the adverse effects of noise on health is sufficient to propose guideline values for community noise for the following: a. Annoyance. b. Speech intelligibility and communication interference. c. Disturbance of information extraction. d. Sleep disturbance. e. Hearing impairment. The different critical health effects are relevant to specific environments, and guideline values for community noise are proposed for each environment. These are: a) Dwellings, including bedrooms and outdoor living areas. b) Schools and preschools, including rooms for sleeping and outdoor playgrounds. c) Hospitals, including ward and treatment rooms. d) Industrial, commercial shopping and traffic areas, including public addresses, indoors and outdoors. e) Ceremonies, festivals and entertainment events, indoors and outdoors. f) Music and other sounds through headphones. g) Impulse sounds from toys, fireworks and firearms. h) Outdoors in parkland and conservation areas. It is not enough to characterize the noise environment in terms of noise measures or indices based only on energy summation (e.g. LAeq), because different critical health effects require different descriptions. Therefore, it is important to display the maximum values of the noise fluctuations, preferably combined with a measure of the number of noise events. A separate characterization of noise exposures during night-time would be required. For indoor environments, reverberation time is also an important factor. If the noise includes a large proportion of low frequency components, still lower guideline values should be applied. Supplementary to the guideline values given in Table 4.1, precautionary recommendations are given in Section 4.2 and 4.3 for vulnerable groups, and for noise of a certain character (e.g. low-frequency components, low background noise), respectively. In Section 3.10, information is given regarding which critical effects and specific environments are considered relevant for vulnerable groups, and what precautionary noise protection would be needed in comparison to the general population. Table 4.1: Guideline values for community noise in specific environments. Specific environment Critical health effect(s) 7 LAeq [dB] Time base LAmax , fast

[hours] Outdoor area living Serious annoyance, daytime and evening Moderate annoyance, daytime and evening Speech intelligibility and moderate annoyance, daytime and evening Sleep disturbance, night-time Sleep disturbance, window open (outdoor values) 55 50 16 16

[dB] -

Dwelling, indoors Inside bedrooms Outside bedrooms

35 30

16 8

45

45 35

8 during class

60 -

School class Speech intelligibility, disturbance rooms and pre- of information extraction, message schools, communication indoors Pre-school bedrooms, indoors School, playground outdoor Sleep disturbance

30

sleepingtime during play 8 16

45

Annoyance (external source)

55

Hospital, ward Sleep disturbance, night-time rooms, indoors Sleep disturbance, daytime and evenings Hospitals, treatment rooms, indoors Interference with rest and recovery

30 30 #1

40 -

Hearing impairment Industrial, commercial shopping and traffic areas, indoors and outdoors Ceremonies, Hearing impairment (patrons:<5 festivals and times/year) entertainment events Public Hearing impairment addresses, indoors and outdoors Music through Hearing headphones / value) earphones impairment

70

24

110

100

110

85

110

(free-field 85 #4

110

Impulse sounds Hearing impairment (adults) from toys, Hearing impairment (children) fireworks and firearms Outdoors in Disruption of tranquillity 8

140 #2 120 #2

#3

parkland and conservation areas

#1 as low as possible; #2: peak sound pressure (not LAmax, fast), measured 100 mm from the ear; #3: existing quiet outdoor areas should be preserved and the ratio of intruding noise to natural background sound should be kept low; #4: under headphones, adapted to free-field values

APPENDIX III AIR POLLUTION MODELING FOR YEAR 2036 APPENDIX III.1. MODELING SOFTWARE USED ISC3 (Industrial Source Complex Model) a steady-state Gaussian plume model which can be used to assess pollutant concentrations from a wide variety of sources associated with an industrial complex. This model can account for the following: settling and dry deposition of particles; downwash; point, area, line, open pit, and volume sources; plume rise as a function of downwind distance; separation of point sources; and limited terrain adjustment. ISC3 operates in both long-term and short-term modes. The Complete Equation For Gaussian Dispersion Modeling Of Continuous, Buoyant Air Pollution Plumes shown below:

where: f g1 g2 g3 C = Crosswind dispersion parameter = Vertical dispersion with no reflections = Vertical dispersion for reflection from the ground = Vertical dispersion for reflection from an inversion aloft = Concentration of emissions, in g/m, at any receptor located: x meters downwind from the emission source point y meters crosswind from the emission plume centerline z meters above ground level Q u H z y L = Source pollutant emission rate, in g/s = Horizontal wind velocity along the plume centerline, m/s = Height of emission plume centerline above ground level, in m = Vertical standard deviation of the emission distribution, in m = Horizontal standard deviation of the emission distribution, in m = Height from ground level to bottom of the inversion aloft, in m

So far, ISC3 v. 2000 is the latest version was released in 2000-2001. ISC3 is used by Environmental Protection Agencies in the United States, Australia, China, Japan and European countries. . . and also be used in projects of international organizations, funded by WB, ADB, IFC, JBIC. In Vietnam, ISC3 be used to predict the spread of industrial pollution for the Important Economic Region in South of Vietnam (in 1997 and in 2002) and for Important Economic region in Central of Vietnam (in 2000) and for air pollution prediction of East-West Highway Project (1999, 2002).

10

APPENDIX III.2. INPUT DATA OF ISC3 APPLIED FOR BL-LT EXPRESSWAY Type of source: Line source, line source supported by ISC3 length 50 times width, so the project expressway will be divided into small sections with a length of 2km. Pollution source coordinates: using Long / Lat, UTM, VN-2000

Specifications of pollution sources: air pollutants generated from transport

calculated with load calculations for the forecast traffic volume in 2036 (see table below). Table of forecast traffic volume in 2036 For year 2036 Car Bus Truck Total: IC1- IC2 19,452 2,651 83,890 105,993 IC2- IC3 13,168 6,254 90,195 109,617 IC3- IC4 12,411 4,150 79,857 96,418 IC4- IC5 17,512 2,374 108,364 128,250 IC5- IC6 11,971 2,104 94,929 109,004 IC6- IC7 5,023 1,464 84,075 90,562 IC7 - IC8 1,015 906 46,868 48,789

How to calculate Pollution coefficient applied for ISC3

Pollution coefficient applied for PCU: gr (air pollutant)/1000km issued by US EPA. Load of air pollutants generated in a road section: (Volume of PCU* PCU pollution coefficient /time) x length of road. Pollution coefficient applied for ISC3: gr/s.m2 = (Load of air
pollutants)/time/road area (gr/s.m2)

Selected pollutants: Pollutants calculated for the project include TSP (arising from fuel combustion), NO2 and SO2. Terrain: chosen terrain is plain and the map uses DEM or XYZ format.
Meteorological parameters use meterorological data provided by the Southern Station for Hydro - Meteorology

11

APPENDIX III.3. MODELING RESULTS: Output data will be published on the coordinate system compatible with the coordinate system describes the original source, in the range of up to 1.000 meters above the center-line, the net result is capable up to tens of thousands of points for a calculated section (2km) Results of the calculations are ISC3 data files with distributed pollutants within the calculated concentrations of pollutants in a day. 58 km length of BL-LT was divided into different section (every 2km), calculated and resulted on a data sheet, analyzing data to find the max figures, mapping the distribution of air pollutions. These results will be processed with GIS software to integrate with the population and forest distribution maps to create the distribution maps of the impact caused by the spread of pollution by emissions from the transport of the project to surrounding areas.

12

RESULTS OF PREDICTION Distribution of air pollution concentration in a cross-section of each section (Distance = 0m: at the centerline of BL-LT Expressway)
Distance (m) IC1-2 -300.0 2.404 -298.9 2.416 -297.1 2.435 -296.6 2.441 -296.0 2.447 -295.4 2.454 -294.8 2.461 -293.7 2.474 -293.1 2.481 -292.6 2.488 -292.0 2.495 -291.4 2.501 -290.8 2.508 -290.3 2.515 -289.7 2.522 -289.1 2.529 -288.5 2.536 -288.0 2.543 -287.4 2.55 -286.8 2.557 -286.2 2.564 -285.7 2.57 -285.1 2.577 -284.5 2.584 -284.0 2.591 -283.4 2.598 -282.8 2.605 -282.2 2.612 -281.7 2.62 -281.1 2.627 -280.5 2.634 -279.9 2.641 -279.4 2.648 -278.8 2.655 -278.2 2.662 -277.6 2.669 -277.1 2.676 -276.5 2.684 -275.9 2.691 -275.4 2.699 Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.393 1.211 1.791 2.478 2.003 0.698 -300.0 1.827 1.752 0.878 1.115 1.795 1.59 0.531 -300.0 0.674 0.644 0.323 0.412 0.662 0.587 0.195 2.382 1.203 1.779 2.468 1.991 0.697 -298.9 1.836 1.76 0.884 1.125 1.803 1.599 0.53 -298.9 0.677 0.647 0.325 0.415 0.666 0.59 0.195 2.366 1.19 1.762 2.452 1.974 0.695 -297.1 1.851 1.772 0.892 1.138 1.816 1.612 0.528 -297.1 0.683 0.651 0.329 0.42 0.671 0.595 0.194 2.361 1.186 1.756 2.446 1.968 0.699 -296.6 1.855 1.776 0.895 1.143 1.821 1.616 0.531 -296.6 0.684 0.653 0.33 0.422 0.672 0.597 0.195 2.356 1.181 1.75 2.441 1.962 0.703 -296.0 1.86 1.78 0.898 1.148 1.825 1.621 0.534 -296.0 0.686 0.654 0.331 0.423 0.674 0.598 0.196 -295.4 1.865 1.784 0.901 1.152 1.83 1.625 0.537 -295.4 0.688 0.655 0.332 0.425 0.675 0.6 0.197 2.35 1.177 1.745 2.436 1.956 0.707 2.345 1.173 1.739 2.43 1.95 0.711 -294.8 1.87 1.788 0.904 1.157 1.834 1.63 0.54 -294.8 0.69 0.657 0.333 0.427 0.677 0.602 0.199 2.335 1.165 1.727 2.42 1.938 0.72 -293.7 1.881 1.796 0.909 1.166 1.843 1.639 0.547 -293.7 0.694 0.66 0.335 0.43 0.68 0.605 0.201 2.329 1.16 1.722 2.414 1.932 0.724 -293.1 1.886 1.8 0.912 1.171 1.847 1.643 0.55 -293.1 0.696 0.661 0.336 0.432 0.682 0.607 0.202 2.324 1.156 1.716 2.409 1.926 0.728 -292.6 1.891 1.804 0.915 1.176 1.852 1.648 0.553 -292.6 0.697 0.663 0.337 0.434 0.684 0.608 0.203 2.319 1.152 1.71 2.404 1.921 0.732 -292.0 1.896 1.808 0.918 1.18 1.856 1.652 0.556 -292.0 0.699 0.664 0.338 0.435 0.685 0.61 0.204 2.314 1.148 1.704 2.399 1.915 0.737 -291.4 1.901 1.812 0.921 1.185 1.861 1.657 0.56 -291.4 0.701 0.666 0.339 0.437 0.687 0.612 0.206 2.308 1.143 1.791 2.393 1.909 0.741 -290.8 1.907 1.816 0.923 1.19 1.865 1.661 0.563 -290.8 0.703 0.667 0.34 0.439 0.689 0.613 0.207 2.303 1.211 1.785 2.478 1.903 0.745 -290.3 1.912 1.82 0.926 1.194 1.87 1.666 0.566 -290.3 0.705 0.669 0.341 0.441 0.69 0.615 0.208 2.298 1.207 1.779 2.473 1.897 0.749 -289.7 1.917 1.824 0.929 1.199 1.874 1.67 0.569 -289.7 0.707 0.67 0.342 0.442 0.692 0.617 0.209 2.293 1.203 1.774 2.468 1.891 0.753 -289.1 1.922 1.829 0.932 1.204 1.878 1.675 0.572 -289.1 0.709 0.672 0.343 0.444 0.693 0.618 0.21 -288.5 1.927 1.833 0.935 1.208 1.883 1.679 0.576 -288.5 0.711 0.673 0.344 0.446 0.695 0.62 0.211 2.287 1.198 1.768 2.462 2.003 0.758 2.393 1.194 1.762 2.457 1.997 0.762 -288.0 1.933 1.837 0.938 1.213 1.887 1.684 0.579 -288.0 0.713 0.675 0.345 0.448 0.697 0.622 0.213 2.387 1.19 1.756 2.452 1.991 0.766 -287.4 1.938 1.841 0.941 1.218 1.892 1.688 0.582 -287.4 0.715 0.676 0.346 0.449 0.698 0.623 0.214 2.382 1.186 1.75 2.446 1.985 0.77 -286.8 1.943 1.845 0.943 1.222 1.896 1.693 0.585 -286.8 0.717 0.678 0.347 0.451 0.7 0.625 0.215 2.377 1.181 1.745 2.441 1.979 0.774 -286.2 1.949 1.849 0.946 1.227 1.901 1.697 0.588 -286.2 0.719 0.679 0.348 0.453 0.702 0.626 0.216 2.371 1.177 1.739 2.436 1.974 0.779 -285.7 1.954 1.853 0.949 1.232 1.905 1.702 0.592 -285.7 0.721 0.681 0.349 0.455 0.703 0.628 0.217 2.366 1.173 1.733 2.43 1.968 0.783 -285.1 1.959 1.857 0.952 1.237 1.91 1.706 0.595 -285.1 0.723 0.682 0.351 0.456 0.705 0.63 0.219 2.361 1.169 1.727 2.425 1.962 0.788 -284.5 1.964 1.861 0.955 1.241 1.914 1.711 0.598 -284.5 0.725 0.684 0.352 0.458 0.707 0.631 0.22 2.356 1.165 1.722 2.42 1.956 0.792 -284.0 1.97 1.865 0.958 1.246 1.919 1.715 0.602 -284.0 0.726 0.685 0.353 0.46 0.708 0.633 0.221 2.35 1.16 1.716 2.414 1.95 0.797 -283.4 1.975 1.869 0.961 1.251 1.923 1.72 0.605 -283.4 0.728 0.687 0.354 0.462 0.71 0.635 0.222 2.345 1.156 1.71 2.409 1.944 0.801 -282.8 1.98 1.875 0.964 1.256 1.928 1.724 0.609 -282.8 0.73 0.689 0.355 0.463 0.712 0.636 0.224 2.34 1.152 1.704 2.404 1.938 0.806 -282.2 1.986 1.883 0.966 1.26 1.932 1.729 0.612 -282.2 0.732 0.692 0.356 0.465 0.713 0.638 0.225 2.335 1.148 1.791 2.399 1.932 0.81 -281.7 1.991 1.891 0.97 1.265 1.937 1.733 0.616 -281.7 0.734 0.695 0.357 0.467 0.715 0.64 0.226 2.329 1.143 1.785 2.393 1.926 0.815 -281.1 1.997 1.898 0.976 1.27 1.941 1.738 0.619 -281.1 0.736 0.698 0.359 0.469 0.717 0.641 0.228 2.324 1.211 1.779 2.478 1.921 0.82 -280.5 2.002 1.906 0.981 1.275 1.946 1.742 0.623 -280.5 0.738 0.7 0.361 0.47 0.718 0.643 0.229 2.319 1.207 1.774 2.473 1.915 0.824 -279.9 2.007 1.914 0.986 1.279 1.95 1.747 0.626 -279.9 0.74 0.703 0.363 0.472 0.72 0.645 0.23 2.314 1.203 1.768 2.468 1.909 0.829 -279.4 2.013 1.922 0.992 1.284 1.955 1.751 0.63 -279.4 0.742 0.706 0.365 0.474 0.722 0.646 0.231 -278.8 2.018 1.93 0.997 1.289 1.959 1.756 0.633 -278.8 0.744 0.709 0.367 0.476 0.723 0.648 0.233 2.308 1.198 1.762 2.462 1.903 0.833 2.303 1.194 1.756 2.457 1.897 0.838 -278.2 2.023 1.937 1.003 1.294 1.964 1.76 0.637 -278.2 0.746 0.712 0.369 0.477 0.725 0.65 0.234 2.298 1.19 1.75 2.452 1.891 0.843 -277.6 2.029 1.945 1.008 1.299 1.968 1.765 0.64 -277.6 0.748 0.715 0.371 0.479 0.727 0.652 0.235 2.293 1.186 1.745 2.446 2.003 0.847 -277.1 2.034 1.953 1.013 1.303 1.973 1.769 0.644 -277.1 0.75 0.718 0.373 0.481 0.728 0.653 0.236 2.287 1.181 1.739 2.441 1.997 0.852 -276.5 2.04 1.961 1.019 1.308 1.977 1.774 0.647 -276.5 0.752 0.72 0.375 0.483 0.73 0.655 0.238 2.393 1.177 1.733 2.436 1.991 0.856 -275.9 2.046 1.969 1.024 1.313 1.982 1.779 0.651 -275.9 0.755 0.723 0.377 0.485 0.732 0.657 0.239 2.387 1.173 1.727 2.43 1.985 0.861 -275.4 2.052 1.976 1.03 1.318 1.986 1.783 0.654 -275.4 0.757 0.726 0.379 0.486 0.733 0.658 0.24

13

Distance (m) IC1-2 -274.8 2.707 -274.2 2.714 -273.6 2.722 -273.1 2.73 -272.5 2.738 -271.9 2.745 -271.3 2.753 -270.8 2.761 -270.2 2.769 -269.1 2.784 -268.5 2.792 -267.9 2.8 -267.3 2.808 -266.8 2.816 -266.2 2.824 -265.6 2.832 -265.0 2.84 -264.5 2.848 -263.9 2.855 -263.3 2.863 -262.7 2.871 -262.2 2.88 -261.6 2.888 -261.0 2.896 -260.5 2.904 -259.9 2.912 -259.3 2.92 -258.7 2.928 -258.2 2.936 -257.6 2.944 -257.0 2.952 -256.4 2.961 -255.9 2.969 -255.3 2.977 -254.7 2.985 -254.1 2.994 -253.6 3.002 -253.0 3.011 -252.4 3.02 -251.9 3.029 -251.3 3.038 -250.7 3.048 -250.1 3.057 -249.6 3.066 -249.0 3.075 -248.4 3.085 -247.8 3.094

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.382 1.169 1.722 2.425 1.979 0.866 -274.8 2.057 1.984 1.035 1.323 1.991 1.788 0.658 -274.8 0.759 0.729 0.381 0.488 0.735 0.66 0.242 2.377 1.165 1.716 2.42 1.974 0.87 -274.2 2.063 1.992 1.041 1.328 1.996 1.792 0.661 -274.2 0.761 0.732 0.383 0.49 0.737 0.662 0.243 2.371 1.16 1.71 2.414 1.968 0.875 -273.6 2.069 2 1.046 1.332 2 1.797 0.665 -273.6 0.763 0.735 0.385 0.492 0.738 0.663 0.244 2.366 1.156 1.704 2.409 1.962 0.88 -273.1 2.075 2.008 1.052 1.337 2.005 1.801 0.668 -273.1 0.765 0.738 0.387 0.493 0.74 0.665 0.246 2.361 1.152 1.791 2.404 1.956 0.885 -272.5 2.081 2.015 1.057 1.342 2.009 1.806 0.672 -272.5 0.767 0.741 0.389 0.495 0.742 0.667 0.247 0.89 -271.9 2.087 2.023 1.063 1.347 2.014 1.81 0.676 -271.9 0.77 0.743 0.391 0.497 0.743 0.668 0.248 2.356 1.148 1.785 2.399 1.95 2.35 1.143 1.779 2.393 1.944 0.895 -271.3 2.093 2.031 1.068 1.352 2.018 1.815 0.68 -271.3 0.772 0.746 0.393 0.499 0.745 0.67 0.25 2.345 1.211 1.774 2.478 1.938 0.9 -270.8 2.099 2.039 1.074 1.357 2.023 1.819 0.684 -270.8 0.774 0.749 0.395 0.501 0.747 0.672 0.251 2.34 1.207 1.768 2.473 1.932 0.905 -270.2 2.104 2.047 1.079 1.362 2.028 1.824 0.688 -270.2 0.776 0.752 0.397 0.502 0.748 0.673 0.253 2.329 1.198 1.756 2.462 1.921 0.915 -269.1 2.116 2.063 1.09 1.371 2.037 1.835 0.696 -269.1 0.781 0.758 0.401 0.506 0.752 0.677 0.256 2.324 1.194 1.75 2.457 1.915 0.921 -268.5 2.122 2.071 1.096 1.376 2.041 1.842 0.699 -268.5 0.783 0.761 0.404 0.508 0.754 0.68 0.257 2.319 1.19 1.745 2.452 1.909 0.926 -267.9 2.128 2.078 1.101 1.381 2.046 1.849 0.703 -267.9 0.785 0.764 0.406 0.51 0.755 0.683 0.258 2.314 1.186 1.739 2.446 1.903 0.931 -267.3 2.134 2.086 1.107 1.386 2.051 1.856 0.707 -267.3 0.787 0.767 0.408 0.512 0.757 0.685 0.26 2.308 1.181 1.733 2.441 1.897 0.936 -266.8 2.14 2.094 1.113 1.391 2.055 1.864 0.711 -266.8 0.789 0.769 0.41 0.513 0.759 0.688 0.261 2.303 1.177 1.727 2.436 1.891 0.941 -266.2 2.146 2.102 1.118 1.396 2.06 1.871 0.715 -266.2 0.792 0.772 0.412 0.515 0.76 0.691 0.263 2.298 1.173 1.722 2.43 2.003 0.946 -265.6 2.152 2.11 1.124 1.401 2.064 1.878 0.719 -265.6 0.794 0.775 0.414 0.517 0.762 0.693 0.264 -265.0 2.158 2.118 1.129 1.406 2.069 1.885 0.723 -265.0 0.796 0.778 0.416 0.519 0.764 0.696 0.266 2.293 1.169 1.716 2.425 1.997 0.951 2.287 1.165 1.71 2.42 1.991 0.956 -264.5 2.164 2.126 1.135 1.411 2.074 1.892 0.727 -264.5 0.798 0.781 0.418 0.521 0.765 0.699 0.267 2.393 1.16 1.704 2.414 1.985 0.962 -263.9 2.171 2.134 1.141 1.416 2.078 1.9 0.731 -263.9 0.801 0.784 0.42 0.522 0.767 0.701 0.268 2.387 1.156 1.791 2.409 1.979 0.967 -263.3 2.177 2.142 1.146 1.421 2.083 1.907 0.734 -263.3 0.803 0.787 0.422 0.524 0.769 0.704 0.27 2.382 1.152 1.785 2.404 1.974 0.972 -262.7 2.183 2.15 1.152 1.426 2.087 1.914 0.738 -262.7 0.805 0.79 0.424 0.526 0.771 0.707 0.271 2.377 1.148 1.779 2.399 1.968 0.977 -262.2 2.189 2.158 1.157 1.431 2.092 1.921 0.742 -262.2 0.807 0.793 0.426 0.528 0.772 0.709 0.273 2.371 1.143 1.774 2.393 1.962 0.982 -261.6 2.195 2.166 1.163 1.436 2.097 1.928 0.746 -261.6 0.81 0.796 0.428 0.53 0.774 0.712 0.274 2.366 1.211 1.768 2.478 1.956 0.988 -261.0 2.201 2.174 1.169 1.441 2.101 1.936 0.75 -261.0 0.812 0.799 0.43 0.532 0.776 0.714 0.276 2.361 1.207 1.762 2.473 1.95 0.993 -260.5 2.207 2.182 1.174 1.446 2.106 1.943 0.755 -260.5 0.814 0.802 0.432 0.533 0.777 0.717 0.277 2.356 1.203 1.756 2.468 1.944 0.999 -259.9 2.213 2.19 1.18 1.451 2.111 1.95 0.759 -259.9 0.816 0.805 0.434 0.535 0.779 0.72 0.279 2.35 1.198 1.75 2.462 1.938 1.005 -259.3 2.219 2.198 1.186 1.456 2.115 1.957 0.763 -259.3 0.819 0.807 0.437 0.537 0.781 0.723 0.28 2.345 1.194 1.745 2.457 1.932 1.011 -258.7 2.226 2.206 1.191 1.461 2.12 1.964 0.768 -258.7 0.821 0.81 0.439 0.539 0.783 0.725 0.282 2.34 1.19 1.739 2.452 1.926 1.016 -258.2 2.232 2.214 1.197 1.466 2.125 1.972 0.772 -258.2 0.823 0.813 0.441 0.541 0.784 0.728 0.284 2.335 1.186 1.733 2.446 1.921 1.022 -257.6 2.238 2.222 1.203 1.471 2.132 1.979 0.777 -257.6 0.825 0.816 0.443 0.543 0.787 0.731 0.285 2.329 1.181 1.727 2.441 1.915 1.028 -257.0 2.244 2.23 1.208 1.476 2.143 1.986 0.781 -257.0 0.828 0.819 0.445 0.545 0.791 0.733 0.287 2.324 1.177 1.722 2.436 1.909 1.034 -256.4 2.25 2.238 1.214 1.481 2.153 1.993 0.785 -256.4 0.83 0.822 0.447 0.546 0.795 0.736 0.289 2.319 1.173 1.716 2.43 1.903 1.039 -255.9 2.257 2.246 1.22 1.486 2.163 2.001 0.79 -255.9 0.832 0.825 0.449 0.548 0.798 0.739 0.29 -255.3 2.263 2.254 1.226 1.491 2.173 2.008 0.794 -255.3 0.835 0.828 0.451 0.55 0.802 0.741 0.292 2.314 1.169 1.71 2.425 1.897 1.045 2.308 1.165 1.704 2.42 1.891 1.051 -254.7 2.269 2.262 1.231 1.496 2.183 2.015 0.798 -254.7 0.837 0.831 0.453 0.552 0.806 0.744 0.293 2.303 1.16 1.791 2.414 2.003 1.057 -254.1 2.275 2.27 1.237 1.501 2.193 2.023 0.803 -254.1 0.839 0.834 0.455 0.554 0.81 0.747 0.295 2.298 1.156 1.785 2.409 1.997 1.062 -253.6 2.282 2.278 1.243 1.506 2.204 2.03 0.807 -253.6 0.842 0.837 0.458 0.556 0.814 0.749 0.297 2.293 1.152 1.779 2.404 1.991 1.068 -253.0 2.289 2.286 1.249 1.511 2.214 2.037 0.811 -253.0 0.844 0.84 0.46 0.558 0.817 0.752 0.298 0.3 2.287 1.148 1.774 2.399 1.985 1.074 -252.4 2.296 2.294 1.254 1.516 2.224 2.044 0.816 -252.4 0.847 0.843 0.462 0.559 0.821 0.755 2.393 1.143 1.768 2.393 1.979 1.08 -251.9 2.303 2.302 1.26 1.521 2.235 2.052 0.82 -251.9 0.849 0.846 0.464 0.561 0.825 0.757 0.301 2.387 1.211 1.762 2.478 1.974 1.085 -251.3 2.31 2.31 1.266 1.527 2.245 2.059 0.825 -251.3 0.852 0.849 0.466 0.563 0.829 0.76 0.303 2.382 1.207 1.756 2.473 1.968 1.091 -250.7 2.317 2.318 1.272 1.538 2.255 2.066 0.829 -250.7 0.854 0.852 0.468 0.568 0.832 0.763 0.305 2.377 1.203 1.75 2.468 1.962 1.097 -250.1 2.324 2.326 1.277 1.549 2.265 2.073 0.833 -250.1 0.857 0.855 0.47 0.572 0.836 0.765 0.306 2.371 1.198 1.745 2.462 1.956 1.103 -249.6 2.331 2.334 1.283 1.56 2.276 2.081 0.838 -249.6 0.86 0.858 0.472 0.576 0.84 0.768 0.308 -249.0 2.338 2.343 1.289 1.571 2.286 2.088 0.843 -249.0 0.862 0.861 0.475 0.58 0.844 0.771 0.31 2.366 1.194 1.739 2.457 1.95 1.109 2.361 1.19 1.733 2.452 1.944 1.115 -248.4 2.345 2.351 1.295 1.582 2.297 2.095 0.847 -248.4 0.865 0.864 0.477 0.584 0.848 0.773 0.311 2.356 1.186 1.727 2.446 1.938 1.122 -247.8 2.352 2.359 1.301 1.593 2.307 2.103 0.852 -247.8 0.867 0.867 0.479 0.588 0.852 0.776 0.313

14

Distance (m) IC1-2 -247.3 3.103 -246.7 3.113 -246.1 3.122 -245.5 3.132 -245.0 3.141 -244.4 3.151 -243.8 3.16 -243.3 3.17 -242.7 3.179 -242.1 3.189 -241.5 3.198 -241.0 3.208 -240.4 3.218 -239.8 3.227 -239.2 3.237 -238.7 3.247 -238.1 3.257 -237.5 3.266 -236.9 3.276 -236.4 3.286 -235.8 3.296 -235.2 3.306 -234.7 3.316 -234.1 3.325 -233.5 3.335 -232.9 3.346 -232.4 3.357 -231.8 3.368 -231.2 3.38 -230.6 3.391 -230.1 3.402 -229.5 3.413 -228.9 3.424 -228.3 3.435 -227.8 3.447 -227.2 3.458 -226.6 3.469 -226.1 3.481 -225.5 3.492 -224.9 3.504 -224.3 3.515 -223.8 3.526 -223.2 3.538 -222.6 3.55 -222.0 3.561 -221.5 3.573 -220.9 3.585

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.35 1.181 1.722 2.441 1.932 1.128 -247.3 2.359 2.367 1.306 1.605 2.317 2.11 0.857 -247.3 0.87 0.87 0.481 0.592 0.855 0.779 0.315 2.345 1.177 1.716 2.436 1.926 1.134 -246.7 2.366 2.375 1.312 1.616 2.328 2.117 0.862 -246.7 0.873 0.873 0.483 0.596 0.859 0.782 0.317 2.34 1.173 1.71 2.43 1.921 1.141 -246.1 2.373 2.383 1.318 1.627 2.338 2.125 0.867 -246.1 0.875 0.876 0.485 0.6 0.863 0.784 0.318 2.335 1.169 1.704 2.425 1.915 1.147 -245.5 2.38 2.391 1.324 1.638 2.349 2.132 0.872 -245.5 0.878 0.879 0.487 0.604 0.867 0.787 0.32 2.329 1.165 1.791 2.42 1.909 1.154 -245.0 2.388 2.399 1.33 1.649 2.359 2.139 0.876 -245.0 0.881 0.882 0.49 0.609 0.871 0.79 0.322 1.16 -244.4 2.395 2.408 1.336 1.66 2.37 2.147 0.881 -244.4 0.883 0.885 0.492 0.613 0.875 0.792 0.324 2.324 1.16 1.785 2.414 1.903 2.319 1.156 1.779 2.409 1.897 1.166 -243.8 2.402 2.416 1.341 1.672 2.38 2.154 0.886 -243.8 0.886 0.888 0.494 0.617 0.879 0.795 0.326 2.314 1.152 1.774 2.404 1.891 1.173 -243.3 2.409 2.424 1.347 1.683 2.391 2.161 0.891 -243.3 0.889 0.891 0.496 0.621 0.883 0.798 0.327 2.308 1.148 1.768 2.399 2.003 1.179 -242.7 2.417 2.432 1.353 1.694 2.401 2.169 0.896 -242.7 0.891 0.894 0.498 0.625 0.886 0.801 0.329 2.303 1.143 1.762 2.393 1.997 1.186 -242.1 2.424 2.44 1.359 1.705 2.412 2.176 0.901 -242.1 0.894 0.897 0.5 0.629 0.89 0.803 0.331 2.298 1.211 1.756 2.478 1.991 1.192 -241.5 2.431 2.448 1.365 1.717 2.422 2.183 0.906 -241.5 0.897 0.9 0.503 0.633 0.894 0.806 0.333 2.293 1.207 1.75 2.473 1.985 1.198 -241.0 2.438 2.457 1.371 1.728 2.433 2.191 0.91 -241.0 0.899 0.903 0.505 0.638 0.898 0.809 0.334 2.287 1.203 1.745 2.468 1.979 1.205 -240.4 2.446 2.465 1.377 1.739 2.444 2.198 0.915 -240.4 0.902 0.906 0.507 0.642 0.902 0.811 0.336 2.393 1.198 1.739 2.462 1.974 1.211 -239.8 2.453 2.473 1.383 1.75 2.454 2.205 0.92 -239.8 0.905 0.909 0.509 0.646 0.906 0.814 0.338 2.387 1.194 1.733 2.457 1.968 1.217 -239.2 2.461 2.481 1.389 1.762 2.465 2.213 0.925 -239.2 0.907 0.912 0.511 0.65 0.91 0.817 0.34 2.382 1.19 1.727 2.452 1.962 1.224 -238.7 2.468 2.489 1.395 1.773 2.475 2.22 0.93 -238.7 0.91 0.915 0.514 0.654 0.914 0.82 0.342 1.23 -238.1 2.475 2.498 1.401 1.784 2.486 2.228 0.935 -238.1 0.913 0.918 0.516 0.658 0.918 0.822 0.343 2.377 1.186 1.722 2.446 1.956 2.371 1.181 1.716 2.441 1.95 1.237 -237.5 2.483 2.506 1.406 1.796 2.497 2.235 0.94 -237.5 0.916 0.921 0.518 0.663 0.922 0.825 0.345 2.366 1.177 1.71 2.436 1.944 1.244 -236.9 2.49 2.514 1.412 1.807 2.508 2.242 0.945 -236.9 0.918 0.924 0.52 0.667 0.926 0.828 0.347 2.361 1.173 1.704 2.43 1.938 1.251 -236.4 2.498 2.522 1.418 1.819 2.518 2.25 0.951 -236.4 0.921 0.927 0.522 0.671 0.93 0.83 0.349 2.356 1.169 1.791 2.425 1.932 1.258 -235.8 2.505 2.531 1.424 1.83 2.529 2.257 0.956 -235.8 0.924 0.93 0.524 0.675 0.934 0.833 0.351 2.35 1.165 1.785 2.42 1.926 1.266 -235.2 2.513 2.539 1.43 1.841 2.54 2.264 0.961 -235.2 0.927 0.933 0.527 0.679 0.938 0.836 0.353 2.345 1.16 1.779 2.414 1.921 1.273 -234.7 2.52 2.547 1.436 1.853 2.551 2.272 0.967 -234.7 0.929 0.936 0.529 0.684 0.942 0.839 0.355 2.34 1.156 1.774 2.409 1.915 1.28 -234.1 2.528 2.555 1.442 1.864 2.561 2.279 0.972 -234.1 0.932 0.939 0.531 0.688 0.946 0.841 0.357 2.335 1.152 1.768 2.404 1.909 1.287 -233.5 2.535 2.564 1.448 1.876 2.572 2.287 0.978 -233.5 0.935 0.942 0.533 0.692 0.949 0.844 0.359 2.329 1.148 1.762 2.399 1.903 1.294 -232.9 2.544 2.572 1.454 1.887 2.583 2.294 0.983 -232.9 0.938 0.945 0.536 0.696 0.953 0.847 0.361 2.324 1.143 1.756 2.393 1.897 1.301 -232.4 2.552 2.58 1.46 1.899 2.594 2.301 0.989 -232.4 0.941 0.948 0.538 0.701 0.957 0.85 0.363 2.319 1.211 1.75 2.478 1.891 1.309 -231.8 2.56 2.589 1.466 1.91 2.605 2.309 0.994 -231.8 0.944 0.951 0.54 0.705 0.961 0.852 0.365 2.314 1.207 1.745 2.473 2.003 1.316 -231.2 2.569 2.597 1.472 1.922 2.615 2.316 1 -231.2 0.947 0.954 0.542 0.709 0.966 0.855 0.367 2.308 1.203 1.739 2.468 1.997 1.323 -230.6 2.577 2.605 1.478 1.934 2.626 2.324 1.005 -230.6 0.951 0.957 0.544 0.713 0.97 0.858 0.369 2.303 1.198 1.733 2.462 1.991 1.33 -230.1 2.586 2.613 1.484 1.945 2.637 2.331 1.011 -230.1 0.954 0.96 0.547 0.718 0.974 0.861 0.371 2.298 1.194 1.727 2.457 1.985 1.337 -229.5 2.594 2.622 1.491 1.957 2.648 2.339 1.016 -229.5 0.957 0.963 0.549 0.722 0.978 0.863 0.373 2.293 1.19 1.722 2.452 1.979 1.344 -228.9 2.603 2.63 1.497 1.969 2.659 2.346 1.021 -228.9 0.96 0.966 0.551 0.727 0.982 0.866 0.375 -228.3 2.611 2.638 1.503 1.981 2.67 2.353 1.027 -228.3 0.963 0.969 0.553 0.731 0.986 0.869 0.377 2.287 1.186 1.716 2.446 1.974 1.352 2.393 1.181 1.71 2.441 1.968 1.359 -227.8 2.62 2.647 1.509 1.993 2.681 2.361 1.032 -227.8 0.966 0.972 0.556 0.736 0.99 0.871 0.379 2.387 1.177 1.704 2.436 1.962 1.366 -227.2 2.628 2.655 1.515 2.005 2.692 2.368 1.038 -227.2 0.969 0.976 0.558 0.74 0.994 0.874 0.381 2.382 1.173 1.791 2.43 1.956 1.373 -226.6 2.637 2.663 1.521 2.017 2.703 2.376 1.043 -226.6 0.973 0.979 0.56 0.744 0.998 0.877 0.383 2.377 1.169 1.785 2.425 1.95 1.38 -226.1 2.646 2.672 1.527 2.03 2.714 2.383 1.049 -226.1 0.976 0.982 0.562 0.749 1.002 0.88 0.385 2.371 1.165 1.779 2.42 1.944 1.388 -225.5 2.654 2.68 1.533 2.042 2.725 2.391 1.054 -225.5 0.979 0.985 0.564 0.753 1.006 0.882 0.387 2.366 1.16 1.774 2.414 1.938 1.396 -224.9 2.663 2.689 1.539 2.054 2.736 2.398 1.061 -224.9 0.982 0.988 0.567 0.758 1.01 0.885 0.39 2.361 1.156 1.768 2.409 1.932 1.404 -224.3 2.672 2.697 1.545 2.066 2.747 2.406 1.067 -224.3 0.985 0.991 0.569 0.762 1.014 0.888 0.392 2.356 1.152 1.762 2.404 1.926 1.412 -223.8 2.681 2.705 1.551 2.078 2.758 2.413 1.073 -223.8 0.989 0.994 0.571 0.767 1.018 0.891 0.394 2.35 1.148 1.756 2.399 1.921 1.42 -223.2 2.689 2.714 1.558 2.09 2.769 2.421 1.079 -223.2 0.992 0.997 0.574 0.771 1.022 0.894 0.396 2.345 1.143 1.75 2.393 1.915 1.428 -222.6 2.698 2.722 1.564 2.102 2.78 2.428 1.085 -222.6 0.995 1 0.576 0.776 1.026 0.896 0.399 -222.0 2.707 2.73 1.57 2.115 2.792 2.435 1.091 -222.0 0.998 1.003 0.578 0.78 1.031 0.899 0.401 2.34 1.211 1.745 2.478 1.909 1.436 2.335 1.207 1.739 2.473 1.903 1.444 -221.5 2.716 2.739 1.576 2.127 2.803 2.443 1.097 -221.5 1.002 1.006 0.58 0.785 1.035 0.902 0.403 2.329 1.203 1.733 2.468 1.897 1.452 -220.9 2.725 2.747 1.582 2.139 2.814 2.45 1.103 -220.9 1.005 1.009 0.583 0.789 1.039 0.905 0.405

