REVISTA MOLDOVENEASC
DE DREPT INTERNAIONAL
I RELAII INTERNAIONALE
Moldavian Journal
of International Law
and International Relations
Nr. 2
2010
REVISTA MOLDOVENEASC
DE DREPT INTERNAIONAL
I RELAII INTERNAIONALE
Publicaie periodic tiinifico-teoretic
i informaional-practic fondat de Asociaia
de Drept Internaional din Republica Moldova
Asociai:
Institutul de Istorie, Stat i Drept
al Academiei de tiine a Moldovei,
Universitatea de Studii Europene din Moldova,
Institutul de Stat de Relaii Internaionale din Moldova
i Asociaia pentru Politic Extern i Cooperare
Internaional din Republica Moldova
nregistrat de ctre Camera nregistrrii de Stat
de pe lng Ministerul Justiiei al Republicii Moldova
Certificatul nr. MD 000039 din 04 august 2009
Apare din 2006 de 4 ori pe an
Nr. 2 (16), 2010
ISSN 1857-1999
REDACTOR-EF:
Alexandru BURIAN
doctor habilitat n drept, profesor universitar
CONSILIUL REDACIONAL:
Natalia CHIRTOAC, doctor n drept, confereniar universitar
(secretar tiinific); Cristina CEBAN, doctor n drept,
confereniar cercettor (secretar de redacie);
Augustin FUEREA, doctor n drept, profesor universitar
(Romnia); Anatolii KAPUSTIN, doctor habilitat n drept,
profesor universitar (Rusia); Alla ROCA, doctor habilitat n
tiine politice; profesor universitar (SUA); Dumitra POPESCU,
doctor n drept, profesor universitar (Romnia); Dumitru
MAZILU, doctor n drept, profesor universitar (Romnia); Jose
Luis IRIARTE ANGEL, doctor n drept, profesor universitar
(Spania); Iurie SEDLECHI, doctor n drept, profesor
universitar; Leonid TIMCENCO, doctor habilitat n drept,
profesor universitar (Ucraina); Oleg BALAN, doctor habilitat
n drept, confereniar universitar; Sergiu NAZARIA, doctor
habilitat n tiine politice; Valentin BENIUC, doctor habilitat
n tiine politice; Vasilii SACOVICI, doctor habilitat n tiine
politice; confereniar universitar (Belarusi); Victoria ARHILIUC,
doctor habilitat n drept, profesor cercettor (Italia)
REDACIA:
Oleana CHINDBALIUC (redactor);
Cristina URSU-BREAZU (lector);
ADRESA NOASTR:
Republica Moldova, mun. Chiinu,
str. Gh. Iablocikin, 7/1, bir. 305, MD 2069.
Tel. (37322) 23.44.17; Fax: (37322) 43.03.05
e-mail: aburian@mail.md; alexandruburian@mail.ru;
alexandruburian@yahoo.com
Indexul: PM 32028
Formulrile i prezentarea materialelor nu reprezint
ntotdeauna poziia revistei i nu angajeaz n nici
un fel redacia. Responsabilitatea asupra coninutului
articolelor revine n exclusivitate autorilor.
Revista Moldoveneasc de Drept Internaional
i Relaii Internaionale, 2010.
Toate drepturile rezervate.
SUMAR
DREPT INTERNAIONAL PUBLIC
Victoria ARLUNG, Ioan HUANU. Asistena juridic
internaional n materie penal ntre statele-membre ale
Uniunii Europene .....................................................................7
Diana CUCO. Migranii iregulari i drepturile omului:
analiza prevederilor internaionale i ale Consiliului Europei ....21
RELAII INTERNAIONALE
Alexandru BURIAN. Unele considerente privind analiza
politicii externe ......................................................................28
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
Ioan HUANU. Asistena juridic internaional
n materie penal n cadrul Consiliului Europei: cadrul
normativ i instituional .........................................................36
Natalia BEREGOI. Cercetarea integrrii europene prin
prisma abordrii sistemice .....................................................44
Oleana CHINDBALIUC. Ordinea juridic sau dezordine
n domeniul energetic? Problema reglementrii juridice a
relaiilor energetice n procesul globalizrii.
( ?
) ...........................51
Octavian RUSU. Prevenirea noilor operaiuni militare
n Georgia: care este rolul Uniunii Europene? (Preventing
new military hostilities in Georgia: what role
for the European Union?).......................................................71
Sandu FRANGULEA. Migraia n dreptul internaional:
cauze, efecte, soluii ...............................................................87
Veronica TARLEV. Drepturile femeii n reglementrile
internaionale universale ........................................................94
COMUNICRI TIINIFICE
Eugenia GONCEAROVA. Terrorbekmpfung durch
Smart Sanctions (Lupta mpotriva terorismului
prin sanciuni inteligente) .................................................102
TRIBUNA DISCUIONAL
Sergiu NAZARIA. Rscoala de la Varovia din 1944:
aprecieri i analize documentare (
1944 ) .....................................................113
Oxana PETROVSKAYA. Manualele poloneze de istorie
cu privire la premizele i caracterul celui de al II-lea
Rzboi Mondial (
) ............123
RECENZII
Ivan GREC. Recenzie la cartea Istoria fr mituri.
Al II-lea Rzboi Mondial: genez, aciune, rezultate de
Sergiu NAZARIA. (O
. : , ) ...127
BIBLIOTECA SPECIALIZAT
Noi publicaii ...........................................................................133
NOUTI TIINIFICE
Condiiile de prezentare a manuscriselor pentru publicare
n revista Revista Moldoveneasc de Drept Internaional
i Relaii Internaionale ......................................................138
Date despre autori ................................................................144
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MD 000039 4 2009
2006 . 4
2 (16), 2010 .
ISSN 1857-1999
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Te. (37322) 23.44.17; : (37322) 43.03.05
e-mail: aburian@mail.md; alexandruburian@mail.ru;
alexandruburian@yahoo.com
: 32028
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MOLDAVIAN JOURNAL
OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
CONTENTS
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
Co-founders:
Institute of History, State and Law
of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova,
University of European Studies of Moldova,
The Moldavian State Institute of International Relations,
Association of Foreign Policy and International Cooperation
from the Republic of Moldova
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
**
10
11
sens constnd n instituirea unei proceduri de cooperare direct ntre autoritile judectoreti12.
Dup intrarea n vigoare a Tratatului de la
Maastricht n 1993, statele membre ale Uniunii
Europene au elaborat diferite texte n noul cadru
interguvernamental al celui de-al treilea pilon. Este
vorba n special de dou Aciuni Comune din 29
iunie 1998 privind promovarea ntre statele membre
a unui ansamblu de bune practici n materia asistenei juridico-penale13 i privind nfiinarea Reelei
Judiciare Europene14.
Scopul celui din urm instrument este cel de
a crea aa-numita Reeaua Judiciar European
(RJE) care permite practicienilor responsabili
pentru extrdare i asisten judiciar reciproc a
fi n contact direct cu omologii lor din alte ri (n
locul contactului prin intermediul canalelor diplomatice practicat n alte locuri din lume)15. Aceast
reea const, n primul rnd, din autoritile centrale
responsabile de cooperarea judiciar internaional
n materie penal i din autoritile judiciare sau alte
autoriti competente cu responsabiliti specifice
n contextul cooperrii internaionale. RJE promoveaz cooperarea n diferite moduri.
n primul rnd, aceasta organizeaz ntlniri
regulate (cel puin de trei ori pe an) a reprezentanilor punctelor de contact. Aceste reuniuni au tratat,
de exemplu, studii de caz, probleme de politic
general, precum i probleme practice. Organizarea
12
13
14
15
La cooperation judiciare: de lattente des practiciens a la politique legislative de lUnion, Paris, 2008, p. 6.
10
18
19
20
22
23
24
Frana a fost cea mai activ n trimiterea magistrailor de legtur, trimindu-i nu doar n Republica Ceh, Germania, Italia,
Olanda, Spania i Regatul Unit, dar i n afara Uniunii Europene, de exemplu, n Statele Unite.
Cullen, P.J., Gillmore, W., C., Crime sans Frontieres: International and European Legal Approaches // Hume Papers on
Public Policy, vol. 6, nos. 1 and 2, Edinburgh University Press,
Edinburgh, 1998, p.78.
Joutsen, M., The European Union and Cooperation in Criminal Matters: the Search for Balance, The European Institute
for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United
Nations, Helsinki, 2006, p. 17.
Council Act 98/C 24/01 of 18 December 1997 drawing up,
on the basis of Article K3 of the Treaty on European Union,
the Convention on mutual assistance and cooperation between
customs administrations [Official Journal C 24 of 23.01.1998]
// europa.eu/.../customs/l33051_en.htm.
26
27
28
29
11
32
33
12
35
Livrrile supravegheate, echipele comune de anchet i anchetele sub acoperire se refer la aspecte n cadrul crora, n
anumite state membre, organele de aplicare a legii pot juca un
rol important, n timp ce n alte state membre acestea se pot
afla sub control judiciar direct. Conform legislaiei romne,
posibilitatea comunicrii directe apare n art. 14 din Legea nr.
302/2004 modificat: solicitrile de asisten juridic reciproc
pot fi trimise direct de ctre autoritile judiciare solicitante
autoritilor judiciare solicitate, dac instrumentul internaional aplicabil n relaia dintre Statul solicitant i Statul solicitat reglementeaz acest tip de transmitere (art.14 alin. 1 din
Legea nr. 302/2004 modificat). Dac cererile sunt trimise
direct n cazuri urgente, atunci simultan trebuie trimis o copie
i Ministerului Justiiei sau Parchetului de pe lang Inalta
Curte de Casaie i Justiie, dup caz (art. 14 al. 2 din Legea
nr. 302/2004 modificat). n baza art. 14 alin. 4 din Legea nr.
302/2004 modificat, se pot transmite direct i Organizaiei
Internaionale a Poliiei Judiciare (Interpol).
Conform art. 187 al. 1 din Legea nr. 302/2004 modificat,
Romnia este obligat s comunice extrasele i informaiile din
36
37
38
cazierele judiciare, care-i sunt solicitate de autoritile judiciare ale unui Stat strin solicitant i care sunt necesare ntr-o
cauz penal, n aceeai msur n care acestea pot fi comunicate autoritilor judiciare romne ntr-o situaie similar.
Informaiile din cazierele judiciare trebuie s fie transmise de
serviciul specializat al Ministerului Justiiei, in conformitate
cu Art.1872 i 1873 din seciunea privind asistena juridic
penal n general a Legii nr. 302/2004 modificate. Art.1872 al.
1 al legii oblig Romania s informeze un Stat strin cu privire
la toate condamnrile penale i msurile ulterioare luate cu
privire la cetenii respectivului Stat strin, aa cum au fost
acestea introduse n cazierele judiciare. Astfel de informaii
trebuie comunicate cel puin o dat pe an. Dac persoana n
cauz are cetenia a dou sau mai multe state, atunci informaiile trebuie transmise fiecruia dintre statele implicate, n situaia n care persoana nu are naionalitatea romn (Art.1872.2
din Legea nr. 302/2004 modificat). Romnia trebuie s trimit
oricrui Stat strin, la solicitarea sa, n cazuri speciale, o copie
dup condamnrile i msurile luate, precum i orice alte informaii referitoare la acestea, pentru a-i permite statului s stabileasc dac sunt necesare alte msuri la nivel naional (Art.
1872 al. 3 din Legea nr. 302/2004 modificat). Art.1873 al. 1
din lege prevede c Ministerul Justiiei este autoritatea competent. De asemenea, informaiile similare, primite din partea
autoritilor competente ale Statelor strine n cadrul schimbului de informaii, trebuie s fie primite de Ministerul Justiiei, care are sarcina de a le transmite autoritilor competente,
n vederea lurii de msuri n conformitate cu competenele
lor, in ceea ce privete recunoaterea i, respectiv, nregistrarea hotrarilor penale strine (Art.1873 al.. 2 din Legea nr.
302/2004 modificat).
Art.6.4 al Convenia din 29 mai 2000 privind asistena reciproc n materie penal dintre Statele Membre ale Uniunii
Europene.
Cooperarea judiciar n materie penal, Proiect de Infrire
ntre Romnia i Austria, PHARE RO 2005/IB/JH 03, p. 52.
Convenia din 1959 de asisten reciproc n materie penal
nu oblig statul solicitat s respecte anumite termene limit.
