STUDY ON TERTIARY WINDING IN POWER TRANSFORMER WITH CASE STUDY ON THE FAULT DUE TO THIS WINDING.

1. INTRODUCTION Tertiary winding is an auxiliary delta winding being distinctly separated from both primary and secondary winding, is provided upon the same core and kept near to the core. Initial days the use of this winding was quite extensive; but now a days the use of this winding is getting reduced. In this chapter it has been decided (Why & How) the use of tertiary is getting reduced. 2. OBJECTIVES OF TERTIARY WINDING:Why tertiary winding was used? It is generally used in / Transformer to achieve the following one or more objectives 1. To reduce third harmonic contents of the out put voltage. To provide the path for the 3rd harmonic existing current, obtained in the core. To reduce the zero sequence phase impedance of the transformer. To permit the transformation of unbalanced three phase loads. It is used as a voltage coil for testing purposes. To supply an auxiliary load in additional to the main load. 4. For the case of unbalanced three-phase load supplied to a transformer with tertiary winding, the unbalance current passes through the tertiary winding. So the main windings are not affected much. But for the case of fault, the currents are so reflected that the transformer gets separated from the supply. 5. As tertiary winding is the separate and distinct winding, wound on the common core as that of primary and secondary windings, so for testing purposes, when voltage is supplied to tertiary winding, due to the induction the voltages are induced on the primary and secondary windings. Now the different comparison could be taken. 6. Due to the induction principle, this winding could be easily used for auxiliary load supply. Generally this winding is used for supplying the station auxiliaries, while for sometimes it is also used with synchronous condensers for power factor correction on transmission line. 4. COMPROMISE WITH THREE-PHASE CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER (To what extent, the above objectives are achieved without tertiary winding)

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3. CONCEPTS: The concepts of above objectives are discussed below

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For the star/star connected three phase transformer, the voltage induction on their phase windings become sometimes as great as 60% of the fundamental. The 3rd harmonic voltage component operates to increase the peak value of the resultant composite phase voltage wave, thereby throwing an increased stress on the transformer insulation. But for the use one of the being in delta, the circulation of 3rd harmonic currents in closed delta circuit substantially eliminates harmonic voltages.

The use of core material plays the important role for obtaining 3rd harmonic component of current. Now- a- days CRGO laminated (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented) steels are used for the core of the transformer. The 3rd harmonic current of the exciting currents, for the cores, built with this material are very much lower as compared to those cores built with hot rolled lamination or any other material. So, the use of tertiary winding can be eliminated if proper type and size of materials used for the core.

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Similarly the short circuit third harmonic current or exciting 3rd harmonic current does not affect to the external load circuit or even to the transformer, because of its closed path circulation on the closed delta tertiary winding.

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As 3rd harmonic currents are neglected or becomes small, so the zero sequence impedance of transformer also reduced.

Zero sequence impedance, sometimes plays the role for the detection of earth fault by relays. Now a days it has become the common practice, that all such transformers are operated with both sides, neutral solidly grounded. So zero sequence impendance value dose not become high enough and taken equal to the order of positive sequence impendance. In practice this zero sequence should be present in the transformer for detection of earth fault. So use tertiary winding for the reduction of zero sequence impendance can be eliminated.

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In a threephase core type transformer, which are generally used now-a-days has magnetic coupling between the

windings. So 3rd harmonic residual flux is greatly reduced. Also use of neutral being appreciably stabilized, provides high reluctance path for the harmonic fluxes. So the use of tertiary winding does not become necessary for three-phase core type transformer. 4. Testing of the transformer can also be done in general by applying the testing supply to one of the winding and comparing the results on the other winding so tertiary winding is not compulsory for testing the transformer. But availability of tertiary winding brings the testing procedure easy. 5. Use of tertiary winding provides auxiliary load along with main load. This practice of providing auxiliary load can also be obtained by using separate tapings from the same winding along with main load. But disadvantages are there, that by this technique, the number contact points and tapings become more, for which question of abnormal short circuit may occur due to number of joints. 6. Now-a-days the protection relays are also used being equipped with harmonic restraint circuit. So at the time of energisation of transformer on idle condition, the effects of harmonic currents are easily eliminated by the relay without use of tertiary winding. 5. EFFECT OF FLOATING TERTIARY WINDING 5.1 Definition of floating: The terminal is called floating when it is 1) Isolated from ground OR 2) connected to ground through high impendence. Few examples Terminals connected to distribution of small power transformer. Few meters of cable either isolated or connected with high impendance. 5.2 EFFECTS:For the transformer, two-type s of inductions generally takes place between windings

by the relative distribution of capacitance among windings and ground, and often the capacitance distribution leads to higher potentials in the lower voltage windings than turn ratio would have produced.