15

Distance (m) IC1-2 -220.3 3.596 -219.8 3.608 -219.2 3.62 -218.6 3.632 -218.0 3.643 -217.5 3.655 -216.9 3.667 -216.3 3.679 -215.7 3.691 -215.2 3.703 -214.6 3.715 -214.0 3.727 -213.4 3.739 -212.9 3.752 -212.3 3.764 -211.7 3.776 -211.2 3.789 -210.6 3.803 -210.0 3.817 -209.4 3.831 -208.9 3.845 -208.3 3.86 -207.7 3.874 -207.1 3.888 -206.6 3.902 -206.0 3.917 -205.4 3.931 -204.8 3.946 -204.3 3.96 -203.7 3.975 -203.1 3.989 -202.6 4.004 -202.0 4.019 -201.4 4.033 -200.8 4.048 -200.3 4.063 -199.7 4.078 -199.1 4.093 -198.5 4.108 -198.0 4.123 -197.4 4.138 -196.8 4.153 -196.2 4.169 -195.7 4.184 -195.1 4.199 -194.5 4.214 -194.0 4.23

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.324 1.198 1.727 2.462 1.891 1.46 -220.3 2.734 2.756 1.588 2.151 2.825 2.458 1.109 -220.3 1.008 1.012 0.585 0.794 1.043 0.907 0.407 2.319 1.194 1.722 2.457 2.003 1.468 -219.8 2.742 2.764 1.595 2.164 2.836 2.465 1.115 -219.8 1.011 1.016 0.587 0.798 1.047 0.91 0.41 2.314 1.19 1.716 2.452 1.997 1.476 -219.2 2.751 2.773 1.601 2.176 2.847 2.473 1.121 -219.2 1.015 1.019 0.589 0.803 1.051 0.913 0.412 2.308 1.186 1.71 2.446 1.991 1.484 -218.6 2.76 2.781 1.607 2.188 2.859 2.48 1.127 -218.6 1.018 1.022 0.592 0.807 1.055 0.916 0.414 2.303 1.181 1.704 2.441 1.985 1.492 -218.0 2.769 2.789 1.613 2.201 2.87 2.488 1.133 -218.0 1.021 1.025 0.594 0.812 1.059 0.918 0.416 1.5 -217.5 2.778 2.798 1.619 2.213 2.881 2.495 1.139 -217.5 1.025 1.028 0.596 0.817 1.064 0.921 0.419 2.298 1.177 1.791 2.436 1.979 2.293 1.173 1.785 2.43 1.974 1.508 -216.9 2.788 2.806 1.626 2.225 2.892 2.503 1.145 -216.9 1.028 1.031 0.599 0.821 1.068 0.924 0.421 2.287 1.169 1.779 2.425 1.968 1.516 -216.3 2.797 2.815 1.632 2.238 2.904 2.51 1.151 -216.3 1.031 1.034 0.601 0.826 1.072 0.927 0.423 2.393 1.165 1.774 2.42 1.962 1.523 -215.7 2.806 2.823 1.638 2.25 2.915 2.518 1.157 -215.7 1.035 1.037 0.603 0.83 1.076 0.929 0.425 2.387 1.16 1.768 2.414 1.956 1.531 -215.2 2.815 2.832 1.644 2.263 2.926 2.525 1.163 -215.2 1.038 1.04 0.605 0.835 1.08 0.932 0.427 2.382 1.156 1.762 2.409 1.95 1.539 -214.6 2.824 2.84 1.65 2.275 2.938 2.533 1.17 -214.6 1.042 1.044 0.608 0.84 1.084 0.935 0.43 2.377 1.152 1.756 2.404 1.944 1.547 -214.0 2.833 2.849 1.657 2.288 2.949 2.541 1.176 -214.0 1.045 1.047 0.61 0.844 1.089 0.938 0.432 2.371 1.148 1.75 2.399 1.938 1.556 -213.4 2.842 2.857 1.663 2.3 2.96 2.548 1.182 -213.4 1.048 1.05 0.612 0.849 1.093 0.941 0.434 2.366 1.143 1.745 2.393 1.932 1.565 -212.9 2.852 2.866 1.669 2.313 2.972 2.556 1.189 -212.9 1.052 1.053 0.615 0.853 1.097 0.943 0.437 2.361 1.211 1.739 2.478 1.926 1.574 -212.3 2.861 2.874 1.675 2.325 2.983 2.563 1.196 -212.3 1.055 1.056 0.617 0.858 1.101 0.946 0.439 2.356 1.207 1.733 2.473 1.921 1.583 -211.7 2.87 2.883 1.682 2.338 2.995 2.571 1.202 -211.7 1.059 1.059 0.619 0.863 1.105 0.949 0.442 -211.2 2.88 2.891 1.688 2.351 3.006 2.578 1.209 -211.2 1.062 1.062 0.622 0.867 1.11 0.952 0.444 2.35 1.203 1.727 2.468 1.915 1.592 2.345 1.198 1.722 2.462 1.909 1.601 -210.6 2.891 2.9 1.694 2.363 3.017 2.586 1.216 -210.6 1.066 1.065 0.624 0.872 1.114 0.955 0.447 2.34 1.194 1.716 2.457 1.903 1.609 -210.0 2.902 2.908 1.701 2.376 3.029 2.593 1.223 -210.0 1.07 1.069 0.626 0.877 1.118 0.957 0.449 2.335 1.19 1.71 2.452 1.897 1.618 -209.4 2.912 2.917 1.707 2.389 3.04 2.601 1.229 -209.4 1.074 1.072 0.629 0.881 1.122 0.96 0.452 2.329 1.186 1.704 2.446 1.891 1.627 -208.9 2.923 2.925 1.713 2.401 3.052 2.608 1.236 -208.9 1.078 1.075 0.631 0.886 1.127 0.963 0.454 2.324 1.181 1.791 2.441 2.003 1.636 -208.3 2.934 2.934 1.72 2.414 3.063 2.616 1.243 -208.3 1.082 1.078 0.633 0.891 1.131 0.966 0.457 2.319 1.177 1.785 2.436 1.997 1.645 -207.7 2.945 2.942 1.726 2.427 3.075 2.624 1.25 -207.7 1.086 1.081 0.636 0.895 1.135 0.968 0.459 2.314 1.173 1.779 2.43 1.991 1.654 -207.1 2.955 2.951 1.732 2.439 3.087 2.631 1.256 -207.1 1.09 1.084 0.638 0.9 1.139 0.971 0.462 2.308 1.169 1.774 2.425 1.985 1.663 -206.6 2.966 2.96 1.739 2.452 3.098 2.639 1.263 -206.6 1.094 1.087 0.64 0.905 1.144 0.974 0.464 2.303 1.165 1.768 2.42 1.979 1.672 -206.0 2.977 2.968 1.745 2.465 3.11 2.646 1.27 -206.0 1.098 1.091 0.643 0.91 1.148 0.977 0.467 2.298 1.16 1.762 2.414 1.974 1.681 -205.4 2.988 2.977 1.751 2.478 3.121 2.654 1.277 -205.4 1.102 1.094 0.645 0.914 1.152 0.98 0.469 2.293 1.156 1.756 2.409 1.968 1.689 -204.8 2.999 2.985 1.758 2.491 3.133 2.662 1.284 -204.8 1.106 1.097 0.647 0.919 1.157 0.982 0.472 2.287 1.152 1.75 2.404 1.962 1.698 -204.3 3.01 2.994 1.764 2.504 3.144 2.669 1.29 -204.3 1.11 1.1 0.65 0.924 1.161 0.985 0.474 2.393 1.148 1.745 2.399 1.956 1.707 -203.7 3.021 3.002 1.77 2.516 3.156 2.677 1.297 -203.7 1.114 1.103 0.652 0.929 1.165 0.988 0.477 2.387 1.143 1.739 2.393 1.95 1.716 -203.1 3.032 3.011 1.777 2.529 3.168 2.684 1.304 -203.1 1.118 1.106 0.654 0.933 1.169 0.991 0.479 2.382 1.211 1.733 2.478 1.944 1.725 -202.6 3.044 3.02 1.783 2.542 3.179 2.692 1.311 -202.6 1.123 1.109 0.657 0.938 1.174 0.994 0.482 2.377 1.207 1.727 2.473 1.938 1.734 -202.0 3.055 3.028 1.79 2.555 3.191 2.7 1.317 -202.0 1.127 1.113 0.659 0.943 1.178 0.997 0.484 -201.4 3.066 3.037 1.796 2.568 3.203 2.707 1.325 -201.4 1.131 1.116 0.661 0.948 1.182 0.999 0.487 2.371 1.203 1.722 2.468 1.932 1.744 2.366 1.198 1.716 2.462 1.926 1.754 -200.8 3.077 3.046 1.802 2.581 3.215 2.715 1.333 -200.8 1.135 1.119 0.664 0.952 1.187 1.002 0.49 2.361 1.194 1.71 2.457 1.921 1.764 -200.3 3.088 3.054 1.809 2.594 3.226 2.722 1.34 -200.3 1.139 1.122 0.666 0.957 1.191 1.005 0.492 2.356 1.19 1.704 2.452 1.915 1.774 -199.7 3.1 3.063 1.815 2.607 3.238 2.73 1.348 -199.7 1.143 1.125 0.668 0.962 1.195 1.008 0.495 2.35 1.186 1.791 2.446 1.909 1.785 -199.1 3.111 3.071 1.822 2.62 3.25 2.738 1.356 -199.1 1.147 1.128 0.671 0.967 1.2 1.011 0.498 2.345 1.181 1.785 2.441 1.903 1.795 -198.5 3.123 3.08 1.828 2.633 3.262 2.745 1.363 -198.5 1.152 1.132 0.673 0.972 1.204 1.013 0.501 2.34 1.177 1.779 2.436 1.897 1.805 -198.0 3.134 3.089 1.835 2.646 3.273 2.753 1.371 -198.0 1.156 1.135 0.676 0.977 1.208 1.016 0.504 2.335 1.173 1.774 2.43 1.891 1.815 -197.4 3.145 3.097 1.841 2.66 3.285 2.767 1.379 -197.4 1.16 1.138 0.678 0.981 1.213 1.021 0.507 2.329 1.169 1.768 2.425 2.003 1.825 -196.8 3.157 3.106 1.848 2.673 3.297 2.782 1.386 -196.8 1.164 1.141 0.68 0.986 1.217 1.027 0.509 2.324 1.165 1.762 2.42 1.997 1.835 -196.2 3.169 3.115 1.854 2.686 3.309 2.798 1.394 -196.2 1.169 1.144 0.683 0.991 1.222 1.033 0.512 2.319 1.16 1.756 2.414 1.991 1.845 -195.7 3.18 3.123 1.861 2.699 3.321 2.813 1.402 -195.7 1.173 1.148 0.685 0.996 1.226 1.038 0.515 -195.1 3.192 3.132 1.867 2.712 3.333 2.829 1.409 -195.1 1.177 1.151 0.687 1.001 1.23 1.044 0.518 2.314 1.156 1.75 2.409 1.985 1.855 2.308 1.152 1.745 2.404 1.979 1.865 -194.5 3.203 3.141 1.876 2.725 3.345 2.844 1.417 -194.5 1.181 1.154 0.691 1.006 1.235 1.05 0.521 2.303 1.148 1.739 2.399 1.974 1.875 -194.0 3.215 3.15 1.891 2.739 3.357 2.86 1.425 -194.0 1.186 1.157 0.696 1.011 1.239 1.056 0.523

16

Distance (m) IC1-2 -193.4 4.245 -192.8 4.261 -192.2 4.276 -191.7 4.292 -191.1 4.307 -190.5 4.323 -189.9 4.34 -189.4 4.358 -188.8 4.376 -188.2 4.394 -187.7 4.412 -187.1 4.43 -186.5 4.449 -185.9 4.467 -185.4 4.485 -184.8 4.503 -184.2 4.522 -183.6 4.54 -183.1 4.559 -182.5 4.578 -181.9 4.596 -181.3 4.615 -180.8 4.634 -180.2 4.653 -179.6 4.672 -179.1 4.691 -178.5 4.71 -177.9 4.73 -177.3 4.749 -176.8 4.768 -176.2 4.788 -175.6 4.807 -175.0 4.827 -174.5 4.846 -173.9 4.866 -173.3 4.886 -172.7 4.906 -172.2 4.926 -171.6 4.946 -171.0 4.966 -170.5 4.986 -169.9 5.006 -169.3 5.027 -168.7 5.051 -168.2 5.075 -167.6 5.099 -167.0 5.123

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.298 1.143 1.733 2.393 1.968 1.885 -193.4 3.227 3.158 1.905 2.752 3.369 2.876 1.432 -193.4 1.19 1.16 0.702 1.015 1.243 1.062 0.526 2.293 1.211 1.727 2.478 1.962 1.896 -192.8 3.239 3.167 1.92 2.765 3.38 2.891 1.44 -192.8 1.194 1.164 0.707 1.02 1.248 1.067 0.529 2.287 1.207 1.722 2.473 1.956 1.906 -192.2 3.25 3.176 1.935 2.778 3.392 2.907 1.448 -192.2 1.199 1.167 0.712 1.025 1.252 1.073 0.532 2.393 1.203 1.716 2.468 1.95 1.916 -191.7 3.262 3.184 1.949 2.792 3.404 2.923 1.455 -191.7 1.203 1.17 0.718 1.03 1.257 1.079 0.535 2.387 1.198 1.71 2.462 1.944 1.926 -191.1 3.274 3.193 1.964 2.805 3.416 2.938 1.463 -191.1 1.208 1.173 0.723 1.035 1.261 1.085 0.538 -190.5 3.286 3.202 1.979 2.818 3.428 2.954 1.471 -190.5 1.212 1.176 0.729 1.04 1.266 1.09 0.54 2.382 1.194 1.704 2.457 1.938 1.936 2.377 1.19 1.791 2.452 1.932 1.947 -189.9 3.299 3.211 1.994 2.832 3.44 2.97 1.479 -189.9 1.217 1.18 0.734 1.045 1.27 1.096 0.543 2.371 1.186 1.785 2.446 1.926 1.959 -189.4 3.313 3.219 2.009 2.845 3.453 2.986 1.488 -189.4 1.222 1.183 0.74 1.05 1.275 1.102 0.547 2.366 1.181 1.779 2.441 1.921 1.97 -188.8 3.326 3.228 2.024 2.859 3.465 3.001 1.497 -188.8 1.227 1.186 0.745 1.055 1.279 1.108 0.55 2.361 1.177 1.774 2.436 1.915 1.982 -188.2 3.34 3.237 2.038 2.872 3.477 3.017 1.506 -188.2 1.232 1.189 0.751 1.06 1.283 1.114 0.553 2.356 1.173 1.768 2.43 1.909 1.994 -187.7 3.354 3.246 2.053 2.886 3.489 3.033 1.515 -187.7 1.237 1.193 0.756 1.065 1.288 1.12 0.557 2.35 1.169 1.762 2.425 1.903 2.006 -187.1 3.368 3.254 2.068 2.899 3.501 3.049 1.524 -187.1 1.242 1.196 0.762 1.07 1.292 1.125 0.56 2.345 1.165 1.756 2.42 1.897 2.017 -186.5 3.381 3.263 2.083 2.913 3.513 3.065 1.533 -186.5 1.247 1.199 0.767 1.075 1.297 1.131 0.563 2.34 1.16 1.75 2.414 1.891 2.029 -185.9 3.395 3.272 2.098 2.926 3.525 3.08 1.542 -185.9 1.252 1.202 0.773 1.08 1.301 1.137 0.566 2.335 1.156 1.745 2.409 2.003 2.041 -185.4 3.409 3.281 2.113 2.94 3.537 3.096 1.551 -185.4 1.257 1.205 0.778 1.085 1.306 1.143 0.57 2.329 1.152 1.739 2.404 1.997 2.053 -184.8 3.423 3.29 2.128 2.953 3.55 3.112 1.56 -184.8 1.263 1.209 0.784 1.09 1.31 1.149 0.573 -184.2 3.437 3.298 2.143 2.967 3.562 3.128 1.569 -184.2 1.268 1.212 0.789 1.095 1.315 1.155 0.576 2.324 1.148 1.733 2.399 1.991 2.065 2.319 1.143 1.727 2.393 1.985 2.076 -183.6 3.451 3.307 2.158 2.98 3.574 3.144 1.578 -183.6 1.273 1.215 0.795 1.1 1.319 1.16 0.58 2.314 1.211 1.722 2.478 1.979 2.088 -183.1 3.465 3.316 2.173 2.994 3.586 3.16 1.586 -183.1 1.278 1.218 0.8 1.105 1.324 1.166 0.583 2.308 1.207 1.716 2.473 1.974 2.1 -182.5 3.48 3.325 2.188 3.008 3.598 3.176 1.595 -182.5 1.283 1.222 0.806 1.11 1.328 1.172 0.586 2.303 1.203 1.71 2.468 1.968 2.112 -181.9 3.494 3.334 2.204 3.021 3.611 3.191 1.604 -181.9 1.289 1.225 0.811 1.115 1.333 1.178 0.589 2.298 1.198 1.704 2.462 1.962 2.124 -181.3 3.508 3.343 2.219 3.035 3.623 3.207 1.613 -181.3 1.294 1.228 0.817 1.12 1.337 1.184 0.593 2.293 1.194 1.791 2.457 1.956 2.136 -180.8 3.522 3.351 2.234 3.049 3.635 3.223 1.622 -180.8 1.299 1.231 0.823 1.125 1.342 1.19 0.596 2.287 1.19 1.785 2.452 1.95 2.147 -180.2 3.537 3.36 2.249 3.062 3.648 3.239 1.631 -180.2 1.304 1.235 0.828 1.13 1.346 1.196 0.599 2.393 1.186 1.779 2.446 1.944 2.159 -179.6 3.551 3.369 2.264 3.076 3.66 3.255 1.64 -179.6 1.31 1.238 0.834 1.135 1.351 1.202 0.603 2.387 1.181 1.774 2.441 1.938 2.171 -179.1 3.566 3.378 2.28 3.09 3.672 3.271 1.649 -179.1 1.315 1.241 0.839 1.14 1.356 1.208 0.606 2.382 1.177 1.768 2.436 1.932 2.183 -178.5 3.58 3.387 2.295 3.104 3.685 3.287 1.658 -178.5 1.321 1.244 0.845 1.145 1.36 1.213 0.609 2.377 1.173 1.762 2.43 1.926 2.196 -177.9 3.595 3.396 2.31 3.118 3.697 3.303 1.668 -177.9 1.326 1.248 0.851 1.15 1.365 1.219 0.613 2.371 1.169 1.756 2.425 1.921 2.209 -177.3 3.61 3.406 2.326 3.131 3.709 3.319 1.678 -177.3 1.331 1.251 0.856 1.155 1.369 1.225 0.617 2.366 1.165 1.75 2.42 1.915 2.222 -176.8 3.624 3.415 2.341 3.145 3.722 3.335 1.688 -176.8 1.337 1.255 0.862 1.161 1.374 1.231 0.62 2.361 1.16 1.745 2.414 1.909 2.235 -176.2 3.639 3.424 2.356 3.159 3.734 3.351 1.698 -176.2 1.342 1.258 0.868 1.166 1.378 1.237 0.624 2.356 1.156 1.739 2.409 1.903 2.249 -175.6 3.654 3.433 2.372 3.173 3.747 3.368 1.708 -175.6 1.348 1.261 0.873 1.171 1.383 1.243 0.628 2.35 1.152 1.733 2.404 1.897 2.262 -175.0 3.669 3.443 2.387 3.187 3.759 3.384 1.718 -175.0 1.353 1.265 0.879 1.176 1.388 1.249 0.631 -174.5 3.684 3.452 2.403 3.201 3.772 3.4 1.728 -174.5 1.359 1.268 0.885 1.181 1.392 1.255 0.635 2.345 1.148 1.727 2.399 1.891 2.275 2.34 1.143 1.722 2.393 2.003 2.288 -173.9 3.699 3.461 2.418 3.215 3.784 3.416 1.738 -173.9 1.364 1.272 0.89 1.186 1.397 1.261 0.639 2.335 1.211 1.716 2.478 1.997 2.301 -173.3 3.714 3.471 2.434 3.229 3.797 3.432 1.748 -173.3 1.37 1.275 0.896 1.191 1.401 1.267 0.642 2.329 1.207 1.71 2.473 1.991 2.315 -172.7 3.729 3.48 2.449 3.243 3.809 3.448 1.758 -172.7 1.375 1.279 0.902 1.197 1.406 1.273 0.646 2.324 1.203 1.704 2.468 1.985 2.328 -172.2 3.744 3.501 2.465 3.257 3.822 3.464 1.769 -172.2 1.381 1.286 0.907 1.202 1.411 1.279 0.65 2.319 1.198 1.791 2.462 1.979 2.341 -171.6 3.759 3.533 2.48 3.271 3.834 3.48 1.779 -171.6 1.387 1.298 0.913 1.207 1.415 1.285 0.653 2.314 1.194 1.785 2.457 1.974 2.354 -171.0 3.775 3.565 2.496 3.285 3.847 3.497 1.789 -171.0 1.392 1.31 0.919 1.212 1.42 1.291 0.657 2.308 1.19 1.779 2.452 1.968 2.368 -170.5 3.79 3.597 2.511 3.299 3.859 3.513 1.799 -170.5 1.398 1.321 0.925 1.217 1.425 1.297 0.661 2.303 1.186 1.774 2.446 1.962 2.381 -169.9 3.805 3.629 2.527 3.313 3.872 3.529 1.809 -169.9 1.403 1.333 0.93 1.223 1.429 1.303 0.665 2.298 1.181 1.768 2.441 1.956 2.394 -169.3 3.821 3.661 2.543 3.327 3.885 3.545 1.819 -169.3 1.409 1.345 0.936 1.228 1.434 1.309 0.668 2.293 1.177 1.762 2.436 1.95 2.407 -168.7 3.839 3.694 2.558 3.341 3.897 3.562 1.829 -168.7 1.416 1.357 0.942 1.233 1.439 1.315 0.672 -168.2 3.857 3.726 2.574 3.356 3.91 3.578 1.839 -168.2 1.423 1.369 0.948 1.238 1.443 1.321 0.676 2.287 1.173 1.756 2.43 1.944 2.421 2.393 1.169 1.75 2.425 1.938 2.434 -167.6 3.876 3.759 2.59 3.37 3.922 3.594 1.849 -167.6 1.43 1.381 0.954 1.243 1.448 1.327 0.679 2.387 1.165 1.745 2.42 1.932 2.447 -167.0 3.894 3.792 2.606 3.384 3.935 3.61 1.859 -167.0 1.436 1.393 0.959 1.249 1.453 1.333 0.683

17

Distance (m) IC1-2 -166.4 5.148 -165.9 5.172 -165.3 5.197 -164.7 5.222 -164.1 5.247 -163.6 5.272 -163.0 5.297 -162.4 5.322 -161.9 5.348 -161.3 5.373 -160.7 5.399 -160.1 5.424 -159.6 5.45 -159.0 5.476 -158.4 5.502 -157.8 5.528 -157.3 5.554 -156.7 5.581 -156.1 5.607 -155.6 5.634 -155.0 5.661 -154.4 5.687 -153.8 5.714 -153.3 5.741 -152.7 5.768 -152.1 5.796 -151.5 5.823 -151.0 5.85 -150.4 5.878 -149.8 5.906 -149.2 5.933 -148.7 5.961 -148.1 5.989 -147.5 6.017 -147.0 6.048 -146.4 6.081 -145.8 6.115 -145.2 6.148 -144.7 6.182 -144.1 6.216 -143.5 6.25 -142.9 6.284 -142.4 6.318 -141.8 6.353 -141.2 6.387 -140.6 6.422 -140.1 6.457

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.382 1.16 1.739 2.414 1.926 2.46 -166.4 3.913 3.825 2.621 3.398 3.948 3.627 1.869 -166.4 1.443 1.405 0.965 1.254 1.457 1.339 0.687 2.377 1.156 1.733 2.409 1.921 2.475 -165.9 3.932 3.858 2.637 3.413 3.961 3.643 1.88 -165.9 1.45 1.417 0.971 1.259 1.462 1.345 0.691 2.371 1.152 1.727 2.404 1.915 2.49 -165.3 3.95 3.891 2.653 3.427 3.973 3.659 1.892 -165.3 1.457 1.43 0.977 1.264 1.467 1.351 0.695 2.366 1.148 1.722 2.399 1.909 2.505 -164.7 3.969 3.924 2.669 3.441 3.986 3.676 1.903 -164.7 1.464 1.442 0.983 1.27 1.471 1.357 0.699 2.361 1.143 1.716 2.393 1.903 2.52 -164.1 3.988 3.958 2.686 3.455 3.999 3.692 1.914 -164.1 1.471 1.454 0.989 1.275 1.476 1.363 0.703 -163.6 4.007 3.991 2.703 3.47 4.012 3.708 1.925 -163.6 1.478 1.466 0.995 1.28 1.481 1.369 0.707 2.356 1.211 1.71 2.478 1.897 2.534 2.35 1.207 1.704 2.473 1.891 2.549 -163.0 4.026 4.025 2.72 3.484 4.024 3.725 1.937 -163.0 1.485 1.479 1.001 1.286 1.486 1.375 0.712 2.345 1.203 1.791 2.468 2.003 2.564 -162.4 4.046 4.059 2.736 3.499 4.037 3.741 1.948 -162.4 1.492 1.491 1.008 1.291 1.49 1.381 0.716 2.34 1.198 1.785 2.462 1.997 2.579 -161.9 4.065 4.093 2.753 3.513 4.05 3.758 1.959 -161.9 1.499 1.504 1.014 1.296 1.495 1.387 0.72 2.335 1.194 1.779 2.457 1.991 2.594 -161.3 4.084 4.127 2.77 3.527 4.063 3.774 1.971 -161.3 1.506 1.516 1.02 1.302 1.5 1.393 0.724 2.329 1.19 1.774 2.452 1.985 2.609 -160.7 4.104 4.161 2.787 3.542 4.076 3.79 1.982 -160.7 1.514 1.529 1.026 1.307 1.505 1.399 0.728 2.324 1.186 1.768 2.446 1.979 2.624 -160.1 4.123 4.195 2.804 3.556 4.089 3.807 1.993 -160.1 1.521 1.541 1.033 1.312 1.509 1.405 0.732 2.319 1.181 1.762 2.441 1.974 2.639 -159.6 4.143 4.23 2.822 3.571 4.102 3.823 2.005 -159.6 1.528 1.554 1.039 1.318 1.514 1.411 0.737 2.314 1.177 1.756 2.436 1.968 2.654 -159.0 4.162 4.264 2.839 3.585 4.114 3.84 2.016 -159.0 1.535 1.567 1.045 1.323 1.519 1.417 0.741 2.308 1.173 1.75 2.43 1.962 2.669 -158.4 4.182 4.299 2.856 3.6 4.127 3.856 2.028 -158.4 1.542 1.58 1.052 1.328 1.524 1.424 0.745 2.303 1.169 1.745 2.425 1.956 2.684 -157.8 4.202 4.334 2.873 3.614 4.14 3.873 2.039 -157.8 1.55 1.592 1.058 1.334 1.528 1.43 0.749 -157.3 4.222 4.369 2.89 3.629 4.153 3.889 2.05 -157.3 1.557 1.605 1.064 1.339 1.533 1.436 0.753 2.298 1.165 1.739 2.42 1.95 2.699 2.293 1.16 1.733 2.414 1.944 2.714 -156.7 4.242 4.404 2.908 3.643 4.166 3.906 2.062 -156.7 1.565 1.618 1.071 1.344 1.538 1.442 0.758 2.287 1.156 1.727 2.409 1.938 2.729 -156.1 4.262 4.439 2.925 3.686 4.179 3.923 2.073 -156.1 1.572 1.631 1.077 1.36 1.543 1.448 0.762 2.393 1.152 1.722 2.404 1.932 2.744 -155.6 4.282 4.475 2.942 3.745 4.192 3.939 2.085 -155.6 1.579 1.644 1.083 1.382 1.548 1.454 0.766 2.387 1.148 1.716 2.399 1.926 2.759 -155.0 4.303 4.51 2.96 3.804 4.205 3.956 2.096 -155.0 1.587 1.657 1.09 1.403 1.552 1.46 0.77 2.382 1.143 1.71 2.393 1.921 2.775 -154.4 4.323 4.546 2.977 3.863 4.218 3.972 2.108 -154.4 1.594 1.67 1.096 1.425 1.557 1.466 0.775 2.377 1.211 1.704 2.478 1.915 2.793 -153.8 4.343 4.582 2.995 3.922 4.231 3.989 2.122 -153.8 1.602 1.683 1.103 1.447 1.562 1.472 0.779 2.371 1.207 1.791 2.473 1.909 2.81 -153.3 4.364 4.618 3.012 3.982 4.244 4.005 2.135 -153.3 1.61 1.697 1.109 1.469 1.567 1.479 0.784 2.366 1.203 1.785 2.468 1.903 2.828 -152.7 4.385 4.654 3.03 4.042 4.258 4.022 2.149 -152.7 1.617 1.71 1.116 1.492 1.572 1.485 0.789 2.361 1.198 1.779 2.462 1.897 2.846 -152.1 4.405 4.69 3.048 4.103 4.271 4.039 2.162 -152.1 1.625 1.723 1.122 1.514 1.577 1.491 0.794 2.356 1.194 1.774 2.457 1.891 2.864 -151.5 4.426 4.726 3.065 4.163 4.284 4.055 2.176 -151.5 1.632 1.736 1.129 1.536 1.581 1.497 0.799 2.35 1.19 1.768 2.452 2.003 2.881 -151.0 4.447 4.763 3.083 4.224 4.297 4.072 2.189 -151.0 1.64 1.75 1.135 1.559 1.586 1.503 0.804 2.345 1.186 1.762 2.446 1.997 2.899 -150.4 4.468 4.799 3.101 4.285 4.31 4.089 2.203 -150.4 1.648 1.763 1.142 1.581 1.591 1.509 0.809 2.34 1.181 1.756 2.441 1.991 2.917 -149.8 4.489 4.836 3.118 4.347 4.323 4.106 2.216 -149.8 1.656 1.777 1.148 1.604 1.596 1.516 0.814 2.335 1.177 1.75 2.436 1.985 2.935 -149.2 4.51 4.873 3.136 4.408 4.336 4.122 2.23 -149.2 1.663 1.79 1.155 1.627 1.601 1.522 0.819 2.329 1.173 1.745 2.43 1.979 2.953 -148.7 4.531 4.91 3.154 4.47 4.35 4.139 2.243 -148.7 1.671 1.804 1.161 1.65 1.606 1.528 0.824 2.324 1.169 1.739 2.425 1.974 2.971 -148.1 4.553 4.947 3.172 4.533 4.363 4.156 2.257 -148.1 1.679 1.817 1.168 1.673 1.611 1.534 0.829 -147.5 4.574 4.984 3.19 4.595 4.376 4.172 2.271 -147.5 1.687 1.831 1.175 1.696 1.615 1.54 0.834 2.319 1.165 1.733 2.42 1.968 2.989 2.314 1.16 1.727 2.414 1.962 3.007 -147.0 4.597 5.021 3.208 4.658 4.389 4.189 2.284 -147.0 1.696 1.845 1.181 1.719 1.62 1.546 0.839 2.308 1.156 1.722 2.409 1.956 3.025 -146.4 4.622 5.059 3.226 4.721 4.403 4.206 2.298 -146.4 1.705 1.859 1.188 1.742 1.625 1.553 0.844 2.303 1.152 1.716 2.404 1.95 3.043 -145.8 4.648 5.096 3.244 4.784 4.416 4.223 2.312 -145.8 1.714 1.872 1.195 1.765 1.63 1.559 0.849 2.298 1.148 1.71 2.399 1.944 3.061 -145.2 4.673 5.134 3.262 4.848 4.429 4.24 2.325 -145.2 1.724 1.886 1.201 1.789 1.635 1.565 0.854 2.293 1.143 1.704 2.393 1.938 3.079 -144.7 4.699 5.172 3.281 4.912 4.442 4.257 2.339 -144.7 1.733 1.9 1.208 1.812 1.64 1.571 0.859 2.287 1.211 1.791 2.478 1.932 3.097 -144.1 4.725 5.21 3.299 4.976 4.456 4.273 2.353 -144.1 1.743 1.914 1.215 1.836 1.645 1.577 0.864 2.393 1.207 1.785 2.473 1.926 3.115 -143.5 4.75 5.248 3.317 5.041 4.469 4.29 2.367 -143.5 1.752 1.928 1.221 1.86 1.65 1.584 0.87 2.387 1.203 1.779 2.468 1.921 3.133 -142.9 4.776 5.286 3.335 5.105 4.483 4.307 2.38 -142.9 1.762 1.942 1.228 1.884 1.655 1.59 0.875 2.382 1.198 1.774 2.462 1.915 3.154 -142.4 4.803 5.324 3.354 5.17 4.496 4.324 2.396 -142.4 1.771 1.956 1.235 1.908 1.66 1.596 0.88 2.377 1.194 1.768 2.457 1.909 3.177 -141.8 4.829 5.363 3.372 5.236 4.509 4.341 2.414 -141.8 1.781 1.97 1.242 1.932 1.665 1.602 0.887 -141.2 4.855 5.401 3.391 5.301 4.523 4.358 2.431 -141.2 1.791 1.985 1.248 1.956 1.67 1.609 0.893 2.371 1.19 1.762 2.452 1.903 3.201 2.366 1.186 1.756 2.446 1.897 3.224 -140.6 4.882 5.44 3.409 5.367 4.536 4.375 2.449 -140.6 1.8 1.999 1.255 1.98 1.675 1.615 0.9 2.361 1.181 1.75 2.441 1.891 3.247 -140.1 4.908 5.479 3.428 5.433 4.55 4.392 2.467 -140.1 1.81 2.013 1.262 2.005 1.679 1.621 0.906