Articolul 4 al acesteia prevede doar c, la solicitarea expres a
39
13
40
14
consideraie, de asemenea, uurina cu care comunicaiile pot fi interceptate, probabil, aceasta va deveni
o problem ce n ce mai important. Soluia de baz
n acest sens a fost de a permite interceptarea, dar s
fie informate autoritile din statele n cauz42.
La Consiliul European de la Tampere, organizat
ntre 15 i 16 octombrie 1999, s-a conchis c marea
infracionalitate economic este extrem de relevant
i c splarea de bani reprezint nsi inima crimei
organizate i trebuie starpit din rdcini oriunde
apare. n consecin, n iunie 2000 Frana a naintat
un proiect de instrument referitor la asistena reciproc, inclusiv cea privind informaiile referitoare
la conturile bancare. Iniial, instrumentul fusese
ncadrat ca o nou convenie; cu toate acestea, n
cursul negocierilor ulterioare a fost transformat
n Protocol la Convenia din 2000. n plus, a fost
completat cu anumite prevederi care nu erau iniial
stipulate (art.3 i 9), i nu s-a mai inclus o prevedere
care exista n proiectul iniial referitoare la abolirea
cerinei privind dubla incriminare.
Art. 1-4 ale Protocolului din 2001 conin prevederi care au drept obiectiv mbuntirea asistenei
reciproce n ceea ce privete informaiile deinute de bnci. Solicitrile se pot referi la identificarea conturilor bancare deschise pe numele unor
persoane fizice sau juridice (art. 1), descrierea (art.
2) i monitorizarea tranzaciilor bancare pe o durat
de timp determinat (art. 3).
Articolele 5 i 6 au scopul de a grbi i de a
simplifica procedurile atunci cnd, n cursul executrii unei solicitri de asisten reciproc, se pare c
ar putea fi necesar i o msur suplimentar. Aplicarea acestora nu se limiteaz la asistena privind
conturile bancare. Articolele 7-10 ale Protocolului
din 2001 includ prevederi care au drept scop limitarea sau monitorizarea aplicrii motivelor de refuz.
Aplicarea acestora nu se limiteaz la asistena
privind conturile bancare, ci se aplic solicitrilor
asisteneo juridice reciproce n general. Articolul 7
interzice statelor membre s invoce secretul bancar
ca motiv al refuzului. Articolul 8 interzice statelor
membre s invoce ca unic motiv de refuz fapt c
infraciunea e tratat de statul solicitat doar ca
infraciune fiscal (art. 8.1)43.
n scopul asistenei juridice reciproce dintre
42
43
41
Echipele comune de anchet au fost, de asemenea, reglementate n Decizia Cadru 2002/465/JHA din 13 iunie 2002, care
e acum inlocuit de prevederile relevante ale Conveniei din
2000 aplicabile statelor membre care au ratificat Convenia.
15
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47
48
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50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
care ncearc s creeze un spaiu de libertate, securitate i justiie, prin intrarea n vigoare a Tratatului de la Amsterdam, obstacolele tradiionale ale
extrdrii trebuie s fie reduse ct mai mult posibil.
Prin urmare, n Convenie a fost prevzut n calitate
de principii generale c extrdarea nu ar trebui s
fie refuzat n legtur cu anumite excepii menionate n Convenia din 1957. Acestea se refer la:
a. infraciunile politice, b. infraciunile fiscale, c.
cerina dublei incriminri pentru anumite infraciuni de crim organizat, d. extrdarea propriilor
ceteni, e. principiul specialitii, i f. termeni de
prescripie59.
Conventia de extrdare dintre statele membre
ale Uniunii Europene din 1996 ncearc s reduc
puterea regimului tradiional n ceea ce privete
obiecia naionalitii. Art. 7 al acestei Convenii
prevede:
1) Extrdarea nu poate fi refuzat pe motiv
c persoana reclamant este cetean al statelormembre n sensul art. 6 al Conveniei Europene
privind extrdarea.
2) Avnd n vedere notificarea referitoare la
art.18(2), orice stat membru poate declara c nu va
recunoate procedura extrdrii sau o va autoriza
numai n condiii speciale(...).
Convenia Uniunii Europene a ncercat s transforme obiecia naionalitii ntr-o excepie i nu
ntr-o regul general acceptat de cele mai multe
ri europene. Oricum, lund n considerare numrul
mare al rezervelor dup adoptarea ei i de asemenea
intenia slab a statelor de a-i modifica normele
proprii privind interzicerea extrdrii propriilor
ceteni ca efect al ratificrii acestei convenii n
concordan cu art. 7, se poate concluziona c ncercarea anulrii obieciei naionalitii nu a izbutit60.
Cinci ani mai trziu, la 1 ianuarie 2004 Deciziacadru privind mandatul european de arestare61
nlocuieste att Conventia din 1996, ct i celelalte
tratate n domeniu n concordanta cu art. 31(1) din
Decizia-cadru62 (aceaste Convenii ramnnd aplica-
59
60
61
62
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63
64
18
66
67
68
Considerentul 12.
Docan, V., Mandatul european de arestare ntre necesitate i
permanentizare // www.e-juridic.ro/.../mandatul-european-dearestare--intre-necesitate-si-permanentizare-3439.html.
19
20
73
74
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24
25
26
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12
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14
15
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Referine bibliografice:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
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45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
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RELAII INTERNAIONALE
Alexandru BURIAN doctor habilitat n drept, profesor universitar, preedinte al Asociaiei de Drept Internaional din Republica
Moldova.
Vezi:
: / ..
( ) ..,
.. , .. , .. . , , 2001 . 166 .,
. 103-109; :
/ . . ... ,
(), 1999. 584 .,
. 15-22.
29
30
RELAII INTERNAIONALE
31
32
RELAII INTERNAIONALE
33
34
RELAII INTERNAIONALE
Bibliografie:
1. Beniuc, V.; Rusnac, Gh., Conceptele i noiunile de baz ale
diplomaiei, Chiinu, Firma editorial-poligrafic Tipografia
Central, 1998.
2. Brdescu, Faust, Doctrine politice /Faust Brdescu: Studiu
introductiv de Georgiana-Margareta Scurtu Ed. a 2-a, Vol. 1:
Drept i politic internaional, Bucureti, Editura Majadahonda, 1999.
35
36
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
ASISTENA JURIDIC INTERNAIONAL N MATERIE PENAL N CADRUL CONSILIULUI EUROPEI: CADRUL NORMATIV I INSTITUIONAL
Ioan HUANU*
:
, , , , , .
, - ,
.
50 30 .
, -
, ,
, .
- .
INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS WITHIN
THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE: REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Development of international legal assistance institution due to the fact that states have acknowledged
that crime detection and repression and, in particular, international criminal organizations is impossible
outside a collaboration of states in the area of common accumulation of the evidences. Study of this institution was and remains current, as the international relations in international criminal legal-assistance
aimed to protect international law and social criminal acts by repression of crimes affecting fundamental
interests of the international community.
During more than fifty years thirty treaties in criminal matters have been negotiated under the Council
of Europe. As regards legal assistance, European Council has developed a set of basic rules that are still
very topical including the Republic of Moldova as a state member of this organization, and that despite
the development of international legal assistance instution within the European Union, the Council of
Europe regularly cooperate with the purpose to ensure complementarity of the regulatory provisions. This
article is dedicated in particular to the international judicial assistance in criminal matters between the
member-states of the Council of Europe.
Pe parcursul a mai mult de cincizeci de ani
peste treizeci de tratate n materie penal au fost
negociate sub egida Consiliului Europei. Acestea
creaz o baz juridic comun pentru cooperarea
n materie penal n Europa, i, uneori, n afara
acesteia. Aceste tratate se refer la mecanismele de
cooperare cum ar fi extrdarea, asistena juridic
i transferul persoanelor condamnate, tratnd, de
*
Leyenberger, S., Colloque sur la cooperation judiciaire internationale et europeenne: Pour lamelioration de lentraide judiciaire. La position des Procureurs europeens, Paris, 7 avril 2008,
p.1.
Ratificat prin Hotrrea Parlamentului Republicii Moldova
nr.1332-XIII din 26.09.97.
Problems Arising from the Practical Application of the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters,
Council of Europe, 1971, p. 18.
37
nici o problem de natur s afecteze libertatea individului. Prin urmare, dac asistena se acorda independent de extrdare, nu exista necesitatea solicitrii dublei incriminri, existnd posibilitatea de a fi
incluse infraciuni de o gravitate mai mic4.
n consecin, cteva principii din materia extrdrii fiind frecvent criticate, au fost abandonate,
cum ar fi spre exemplu, cerina ca fapta s fie incriminat n legislaia ambelor state5 i cea conform
creia asistena ar putea fi limitat la infraciunile
extrdabile. Aceasta n mod indubitabil faciliteaz
naintarea mai multor cereri de asisten juridic
reciproc. n mod similar, asistena va fi acordat
chiar i n cazurile proceselor contra cetenilor
statului solicitat. A fost, cu toate acestea, considerat binevenit excluderea infraciunilor militare i
permiterea reglementrii unor domenii mai controversate aa ca infraciunile politice i cele fiscale6.
A doua decizie important luat de ctre Comitetul de Experi care au elaborat Convenia European din 1959 a fost cea de a distinge n mod clar
dispoziiile oficiale privind asistena juridic n
materie penal de formele operative ale cooperrii
poliieneti i vamale7.
Majoritatea a considerat binevenit de a nu
acorda o form rigid practicii existente a organelor de poliie, cu att mai mult c Statutul
Organizaiei Internaionale a Poliiei Criminale
(INTERPOL) deja reglementase asistena mutual
ntre autoritile poliieneti8. Aceast abordare
care a atras unele comentarii negative, a fost n
general respectat n iniiativele ulterioare. Dup
cum susine i savantul Kritz regula general
const n aceea c asistena care presupune exercitarea unor atribuii obligatorii n statul solicitat
va putea fi obinut dac este solicitat de ctre o
autoritate judectoreasc sau executiv a statului
solicitant. O alt asisten poate fi obinut prin
reele operaionale9.
n cele din urm, la nivel procedural, Convenia,
n virtutea art. 15, are efectul de a exclude depunerea cererilor de asisten juridic prin interme4
38
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
11
12
13
14
Gilmore,W., Mutual assistance in criminal and business regulatory matters, Cambridge University Press,1995, p.9.
Dup intrarea n vigoare a conveniei, practica judiciar a
statelor semnatare a impus adoptarea unor rezoluii i recomandri ale instanelor Consiliului Europei menite s favorizeze
aplicarea prevederilor acesteia, respectiv: Rezoluia (71)43 din
14 decembrie 1971, Rezoluia (77)36 din 2 decembrie 1977,
Recomandarea R(80)8 din 27 iunie 1980, Recomandarea
R(83)12 din 23 septembrie 1983 i Recomandarea R(85)10 din
28 iunie 1985, toate adoptate de Comitetul Minitrilor.
p.1, art.1 al Conveniei Europene din 1959 de asisten juridic
internaional n materie penal.
McClean, J. D., International Judicial Assistance, Oxford
University Press, 1992, p. 133.
Franck, P., The Travaux Preparatoires of the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters // European
Committee on Crime Problems: Problems Arising from the
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16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
39
27
28
29
30
31
32
p.a al art.2 al Conveniei Europene din 1959 de asisten juridic internaional n materie penal.
McClean, J. D., Op. cit., p. 174.
Rapport explicatif de la Convention europenne dentraide
judiciaire en matire pnale http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/
FR/Reports/Html/030.htm.
Ibidem.
McClean, J. D., Op. cit., p. 174.
Rapport explicatif de la Convention europenne dentraide
judiciaire en matire pnale http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/
FR/Reports/Html/030.htm.
Ibidem.
40
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
33
35
41
Art.5 al Protocolului Adiional din 1978 la Convenia European de asisten juridic n materie penal // www.inj.md.
42
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
penal: audierea prin videoconferin (art.9), audierea prin conferin telefonic (art.10), supravegherea transfrontalier (art.17), livrrile supravegheate (art. 18), anchetele sub acoperire (art.19) i
echipele comune de anchet (art.20).
De menionat c problema extrdrii s-a situat
n atenia Consiliului Europei nc de la nceputul
existenei acesteia, astfel, nct la 13 decembrie
1957 la Paris a fost semnat Convenia european
de extrdare38.