5.3SEVERITY OF ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION It becomes severe for the following conditions 1. Lightning: - Lightning on the high voltage lines are the source of maximum electrostatic induction from the high voltage winding to a floating lower voltage winding. Due to rapid rise of these potential, floating terminals may be raised too much higher potential than average of the winding.

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Non-identical Switching. - The contacts of circuit breaker may not close or open simultaneously. It has certain time gaps among the problems or adjustment. When it results with considerable difference among the contacts, the abnormal conditions are developed. Switching in/out with single pole. Switching in/out with double poles. For these abnormal conditions, the closed pole with close winding will result high voltage and due to electromagnetic and electrostatic induction, the floating windings may be affected with higher potential. Line to ground fault on isolated system. A line to ground fault on an isolated 3Phase system shifts the neutral, and the average potential of the high voltage windings and therefore induces corresponding abnormal electro static potential in a floating winding. NOTE: - Sometimes synchronous condenser is connected to Tertiary/Terminals of a Transformer for improvement of Power Factor and winding is taken as third winding. In such cases, the design of tertiary winding depends upon the factors like system impendance, fault levels, and fault feedings from one end or both ends. 5.4 REMEDY INDUCTION OF THE ELECTROSTATIC

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Electroma gnetic induction:- This induction is responsible for the development of certain voltage, on one winding due to supply voltage on the other winding, on the principle of mutual induction. 2. Electrosta tic induction:- This induction is determined by the relative distribution of capacitance, among the windings and ground. When the lower rated voltage winding is floated, the electrostatic induction becomes hazardous along with electromagnetic induction. Because electrostatic induction is determined not by turn ratio, but

The use of LA (Lightning Arrestor) is the best solution for the remedy of the Electrostatic effect on Tertiary winding. The rating of such LA depends upon the type of winding and severity of the effect of Electrostatic Induction on the winding. However the general calculation is derived from the following formula Rating of LA = (Phase Voltage Of winding x 2 x 0.9 /3) But for some cases direct solid earthing to one of the winding is chosen to avoid the Electrostatic effect on Tertiary winding.

5.5 Vector Diagram Tertiary windings are generally of delta connected system. For loading tertiary all the three terminals are exposed to out side, where loads can be connected. As discussed above that for the case of non-loading of the same one of the terminals has to be directly connected to solid earth or LA is to be connected to all the three winding. The vector diagrams are drawn below for clear understanding of the earthing connection. 6.CAUSES OF FAILURE: As described earlier, that when transformer winding is subjected to lightning / switch impulse, transient voltages are produced due to electrostatic and electromagnetic induction. And for the case of floating tertiary, the transferred surge voltages may exceed the basic impulse insulation level and damage the insulation provided for it. The faults like phase-to-phase faulting, results severe electrostatic induced voltage on tertiary winding. This becomes serious, for availability of high generation capacity near terminals of the winding and low % impendance between LV and tertiary winding. For the case of short circuit condition different forces act on the windings of the transformer. These are mechanical force, radial and axial tensile forces. the tertiary winding being present near to the core and surrounded by other windings, suffer severe mechanical stresses and gets failed. Sometimes due to inadequate clearance among the tertiary bushings outside tank, this winding fails. Some cases insufficient energy dissipation capability lighting arrestors such used, causes the failure of tertiary winding. 7. ADVANTAGES OF ELIMINATION Tertiary winding is a potential weak spot in the transformer, as it is kept near to the core, being surrounded by high voltage winding. So, by eliminating this winding, the possible weak spot could be eliminated. With elimination of tertiary winding, the faults due to lightning, switching surges etc. could be avoided. The physical size of the transformer could be reduced as compared to the MVA rating, because the portion, where tertiary winding was kept could be replaced by strong insulation, according to MVA rating. The cost of transformer could be saved in comparison. So, from the above discussion, it got concluded that the tertiary winding should be eliminated Note: - Central Board of Irrigation and Power (CBIP) and Standardization and Optimization Sub-Committee (SOSC) under Development Council for Heavy Electrical Industry constituted by Government of India

have recommended that the delta connected stabilized windings should be eliminated up to transformer of rating 50MVA. 8