18

Distance (m) IC1-2 -139.5 6.492 -138.9 6.528 -138.4 6.563 -137.8 6.599 -137.2 6.635 -136.6 6.671 -136.1 6.707 -135.5 6.743 -134.9 6.78 -134.3 6.817 -133.8 6.854 -133.2 6.891 -132.6 6.928 -132.1 6.965 -131.5 7.003 -130.9 7.04 -130.3 7.078 -129.8 7.116 -129.2 7.154 -128.6 7.193 -128.0 7.231 -127.5 7.27 -126.9 7.315 -126.3 7.364 -125.7 7.413 -125.2 7.463 -124.6 7.513 -124.0 7.564 -123.5 7.615 -122.9 7.666 -122.3 7.717 -121.7 7.769 -121.2 7.821 -120.6 7.874 -120.0 7.927 -119.4 7.98 -118.9 8.033 -118.3 8.087 -117.7 8.142 -117.1 8.196 -116.6 8.251 -116.0 8.306 -115.4 8.362 -114.9 8.418 -114.3 8.474 -113.7 8.531 -113.1 8.587

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.356 1.177 1.745 2.436 2.003 3.27 -139.5 4.935 5.518 3.446 5.499 4.563 4.409 2.484 -139.5 1.82 2.027 1.269 2.029 1.684 1.627 0.913 2.35 1.173 1.739 2.43 1.997 3.293 -138.9 4.962 5.557 3.465 5.566 4.577 4.426 2.502 -138.9 1.83 2.042 1.276 2.054 1.689 1.634 0.919 2.345 1.169 1.733 2.425 1.991 3.316 -138.4 4.989 5.596 3.483 5.633 4.59 4.443 2.519 -138.4 1.84 2.056 1.283 2.079 1.694 1.64 0.926 2.34 1.165 1.727 2.42 1.985 3.339 -137.8 5.016 5.636 3.502 5.7 4.604 4.46 2.537 -137.8 1.85 2.071 1.289 2.103 1.699 1.646 0.932 2.335 1.16 1.722 2.414 1.979 3.363 -137.2 5.043 5.675 3.521 5.768 4.617 4.477 2.555 -137.2 1.86 2.085 1.296 2.128 1.704 1.653 0.939 -136.6 5.071 5.715 3.54 5.835 4.631 4.494 2.572 -136.6 1.87 2.1 1.303 2.153 1.709 1.659 0.945 2.329 1.156 1.716 2.409 1.974 3.386 2.324 1.152 1.71 2.404 1.968 3.409 -136.1 5.098 5.755 3.558 5.903 4.644 4.511 2.59 -136.1 1.88 2.114 1.31 2.178 1.714 1.665 0.951 2.319 1.148 1.704 2.399 1.962 3.432 -135.5 5.126 5.795 3.577 5.972 4.658 4.528 2.607 -135.5 1.891 2.129 1.317 2.203 1.719 1.671 0.958 2.314 1.143 1.791 2.393 1.956 3.455 -134.9 5.154 5.835 3.596 6.04 4.671 4.545 2.625 -134.9 1.901 2.144 1.324 2.229 1.724 1.678 0.964 2.308 1.211 1.785 2.478 1.95 3.478 -134.3 5.181 5.875 3.615 6.109 4.685 4.562 2.642 -134.3 1.911 2.158 1.331 2.254 1.729 1.684 0.971 2.303 1.207 1.779 2.473 1.944 3.501 -133.8 5.21 5.915 3.634 6.178 4.699 4.579 2.66 -133.8 1.921 2.173 1.338 2.28 1.734 1.69 0.977 2.298 1.203 1.774 2.468 1.938 3.524 -133.2 5.238 5.955 3.653 6.247 4.712 4.596 2.677 -133.2 1.932 2.188 1.345 2.305 1.74 1.697 0.984 2.293 1.198 1.768 2.462 1.932 3.547 -132.6 5.266 5.996 3.672 6.317 4.726 4.613 2.695 -132.6 1.942 2.203 1.352 2.331 1.745 1.703 0.99 2.287 1.194 1.762 2.457 1.926 3.57 -132.1 5.294 6.037 3.691 6.387 4.74 4.63 2.712 -132.1 1.953 2.218 1.359 2.357 1.75 1.709 0.996 2.393 1.19 1.756 2.452 1.921 3.593 -131.5 5.323 6.077 3.71 6.457 4.753 4.648 2.73 -131.5 1.963 2.233 1.366 2.383 1.755 1.716 1.003 2.387 1.186 1.75 2.446 1.915 3.616 -130.9 5.352 6.118 3.73 6.528 4.767 4.665 2.747 -130.9 1.974 2.248 1.373 2.409 1.76 1.722 1.009 -130.3 5.38 6.159 3.749 6.598 4.781 4.682 2.767 -130.3 1.984 2.263 1.38 2.435 1.765 1.728 1.017 2.382 1.181 1.745 2.441 1.909 3.643 2.377 1.177 1.739 2.436 1.903 3.671 -129.8 5.409 6.201 3.768 6.669 4.794 4.699 2.789 -129.8 1.995 2.278 1.387 2.461 1.77 1.735 1.025 2.371 1.173 1.733 2.43 1.897 3.699 -129.2 5.438 6.242 3.787 6.741 4.808 4.716 2.81 -129.2 2.006 2.293 1.395 2.487 1.775 1.741 1.032 2.366 1.169 1.727 2.425 1.891 3.727 -128.6 5.467 6.283 3.807 6.812 4.822 4.734 2.831 -128.6 2.016 2.309 1.402 2.514 1.78 1.747 1.04 2.361 1.165 1.722 2.42 2.003 3.755 -128.0 5.497 6.325 3.826 6.884 4.836 4.751 2.852 -128.0 2.027 2.324 1.409 2.54 1.785 1.754 1.048 2.356 1.16 1.716 2.414 1.997 3.783 -127.5 5.526 6.367 3.846 6.956 4.849 4.768 2.874 -127.5 2.038 2.339 1.416 2.567 1.79 1.76 1.056 2.35 1.156 1.71 2.409 1.991 3.811 -126.9 5.56 6.409 3.865 7.029 4.863 4.785 2.895 -126.9 2.051 2.355 1.423 2.594 1.795 1.766 1.064 2.345 1.152 1.704 2.404 1.985 3.839 -126.3 5.597 6.45 3.885 7.101 4.877 4.803 2.916 -126.3 2.064 2.37 1.43 2.62 1.8 1.773 1.071 2.34 1.148 1.791 2.399 1.979 3.867 -125.7 5.635 6.493 3.904 7.174 4.891 4.863 2.938 -125.7 2.078 2.385 1.438 2.647 1.806 1.795 1.079 2.335 1.143 1.785 2.393 1.974 3.895 -125.2 5.673 6.535 3.924 7.247 4.929 4.932 2.959 -125.2 2.092 2.401 1.445 2.674 1.82 1.82 1.087 2.329 1.211 1.779 2.478 1.968 3.923 -124.6 5.711 6.577 3.943 7.321 4.998 5 2.98 -124.6 2.106 2.417 1.452 2.701 1.845 1.846 1.095 2.324 1.207 1.774 2.473 1.962 3.951 -124.0 5.749 6.62 3.963 7.395 5.068 5.069 3.001 -124.0 2.12 2.432 1.459 2.729 1.871 1.871 1.103 2.319 1.203 1.768 2.468 1.956 3.979 -123.5 5.788 6.662 3.983 7.469 5.137 5.138 3.023 -123.5 2.135 2.448 1.467 2.756 1.896 1.897 1.111 2.314 1.198 1.762 2.462 1.95 4.007 -122.9 5.827 6.705 4.003 7.543 5.207 5.207 3.044 -122.9 2.149 2.464 1.474 2.783 1.922 1.922 1.118 2.308 1.194 1.756 2.457 1.944 4.035 -122.3 5.866 6.748 4.022 7.618 5.277 5.276 3.065 -122.3 2.164 2.479 1.481 2.811 1.948 1.948 1.126 2.303 1.19 1.75 2.452 1.938 4.063 -121.7 5.905 6.791 4.042 7.692 5.347 5.346 3.087 -121.7 2.178 2.495 1.488 2.838 1.974 1.973 1.134 2.298 1.186 1.745 2.446 1.932 4.091 -121.2 5.945 6.834 4.062 7.768 5.417 5.415 3.108 -121.2 2.193 2.511 1.496 2.866 2 1.999 1.142 -120.6 5.985 6.877 4.082 7.843 5.487 5.485 3.129 -120.6 2.207 2.527 1.503 2.894 2.025 2.025 1.15 2.293 1.181 1.739 2.441 1.926 4.119 2.287 1.177 1.733 2.436 1.921 4.147 -120.0 6.025 6.921 4.102 7.919 5.557 5.554 3.151 -120.0 2.222 2.543 1.51 2.922 2.051 2.05 1.158 2.393 1.173 1.727 2.43 1.915 4.175 -119.4 6.066 6.964 4.122 7.995 5.627 5.624 3.172 -119.4 2.237 2.559 1.518 2.95 2.077 2.076 1.165 2.387 1.169 1.722 2.425 1.909 4.204 -118.9 6.106 7.008 4.142 8.071 5.698 5.694 3.194 -118.9 2.252 2.575 1.525 2.978 2.103 2.102 1.173 2.382 1.165 1.716 2.42 1.903 4.238 -118.3 6.147 7.051 4.162 8.147 5.769 5.764 3.22 -118.3 2.267 2.591 1.533 3.006 2.129 2.128 1.183 2.377 1.16 1.71 2.414 1.897 4.272 -117.7 6.189 7.095 4.182 8.224 5.839 5.834 3.246 -117.7 2.282 2.607 1.54 3.035 2.156 2.154 1.193 2.371 1.156 1.704 2.409 1.891 4.307 -117.1 6.23 7.139 4.203 8.301 5.91 5.905 3.272 -117.1 2.298 2.623 1.547 3.063 2.182 2.18 1.202 2.366 1.152 1.791 2.404 2.003 4.341 -116.6 6.272 7.184 4.223 8.378 5.981 5.975 3.298 -116.6 2.313 2.639 1.555 3.092 2.208 2.206 1.212 2.361 1.148 1.785 2.399 1.997 4.375 -116.0 6.314 7.228 4.243 8.456 6.052 6.046 3.324 -116.0 2.329 2.656 1.562 3.12 2.234 2.232 1.221 2.356 1.143 1.779 2.393 1.991 4.409 -115.4 6.356 7.272 4.263 8.534 6.123 6.116 3.35 -115.4 2.344 2.672 1.57 3.149 2.26 2.258 1.231 2.35 1.211 1.774 2.478 1.985 4.443 -114.9 6.398 7.317 4.284 8.612 6.194 6.187 3.376 -114.9 2.36 2.688 1.577 3.178 2.287 2.284 1.24 -114.3 6.441 7.361 4.304 8.69 6.266 6.258 3.401 -114.3 2.376 2.705 1.585 3.207 2.313 2.31 1.25 2.345 1.207 1.768 2.473 1.979 4.477 2.34 1.203 1.762 2.468 1.974 4.512 -113.7 6.484 7.406 4.325 8.769 6.337 6.329 3.427 -113.7 2.392 2.721 1.592 3.236 2.339 2.336 1.259 2.335 1.198 1.756 2.462 1.968 4.546 -113.1 6.527 7.451 4.345 8.848 6.408 6.4 3.453 -113.1 2.407 2.738 1.6 3.265 2.366 2.363 1.269

19

Distance (m) -112.6 -112.0 -111.4 -110.8 -110.3 -109.7 -109.1 -108.5 -108.0 -107.4 -106.8 -106.3 -105.7 -105.1 -104.5 -104.0 -103.4 -102.8 -102.2 -101.7 -101.1 -100.5 -100.0 -99.4 -98.8 -98.2 -97.7 -97.1 -96.5 -95.9 -95.4 -94.8 -94.2 -93.6 -93.1 -92.5 -91.9 -91.4 -90.8 -90.2 -89.6 -89.1 -88.5 -87.9 -87.3 -86.8 -86.2

IC1-2 8.645 8.702 8.76 8.819 8.877 8.936 8.995 9.055 9.115 9.175 9.236 9.297 9.358 9.42 9.482 9.548 9.632 9.717 9.803 9.89 9.977 10.066 10.155 10.245 10.336 10.427 10.52 10.613 10.707 10.802 10.898 10.995 11.092 11.191 11.29 11.39 11.491 11.592 11.695 11.798 11.902 12.007 12.113 12.22 12.328 12.436 12.545

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.329 1.194 1.75 2.457 1.962 4.58 -112.6 6.571 7.496 4.366 8.927 6.48 6.471 3.479 -112.6 2.424 2.754 1.607 3.294 2.392 2.389 1.278 2.324 1.19 1.745 2.452 1.956 4.614 -112.0 6.615 7.541 4.386 9.007 6.552 6.543 3.505 -112.0 2.44 2.771 1.615 3.323 2.419 2.415 1.288 2.319 1.186 1.739 2.446 1.95 4.648 -111.4 6.659 7.587 4.407 9.086 6.624 6.614 3.531 -111.4 2.456 2.787 1.623 3.353 2.445 2.442 1.297 2.314 1.181 1.733 2.441 1.944 4.682 -110.8 6.703 7.632 4.428 9.166 6.696 6.686 3.557 -110.8 2.472 2.804 1.63 3.382 2.472 2.468 1.307 2.308 1.177 1.727 2.436 1.938 4.716 -110.3 6.748 7.678 4.448 9.247 6.768 6.758 3.583 -110.3 2.489 2.821 1.638 3.412 2.498 2.495 1.316 -109.7 6.792 7.723 4.469 9.327 6.84 6.83 3.609 -109.7 2.505 2.838 1.646 3.442 2.525 2.521 1.326 2.303 1.173 1.722 2.43 1.932 4.751 2.298 1.169 1.716 2.425 1.926 4.785 -109.1 6.838 7.769 4.49 9.408 6.912 6.902 3.635 -109.1 2.522 2.855 1.653 3.472 2.552 2.548 1.336 2.293 1.165 1.71 2.42 1.921 4.819 -108.5 6.883 7.815 4.511 9.489 6.985 6.974 3.661 -108.5 2.539 2.871 1.661 3.502 2.578 2.574 1.345 2.287 1.16 1.704 2.414 1.915 4.853 -108.0 6.928 7.861 4.531 9.571 7.057 7.046 3.687 -108.0 2.555 2.888 1.669 3.532 2.605 2.601 1.355 2.393 1.156 1.791 2.409 1.909 4.887 -107.4 6.974 7.907 4.577 9.653 7.13 7.118 3.713 -107.4 2.572 2.905 1.685 3.562 2.632 2.628 1.364 2.387 1.152 1.785 2.404 1.903 4.925 -106.8 7.02 7.954 4.697 9.734 7.203 7.191 3.742 -106.8 2.589 2.922 1.729 3.592 2.659 2.654 1.375 2.382 1.148 1.779 2.399 1.897 4.97 -106.3 7.067 8 4.817 9.817 7.275 7.263 3.776 -106.3 2.606 2.939 1.774 3.622 2.686 2.681 1.387 2.377 1.143 1.774 2.393 1.891 5.015 -105.7 7.113 8.047 4.937 9.899 7.348 7.336 3.81 -105.7 2.624 2.957 1.818 3.653 2.713 2.708 1.4 2.371 1.211 1.768 2.478 2.003 5.059 -105.1 7.16 8.094 5.057 9.982 7.421 7.409 3.844 -105.1 2.641 2.974 1.862 3.683 2.74 2.735 1.412 2.366 1.207 1.762 2.473 1.997 5.104 -104.5 7.207 8.14 5.177 10.065 7.495 7.482 3.878 -104.5 2.658 2.991 1.906 3.714 2.767 2.762 1.425 2.361 1.203 1.756 2.468 1.991 5.149 -104.0 7.258 8.187 5.298 10.148 7.568 7.555 3.912 -104.0 2.677 3.008 1.951 3.745 2.794 2.789 1.437 -103.4 7.322 8.235 5.419 10.232 7.641 7.628 3.946 -103.4 2.7 3.026 1.995 3.776 2.821 2.816 1.45 2.356 1.198 1.75 2.462 1.985 5.194 2.35 1.194 1.745 2.457 1.979 5.238 -102.8 7.388 8.282 5.54 10.316 7.715 7.702 3.98 -102.8 2.724 3.043 2.04 3.806 2.848 2.843 1.462 2.345 1.19 1.739 2.452 1.974 5.283 -102.2 7.454 8.329 5.661 10.4 7.788 7.775 4.014 -102.2 2.748 3.06 2.084 3.838 2.875 2.87 1.475 2.34 1.186 1.733 2.446 1.968 5.328 -101.7 7.52 8.377 5.782 10.484 7.861 7.849 4.048 -101.7 2.772 3.078 2.129 3.869 2.902 2.897 1.487 2.335 1.181 1.727 2.441 1.962 5.373 -101.1 7.588 8.424 5.904 10.569 7.933 7.922 4.082 -101.1 2.796 3.095 2.174 3.9 2.928 2.924 1.5 2.329 1.177 1.722 2.436 1.956 5.418 -100.5 7.656 8.472 6.026 10.654 8.005 7.996 4.116 -100.5 2.821 3.113 2.219 3.931 2.955 2.952 1.512 2.324 1.173 1.716 2.43 1.95 5.463 -100.0 7.724 8.52 6.147 10.739 8.077 8.07 4.15 -100.0 2.845 3.13 2.264 3.963 2.982 2.979 1.525 2.319 1.169 1.71 2.425 1.944 5.508 -99.4 7.794 8.568 6.27 10.825 8.149 8.144 4.184 -99.4 2.87 3.148 2.309 3.994 3.008 3.006 1.537 2.314 1.165 1.704 2.42 1.938 5.553 -98.8 7.864 8.616 6.392 10.911 8.22 8.218 4.218 -98.8 2.896 3.166 2.354 4.026 3.034 3.034 1.55 2.308 1.16 1.791 2.414 1.932 5.598 -98.2 7.934 8.664 6.514 10.997 8.292 8.293 4.253 -98.2 2.921 3.183 2.399 4.058 3.061 3.061 1.562 2.303 1.156 1.785 2.409 1.926 5.643 -97.7 8.005 8.713 6.637 11.083 8.363 8.367 4.287 -97.7 2.947 3.201 2.444 4.09 3.087 3.089 1.575 2.298 1.152 1.779 2.404 1.921 5.688 -97.1 8.077 8.761 6.76 11.17 8.435 8.442 4.321 -97.1 2.973 3.219 2.489 4.122 3.114 3.116 1.588 2.293 1.148 1.774 2.399 1.915 5.733 -96.5 8.15 8.81 6.883 11.257 8.506 8.516 4.355 -96.5 2.999 3.237 2.534 4.154 3.14 3.144 1.6 2.287 1.143 1.768 2.393 1.909 5.778 -95.9 8.223 8.859 7.006 11.344 8.577 8.591 4.39 -95.9 3.025 3.255 2.58 4.186 3.166 3.171 1.613 2.393 1.211 1.762 2.478 1.903 5.823 -95.4 8.297 8.908 7.13 11.431 8.648 8.666 4.424 -95.4 3.052 3.273 2.625 4.218 3.192 3.199 1.625 2.387 1.207 1.756 2.473 1.897 5.879 -94.8 8.372 8.957 7.253 11.519 8.719 8.741 4.466 -94.8 3.078 3.291 2.671 4.25 3.219 3.227 1.641 2.382 1.203 1.75 2.468 1.891 5.941 -94.2 8.447 9.006 7.377 11.607 8.79 8.816 4.514 -94.2 3.105 3.309 2.716 4.283 3.245 3.254 1.658 -93.6 8.523 9.055 7.501 11.695 8.861 8.892 4.561 -93.6 3.133 3.327 2.762 4.315 3.271 3.282 1.676 2.377 1.198 1.745 2.462 2.003 6.003 2.371 1.194 1.739 2.457 1.997 6.066 -93.1 8.6 9.105 7.625 11.784 8.931 8.967 4.608 -93.1 3.16 3.345 2.808 4.348 3.297 3.31 1.693 2.366 1.19 1.733 2.452 1.991 6.128 -92.5 8.677 9.154 7.75 11.872 9.002 9.043 4.656 -92.5 3.188 3.363 2.854 4.381 3.323 3.338 1.711 2.361 1.186 1.727 2.446 1.985 6.191 -91.9 8.755 9.204 7.874 11.961 9.072 9.118 4.703 -91.9 3.216 3.382 2.899 4.414 3.349 3.366 1.728 2.356 1.181 1.722 2.441 1.979 6.253 -91.4 8.834 9.254 7.999 12.051 9.143 9.194 4.751 -91.4 3.244 3.4 2.945 4.447 3.375 3.394 1.745 2.35 1.177 1.716 2.436 1.974 6.316 -90.8 8.913 9.304 8.124 12.14 9.213 9.27 4.798 -90.8 3.272 3.418 2.991 4.48 3.401 3.422 1.763 2.345 1.173 1.71 2.43 1.968 6.378 -90.2 8.993 9.354 8.249 12.23 9.283 9.346 4.846 -90.2 3.301 3.437 3.037 4.513 3.427 3.45 1.78 2.34 1.169 1.704 2.425 1.962 6.441 -89.6 9.074 9.404 8.374 12.32 9.353 9.422 4.893 -89.6 3.33 3.455 3.084 4.546 3.453 3.478 1.798 2.335 1.165 1.791 2.42 1.956 6.504 -89.1 9.155 9.454 8.5 12.411 9.423 9.498 4.941 -89.1 3.359 3.474 3.13 4.58 3.479 3.506 1.815 2.329 1.16 1.785 2.414 1.95 6.567 -88.5 9.237 9.505 8.626 12.502 9.493 9.575 4.989 -88.5 3.388 3.492 3.176 4.613 3.504 3.534 1.833 2.324 1.156 1.779 2.409 1.944 6.63 -87.9 9.32 9.555 8.752 12.593 9.563 9.651 5.037 -87.9 3.418 3.511 3.222 4.647 3.53 3.563 1.851 -87.3 9.403 9.606 8.878 12.684 9.632 9.728 5.085 -87.3 3.447 3.529 3.269 4.68 3.556 3.591 1.868 2.319 1.152 1.774 2.404 1.938 6.693 2.314 1.148 1.768 2.399 1.932 6.756 -86.8 9.487 9.657 9.004 12.775 9.702 9.804 5.132 -86.8 3.477 3.548 3.315 4.714 3.581 3.619 1.886 2.308 1.143 1.762 2.393 1.926 6.819 -86.2 9.572 9.708 9.13 12.867 9.771 9.881 5.18 -86.2 3.508 3.567 3.362 4.748 3.607 3.648 1.903

20

Distance (m) -85.6 -85.0 -84.5 -83.9 -83.3 -82.8 -82.2 -81.6 -81.0 -80.5 -79.9 -79.3 -78.7 -78.2 -77.6 -77.0 -76.4 -75.9 -75.3 -74.7 -74.2 -73.6 -73.0 -72.4 -71.9 -71.3 -70.7 -70.1 -69.6 -69.0 -68.4 -67.9 -67.3 -66.7 -66.1 -65.6 -65.0 -64.4 -63.8 -63.3 -62.7 -62.1 -61.5 -61.0 -60.4 -59.8 -59.3

IC1-2 12.655 12.768 12.929 13.091 13.254 13.419 13.586 13.754 13.924 14.096 14.269 14.443 14.62 14.797 14.977 15.158 15.341 15.525 15.711 15.898 16.088 16.278 16.471 16.665 16.86 17.057 17.256 17.456 17.658 17.862 18.067 18.273 18.482 18.692 18.903 19.116 19.331 19.547 19.765 19.985 20.206 20.429 20.653 20.879 21.051 21.212 21.368

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 2.303 1.211 1.756 2.478 1.921 2.298 1.207 1.75 2.473 1.915 2.293 1.203 1.745 2.468 1.909 2.287 1.198 1.739 2.462 1.903 2.393 1.194 1.733 2.457 1.897 2.387 1.19 1.727 2.452 1.891 2.382 1.186 1.722 2.446 2.003 2.377 1.181 1.716 2.441 1.997 2.371 1.177 1.71 2.436 1.991 2.366 1.173 1.704 2.43 1.985 2.361 1.169 1.791 2.425 1.979 2.356 1.165 1.785 2.42 1.974 2.35 1.16 1.779 2.414 1.968 2.345 1.156 1.774 2.409 1.962 2.34 1.152 1.768 2.404 1.956 2.335 1.148 1.762 2.399 1.95 2.329 1.143 1.756 2.393 1.944 2.324 1.211 1.75 2.478 1.938 2.319 1.207 1.745 2.473 1.932 2.314 1.203 1.739 2.468 1.926 2.308 1.198 1.733 2.462 1.921 2.303 1.194 1.727 2.457 1.915 2.298 1.19 1.722 2.452 1.909 2.293 1.186 1.716 2.446 1.903 2.287 1.181 1.71 2.441 1.897 2.393 1.177 1.704 2.436 1.891 2.387 1.173 1.791 2.43 2.003 2.382 1.169 1.785 2.425 1.997 2.377 1.165 1.779 2.42 1.991 2.371 1.16 1.774 2.414 1.985 2.366 1.156 1.768 2.409 1.979 2.361 1.152 1.762 2.404 1.974 2.356 1.148 1.756 2.399 1.968 2.35 1.143 1.75 2.393 1.962 2.345 1.211 1.745 2.478 1.956 2.34 1.207 1.739 2.473 1.95 2.335 1.203 1.733 2.468 1.944 2.329 1.198 1.727 2.462 1.938 2.324 1.194 1.722 2.457 1.932 2.319 1.19 1.716 2.452 1.926 2.314 1.186 1.71 2.446 1.921 2.308 1.181 1.704 2.441 1.915 2.303 1.177 1.791 2.436 1.909 2.298 1.173 1.785 2.43 1.903 2.293 1.169 1.779 2.425 1.897 2.287 1.165 1.774 2.42 1.891 2.393 1.16 1.768 2.414 2.003

IC7-8 6.882 6.945 7.009 7.072 7.136 7.227 7.32 7.413 7.506 7.6 7.694 7.788 7.882 7.976 8.07 8.165 8.259 8.354 8.449 8.544 8.639 8.734 8.829 8.925 9.02 9.133 9.314 9.494 9.675 9.857 10.038 10.22 10.402 10.585 10.767 10.95 11.133 11.317 11.501 11.685 11.869 12.054 12.239 12.424 12.61 12.796 13.021

Distance (m) -85.6 -85.0 -84.5 -83.9 -83.3 -82.8 -82.2 -81.6 -81.0 -80.5 -79.9 -79.3 -78.7 -78.2 -77.6 -77.0 -76.4 -75.9 -75.3 -74.7 -74.2 -73.6 -73.0 -72.4 -71.9 -71.3 -70.7 -70.1 -69.6 -69.0 -68.4 -67.9 -67.3 -66.7 -66.1 -65.6 -65.0 -64.4 -63.8 -63.3 -62.7 -62.1 -61.5 -61.0 -60.4 -59.8 -59.3

IC1-2 9.657 9.745 9.867 9.991 10.116 10.242 10.369 10.498 10.627 10.758 10.89 11.023 11.158 11.293 11.43 11.568 11.707 11.847 11.988 12.131 12.275 12.42 12.566 12.713 12.862 13.012 13.162 13.315 13.468 13.622 13.778 13.935 14.093 14.252 14.412 14.574 14.736 14.9 15.065 15.232 15.399 15.568 15.738 15.909 16.038 16.158 16.275

Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 9.759 9.257 12.959 9.841 9.958 5.228 -85.6 3.538 3.586 3.409 4.782 3.633 3.676 1.921 9.81 9.384 13.052 9.91 10.035 5.277 -85.0 3.569 3.604 3.455 4.816 3.658 3.704 1.939 9.862 9.511 13.144 9.979 10.113 5.325 -84.5 3.614 3.623 3.502 4.85 3.684 3.733 1.956 9.913 9.638 13.237 10.048 10.19 5.373 -83.9 3.66 3.642 3.549 4.884 3.709 3.762 1.974 9.965 9.766 13.33 10.117 10.268 5.421 -83.3 3.705 3.661 3.596 4.919 3.735 3.79 1.992 10.016 9.893 13.424 10.186 10.345 5.49 -82.8 3.752 3.68 3.643 4.953 3.76 3.819 2.017 10.068 10.021 13.518 10.255 10.423 5.561 -82.2 3.798 3.699 3.69 4.988 3.786 3.847 2.043 10.12 10.149 13.612 10.324 10.501 5.632 -81.6 3.845 3.718 3.737 5.023 3.811 3.876 2.069 10.173 10.277 13.706 10.392 10.579 5.703 -81.0 3.893 3.738 3.784 5.057 3.836 3.905 2.095 10.225 10.405 13.8 10.461 10.657 5.774 -80.5 3.941 3.757 3.831 5.092 3.862 3.934 2.121 10.277 10.534 13.895 10.529 10.735 5.845 -79.9 3.99 3.776 3.879 5.127 3.887 3.963 2.147 10.33 10.663 13.99 10.597 10.813 5.916 -79.3 4.039 3.795 3.926 5.162 3.912 3.992 2.174 10.382 10.792 14.086 10.666 10.892 5.988 -78.7 4.088 3.815 3.974 5.197 3.937 4.021 2.2 10.435 10.921 14.181 10.734 10.97 6.059 -78.2 4.138 3.834 4.021 5.233 3.962 4.05 2.226 10.488 11.05 14.277 10.802 11.049 6.131 -77.6 4.188 3.854 4.069 5.268 3.987 4.079 2.253 10.541 11.18 14.373 10.87 11.128 6.203 -77.0 4.239 3.873 4.116 5.304 4.013 4.108 2.279 10.594 11.309 14.47 10.937 11.207 6.275 -76.4 4.29 3.893 4.164 5.339 4.038 4.137 2.305 10.648 11.439 14.567 11.005 11.286 6.347 -75.9 4.342 3.912 4.212 5.375 4.063 4.166 2.332 10.701 11.569 14.664 11.073 11.365 6.419 -75.3 4.394 3.932 4.26 5.411 4.087 4.195 2.358 10.755 11.699 14.761 11.14 11.444 6.491 -74.7 4.446 3.951 4.308 5.447 4.112 4.225 2.385 10.808 11.83 14.858 11.208 11.524 6.563 -74.2 4.499 3.971 4.356 5.483 4.137 4.254 2.411 10.862 11.961 14.956 11.275 11.603 6.635 -73.6 4.553 3.991 4.404 5.519 4.162 4.283 2.438 10.916 12.091 15.054 11.342 11.683 6.708 -73.0 4.607 4.011 4.452 5.555 4.187 4.313 2.464 10.97 12.222 15.153 11.409 11.763 6.78 -72.4 4.661 4.031 4.5 5.591 4.212 4.342 2.491 11.024 12.354 15.251 11.476 11.846 6.853 -71.9 4.716 4.051 4.549 5.628 4.236 4.373 2.518 11.079 12.485 15.35 11.543 11.93 6.938 -71.3 4.771 4.07 4.597 5.664 4.261 4.404 2.549 11.133 12.617 15.449 11.61 12.013 7.076 -70.7 4.827 4.09 4.646 5.701 4.286 4.435 2.6 11.188 12.748 15.549 11.677 12.097 7.213 -70.1 4.883 4.111 4.694 5.737 4.31 4.466 2.65 11.242 12.88 15.649 11.743 12.181 7.35 -69.6 4.94 4.131 4.743 5.774 4.335 4.497 2.701 11.297 13.012 15.749 11.81 12.265 7.488 -69.0 4.997 4.151 4.791 5.811 4.36 4.528 2.751 11.352 13.145 15.849 11.876 12.35 7.626 -68.4 5.054 4.171 4.84 5.848 4.384 4.559 2.802 11.407 13.277 15.95 11.943 12.434 7.764 -67.9 5.112 4.191 4.889 5.885 4.409 4.59 2.853 11.463 13.41 16.05 12.009 12.519 7.903 -67.3 5.171 4.212 4.938 5.922 4.433 4.621 2.903 11.518 13.543 16.152 12.075 12.603 8.041 -66.7 5.23 4.232 4.987 5.96 4.457 4.652 2.954 11.573 13.676 16.253 12.141 12.689 8.18 -66.1 5.289 4.252 5.036 5.997 4.482 4.684 3.005 11.629 13.809 16.355 12.207 12.774 8.319 -65.6 5.349 4.273 5.085 6.035 4.506 4.715 3.056 11.685 13.943 16.456 12.273 12.859 8.458 -65.0 5.409 4.293 5.134 6.072 4.53 4.747 3.108 11.741 14.076 16.559 12.338 12.945 8.598 -64.4 5.47 4.314 5.183 6.11 4.555 4.778 3.159 11.797 14.21 16.661 12.404 13.03 8.737 -63.8 5.531 4.334 5.232 6.148 4.579 4.81 3.21 11.853 14.344 16.764 12.47 13.116 8.877 -63.3 5.593 4.355 5.282 6.186 4.603 4.842 3.262 11.909 14.479 16.867 12.535 13.202 9.017 -62.7 5.655 4.376 5.331 6.224 4.627 4.874 3.313 11.965 14.613 16.97 12.6 13.289 9.158 -62.1 5.717 4.396 5.381 6.262 4.651 4.905 3.365 12.007 14.748 17.066 12.666 13.375 9.298 -61.5 5.78 4.411 5.43 6.297 4.675 4.937 3.416 12.033 14.882 17.109 12.731 13.462 9.439 -61.0 5.843 4.421 5.48 6.313 4.7 4.969 3.468 12.059 15.017 17.15 12.796 13.549 9.58 -60.4 5.892 4.431 5.53 6.328 4.724 5.001 3.52 12.085 15.153 17.191 12.861 13.636 9.721 -59.8 5.937 4.44 5.579 6.343 4.748 5.033 3.572 12.11 15.288 17.23 12.925 13.723 9.892 -59.3 5.982 4.449 5.629 6.358 4.771 5.066 3.635