Convenia reglementeaz obligaia de extrdare,
faptele pasibile de extrdare, cu excepia infraciunilor politice, militare i fiscale, problema extrdrii
resortisanilor proprii, cazurile n care extrdarea
poate fi refuzat sau nu este acordat, condiiile pe
care trebuie s le ndeplineasc o cerere de extrdare, instituie regula specialitii extrdrii, stabilete condiiile de arestare provizorie n vederea
extrdrii, ordinea de preferin n cazul concursului de cereri de extrdare, modalitatea de predare
a extrdatului i a obiectelor, problema tranzitrii
persoanei extrdate pe teritoriul unui stat ter,
precum i o serie de reguli procedurale. Convenia
a fost completat cu dou protocoale adiionale.
Primul Protocol adiional, din 15 octombrie 1975,
a adus unele precizri n legtur cu articolul 3 al
Conveniei privind infraciunile politice, iar prin cel
de-al doilea Protocol adiional, din 17 martie 1978
a fost modificat articolul 5 al Conveniei referitor
la infraciunile fiscale, astfel nct i acesta s poat
face obiectul unor cereri de extrdare. De asemenea,
ultimul protocol a modificat sau completat i alte
prevederi ale conveniei privind cazurile n care
extrdarea nu va fi acordat i condiiile pe care
trebuie s le ndeplineasc cererea de extrdare.
Sub egida Consiliului Europei a fost adoptat un
ir de instrumente juridice speciale i n alte domenii
de o importan major, cum ar fi: a) Supravegherea
i executarea hotrrilor judectoreti: Convenia
european din 1964 pentru supravegherea persoanelor condamnate sau eliberate condiionat39;
Convenia european asupra valorii internaionale a
hotrrilor represive din 28 mai 197040; b) Transfe38
39
40
n vigoare din 18 aprilie 1960, Ratificat prin Hotrrea Parlamentului RM nr.1183-XIII din 14.05.97// www.csj.md/.../
Convenia european de extrdare. doc.
Convenia urmrete instituirea unui sistem de cooperare
internaional, susceptibil s permit, pe teritoriul unui
stat semnatar, punerea n aplicare a msurilor condiionate
(suspendare, probare, liberare anticipat sau msuri analoage)
concomitente sau posterioare pronunate ntr-un Stat Parte la
Convenie. Asistena internaional, pe care aceast convenie
o reglementeaz, vizeaz prevenirea recidivei criminale, prin
promovarea, dincolo de frontiere, a metodelor de amendament
individual i de reclasare social n cadrul naional.
Ratificat de ctre Republica Moldova prin Legea19-XVI din
41
42
43
10.02.2006. Convenia consacr o serie de principii fundamentale, i anume: recunoaterea, ca regul general, a sentinelor
represive strine, considerarea in concreto a dublei incriminri a faptelor n cele dou state (prescripia sanciunii s nu
fie mplinit, amnistia s nu fi intervenit, ceea ce impiedic, n
anumite condi ii, recunoaterea sentinelor pronunate n strintate) i procedura utilizat n statul solicitant care trebuie s
fie conform cu dispoziiile Conveniei Europene a Drepturilor
Omului.
Convenia cuprinde dispoziii generale privind executarea
sentinelor represive, condiiile n care poate fi cerut executarea unei sanciuni, efectele transmiterii executrii i condiiile pe care trebuie s le indeplineasc cererile de executare a
sentinelor. Pentru sentinele pronunate n lipsa inculpatului,
Convenia prevede o cale de recurs deosebit i anume opoziia
declarat n Statul solicitat i depus fie n acest Stat, fie n
statul solicitant, care nlocuiete cile de recurs obinuite i
naionale. Aceast cale de recurs reprezint o dispoziie specific dreptului european, ntemeiat exclusiv pe prevederile
acestei Convenii.
Ratificat prin Legea Republicii Moldova nr.69-XV din
11.03.2004, are ca obiect facilitarea transferului deinuilor
strini ctre rile lor de origine, crend o procedur simpl,
rapid i supl. Convenia definete termenii fundamentali
pentru mecanismul de transfer i principiile generale pe care
se bazeaz i prevede condiiile pe care trebuie s le ndeplineasc transferarea, documentele necesare i consimmntul
condamnatului, consecinele transferrii, procedura exequaturului, reglementarea tranzitului condamnatului i suportarea
cheltuielilor legate de transferare.
Convenia definete termenii de infraciune i sanciune, stabilete condiiile transmiterii urmrilor, competena judiciar i
dreptul aplicabil, efectul cererii de urmrire asupra Statului solicitant, comunicarea ntre autoritile Statului solicitant i cele
ale Statului solicitat, valoarea cercetrii i instruciei, probleme
legate de prescripie, situaia infraciunilor pentru care este
necesar o plangere, msurile provizorii n statul solicitat, pluritatea procedurilor represive i principiul non bis in idem.
S construim mpreun o Europ a statului de drept, Strasburg,
18 februarie 2004// www.coe.int/legal.
44
43
44
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
.. : ,
, . , 1979. p.76.
.. , .
, 1981. p.139-142.
.. //
// //. 1972. 10. p.77.
. . . , ,
, 1988.
Factorii care au stat la baza procesului de integrare european
sunt: meninerea pcii i stabilitii pe continentul european,
teama de pericolul reprezentat de comunismul din Est, dorina
statelor vest-europene de a se desprinde de dependena american i de a-i recpta locul pierdut pe scena politic i economic internaional.
45
conceptul de integrare indic formarea unei integriti prin conexiunea dintre elementele componente
ale unui sistem. Semnificaia original a termenului
de integrare provine de la latinescul integratio ceea
ce nseamn completare, ntregire. Cu alte cuvinte,
integrare reprezint reuniunea mai multor pri
ntr-un ntreg6. n viziunea lui T.Parsons conceptul
de integrare are un sens dublu: ntr-o oarecare
msur reprezint o compatibilitate ntre elementele sistemului i n acelai timp menine condiiile care pstreaz specificul sistemului n raport
cu mediul extern7. M. Kaplan definete conceptul
ntr-o modalitate mai simplist i anume integrarea
are loc prin fuziunea a dou sau mai multor elemente
ale sistemului, precum i prin absorbia unui sistem
de ctre altul.8
Trebuie remarcat c aceste definiii nu determin
aa criterii ca modalitatea, nivelul i specificul de
unificare ntr-o singur unitate. Astfel, prin integrare se poate de neles i o uniune benevol i
crearea unui imperiu i o unificare totalitar. Iat
de ce vorbind despre integrare ar fi recomandabil
s o clasificm n corespundere cu domeniul n
care se manifest, fie el economic9, politic, social.
Aceast separare este necesar, deoarece termenul
de integrare a fost des utilizat n lucrrile tiinifice
i cercurile politice desemnnd procese conceptuale
diverse. Acesta era utilizat n discuiile despre integrarea unor state n economia mondial i instituiile occidentale, consolidarea integrrii n cadrul
NATO i, n final, despre integrarea european.
innd cont de particularitile i unicitatea
procesului de integrare din Europa de Vest, ar
trebui s identificm separat termenul de integrare
european, cercetat de un ir de savani10. Lund n
considerare c procesul de integrare european este
un fenomen sui generis, acesta nu poate utilizat la
elaborarea unei generaliti. Conform acestei abordri integrarea european este un fenomen istoric,
ce a aprut n condiii specifice fr precedent
istoric i paralel contemporan.
Conform Dicionarului explicativ trilingv al
Uniunii Europene11 prin integrare european se
nelege un proces prin care statele membre UE
6
7
8
10
11
46
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
13
15
16
47
19
H. // // , , : . , 2000. p. 504-535.
Cram L., Dinan D., Nugent N. Reconciling Theory and Prac-
48
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
.. : .//
. 9, 2000.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//
EP//TEXT+REPORT//RO.
La 01 decembrie 1975 se ia decizia asupra alegerii Parlamentului European prin sufragiu universal.
EU budget http:/ec.europa.eu/budget/index_en.htm..
30
EU budget http:/ec.europa.eu/budget/index_en.htm..
Wright R. Open and Frank Dialogue. On the Russias role and
place in the new structure of European Commission in Russia/
Europe 2 2002. p.1.
/ .. .
,2006. p.68.
49
50
12.
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14.
15.
16.
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place in the new structure of European Commission in Russia/
Europe 2 2002.
.. , .
, 1981.
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.. : .//
. 9, 2000.
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2006.
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EP//TEXT+REPORT//RO.
23. EU budget http:/ec.europa.eu/budget/index_en.htm.
24. EU budget http:/ec.europa.eu/budget/index_en.htm.
51
?
*
ORDINE JURIDIC SAU DEZORDINE N DOMENIUL ENERGETIC?
PROBLEMA REGLEMENTRII JURIDICE A RELAIILOR ENERGETICE
N PROCESUL GLOBALIZRII
Problemele cu privire la vidul juridic existent n domeniul cooperrii energetice internaionale continu
s se actualizeze n coninutul discursului politico-juridic, astfel impunnd definitivarea perfectrii sale
juridice. n vederea soluionrii problemei respective n cadrul unui mediu competitiv n continu schimbare cu privire la gestionarea resurselor energetice este necesar de a concentra atenia asupra elaborrii
unui mecanism juridic universal i asupra adoptrii unei baze normativ-juridice complexe, care mpreun
formeaz cadrul normativ definitivat al sferei energetice. Acesta din urm se refer la un cadru juridic care
ar fi nu doar succesorul normelor de drept internaional, dar ar contribui n acelai timp la crearea unor
condiii favorabile pentru cooperarea energetic i s-ar racorda la normele aplicate n cadrul sistemului
comercial multilateral.
Articolul respectiv cuprinde o analiz politico-juridic a acordurilor ncheiate n domeniul energetic,
care conine un element istoric semnificativ. Iniiativa post Rzboi rece n vederea consolidrii juridice
n sfera energetic a intereselor statelor din Est i Vest la nceputul anilor 90 a fost marcat prin adoptarea
declaraiei cu privire la cooperarea internaional n domeniul energetic Carta European a Energiei.
Declaraia de consimmnt al statelor a fost nsoit de semnarea unui Acord multilateral adiional la
Carta Energetic. Semnificaia istoric a acordului respectiv const n depirea scindrii economice
a continentului european, care a continuat cteva decenii. Iniiativa cu privire la cooperarea multilateral i ponderea sa normativ-juridic expus n coninutul acordului depete cadrul acordurilor regionale. Analiza prevederilor eseniale a acordului n vederea crerii unui spaiu eurasiatic energetic unic
constituie baza acestui studiu. Problema susinerii ordinii juridice este elucidat prin prisma prevederilor
Acordului adiional la Carta Energetic cu referire la iniiativa propus de Federaia Rus n vederea
optimizrii Cartei Energetice vis-a-vis de Abordarea conceptual a unei baze juridice noi a cooperrii
internaionale n sfera energetic (obiective i principii).
ENERGY LEGAL ORDER OR DISORDER? LEGAL REGULATION
OF ENERGY RELATIONS IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD
In modern politico-legal discourse the question of the existing and continuing legal vacuum (legal
insufficiency) in the field of international energy cooperation continues to actualize, demanding its final
legal clearance. In the rapidly changing competitive environment for energy resources the resolution of
this issue inevitably draws attention on the development of universal mechanism of legal influence, as well
as on the adoption of a coherent legal framework, which, together with the first issue provides legal basis.
This refers to such a legal basis, which would be not only the successor of the existing norms of international law, but also would be capable to create more favorable conditions for energy cooperation, as well
as lining up on the rules applied to multilateral trading system.
Given article contains the politiko-legal analysis of the existing agreement in the energy field, which
carries an element of historical significance. Followed after the termination of cold war the initiative of
*
, , , .
52
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
legal fastening of interests of the countries of the East and the West at the beginning of 1990th years in
energy sphere, has been noted by the acceptance of the declaration on the international cooperation in the
field of energy, i.e. European Energy Charter. The declarative expression of countries was accompanied
by the signing of a multilateral treaty to the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). The historical significance of
the treaty is to overcome the decades-long economic division of the European continent. The initiative
expressed in the treaty multilateral on the coverage and international legal on the importance of the energy
cooperation, is beyond the scope of regional arrangement.
Analysis of the main provisions of the treaty from the angle to create a common Eurasian energy space
is the basis of this study. The question of maintenance of energy law and order is considered through a
prism of the Energy Charter Treaty with the projection on the Russian proposal to improve the Energy
Charter process in the form of Conceptual Approach to the New Legal Framework for Energy Cooperation (Goals and Principles).
