Introduction To Power System Analysis

5/5/2012 St.
Joseph's College of Engineering,

Chennai 600119, EEE Dept, 2010-11
1
EE 2351 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
AIM: To understand the necessity and to become familiar with the
modeling of power system and components and to apply different
methods to analyze power system for the purpose of system
planning and operation.
OBJECTIVES:
To model the power system under steady state
operating condition.
To apply efficient numerical methods to solve the power
flow problem.
To model and analyze the power systems under
abnormal (or) fault conditions.
To model and analyze the transient behavior of power
system when it is subjected to a fault
5/5/2012 St.Joseph's College of Engineering,
2
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
UNIT II POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
UNIT III FAULT ANALYSIS BALANCED FAULTS
UNIT IV FAULT ANALYSIS UNBALANCED FAULTS
UNIT V STABILITY ANALYSIS
Books to be referred:
1. John J. Grainger and W.D. Stevenson Jr., Power System
Analysis, McGraw Hill International Book Company, 1994.
2. I.J. Nagrath and D.P. Kothari, Modern Power System
Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi,
1990.
3. K.Nagasarkar and M.S. Sukhija, Power System Analysis
Oxford University Press, 2007.
4. Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2002.
3
Working diagram Hydro electric power plant.`
4
Photovoltaic Solar energy system.
5
Use of Solar energy system.
6
Transmission and Distribution supply system.
Generating station.
Transmission system
Distribution system.
Receiving station.
Step-up xmer
7
8
9
10
The Modern T&D System
11
Generator
10.6 KV
GT
220 KV
Step down
transformer
Distribution
Power plant
Transmission
system
Distribution system
Electricity Generation, Transmission & Distribution
12
ELEMENT OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
GENRATING STATION
PRIMARY TRANSMISSION
SECONDRY TRANSMISSION
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
Electrical energy supply system.
13
Procedure for Per Unit Analysis
1. Pick for the system.
2. Pick according to line-to-line voltage.
3. Calculate for different zones.
4. Express all quantities in p.u.
5. Draw impedance diagram and solve for
p.u. quantities.
6. Convert back to actual quantities if
needed.

Base
S
Base
V
Base
Z
14
How to Choose Base Values ?
Source
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
Zone 4
Base
S
1
Base
V
2
Base
V
3
Base
V
4
Base
V
Base
V
B B B B
S Z V I , , ,
1
1
Base
Base
Base
V
S
I =
1
1
1
Base
Base
Base
I
V
Z =
2 1
:V V
3 2
:V V
4 3
:V V
Divide circuit into zones by transformers.
Specify two base values out of ;
for example, and
Specify voltage base in the ratio of zone
line to line voltage.
15
Example 5.14, p. 164-166
Given a one line diagram,

Find , , , , and .
g
I
load
V
load
P
~
5 MVA
13.2 132 Y kV

10 MVA
138 Y - 69 kV

O + = 100 10
line
j Z
g
I
p.u. 1 . 0
1
=
l
X p.u. 08 . 0
2
=
l
X
kV V
g
2 . 13 =
O = 300
load
Z
load
I
line - t
I
16
Step 1, 2, and 3: Base Values
MVA S 10
B
=
kV V 8 . 13
1
B
=
kV V 138
2
B
= kV V 69
3
B
=
( )
O = = =

04 . 19
10
8 . 13
2
B
2
l l
B
B
1
1
M
k
S
V
Z
( )
O = = =

1904
10
138
2
B
2
l l
B
B
2
2
M
k
S
V
Z
( )
O = = =

476
10
69
2
B
2
l l
B
B
3
3
M
k
S
V
Z
4 . 418
8 . 13 3
10
3
l - l
B
3
B
B
1
1
1
=
= =
u
k
M
V
S
I 84 . 41
138 3
10
3
l - l
B
3
B
B
2
2
2
=
= =
u
k
M
V
S
I
67 . 83
69 3
10
3
l - l
B
3
B
B
3
3
3
=
= =
u
k
M
V
S
I
~
5 MVA
13.2 132 Y kV

10 MVA
138 Y - 69 kV

O + = 100 10
line
j Z
g
I
p.u. 1 . 0
1
=
l
X p.u. 08 . 0
2
=
l
X
kV V
g
2 . 13 =
O = 300
load
Z
17
Step 4: All in Per Unit Quantities
+
-
new
B
old
B
old
p.u. new
p.u.
Z
Z Z
Z =
( ) ( )
183 . 0
04 . 19
5 2 . 13 1 . 0
2
. p.u , 1
=
O
=
M k
X
l
p.u. 08 . 0
2
=
l
X
( ) 10 1 10 25 . 5
1904
100 10
3
B
line
p.u. line,
2
j
j
Z
Z
Z + =
O +
= =

Z = = = 0 913 . 0
8 . 13
2 . 13
1
B
g
p.u. g,
kV
kV
V
V
V
63 . 0
476
300
3
B
load
p.u. load,
=
O
O
= =
Z
Z
Z
18
Step 5: One Phase Diagram &
Solve
+
-
183 . 0
. p.u , 1
=
l
X
08 . 0
2
=
l
X ( ) 10 1 10 25 . 5
3
p.u. line,
j Z + =