21

Distance (m) -58.7 -58.1 -57.5 -57.0 -56.4 -55.8 -55.2 -54.7 -54.1 -53.5 -52.9 -52.4 -51.8 -51.2 -50.7 -50.1 -49.5 -48.9 -48.4 -47.8 -47.2 -46.6 -46.1 -45.5 -44.9 -44.3 -43.8 -43.2 -42.6 -42.1 -41.5 -40.9 -40.3 -39.8 -39.2 -38.6 -38.0 -37.5 -36.9 -36.3 -35.8 -35.2 -34.6 -34.0 -33.5 -32.9 -32.3

IC1-2 21.521 21.67 21.815 21.955 22.092 22.225 22.354 22.48 22.601 22.718 22.831 22.941 23.046 23.148 23.245 23.339 23.429 23.514 23.596 23.674 23.748 23.818 23.884 23.946 24.005 24.059 24.109 24.156 24.159 24.13 24.102 24.076 24.052 24.03 24.01 23.992 23.975 23.961 23.948 23.937 23.928 23.921 23.916 23.912 23.911 23.911 23.914

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 2.387 1.156 1.762 2.409 1.997 2.382 1.152 1.756 2.404 1.991 2.377 1.148 1.75 2.399 1.985 2.371 1.143 1.745 2.393 1.979 2.366 1.211 1.739 2.478 1.974 2.361 1.207 1.733 2.473 1.968 2.356 1.203 1.727 2.468 1.962 2.35 1.198 1.722 2.462 1.956 2.345 1.194 1.716 2.457 1.95 2.34 1.19 1.71 2.452 1.944 2.335 1.186 1.704 2.446 1.938 2.329 1.181 1.791 2.441 1.932 2.324 1.177 1.785 2.436 1.926 2.319 1.173 1.779 2.43 1.921 2.314 1.169 1.774 2.425 1.915 2.308 1.165 1.768 2.42 1.909 2.303 1.16 1.762 2.414 1.903 2.298 1.156 1.756 2.409 1.897 2.293 1.152 1.75 2.404 1.891 2.287 1.148 1.745 2.399 2.003 2.393 1.143 1.739 2.393 1.997 2.387 1.211 1.733 2.478 1.991 2.382 1.207 1.727 2.473 1.985 2.377 1.203 1.722 2.468 1.979 2.371 1.198 1.716 2.462 1.974 2.366 1.194 1.71 2.457 1.968 2.361 1.19 1.704 2.452 1.962 2.356 1.186 1.791 2.446 1.956 2.35 1.181 1.785 2.441 1.95 2.345 1.177 1.779 2.436 1.944 2.34 1.173 1.774 2.43 1.938 2.335 1.169 1.768 2.425 1.932 2.329 1.165 1.762 2.42 1.926 2.324 1.16 1.756 2.414 1.921 2.319 1.156 1.75 2.409 1.915 2.314 1.152 1.745 2.404 1.909 2.308 1.148 1.739 2.399 1.903 2.303 1.143 1.733 2.393 1.897 2.298 1.211 1.727 2.478 1.891 2.293 1.207 1.722 2.473 2.003 2.287 1.203 1.716 2.468 1.997 2.393 1.198 1.71 2.462 1.991 2.387 1.194 1.704 2.457 1.985 2.382 1.19 1.791 2.452 1.979 2.377 1.186 1.785 2.446 1.974 2.371 1.181 1.779 2.441 1.968 2.366 1.177 1.774 2.436 1.962

IC7-8 13.289 13.556 13.823 14.09 14.356 14.622 14.887 15.152 15.417 15.681 15.944 16.208 16.471 16.733 16.995 17.257 17.518 17.779 18.04 18.3 18.448 18.562 18.674 18.786 18.897 19.008 19.118 19.228 19.337 19.446 19.554 19.661 19.768 19.874 19.98 20.085 20.19 20.294 20.397 20.5 20.593 20.453 20.314 20.175 20.035 19.896 19.757

Distance (m) -58.7 -58.1 -57.5 -57.0 -56.4 -55.8 -55.2 -54.7 -54.1 -53.5 -52.9 -52.4 -51.8 -51.2 -50.7 -50.1 -49.5 -48.9 -48.4 -47.8 -47.2 -46.6 -46.1 -45.5 -44.9 -44.3 -43.8 -43.2 -42.6 -42.1 -41.5 -40.9 -40.3 -39.8 -39.2 -38.6 -38.0 -37.5 -36.9 -36.3 -35.8 -35.2 -34.6 -34.0 -33.5 -32.9 -32.3

IC1-2 16.39 16.501 16.61 16.715 16.818 16.918 17.014 17.108 17.199 17.287 17.372 17.454 17.532 17.608 17.681 17.752 17.819 17.883 17.944 18.002 18.057 18.11 18.159 18.205 18.249 18.289 18.327 18.361 18.364 18.341 18.32 18.301 18.282 18.266 18.25 18.236 18.224 18.213 18.203 18.195 18.188 18.183 18.179 18.176 18.175 18.175 18.177

Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 12.135 15.423 17.269 12.99 13.81 12.16 15.559 17.307 13.055 13.898 12.185 15.695 17.343 13.119 13.986 12.209 15.831 17.379 13.184 14.073 12.233 15.968 17.414 13.248 14.162 12.256 16.104 17.448 13.312 14.25 12.28 16.241 17.481 13.377 14.338 12.303 16.378 17.513 13.441 14.427 12.325 16.515 17.544 13.505 14.477 12.348 16.652 17.574 13.568 14.524 12.37 16.789 17.603 13.632 14.57 12.392 16.927 17.631 13.696 14.616 12.413 17.065 17.658 13.759 14.661 12.435 17.203 17.684 13.823 14.706 12.455 17.341 17.709 13.886 14.751 12.476 17.479 17.734 13.949 14.795 12.496 17.618 17.757 14.013 14.839 12.516 17.757 17.779 14.076 14.882 12.536 17.896 17.801 14.139 14.924 12.556 18.035 17.821 14.202 14.967 12.575 18.174 17.84 14.264 15.008 12.594 18.314 17.859 14.327 15.05 12.612 18.454 17.876 14.39 15.091 12.63 18.593 17.893 14.452 15.131 12.648 18.734 17.909 14.514 15.171 12.666 18.874 17.923 14.577 15.21 12.683 19.014 17.937 14.639 15.249 12.701 19.155 17.95 14.701 15.288 12.717 19.296 17.962 14.763 15.326 12.734 19.437 17.972 14.825 15.364 12.75 19.578 17.982 14.887 15.401 12.766 19.719 17.991 14.948 15.438 12.781 19.861 17.999 15.01 15.474 12.797 20.003 18.006 15.071 15.51 12.812 20.145 18.012 15.133 15.546 12.826 20.287 18.017 15.194 15.581 12.841 20.429 18.021 15.255 15.615 12.855 20.572 18.024 15.316 15.649 12.869 20.715 18.027 15.377 15.683 12.882 20.858 18.028 15.438 15.716 12.895 21.001 18.028 15.499 15.749 12.908 21.144 18.028 15.56 15.781 12.921 21.288 18.026 15.62 15.813 12.933 21.431 18.023 15.681 15.844 12.945 21.575 18.02 15.741 15.875 12.957 21.719 18.015 15.801 15.906 12.968 21.864 18.01 15.862 15.936

IC7-8 10.096 10.299 10.502 10.704 10.906 11.108 11.31 11.511 11.712 11.913 12.113 12.313 12.513 12.712 12.912 13.11 13.309 13.507 13.705 13.903 14.015 14.101 14.187 14.272 14.356 14.441 14.524 14.608 14.691 14.773 14.855 14.937 15.018 15.099 15.179 15.259 15.338 15.417 15.496 15.574 15.645 15.539 15.433 15.327 15.221 15.115 15.009

Distance (m) -58.7 -58.1 -57.5 -57.0 -56.4 -55.8 -55.2 -54.7 -54.1 -53.5 -52.9 -52.4 -51.8 -51.2 -50.7 -50.1 -49.5 -48.9 -48.4 -47.8 -47.2 -46.6 -46.1 -45.5 -44.9 -44.3 -43.8 -43.2 -42.6 -42.1 -41.5 -40.9 -40.3 -39.8 -39.2 -38.6 -38.0 -37.5 -36.9 -36.3 -35.8 -35.2 -34.6 -34.0 -33.5 -32.9 -32.3

IC1-2 6.025 6.067 6.108 6.148 6.187 6.224 6.261 6.296 6.331 6.364 6.396 6.427 6.457 6.486 6.513 6.54 6.565 6.59 6.613 6.635 6.656 6.676 6.695 6.712 6.729 6.744 6.759 6.772 6.773 6.765 6.757 6.75 6.743 6.737 6.731 6.726 6.721 6.717 6.714 6.711 6.708 6.706 6.705 6.704 6.703 6.703 6.704

Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 4.459 5.679 6.372 4.795 5.098 4.468 5.729 6.386 4.819 5.13 4.477 5.779 6.4 4.843 5.163 4.486 5.829 6.413 4.867 5.195 4.495 5.879 6.426 4.891 5.228 4.503 5.93 6.438 4.914 5.26 4.512 5.98 6.45 4.938 5.293 4.52 6.03 6.462 4.962 5.326 4.529 6.081 6.473 4.985 5.344 4.537 6.131 6.485 5.009 5.361 4.545 6.182 6.495 5.032 5.378 4.553 6.233 6.506 5.056 5.395 4.561 6.283 6.516 5.079 5.412 4.569 6.334 6.525 5.103 5.429 4.576 6.385 6.535 5.126 5.445 4.584 6.436 6.544 5.149 5.461 4.591 6.487 6.552 5.173 5.477 4.599 6.538 6.56 5.196 5.493 4.606 6.589 6.568 5.219 5.509 4.613 6.641 6.576 5.243 5.525 4.62 6.692 6.583 5.266 5.54 4.627 6.743 6.59 5.289 5.555 4.634 6.795 6.596 5.312 5.571 4.641 6.846 6.602 5.335 5.585 4.647 6.898 6.608 5.358 5.6 4.654 6.95 6.614 5.381 5.615 4.66 7.001 6.619 5.404 5.629 4.666 7.053 6.623 5.427 5.643 4.673 7.105 6.628 5.45 5.658 4.679 7.157 6.632 5.473 5.671 4.685 7.209 6.635 5.495 5.685 4.69 7.261 6.639 5.518 5.699 4.696 7.313 6.642 5.541 5.712 4.702 7.365 6.644 5.564 5.725 4.707 7.418 6.646 5.586 5.739 4.713 7.47 6.648 5.609 5.751 4.718 7.522 6.65 5.631 5.764 4.723 7.575 6.651 5.654 5.777 4.728 7.627 6.652 5.677 5.789 4.733 7.68 6.652 5.699 5.801 4.738 7.733 6.652 5.721 5.814 4.743 7.785 6.652 5.744 5.825 4.747 7.838 6.651 5.766 5.837 4.752 7.891 6.65 5.789 5.849 4.756 7.944 6.649 5.811 5.86 4.761 7.997 6.647 5.833 5.871 4.765 8.05 6.645 5.855 5.882

IC7-8 3.709 3.784 3.858 3.933 4.007 4.081 4.155 4.229 4.303 4.377 4.451 4.524 4.597 4.671 4.744 4.817 4.89 4.963 5.035 5.108 5.149 5.181 5.212 5.244 5.275 5.306 5.336 5.367 5.398 5.428 5.458 5.488 5.518 5.547 5.577 5.606 5.636 5.665 5.693 5.722 5.748 5.709 5.67 5.631 5.592 5.554 5.515

22

Distance (m) -31.7 -31.2 -30.6 -30.0 -29.4 -28.9 -28.3 -27.7 -27.2 -26.6 -26.0 -25.4 -24.9 -24.3 -23.7 -23.1 -22.6 -22.0 -21.4 -20.8 -20.3 -19.7 -19.1 -18.6 -18.0 -17.4 -16.8 -16.3 -15.7 -15.1 -14.5 -14.0 -13.4 -12.8 -12.2 -11.7 -11.1 -10.5 -10.0 -9.4 -8.8 -8.2 -7.7 -7.1 -6.5 -5.9 -5.4

IC1-2 23.918 23.924 23.931 23.941 23.953 23.966 23.981 23.999 24.018 24.039 24.061 24.086 24.113 24.141 24.171 24.203 24.237 24.273 24.311 24.35 24.392 24.435 24.48 24.527 24.576 24.596 24.59 24.581 24.568 24.552 24.533 24.511 24.485 24.456 24.424 24.388 24.349 24.307 24.262 24.213 24.161 24.106 24.048 23.986 23.921 23.853 23.781

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 2.361 1.173 1.768 2.43 1.956 2.356 1.169 1.762 2.425 1.95 2.35 1.165 1.756 2.42 1.944 2.345 1.16 1.75 2.414 1.938 2.34 1.156 1.745 2.409 1.932 2.335 1.152 1.739 2.404 1.926 2.329 1.148 1.733 2.399 1.921 2.324 1.143 1.727 2.393 1.915 2.319 1.211 1.722 2.478 1.909 2.314 1.207 1.716 2.473 1.903 2.308 1.203 1.71 2.468 1.897 2.303 1.198 1.704 2.462 1.891 2.298 1.194 1.791 2.457 2.003 2.293 1.19 1.785 2.452 1.997 2.287 1.186 1.779 2.446 1.991 2.393 1.181 1.774 2.441 1.985 2.387 1.177 1.768 2.436 1.979 2.382 1.173 1.762 2.43 1.974 2.377 1.169 1.756 2.425 1.968 2.371 1.165 1.75 2.42 1.962 2.366 1.16 1.745 2.414 1.956 2.361 1.156 1.739 2.409 1.95 2.356 1.152 1.733 2.404 1.944 2.35 1.148 1.727 2.399 1.938 2.345 1.143 1.722 2.393 1.932 2.34 1.211 1.716 2.478 1.926 2.335 1.207 1.71 2.473 1.921 2.329 1.203 1.704 2.468 1.915 2.324 1.198 1.791 2.462 1.909 2.319 1.194 1.785 2.457 1.903 2.314 1.19 1.779 2.452 1.897 2.308 1.186 1.774 2.446 1.891 2.303 1.181 1.768 2.441 2.003 2.298 1.177 1.762 2.436 1.997 2.293 1.173 1.756 2.43 1.991 2.287 1.169 1.75 2.425 1.985 2.393 1.165 1.745 2.42 1.979 2.387 1.16 1.739 2.414 1.974 2.382 1.156 1.733 2.409 1.968 2.377 1.152 1.727 2.404 1.962 2.371 1.148 1.722 2.399 1.956 2.366 1.143 1.716 2.393 1.95 2.361 1.211 1.71 2.478 1.944 2.356 1.207 1.704 2.473 1.938 2.35 1.203 1.791 2.468 1.932 2.345 1.198 1.785 2.462 1.926 2.34 1.194 1.779 2.457 1.921

IC7-8 19.618 19.478 19.339 19.2 19.06 18.921 18.782 18.643 18.503 18.364 18.225 18.086 17.946 17.807 17.76 17.911 18.063 18.214 18.367 18.52 18.673 18.827 18.982 19.137 19.293 19.449 19.606 19.763 19.921 20.08 20.239 20.398 20.558 20.719 20.88 20.852 20.698 20.542 20.386 20.23 20.072 19.914 19.756 19.597 19.437 19.277 19.116

Distance (m) -31.7 -31.2 -30.6 -30.0 -29.4 -28.9 -28.3 -27.7 -27.2 -26.6 -26.0 -25.4 -24.9 -24.3 -23.7 -23.1 -22.6 -22.0 -21.4 -20.8 -20.3 -19.7 -19.1 -18.6 -18.0 -17.4 -16.8 -16.3 -15.7 -15.1 -14.5 -14.0 -13.4 -12.8 -12.2 -11.7 -11.1 -10.5 -10.0 -9.4 -8.8 -8.2 -7.7 -7.1 -6.5 -5.9 -5.4

IC1-2 18.18 18.185 18.191 18.198 18.207 18.217 18.229 18.242 18.256 18.272 18.289 18.308 18.328 18.35 18.373 18.397 18.423 18.45 18.479 18.509 18.541 18.574 18.608 18.644 18.681 18.696 18.691 18.684 18.674 18.662 18.648 18.631 18.611 18.589 18.565 18.538 18.508 18.476 18.442 18.405 18.366 18.324 18.279 18.232 18.183 18.131 18.077

Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 12.979 22.008 18.003 15.922 15.965 12.99 22.153 17.996 15.982 15.994 13.001 22.297 17.988 16.042 16.023 13.011 22.442 17.978 16.101 16.051 13.021 22.588 17.968 16.161 16.079 13.03 22.733 17.957 16.221 16.106 13.04 22.879 17.945 16.28 16.133 13.049 23.024 17.931 16.34 16.159 13.057 23.17 17.917 16.399 16.185 13.066 23.317 17.902 16.458 16.211 13.074 23.463 17.886 16.517 16.236 13.082 23.609 17.869 16.576 16.26 13.089 23.756 17.851 16.635 16.284 13.096 23.903 17.832 16.694 16.308 13.103 24.05 17.813 16.753 16.331 13.11 24.198 17.792 16.811 16.354 13.116 24.345 17.77 16.87 16.376 13.122 24.493 17.747 16.928 16.398 13.128 24.641 17.724 16.987 16.419 13.134 24.789 17.699 17.045 16.44 13.139 24.888 17.673 17.103 16.461 13.144 24.794 17.647 17.161 16.481 13.148 24.7 17.619 17.219 16.501 13.152 24.606 17.591 17.277 16.52 13.156 24.511 17.561 17.335 16.538 13.16 24.416 17.531 17.392 16.557 13.163 24.321 17.5 17.45 16.574 13.166 24.225 17.467 17.507 16.592 13.169 24.128 17.434 17.565 16.608 13.172 24.031 17.4 17.622 16.625 13.174 23.934 17.365 17.679 16.641 13.176 23.837 17.328 17.736 16.656 13.177 23.739 17.291 17.793 16.671 13.178 23.64 17.253 17.85 16.686 13.179 23.541 17.214 17.907 16.7 13.18 23.442 17.174 17.963 16.714 13.181 23.343 17.133 18.02 16.727 13.181 23.242 17.091 18.076 16.74 13.18 23.142 17.048 18.133 16.752 13.18 23.041 17.005 18.189 16.764 13.179 22.94 16.96 18.245 16.775 13.178 22.838 16.914 18.301 16.786 13.177 22.736 16.867 18.357 16.797 13.175 22.633 16.82 18.413 16.807 13.173 22.53 16.771 18.469 16.817 13.171 22.427 16.722 18.524 16.826 13.168 22.323 16.671 18.58 16.835

IC7-8 14.904 14.798 14.692 14.586 14.48 14.375 14.269 14.163 14.057 13.951 13.846 13.74 13.634 13.528 13.493 13.607 13.722 13.838 13.953 14.07 14.186 14.303 14.421 14.539 14.657 14.776 14.895 15.014 15.134 15.255 15.375 15.497 15.618 15.74 15.863 15.842 15.724 15.606 15.488 15.369 15.249 15.129 15.009 14.888 14.766 14.645 14.522

Distance (m) -31.7 -31.2 -30.6 -30.0 -29.4 -28.9 -28.3 -27.7 -27.2 -26.6 -26.0 -25.4 -24.9 -24.3 -23.7 -23.1 -22.6 -22.0 -21.4 -20.8 -20.3 -19.7 -19.1 -18.6 -18.0 -17.4 -16.8 -16.3 -15.7 -15.1 -14.5 -14.0 -13.4 -12.8 -12.2 -11.7 -11.1 -10.5 -10.0 -9.4 -8.8 -8.2 -7.7 -7.1 -6.5 -5.9 -5.4

IC1-2 6.705 6.707 6.709 6.712 6.715 6.719 6.723 6.728 6.733 6.739 6.746 6.752 6.76 6.768 6.776 6.785 6.795 6.805 6.815 6.827 6.838 6.85 6.863 6.876 6.89 6.895 6.894 6.891 6.888 6.883 6.878 6.871 6.864 6.856 6.847 6.837 6.826 6.814 6.802 6.788 6.774 6.758 6.742 6.724 6.706 6.687 6.667

Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 4.769 8.104 6.643 5.878 5.893 4.773 8.157 6.64 5.9 5.904 4.777 8.21 6.637 5.922 5.915 4.78 8.264 6.634 5.944 5.925 4.784 8.317 6.63 5.966 5.935 4.788 8.371 6.626 5.988 5.945 4.791 8.424 6.621 6.01 5.955 4.794 8.478 6.617 6.032 5.965 4.797 8.532 6.611 6.054 5.975 4.801 8.585 6.606 6.076 5.984 4.804 8.639 6.6 6.097 5.993 4.806 8.693 6.594 6.119 6.002 4.809 8.747 6.587 6.141 6.011 4.812 8.801 6.58 6.163 6.02 4.814 8.856 6.573 6.184 6.029 4.817 8.91 6.565 6.206 6.037 4.819 8.964 6.557 6.228 6.045 4.821 9.018 6.549 6.249 6.053 4.824 9.073 6.54 6.271 6.061 4.826 9.127 6.531 6.292 6.069 4.827 9.164 6.521 6.314 6.076 4.829 9.129 6.512 6.335 6.084 4.831 9.095 6.501 6.356 6.091 4.832 9.06 6.491 6.378 6.098 4.834 9.025 6.48 6.399 6.105 4.835 8.99 6.469 6.42 6.112 4.836 8.955 6.457 6.442 6.118 4.838 8.92 6.445 6.463 6.125 4.839 8.884 6.433 6.484 6.131 4.839 8.849 6.42 6.505 6.137 4.84 8.813 6.407 6.526 6.143 4.841 8.777 6.394 6.547 6.149 4.842 8.741 6.38 6.568 6.154 4.842 8.705 6.366 6.589 6.159 4.842 8.668 6.352 6.61 6.165 4.843 8.632 6.337 6.631 6.17 4.843 8.595 6.322 6.652 6.175 4.843 8.558 6.307 6.673 6.179 4.843 8.521 6.291 6.694 6.184 4.843 8.484 6.275 6.714 6.188 4.842 8.447 6.258 6.735 6.193 4.842 8.409 6.241 6.756 6.197 4.841 8.372 6.224 6.777 6.2 4.841 8.334 6.206 6.797 6.204 4.84 8.296 6.188 6.818 6.208 4.839 8.258 6.17 6.838 6.211 4.838 8.22 6.151 6.859 6.214

IC7-8 5.476 5.437 5.398 5.359 5.32 5.281 5.242 5.204 5.165 5.126 5.087 5.048 5.009 4.97 4.957 4.999 5.042 5.084 5.127 5.169 5.212 5.255 5.298 5.342 5.385 5.429 5.472 5.516 5.56 5.605 5.649 5.694 5.738 5.783 5.828 5.82 5.777 5.734 5.69 5.647 5.603 5.559 5.514 5.47 5.425 5.381 5.336

23

Distance (m) -4.8 -4.2 -3.7 -3.1 -2.5 -1.9 -1.4 -0.8 -0.2 0.0 0.9 1.5 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.8 4.4 4.9 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.8 8.4 9.0 9.5 10.1 10.7 11.3 11.8 12.4 13.0 13.5 14.1 14.7 15.3 15.8 16.4 17.0 17.6 18.1 18.7 19.3 19.8 20.4 21.0 21.6

IC1-2 23.707 23.628 23.547 23.462 23.375 23.283 23.189 23.089 22.903 22.717 22.531 22.346 22.16 21.975 21.79 21.604 21.419 21.235 21.05 20.865 20.68 20.496 20.312 20.127 19.943 19.759 19.575 19.392 19.208 19.024 18.841 18.658 18.475 18.291 18.109 17.926 17.743 17.56 17.378 17.195 17.013 16.831 16.649 16.467 16.285 16.104 15.922

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 2.335 1.19 1.774 2.452 1.915 2.329 1.186 1.768 2.446 1.909 2.324 1.181 1.762 2.441 1.903 2.319 1.177 1.756 2.436 1.897 2.314 1.173 1.75 2.43 1.891 2.308 1.169 1.745 2.425 2.003 2.303 1.165 1.739 2.42 1.997 2.298 1.16 1.733 2.414 1.991 2.293 1.156 1.727 2.409 1.985 2.287 1.152 1.722 2.404 1.979 2.393 1.148 1.716 2.399 1.974 2.387 1.143 1.71 2.393 1.968 2.382 1.211 1.704 2.478 1.962 2.377 1.207 1.791 2.473 1.956 2.371 1.203 1.785 2.468 1.95 2.366 1.198 1.779 2.462 1.944 2.361 1.194 1.774 2.457 1.938 2.356 1.19 1.768 2.452 1.932 2.35 1.186 1.762 2.446 1.926 2.345 1.181 1.756 2.441 1.921 2.34 1.177 1.75 2.436 1.915 2.335 1.173 1.745 2.43 1.909 2.329 1.169 1.739 2.425 1.903 2.324 1.165 1.733 2.42 1.897 2.319 1.16 1.727 2.414 1.891 2.314 1.156 1.722 2.409 2.003 2.308 1.152 1.716 2.404 1.997 2.303 1.148 1.71 2.399 1.991 2.298 1.143 1.704 2.393 1.985 2.293 1.211 1.791 2.478 1.979 2.287 1.207 1.785 2.473 1.974 2.393 1.203 1.779 2.468 1.968 2.387 1.198 1.774 2.462 1.962 2.382 1.194 1.768 2.457 1.956 2.377 1.19 1.762 2.452 1.95 2.371 1.186 1.756 2.446 1.944 2.366 1.181 1.75 2.441 1.938 2.361 1.177 1.745 2.436 1.932 2.356 1.173 1.739 2.43 1.926 2.35 1.169 1.733 2.425 1.921 2.345 1.165 1.727 2.42 1.915 2.34 1.16 1.722 2.414 1.909 2.335 1.156 1.716 2.409 1.903 2.329 1.152 1.71 2.404 1.897 2.324 1.148 1.704 2.399 1.891 2.319 1.143 1.791 2.393 2.003 2.314 1.211 1.785 2.478 1.997

IC7-8 18.954 18.792 18.629 18.465 18.301 18.137 17.971 17.805 17.639 17.418 17.189 16.96 16.731 16.502 16.273 16.043 15.814 15.584 15.355 15.125 14.895 14.665 14.434 14.204 13.974 13.744 13.513 13.282 13.052 12.828 12.642 12.456 12.271 12.086 11.901 11.716 11.532 11.348 11.164 10.98 10.797 10.614 10.431 10.249 10.066 9.884 9.703

Distance (m) -4.8 -4.2 -3.7 -3.1 -2.5 -1.9 -1.4 -0.8 -0.2 0.0 0.9 1.5 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.8 4.4 4.9 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.8 8.4 9.0 9.5 10.1 10.7 11.3 11.8 12.4 13.0 13.5 14.1 14.7 15.3 15.8 16.4 17.0 17.6 18.1 18.7 19.3 19.8 20.4 21.0 21.6

IC1-2 18.02 17.96 17.899 17.834 17.767 17.698 17.626 17.55 17.409 17.268 17.126 16.985 16.844 16.703 16.563 16.422 16.281 16.141 16 15.86 15.72 15.579 15.439 15.299 15.159 15.019 14.88 14.74 14.6 14.461 14.321 14.182 14.043 13.904 13.765 13.626 13.487 13.348 13.209 13.071 12.932 12.794 12.655 12.517 12.379 12.241 12.103

Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 13.165 22.219 16.62 18.635 16.843 13.162 22.114 16.567 18.691 16.851 13.158 22.009 16.514 18.746 16.858 13.155 21.904 16.459 18.801 16.865 13.15 21.798 16.404 18.856 16.871 13.146 21.692 16.348 18.911 16.877 13.141 21.585 16.29 18.966 16.883 13.136 21.478 16.232 19.021 16.888 13.131 21.371 16.173 19.076 16.892 13.126 21.263 16.113 19.13 16.897 13.12 21.154 16.052 19.185 16.9 13.113 21.046 15.99 19.239 16.904 13.107 20.936 15.927 19.293 16.906 13.1 20.827 15.863 19.347 16.909 13.093 20.717 15.798 19.402 16.911 13.086 20.607 15.732 19.456 16.912 13.078 20.496 15.665 19.509 16.913 13.07 20.385 15.597 19.563 16.914 13.062 20.273 15.529 19.617 16.914 13.053 20.161 15.459 19.671 16.914 13.044 20.048 15.388 19.724 16.913 13.035 19.936 15.317 19.742 16.911 13.026 19.822 15.249 19.672 16.91 13.016 19.709 15.208 19.602 16.908 13.006 19.594 15.166 19.532 16.905 12.996 19.48 15.124 19.462 16.902 12.985 19.365 15.081 19.392 16.898 12.974 19.25 15.038 19.322 16.894 12.963 19.134 14.994 19.252 16.89 12.951 19.018 14.949 19.182 16.885 12.94 18.901 14.904 19.112 16.88 12.927 18.784 14.858 19.043 16.874 12.915 18.667 14.812 18.973 16.868 12.902 18.549 14.765 18.903 16.861 12.889 18.431 14.718 18.833 16.854 12.876 18.312 14.67 18.764 16.846 12.862 18.193 14.621 18.694 16.838 12.848 18.074 14.572 18.624 16.83 12.834 17.954 14.522 18.554 16.819 12.82 17.833 14.471 18.485 16.711 12.805 17.713 14.42 18.415 16.604 12.79 17.592 14.369 18.346 16.497 12.774 17.47 14.317 18.276 16.39 12.759 17.348 14.264 18.207 16.283 12.743 17.226 14.21 18.137 16.177 12.726 17.103 14.157 18.067 16.071 12.71 16.98 14.102 17.998 15.965

IC7-8 14.4 14.276 14.153 14.028 13.904 13.779 13.653 13.527 13.4 13.232 13.059 12.885 12.711 12.537 12.362 12.188 12.014 11.839 11.665 11.49 11.316 11.141 10.966 10.791 10.616 10.441 10.266 10.091 9.915 9.745 9.604 9.463 9.322 9.182 9.041 8.901 8.761 8.621 8.481 8.342 8.203 8.063 7.925 7.786 7.648 7.509 7.371

Distance (m) -4.8 -4.2 -3.7 -3.1 -2.5 -1.9 -1.4 -0.8 -0.2 0.0 0.9 1.5 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.8 4.4 4.9 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.8 8.4 9.0 9.5 10.1 10.7 11.3 11.8 12.4 13.0 13.5 14.1 14.7 15.3 15.8 16.4 17.0 17.6 18.1 18.7 19.3 19.8 20.4 21.0 21.6

IC1-2 6.646 6.624 6.601 6.578 6.553 6.527 6.501 6.473 6.421 6.369 6.317 6.265 6.213 6.161 6.109 6.057 6.005 5.953 5.901 5.849 5.798 5.746 5.694 5.643 5.591 5.539 5.488 5.436 5.385 5.333 5.282 5.231 5.179 5.128 5.077 5.025 4.974 4.923 4.872 4.821 4.77 4.719 4.667 4.616 4.566 4.515 4.464

Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 4.837 8.181 6.132 6.879 6.217 4.836 8.143 6.113 6.9 6.22 4.835 8.104 6.093 6.92 6.223 4.833 8.065 6.073 6.94 6.225 4.832 8.026 6.053 6.961 6.228 4.83 7.987 6.032 6.981 6.23 4.828 7.948 6.011 7.001 6.232 4.827 7.908 5.99 7.022 6.234 4.825 7.869 5.968 7.042 6.236 4.823 7.829 5.946 7.062 6.237 4.82 7.789 5.923 7.082 6.239 4.818 7.749 5.9 7.102 6.24 4.816 7.709 5.877 7.122 6.241 4.813 7.669 5.853 7.142 6.242 4.811 7.628 5.829 7.162 6.242 4.808 7.588 5.805 7.182 6.243 4.805 7.547 5.78 7.202 6.243 4.802 7.506 5.755 7.222 6.244 4.799 7.465 5.73 7.242 6.244 4.796 7.423 5.704 7.261 6.243 4.793 7.382 5.678 7.281 6.243 4.789 7.34 5.652 7.288 6.243 4.786 7.299 5.627 7.262 6.242 4.782 7.257 5.612 7.236 6.241 4.779 7.215 5.596 7.21 6.24 4.775 7.173 5.581 7.184 6.239 4.771 7.13 5.565 7.159 6.238 4.767 7.088 5.549 7.133 6.236 4.763 7.045 5.533 7.107 6.235 4.759 7.003 5.516 7.081 6.233 4.754 6.96 5.5 7.055 6.231 4.75 6.917 5.483 7.03 6.229 4.745 6.873 5.466 7.004 6.227 4.74 6.83 5.448 6.978 6.224 4.736 6.786 5.431 6.952 6.221 4.731 6.743 5.413 6.927 6.219 4.726 6.699 5.395 6.901 6.216 4.721 6.655 5.377 6.875 6.213 4.715 6.611 5.358 6.849 6.209 4.71 6.566 5.34 6.824 6.169 4.705 6.522 5.321 6.798 6.129 4.699 6.477 5.302 6.772 6.09 4.693 6.433 5.283 6.747 6.05 4.688 6.388 5.263 6.721 6.011 4.682 6.343 5.244 6.695 5.972 4.676 6.297 5.224 6.67 5.932 4.67 6.252 5.204 6.644 5.893

IC7-8 5.291 5.245 5.2 5.154 5.108 5.062 5.016 4.97 4.923 4.862 4.798 4.734 4.67 4.606 4.542 4.478 4.414 4.35 4.286 4.222 4.158 4.093 4.029 3.965 3.901 3.836 3.772 3.707 3.643 3.581 3.529 3.477 3.425 3.373 3.322 3.27 3.219 3.167 3.116 3.065 3.014 2.963 2.912 2.861 2.81 2.759 2.708