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71
Octavian RUSU Ph.D Student, University of Toulouse 1 Capitole; Institute of History, State and Law of the Academy of Sciences
of Moldova.
This paper was also presented at the 68th Annual Midwest Political Science Association National Conference, April 22-25, 2010,
Chicago, United States.
72
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,
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, .
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; 4) , , ,
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, c ,
- .
Introduction
The summer of 2009 has shown that the situation
in South Caucasus remains to be very unstable and
even unpredictable. With the approaching of the
first anniversary of the five-day war, the provocative actions and rhetoric that prevailed in the region,
have lead many observers, experts and politicians
to rise serious concerns regarding the possibility of
the resumption of new military hostilities. Even the
experts of Heidi Tagliavinis Fact-Finding Mission
on the conflict in Georgia concluded in their authoritative report: Since August 2008 there have been
a substantial number of dangerous incidents, and
some of them could have ignited a wider confrontation. Even though both sides stress their commitment to a peaceful future, the risk of a new confrontation remains serious2.
However, it is still not clear how a new military
conflict could emerge into the daylight and who
have the interest to provoke it: Russia, Georgia, the
secessionist republics or some other extra regional
actor? The most frequently used ideas were and
are focusing on Russia and Georgia as potential
war-provokers. With regard to Russia, observers,
and most vehemently the Georgian officials, are
claiming that Russia is a revisionist power that
could be interested in the fabrication of the casus
2
belli in the region for the purpose of the consolidation of its sphere of influence. Those who tend to
see the danger for a new war coming from Russian,
analyze the Russian-Georgian relations through
the prism of an unfinished business, outlining
Moscows failure in changing its political regime
and affecting Georgias foreign policy priorities.
In brief, according to this line of thinking, Russia
is ready to attack the little Georgia in any time.
As about concerns over an allegedly dangerous
Georgia, the most intense discourses are heard
from the Russian officials and Georgian opposition leaders3. Russias officials have manifested on
various occasions deep concerns regarding Georgian revanchism. They have accused western countries, especially the U.S., of rearming Georgia and
sending wrong signals that could encourage Tbilisi
for a new military adventurism as it was the case
in august 08. The Georgian opposition leaders are
also warning the international community about
an irresponsible Georgian president that could
plunge Georgia in a new war for the sake of saving
his stay in power.
Thus the problmatique of this paper is to assess
the risks of new military hostilities in Georgia and
the conditions under which these hostilities could
take place. I will attempt answering this central
3
There are also many analysts that share the same ideas as we
will see in the second part.
73
74
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
is to get rid of the Georgian pro-Western Government. In this way, Russia will hinder the expansion
of the Western influence in the region and block
the construction of gas pipeline Nabucco, which
bypass Russia7. Another emblematic proponent of
this line of thinking is the former Putins adviser,
Andrei Illarionov, who seems to be convinced
that the danger of a new war remains real as long
as Russia continues to pursue its strategic plan
consisting of overthrowing Saakashvili from power
and turning away Georgia from NATO, and also
restoring its control over the energy flows from the
Caspian Sea and Central Asia8.
The hypothesis which I will line up in the first part
is that Russia has no evident interest in triggering
a war against Georgia. I will present some arguments sustaining this hypothesis as: 1) the relative
declining of US power position in the international
system, 2) the unrealistic perspectives for Georgias integration into NATO and, 3) the regional
favorable context for Russias consolidating position (Nabucco, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, and Georgia).
Even though the scope of this paper is not a theoretical one, it is worth noting that these arguments
fit well with the balance-of-risk theory according to
which particular state behavior, as belligerence or
cooperativeness, could be explained and predicted
in relation to how leaders assess the prospect of
relative power and the international environment
(in terms of gains and losses). The core assumption of balance-of-risk theory is that senior officials
tend to be risk-acceptant in their selection of options
when facing perceived negative evolutions. And,
conversely, they tend to be risk-averse, especially
in relation to war, if the perceived evolution of their
countrys relative power and the international environment are more likely to be favorable9.
1. The declining power of the United States and
its changed international agenda
Discussions concerning the United States
decline have been resumed in the context of the war
in Iraq and the financial and economic global crisis.
In fact, the declinist theme has been recurrent since
the WWII. As observers have remarked, every ten
years, it is decline time in the United States10. But
7
10
Pavel Felgenhauer, Maloj krovju moguchim udarom, na gruzinskoj territorii?, Novaja Gazeta, August 7, 2009, http://www.
novayagazeta.ru/data/2009/085/00.html.
Interview with Andrei Ilarionov, Georgica.Net, July 20, 2009,
http://georgica.net/analitic/?page=ru&id=288
Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Balancing Risks: Great Power Intervention in the Periphery, Cornell University Press, 2004, p. 14-18,
30-32.
Josef Joffe (2009), The Default Power: The False Prophecy of
11
14
15
75
16
17
18
19
76
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
dramatize over the future of United States international influence. Instead, he believes that America
has enormous strengths and that the new world will
not throw up a new superpower but rather a diversity of forces that Washington can navigate and even
help direct20. The world is changing, he maintains,
but it is going the United States way. The rest
that are rising are embracing markets, democratic
government (of some form or another), and greater
openness and transparency21. Moreover, There is
still a strong market for American power, for both
geopolitical and economic reasons. But even more
centrally, there remains a strong ideological demand
for it. That is why U.S. could remain the pivotal
player, and shape and master the changing global
landscape22. What U.S. needs is a broader change
in strategy and attitude23.
The works briefly summarized above, which
present a general optimist vision of USs future
and respectively a pessimistic one for other major
powers (in terms of polarity), focus largely on
the US and China. A more articulated pessimistic
representation of Russias place in the international
system could be found in the works of some leading
IR experts on Russia as Andrei Tsygankov and Bobo
Lo. Generally agreeing on the ongoing process of
relative decline of US and the rise of China, as Pape
and the NICs Report (discussed above), they do not
share the same conviction regarding the emergence
of multipolarity, foreseeing a limited improvement
of Russias power. In other words, Russia, in their
view, will not be in a position to emerge as a great
power, i.e. as an international pole. For Bobo
Lo, the most likely successor to the current U.S.dominated international system is not a multipolar
world order, but a new Sino-American bipolarity.
This would be less stark then the bipolarity of the
cold war, but world affairs would nevertheless come
to be dominated by two superpowers, supported (or
undermined) by various second-rank powers and
international institutions24. The same argument is
stressed by Tsygankov who underlines the number
of economic, social and ideological problems that
will further hinder its full-fledged international
engagement25.
20
21
22
23
24
25
The debates over the evolution of the international power configuration and its implication for
the major international players will, without doubts,
continue. But regardless if Russia or China will
reach or not the status of pole in international
system, if the USs decline will give rise to multipolarity or bipolarity or if, in general, the polarity
theory is a pertinent framework for analysis26, the
issue at stake in relation to Russia is, first of all, the
growing awareness in Washington of this long-term
perspective. Vice President, Joe Biden declared in
Wall Street Journal in July last year that Washington
was confident about its attempts to reset relations
with Russia because Russia undergoes enormous
domestic problems and will have to moderate its
international ambitions27. However, it is with the
idea of U.S.s weakness in mind that Moscow has
approached the reset and it is quite obvious that
the mood in Washington is not as triumphant as
it was in the1990s28. However, it was necessary a
leadership change for US to become aware of its
international growing weaknesses and adjust to
the new context29, adjustment which has already
marked important progress on the central issues of
the international affairs, as for example the signature of the new START on 8 April 2010 in Prague.
Second, it is the prevailing vision in Moscow about
the U.S. decline and the emergence of a multipolar
world order, a vision that was especially strengthened by the 2008 August war30. The last thing to
26
27
28
29
30
and China, Paper presented to annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, February 17-20,
2010.
See for example the works of: Barry Buzan, The Security Dynamics of a 1+4 World, in Ersel Aydinly and James
Rosenau (Eds.), Globalization, Security, and the Nation State:
Paradigms in Transition, State University of New York Press,
2005, pp. 177-197; Barry Buzan and Ole Waever, Regions and
Powers: The structure of International Security, Cambridge
University Press, 2003; Samuel P. Huntington, The Lonely
Superpower, Foreign Affairs, 78(2), 1999, pp. 35-49; Joseph
M. Grieco Structural realism and the problem of polarity and
war, in Felix Berenskoetter and M. J. Williams (Eds.), Power
in World Politics, Routledge, 2007; pp. 64-82.
Peter Spiegel, Biden Backs Georgia, but US wont supply
arms, Wall Street Journal, July 24, 2009, http://online.wsj.
com/article/SB124848246032580581.html
James M. Goldgeier, A Realistic Reset with Russia, Policy
Review, No. 156, August/September 2009, p. 25-26.
After all, as Pape is showing in his article, the signs of US relative decline appeared during the under the Bush years.
Lavrov Sergei, The illusion of a unipolar world confused
many. For some people, it generated a desire to make an all-in
stake on it. In exchange for total loyalty they expected to
receive a carte blanche to resolve all their problems using any
means. The emerging all-permissiveness syndrome that they
developed went out of all possible control on the night of 8
August when the aggression was unleashed on South Ossetia.
The bombing of the sleeping city of Tskhinval, the killing of
civilians and peacekeepers trampled under foot all settlement
31
77
33
sures_Georgia_On_Open_Door_Policy/1993932.html.
Richard Weitz, Mistral sale threatens more than Georgia,
The Central Asia Caucasus Analyst, March 31, 2010.
Andrew Rettman, France and Russia forge alliance with gas,
warship deals, EU observer, March 2, 2010, http://euobserver.
com/?aid=29587.
78
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
and volumes of gas supplies to Turkey and conditions for gas transit across Turkish territory. Even
if some progress over the gas price for Turkey have
been noticed in March this year, the conditions for
the gas transit remains to be a difficult subject of
negotiations, and this is due to the normalization of
Turkey-Armenian relations36. Russia did not hesitate to take advantage of this situation and in late
June 2009 an agreement establishing at 500 millions
cubic meters the minimal volume of gas export to
Russia for 2010 was reached. In January 2010, the
gas volume was upgraded to 1bcm/y and parties
are now negotiating 2bcm/y for 2011. However, it
is difficult to anticipate how far Azerbaijan could
go in increasing gas exports to Russia taking into
account Russias maintained intentions to by all the
gas that Azerbaijan could export and the uncertainties over the Nabucco project.
Another important moment for Nabucco supplies
is the critical position of Turkmenistan, which must
become the gross gas producer for the project. In
the recent period, EU and other Western players
have activated their efforts to bring Ashgabat into
Nabucco, and concrete decisions are expected to
be reached in April this year. However, there are
serious problems that could undermine these efforts.
Turkmenistan already has important commitments
towards Russia, China and Iran, and it will necessitate substantial investments to increase Turkmenistans gas production in order to enable exports
via Nabucco. Furthermore, the territorial disputes
between Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan over the
delimitation of Caspian seabed should not be underestimated. This issue has several times delayed the
project and could further affect it. The postponement of Nabucco could be fatal if the South Stream,
the rival of Nabucco, will take a clear advancement
over it37. The Russian (Gazprom)-Italian (ENI)
South Stream consortium, to which Electricit de
France (EDF) has joined in November 2009, has
resolved almost all questions concerning the transition through Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Serbia,
Slovenia, Croatia and the last agreement is expected
to be signed by May this year with Austria38. The
36
37
Ghia Nodia, The Russia-Georgia war: mission unaccomplished, Open Democracy, August 17, 2009, http://www.
opendemocracy.net/article/the-russia-georgia-war-missionunaccomplished.
35 Nabucco Gas Pipeline to Be Delayed by 4 Years, Sueddeutsche
Says,
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a.
nX4rwGFeiU.
34
38
40
Extension of the Blue Stream II gas pipeline to Israel, SamsunCeyhan Oil pipeline, construction of a nuclear power plant in
Turkey, construction of a natural gas storage facility under Tuz
lake by a Russian company etc.
Yanukovich dismisses commission on Ukraines accession to
NATO, ITAR-TASS, 3 April 2010, http://www.itar-tass.com/
eng/level2.html?NewsID=14985895&PageNum=0.
79
42
43
80
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
46
47
48
49
50
44
45
51
saakachvili-joue-avec-le-feu-06-08-2009-599783.php
Nous assistons peut-tre au scnario inverse de celui de lt
dernier, o des provocations russes avaient accul Saakachvili
la faute. Cette fois-ci, les provocations seraient plutt gorgiennes. En poussant la Russie intervenir, Saakachvili qui
joue avec le feu redeviendrait une victime et pourrait remobiliser les Gorgiens derrire lui et faire taire lopposition..