Z = 0 913 . 0
p.u. g,
V
63 . 0
p.u. load,
= Z
Z =
Z
Z
= = 4 . 26 35 . 1
4 . 26 709 . 0
0 96 . 0
p.u. total,
p.u. g,
p.u. load,
Z
V
I
Z = = = 4 . 26 35 . 1
p.u. load, p.u. line, - t p.u. g,
I I I
Z = = 4 . 26 8505 . 0
p.u. load, p.u. load, p.u. load,
Z I V
148 . 1
*
p.u. load, p.u. load, p.u. load,
= = I V S
19
Step 6: Convert back to actual
quantities
~
5 MVA
13.2 132 Y kV

10 MVA
138 Y - 69 kV

O + = 100 10
line
j Z
g
I
p.u. 1 . 0
1
=
l
X p.u. 08 . 0
2
=
l
X
kV V
g
2 . 13 =
O = 300
load
Z
1
B p.u. g, g
I I I =
2
B p.u. line, - t line - t
I I I =
3
B p.u. load, load
I I I =
3
B p.u. load, load
V V V =
B p.u. load, load
S S S =
Z = = = 4 . 26 35 . 1
p.u. load, p.u. line, - t p.u. g,
I I I
Z = 4 . 26 8505 . 0
p.u. load,
V
148 . 1
p.u. load,
= S
20
Advantage of per unit calculation
Simplify calculation by eliminating
transformers.
Helps to spot data errors
p.u. is more uniform compare to actual
impedance value of different sizes of
equipment.
Helps to detect abnormality in the system
Operator at control center can spot over/under
voltage/current rating easily.

21
Simplified Power System
Modeling
Balanced three phase systems can be analyzed
using per phase analysis
A per unit normalization is simplify the
analysis of systems with different voltage levels.
To provide an introduction to power flow
analysis we need models for the different
system devices:
Transformers and Transmission lines, generators
and loads
Transformers and transmission lines are
modeled as a series impedances
22
Load Models
Ultimate goal is to supply loads with electricity at constant
frequency and voltage
Electrical characteristics of individual loads matter, but
usually they can only be estimated
actual loads are constantly changing, consisting of a
large number of individual devices
only limited network observability of load
characteristics
Aggregate models are typically used for analysis
Two common models
constant power: S
i
= P
i
+ jQ
i
constant impedance: S
i
= |V|
2
/ Z
i

23
Generator Models
Engineering models depend upon application
Generators are usually synchronous machines
For generators we will use two different models:
a steady-state model, treating the generator as a
constant power source operating at a fixed voltage;
this model will be used for power flow and economic
analysis
This model works fairly well for type 3 and type 4
wind turbines
Other models include treating as constant real power
with a fixed power factor.

24
Per Unit Calculations
A key problem in analyzing power systems is the large
number of transformers.
It would be very difficult to continually have to refer
impedances to the different sides of the transformers
This problem is avoided by a normalization of all
variables.
This normalization is known as per unit analysis.

actual quantity
quantity in per unit
base value of quantity
=
25
Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1|
1. Pick a 1| VA base for the entire system, S
B

2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage
level, V
B
. Voltage bases are related by
transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line to
neutral.
3. Calculate the impedance base, Z
B
= (V
B
)
2
/S
B
4. Calculate the current base, I
B
= V
B
/Z
B

5. Convert actual values to per unit

Note: Per Unit conversionon affects magnitudes, not
the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have
units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts)
26
Per Unit Solution Procedure
1. Convert to per unit (p.u.) (many problems are
already in per unit)
2. Solve
3. Convert back to actual as necessary
27
Per Unit Example
Solve for the current, load voltage and load power
in the circuit shown below using per unit analysis
with an S
B
of 100 MVA, and voltage bases of
8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV.
Original Circuit
28
Per Unit Example, contd
2
2
2
8
0.64
100
80
64
100
16
2.56
100
Left
B
Middle
B
Right
B
kV
Z
MVA
kV
Z
MVA
kV
Z
MVA
= = O
= = O
= = O
Same circuit, with
values expressed
in per unit.
29
L
2
*
1.0 0
0.22 30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91 2.327
V 1.0 0 0.22 30.8
p.u.
0.189 p.u.
1.0 0 0.22 30.8 30.8 p.u.
L
L L L
G
I
j
V
S V I
Z
S
Z
= = Z
+
= Z Z 2.327Z90
= 0.859Z 30.8
= = =
= Z Z = 0.22Z
30
To convert back to actual values just multiply the
per unit values by their per unit base
L
Actual
Actual
L
Actual
G
Middle
B
Actual
Middle
0.859 30.8 16 kV 13.7 30.8 kV
0.189 0 100 MVA 18.9 0 MVA
0.22 30.8 100 MVA 22.0 30.8 MVA
100 MVA
I 1250 Amps
80 kV
I 0.22 30.8 Amps 275 30.8
V
S
S
= Z = Z
= Z = Z
= Z = Z
= =
= Z 1250 = Z A
31
Three Phase Per Unit
1. Pick a 3| VA base for the entire system,
2. Pick a voltage base for each different
voltage level, V
B
. Voltages are line to line.
3. Calculate the impedance base

Procedure is very similar to 1| except we use a 3|
VA base, and use line to line voltage bases
3
B
S
|
2 2 2
, , ,
3 1 1
( 3 )
3
B LL B LN B LN
B
B B B
V V V
Z
S S S
| | |
= = =
Exactly the same impedance bases as with single phase!
32
Three Phase Per Unit, cont'd
4. Calculate the current base, I
B

5. Convert actual values to per unit
3 1 1
3 1
B B
, , ,
3
I I
3 3 3
B B B
B LL B LN B LN
S S S
V V V
| | |
| |
= = = =
Exactly the same current bases as with single phase!

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Joseph's College of Engineering,

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