24

Distance (m) 22.1 22.7 23.3 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.6 26.2 26.7 27.3 27.9 28.4 29.0 29.6 30.2 30.7 31.3 31.9 32.5 33.0 33.6 34.2 34.8 35.3 35.9 36.5 37.0 37.6 38.2 38.8 39.3 39.9 40.5 41.1 41.6 42.2 42.8 43.4 43.9 44.5 45.1 45.6 46.2 46.8 47.4 47.9 48.5

IC1-2 15.74 15.559 15.378 15.197 15.016 14.835 14.661 14.507 14.355 14.204 14.054 13.906 13.759 13.613 13.469 13.326 13.184 13.044 12.905 12.767 12.631 12.496 12.362 12.23 12.099 11.969 11.841 11.714 11.588 11.463 11.34 11.219 11.098 10.979 10.882 10.805 10.729 10.653 10.577 10.502 10.427 10.353 10.279 10.206 10.133 10.061 9.989

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) 2.308 1.207 1.779 2.473 1.991 9.521 22.1 2.303 1.203 1.774 2.468 1.985 9.34 22.7 2.298 1.198 1.768 2.462 1.979 9.159 23.3 2.293 1.194 1.762 2.457 1.974 9.014 23.9 2.287 1.19 1.756 2.452 1.968 8.916 24.4 25.0 2.393 1.186 1.75 2.446 1.962 8.818 2.387 1.181 1.745 2.441 1.956 8.719 25.6 2.382 1.177 1.739 2.436 1.95 8.621 26.2 2.377 1.173 1.733 2.43 1.944 8.523 26.7 2.371 1.169 1.727 2.425 1.938 8.425 27.3 2.366 1.165 1.722 2.42 1.932 8.327 27.9 2.361 1.16 1.716 2.414 1.926 8.23 28.4 2.356 1.156 1.71 2.409 1.921 8.132 29.0 2.35 1.152 1.704 2.404 1.915 8.035 29.6 2.345 1.148 1.791 2.399 1.909 7.937 30.2 2.34 1.143 1.785 2.393 1.903 7.84 30.7 31.3 2.335 1.211 1.779 2.478 1.897 7.743 2.329 1.207 1.774 2.473 1.891 7.646 31.9 2.324 1.203 1.768 2.468 2.003 7.549 32.5 2.319 1.198 1.762 2.462 1.997 7.452 33.0 2.314 1.194 1.756 2.457 1.991 7.355 33.6 2.308 1.19 1.75 2.452 1.985 7.259 34.2 2.303 1.186 1.745 2.446 1.979 7.162 34.8 2.298 1.181 1.739 2.441 1.974 7.066 35.3 2.293 1.177 1.733 2.436 1.968 6.995 35.9 2.287 1.173 1.727 2.43 1.962 6.934 36.5 2.393 1.169 1.722 2.425 1.956 6.873 37.0 2.387 1.165 1.716 2.42 1.95 6.812 37.6 2.382 1.16 1.71 2.414 1.944 6.751 38.2 2.377 1.156 1.704 2.409 1.938 6.691 38.8 2.371 1.152 1.791 2.404 1.932 6.63 39.3 2.366 1.148 1.785 2.399 1.926 6.569 39.9 2.361 1.143 1.779 2.393 1.921 6.509 40.5 41.1 2.356 1.211 1.774 2.478 1.915 6.448 2.35 1.207 1.768 2.473 1.909 6.388 41.6 2.345 1.203 1.762 2.468 1.903 6.328 42.2 2.34 1.198 1.756 2.462 1.897 6.267 42.8 2.335 1.194 1.75 2.457 1.891 6.207 43.4 2.329 1.19 1.745 2.452 2.003 6.147 43.9 2.324 1.186 1.739 2.446 1.997 6.087 44.5 2.319 1.181 1.733 2.441 1.991 6.027 45.1 2.314 1.177 1.727 2.436 1.985 5.967 45.6 2.308 1.173 1.722 2.43 1.979 5.907 46.2 2.303 1.169 1.716 2.425 1.974 5.847 46.8 47.4 2.298 1.165 1.71 2.42 1.968 5.787 2.293 1.16 1.704 2.414 1.962 5.743 47.9 2.287 1.156 1.791 2.409 1.956 5.699 48.5

IC1-2 11.965 11.827 11.689 11.551 11.414 11.276 11.144 11.027 10.912 10.797 10.683 10.57 10.458 10.348 10.238 10.129 10.022 9.915 9.809 9.705 9.601 9.498 9.397 9.296 9.196 9.098 9 8.904 8.808 8.714 8.62 8.528 8.436 8.346 8.272 8.213 8.155 8.097 8.04 7.983 7.926 7.869 7.813 7.758 7.702 7.647 7.592

Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 12.693 16.856 14.047 17.929 15.859 7.233 22.1 4.413 4.664 6.207 5.183 6.618 5.854 2.658 12.675 16.732 13.991 17.859 15.753 7.096 22.7 4.362 4.657 6.161 5.163 6.593 5.815 2.607 12.658 16.608 13.935 17.79 15.648 6.958 23.3 4.311 4.651 6.115 5.142 6.567 5.776 2.557 12.64 16.483 13.878 17.72 15.543 6.848 23.9 4.26 4.644 6.069 5.121 6.541 5.737 2.516 12.622 16.358 13.821 17.651 15.438 6.773 24.4 4.21 4.638 6.023 5.1 6.516 5.699 2.489 12.604 16.232 13.763 17.582 15.333 6.699 25.0 4.159 4.631 5.977 5.078 6.49 5.66 2.461 12.585 16.106 13.704 17.512 15.228 6.624 25.6 4.11 4.624 5.93 5.057 6.465 5.621 2.434 12.566 15.979 13.645 17.443 15.124 6.55 26.2 4.067 4.617 5.884 5.035 6.439 5.583 2.406 12.547 15.853 13.585 17.374 15.02 6.475 26.7 4.024 4.61 5.837 5.013 6.414 5.544 2.379 12.527 15.725 13.525 17.304 14.916 6.401 27.3 3.982 4.603 5.79 4.991 6.388 5.506 2.352 12.507 15.598 13.464 17.235 14.812 6.326 27.9 3.94 4.595 5.743 4.968 6.362 5.468 2.324 12.487 15.469 13.402 17.166 14.709 6.252 28.4 3.899 4.588 5.696 4.945 6.337 5.43 2.297 12.467 15.341 13.34 17.097 14.605 6.178 29.0 3.857 4.58 5.649 4.922 6.311 5.391 2.27 12.446 15.212 13.278 17.028 14.502 6.104 29.6 3.816 4.573 5.601 4.899 6.286 5.353 2.243 12.425 15.083 13.214 16.959 14.4 6.03 30.2 3.776 4.565 5.554 4.876 6.26 5.315 2.216 12.403 14.953 13.151 16.889 14.297 5.956 30.7 3.736 4.557 5.506 4.852 6.235 5.278 2.188 12.382 14.823 13.086 16.82 14.195 5.882 31.3 3.696 4.549 5.458 4.829 6.209 5.24 2.161 12.36 14.692 13.021 16.751 14.092 5.809 31.9 3.657 4.541 5.41 4.805 6.184 5.202 2.134 12.338 14.561 12.955 16.682 13.99 5.735 32.5 3.618 4.533 5.361 4.78 6.158 5.164 2.107 12.315 14.429 12.889 16.613 13.889 5.661 33.0 3.579 4.525 5.313 4.756 6.133 5.127 2.08 12.292 14.298 12.823 16.544 13.787 5.588 33.6 3.541 4.516 5.265 4.732 6.107 5.089 2.053 12.269 14.165 12.757 16.475 13.686 5.514 34.2 3.503 4.508 5.216 4.707 6.082 5.052 2.026 12.245 14.033 12.69 16.406 13.584 5.441 34.8 3.466 4.499 5.167 4.683 6.056 5.015 1.999 12.222 13.9 12.625 16.337 13.484 5.368 35.3 3.429 4.49 5.118 4.658 6.031 4.977 1.972 12.198 13.766 12.559 16.268 13.383 5.314 35.9 3.392 4.482 5.069 4.634 6.006 4.94 1.952 12.173 13.632 12.493 16.2 13.282 5.268 36.5 3.355 4.473 5.019 4.61 5.98 4.903 1.935 12.149 13.498 12.427 16.131 13.182 5.221 37.0 3.319 4.464 4.97 4.586 5.955 4.866 1.918 12.124 13.363 12.362 16.062 13.082 5.175 37.6 3.284 4.454 4.92 4.561 5.929 4.829 1.901 12.098 13.228 12.297 15.993 12.982 5.129 38.2 3.249 4.445 4.871 4.537 5.904 4.792 1.884 12.073 13.092 12.232 15.924 12.883 5.083 38.8 3.214 4.436 4.821 4.513 5.878 4.755 1.868 12.047 12.956 12.166 15.855 12.783 5.037 39.3 3.179 4.426 4.771 4.489 5.853 4.719 1.851 12.021 12.82 12.102 15.787 12.684 4.991 39.9 3.145 4.417 4.72 4.465 5.828 4.682 1.834 11.995 12.683 12.037 15.718 12.585 4.945 40.5 3.111 4.407 4.67 4.441 5.802 4.646 1.817 11.968 12.546 11.972 15.649 12.486 4.899 41.1 3.078 4.397 4.62 4.418 5.777 4.609 1.8 11.941 12.408 11.908 15.581 12.388 4.853 41.6 3.051 4.387 4.569 4.394 5.752 4.573 1.783 11.913 12.27 11.843 15.512 12.289 4.807 42.2 3.029 4.377 4.518 4.37 5.726 4.536 1.766 11.886 12.132 11.779 15.443 12.191 4.761 42.8 3.008 4.367 4.467 4.346 5.701 4.5 1.749 11.858 11.993 11.715 15.375 12.093 4.716 43.4 2.986 4.357 4.416 4.323 5.676 4.464 1.733 11.83 11.854 11.651 15.306 11.995 4.67 43.9 2.965 4.346 4.365 4.299 5.65 4.428 1.716 11.801 11.714 11.587 15.238 11.898 4.624 44.5 2.944 4.336 4.313 4.276 5.625 4.392 1.699 11.772 11.574 11.524 15.169 11.801 4.579 45.1 2.923 4.325 4.262 4.252 5.6 4.356 1.682 11.743 11.433 11.46 15.101 11.703 4.533 45.6 2.902 4.315 4.21 4.229 5.574 4.32 1.665 11.714 11.292 11.397 15.032 11.607 4.487 46.2 2.882 4.304 4.158 4.205 5.549 4.284 1.649 11.684 11.151 11.333 14.964 11.51 4.442 46.8 2.861 4.293 4.106 4.182 5.524 4.249 1.632 11.654 11.009 11.27 14.895 11.414 4.396 47.4 2.841 4.282 4.054 4.159 5.499 4.213 1.615 11.624 10.867 11.207 14.827 11.317 4.363 47.9 2.82 4.271 4.001 4.135 5.473 4.178 1.603 11.593 10.725 11.144 14.758 11.221 4.329 48.5 2.8 4.26 3.949 4.112 5.448 4.142 1.591

25

Distance (m) IC1-2 49.1 9.917 49.7 9.846 50.2 9.776 50.8 9.705 51.4 9.636 51.9 9.567 52.5 9.498 53.1 9.43 53.7 9.362 54.2 9.295 54.8 9.228 55.4 9.161 56.0 9.095 56.5 9.03 57.1 8.965 57.7 8.9 58.3 8.836 58.8 8.772 59.4 8.709 60.0 8.647 60.5 8.584 61.1 8.522 61.7 8.461 62.3 8.4 62.8 8.34 63.4 8.28 64.0 8.22 64.6 8.161 65.1 8.103 65.7 8.045 66.3 7.987 66.9 7.93 67.4 7.873 68.0 7.817 68.6 7.761 69.1 7.715 69.7 7.67 70.3 7.625 70.9 7.581 71.4 7.537 72.0 7.492 72.6 7.449 73.2 7.405 73.7 7.361 74.3 7.318 74.9 7.275 75.5 7.232

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 2.393 1.152 1.785 2.404 1.95 5.655 49.1 7.538 2.387 1.148 1.779 2.399 1.944 5.611 49.7 7.484 2.382 1.143 1.774 2.393 1.938 5.567 50.2 7.431 2.377 1.211 1.768 2.478 1.932 5.523 50.8 7.377 2.371 1.207 1.762 2.473 1.926 5.479 51.4 7.324 51.9 7.272 2.366 1.203 1.756 2.468 1.921 5.435 2.361 1.198 1.75 2.462 1.915 5.391 52.5 7.22 2.356 1.194 1.745 2.457 1.909 5.347 53.1 7.168 2.35 1.19 1.739 2.452 1.903 5.303 53.7 7.116 2.345 1.186 1.733 2.446 1.897 5.259 54.2 7.065 2.34 1.181 1.727 2.441 1.891 5.216 54.8 7.014 2.335 1.177 1.722 2.436 2.003 5.172 55.4 6.964 2.329 1.173 1.716 2.43 1.997 5.128 56.0 6.914 2.324 1.169 1.71 2.425 1.991 5.084 56.5 6.864 2.319 1.165 1.704 2.42 1.985 5.041 57.1 6.814 2.314 1.16 1.791 2.414 1.979 4.997 57.7 6.765 58.3 6.716 2.308 1.156 1.785 2.409 1.974 4.953 2.303 1.152 1.779 2.404 1.968 4.91 58.8 6.668 2.298 1.148 1.774 2.399 1.962 4.869 59.4 6.62 2.293 1.143 1.768 2.393 1.956 4.834 60.0 6.572 2.287 1.211 1.762 2.478 1.95 4.8 60.5 6.525 2.393 1.207 1.756 2.473 1.944 4.765 61.1 6.478 2.387 1.203 1.75 2.468 1.938 4.731 61.7 6.431 2.382 1.198 1.745 2.462 1.932 4.697 62.3 6.385 2.377 1.194 1.739 2.457 1.926 4.662 62.8 6.339 2.371 1.19 1.733 2.452 1.921 4.628 63.4 6.294 2.366 1.186 1.727 2.446 1.915 4.593 64.0 6.248 2.361 1.181 1.722 2.441 1.909 4.559 64.6 6.204 2.356 1.177 1.716 2.436 1.903 4.525 65.1 6.159 2.35 1.173 1.71 2.43 1.897 4.49 65.7 6.115 2.345 1.169 1.704 2.425 1.891 4.456 66.3 6.071 2.34 1.165 1.791 2.42 2.003 4.422 66.9 6.027 2.335 1.16 1.785 2.414 1.997 4.388 67.4 5.984 68.0 5.942 2.329 1.156 1.779 2.409 1.991 4.353 2.324 1.152 1.774 2.404 1.985 4.319 68.6 5.899 2.319 1.148 1.768 2.399 1.979 4.285 69.1 5.864 2.314 1.143 1.762 2.393 1.974 4.251 69.7 5.83 2.308 1.211 1.756 2.478 1.968 4.217 70.3 5.796 2.303 1.207 1.75 2.473 1.962 4.182 70.9 5.762 2.298 1.203 1.745 2.468 1.956 4.152 71.4 5.729 2.293 1.198 1.739 2.462 1.95 4.124 72.0 5.695 2.287 1.194 1.733 2.457 1.944 4.096 72.6 5.662 2.393 1.19 1.727 2.452 1.938 4.069 73.2 5.629 2.387 1.186 1.722 2.446 1.932 4.041 73.7 5.595 74.3 5.563 2.382 1.181 1.716 2.441 1.926 4.013 2.377 1.177 1.71 2.436 1.921 3.985 74.9 5.53 2.371 1.173 1.704 2.43 1.915 3.958 75.5 5.497

Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 11.55 10.581 11.081 14.69 11.125 4.296 49.1 2.78 4.244 3.896 4.089 5.423 4.107 1.578 11.495 10.438 11.019 14.622 11.03 4.262 49.7 2.76 4.223 3.843 4.066 5.398 4.072 1.566 11.439 10.294 10.956 14.553 10.935 4.229 50.2 2.741 4.203 3.79 4.043 5.372 4.036 1.554 11.384 10.151 10.894 14.485 10.839 4.196 50.8 2.721 4.183 3.738 4.02 5.347 4.001 1.542 11.329 10.007 10.832 14.417 10.744 4.162 51.4 2.701 4.163 3.685 3.997 5.322 3.966 1.529 11.274 9.864 10.77 14.348 10.65 4.129 51.9 2.682 4.142 3.632 3.974 5.297 3.931 1.517 11.219 9.721 10.708 14.28 10.555 4.096 52.5 2.663 4.122 3.579 3.951 5.272 3.896 1.505 11.165 9.578 10.646 14.212 10.461 4.062 53.1 2.644 4.102 3.527 3.928 5.246 3.862 1.493 11.11 9.435 10.584 14.144 10.367 4.029 53.7 2.625 4.082 3.474 3.905 5.221 3.827 1.48 11.056 9.292 10.523 14.076 10.273 3.996 54.2 2.606 4.062 3.421 3.883 5.196 3.792 1.468 11.002 9.149 10.461 14.007 10.179 3.962 54.8 2.587 4.042 3.369 3.86 5.171 3.758 1.456 10.948 9.006 10.4 13.939 10.086 3.929 55.4 2.568 4.022 3.316 3.838 5.146 3.723 1.444 10.894 8.863 10.339 13.871 9.993 3.896 56.0 2.55 4.003 3.263 3.815 5.121 3.689 1.431 10.84 8.72 10.278 13.803 9.9 3.863 56.5 2.531 3.983 3.211 3.792 5.095 3.654 1.419 10.786 8.577 10.217 13.735 9.807 3.829 57.1 2.513 3.963 3.158 3.77 5.07 3.62 1.407 10.733 8.435 10.156 13.667 9.714 3.796 57.7 2.495 3.943 3.106 3.748 5.045 3.586 1.395 10.679 8.292 10.096 13.599 9.622 3.763 58.3 2.477 3.924 3.053 3.725 5.02 3.552 1.383 10.626 8.149 10.035 13.531 9.53 3.73 58.8 2.459 3.904 3.001 3.703 4.995 3.518 1.37 10.573 8.007 9.975 13.463 9.438 3.699 59.4 2.442 3.885 2.948 3.681 4.97 3.484 1.359 10.52 7.864 9.915 13.395 9.346 3.673 60.0 2.424 3.865 2.896 3.658 4.945 3.45 1.349 10.467 7.722 9.854 13.327 9.254 3.646 60.5 2.407 3.846 2.843 3.636 4.92 3.416 1.34 10.414 7.58 9.795 13.259 9.163 3.62 61.1 2.389 3.826 2.791 3.614 4.895 3.382 1.33 10.362 7.438 9.735 13.191 9.072 3.594 61.7 2.372 3.807 2.739 3.592 4.87 3.349 1.321 10.309 7.295 9.675 13.124 8.981 3.568 62.3 2.355 3.788 2.686 3.57 4.845 3.315 1.311 10.257 7.153 9.616 13.056 8.89 3.542 62.8 2.338 3.769 2.634 3.548 4.82 3.282 1.301 10.205 7.011 9.556 12.988 8.8 3.516 63.4 2.321 3.749 2.582 3.526 4.794 3.248 1.292 10.153 6.869 9.497 12.92 8.71 3.49 64.0 2.305 3.73 2.529 3.504 4.769 3.215 1.282 10.101 6.727 9.438 12.852 8.62 3.464 64.6 2.288 3.711 2.477 3.482 4.744 3.182 1.273 10.049 6.586 9.379 12.785 8.53 3.437 65.1 2.272 3.692 2.425 3.461 4.719 3.149 1.263 9.998 6.444 9.32 12.717 8.44 3.411 65.7 2.255 3.673 2.373 3.439 4.694 3.116 1.253 9.946 6.302 9.261 12.649 8.351 3.385 66.3 2.239 3.654 2.32 3.417 4.669 3.083 1.244 9.895 6.178 9.203 12.582 8.262 3.359 66.9 2.223 3.636 2.275 3.396 4.644 3.05 1.234 9.844 6.148 9.144 12.514 8.173 3.333 67.4 2.207 3.617 2.264 3.374 4.62 3.017 1.225 9.793 6.119 9.086 12.446 8.084 3.307 68.0 2.191 3.598 2.253 3.353 4.595 2.984 1.215 9.742 6.089 9.028 12.379 7.995 3.281 68.6 2.176 3.579 2.242 3.331 4.57 2.951 1.206 9.691 6.06 8.969 12.311 7.907 3.255 69.1 2.163 3.561 2.231 3.31 4.545 2.919 1.196 9.64 6.031 8.912 12.244 7.819 3.229 69.7 2.15 3.542 2.221 3.288 4.52 2.886 1.186 9.59 6.001 8.854 12.176 7.731 3.203 70.3 2.138 3.523 2.21 3.267 4.495 2.854 1.177 9.539 5.972 8.796 12.109 7.643 3.177 70.9 2.125 3.505 2.199 3.246 4.47 2.821 1.167 9.489 5.943 8.739 12.041 7.556 3.154 71.4 2.113 3.487 2.188 3.224 4.445 2.789 1.159 9.439 5.914 8.681 11.974 7.469 3.133 72.0 2.1 3.468 2.178 3.203 4.42 2.757 1.151 9.389 5.885 8.624 11.906 7.382 3.112 72.6 2.088 3.45 2.167 3.182 4.395 2.725 1.143 9.339 5.856 8.567 11.839 7.295 3.091 73.2 2.076 3.431 2.156 3.161 4.37 2.693 1.136 9.29 5.827 8.51 11.771 7.208 3.07 73.7 2.064 3.413 2.146 3.14 4.345 2.661 1.128 9.24 5.798 8.453 11.704 7.122 3.049 74.3 2.052 3.395 2.135 3.119 4.321 2.629 1.12 9.191 5.769 8.396 11.637 7.036 3.028 74.9 2.04 3.377 2.124 3.098 4.296 2.597 1.112 9.142 5.74 8.34 11.569 6.95 3.007 75.5 2.028 3.359 2.114 3.077 4.271 2.565 1.105

26

Distance (m) IC1-2 76.0 7.19 76.6 7.147 77.2 7.105 77.7 7.063 78.3 7.021 78.9 6.98 79.5 6.938 80.0 6.897 80.6 6.856 81.2 6.816 81.8 6.775 82.3 6.735 82.9 6.695 83.5 6.655 84.0 6.623 84.6 6.591 85.2 6.559 85.8 6.527 86.3 6.495 86.9 6.464 87.5 6.432 88.1 6.401 6.37 88.6 89.2 6.339 89.8 6.308 90.4 6.277 90.9 6.246 91.5 6.216 92.1 6.185 92.6 6.155 93.2 6.125 93.8 6.095 94.4 6.065 94.9 6.035 95.5 6.005 96.1 5.976 96.7 5.947 97.2 5.917 97.8 5.888 98.4 5.859 99.0 5.83 99.5 5.801 100.1 5.773 100.7 5.744 101.2 5.716 101.8 5.688 102.4 5.659

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.366 1.169 1.791 2.425 1.909 3.93 76.0 5.465 9.093 5.712 8.283 11.502 6.864 2.986 76.0 2.016 3.341 2.103 3.056 4.246 2.534 1.097 2.361 1.165 1.785 2.42 1.903 3.902 76.6 5.433 9.044 5.683 8.227 11.435 6.778 2.965 76.6 2.004 3.323 2.093 3.036 4.221 2.502 1.089 2.356 1.16 1.779 2.414 1.897 3.875 77.2 5.401 8.995 5.654 8.171 11.367 6.693 2.944 77.2 1.992 3.305 2.082 3.015 4.196 2.471 1.082 2.35 1.156 1.774 2.409 1.891 3.847 77.7 5.369 8.946 5.626 8.115 11.3 6.608 2.923 77.7 1.98 3.287 2.071 2.994 4.171 2.439 1.074 2.345 1.152 1.768 2.404 2.003 3.819 78.3 5.337 8.897 5.597 8.059 11.233 6.523 2.902 78.3 1.968 3.269 2.061 2.974 4.147 2.408 1.066 78.9 5.305 8.849 5.569 8.003 11.166 6.438 2.881 78.9 1.957 3.251 2.05 2.953 4.122 2.377 1.058 2.34 1.148 1.762 2.399 1.997 3.792 2.335 1.143 1.756 2.393 1.991 3.764 79.5 5.274 8.801 5.54 7.947 11.099 6.354 2.86 79.5 1.945 3.234 2.04 2.932 4.097 2.345 1.051 2.329 1.211 1.75 2.478 1.985 3.737 80.0 5.243 8.753 5.512 7.892 11.032 6.269 2.839 80.0 1.934 3.216 2.03 2.912 4.072 2.314 1.043 2.324 1.207 1.745 2.473 1.979 3.709 80.6 5.212 8.705 5.484 7.836 10.964 6.185 2.818 80.6 1.922 3.198 2.019 2.892 4.048 2.283 1.035 2.319 1.203 1.739 2.468 1.974 3.681 81.2 5.181 8.657 5.456 7.781 10.897 6.102 2.797 81.2 1.911 3.181 2.009 2.871 4.023 2.252 1.028 2.314 1.198 1.733 2.462 1.968 3.654 81.8 5.15 8.609 5.427 7.726 10.83 6.018 2.776 81.8 1.899 3.163 1.998 2.851 3.998 2.221 1.02 2.308 1.194 1.727 2.457 1.962 3.626 82.3 5.119 8.561 5.399 7.671 10.763 5.935 2.755 82.3 1.888 3.146 1.988 2.831 3.973 2.191 1.012 2.303 1.19 1.722 2.452 1.956 3.599 82.9 5.089 8.514 5.371 7.616 10.696 5.851 2.734 82.9 1.877 3.128 1.978 2.81 3.948 2.16 1.004 2.298 1.186 1.716 2.446 1.95 3.575 83.5 5.059 8.467 5.343 7.561 10.629 5.768 2.716 83.5 1.866 3.111 1.967 2.79 3.924 2.129 0.998 2.293 1.181 1.71 2.441 1.944 3.552 84.0 5.034 8.42 5.315 7.507 10.562 5.686 2.698 84.0 1.857 3.093 1.957 2.77 3.899 2.099 0.991 2.287 1.177 1.704 2.436 1.938 3.529 84.6 5.01 8.373 5.287 7.452 10.495 5.603 2.681 84.6 1.848 3.076 1.947 2.75 3.874 2.068 0.985 85.2 4.985 8.326 5.259 7.398 10.428 5.521 2.663 85.2 1.839 3.059 1.937 2.73 3.85 2.038 0.979 2.393 1.173 1.791 2.43 1.932 3.506 2.387 1.169 1.785 2.425 1.926 3.483 85.8 4.961 8.279 5.231 7.344 10.361 5.439 2.646 85.8 1.83 3.042 1.926 2.71 3.825 2.008 0.972 2.382 1.165 1.779 2.42 1.921 3.46 86.3 4.937 8.232 5.204 7.29 10.294 5.357 2.629 86.3 1.821 3.025 1.916 2.69 3.8 1.977 0.966 2.377 1.16 1.774 2.414 1.915 3.437 86.9 4.913 8.186 5.176 7.236 10.228 5.275 2.611 86.9 1.812 3.008 1.906 2.67 3.776 1.947 0.959 2.371 1.156 1.768 2.409 1.909 3.414 87.5 4.889 8.139 5.148 7.182 10.161 5.193 2.594 87.5 1.803 2.991 1.896 2.65 3.751 1.917 0.953 2.366 1.152 1.762 2.404 1.903 3.391 88.1 4.865 8.093 5.121 7.129 10.094 5.112 2.576 88.1 1.794 2.974 1.885 2.63 3.726 1.887 0.947 2.361 1.148 1.756 2.399 1.897 3.368 88.6 4.842 8.047 5.093 7.075 10.027 5.038 2.559 88.6 1.786 2.957 1.875 2.611 3.702 1.86 0.94 2.356 1.143 1.75 2.393 1.891 3.345 89.2 4.818 8.001 5.066 7.022 9.96 5.019 2.541 89.2 1.777 2.94 1.865 2.591 3.677 1.853 0.934 2.35 1.211 1.745 2.478 2.003 3.322 89.8 4.795 7.955 5.038 6.968 9.894 5 2.524 89.8 1.768 2.923 1.855 2.571 3.652 1.846 0.927 2.345 1.207 1.739 2.473 1.997 3.299 90.4 4.771 7.91 5.011 6.915 9.827 4.982 2.506 90.4 1.76 2.906 1.845 2.552 3.628 1.839 0.921 2.34 1.203 1.733 2.468 1.991 3.276 90.9 4.748 7.864 4.983 6.862 9.76 4.963 2.489 90.9 1.751 2.889 1.835 2.532 3.603 1.832 0.914 2.335 1.198 1.727 2.462 1.985 3.253 91.5 4.725 7.819 4.956 6.81 9.694 4.944 2.471 91.5 1.743 2.873 1.825 2.513 3.578 1.825 0.908 2.329 1.194 1.722 2.457 1.979 3.23 92.1 4.702 7.774 4.929 6.757 9.627 4.926 2.454 92.1 1.734 2.856 1.815 2.493 3.554 1.818 0.902 2.324 1.19 1.716 2.452 1.974 3.207 92.6 4.679 7.729 4.902 6.704 9.56 4.907 2.436 92.6 1.726 2.84 1.805 2.474 3.529 1.811 0.895 2.319 1.186 1.71 2.446 1.968 3.184 93.2 4.656 7.684 4.875 6.652 9.494 4.889 2.419 93.2 1.717 2.823 1.795 2.454 3.505 1.805 0.889 2.314 1.181 1.704 2.441 1.962 3.161 93.8 4.633 7.639 4.847 6.6 9.427 4.87 2.401 93.8 1.709 2.807 1.785 2.435 3.48 1.798 0.882 2.308 1.177 1.791 2.436 1.956 3.138 94.4 4.61 7.594 4.82 6.547 9.36 4.852 2.384 94.4 1.7 2.79 1.775 2.416 3.455 1.791 0.876 94.9 4.587 7.55 4.793 6.495 9.294 4.833 2.367 94.9 1.692 2.774 1.765 2.397 3.431 1.784 0.87 2.303 1.173 1.785 2.43 1.95 3.115 2.298 1.169 1.779 2.425 1.944 3.097 95.5 4.565 7.505 4.767 6.444 9.227 4.815 2.353 95.5 1.684 2.758 1.755 2.378 3.406 1.777 0.865 2.293 1.165 1.774 2.42 1.938 3.079 96.1 4.542 7.461 4.74 6.392 9.161 4.796 2.339 96.1 1.675 2.741 1.745 2.359 3.382 1.77 0.859 2.287 1.16 1.768 2.414 1.932 3.061 96.7 4.52 7.417 4.713 6.34 9.094 4.778 2.325 96.7 1.667 2.725 1.735 2.339 3.357 1.764 0.854 2.393 1.156 1.762 2.409 1.926 3.043 97.2 4.498 7.373 4.686 6.289 9.028 4.759 2.312 97.2 1.659 2.709 1.725 2.32 3.333 1.757 0.849 2.387 1.152 1.756 2.404 1.921 3.025 97.8 4.476 7.329 4.659 6.237 8.962 4.741 2.298 97.8 1.651 2.693 1.716 2.302 3.308 1.75 0.844 2.382 1.148 1.75 2.399 1.915 3.007 98.4 4.454 7.285 4.633 6.186 8.895 4.723 2.284 98.4 1.643 2.677 1.706 2.283 3.284 1.743 0.839 2.377 1.143 1.745 2.393 1.909 2.989 99.0 4.432 7.242 4.606 6.135 8.829 4.704 2.27 99.0 1.634 2.661 1.696 2.264 3.259 1.736 0.834 2.371 1.211 1.739 2.478 1.903 2.971 99.5 4.41 7.198 4.58 6.084 8.762 4.686 2.257 99.5 1.626 2.645 1.686 2.245 3.235 1.73 0.829 2.366 1.207 1.733 2.473 1.897 2.953 100.1 4.388 7.155 4.553 6.033 8.696 4.667 2.243 100.1 1.618 2.629 1.677 2.226 3.21 1.723 0.824 2.361 1.203 1.727 2.468 1.891 2.935 100.7 4.366 7.112 4.527 5.982 8.63 4.649 2.229 100.7 1.61 2.613 1.667 2.207 3.186 1.716 0.819 101.2 4.345 7.069 4.5 5.932 8.563 4.631 2.216 101.2 1.602 2.597 1.657 2.189 3.161 1.709 0.814 2.356 1.198 1.722 2.462 2.003 2.917 2.35 1.194 1.716 2.457 1.997 2.899 101.8 4.323 7.026 4.474 5.881 8.497 4.612 2.202 101.8 1.594 2.581 1.647 2.17 3.137 1.703 0.809 2.345 1.19 1.71 2.452 1.991 2.881 102.4 4.302 6.983 4.448 5.831 8.431 4.594 2.189 102.4 1.587 2.566 1.638 2.152 3.112 1.696 0.804

27

Distance (m) IC1-2 103.0 5.631 103.5 5.604 104.1 5.576 104.7 5.548 105.3 5.521 105.8 5.493 106.4 5.466 107.0 5.439 107.6 5.412 108.1 5.385 108.7 5.358 109.3 5.332 109.8 5.305 110.4 5.279 111.0 5.253 111.6 5.227 112.1 5.203 112.7 5.18 113.3 5.158 113.9 5.136 114.4 5.113 115.0 5.091 115.6 5.069 116.1 5.047 116.7 5.025 117.3 5.003 117.9 4.981 118.4 4.96 119.0 4.938 119.6 4.917 120.2 4.895 120.7 4.874 121.3 4.853 121.9 4.831 122.5 4.81 123.0 4.789 123.6 4.768 124.2 4.747 124.7 4.727 125.3 4.706 125.9 4.687 126.5 4.669 127.0 4.652 127.6 4.635 128.2 4.617 128.8 4.6 129.3 4.583