Burjanadzes Party Blames Authorities for Provocative
Steps, Civil Georgia, February 20, 2010, http://www.civil.ge/
eng/article.php?id=22003.
Salome Modebadze, Saakashvili accused of provoking Russia
to suit himself, The Messenger, February 22, 2010, http://
messenger.com.ge/issues/2049_february_22_2010/2049_
salome_burjanadze.html.
Provokatsija gruzinskovo televidenija, Russia-24, March 15,
2010, http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=347392.
Nino Burjanadze, Georgias Russian roulette, The Guardian,
October 7, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/07/georgia-russian-saakashvili.
Salome Modebadze, Saakashvili accused of provoking Russia
to suit himself, The Messenger, February 22, 2010.
Nino Burjanadze, Biden can score big in Georgia, The
Guardian, July 21, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/
commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/jul/21/georgia-joe-biden.
the success of the operation. Saakashvili was confident in the imminent entry of Georgia into NATO.
He was also confident in a short-term resolution
of the separatist conflicts. It is highly unlikely that
Saakashvili would have started an operation of this
magnitude, had he foreseen the consequences of a
full-scale war against Russia a complete defeat,
and failure of the project for restoring the territorial integrity and also NATO prospects52. Despite
all the criticism regarding the strategic miscalculation, Saakashvili should not be considered as he
is usually presented: a suicidal or crazy leader.
All of his mistakes, which were very expensive for
Georgia, could have been disastrous for his regime
(or could be, as the story of Georgians demanding
his resignation is not over yet). And the very argument that is invoked by Georgian politicians and
different analysts saving his rule should have
been a sufficiently constraining factor for getting
involved in a war against Russia. Saakashvili was
able to resist internal pressures to resign, but his
authority remains fragile and Western support
considerably damaged. This means that the central
element was his confidence in his actions, and not
some maneuvering to save his regime.
As about the current circumstances, taking into
account the unprecedented Russian support for
South Ossetia and Abkhazia (especially the military
bases there) and the unknown limits of an eventual Russian reaction, the fact that the opposition
political forces are waiting for any mistake from
Saakashvili and his government, the presence of the
European observers and also the proved limits of
Western support, provoking or being provoked for
a new war, would represent the assured fiasco of
Saakashvilis regime. As the Senior Editor of the
Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Alexander Jackson has stated: The August war brought
a surge of national unity, but that swiftly broke
down over questions about his role in launching
the conflict. Another full-scale conflict, whoever
provoked it, would provide a very short respite
but would ultimately destroy President Saakashvilis remaining authority when Georgia was inevitably, swiftly defeated. He surely knows this. Whilst
he fights for his political life he has no interest in
inviting more destruction on Georgia53. After all,
52
53
81
55
56
57
58
cria-online.org/CU_-_file_-_article_-_sid_-_26.html.
Moskva obvineaet Saakashvili v revanshizme, Interfax,
April 2, 2009, http://interfax.ru/politics/txt.asp?id=72023.
Karasin: Rossija nadeetsa, shot NATO ne budet bezogovorochno poderzhivat Gruziu, Russia-24, August 5, 2009,
http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=307677 ; Moscou accuse les
tats-Unis de rarmer militairement la Gorgie, France-24,
August 4, 2009, http://www.france24.com/fr/20090805-russieaccuse-etats-unis-rearmer-armes-georgie-agression-ossetiemilitaire-grigori-karassine-anatoli-nogovitsyne
;
Arielle
Thedrel, Guerre froide entre Moscou et Tbilissi, Le Figaro,
August 5, 2009.
Russia says Georgia still seeks to regain ex-republics by
force, RIA Novosti, September 18, 2009, http://en.rian.ru/
russia/20090918/156174238.html ; Information and Press
Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian
Federation, December 24, 2009, http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/
0/703B142ED892603BC325769D00315E1C.
Nikolai Patrushev, Vozmezdie zhdeot ih vseh,
Kommersant, March 31, 2010, http://kommersant.ru/
doc.aspx?fromsearch=b8003758-b93b-49a8-a181420ef3e2c426&docsid=1346238; Provokatsija gruzinskovo
televidenija, Russia-24, March 15, 2010, http://www.vesti.ru/
doc.html?id=347392.
Gideon Rose, Small allies, big headaches, Los Angeles Times,
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60
61
62
63
64
66
67
69
83
71
72
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TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
74
75
76
the first argument) a domestic rationale of Georgias remilitarization. The army is the symbol of the
statehood. Saakashvili, being accused for destroying
the army by provoking Russia, has all interest in
restoring the military potential as soon as possible,
thus demonstrating that he is able to reconstruct the
country and that August 08 is just a bad souvenir.
Furthermore, Saakashvili could not destabilize
the region in a way to implement its own plans
without resistance. But Saakashvili could hope to
provoke some regional tensions in order to boost
its authority in Georgia. A sort of controlled or
moderate tensions might play in favor of Saakashvilis legitimacy. The anti-Russian sentiment is
probably the most vulnerable issue in the Georgian
society and the easiest way to gather political capital.
The Georgian TV fake report of Russian military
invasion or the July-August 2009 tensions at the
South Ossetian-Georgian administrative border77,
show that this idea has some ground. By forcing
Russia to react by verbally attacking Saakashvili or
sending threatening messages, augment Saakashvilis political standing and also attracts the attention of the international community, which seems
to have lost its post-Rose Revolution enthusiasm
and interest for Georgia (the support of the West
remains also critical for Saakashvilis role in a prowestern society). In this respect, the remilitarization
is a sort of guarantee taking into account that Russia
might eventually respond by force to some Georgian actions and rhetoric that could be viewed as
provocations in Moscow. Perhaps this is one of the
reasons why Moscow reacts so vehemently to the
Georgias remilitarization, given the fact that a relatively strong Georgia would complicate Russias
actions if it decides to punish Tbilisi.
But if Saakashvili could further resort to some
kind of small provocations in order to enhance its
political authority in Georgia and abroad, this does
not mean that he is searching to provoke a war as
the Georgian opposition leaders are unceasingly
claiming. I will provide just a few examples. In
77
August 2009, after Russia made clear that Georgian provocation could lead to serious responses
by the Russian side, including the force, and under
the pressures from the West calling to cease any
provocative actions and declarations, Saakashvili
started to play its game in the Black Sea by seizing
civilian ships in the Abkhaz territorial waters.
This tactical change from the landmass to the sea
is entirely explainable because the provocative
games on land pose a serious problem in respect to
a possible Russian strong reaction or even overreaction, and because of the presence and intensification
of the EU monitoring activities. But on sea, where
a potential Russian reaction implies lesser risks
for a large-scale war, and where the control over
the Georgian military activities is virtually absent,
there remains considerable space for maneuvers78.
However, it is worth noting that the incidents did
not occur after the arrival on 20 September 09 of
the Russian ships in order to defend Abkhazian
territorial waters from the Georgian ship seizure.
Making predictions is always a risky business.
Nevertheless, I will risk predicting that under
the present international and regional contexts,
Saakashvili will continue playing his game for
power, but without going too far by providing
some casus belli to Russia. The central uncertainty here lies in the possible change of the international context and how it could be perceived in
Tbilisi. It is still not clear what lessons the Georgian leaders have drawn from the war with Russia.
Did the August 2008 convince them that the world
is not more (and was not) unipolar? Or, are they
more inclined to think that the unipolarity did not
work because of USs out of balance79 standing
(being absorbed by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan)? Perhaps it is a combination of both perspectives. If this is the case, then the withdrawal of the
most US troops from Iraq by August 201080, from
Afghanistan, planned to start by summer 2011, and
a relative stability concerning Iran, could be misperceived by the Georgian leadership. Even if the risks
of a Georgian revanchist tentative are minimal,
78
79
80
house.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-of-PresidentBarack-Obama-Responsibly-Ending-the-War-inIraq/.
85
82
86
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
84
85
87
88
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
89
90
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
Marcu, V., Mecanismele internaionale de garantare a drepturilor omului, Editura Plus, Deva, 1998, p. 27; Marcu, V.,
Diaconu, N., Tratat de drept instituional comunitar, Edit.
Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2002, p.15- 45.
Concluziile Consiliului European de la Bruxelles din 14
octombrie 2002.
91
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TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
93
94
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
2
*
, .., // 2
(23), 2007, . 145.
Preambulul Declaraiei Universale a Drepturilor Omului din
10.12. 1948.
Declaraia Universal a Drepturilor Omului Rezoluia
Adunrii Generale O.N.U. nr. 217A (III), din 10.12.1948. //
Drepturile omului n Republica Moldova, Chiinu, Editura
Garuda-Art, 1998, p.159.
, .., // 2
(23), 2007, . 145.
95
Urmtoarea etap n ce privete fixarea principiilor de baz ale instituiei proteciei internaionale
a drepturilor femeii a constituit adoptarea de ctre
Adunarea General a ONU n 1966 a Pactelor Internaionale n materia drepturilor omului7, care, de
asemenea, interzic discriminarea pe motiv de sex.
Preambulul Pactului Internaional cu privire
la drepturile civile i politice instituie principiul
conform cruia: ...idealul fiinei umane libere,
bucurndu-se de libertile civile i politice i eliberat de team i de mizerie, nu poate fi realizat dect
dac se creeaz condiii care permit fiecruia s se
bucure de drepturile sale civile i politice, ca i de
drepturile sale economice, sociale sau culturale.
Concomitent, art. 2 al prezentului Pact prevede
c Statele pri la prezentul Pact se angajeaz
s respecte i s garanteze tuturor indivizilor care
se gsesc pe teritoriul lor i in de competena lor
drepturile recunoscute n prezentul Pact, fr nici
o deosebire, n special de ras, culoare, sex, limb,
religie, opinie politic sau orice alt opinie, origine
naional sau social, avere, natere sau intemeiat
pe orice alt imprejurare. O prevedere asemntoare
este consacrat i n art.2 al Pactului Internaional cu
privire la drepturile economice, sociale i culturale.
n art. 3 al Pactului Internaional cu privire la
drepturile economice, sociale i culturale Statele
pri se angajeaz s asigure dreptul egal pe care
l au brbatul i femeia de a beneficia de toate
drepturile economice, sociale i culturale care sunt
enumerate in prezentul Pact. Pactul Internaional
cu privire la drepturile civile i politice conine n
art.3 o prevedere similar, n care se vorbete despre
dreptul de a se bucura de toate drepturile civile i
politice enunate n prezentul Pact. Astfel, suntem
n prezena nu doar a egalitii n drepturi a brbailor i femeilor, dar i a dreptului de a beneficia de
toate drepturile consacrate de ctre Pactele din 1966.
n afar de faptul c fixeaz prevederile de
baz ale DUDO, Pactul Internaional cu privire la
drepturile economice, sociale i culturale consacr
drepturi sociale foarte importante pentru femei.
Spre exemplu, n art. 6, 7 i 10 ale acestui tratat
este fixat principiul egalitii n drepturi n cadrul
relaiilor de munc: drepturi egale n angajarea n
cmpul muncii, dreptul la remunerare egal pentru
munc de valoare egal, dreptul la protecia special
a maternitii.
7
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TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
, .., // 2
(23), 2007, . 146.
97
98
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
minare n ceea ce privete sexul.12 Principiul egalitii de remunerare pentru toi muncitorii trebuie
aplicat: fie pe calea legislaiei naionale; fie prin
orice sistem de fixare a remuneraiei, stabilit sau
recunoscut de legislaie; fie prin contracte colective
de munc ncheiate ntre patroni i muncitori; fie
prin mbinarea acestor diferite mijloace.13 Convenia
nu se aplic dect membrilor Organizaiei Internaionale a Muncii care au ratificat-o i au nregistrat-o
la Directorul General (art.6).