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.34 1.186 1.704 2.446 1.985 2.863 103.0 4.281 6.941 4.421 5.781 8.365 4.576 2.175 103.0 1.579 2.55 1.628 2.133 3.088 1.689 0.799 2.335 1.181 1.791 2.441 1.979 2.845 103.5 4.259 6.898 4.395 5.731 8.299 4.558 2.161 103.5 1.571 2.534 1.618 2.115 3.063 1.682 0.794 2.329 1.177 1.785 2.436 1.974 2.827 104.1 4.238 6.856 4.369 5.681 8.232 4.539 2.148 104.1 1.563 2.519 1.609 2.096 3.039 1.676 0.789 2.324 1.173 1.779 2.43 1.968 2.809 104.7 4.217 6.814 4.343 5.631 8.166 4.521 2.134 104.7 1.555 2.503 1.599 2.078 3.015 1.669 0.784 2.319 1.169 1.774 2.425 1.962 2.792 105.3 4.196 6.771 4.317 5.582 8.1 4.503 2.121 105.3 1.548 2.488 1.59 2.06 2.99 1.662 0.779 105.8 4.176 6.73 4.291 5.532 8.034 4.485 2.107 105.8 1.54 2.473 1.58 2.041 2.966 1.656 0.774 2.314 1.165 1.768 2.42 1.956 2.774 2.308 1.16 1.762 2.414 1.95 2.756 106.4 4.155 6.688 4.265 5.483 7.968 4.467 2.094 106.4 1.532 2.457 1.571 2.023 2.941 1.649 0.769 2.303 1.156 1.756 2.409 1.944 2.739 107.0 4.134 6.646 4.239 5.434 7.902 4.449 2.081 107.0 1.525 2.442 1.561 2.005 2.917 1.642 0.765 2.298 1.152 1.75 2.404 1.938 2.725 107.6 4.114 6.605 4.214 5.385 7.836 4.43 2.07 107.6 1.517 2.427 1.551 1.987 2.893 1.635 0.761 2.293 1.148 1.745 2.399 1.932 2.71 108.1 4.093 6.563 4.188 5.336 7.77 4.412 2.059 108.1 1.51 2.411 1.542 1.969 2.868 1.629 0.756 2.287 1.143 1.739 2.393 1.926 2.695 108.7 4.073 6.522 4.162 5.287 7.704 4.394 2.048 108.7 1.502 2.396 1.533 1.951 2.844 1.622 0.752 2.393 1.211 1.733 2.478 1.921 2.68 109.3 4.053 6.481 4.137 5.238 7.638 4.376 2.036 109.3 1.495 2.381 1.523 1.933 2.819 1.615 0.748 2.387 1.207 1.727 2.473 1.915 2.666 109.8 4.033 6.44 4.111 5.19 7.572 4.358 2.025 109.8 1.487 2.366 1.514 1.915 2.795 1.609 0.744 2.382 1.203 1.722 2.468 1.909 2.651 110.4 4.013 6.399 4.085 5.141 7.506 4.34 2.014 110.4 1.48 2.351 1.504 1.897 2.771 1.602 0.74 2.377 1.198 1.716 2.462 1.903 2.636 111.0 3.993 6.359 4.06 5.093 7.44 4.322 2.003 111.0 1.473 2.336 1.495 1.879 2.746 1.595 0.736 2.371 1.194 1.71 2.457 1.897 2.621 111.6 3.973 6.318 4.035 5.045 7.374 4.304 1.992 111.6 1.465 2.321 1.486 1.862 2.722 1.589 0.732 112.1 3.955 6.278 4.009 4.997 7.308 4.286 1.98 112.1 1.459 2.307 1.476 1.844 2.698 1.582 0.728 2.366 1.19 1.704 2.452 1.891 2.607 2.361 1.186 1.791 2.446 2.003 2.592 112.7 3.938 6.237 3.984 4.949 7.242 4.268 1.969 112.7 1.452 2.292 1.467 1.826 2.674 1.576 0.724 2.356 1.181 1.785 2.441 1.997 2.577 113.3 3.921 6.197 3.959 4.901 7.177 4.25 1.958 113.3 1.446 2.277 1.458 1.809 2.649 1.569 0.719 2.35 1.177 1.779 2.436 1.991 2.563 113.9 3.904 6.157 3.933 4.854 7.111 4.232 1.947 113.9 1.44 2.262 1.448 1.791 2.625 1.562 0.715 2.345 1.173 1.774 2.43 1.985 2.548 114.4 3.887 6.117 3.908 4.806 7.045 4.214 1.936 114.4 1.433 2.248 1.439 1.773 2.601 1.556 0.711 2.34 1.169 1.768 2.425 1.979 2.533 115.0 3.87 6.078 3.883 4.759 6.979 4.196 1.925 115.0 1.427 2.233 1.43 1.756 2.576 1.549 0.707 2.335 1.165 1.762 2.42 1.974 2.519 115.6 3.853 6.038 3.858 4.712 6.914 4.178 1.913 115.6 1.421 2.219 1.421 1.739 2.552 1.542 0.703 2.329 1.16 1.756 2.414 1.968 2.504 116.1 3.836 5.999 3.833 4.665 6.848 4.161 1.902 116.1 1.415 2.204 1.411 1.721 2.528 1.536 0.699 2.324 1.156 1.75 2.409 1.962 2.489 116.7 3.82 5.959 3.808 4.618 6.782 4.143 1.891 116.7 1.409 2.19 1.402 1.704 2.504 1.529 0.695 2.319 1.152 1.745 2.404 1.956 2.475 117.3 3.803 5.92 3.783 4.571 6.717 4.125 1.88 117.3 1.403 2.175 1.393 1.687 2.479 1.523 0.691 2.314 1.148 1.739 2.399 1.95 2.46 117.9 3.786 5.881 3.758 4.524 6.651 4.107 1.869 117.9 1.397 2.161 1.384 1.669 2.455 1.516 0.687 2.308 1.143 1.733 2.393 1.944 2.445 118.4 3.77 5.842 3.734 4.478 6.585 4.089 1.858 118.4 1.39 2.147 1.375 1.652 2.431 1.51 0.683 2.303 1.211 1.727 2.478 1.938 2.432 119.0 3.754 5.804 3.709 4.431 6.52 4.072 1.847 119.0 1.384 2.132 1.366 1.635 2.407 1.503 0.679 2.298 1.207 1.722 2.473 1.932 2.419 119.6 3.737 5.765 3.684 4.385 6.454 4.054 1.837 119.6 1.378 2.118 1.357 1.618 2.383 1.496 0.675 2.293 1.203 1.716 2.468 1.926 2.406 120.2 3.721 5.727 3.659 4.339 6.389 4.036 1.828 120.2 1.372 2.104 1.347 1.601 2.358 1.49 0.671 2.287 1.198 1.71 2.462 1.921 2.393 120.7 3.705 5.688 3.635 4.293 6.323 4.018 1.818 120.7 1.366 2.09 1.338 1.584 2.334 1.483 0.668 2.393 1.194 1.704 2.457 1.915 2.38 121.3 3.688 5.65 3.61 4.247 6.258 4.001 1.808 121.3 1.36 2.076 1.329 1.567 2.31 1.477 0.664 121.9 3.672 5.612 3.586 4.201 6.192 3.983 1.798 121.9 1.354 2.062 1.32 1.55 2.286 1.47 0.661 2.387 1.19 1.791 2.452 1.909 2.366 2.382 1.186 1.785 2.446 1.903 2.353 122.5 3.656 5.574 3.562 4.156 6.127 3.965 1.788 122.5 1.349 2.048 1.311 1.533 2.262 1.464 0.657 2.377 1.181 1.779 2.441 1.897 2.34 123.0 3.64 5.536 3.537 4.11 6.061 3.948 1.778 123.0 1.343 2.034 1.302 1.517 2.238 1.457 0.653 2.371 1.177 1.774 2.436 1.891 2.327 123.6 3.624 5.499 3.513 4.065 5.996 3.93 1.768 123.6 1.337 2.02 1.293 1.5 2.213 1.451 0.65 2.366 1.173 1.768 2.43 2.003 2.314 124.2 3.609 5.461 3.489 4.02 5.931 3.912 1.758 124.2 1.331 2.007 1.285 1.483 2.189 1.444 0.646 2.361 1.169 1.762 2.425 1.997 2.301 124.7 3.593 5.424 3.464 3.975 5.865 3.895 1.748 124.7 1.325 1.993 1.276 1.467 2.165 1.438 0.642 2.356 1.165 1.756 2.42 1.991 2.288 125.3 3.577 5.387 3.44 3.93 5.8 3.877 1.738 125.3 1.319 1.979 1.267 1.45 2.141 1.431 0.639 2.35 1.16 1.75 2.414 1.985 2.275 125.9 3.563 5.35 3.416 3.885 5.735 3.859 1.728 125.9 1.314 1.966 1.258 1.433 2.117 1.425 0.635 2.345 1.156 1.745 2.409 1.979 2.262 126.5 3.549 5.313 3.392 3.84 5.669 3.842 1.719 126.5 1.309 1.952 1.249 1.417 2.093 1.418 0.631 2.34 1.152 1.739 2.404 1.974 2.249 127.0 3.536 5.276 3.368 3.796 5.604 3.824 1.709 127.0 1.304 1.938 1.24 1.401 2.069 1.412 0.628 2.335 1.148 1.733 2.399 1.968 2.236 127.6 3.523 5.239 3.344 3.751 5.539 3.807 1.699 127.6 1.299 1.925 1.231 1.384 2.045 1.405 0.624 128.2 3.51 5.203 3.32 3.71 5.474 3.789 1.689 128.2 1.294 1.912 1.223 1.369 2.021 1.399 0.62 2.329 1.143 1.727 2.393 1.962 2.223 2.324 1.211 1.722 2.478 1.956 2.21 128.8 3.496 5.166 3.296 3.697 5.408 3.772 1.679 128.8 1.29 1.898 1.214 1.364 1.997 1.392 0.617 2.319 1.207 1.716 2.473 1.95 2.197 129.3 3.483 5.13 3.273 3.685 5.343 3.754 1.669 129.3 1.285 1.885 1.205 1.36 1.972 1.386 0.613

28

Distance (m) IC1-2 129.9 4.565 130.5 4.548 131.1 4.531 131.6 4.514 132.2 4.497 132.8 4.48 133.3 4.464 133.9 4.447 134.5 4.43 135.1 4.413 135.6 4.397 136.2 4.38 136.8 4.364 137.4 4.347 137.9 4.331 138.5 4.314 139.1 4.298 139.7 4.282 140.2 4.266 140.8 4.25 141.4 4.233 141.9 4.217 142.5 4.201 143.1 4.186 143.7 4.17 144.2 4.154 144.8 4.138 145.4 4.122 146.0 4.107 146.5 4.091 147.1 4.076 147.7 4.06 148.2 4.045 148.8 4.029 149.4 4.014 150.0 3.999 150.5 3.984 151.1 3.969 151.7 3.954 152.3 3.938 152.8 3.924 153.4 3.909 154.0 3.894 154.6 3.879 155.1 3.865 155.7 3.851 156.3 3.838

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.314 1.203 1.71 2.468 1.944 2.184 129.9 3.47 5.094 3.249 3.672 5.278 3.737 1.659 129.9 1.28 1.872 1.196 1.355 1.948 1.379 0.61 2.308 1.198 1.704 2.462 1.938 2.171 130.5 3.457 5.058 3.225 3.659 5.213 3.719 1.649 130.5 1.275 1.858 1.188 1.35 1.924 1.373 0.606 2.303 1.194 1.791 2.457 1.932 2.159 131.1 3.444 5.022 3.202 3.646 5.148 3.702 1.64 131.1 1.27 1.845 1.179 1.345 1.9 1.367 0.603 2.298 1.19 1.785 2.452 1.926 2.147 131.6 3.431 4.987 3.178 3.633 5.083 3.685 1.631 131.6 1.266 1.832 1.17 1.341 1.876 1.36 0.599 2.293 1.186 1.779 2.446 1.921 2.136 132.2 3.418 4.951 3.155 3.621 5.018 3.667 1.623 132.2 1.261 1.819 1.162 1.336 1.852 1.354 0.596 132.8 3.406 4.916 3.131 3.608 4.953 3.65 1.614 132.8 1.256 1.806 1.153 1.331 1.828 1.347 0.593 2.287 1.181 1.774 2.441 1.915 2.124 2.393 1.177 1.768 2.436 1.909 2.112 133.3 3.393 4.88 3.108 3.595 4.888 3.633 1.605 133.3 1.251 1.793 1.144 1.327 1.804 1.341 0.59 2.387 1.173 1.762 2.43 1.903 2.101 133.9 3.38 4.845 3.084 3.582 4.823 3.615 1.596 133.9 1.247 1.78 1.136 1.322 1.78 1.335 0.586 2.382 1.169 1.756 2.425 1.897 2.089 134.5 3.367 4.81 3.061 3.57 4.758 3.598 1.587 134.5 1.242 1.767 1.127 1.317 1.756 1.328 0.583 2.377 1.165 1.75 2.42 1.891 2.077 135.1 3.355 4.775 3.038 3.557 4.693 3.581 1.578 135.1 1.237 1.755 1.119 1.312 1.732 1.322 0.58 2.371 1.16 1.745 2.414 2.003 2.066 135.6 3.342 4.743 3.015 3.544 4.628 3.563 1.569 135.6 1.233 1.743 1.11 1.308 1.708 1.315 0.577 2.366 1.156 1.739 2.409 1.997 2.054 136.2 3.329 4.71 2.992 3.532 4.563 3.546 1.561 136.2 1.228 1.731 1.102 1.303 1.684 1.309 0.573 2.361 1.152 1.733 2.404 1.991 2.042 136.8 3.317 4.678 2.968 3.519 4.498 3.529 1.552 136.8 1.223 1.719 1.093 1.298 1.661 1.303 0.57 2.356 1.148 1.727 2.399 1.985 2.031 137.4 3.304 4.646 2.945 3.506 4.433 3.512 1.543 137.4 1.219 1.707 1.085 1.294 1.637 1.296 0.567 2.35 1.143 1.722 2.393 1.979 2.019 137.9 3.292 4.614 2.922 3.494 4.369 3.494 1.534 137.9 1.214 1.695 1.076 1.289 1.613 1.29 0.564 2.345 1.211 1.716 2.478 1.974 2.007 138.5 3.279 4.582 2.9 3.481 4.304 3.477 1.525 138.5 1.21 1.683 1.068 1.285 1.589 1.284 0.56 139.1 3.267 4.55 2.877 3.469 4.239 3.46 1.516 139.1 1.205 1.672 1.059 1.28 1.565 1.277 0.557 2.34 1.207 1.71 2.473 1.968 1.996 2.335 1.203 1.704 2.468 1.962 1.984 139.7 3.255 4.517 2.854 3.456 4.182 3.443 1.507 139.7 1.2 1.66 1.051 1.275 1.544 1.271 0.554 2.329 1.198 1.791 2.462 1.956 1.973 140.2 3.242 4.485 2.831 3.444 4.169 3.426 1.499 140.2 1.196 1.648 1.042 1.271 1.539 1.265 0.551 2.324 1.194 1.785 2.457 1.95 1.961 140.8 3.23 4.454 2.808 3.431 4.157 3.409 1.49 140.8 1.191 1.636 1.034 1.266 1.535 1.258 0.547 2.319 1.19 1.779 2.452 1.944 1.949 141.4 3.218 4.422 2.786 3.419 4.145 3.391 1.481 141.4 1.187 1.625 1.026 1.261 1.53 1.252 0.544 2.314 1.186 1.774 2.446 1.938 1.938 141.9 3.206 4.39 2.763 3.406 4.133 3.374 1.472 141.9 1.182 1.613 1.017 1.257 1.526 1.246 0.541 2.308 1.181 1.768 2.441 1.932 1.926 142.5 3.194 4.358 2.741 3.394 4.121 3.357 1.463 142.5 1.178 1.601 1.009 1.252 1.521 1.239 0.538 2.303 1.177 1.762 2.436 1.926 1.916 143.1 3.182 4.326 2.718 3.381 4.108 3.34 1.456 143.1 1.173 1.589 1.001 1.248 1.517 1.233 0.535 2.298 1.173 1.756 2.43 1.921 1.906 143.7 3.169 4.294 2.696 3.369 4.096 3.323 1.448 143.7 1.169 1.578 0.993 1.243 1.512 1.227 0.532 2.293 1.169 1.75 2.425 1.915 1.896 144.2 3.157 4.263 2.673 3.356 4.084 3.306 1.44 144.2 1.165 1.566 0.984 1.238 1.508 1.22 0.529 2.287 1.165 1.745 2.42 1.909 1.886 144.8 3.145 4.231 2.651 3.344 4.072 3.289 1.432 144.8 1.16 1.555 0.976 1.234 1.503 1.214 0.526 2.393 1.16 1.739 2.414 1.903 1.875 145.4 3.134 4.199 2.629 3.332 4.06 3.272 1.425 145.4 1.156 1.543 0.968 1.229 1.499 1.208 0.523 2.387 1.156 1.733 2.409 1.897 1.865 146.0 3.122 4.168 2.606 3.319 4.048 3.255 1.417 146.0 1.151 1.531 0.96 1.225 1.494 1.202 0.521 2.382 1.152 1.727 2.404 1.891 1.855 146.5 3.11 4.136 2.584 3.307 4.036 3.238 1.409 146.5 1.147 1.52 0.952 1.22 1.49 1.195 0.518 2.377 1.148 1.722 2.399 2.003 1.845 147.1 3.098 4.105 2.562 3.294 4.024 3.221 1.401 147.1 1.143 1.508 0.943 1.216 1.485 1.189 0.515 2.371 1.143 1.716 2.393 1.997 1.835 147.7 3.086 4.074 2.54 3.282 4.012 3.204 1.394 147.7 1.138 1.497 0.935 1.211 1.481 1.183 0.512 2.366 1.211 1.71 2.478 1.991 1.824 148.2 3.075 4.042 2.518 3.27 4 3.187 1.386 148.2 1.134 1.485 0.927 1.207 1.477 1.177 0.509 148.8 3.063 4.011 2.496 3.258 3.988 3.171 1.378 148.8 1.13 1.474 0.919 1.202 1.472 1.17 0.506 2.361 1.207 1.704 2.473 1.985 1.814 2.356 1.203 1.791 2.468 1.979 1.804 149.4 3.051 3.98 2.474 3.245 3.976 3.154 1.371 149.4 1.125 1.462 0.911 1.198 1.468 1.164 0.504 2.35 1.198 1.785 2.462 1.974 1.794 150.0 3.04 3.948 2.452 3.233 3.964 3.137 1.363 150.0 1.121 1.451 0.903 1.193 1.463 1.158 0.501 2.345 1.194 1.779 2.457 1.968 1.784 150.5 3.028 3.917 2.43 3.221 3.952 3.12 1.355 150.5 1.117 1.439 0.895 1.188 1.459 1.152 0.498 2.34 1.19 1.774 2.452 1.962 1.774 151.1 3.017 3.886 2.409 3.209 3.941 3.103 1.347 151.1 1.113 1.428 0.887 1.184 1.455 1.145 0.495 2.335 1.186 1.768 2.446 1.956 1.763 151.7 3.005 3.855 2.387 3.196 3.929 3.086 1.34 151.7 1.108 1.416 0.879 1.179 1.45 1.139 0.492 2.329 1.181 1.762 2.441 1.95 1.753 152.3 2.994 3.824 2.365 3.184 3.917 3.07 1.332 152.3 1.104 1.405 0.871 1.175 1.446 1.133 0.489 2.324 1.177 1.756 2.436 1.944 1.743 152.8 2.982 3.793 2.344 3.172 3.905 3.053 1.324 152.8 1.1 1.394 0.863 1.17 1.442 1.127 0.487 2.319 1.173 1.75 2.43 1.938 1.733 153.4 2.971 3.762 2.322 3.16 3.893 3.036 1.316 153.4 1.096 1.382 0.855 1.166 1.437 1.121 0.484 2.314 1.169 1.745 2.425 1.932 1.723 154.0 2.96 3.731 2.302 3.148 3.882 3.019 1.309 154.0 1.092 1.371 0.848 1.162 1.433 1.115 0.481 2.308 1.165 1.739 2.42 1.926 1.713 154.6 2.948 3.7 2.294 3.136 3.87 3.003 1.302 154.6 1.087 1.359 0.845 1.157 1.429 1.108 0.478 155.1 2.938 3.669 2.285 3.124 3.858 2.986 1.295 155.1 1.083 1.348 0.841 1.153 1.424 1.102 0.476 2.303 1.16 1.733 2.414 1.921 1.704 2.298 1.156 1.727 2.409 1.915 1.696 155.7 2.928 3.638 2.277 3.112 3.846 2.969 1.288 155.7 1.08 1.337 0.838 1.148 1.42 1.096 0.473 2.293 1.152 1.722 2.404 1.909 1.687 156.3 2.918 3.608 2.268 3.099 3.835 2.953 1.281 156.3 1.076 1.325 0.835 1.144 1.416 1.09 0.471

29

Distance (m) IC1-2 156.8 3.825 157.4 3.812 158.0 3.799 158.6 3.786 159.1 3.773 159.7 3.76 160.3 3.747 160.9 3.734 161.4 3.721 162.0 3.709 162.6 3.696 163.2 3.683 163.7 3.671 164.3 3.658 164.9 3.645 165.4 3.633 166.0 3.62 166.6 3.608 167.2 3.595 167.7 3.583 168.3 3.572 168.9 3.561 3.55 169.5 170.0 3.539 170.6 3.529 171.2 3.518 171.7 3.507 172.3 3.496 172.9 3.486 173.5 3.475 174.0 3.464 174.6 3.454 175.2 3.443 175.8 3.433 176.3 3.422 176.9 3.412 177.5 3.401 178.1 3.391 178.6 3.38 179.2 3.37 179.8 3.36 180.3 3.349 180.9 3.339 181.5 3.329 182.1 3.318 182.6 3.308 183.2 3.298

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.287 1.148 1.716 2.399 1.903 1.678 156.8 2.908 3.577 2.26 3.087 3.823 2.936 1.275 156.8 1.072 1.314 0.832 1.139 1.411 1.084 0.468 2.393 1.143 1.71 2.393 1.897 1.669 157.4 2.898 3.546 2.251 3.075 3.811 2.919 1.268 157.4 1.069 1.303 0.829 1.135 1.407 1.078 0.466 2.387 1.211 1.704 2.478 1.891 1.66 158.0 2.888 3.516 2.243 3.063 3.8 2.903 1.261 158.0 1.065 1.292 0.826 1.13 1.403 1.071 0.463 2.382 1.207 1.791 2.473 2.003 1.651 158.6 2.878 3.485 2.234 3.051 3.788 2.886 1.255 158.6 1.061 1.28 0.823 1.126 1.398 1.065 0.461 2.377 1.203 1.785 2.468 1.997 1.642 159.1 2.868 3.455 2.226 3.039 3.777 2.869 1.248 159.1 1.058 1.269 0.82 1.122 1.394 1.059 0.458 159.7 2.858 3.434 2.217 3.027 3.765 2.853 1.241 159.7 1.054 1.262 0.816 1.117 1.39 1.053 0.456 2.371 1.198 1.779 2.462 1.991 1.634 2.366 1.194 1.774 2.457 1.985 1.625 160.3 2.848 3.426 2.209 3.016 3.753 2.838 1.234 160.3 1.051 1.259 0.813 1.113 1.386 1.048 0.454 2.361 1.19 1.768 2.452 1.979 1.616 160.9 2.839 3.417 2.2 3.004 3.742 2.83 1.228 160.9 1.047 1.255 0.81 1.108 1.381 1.045 0.451 2.356 1.186 1.762 2.446 1.974 1.607 161.4 2.829 3.408 2.192 2.992 3.73 2.822 1.221 161.4 1.043 1.252 0.807 1.104 1.377 1.042 0.449 2.35 1.181 1.756 2.441 1.968 1.598 162.0 2.819 3.399 2.184 2.98 3.719 2.814 1.214 162.0 1.04 1.249 0.804 1.1 1.373 1.039 0.446 2.345 1.177 1.75 2.436 1.962 1.59 162.6 2.809 3.39 2.175 2.968 3.708 2.806 1.208 162.6 1.036 1.246 0.801 1.095 1.369 1.036 0.444 2.34 1.173 1.745 2.43 1.956 1.581 163.2 2.8 3.382 2.167 2.956 3.696 2.798 1.201 163.2 1.033 1.243 0.798 1.091 1.364 1.033 0.441 2.335 1.169 1.739 2.425 1.95 1.572 163.7 2.79 3.373 2.159 2.944 3.685 2.79 1.194 163.7 1.029 1.239 0.795 1.086 1.36 1.03 0.439 2.329 1.165 1.733 2.42 1.944 1.563 164.3 2.78 3.364 2.15 2.932 3.673 2.782 1.187 164.3 1.025 1.236 0.792 1.082 1.356 1.027 0.436 2.324 1.16 1.727 2.414 1.938 1.554 164.9 2.771 3.356 2.142 2.921 3.662 2.774 1.181 164.9 1.022 1.233 0.789 1.078 1.352 1.024 0.434 2.319 1.156 1.722 2.409 1.932 1.545 165.4 2.761 3.347 2.134 2.909 3.651 2.766 1.174 165.4 1.018 1.23 0.786 1.073 1.348 1.021 0.431 166.0 2.752 3.338 2.125 2.897 3.639 2.758 1.167 166.0 1.015 1.226 0.783 1.069 1.343 1.018 0.429 2.314 1.152 1.716 2.404 1.926 1.537 2.308 1.148 1.71 2.399 1.921 1.529 166.6 2.742 3.329 2.117 2.885 3.628 2.75 1.161 166.6 1.011 1.223 0.78 1.065 1.339 1.015 0.427 2.303 1.143 1.704 2.393 1.915 1.521 167.2 2.733 3.321 2.109 2.874 3.617 2.742 1.155 167.2 1.008 1.22 0.776 1.06 1.335 1.012 0.424 2.298 1.211 1.791 2.478 1.909 1.513 167.7 2.723 3.312 2.1 2.862 3.605 2.734 1.149 167.7 1.004 1.217 0.773 1.056 1.331 1.009 0.422 2.293 1.207 1.785 2.473 1.903 1.505 168.3 2.715 3.303 2.092 2.85 3.594 2.726 1.143 168.3 1.001 1.214 0.77 1.052 1.327 1.006 0.42 2.287 1.203 1.779 2.468 1.897 1.497 168.9 2.707 3.295 2.084 2.838 3.583 2.718 1.137 168.9 0.998 1.21 0.767 1.047 1.323 1.003 0.418 2.393 1.198 1.774 2.462 1.891 1.489 169.5 2.699 3.286 2.076 2.827 3.572 2.71 1.131 169.5 0.995 1.207 0.764 1.043 1.318 1 0.416 2.387 1.194 1.768 2.457 2.003 1.481 170.0 2.69 3.277 2.068 2.815 3.56 2.702 1.125 170.0 0.992 1.204 0.761 1.039 1.314 0.997 0.413 2.382 1.19 1.762 2.452 1.997 1.473 170.6 2.682 3.268 2.059 2.803 3.549 2.694 1.119 170.6 0.989 1.201 0.758 1.034 1.31 0.994 0.411 2.377 1.186 1.756 2.446 1.991 1.466 171.2 2.674 3.26 2.051 2.792 3.538 2.686 1.113 171.2 0.986 1.198 0.755 1.03 1.306 0.991 0.409 2.371 1.181 1.75 2.441 1.985 1.458 171.7 2.666 3.251 2.043 2.78 3.527 2.678 1.107 171.7 0.983 1.195 0.752 1.026 1.302 0.989 0.407 2.366 1.177 1.745 2.436 1.979 1.45 172.3 2.658 3.243 2.035 2.769 3.516 2.67 1.101 172.3 0.98 1.191 0.749 1.022 1.298 0.986 0.405 2.361 1.173 1.739 2.43 1.974 1.442 172.9 2.65 3.234 2.027 2.757 3.505 2.662 1.095 172.9 0.977 1.188 0.746 1.017 1.294 0.983 0.402 2.356 1.169 1.733 2.425 1.968 1.434 173.5 2.641 3.225 2.018 2.745 3.494 2.654 1.09 173.5 0.974 1.185 0.743 1.013 1.29 0.98 0.4 2.35 1.165 1.727 2.42 1.962 1.426 174.0 2.633 3.217 2.01 2.734 3.484 2.646 1.084 174.0 0.971 1.182 0.74 1.009 1.286 0.977 0.398 2.345 1.16 1.722 2.414 1.956 1.418 174.6 2.625 3.208 2.002 2.722 3.474 2.638 1.078 174.6 0.968 1.179 0.737 1.005 1.282 0.974 0.396 2.34 1.156 1.716 2.409 1.95 1.411 175.2 2.617 3.199 1.994 2.711 3.464 2.63 1.072 175.2 0.965 1.175 0.734 1 1.279 0.971 0.394 175.8 2.609 3.191 1.986 2.699 3.454 2.622 1.066 175.8 0.962 1.172 0.731 0.996 1.275 0.968 0.392 2.335 1.152 1.71 2.404 1.944 1.403 2.329 1.148 1.704 2.399 1.938 1.395 176.3 2.601 3.182 1.978 2.688 3.444 2.615 1.06 176.3 0.959 1.169 0.728 0.992 1.271 0.965 0.389 2.324 1.143 1.791 2.393 1.932 1.387 176.9 2.593 3.173 1.97 2.676 3.434 2.607 1.054 176.9 0.956 1.166 0.725 0.988 1.268 0.962 0.387 2.319 1.211 1.785 2.478 1.926 1.379 177.5 2.585 3.165 1.962 2.665 3.424 2.599 1.048 177.5 0.954 1.163 0.722 0.983 1.264 0.959 0.385 2.314 1.207 1.779 2.473 1.921 1.371 178.1 2.577 3.156 1.954 2.654 3.414 2.591 1.042 178.1 0.951 1.16 0.719 0.979 1.26 0.956 0.383 2.308 1.203 1.774 2.468 1.915 1.364 178.6 2.569 3.148 1.946 2.642 3.404 2.583 1.036 178.6 0.948 1.157 0.716 0.975 1.257 0.953 0.381 2.303 1.198 1.768 2.462 1.909 1.357 179.2 2.562 3.139 1.938 2.631 3.394 2.575 1.031 179.2 0.945 1.153 0.713 0.971 1.253 0.951 0.379 2.298 1.194 1.762 2.457 1.903 1.35 179.8 2.554 3.131 1.93 2.619 3.384 2.567 1.026 179.8 0.942 1.15 0.71 0.967 1.249 0.948 0.377 2.293 1.19 1.756 2.452 1.897 1.343 180.3 2.546 3.122 1.922 2.608 3.375 2.559 1.02 180.3 0.939 1.147 0.708 0.962 1.246 0.945 0.375 2.287 1.186 1.75 2.446 1.891 1.336 180.9 2.538 3.113 1.914 2.597 3.365 2.551 1.015 180.9 0.936 1.144 0.705 0.958 1.242 0.942 0.373 2.393 1.181 1.745 2.441 2.003 1.329 181.5 2.53 3.105 1.906 2.585 3.355 2.543 1.01 181.5 0.933 1.141 0.702 0.954 1.238 0.939 0.371 182.1 2.522 3.096 1.898 2.574 3.345 2.536 1.004 182.1 0.93 1.138 0.699 0.95 1.235 0.936 0.369 2.387 1.177 1.739 2.436 1.997 1.322 2.382 1.173 1.733 2.43 1.991 1.315 182.6 2.515 3.088 1.89 2.563 3.335 2.528 0.999 182.6 0.927 1.135 0.696 0.946 1.231 0.933 0.367 2.377 1.169 1.727 2.425 1.985 1.308 183.2 2.507 3.079 1.882 2.552 3.325 2.52 0.994 183.2 0.925 1.131 0.693 0.942 1.228 0.93 0.365

30

Distance (m) IC1-2 183.8 3.288 184.4 3.278 184.9 3.268 185.5 3.258 186.1 3.247 186.7 3.237 187.2 3.227 187.8 3.217 188.4 3.208 188.9 3.198 189.5 3.188 190.1 3.178 190.7 3.168 191.2 3.158 191.8 3.148 192.4 3.139 193.0 3.129 193.5 3.119 194.1 3.11 194.7 3.1 195.3 3.09 195.8 3.081 196.4 3.071 197.0 3.062 197.5 3.052 198.1 3.043 198.7 3.034 199.3 3.025 199.8 3.017 200.4 3.008 201.0 2.999 201.6 2.991 202.1 2.982 202.7 2.973 203.3 2.965 203.8 2.956 204.4 2.948 205.0 2.939 205.6 2.931 206.1 2.922 206.7 2.914 207.3 2.905 207.9 2.897 208.4 2.889 209.0 2.88 209.6 2.872 210.2 2.864