Convenia privind discriminarea n domeniul
forei de munc i exercitrii profesiei consfinete
n preambul c discriminarea constituie o violare
a drepturilor enunate n Declaraia Universal a
Drepturilor Omului. Conceptele principale utilizate n Convenie snt discriminare, angajare i
profesie. Astfel, termenul discriminare cuprinde:
orice deosebire, excludere sau preferin
fondat pe ras, culoare, sex, ..., care au drept scop
s distrug sau s altereze egalitatea de anse sau de
tratament n materie de angajare sau profesie;
deosebirile, excludirile sau preferinele fondate
pe calificrile cerute pentru un post nu snt considerate discriminri. Termenii angajare i profesie
acoper accesul la formarea profesional, accesul la
munc i la diferite profesiuni, precum i condiii de
angajare.14
Articolul-cheie al Conveniei este considerat
articolul 3, care impune fiecrui membru ca, prin
metode adaptate mprejurrilor i obiceiurilor naionale: s se strduie s promoveze legi i s ncurajeze programe de educaie de natur a asigura acceptarea i aplicarea colaborrilor ntre organizaii i
muncitori; s abroge dispoziiile legislative i s le
modifice pe acelea care sunt incompatibile cu politica respectiv; s urmreasc politica respectiv n
ceea ce privete angajrile supuse controlului direct
al unei autoriti naionale etc.
Convenia din 1979 asupra eliminrii tuturor
formelor de discriminare fa de femei. Dup negocieri lungi i complicate, Convenia asupra eliminrii tuturor formelor de discriminare a fost aprobat de ctre Adunarea General a ONU pe 17
decembrie 1979. Procesul de ratificare aa cum este
indicat n art. 27 al.1 al acesteia a dus la intrarea
n vigoare a prezentei Convenii pe 03 septembrie
1981, n urma depozitului la Secretarul General al
ONU al celui de-al douzecilea instrument de ratificare sau de aderare (art.27, al.1).
12
13
11
14
, .., :
, , 2000, c.
75.
99
are drept efect sau scop de a compromite drepturile femeilor, aceasta constituie o discriminare care
ncalc definiia consacrat de ctre Convenia din
1979 i n consecin trebuie s fie modificat de
ctre statul parte. Discriminarea sexului feminin
este contrar obiectului i scopului Conveniei din
1979 asupra eliminrii tuturor formelor de discriminare fa de femei.
Includerea n titlul Conveniei a sintagmei toate
formele subliniaz decizia vizat n punctul 15 din
preambulul su de a elimina o astfel de discriminare sub toate formele i manifestrile ei. Preambulul i exprim ngrijorarea n punctul 8 c n
situaiile de srcie, femeile au un acces minim
la alimentaie, servicii medicale, educaie, pregtire profesional, precum i la angajarea n munc
i la satisfacerea altor necesiti. Ca rezultat,
Convenia confer dreptul femeilor de a se bucura la
egalitate cu brbaii nu numai de aa-numita prima
generaie de drepturi politice i civile, cum ar fi
dreptul de a se cstori i de a ntemeia o familie,
dar i de a doua generaie de drepturi drepturile
economice, sociale i culturale. Convenia din 1979
reprezint unicul tratat n materia drepturilor omului
care afirm drepturile reproductive ale femeii. De
asemenea acest tratat consacr dreptul femeii de a
dobndi, a renuna sau a-i schimba naionalitatea sa
i a copiilor si.16
Convenia din 1979, n scopul interzicerii tuturor
formelor de discriminare, inclusiv a discriminrii
n sfera privat, este destinat s fie cuprinztoare.
Aceasta recunoate c femeile sunt supuse nu doar
inegalitilor specifice, evidente, dar, de asemenea,
formelor subtile omniprezente de discriminare
bazate pe sex, care sunt esute n estura politic,
cultural i religioas a societilor lor. Abordnd
toate formele de discriminare la care sunt supuse
femeile, Convenia din 1979 impune statele s se
confrunte cu cauzele sociale ale inegalitii femeilor
n toate sistemele.
Spre exemplu, art. 12 din Convenia din 1979
interzice toate formele de discriminare mpotriva
femeilor n domeniul furnizrii serviciilor de ngrijire a sntii. Acesta prevede c: 1. Statele pri
vor lua toate msurile necesare pentru eliminarea
discriminrii fa de femei n domeniu, pentru a le
asigura, pe baza egalitii ntre barbat i femeie,
mijloacele de a avea acces la serviciile medicale,
inclusiv la cele referitoare la planificarea familial.
2. Independent de prevederile paragrafului 1,
statele pri vor asigura pentru femei n timpul
graviditii, la natere i dup natere servicii cores16
100
TRIBUNA DOCTORANDULUI
18
20
21
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/protocol/.
101
a altor forme de pedepse crude, inumane sau degradante, care toate au instituit procedurile de comunicri. Procedura de anchet este similar celei
instituit n temeiul Conveniei mpotriva torturii
i altor pedepse ori tratamente crude, inumane sau
degradante.
n concluzie, inem s menionm c procesul de
afirmare a drepturilor femeii pe plan internaional
a fost unul ndelungat i anevoios, pornindu-se de
la proclamarea de ctre numeroase micri feministe existente n diverse state a unor declaraii de
principii, pn la elaborarea sub egida ONU a unor
reglementri internaionale n domeniu.
Odat cu adoptarea Cartei internaionale a drepturilor omului, comunitatea internaional a realizat
faptul c protecia internaional a drepturilor
femeii reprezint un element necesar al proteciei
internaionale a drepturilor i libertilor fundamentale ale omului. n afar de faptul c a fost consacrat
n cadrul doctrinei comune a drepturilor omului,
principiul egalitii gender care st la baza instituiei proteciei internaionale a drepturilor femeii a
fost ulterior dezvoltat i n cadrul cooperrii internaionale n materia proteciei drepturilor unor
grupuri sociale distincte, fiind adoptate n acest sens
o serie de tratate internaionale specifice ce reglementeaz amnunit cele mai diverse situaii ce in
de problema vizat, un loc deosebit revenindu-i n
acest sens Conveniei din 1979 asupra eliminrii
tuturor formelor de discriminare fa de femei.
Astfel, poziionarea controversat a drepturilor
femeii n cadrul listei drepturilor omului se reflect
i n felul n care au evoluat acordurile i documentele internaionale prin intermediul crora drepturile
femeii au putut fi stabilite, iar actele de nclcare
ale acestor drepturi au putut fi condamnate de ctre
ONU pe tot cuprinsul lumii. Femeile au nceput s-i
apere drepturile cu mult timp n urm i continu
aceast lupt i pn acum.
CopyrightVeronica TARLEV, 2010.
102
COMUNICRI TIINIFICE
103
Meehrpool, Thomas, Individualsanktionen des Sicherheitsrates der Vereinten Nationen: Das Sanktionsregime gegen die
Taliban und Al-Qaida vor dem Hintergrund des Rechts der VN
und der Menschenrechte, Utz 2008, S. 50.
Birkhuser, Noah, Sanktionen des Sicherheitsrats der
Vereinten Nationen gegen Individuen, Bern 2007, S. 5.
Osteneck, Kathrin, Die Umsetzung von UN-Wirtschaftssanktionen durch die Europische Gemeinschaft: vlker- und
europarechtliche Rahmenbedingungen fr ein Ttigwerden
der Europischen Gemeinschaft im Bereich von UN-Wirtschaftssanktionsregimen unter besonderen Bercksichtigung
der Umsetzungspraxis der EG-Organe, Berlin 2004, S. 5.
Birkhuser, Sanktionen, S. 6 f.; Meehrpool, Individualsanktionen, S. 50.
Das Rechtssystem der Vereinten Nationen unterscheidet zwischen militrischen und nicht militrischen Sanktionen i. S. v. Art. 41 und 42 UN-Charta.
Die nicht militrischen Sanktionen gelten als mildere
und friedliche Mittel im Vergleich zu militrischen
Manahmen und umfassen grundstzlich wirtschaftliche Sanktionen5 unterschiedlicher Art6. Dabei
werden unter dem Begriff der Wirtschaftssanktionen diejenigen Sanktionen verstanden, die infolge
eines friedensbedrohenden Verhaltens eines Vlkerrechtssubjekts erfolgen7 und damit das gesamte
Wirtschaftsleben eines Staates beeintrchtigen.8
Die Wirtschaftssanktionen beziehen sich auf
Beschrnkung des Handelsverkehrs und/oder des
Kapital- und Zahlungsverkehrs des Landes der
Sanktionsadressaten. Die Handelsbeschrnkungen
betreffen das Ausfuhrverbot und die Einfuhrbeschrnkungen fr bestimmte Produkte. Das Ziel
dabei ist, den Waren- und Dienstleistungsverkehr
in dem Zielstaat zu stren und damit die gesamte
Wirtschaftsttigkeit des jeweiligen Landes zu reduzieren. Demgegenber sind die Finanzsanktionen
auf die Zugangseinschrnkung der Sanktionsadressaten zu den Finanzmitteln gerichtet. Diese Finanzsanktionen knnen folgende Manahmen enthalten:
Reduzierung der Beihilfen, Verweigerung von
Kreditvergaben, Beschlagnahme oder Einfrierung
von Konten der Einzelnen oder der Organisationen.9
5
6
7
8
104
COMUNICRI TIINIFICE
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
gehren oder direkt oder indirekt ihrer Verfgungsgewalt oder der eines Unternehmens im Eigentum
oder unter der Kontrolle der Taliban unterstehen,
einzufrieren.22 Zur Durchsetzung dieser Forderung wurde ein Ausschuss der sogenannte 1267
Ausschuss gebildet, der aus Mitgliedern des
UN-Sicherheitsrats besteht, mit dem Auftrag, die
Staaten bei der Durchfhrung der Manahmen zu
berwachen.23
In diesem Zusammenhang machte der
UN-Sicherheitsrat von Zwangsmanahmen i. S. v.
Art. 41 UN-Charta Gebrauch und richtete gezielte
Einfrierungen gegen identifizierte Anhnger der
Taliban.
b) UN-Resolution 1333 (2000)
Mit der UN-Resolution 1333 (2000) verstrkte
der UN-Sicherheitsrat seine Manahmen im Kampf
gegen Al-Qaida-Anhnger, wobei er den Auftrag
erteilte, die gesamten Finanzanlagen von Osama bin
Laden, Al-Qaida und ihren assoziierten Personen
und Krperschaften einzufrieren. Das Ziel war,
Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaida und ihre Anhnger
sowie ihre Spender zu isolieren.24
In diesem Sinne beauftragte der UN-Sicherheitsrat den Ausschuss, auf der Grundlage der
von den Staaten und regionalen Organisationen
bereitgestellten Informationen eine aktualisierte
Liste der Personen und Krperschaften, einschlielich derjenigen in der Organisation Al-Qaida, zu
fhren, die als mit Osama Bin Laden assoziiert
bezeichnet wurden25. Mit anderen Worten heit
es, dass die Mitgliedstaaten aufgefordert sind, dem
1267 Ausschuss Auskunft ber die Personen und
Krperschaften zu geben, die mit bin Laden und
Al-Qaida verbunden sind, damit diese in der Terrorliste aufgefhrt werden.
In dieser Hinsicht geht der UN-Sicherheitsrat
mit der UN-Resolution 1333 (2000) weiter vor,
indem er die gezielten Sanktionen auch noch auf
bestimmte Personen erstreckt und stellt somit eine
neue Herausforderung fr die Sicherung des Welt22
23
18
19
20
21
105
24
25
106
COMUNICRI TIINIFICE
28
29
32
Prfliste durch die Resolution 1617 (2005) eingefhrt, in der die Mitgliedstaaten aufgefordert sind,
einige Fragen bezglich der Durchsetzung von
smart sanctions gegenber den neu eingetragenen
Personen und Einrichtungen zu beantworten und
sie dem Sanktionsausschuss vorzulegen.36 Darber
hinaus sind die Mitgliedstaaten aufgefordert den
Ausschuss ferner ber die Gesetznderungen zur
Durchfhrung der Sanktionsmanahmen, weitere
Kontosperren sowie ber die Verbreitung der Sanktionsliste zu benachrichtigen.37 Damit wird ein hoher
Einsatz zur Terrorismusbekmpfung angestrebt.
Die Consolidated List soll auf der Website des
Ausschusses stets aktualisiert werden38. Die aktuelle Liste vom 11. Mai 2010 enthlt 137 Personen,
die mit Taliban assoziiert sind, 258 Einzelpersonen,
die mit Al-Qaida assoziiert sind und 103 Einrichtungen, die mit Al-Qaida verbunden sind.39
3. Befugnis des UN-Sicherheitsrats zum Erlass
der Individualsanktionen
Der UN-Sicherheitsrat, eins von sechs Hauptorganen der UN i. S. v. Art. 7 Abs. 1 der UN-Charta,
ist laut Art. 24 der UN-Charta der Hauptverantwortliche fr die Wahrung des Weltfriedens und
der internationalen Sicherheit. Dabei bemht er
sich zu Konfliktlsungen beizutragen, die Staaten
zu bestimmtem Verhalten zu zwingen bzw. davon
abzuhalten oder dauerhaften Frieden nach einem
ausgelsten Konflikt wieder herzustellen und zu
sichern.40
Die Befugnisse des UN-Sicherheitsrats zur
Erfllung dieser Aufgabe sind im Kapitel VII
UN-Charta aufgefhrt. Das Herzstck der Kompetenz findet sich in den Art. 39 bis 42 der UN-Charta,
die dem UN-Sicherheitsrat die Befugnisse gibt, die
schrfsten Instrumente fr den wirtschaftlichen
Druck auszuschpfen sowie militrische Eingriffe
durchzusetzen.41
36
37
38
33
34
35
107
39
40
41
108
COMUNICRI TIINIFICE
Laut Art. 39 UN-Charta muss der UN-Sicherheitsrat eine Bedrohung oder ein Bruch des Friedens feststellen. Nach dem Wortlaut des Art. 39
UN-Charta lst aber eine Friedensbedrohung oder
ein Friedensbruch noch keine Rechtsfolgen aus.
Daher heit es, dass der UN-Sicherheitsrat zunchst
eine friedensbedrohliche Lage feststellen muss und
erst danach eine Manahme nach Kapitel VII der
UN-Charta ergreifen kann.42
Fraglich ist jedoch, nach welchen Magaben
wird die Bedrohung oder der Bruch des Friedens i.
S. v. Art. 39 gemessen?
In der UN-Charta gibt es keine Kriterien, die
dies ermglichen wrden, da die Begriffe Friedensbedrohung und Friedensbruch unbestimmt
sind. In diesem Zusammenhang ist festzustellen,
dass solch eine Bestimmung einem breiten Interpretationsermessen des UN-Sicherheitsrats unterliegt, die aus seiner Entscheidungsfreiheit erfolgt,
in einer beliebigen Situation einzugreifen oder
nicht. Diese Freiheit ermglicht jedoch nicht, ber
die Ziele und Grundstze der UN-Charta i. S. v.
Art. 24 Abs. 2 UN-Charta hinauszugehen.43 Ferner,
kommt der UN-Sicherheitsrat zur Feststellung eines
Friedensbruchs oder einer Friedensbedrohung, so
sieht er sich verpflichtet, vom breiten Spektrum
der Zwangsmanahmen i. S. v. Art. 40 bis 42
UN-Charta Gebrauch zu machen.44
Daraus ergibt sich keine ausdrckliche Kompetenz fr den Erlass von zielgerichteten Individualsanktionen. Betrachtet man aber die Einzelnen als
Verursacher der Friedensgefhrdung, so ergibt sich
die dringende Notwendigkeit, dagegen zu handeln.
Diese Praxis lsst sich schon mit der Einrichtung
von Internationalen Straftribunalen fr das ehemalige Jugoslawien und Ruanda im Handlungsrahmen
der UN erkennen, sie geht aber von einer nachtrglichen Bestrafung von Personen aus.45 Von groer
Bedeutung ist demnach die Einordnung der terroristischen Akte der Einzelnen unter die Magaben des
Art. 39 UN-Charta.
Die Verknpfung von Terrorismus und Friedensbedrohung i. S. v. Art. 39 UN-Charta greift auf
die UN-Resolution 748 (1992) zurck, in der der
UN-Sicherheitsrat festgestellt hat, dass die Auslie-
48
42
43
44
45
Eckert, Eva, Die Rolle nichtstaatlicher Akteure in der Auslegung des Begriffs der Friedensbedrohung nach Kapitel VII
UN-Charta durch den Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen,
Berlin 2006, S. 30.
Nher dazu Eckert, Die Rolle nichtstaatlicher Akteure, S. 31 ff.
Meerpohl, Individualsanktionen, S. 88 ff.
Ohler, Christoph, Die Verhngung von smart sanctions
durch den UN-Sicherheitsrat eine Herausforderung fr das
Gemeinschaftsrecht, in: Europarecht-Zeitschrift (EuR) 2006,
S. 852 f.
49
50
51
52
Meerpohl, Individualsanktionen, S. 98 f.
Nher dazu Eckert, Die Rolle nichtstaatlicher Akteure, S. 143
ff.
a.a.O., S. 153.
S/RES/1368 (2001), Prambel der Resolution 1368 (2001)
des Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen zur Gefhrdung des Weltfriedens und der internationalen Sicherheit
durch Terroranschlge vom 12.09.2001, http://daccessdds.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/533/82/PDF/N0153382.
pdf?OpenElement, zuletzt abrufbar am 26.05.2010.
Eckert, Die Rolle nichtstaatlicher Akteure, S. 36 f.
Johnstone, in: The UN Security Council and the politics of
international authority, S. 81 ff.
a.a.O., S. 82.
53
a.a.O., S. 83 f.
109
57
110
COMUNICRI TIINIFICE
62
111
36 IGH-Statut zustndig.63
Darber hinaus sind mit dem UN-System gleichberechtigte Organe mit gut trennbaren Kompetenzbereichen eingerichtet, die wegen ihrer unterschiedlichen Herangehensweise nicht ersetzbar
sind, sodass eine gerichtliche Kontrolle eines rein
politischen Beschlusses durch den IGH nicht vorgesehen ist.64 Andernfalls wrde die Handlungsfhigkeit des UN-Sicherheitsrats gemindert. Vielmehr
sind die Beschlsse des UN-Sicherheitsrats nicht
angreifbar, da diese sich durch ihre Bindungswirkung den rechtskrftigen Urteilen eines internationalen Gerichts nhern.65 Daher fllt die berprfung
der Sanktionsmanahmen des UN-Sicherheitsrats,
die im Rahmen des UN-Individualsanktionsregimes
eingesetzt wurden, nicht in die Kompetenz des IGH.
Dagegen spricht auch die den Individuen
fehlende Parteifhigkeit, vor dem Gerichtshof
aufzutreten, da nach dem Wortlaut des Art. 34 Abs.
1 IGH-Statut nur die Staaten Parteien vor dem IGH
sein knnen. Damit sei eine Geltendmachung von
Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch den Heimatstaat der Betroffenen im Wege des diplomatischen
Schutzes vor dem Gerichtshof denkbar.
In dieser Hinsicht ist in der Literatur die
Frage nach einer inzidenten Rechtskontrolle der
UN-Sicherheitsratsresolutionen im Rahmen einer
zwischenstaatlichen Streitigkeit stark umstritten.
Nach einer Mindermeinung66 sei die Rechtmigkeitskontrolle der UN-Sicherheitsratsresolutionen im Rahmen einer Schadenersatzklage wegen
rechtswidriger smart sanctions vor dem IGH zu
prfen. In diesem Sinne sei die Klage gegen die im
Sanktionsausschuss vertretenen Staaten zu richten,
die angeblich gegen den rule of law verstoen
haben.
Demgegenber wurde in einem Teil der Literatur67 aufgefhrt, dass die Vermutung der Rechtmigkeit einer UN-Sicherheitsratsresolution
begrndet sei, insofern diese auf Grundlage der
mehrheitlichen Zustimmung der UN-Mitglieder im
Sicherheitsrat erlassen wurde. Auerdem kann das
Abstimmungsverhalten der Staaten im UN-Sanktionsausschuss vor dem Gerichtshof nicht infrage
gestellt werden, da die UN-Mitglieder ein freies und
63
64
65
66
67
Ohler, EuR 2006, S. 568 f; Payandeh, Mehrdad, Rechtskontrolle des UN-Sicherheitsrates durch staatliche und berstaatliche Gerichte, in: Zeitschrift fr auslndisches ffentliches
Recht und Vlkerrecht (ZaRV) 2006, S. 49; Wahl, Rechtsschutz, S. 123.
a.a.O., S. 126.
Stein, Torsten/ von Buttlar, Christian, Vlkerrecht, Kln 2005,
S. 349.
Ohler, EuR 2006, S. 569.
Stein/von Buttlar, Vlkerrecht, S. 350.
112
COMUNICRI TIINIFICE
III. Fazit
Das UN-Rechtsschutzsystem ermangelt eines
Gremiums, das fr die Rechtmigkeitskontrolle der
UN-Sicherheitsratsresolutionen und das Individualbeschwerdeverfahren gegen die durch smart sanctions verhngten Manahmen zustndig wre und
sperrt von Anfang an den Sanktionsadressaten alle
mglichen Rechtswege zu einem effektiven Rechtsschutz gegen die verhngte finanzielle UN-Sanktionen. Zwar ist eine Art Schutz geschaffen, gegen
die Listung durch das De-listing-Verfahren durch
das neu eingerichtete Bro der Ombudsperson
vor dem UN-Sanktionsausschuss vorzugehen, dies
bietet aber den Adressaten des Taliban-Sanktionsregimes keine Mglichkeit einer gerichtlichen
Geltendmachung der Grundrechte, nmlich der
Beteiligungs- und Anhrungsrechten, des Rechts
auf ein faires Verfahren sowie des Rechts auf einen
Rechtsbehelf.
Vielmehr sind keine Rechtsschutzmglichkeiten
gegen die Verhngung von finanziellen Individualsanktionen weder vor dem IGH noch vor dem
UN-Menschenrechtsrat vorgesehen, da der
Sicherheitsrat es nicht fr angebracht gehalten
hat, ein unabhngiges internationales Gericht zu
schaffen, das in rechtlicher wie in tatschlicher
Hinsicht ber Klagen gegen die Einzelfallentscheidungen des Sanktionsausschusses zu befinden
hat72. Demzufolge bietet das UN-Rechtssystem
keinen umfassenden und effektiven Rechtsschutzmechanismus, der eine Sicherstellung des international anerkannten grundrechtlichen Mindeststandards den durch intelligente Sanktionen betroffenen
Personen und Einrichtungen gewhren wrde.
Damit ist eine heftige Diskrepanz zwischen der
Wahrung der Weltsicherheit und der Achtung
von Menschenrechten i. S. v. Art. 1 UN-Charta
entstanden.
CopyrightEugenia GONCEAROVA, 2010.
72
113
1944
RSCOALA DIN VAROVIA IZBUCNIT N 1944 I EVALUAREA EI
n cadrul lucrrilor Conferinei de la Teheran cele trei mari puteri au adoptat o decizie comun ( au
ajuns la un numitor comun) privind frontiera sovieto-polonez. Guvernul polonez aflat n exil la Londra
nu recunotea linia Kurzon i insista ca oraele Lvov i Vilno s fie incluse n componena Poloniei, fapt
despre care Churchill a fost ntiinat de ctre premierul Mikolaicik la data de 20 ianuarie 1944. Acelai
guvern n exil, de asemenea, se opunea transmiterii Knigsbergului Uniunii Sovietice. Insistena respectiv confirma nu doar imposibilitatea normalizrii relaiilor dintre cele dou guverne, dar i faptul c
guvernul polonez n exil nu contientiza completamente care este conjunctura internaional creat la acel
moment. Mai mult dect att, membrii guvernului mizau pe tergiversarea rzboiului cu scopul de a slbi la
maximum potenialul Uniunii Sovietice i de a nu permite intrarea trupelor sovietice pe teritoriul Poloniei.
WARSAW REVOLT OF 1944 AND ITS EVALUATION
At the Tehran Conference the three great powers, in principle, have come to a common denominator in
the question of the Soviet-Polish border. As to the London government in exile it did not recognise Curzon
line and demanded in structure of the future Poland Lvov and Vilna what prime minister Mikolajchik has
declared to Churchill on January, 20th, 1944. Also the government in exile objected to transfer of Koenigsberg to the Soviet Union. These harassments testified not only to impossibility of normalisation of relations
between two governments, but also that the Polish government in London at all did not realise the reality
which has developed in the world. Moreover, these people argued for delaying the war in order to maximize
the weakening of the USSR and to prevent its army on the territory of Poland.
- 1.
,
**,
20 1944 .
*
**
, , .
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1944 .
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1- , .
2.
, ,
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,
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2. ,
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4.
-
.
25
1944 . ,
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.
,
5. ,
,
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-
,
.
2
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8
10
11
.
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,
12.
,
, . .
,
, .
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. , :
,
.
;
;
,
,
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:
,
,
,
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, ( . *)
,
. , ,
,
.
.
3-4 .
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, ,
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:
, ,
,
16.
.
.. -
** , ,
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,
. ,
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,
,
,
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,
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: , , ,
, .