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.371 1.165 1.722 2.42 1.979 1.301 183.8 2.499 3.071 1.874 2.54 3.315 2.512 0.988 183.8 0.922 1.128 0.69 0.937 1.224 0.927 0.363 2.366 1.16 1.716 2.414 1.974 1.294 184.4 2.491 3.062 1.866 2.529 3.306 2.504 0.983 184.4 0.919 1.125 0.687 0.933 1.22 0.924 0.361 2.361 1.156 1.71 2.409 1.968 1.287 184.9 2.484 3.054 1.858 2.518 3.296 2.497 0.977 184.9 0.916 1.122 0.684 0.929 1.217 0.922 0.359 2.356 1.152 1.704 2.404 1.962 1.279 185.5 2.476 3.045 1.85 2.507 3.286 2.489 0.972 185.5 0.913 1.119 0.681 0.925 1.213 0.919 0.357 2.35 1.148 1.791 2.399 1.956 1.272 186.1 2.468 3.037 1.842 2.495 3.276 2.481 0.967 186.1 0.91 1.116 0.678 0.921 1.209 0.916 0.355 186.7 2.461 3.028 1.834 2.484 3.267 2.473 0.961 186.7 0.908 1.113 0.675 0.917 1.206 0.913 0.353 2.345 1.143 1.785 2.393 1.95 1.265 2.34 1.211 1.779 2.478 1.944 1.258 187.2 2.453 3.02 1.826 2.473 3.257 2.465 0.956 187.2 0.905 1.109 0.672 0.913 1.202 0.91 0.351 2.335 1.207 1.774 2.473 1.938 1.251 187.8 2.446 3.011 1.819 2.462 3.247 2.458 0.951 187.8 0.902 1.106 0.67 0.908 1.199 0.907 0.349 2.329 1.203 1.768 2.468 1.932 1.244 188.4 2.438 3.003 1.811 2.451 3.237 2.45 0.945 188.4 0.899 1.103 0.667 0.904 1.195 0.904 0.347 2.324 1.198 1.762 2.462 1.926 1.237 188.9 2.431 2.994 1.803 2.44 3.228 2.442 0.94 188.9 0.896 1.1 0.664 0.9 1.191 0.902 0.345 2.319 1.194 1.756 2.457 1.921 1.23 189.5 2.423 2.986 1.795 2.429 3.218 2.434 0.934 189.5 0.894 1.097 0.661 0.896 1.188 0.899 0.343 2.314 1.19 1.75 2.452 1.915 1.223 190.1 2.416 2.977 1.787 2.418 3.208 2.427 0.929 190.1 0.891 1.094 0.658 0.892 1.184 0.896 0.341 2.308 1.186 1.745 2.446 1.909 1.217 190.7 2.408 2.969 1.779 2.407 3.198 2.419 0.924 190.7 0.888 1.091 0.655 0.888 1.181 0.893 0.34 2.303 1.181 1.739 2.441 1.903 1.211 191.2 2.401 2.96 1.772 2.396 3.189 2.411 0.92 191.2 0.885 1.088 0.652 0.884 1.177 0.89 0.338 2.298 1.177 1.733 2.436 1.897 1.204 191.8 2.393 2.952 1.764 2.385 3.179 2.404 0.915 191.8 0.883 1.085 0.649 0.88 1.174 0.887 0.336 2.293 1.173 1.727 2.43 1.891 1.198 192.4 2.386 2.943 1.756 2.374 3.169 2.396 0.91 192.4 0.88 1.081 0.647 0.876 1.17 0.884 0.334 193.0 2.378 2.935 1.748 2.363 3.16 2.388 0.905 193.0 0.877 1.078 0.644 0.872 1.166 0.882 0.333 2.287 1.169 1.722 2.425 2.003 1.191 2.393 1.165 1.716 2.42 1.997 1.185 193.5 2.371 2.927 1.741 2.352 3.15 2.38 0.9 193.5 0.874 1.075 0.641 0.868 1.163 0.879 0.331 2.387 1.16 1.71 2.414 1.991 1.179 194.1 2.364 2.918 1.733 2.341 3.141 2.373 0.896 194.1 0.872 1.072 0.638 0.864 1.159 0.876 0.329 2.382 1.156 1.704 2.409 1.985 1.172 194.7 2.356 2.91 1.725 2.33 3.131 2.365 0.891 194.7 0.869 1.069 0.635 0.86 1.156 0.873 0.327 2.377 1.152 1.791 2.404 1.979 1.166 195.3 2.349 2.901 1.717 2.319 3.121 2.357 0.886 195.3 0.866 1.066 0.632 0.856 1.152 0.87 0.325 2.371 1.148 1.785 2.399 1.974 1.16 195.8 2.342 2.893 1.71 2.308 3.112 2.35 0.881 195.8 0.864 1.063 0.63 0.852 1.149 0.867 0.324 2.366 1.143 1.779 2.393 1.968 1.153 196.4 2.334 2.885 1.702 2.297 3.102 2.342 0.876 196.4 0.861 1.06 0.627 0.848 1.145 0.864 0.322 2.361 1.211 1.774 2.478 1.962 1.147 197.0 2.327 2.876 1.694 2.286 3.093 2.334 0.871 197.0 0.858 1.057 0.624 0.844 1.142 0.862 0.32 2.356 1.207 1.768 2.473 1.956 1.141 197.5 2.32 2.868 1.687 2.275 3.083 2.326 0.867 197.5 0.856 1.054 0.621 0.84 1.138 0.859 0.318 2.35 1.203 1.762 2.468 1.95 1.134 198.1 2.313 2.859 1.679 2.264 3.073 2.319 0.862 198.1 0.853 1.051 0.618 0.836 1.135 0.856 0.317 2.345 1.198 1.756 2.462 1.944 1.128 198.7 2.306 2.851 1.671 2.254 3.064 2.311 0.857 198.7 0.851 1.048 0.615 0.832 1.131 0.853 0.315 2.34 1.194 1.75 2.457 1.938 1.122 199.3 2.3 2.843 1.664 2.243 3.054 2.303 0.852 199.3 0.848 1.044 0.613 0.828 1.127 0.85 0.313 2.335 1.19 1.745 2.452 1.932 1.115 199.8 2.293 2.834 1.656 2.232 3.045 2.296 0.847 199.8 0.846 1.041 0.61 0.824 1.124 0.847 0.311 2.329 1.186 1.739 2.446 1.926 1.109 200.4 2.286 2.826 1.649 2.221 3.035 2.288 0.843 200.4 0.843 1.038 0.607 0.82 1.12 0.845 0.31 2.324 1.181 1.733 2.441 1.921 1.103 201.0 2.28 2.818 1.641 2.211 3.026 2.28 0.838 201.0 0.841 1.035 0.604 0.816 1.117 0.842 0.308 2.319 1.177 1.727 2.436 1.915 1.096 201.6 2.273 2.809 1.633 2.2 3.016 2.273 0.833 201.6 0.838 1.032 0.601 0.812 1.113 0.839 0.306 2.314 1.173 1.722 2.43 1.909 1.09 202.1 2.267 2.801 1.626 2.189 3.007 2.265 0.828 202.1 0.836 1.029 0.599 0.808 1.11 0.836 0.304 202.7 2.26 2.793 1.618 2.178 2.997 2.257 0.824 202.7 0.834 1.026 0.596 0.804 1.106 0.833 0.303 2.308 1.169 1.716 2.425 1.903 1.085 2.303 1.165 1.71 2.42 1.897 1.079 203.3 2.254 2.784 1.611 2.168 2.988 2.25 0.82 203.3 0.831 1.023 0.593 0.8 1.103 0.83 0.301 2.298 1.16 1.704 2.414 1.891 1.073 203.8 2.247 2.776 1.603 2.157 2.978 2.242 0.815 203.8 0.829 1.02 0.59 0.796 1.099 0.828 0.3 2.293 1.156 1.791 2.409 2.003 1.067 204.4 2.241 2.768 1.596 2.146 2.969 2.234 0.811 204.4 0.826 1.017 0.588 0.792 1.096 0.825 0.298 2.287 1.152 1.785 2.404 1.997 1.061 205.0 2.234 2.759 1.588 2.136 2.959 2.227 0.806 205.0 0.824 1.014 0.585 0.788 1.092 0.822 0.296 2.393 1.148 1.779 2.399 1.991 1.056 205.6 2.228 2.751 1.581 2.125 2.95 2.219 0.802 205.6 0.822 1.011 0.582 0.784 1.089 0.819 0.295 2.387 1.143 1.774 2.393 1.985 1.05 206.1 2.221 2.743 1.573 2.115 2.941 2.212 0.798 206.1 0.819 1.008 0.579 0.78 1.086 0.816 0.293 2.382 1.211 1.768 2.478 1.979 1.044 206.7 2.215 2.735 1.566 2.104 2.931 2.204 0.793 206.7 0.817 1.005 0.577 0.776 1.082 0.814 0.291 2.377 1.207 1.762 2.473 1.974 1.038 207.3 2.208 2.726 1.558 2.093 2.922 2.196 0.789 207.3 0.815 1.002 0.574 0.772 1.079 0.811 0.29 2.371 1.203 1.756 2.468 1.968 1.033 207.9 2.202 2.718 1.551 2.083 2.912 2.189 0.785 207.9 0.812 0.999 0.571 0.769 1.075 0.808 0.288 2.366 1.198 1.75 2.462 1.962 1.027 208.4 2.196 2.71 1.544 2.072 2.903 2.181 0.78 208.4 0.81 0.996 0.568 0.765 1.072 0.805 0.287 209.0 2.189 2.701 1.536 2.062 2.894 2.173 0.776 209.0 0.807 0.993 0.566 0.761 1.068 0.802 0.285 2.361 1.194 1.745 2.457 1.956 1.021 2.356 1.19 1.739 2.452 1.95 1.015 209.6 2.183 2.693 1.529 2.051 2.884 2.166 0.771 209.6 0.805 0.99 0.563 0.757 1.065 0.799 0.283 2.35 1.186 1.733 2.446 1.944 1.01 210.2 2.177 2.685 1.521 2.041 2.875 2.158 0.767 210.2 0.803 0.987 0.56 0.753 1.061 0.797 0.282

31

Distance (m) IC1-2 210.7 2.856 211.3 2.849 211.9 2.841 212.4 2.833 213.0 2.826 213.6 2.818 214.2 2.811 214.7 2.803 215.3 2.796 215.9 2.788 216.5 2.781 217.0 2.773 217.6 2.766 218.2 2.758 218.8 2.751 219.3 2.743 219.9 2.736 220.5 2.729 221.0 2.721 221.6 2.714 222.2 2.706 222.8 2.699 223.3 2.692 223.9 2.684 224.5 2.677 225.1 2.67 225.6 2.663 226.2 2.655 226.8 2.648 227.4 2.641 227.9 2.634 228.5 2.626 229.1 2.619 229.6 2.612 230.2 2.605 230.8 2.598 231.4 2.59 231.9 2.583 232.5 2.576 233.1 2.569 233.7 2.562 234.2 2.555 234.8 2.548 235.4 2.541 235.9 2.534 236.5 2.527 237.1 2.52

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.345 1.181 1.727 2.441 1.938 1.004 210.7 2.171 2.677 1.514 2.03 2.866 2.151 0.763 210.7 0.801 0.983 0.557 0.749 1.058 0.794 0.28 2.34 1.177 1.722 2.436 1.932 0.998 211.3 2.165 2.669 1.507 2.02 2.856 2.143 0.758 211.3 0.799 0.98 0.555 0.745 1.054 0.791 0.279 2.335 1.173 1.716 2.43 1.926 0.992 211.9 2.159 2.66 1.499 2.01 2.847 2.135 0.754 211.9 0.796 0.977 0.552 0.741 1.051 0.788 0.277 2.329 1.169 1.71 2.425 1.921 0.987 212.4 2.154 2.652 1.492 1.999 2.838 2.128 0.75 212.4 0.794 0.974 0.549 0.738 1.048 0.785 0.275 2.324 1.165 1.704 2.42 1.915 0.981 213.0 2.148 2.644 1.484 1.989 2.828 2.12 0.745 213.0 0.792 0.971 0.547 0.734 1.044 0.783 0.274 213.6 2.142 2.636 1.477 1.978 2.819 2.113 0.741 213.6 0.79 0.968 0.544 0.73 1.041 0.78 0.272 2.319 1.16 1.791 2.414 1.909 0.975 2.314 1.156 1.785 2.409 1.903 0.97 214.2 2.136 2.627 1.47 1.968 2.81 2.105 0.737 214.2 0.788 0.965 0.541 0.726 1.037 0.777 0.271 2.308 1.152 1.779 2.404 1.897 0.965 214.7 2.131 2.619 1.463 1.958 2.8 2.097 0.733 214.7 0.786 0.962 0.539 0.722 1.034 0.774 0.269 2.303 1.148 1.774 2.399 1.891 0.96 215.3 2.125 2.611 1.455 1.947 2.791 2.09 0.729 215.3 0.784 0.959 0.536 0.719 1.03 0.771 0.268 2.298 1.143 1.768 2.393 2.003 0.955 215.9 2.119 2.603 1.448 1.937 2.782 2.082 0.725 215.9 0.782 0.956 0.533 0.715 1.027 0.769 0.266 2.293 1.211 1.762 2.478 1.997 0.95 216.5 2.114 2.595 1.441 1.927 2.773 2.075 0.721 216.5 0.78 0.953 0.53 0.711 1.024 0.766 0.265 2.287 1.207 1.756 2.473 1.991 0.945 217.0 2.108 2.587 1.433 1.916 2.763 2.067 0.718 217.0 0.777 0.95 0.528 0.707 1.02 0.763 0.264 2.393 1.203 1.75 2.468 1.985 0.939 217.6 2.102 2.578 1.426 1.906 2.754 2.06 0.714 217.6 0.775 0.947 0.525 0.703 1.017 0.76 0.262 2.387 1.198 1.745 2.462 1.979 0.934 218.2 2.097 2.57 1.419 1.896 2.745 2.052 0.71 218.2 0.773 0.944 0.522 0.7 1.013 0.758 0.261 2.382 1.194 1.739 2.457 1.974 0.929 218.8 2.091 2.562 1.412 1.886 2.736 2.045 0.706 218.8 0.771 0.941 0.52 0.696 1.01 0.755 0.259 2.377 1.19 1.733 2.452 1.968 0.924 219.3 2.085 2.554 1.404 1.875 2.727 2.037 0.702 219.3 0.769 0.938 0.517 0.692 1.007 0.752 0.258 219.9 2.08 2.546 1.397 1.865 2.718 2.029 0.698 219.9 0.767 0.935 0.514 0.688 1.003 0.749 0.257 2.371 1.186 1.727 2.446 1.962 0.919 2.366 1.181 1.722 2.441 1.956 0.914 220.5 2.074 2.538 1.39 1.855 2.708 2.022 0.694 220.5 0.765 0.932 0.512 0.685 1 0.746 0.255 2.361 1.177 1.716 2.436 1.95 0.909 221.0 2.068 2.529 1.383 1.845 2.699 2.014 0.69 221.0 0.763 0.929 0.509 0.681 0.996 0.744 0.254 2.356 1.173 1.71 2.43 1.944 0.904 221.6 2.063 2.521 1.376 1.835 2.69 2.007 0.687 221.6 0.761 0.926 0.507 0.677 0.993 0.741 0.252 2.35 1.169 1.704 2.425 1.938 0.899 222.2 2.057 2.513 1.369 1.825 2.681 1.999 0.683 222.2 0.759 0.923 0.504 0.673 0.99 0.738 0.251 2.345 1.165 1.791 2.42 1.932 0.894 222.8 2.052 2.505 1.361 1.815 2.672 1.992 0.679 222.8 0.757 0.92 0.501 0.67 0.986 0.735 0.249 2.34 1.16 1.785 2.414 1.926 0.889 223.3 2.046 2.497 1.354 1.808 2.663 1.984 0.675 223.3 0.755 0.917 0.499 0.667 0.983 0.732 0.248 2.335 1.156 1.779 2.409 1.921 0.883 223.9 2.04 2.489 1.347 1.803 2.654 1.977 0.671 223.9 0.753 0.914 0.496 0.665 0.98 0.73 0.247 2.329 1.152 1.774 2.404 1.915 0.878 224.5 2.035 2.481 1.34 1.798 2.644 1.969 0.667 224.5 0.751 0.912 0.493 0.663 0.976 0.727 0.245 2.324 1.148 1.768 2.399 1.909 0.873 225.1 2.029 2.473 1.333 1.793 2.635 1.962 0.663 225.1 0.748 0.909 0.491 0.661 0.973 0.724 0.244 2.319 1.143 1.762 2.393 1.903 0.868 225.6 2.024 2.465 1.326 1.788 2.626 1.954 0.66 225.6 0.746 0.906 0.488 0.66 0.97 0.721 0.242 2.314 1.211 1.756 2.478 1.897 0.864 226.2 2.018 2.457 1.319 1.783 2.617 1.947 0.656 226.2 0.744 0.903 0.486 0.658 0.966 0.719 0.241 2.308 1.207 1.75 2.473 1.891 0.859 226.8 2.013 2.449 1.312 1.778 2.608 1.939 0.653 226.8 0.742 0.9 0.483 0.656 0.963 0.716 0.24 2.303 1.203 1.745 2.468 2.003 0.855 227.4 2.007 2.44 1.305 1.773 2.599 1.932 0.649 227.4 0.74 0.897 0.48 0.654 0.959 0.713 0.239 2.298 1.198 1.739 2.462 1.997 0.85 227.9 2.002 2.432 1.298 1.768 2.59 1.924 0.646 227.9 0.738 0.894 0.478 0.652 0.956 0.71 0.237 2.293 1.194 1.733 2.457 1.991 0.846 228.5 1.996 2.424 1.291 1.763 2.581 1.917 0.643 228.5 0.736 0.891 0.475 0.651 0.953 0.708 0.236 2.287 1.19 1.727 2.452 1.985 0.841 229.1 1.991 2.416 1.284 1.758 2.572 1.909 0.639 229.1 0.734 0.888 0.473 0.649 0.949 0.705 0.235 229.6 1.985 2.408 1.277 1.753 2.563 1.902 0.636 229.6 0.732 0.885 0.47 0.647 0.946 0.702 0.234 2.393 1.186 1.722 2.446 1.979 0.837 2.387 1.181 1.716 2.441 1.974 0.832 230.2 1.98 2.4 1.27 1.748 2.554 1.894 0.632 230.2 0.73 0.882 0.468 0.645 0.943 0.699 0.232 2.382 1.177 1.71 2.436 1.968 0.828 230.8 1.974 2.392 1.263 1.744 2.545 1.887 0.629 230.8 0.728 0.879 0.465 0.643 0.94 0.697 0.231 2.377 1.173 1.704 2.43 1.962 0.824 231.4 1.969 2.384 1.256 1.739 2.536 1.879 0.626 231.4 0.726 0.876 0.462 0.642 0.936 0.694 0.23 2.371 1.169 1.791 2.425 1.956 0.819 231.9 1.964 2.376 1.249 1.734 2.527 1.873 0.622 231.9 0.724 0.873 0.46 0.64 0.933 0.691 0.229 2.366 1.165 1.785 2.42 1.95 0.815 232.5 1.958 2.368 1.242 1.729 2.518 1.868 0.619 232.5 0.722 0.87 0.457 0.638 0.93 0.69 0.227 2.361 1.16 1.779 2.414 1.944 0.81 233.1 1.953 2.36 1.235 1.724 2.509 1.864 0.615 233.1 0.72 0.867 0.455 0.636 0.926 0.688 0.226 2.356 1.156 1.774 2.409 1.938 0.806 233.7 1.947 2.352 1.228 1.719 2.5 1.859 0.612 233.7 0.718 0.864 0.452 0.634 0.923 0.686 0.225 2.35 1.152 1.768 2.404 1.932 0.801 234.2 1.942 2.344 1.221 1.714 2.491 1.854 0.609 234.2 0.716 0.861 0.45 0.633 0.92 0.684 0.224 2.345 1.148 1.762 2.399 1.926 0.797 234.8 1.937 2.336 1.214 1.71 2.482 1.85 0.605 234.8 0.714 0.858 0.447 0.631 0.916 0.683 0.222 2.34 1.143 1.756 2.393 1.921 0.792 235.4 1.931 2.328 1.207 1.705 2.474 1.845 0.602 235.4 0.712 0.855 0.445 0.629 0.913 0.681 0.221 235.9 1.926 2.32 1.2 1.7 2.465 1.84 0.598 235.9 0.71 0.853 0.442 0.627 0.91 0.679 0.22 2.335 1.211 1.75 2.478 1.915 0.788 2.329 1.207 1.745 2.473 1.909 0.783 236.5 1.92 2.312 1.194 1.695 2.456 1.836 0.595 236.5 0.708 0.85 0.439 0.625 0.907 0.678 0.219 2.324 1.203 1.739 2.468 1.903 0.779 237.1 1.915 2.304 1.187 1.69 2.447 1.831 0.592 237.1 0.706 0.847 0.437 0.624 0.903 0.676 0.217

32

Distance (m) IC1-2 237.7 2.513 238.2 2.506 238.8 2.499 239.4 2.492 240.0 2.485 240.5 2.478 241.1 2.471 241.7 2.464 242.3 2.458 242.8 2.451 243.4 2.445 244.0 2.438 244.5 2.432 245.1 2.425 245.7 2.419 246.3 2.412 246.8 2.406 247.4 2.399 248.0 2.393 248.6 2.387 249.1 2.38 249.7 2.374 250.3 2.368 250.9 2.361 251.4 2.355 252.0 2.349 252.6 2.343 253.1 2.337 253.7 2.331 254.3 2.325 254.9 2.319 255.4 2.314 256.0 2.308 256.6 2.302 257.2 2.296 257.7 2.29 258.3 2.285 258.9 2.279 259.5 2.273 260.0 2.267 260.6 2.262 261.2 2.256 261.7 2.25 262.3 2.244 262.9 2.239 263.5 2.233 264.0 2.227

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 2.319 1.198 1.733 2.462 1.897 0.774 237.7 1.91 2.296 1.18 1.685 2.438 1.827 0.588 237.7 0.704 0.844 0.434 0.622 0.9 0.674 0.216 2.314 1.194 1.727 2.457 1.891 0.77 238.2 1.904 2.289 1.173 1.681 2.429 1.822 0.585 238.2 0.702 0.841 0.432 0.62 0.897 0.673 0.215 2.308 1.19 1.722 2.452 2.003 0.766 238.8 1.899 2.281 1.166 1.676 2.42 1.817 0.582 238.8 0.7 0.838 0.429 0.618 0.893 0.671 0.214 2.303 1.186 1.716 2.446 1.997 0.762 239.4 1.894 2.273 1.159 1.671 2.412 1.813 0.579 239.4 0.698 0.835 0.427 0.617 0.89 0.669 0.213 2.298 1.181 1.71 2.441 1.991 0.758 240.0 1.889 2.265 1.153 1.666 2.403 1.808 0.576 240.0 0.697 0.832 0.424 0.615 0.887 0.667 0.211 240.5 1.883 2.257 1.146 1.661 2.394 1.803 0.572 240.5 0.695 0.829 0.422 0.613 0.884 0.666 0.21 2.293 1.177 1.704 2.436 1.985 0.753 2.287 1.173 1.791 2.43 1.979 0.749 241.1 1.878 2.249 1.139 1.657 2.385 1.799 0.569 241.1 0.693 0.826 0.42 0.611 0.88 0.664 0.209 2.393 1.169 1.785 2.425 1.974 0.745 241.7 1.873 2.241 1.136 1.652 2.376 1.794 0.566 241.7 0.691 0.823 0.418 0.609 0.877 0.662 0.208 2.387 1.165 1.779 2.42 1.968 0.741 242.3 1.868 2.233 1.132 1.647 2.368 1.79 0.563 242.3 0.689 0.82 0.417 0.608 0.874 0.661 0.207 2.382 1.16 1.774 2.414 1.962 0.737 242.8 1.863 2.225 1.129 1.642 2.359 1.785 0.56 242.8 0.687 0.818 0.416 0.606 0.871 0.659 0.206 2.377 1.156 1.768 2.409 1.956 0.732 243.4 1.858 2.217 1.125 1.637 2.35 1.78 0.556 243.4 0.685 0.815 0.414 0.604 0.868 0.657 0.204 2.371 1.152 1.762 2.404 1.95 0.728 244.0 1.853 2.209 1.121 1.633 2.341 1.776 0.553 244.0 0.684 0.812 0.413 0.602 0.864 0.656 0.203 2.366 1.148 1.756 2.399 1.944 0.724 244.5 1.848 2.202 1.118 1.628 2.333 1.771 0.55 244.5 0.682 0.809 0.412 0.601 0.861 0.654 0.202 2.361 1.143 1.75 2.393 1.938 0.72 245.1 1.843 2.194 1.114 1.623 2.324 1.767 0.547 245.1 0.68 0.806 0.41 0.599 0.858 0.652 0.201 2.356 1.211 1.745 2.478 1.932 0.715 245.7 1.839 2.186 1.111 1.618 2.315 1.762 0.544 245.7 0.678 0.803 0.409 0.597 0.855 0.65 0.2 2.35 1.207 1.739 2.473 1.926 0.711 246.3 1.834 2.178 1.107 1.614 2.306 1.758 0.54 246.3 0.676 0.8 0.408 0.595 0.851 0.649 0.199 246.8 1.829 2.17 1.104 1.609 2.298 1.753 0.537 246.8 0.674 0.797 0.406 0.594 0.848 0.647 0.197 2.345 1.203 1.733 2.468 1.921 0.707 2.34 1.198 1.727 2.462 1.915 0.703 247.4 1.824 2.162 1.1 1.604 2.289 1.748 0.534 247.4 0.673 0.794 0.405 0.592 0.845 0.645 0.196 2.335 1.194 1.722 2.457 1.909 0.699 248.0 1.819 2.154 1.096 1.6 2.28 1.744 0.531 248.0 0.671 0.792 0.404 0.59 0.842 0.644 0.195 2.329 1.19 1.716 2.452 1.903 0.694 248.6 1.814 2.147 1.093 1.595 2.272 1.739 0.528 248.6 0.669 0.789 0.402 0.589 0.839 0.642 0.194 2.324 1.186 1.71 2.446 1.897 0.69 249.1 1.809 2.139 1.089 1.591 2.263 1.735 0.524 249.1 0.667 0.786 0.401 0.587 0.835 0.64 0.193 2.319 1.181 1.704 2.441 1.891 0.686 249.7 1.804 2.131 1.086 1.586 2.254 1.73 0.521 249.7 0.666 0.783 0.4 0.585 0.832 0.639 0.192 2.314 1.177 1.791 2.436 2.003 0.682 250.3 1.8 2.123 1.082 1.581 2.246 1.725 0.518 250.3 0.664 0.78 0.399 0.584 0.829 0.637 0.19 2.308 1.173 1.785 2.43 1.997 0.678 250.9 1.795 2.115 1.079 1.577 2.237 1.721 0.515 250.9 0.662 0.777 0.397 0.582 0.826 0.635 0.189 2.303 1.169 1.779 2.425 1.991 0.674 251.4 1.79 2.108 1.075 1.572 2.228 1.716 0.512 251.4 0.66 0.774 0.396 0.58 0.823 0.634 0.188 2.298 1.165 1.774 2.42 1.985 0.67 252.0 1.785 2.1 1.072 1.568 2.22 1.712 0.509 252.0 0.658 0.771 0.395 0.578 0.819 0.632 0.187 2.293 1.16 1.768 2.414 1.979 0.666 252.6 1.781 2.092 1.068 1.563 2.211 1.707 0.506 252.6 0.657 0.769 0.393 0.577 0.816 0.63 0.186 2.287 1.156 1.762 2.409 1.974 0.662 253.1 1.776 2.084 1.065 1.558 2.203 1.703 0.503 253.1 0.655 0.766 0.392 0.575 0.813 0.629 0.185 2.393 1.152 1.756 2.404 1.968 0.658 253.7 1.772 2.076 1.061 1.554 2.194 1.698 0.5 253.7 0.653 0.763 0.391 0.573 0.81 0.627 0.184 2.387 1.148 1.75 2.399 1.962 0.654 254.3 1.767 2.069 1.058 1.549 2.185 1.693 0.497 254.3 0.652 0.76 0.389 0.572 0.807 0.625 0.183 2.382 1.143 1.745 2.393 1.956 0.65 254.9 1.763 2.061 1.054 1.545 2.177 1.689 0.494 254.9 0.65 0.757 0.388 0.57 0.804 0.623 0.182 2.377 1.211 1.739 2.478 1.95 0.646 255.4 1.759 2.053 1.051 1.54 2.168 1.684 0.491 255.4 0.649 0.754 0.387 0.568 0.8 0.622 0.18 2.371 1.207 1.733 2.473 1.944 0.642 256.0 1.754 2.045 1.047 1.536 2.16 1.68 0.488 256.0 0.647 0.752 0.386 0.567 0.797 0.62 0.179 256.6 1.75 2.038 1.044 1.531 2.151 1.675 0.485 256.6 0.645 0.749 0.384 0.565 0.794 0.618 0.178 2.366 1.203 1.727 2.468 1.938 0.638 2.361 1.198 1.722 2.462 1.932 0.634 257.2 1.745 2.03 1.04 1.527 2.143 1.671 0.482 257.2 0.644 0.746 0.383 0.563 0.791 0.617 0.177 2.356 1.194 1.716 2.457 1.926 0.63 257.7 1.741 2.022 1.037 1.522 2.134 1.666 0.479 257.7 0.642 0.743 0.382 0.562 0.788 0.615 0.176 2.35 1.19 1.71 2.452 1.921 0.626 258.3 1.737 2.014 1.033 1.517 2.126 1.662 0.476 258.3 0.64 0.74 0.381 0.56 0.785 0.613 0.175 2.345 1.186 1.704 2.446 1.915 0.622 258.9 1.732 2.007 1.03 1.513 2.117 1.657 0.473 258.9 0.639 0.737 0.379 0.558 0.782 0.612 0.174 2.34 1.181 1.791 2.441 1.909 0.618 259.5 1.728 1.999 1.026 1.508 2.109 1.653 0.47 259.5 0.637 0.734 0.378 0.557 0.778 0.61 0.173 2.335 1.177 1.785 2.436 1.903 0.614 260.0 1.723 1.991 1.023 1.504 2.1 1.648 0.467 260.0 0.636 0.732 0.377 0.555 0.775 0.608 0.172 2.329 1.173 1.779 2.43 1.897 0.611 260.6 1.719 1.984 1.02 1.499 2.092 1.643 0.464 260.6 0.634 0.729 0.375 0.553 0.772 0.607 0.17 2.324 1.169 1.774 2.425 1.891 0.607 261.2 1.715 1.976 1.016 1.495 2.083 1.639 0.461 261.2 0.632 0.726 0.374 0.552 0.769 0.605 0.169 2.319 1.165 1.768 2.42 2.003 0.608 261.7 1.71 1.968 1.013 1.49 2.075 1.634 0.462 261.7 0.631 0.723 0.373 0.55 0.766 0.603 0.17 2.314 1.16 1.762 2.414 1.997 0.609 262.3 1.706 1.961 1.009 1.486 2.067 1.63 0.463 262.3 0.629 0.72 0.372 0.548 0.763 0.602 0.17 0.61 262.9 1.702 1.953 1.006 1.481 2.058 1.625 0.464 262.9 0.628 0.718 0.37 0.547 0.76 0.6 0.17 2.308 1.156 1.756 2.409 1.991 2.303 1.152 1.75 2.404 1.985 0.612 263.5 1.697 1.945 1.003 1.477 2.05 1.621 0.465 263.5 0.626 0.715 0.369 0.545 0.757 0.598 0.171 2.298 1.148 1.745 2.399 1.979 0.613 264.0 1.693 1.938 0.999 1.472 2.041 1.616 0.466 264.0 0.624 0.712 0.368 0.543 0.754 0.597 0.171

33

Distance (m) IC1-2 264.6 2.222 265.2 2.216 265.8 2.21 266.3 2.205 266.9 2.199 267.5 2.193 268.0 2.188 268.6 2.182 269.2 2.176 269.8 2.171 270.3 2.165 270.9 2.16 271.5 2.154 272.1 2.149 272.6 2.143 273.2 2.137 273.8 2.132 274.4 2.126 274.9 2.121 275.5 2.115 276.1 2.11 276.6 2.104 277.2 2.099 277.8 2.093 278.4 2.088 278.9 2.082 279.5 2.077 280.1 2.072 280.7 2.066 281.2 2.061 281.8 2.055 282.4 2.05 283.0 2.045 283.5 2.039 284.1 2.034 284.7 2.029 285.2 2.023 285.8 2.018 286.4 2.013 287.0 2.008

Concentration of NO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of SO2 (g/m3) Distance Concentration of TSP (g/m3) IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 IC7-8 (m) IC1-2 IC2-3 IC3-4 IC4-5 IC5-6 IC6-7 2.293 1.143 1.739 2.393 1.974 0.615 264.6 1.689 1.93 0.996 1.468 2.033 1.612 0.467 264.6 0.623 0.709 0.367 0.542 0.75 0.595 2.287 1.211 1.733 2.478 1.968 0.616 265.2 1.684 1.922 0.993 1.463 2.025 1.607 0.468 265.2 0.621 0.706 0.366 0.54 0.747 0.593 2.393 1.207 1.727 2.473 1.962 0.617 265.8 1.68 1.915 0.989 1.459 2.016 1.603 0.469 265.8 0.62 0.703 0.364 0.538 0.744 0.592 2.387 1.203 1.722 2.468 1.956 0.619 266.3 1.676 1.907 0.986 1.454 2.008 1.598 0.47 266.3 0.618 0.701 0.363 0.537 0.741 0.59 2.382 1.198 1.716 2.462 1.95 0.62 266.9 1.671 1.899 0.983 1.45 2 1.594 0.471 266.9 0.616 0.698 0.362 0.535 0.738 0.588 0 267.5 1.667 1.892 0.979 1.445 1.991 1.589 0 267.5 0.615 0.695 0.361 0.533 0.735 0.587 2.377 1.194 1.71 2.457 1.944 2.371 1.19 1.704 2.452 1.938 0 268.0 1.663 1.884 0.976 1.441 1.983 1.585 0 268.0 0.613 0.692 0.359 0.532 0.732 0.585 2.366 1.186 1.791 2.446 1.932 0 268.6 1.659 1.876 0.973 1.436 1.975 1.58 0 268.6 0.612 0.689 0.358 0.53 0.729 0.583 2.361 1.181 1.785 2.441 1.926 0 269.2 1.654 1.869 0.97 1.432 1.966 1.576 0 269.2 0.61 0.687 0.357 0.528 0.726 0.582 2.356 1.177 1.779 2.436 1.921 0 269.8 1.65 1.861 0.966 1.427 1.958 1.571 0 269.8 0.609 0.684 0.356 0.527 0.723 0.58 2.35 1.173 1.774 2.43 1.915 0 270.3 1.646 1.855 0.963 1.423 1.95 1.567 0 270.3 0.607 0.682 0.355 0.525 0.72 0.578 2.345 1.169 1.768 2.425 1.909 0 270.9 1.642 1.851 0.96 1.418 1.941 1.562 0 270.9 0.605 0.68 0.353 0.523 0.717 0.577 2.34 1.165 1.762 2.42 1.903 0 271.5 1.637 1.847 0.956 1.414 1.933 1.558 0 271.5 0.604 0.679 0.352 0.522 0.714 0.575 2.335 1.16 1.756 2.414 1.897 0 272.1 1.633 1.843 0.953 1.409 1.925 1.553 0 272.1 0.602 0.677 0.351 0.52 0.711 0.573 2.329 1.156 1.75 2.409 1.891 0 272.6 1.629 1.839 0.95 1.405 1.921 1.549 0 272.6 0.601 0.676 0.35 0.518 0.709 0.572 2.324 1.152 1.745 2.404 2.003 0 273.2 1.625 1.835 0.947 1.401 1.917 1.544 0 273.2 0.599 0.674 0.349 0.517 0.708 0.57 0 273.8 1.62 1.831 0.943 1.396 1.913 1.54 0 273.8 0.598 0.673 0.347 0.515 0.706 0.568 2.319 1.148 1.739 2.399 1.997 2.314 1.143 1.733 2.393 1.991 0 274.4 1.616 1.827 0.94 1.392 1.909 1.535 0 274.4 0.596 0.671 0.346 0.514 0.705 0.567 2.308 1.211 1.727 2.478 1.985 0 274.9 1.612 1.823 0.937 1.387 1.904 1.531 0 274.9 0.595 0.67 0.345 0.512 0.703 0.565 2.303 1.207 1.722 2.473 1.979 0 275.5 1.608 1.819 0.933 1.383 1.9 1.526 0 275.5 0.593 0.668 0.344 0.51 0.702 0.563 2.298 1.203 1.716 2.468 1.974 0 276.1 1.604 1.815 0.93 1.378 1.896 1.522 0 276.1 0.591 0.667 0.343 0.509 0.7 0.562 2.293 1.198 1.71 2.462 1.968 0 276.6 1.6 1.811 0.927 1.374 1.892 1.517 0 276.6 0.59 0.665 0.341 0.507 0.699 0.56 2.287 1.194 1.704 2.457 1.962 0 277.2 1.595 1.807 0.924 1.37 1.888 1.513 0 277.2 0.588 0.664 0.34 0.505 0.697 0.558 2.393 1.19 1.791 2.452 1.956 0 277.8 1.591 1.803 0.92 1.365 1.884 1.508 0 277.8 0.587 0.662 0.339 0.504 0.695 0.557 2.387 1.186 1.785 2.446 1.95 0 278.4 1.587 1.799 0.917 1.361 1.88 1.504 0 278.4 0.585 0.661 0.338 0.502 0.694 0.555 2.382 1.181 1.779 2.441 1.944 0 278.9 1.583 1.795 0.914 1.356 1.876 1.499 0 278.9 0.584 0.659 0.337 0.5 0.692 0.553 2.377 1.177 1.774 2.436 1.938 0 279.5 1.579 1.791 0.911 1.352 1.872 1.495 0 279.5 0.582 0.658 0.335 0.499 0.691 0.552 2.371 1.173 1.768 2.43 1.932 0 280.1 1.575 1.787 0.908 1.347 1.868 1.49 0 280.1 0.581 0.656 0.334 0.497 0.689 0.55 2.366 1.169 1.762 2.425 1.926 0 280.7 1.571 1.783 0.904 1.343 1.864 1.486 0 280.7 0.579 0.655 0.333 0.496 0.688 0.548 2.361 1.165 1.756 2.42 1.921 0 281.2 1.566 1.779 0.901 1.339 1.86 1.481 0 281.2 0.578 0.654 0.332 0.494 0.687 0.547 2.356 1.16 1.75 2.414 1.915 0 281.8 1.562 1.775 0.898 1.334 1.856 1.477 0 281.8 0.576 0.652 0.331 0.492 0.685 0.545 2.35 1.156 1.745 2.409 1.909 0 282.4 1.558 1.771 0.895 1.33 1.852 1.472 0 282.4 0.575 0.651 0.329 0.491 0.684 0.544 2.345 1.152 1.739 2.404 1.903 0 283.0 1.554 1.767 0.891 1.325 1.848 1.468 0 283.0 0.573 0.649 0.328 0.489 0.682 0.542 0 283.5 1.55 1.763 0.888 1.321 1.844 1.463 0 283.5 0.572 0.648 0.327 0.487 0.681 0.54 2.34 1.148 1.733 2.399 1.897 2.335 1.143 1.727 2.393 1.891 0 284.1 1.546 1.759 0.885 1.317 1.839 1.459 0 284.1 0.57 0.646 0.326 0.486 0.679 0.539 2.329 1.211 1.722 2.478 2.003 0 284.7 1.542 1.755 0.882 1.312 1.835 1.455 0 284.7 0.569 0.645 0.325 0.484 0.678 0.537 2.324 1.207 1.716 2.473 1.997 0 285.2 1.538 1.751 0.879 1.308 1.831 1.45 0 285.2 0.567 0.643 0.323 0.483 0.676 0.535 2.319 1.203 1.71 2.468 1.991 0 285.8 1.534 1.747 0.875 1.304 1.827 1.446 0 285.8 0.566 0.642 0.322 0.481 0.675 0.534 2.314 1.198 1.704 2.462 1.985 0 286.4 1.53 1.743 0.872 1.299 1.823 1.441 0 286.4 0.564 0.64 0.321 0.479 0.673 0.532 2.308 1.194 1.791 2.457 1.979 0 287.0 1.527 1.739 0.869 1.295 1.819 1.437 0 287.0 0.563 0.639 0.32 0.478 0.672 0.53

IC7-8 0.172 0.172 0.172 0.173 0.173 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

34

APPENDIX IV.1. DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL SOIL PROFILES IV. 1.1. PROFILE NUMBER: BK 07 - 60 1. Soil name: Vietnam: Saline latent acid sulphate soil (ISp1Mme1) FAO/WRB (1998) Sali Epiprotothionic Fluvisols (Fl titp Sz) 2. Site properties Location: Binhkhanh commune, Cangio district, Hochiminh City, 1 km from Binhkhanh ferry landing in the southeast. Overall terrain: flat, coastal estuary Sub-regions: Bottom land, waterlogged land, shrimp pond Terrain where soil profile is taken: low, hollow, waterlogged Parent material: littoral marsh deposit Flora: Moss, Aizoaceae. Date of description: 18/ August /2009 Authors: Le Huu Phu, Tra Ngoc Phong Horizon: 0 30 cm: Clay, wet, light grey (10YR 6/1), amorphous, silty loam, noncohesive, very limited humus, strong gley, and sudden layer change in color. Horizon ACh: 30 70 cm: Clay, wet, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2 Dark greyish brown), unconsolidated blocks, semi-mature, non-cohesive, non-plastic, soft, noncompact, mixed with much semi-decomposed humus, slow layer change in color. Horizon Cph: 90 120 cm: Clay, wet, very dark grey (10YR 3/1) with grey mottling (10YR 6/1 Grey), unconsolidated blocks, relatively soft, non-compact, nonplastic, non-cohesive, low to medium pyrite.

3. Layers

Photo of the profile:

35

IV. 1.2. PROFILE NUMBER: CG 07 - 18

1. Soil name:
(ISp2Mme1)

Vietnam: Deep latent acid sulphate permanently saline soil

FAO/WRB (1998): Sali Endoprotothionic Fluvisols (Fl titp Sz) 2. Site properties Location: Annghia hamlet, Binhkhanh commune, Cangio district, 6 km from Binhkhanh ferry landing in the southeast. Overall terrain: hollow, low, coastal estuary Sub-regions: Bottom land, Waterlogged land under mangrove forests Terrain where soil profile is taken: low, hollow Parent material: littoral marsh deposit Flora: Rhizophora, Mangrove Date of description: 18/ August /2009 Authors: Le Huu Phu, Tra Ngoc Phong Horizon : 0 30 cm: Clay, wet, light brownish grey (10YR 6/2), weak block structure (semi-mature), medium cohesive, medium plastic, non-compact, soft, containing much leaves being decomposed, with wormholes, mixed with many tiny roots, sudden layer change in color and organic matter composition. Horizon: 30 120 cm: Clay, wet, dark brown (10YR 4/3), immature structure, nonplastic, non-cohesive, non-compact, soft, much semi-decomposed humus (50 70%V), slow weaving layer change in color. Horizon: 120 150 cm: Clay, wet, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2), weak block structure, medium cohesive, medium plastic, medium pyrite.

3. Layers

Photo of the profile:

36

IV.1.3. PROFILE NUMBER: LA 06 - 85

1. Soil name:
2. Site properties

Vietnam: saline deep latent acid sulphate soil (Sp2M)

FAO/WRB (1998) Umbric Gleyic - Fluvisols Location: Longthuong commune, Cangiuoc district, Longan province Overall terrain: flat, riverside Sub-regions: Bottom land, Waterlogged land, rice field Terrain where soil profile is taken: low, hollow, waterlogged Flora: Eleocharis, Acrostichum aureum L., Lygodium microphyllum Date of description: 18/ August /2009 Authors: Le Huu Phu, Tra Ngoc Phong Horizon Ahg: 0 30 cm: greyish brown (5YR 4/2) Clay, wet, semi-mature, medium organic matter, with some roots not decomposed yet, brown motley (7.5 YR 4/4) Horizon Ahg: 30- 60 cm greyish brown (10YR 4/2) Clay, wet, semi-mature, limited organic matter, mixed with black organic matter, light yellow motley, dim layer change. Horizon Ahg: 60-140 cm light greyish brown ( 10.5YR 4/2) wet soil, clay, wet, semi-mature, limited organic matter, semi-decomposed, some roots not decomposed yet, motley and dim layer change.

Parent material: Fluvial marsh deposit

3. Layers

Photo of the profile:

37

IV. 1.4. PROFILE NUMBER: PK 07 - 35

1. Soil name: Vietnam: Shallow latent acid sulphate, permanently saline soil
(ISp1Mme1) FAO/WRB (1998) Sali Epiprotothionic Fluvisols (Fl titp Sz) 2. Site properties Location: Proposed Intersection of BL-LT Expressway and Phuoc Khanh bridge at Phuoc Khanh commune, Nhon Trach district Overall terrain: flat, hollow, coastal estuary Sub-regions: Bottom land, Terrain where soil profile is taken: low, hollow Parent material: Marsh deposit Flora: Acrostichum aureum L., Melasstomaceae Date of description: 18/ August /2009 Authors: Le Huu Phu, Tra Ngoc Phong Horizon : 0 30 cm: greyish brown (5YR 4/3), clay, wet, semi-mature to mature, limited organic matter, dark brown motley (5YR3/4), few living roots, gradual layer change. Horizon: 30-60 cm: greyish brown (5YR 4/1), clay, wet, semi-mature, medium organic matter, red brown motley, yellowish brown, limited agglomeration (5YR 4/2), few living roots and humus, plastic and cohesive Horizon: 60 -120 cm: dark grey (5YR 4/1), clay, fine sand, wet, semi-mature, cohesive, plastic, semi-decomposed organic matter

3. Layers

Photo of the profile:

38

IV. 1.5. PROFILE NUMBER: BRVT-07-38 1. Soil name: Vietnam: Saline latent acid sulphate soil (ISp1Mme1) FAO/WRB (1998) Sali Epiprotothionic Fluvisols (Fl titp Sz) 2. Site properties Location: 600 m from 51A Highway in the West, 800 m from Go Gang bridge in the West, 230 m from Go Gang stress in the South, Ward 12, Vungtau city. Overall terrain: hollow, low, coastal estuary Sub-regions: Bottom land, waterlogged land under mangrove forests Terrain where soil profile is taken: low, hollow Parent material: littoral marsh deposit Flora: Rhizophora Date of description: 18/ August /2009 Authors: Le Huu Phu, Tra Ngoc Phong Horizon Ah: 0 30 cm: Clay, wet, dark grey (10YR 4/1 Dark grey), weak block structure (semi-mature), cohesive, plastic, mixed with some semi-decomposed organic matter, non-compact, relatively soft, sudden layer change in color and organic matter composition. Horizon Cph: 30 90 cm: : Clay, wet, dark grey brown (10YR 4/2 Dark grey brown), unconsolidated blocks, non-cohesive, relatively plastic, soft, non-compact, mixed with much semi-decomposed humus (50 60%), sudden layer change in color. Horizon Cpg: 90 130 cm: Clay, wet, light grey (10YR 5/1 - Grey), unconsolidated blocks, cohesive, plastic, non-soft, compact, mixed with some semi-decomposed humus, medium to strong pyrite, strong gley.

3. Layers

Photo of the profile:

39

IV. 1.6. PROFILE NUMBER: BRVT-07-26

1. Soil name:

Vietnam: Deep latent acid sulphate permanently saline soil (ISp2Mme1) FAO/WRB (1998): Sali Endoprotothionic Fluvisols (Fl titp Sz) 2. Site properties Location: 800 m from 51A highway in the East, 2.4 Km Co May bridge in the South, Ward 12, Vungtau city. Overall terrain: hollow, low, coastal estuary Sub-regions: Bottom land, Waterlogged land, shrimp pond Terrain where soil profile is taken: low, hollow Parent material: littoral marsh deposit Flora: Avincenia spp. Date of description: 18/ August /2009 Authors: Le Huu Phu, Tra Ngoc Phong Horizon Ah: 0 30 cm: Clay mixed with some coarse sand, wet, grey (10YR 5/1 grey), weak block structure (semi-mature), relatively plastic, relatively cohesive, mixed with some decomposed organic matter (5-7%), sudden layer change in color and organic matter composition. Horizon Ch: 30 90 cm: Clay mixed with some coarse sand, wet, dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2 Dark greyish brown), weak block structure (semi-mature), plastic, non-cohesive, soft, non-compact, mixed with much semi-decomposed humus (30- 40%), sudden layer change in color and organic matter composition. Horizon Cph: 90 120 cm: Clay mixed with some coarse sand, wet, dark grey (10YR 4/2 Dark grey) block structure, unstable, compact, non-soft, cohesive, relatively plastic, medium pyrite.

3. Layers

Photo of the profile:

40

APPENDIX IV.2. LISTS OF IDENTIFIED VEGETATION AND WILD ANIMAL SPECIES IV.2.1. LIST OF COMMON PLANT SPECIES IN THE STUDY AREA OF BEN LUC LONGTHANH EXPRESSWAY PROJECT (AUGUST 2009) NO. LATIN NAME FAMILY VIETNAME SE LIFE-FORM EN I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. POLYPODIOPSIDA Acrostichum aureum L. ADIANTACEAE Azolla caroliana Willd. AZOLLACEAE Lygodium microphyllum ( Cav.) SCHIZAEAACEAE R. Br. Marsilea quadrifolia L. MARSILEACEAE Salvinia cucullata Roxb. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f) Bedd. MAGNOLIOPSIDA Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco Acacia auriculaeformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. Acanthus illicifolius L. Aeschynomene indica L. Ageratum conyzoides Alternanthera paronichyoides A. Alternanthera sessilis ( L.) D.C. Amaranthus spinosus L. Ananas comosus (L) Merr. SALVINIACEAE PTERIDACEAE MYRSINACEAE FABACEAE ACANTHACEAE ACANTHACEAE FABACEAE ASTERACEAE AMARANTHACEAE AMARANTHACEAE AMARANTHACEAE BROMELIACEAE Rng i Bo du Bong bong Rau du bn l Bo tai chut Dy choi S Keo l trm r r in ma n Ct heo Dic b Rau diu Dn gai Khm Fern Fern Fern Fern Fern Fern Wood Wood Semiaquatic Semiaquatic Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Shrub A A A A A A O R O R O R C O O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C O O A D A A C II A C HABITAT TYPE III A C IV C O O O O V O O O O VI O O VII R VIII R

41

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

Annona glabra L. Annona muricata L. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Avicennia alba Blume Avicennia offlcinalis L. Azima sarmentosa Bougainvillea brasiliensis Rauesch. Bruguiera cylindrica Calophyllum inophyllum L. Canavalla cathartica D. P. Thouars. Carica papaya L. Cassia alata L. Cassia fistula L. Cassia tora L. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domino Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Celosia argentea L Ceriops decandra Chrysophyllum cainito L. Cleome chelidonii Clerodendrum inerme Combretum quadrangulare Kurz. Cuscuta australis R. Br. Dendrophtoe pentandra (L.) Miq. Derris trifolia Lour. Desmodium triflorum DC. Dimocarpus longan Lour. Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. Dolichandrone

ANNONACEAE ANNONACEAE MORACEAE VERBENACEAE VERBENACEAE SALVADORACEAE NYCTAGINACEAE RHIZOPHORACEAE GUTTIFERAE FABACEAE CARICACEAE FABACEAE FABACEAE FABACEAE VITACEAE BOMBACACEAE AMARANTHACEAE RHIZOPHORACEAE SAPOTACEAE Capparaceae VERBENACEAE

Bnh Bt Mng cu Mt Mm trng Mm en Chm l Bng giy Vt tr M u u c u Mung tru B cp nc Mung hi Dy vc Gn ta Mng g D qunh V sa Mng mng Ngc n bin Trm bu T hng Chm gi Dy cc kn Trng qu Nhn Du ri Quao nc

Shrub Shrub Wood Wood Wood Liana Liana Wood Wood Linar Shrub Shrub Wood Grass Liana Wood Grass Wood Wood Grass Shrub Wood Liana Liana Liana Grass Wood Wood Wood

C C C C

C C C C

O A A C

C C C C

C O R O R R O R O O O O C C O C O C O O O C C O O C C C O C C O O C O R C C C C C O C C O C O C O O C C C C C C O O O O O O C

COMBRETACEAE CUSCUTACEAE LORANTHACEAE FABACEAE FABACEAE Sapindaceae DIPTEROCAPACEA E spathacea BIGNONIACEAE

42

46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.

(Lf)K.Schum Eucalyptus tereticornis J.E. Sm. Eupatorium odoratum L. Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia hirta L. Excoecarta agallocha L. Ficus hirta Vahl. Glochidion littorale Bt. Gymnanthera nitida R. Br. Hibicus rosa-sinensis Hibiscus sabdariffa Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamk. Ipomoea pes-caprae Sw. Ixora balansae Pit. Khaya senegalensis Juss. Ludwidgia adscendens (L) Hara. Ludwidgia octovalvis (Jacq) Raven Lumnitzera racemosa Will. Mangifera indica Manihot esculenta Crantz. Melaleuca cajuputi Powel. Melastoma affine D. Don Mimosa pigra L Mimosa pudica L. Morinda citrifolia L. Muntingia calabura L Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

MYRTACEAE ASTERACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE MORACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE MALVACEAE MALVACEAE MALVACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE RUBIACEAE MELIACEAE ONAGRACEAE ONAGRACEAE COMBRETACEAE ANACARDIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE MYRTACEAE MELASTOMACEAE MIMOSACEAE MIMOSACEAE RUBIACEAE ELAEOCAPACEAE Nelumbonaceae

Bch n C lo C m C sa Gi Ngi Trm bt Dy m Bng bp Bp gim Tra nht Rau mung Rau lang Mung bin Trang X c Rau da nc Rau mng Cc trng Xoi Khoai m Trm Mua a hng Mai dng Mc c Nhu Trng c Sen

Wood Grass Grass Grass Wood Wood Shrub Liana Shrub Shrub Shrub Liana Liana Liana Shrub Wood Semi aquatic Semi aquatic Wood Wood Shrub Wood Shrub Herb Herb Wood Wood Aquatic

C C

C C C

C C O O C

C C C C O R

C C C C O

C C O O O A O

O O O C R C O

O O O C R C O

C O C C C C O C C O O C C C C

R C

R C

O C O O O C C O A C C C

C O

C O

C O

43

74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94.

Neptunia oleracea Lour Nymphaea rubra Roxb Salisb. Passiflora foetida

MIMOSACEAE ex Nymphaeaceae PASSIFLORACEAE CAESALPINIACEAE CAESALPINIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE ASTERACEAE Polygonaceae MYRTACEAE RUBIACEAE RHIZOPHORACEAE ACANTHACEAE FABACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE FABACEAE FABACEAE AIZOACEAE MALVACEAE SONNERATIACEAE MYRTACEAE FABACEAE COMBRETACEAE MALVACEAE AIZOACEAE ASTERACEAE MALVACEAE ASTERACEAE

Rau nht Sng Lc tin Lim st Phng Ch Phn en Lc Ngh rung i Dy kim c i Tri n Cng Dy cm So a in in Sam bin Chi c Bn chua Mn Me Bng Tra b C tam khi Cc mai K hoa o Rau mui

Herb Aquatic Liana Wood Wood Grass Shrub Grass Semi aquatic Wood Liana Wood Grass Wood Liana Wood Grass Grass Shrub Wood Wood Wood Wood Shrub Grass Grass Shrub Grass O O O

O O O O C C O C O C C

Peltophorum pterocarpum AP de Caud. Delonix regia (Hook) Raf. Phyllanthus urinaria L. Phyllathus reticulata Pluchea indica (L.) Lees Polygonum persicaria L.

A R

C C

C O C C C O C C C C O C C A

Psidium guiava L. Psychotria serpens L. Rhizophora apiculata Bl. Ruella tuberosa L. Samanea samam (Jacq.) Merr. Sarcolobus globosus Wall. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Sesbania paludosa Sesuvium portulacastrum Sida acuta L. Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. Syzygium semarangense Merr & Perry. 95. Tamarindua indica L. 96. Terminalia catappa L. 97. Thespesia populnea Soland&Corr. 98. Trianthema portulacastrum L. 99. Tridax procumbens 100. Urena lobata L. 101. Wedella biflora ( L.) D. C.

D O

O O

C C C

O C

O O C

C C C

C C C C C

O C O C

O C O O C

C O C

O C C O C C C O O

44

102. Xylocarpus granatum 103. Zizyphys mauritiana Lamk. LILIOPSIDA 104. Aglaodorum griffithii Schott. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. Area catechu L. Bambusa sp1. Brachiria mutica F. Chloris barbata Sw. Cocos nucifera L. Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott. Commellna difiusa Burm. f. Cymbopogon citratus Cynodon dactylum L. Cyperus babakans Steud. Cyperus compressus L. Cyperus elatus L. Cyperus halpan L. Cyperus javanicus Houtt. Cyperus malaccensis Lam.

MELIACEAE RHAMNACEAE ARACEAE ARECACEAE POACEAE POACEAE POACEAE ARECACEAE ARACEAE COMMELINACEAE POACEAE POACEAE CYPERACEAE CYPERACEAE CYPERACEAE CYPERACEAE CYPERACEAE CYPERACEAE

Xu i To nh Mi dm Cau Tre C lng C lc lng Da Mn nc Rau trai S C ch Lc dy C dp U du C cm Lc java Lc nc C chn g C lng cng Lng vc Lng vc cn Lc bnh Nng ch

Wood Shrub Semi aquatic Wood Shrub Grass Grass Wood Semi aquatic Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Grass Semi aquatic Grass Grass Grass Grass Aquatic Semi aquatic

R A

R A

O O A O C C C C O C O C C C C C C C C C C C C A C C A O C O C

O C

O C

C C

C C C C

C O O O O O O C

120. Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum (L) POACEAE Willd. 121. Diplachne fusca POACEAE 122. Echinochloa crus-galli L 123. Echinochloa colona L. POACEAE POACEAE

O C

O C

C C O

C C O

124. Eichhornia crassipes (Maret) PONTEDERIACEAE Solms 125. Eleocharis parvula Link ex Pl. CYPERACEAE

45

126. Eleocharis spiralis Roem. Schult. 127. Eleusine indica (L) gaertn. 128. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv.

& CYPERACEAE POACEAE POACEAE

Nng xon Mm tru C tnh tho

Semi aquatic Grass Grass

O C O C O O C C

O C O C C C C C C

129. Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) CYPERACEAE Vahl 130. Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. CYPERACEAE 131. Flagellaria indica Hook. 132. Kyllinga alata Nees. 133. Monochoria cyanea F.Muell. 134. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f) Presl. 135. Musa balbisiana colla 136. Musa sp1 137. Nypa fruticans Wurmb. 138. Panicum repens L. 139. Paspalum distichum L. 140. Paspalum vaginatum 141. Pennisetum polystachyon (L) Schult. 142. Phoenix paludosa Roxb. 143. Phragmites karka (L.) Veldk. 144. Saccharum officinarum L. 145. Scirpus grossus L.f. 146. Scirpus littoralis Schrab. FLAGELLARIACEAE CYPERACEAE PONTEDERIACEAE PONTEDERIACEAE MUSACEAE MUSACEAE ARECACEAE POACEAE POACEAE POACEAE POACEAE ARECACEAE POACEAE POACEAE CYPERACEAE CYPERACEAE

Mao th C Cht My nc Bc u cnh Rau mc lam Rau mc bao Chui ht Chui Da nc C ng San nc San st C m Ch l Sy Ma Lc hn Hn bin

Grass Grass Liana Grass Aquatic Aquatic Wood Grass Wood Grass Grass Grass Grass Shrub Grass Grass Semi aquatic Semi aquatic

O C

C O O O O O O C O C O O

D C

D C

C C

C C

C C

C C

C C

O C O O

O C O O

C O C C O O C C C C

46

147. 148.

Scirpus mucronatus L. Setaria pallide-fusa Schum:

CYPERACEAE POACEAE

Hong tho C chn ui

Semi aquatic Grass

C C C O

47

IV.2.2. LIST OF COMMON FAUNA SPECIES IN THE STUDY AREA OF BEN LUC - LONGTHANH EXPRESSWAY PROJECT (AUGUST/2009) NO. LATIN NAME MANMALIA 1. 2. 3. Rattus exulans Peale, 1848 MURIDAE Rattus argentiventer Robinson & MURIDAE Kloss Dremomys rufigenis Blanford, 1878 SCIURIDAE AVES STURNIDAE ALCENIDIDAE RALLIDAE ARDEIDAE CUCUCLIDAE DICRYRIDAE ARDEIDAE RALLIDAE ALCEDINIDAE RECURVIROSTRIDAE HIRUNDINIDAE ESTRILIDAE ARDEIDAE PLOCEIDAE PHALACROCORACID AE Chut lt Chut ng Sc C C O C C R C C FAMILY VIETNAMESE EN I II III HABITAT TYPE IV V VI

VII

VIII

1. 2. 3.

Acridotheres cinereus Moore, 1858 Alcedo atthis Gmelin, 1788 Amaurornis phoenicurus Boddaert, 1783 4. Ardeola bacchus Bonapart, 1855 5. Centropus sinensis Hume, 1873 6. Dicrurus paradiseus Gould, 1836 7. Egretta garzetta Linnaeus, 1766 8. Gallicrex cinerea Gmelin, 1789 9. Halcyon chloris Sharpe, 1892 10. Himantopus himantopus Linnaeus, 1758 11. Hirundo rustica Scopoli, 1786 12. Lonchura punctulata swinhoe, 1863 13. Nycticorax nycticorax Linnaeus, 1758 14. Passer montanus Dubois, 1885 15. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens, 1825

So Bi c Cuc C b Bm bp ln Cho bo C trng G nc S khoang c C kheo Nhn trng Di Vc S Cc bng

C R R C O C

R C R R C C R R R C R R

R O C

O O C

R O A

R R C C O O

A R

48

16. 17. 18. 19.

Ploceus philippinus Ticehurst Pycnonotus jocosus Linnaeus, 1758 Rallus striatus Linnaeus, 1766 Streptopelia chinensis Temminck, 1810 20. Endynamis scolopacea Cabanis, 1862 REPTILIA 1. 2. 3. Amphiesma stolata Linnaeus, 1758 Calotes versicolor Daubin, 1802 Cerberus rhynchops Schneider, 1799 4. Elaphe radiata Schlegel, 1837 5. Enhydris bocourti Jan, 1865 6. Enhydris enhydris Schneider, 1799 7. Enhydris jagori Peter, 1863 8. Hemydactylus frenatus Schlegel, 1836 9. Homalopis buccata Linnaeus, 1758 10. Mabuya longicaudata Hallowell, 1857 11. Mabuya multifasciata Kuhl, 1820

PLOCEIDAE PYCNONOTIDAE RALLIDAE COLUMBIDAE CUCUCLIDAE

Dng dc Cho mo Chng nghch Cu gy Tu h

O R

O R

O O R O R

O R R

COLUBRRIDAE AGAMIDAE COLUBRRIDAE COLUBRRIDAE COLUBRRIDAE COLUBRRIDAE COLUBRRIDAE GEKKONIDAE COLUBRRIDAE SCINCIDAE SCINCIDAE

Rn si thng Nhng xanh Rn c Rn sc da Rn bng Rn bng sng Rn b lch Thch sng Rn ri c Thn ln ui di Thn ln bng hoa Rn lc mp Rn nc R

O R

O O

O R

R R O R R O R O R O R

A R O O O O O C O O O R C C C C C C O O

12. Trimeresurus albolabris Gray, 1842 VIPERIDAE 13. Xenochrophis piscator Schneider, COLUBRRIDAE 1799 AMPHIBIA 1. 2. 3. Bufo melanostictus Schneider BUFONIDAE Hoplobatrachus rugulosus RANIDAE Wiegmann, 1834 Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 MICROHYLIDAE

Cc nh ch ng nh ng

C C O

C C O

C C O

C C

C C O

C C

C C

49

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Microhyla heymonsi Vogt, 1911 Polypedates leucomystax Bibron, 1841 Rana guentheri Boulenger Ranna cancrivora Gravenhorst, 1829 Rana macrodactyla Gunder, 1858 FISH Periophthalmus schlosseri Pallas Anabas testudineus Bloch Zenarchopterus clarus Mohr Clarias macrocephalus Fluta alba Zuiew, 1793 Mystus gulio Hamilton Trichogaster microlepis Gunther

MICROHYLIDAE RHACOPHORIDAE RANIDAE RANIDAE RANIDAE

Nhi bu ch cy Chu Nhi bn Nhi cy

R R O

R R O

O R O O R O O

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

PERIOPHTHAMIDAE ANABANTIDAE HEMIRAMPHIDAE CLARIIDAE FLUTIDAE BAGRIDAE ANABANTIDAE Code R O C A D

C thi li C r ng C lm km C tr Ln ng C cht C sc

NOTE CODE I II III IV V VI VII VIII

HABITAT TYPE Riparian corridors Stream corridors Mangrove forests Paddy fields Ponds Gardens Forestry gardens Residental area

ABUNDANCE Rare Occasional Common Abundant Dominant

50

APPENDIX IV.3. ANALYTICAL RESULT FOR SURFACE WATER QUALITY, GROUNDWATER QUALITY, AIR QUALITY, NOISE, VIBRATION, SOIL QUALITY AND SEDIMENT QUALITY

51

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APPENDIX IV.5.1. Letter from Can Gio Protected Forest Management Board (Translated from Vietnamese) Can Gio District People Committee Can Gio Protected Forest Management Board No. 126/CV-BQL Re.: Reply to Official Letter 20/KTTGSMTPIU3.1 dated 27/07/2009 Attn.: Southern Highway Projects Management Unit On 28/07/2009, Can Gio Protected Forest Management Broad received Official Letter 20/KTTGSMT-PIU3.1 dated 27/07/2009 by the Southern Highway Projects Management Unit asking the opinion on impact of the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project (the section crossing Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district) to Can Gio Protected Forest. The Protected Forest Management Broad has the opinion as follows: The Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project, i.e. the section crossing Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district, is located in the Transition zone of Can Gio Biosphere Reserve; the project site does not cross Can Gio protected forest (Binh Khanh commune has no mangrove forest of the protected forest) and therefore causes no effect on the growth of the mangrove forest as well as on the protected of the protected forest. However, it will affect the land use planning of the district and the aquaculture environment in the project site. Foregoing is the content of the reply from the Protected Forest Management Section. To: - District PC (for reporting) - As above - BLD, P.QL-PTTN - Archives. SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence Freedom Happiness

Can Gio, 22 July 2009

P.P. Director
Deputy Director

Cat Van Thanh (signed and sealed)

84

APPENDIX IV.5.2. Letter from Can Gio District People Committee (Translation from Vietnamese) Ho Chi Minh City Can Gio District People Committee No. 022/CV-BQL Re.: Opinion for aligning Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway (section crossing Can Gio dist., Ho Chi Minh City) Attn.: - Ho Chi Minh City Department of Transport - Southern Highway Projects Management Unit It is known from the meeting on 03 June 2009 at the City Department of Transport for giving opinions about the Ben Luc Long Thanh Expressway Project; according to the project, the instant plan of the expressway (plan 1) has a section that crosses Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh City. After consideration, the PC of Can Gio district has the opinions as follows: It is agreed to select plan 1 of the expressway that Consultant TEDIS presented at the meeting. Attentive matters: - The task of adjustment of the approved plan for Can Gio district construction, accordingly the juncture of Rungsac road (Can Gio district) with the expressway is 1.35 to 1.50 km from Binh Khanh ferry landing (along Rungsac road). Besides, the ROW of Rungsac road is 30 for the section from Binh Khanh ferry landing to the juncture and 120 m from the juncture to the center of the district; therefore, it is recommended to study a juncture to connect the expressway and Rungsac road at a place that is 1.35 1.50 km distanced from Binh Khanh ferry landing. - The zone to be crossed by the expressway is beyond the border of the protected forest, in the transition zone of Can Gio biosphere reserve; at present, there are residential land lots amid agriculture land of individuals and organizations with land use certificates. - The expressway will cross rivers such as Tac and Tra, Binh Khanh commune, Can Gio district, where there are many passenger and cargo ships and furthermore, bank erosion is significant. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the passage for ships and to take proper measures against erosion. Foregoing is the opinion of the Peoples Committee of Can Gio District. P.P. Chairman To: - As above Standing Vice Chairman - Standing Dist. Party Committee - Standing Dist. PC - LDVP-TH. Doan Van Thanh (signed and sealed) SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence Freedom Happiness Can Gio, 10 June 2009

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APPENDIX IX.1 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EXTERNAL MONITORING CONSULTANT A. Background

1. The Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (GOV) represented by Vietnam Expressway Corporation (VEC) will implement Ben Luc - Long Thanh Expressway Project (here after called the Project). The purpose of the project is to construct and operate an expressway with a length of 58km connecting Ben Luc district of Long An province in the Mekong Delta Region to Long Thanh district of Dong Nai province in the Southeastern Region of Vietnam. To support this project the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and other international donors will provide loans for VEC. 2. To comply with the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) the project will implement an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project. The EMP specifies the environmental mitigation and monitoring measures, estimated costs, schedule, reporting requirements and implementation responsibilities. 3. To meet the ADB requirement the borrower (VEC) is required to engage a qualified and experienced expert External Environmental Consultant. B. Objectives of the Consulting Services

4. VEC shall engage an external expert to undertake independent periodic reviews to verify the monitoring information on EMP implementation and to assess if the EMP provisions are being implemented as required. C. Key Activities and Methodology

5. The scope of services of the external environmental monitoring consulting services are provided below. (i) Review and verify the accuracy, breadth, depth, and relevance of information provided by VEC to ADB with regard to EMP implementation (ii) Determine if EMP provisions (mitigation, monitoring, reporting, etc.) are being conducted in thorough and timely manner and in accordance with budget identified within the EMP. 6. The above tasks shall be undertaken on an annual basis throughout the construction phase and during the first year of expressway operation through review of environmental monitoring reports, site visit and interviews with affected households, local officials and other stakeholders. D. Qualifications

7. The external environmental monitoring consulting services will be undertaken by an international environmental consultant with a total 5 person-months input. Expert to be engaged has not been and shall not be involved in day-to-day project implementation or supervision, with relevant academic qualification, has ar least 15 years experience in environmental management and monitoring and/or supervision of EMP for major infrastructure project, knowledgeable on ADB and Vietnamese environmental policies and guidelines and is fluent in written English.

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E.

Schedule and Reporting Requirements

8. The external environmental monitoring consultant will be mobilized on an annual basis throughout the construction phase until the first year of expressway operation. The monitoring report to be prepared by the consultant shall provide details of the methodology used; findings (results of desk review, site observations, consultations/interviews); recommendations; and other relevant information to support the findings (minutes of meetings, photo-documentation, etc.). The reports shall be submitted to VEC and ADB two weeks from completion of each monitoring activity. F. (i) (ii) Estimated Cost for the Service of the External Environmental Consultant International specialist (professional fee): USD 15,000/ month The above cost does not include expenditures for international travel, local travel, per, diem, accommodation, interpreter, consultations, materials for report preparation, communication and other related expenses.

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APPENDIX IX.2 PROPOSED PROGRAMS FOR ENVIRONMENT TRAINING OF BEN LUC LONG THANH EXPRESSWAY PROJECT 1. Training for Staffs of PIU3 and VEC 1.1. Time for training (i) (ii) Training for engineers involved in environmental management : 2 days (7 hrs/day) Oversea training for VEC and PUI3 environmental officers: 10 days.

1.2. Program for environmental training for engineers involved in environmental management 1.2.1. Lecture 1: Environmental Pollution Control in BL-LT Expressway Project (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Control of air pollution generated by road and bridge construction activities. Control of noise pollution generated by road and bridge construction activities. Control of waste water and storm water generated by road construction activities. Safe disposal of construction waste.

1.2.2. Lecture 2: Protection of natural habitats during road and bridge construction in BL-LT Expressway project (i) (ii) (iii) Importance of natural habitats and biodiversity in the project area. How to protect wetland ecosystem and mangrove forests. Compensatory forest replanting plan.

1.2.3. Lecture 3: Methodology in environmental monitoring for the BL-LT Expressway Project (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Air quality monitoring. Noise and vibration monitoring. Water and waste water monitoring. Application of biological indicators in evaluation of environmental quality. Laws/guidelines of Vietnam in enviromental protection. ADB Safeguard Policies. National Technical Regulation for the Environment. Organization of environmental management in VEC/PIU3.

1.2.4. Lecture 4: Environmental management in BL-LT Expressway Project

1.3. Program for Oversea Environmental Training for VEC/PUI3 environmental Officers 1.3.1. Experiences in noise pollution control of the host country (Japan or Korea) 1.3.2. Experiences in air pollution control in the host country 1.3.3. Experiences in protection of biological resources in the host country 1.3.4. Lessons in environmental management for road and bridge projects in the host country 2. Training for Construction Engineers 88

2.1. Measures in labor safety for road and bridge construction workers (i) (ii) (i) (ii) (iii) Labor safety in road construction Labor safety in bridge construction Sanitary latrine/toilets Collection and disposal of domestic wastes and hazardous wastes Disposal of unused construction wastes

2.2. Requirements in pollution prevention during road and bridge construction

2.3. Requirements in protection of natural habitats during road and bridge construction (i) (ii) (i) (ii) (iii) Protection of mangrove habitats Protection of aquatic habitats Water and waste water quality monitoring. Air, noise and vibration monitoring Monitoring report preparation.

2.4. Methods in environmental monitoring during project implementation

3. Requirements for trainers 3.1. Trainers in environmental pollution monitoring, control and management National environmental with over 10 years working in environmental pollution control and monitoring and good experience in environmental management for transport project. 3.2. Trainers in labor safety National specialists with over 10 years working in labor protection and good experience in labor protection in transport projects. 4. Cost for Environmental Training It is estimated in Table IX.9 Chapter IX

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