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.
,
,
, .
40% (38 . ), .
2-3 .
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, ,
1 ,
.
26.
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,
27. ,
,
,
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, ,
, ,
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600
, ,
,
400 29. , : ,
, , ,
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, ,
,
,
.
... ,
,
,
.
?30
. -
, .
31. , -
29
30
31
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32.
,
. , ,
, -, ,
, , ,
,
, ,
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, ,
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:
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,
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, 1400 , 95 , 30 ,
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. 18 1944
.; 1-
.
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34
35
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. , 26 :
. . , ,
1 .
,
.
?
, , ,
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, ,
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: ,
,
,
, ,
.
.
,
.
,
39. , , .
- .
.. :
. ,
,
. ,
38
39
. ,
,
. , , , ,
, .
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. ., 1972; ..
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. , , ..
.. . // .. , .
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,
. . :
,
, []
.
, , -
, ,
. ,
,
41.
,
42, 43. 16 ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
40
41
42
43
.. . // . .
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. , . II, . 196.
,
, ,
. ,
,
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, :
. ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
.
,
,
,
45. ..,
. , -
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: ,
,
,
,
,
, .
,
44
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46
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, , . ,
. , ,
. ,
. ,
.
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,
.
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,
, ..
.
,
,
,
48. ,
,
. 10 ,
, ,
, ,
,
[15
] ,
. ,
49.
, ,
, ..
, , ,
1- . ,
.
,
50.
47
48
49
50
, . I,
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- , . VIII, . 195;
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. , . III, . 406.
Ibid., C. 406-407.
1-
: 21 .
. . ,
. ... 22
, ,
51.
. , ,
,
52.
51
52
... ,
,
, :
.
: ? . ...
.
...
.
,
. ,
...
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
. // militera.lib.ru/docs/da/terra_poland/index.html.
1-
, . 3 1944 .:
, . , , ,
- ,
,
.
.
,
( ).
.
,
, ...
, ,
. ,
, ,
29.9 30.9.44
. // Ibid.
.. , . 583.
.: .., .. . 1944 : . //
121
. 13 1
1944 . 4821 -,
1361
2435 .
.
156 , 505 ,
2667 , , 3,3 .
, 515 , 100
, ,
53.
53
, 1993, 3, . 17.
-
, . VIII, . 255.
:
. 15
1944 .: :
.
, , .
.
, 9- .
.
.
. 23 1944 .: ... . - .
. 26 1944 .: ... 26
.
. 7 1944 . (..
): ...
30 . .
28
13.9 , 180 .
, 1200 . //
militera.lib.ru/docs/da/terra_poland/index.html.
:
. 20
1944 .: 9-
46- (
), 19.9 , . 4-
;
.
39 19-
. 26 1944 .:
, . . ,
45-. 14 , -
122
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, .
54
, , .
,
:
.
. , ,
55.
- - :
. , . . ,
. ,
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
56.
2 -
57. , 54
55
56
57
. // Ibid.
Strzebosz T. Insurecia bieilor i fetelor din Varovia. //
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.. , .
463.
.:
1-
,
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, . IX, . 73.
-
..
( ). 3 1944 .:
, ,
2728
, ,
. , ,
, .
. 2- 1-
,
,
.
58.
: ,
, ,
, ,
59.
Copyright Sergiu NAZARIA, 2010.
58
59
, , ,
. // militera.lib.ru/
docs/da/terra_poland/index.html.
Ibid.
1-
,
. 3 1944 .: 29.9.44
1-
,
,
, ... 30.9.44 18.00 ,
,
. ,
, : ,
,
, ,
: . ,
.
,
. ( ,
)...
: 1.
.
2. ,
1-
. .
, ,
,
1- .
3. , 1- ,
30.9.44 ,
. // Ibid.
.. , . 584.
123
ORIGINILE I CARACTERUL CELUI DE-AL DOILEA RZBOI MONDIAL
REFLECTATE N MANUALELE POLONEZE DE ISTORIE
Polonia este o ar cu tradiii temeinice n privina instruirii n domeniul istoriei, unde se atrage o
atentie deosebit pregtirii istoricilor i dezvoltrii tiinei istorice. Evenimentele din timpul celui de-Al
Doilea Rzboi Mondial joac un rol central n formarea identitii naionale a polonezilor i sunt transmise prin intermediul diverselor posturi de televiziune de promovare a politicii culturale n memoria acelor
evenimente dramatice.
Vrsta elevilor din cadrul sistemului de nvmnt gimnazial i liceal faciliteaz procesul de manipulare a contiinei lor istorice i politice. Manualele de istorie, ca mijloc de utilizare a acestei politici,
creaz mituri nu doar despre evenimentele din perioada 1945-1991, dar promoveaz o politic extern
bazat pe prejudeci i influeneaz prioritile polonezilor la etapa actual, determinnd tipul comportamentului i atitutdinea lor fa de diferite popoare. Prin urmare, analiza manualelor pentru studiile
gimnaziale i liceale, care formeaz autocontiina istoric a polonezilor, n scopul elucidrii originilor i
a esenei confruntrii naionale n retrospectiv istoric, permite, n primul rnd, prognozarea orientrilor
axiologice ale noilor generaii, iar n al doilea rnd, poate contribui la aplanarea contradiciilor dintre
popoarele vecine.
POLISH HISTORY TEXTBOOKS ABOUT THE ORIGINS AND NATURE
OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Poland is a country with strong traditions of historical formation in which a lot of attention is given
to preparation of historians and development of a historical science. The significant role in formation of
national identity of Poles is traditionally taken away to Second World War events memory about which is
broadcast through various channels of a cultural policy.
Age of pupils in primary and secondary schools facilitates the manipulation of their historical and
political consciousness. History textbooks as means of a spent purposeful policy, form not only myths about
events of 1945-1991 years, but also foreign policy biases and priorities of modern Poles, define behavior
type in relation to some people. Hence, the analysis of the basic educational literature which forms historical consciousness of Poles, for the purpose of revealing of sources and essence of national confrontation
in historical terms, first, allows to predict the value orientation of new generations, and secondly, can assist
in alleviating the conflict between neighboring nations.
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RECENZIE
LA CARTEA ISTORIA FR MITURI. AL II-LEA RZBOI MONDIAL:
GENEZ, ACIUNE, REZULTATE, AUTOR: SERGIU NAZARIA
(F.E.-P. Tipogr. Centrala). 500 p. 4000 ex. ISBN 978-9975-78-859-5)
Nazaria examineaz personalitatea lui Stalin n dou ipostaze. Ca lider de partid al URSS, ale crui
mini erau pline de sngele milioanelor de oameni sovietici de diferite naionaliti. n calitatea sa de
conductor de stat, prin voia destinului ajuns la putere n URSS i n pofida acestui fapt, autorul i apr
obiectiv interesele n lupta cu politicienii i diplomaii occidentali cu experien, care l provocau pe Hitler
s porneasc rzboi mpotriva URSS.
Lucrarea recenzat a istoricului moldovean Sergiu Nazaria a aprut de sub tipar n zilele celebrrii
aniversrii a 65 ani de la victoria coaliiei antihitleriste n teatrul european al celui de-Al Doilea Rzboi
Mondial din perioada 1939-1945.
Autorul acestei volum este cunoscut n Republica Moldova i peste hotarele ei ca om de tiin i cunoscut figur public, ca un aprtor al identitii politice i etnice moldoveneti, adept al relaiilor moldoruse i al cooperrii multilaterale dintre dou state suverane Rusia i Moldova, precum i dintre popoarele
lor. Sergiu Nazaria a scris o serie de monografii, manuale i articole tiinifice despre problematica celui
de-Al Doilea Rzboi Mondial, ceea ce confirm faptul c tema studiului respectiv i este arhicunoscut.
Lucrarea recent aprut nu reprezint o compilare mecanic a tuturor materialelor sale publicate mai
devreme. Autorul atrage o atenie deosebit cauzelor care au declanat un nou rzboi mondial. Indicnd
autonomia originilor tensionrii relaiilor dintre marele state imperialiste, primele venind din Asia i
Europa, autorul aduce cititorul la ideea c la baza revanismului de origine nipon, italian sau german a
stat dorina arztoare a ideologilor si i liderilor politici s instaureze dominaia global i s cucereasc
teritoriile bogate n zcminte minerale. Pe lng aceasta, mai era o cauz care i determina pe revaniti i
pe intriganii din culise ai acestora s dezlnuie un nou rzboi mondial faptul c pe harta politic a lumii
exista Uniunea Sovietic.
Monografia este compus din trei pri: I. Premisele politice i pregtirea unei noi ciocniri mondiale; II.
Operaiunile militare n perioada celui de-Al Doilea Rzboi Mondial; III. Evoluia relaiilor internaionale
n perioada rzboiului. Prile enumerate includ 14 capitole, divizate n 54 paragrafe. Pe lng acest fapt,
lucrarea tiinific conine 500 pagini mpreun cu prefaa i introducerea, precum i seciunile plasate
la sfritul volumului bilanul rzboiului, ncheierea, postfaa, notele redactorului tiinific i aparatul
informativ al scrierii. O asemenea structur a lucrrii corespunde concepiei autorului i manierei sale de
abordare n vederea realizrii ei, adic, evitndu-se descrierea cronologic a evenimentelor, autorul i-a
expus poziia obiectiv i ntr-o manier dinamic, recurgnd uneori la stilul publicistic sau forma polemic.
Discursul su a fost prezentat n limitele eticii tiinifice cu politicienii i istoricii falsificatori, n pofida
faptului c ultimii nici nu merit a fi luai n seam.
128
RECENZII
REVIEW
REGARDING THE BOOK HISTORY WITHOUT MYTHS.
THE SECOND WORLD WAR: GENESIS, COURSE AND OUTCOME,
AUTHOR: SERGEY NAZARIA
(FE-P. Tipogr. Centrala). 500 p. 4000 ex. ISBN 978-9975-78-859-5.
Nazaria examines Stalin in two ways. As a party head of the USSR, whose hands on an elbow in blood
from innocent millions Soviet people of a various nationality. And as the statesman who by the
fate decree has appeared at the pinnacle of power in the Soviet Union and therefore he was objectively
defended his interests in fight with burnt politicians and diplomats of the West, pushing Hitler to war with
the USSR.
The reviewed book of known Moldavian historian Sergey Nazaria was published in days of celebrating
of 65 anniversary of the victory of the anti-Hitler coalition in the European theater of World War II, 19391945.
The author of the book is well known in the Republic of Moldova and abroad, as an active researcher and
public figure, defender of the Moldovan ethnic and political identity, supporter of the Russian-Moldovan
historical relations and contemporary multilateral cooperation between two sovereign states Russia and
Moldova and their people. S. Nazaria has written a number of monographs, textbooks and scientific articles
that testifies that the topic of this book was known to him in detail.
Nevertheless, just a published book is not a simple mechanical unification in one single binding the
material that was been written earlier. The author pays a great attention to the causes that led to a new
world war, pointing to the autonomy of the Asian and European origins of the deterioration of relations
between the leading imperialist states. The author brings the reader to believe that the basis of revenge,
whether Japanese, Italian or Germanic, was a strong desire of its spokesmen and leaders to achieve world
domination over people and to take the Earths natural resources. However, there was another reason that
had pushed the apparent revenge-seekers and their secret instigators to outbreak another world war; this
was the existence of the Soviet Union on the world political map.
The monography consists of three parts: I. Political preconditions and preparation of new world collision; II. Military operations during the Second World War; III. Evolution of international relations during
the war. In total they comprise 14 capters consisting of 54 paragraphs. Besides a 500-page scientific work,
book contains preface and introduction; as to outcome of the war, conclusions, afterword, note of the scientific editor of the book and the background unit, they are placed in the end of the book. Such a structure
of the book corresponds to authors plan and approach. And this is not an impartial chronicle of what was
but an expression of objective and active authors position, sometimes filed in the journalistic and polemic
form. Reproduced on the verge of observance of ethics of scientific discourse with those politicians and
historians-falsifiers who, possibly, do not deserve that.
.
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2010 (F.E.-P. Tipogr. Centrala). 500 p. 4000 ex. ISBN
978-9975-78-859-5.
,
, (-) , ,
.
, 1988-1990 . , 1992-1994 .
, 1994-1995
. , 1995-1997
. ,
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16 2010
, .
,
, , , , Moldova Unita ,
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Nazaria S.M History without myths. The Second World War: genesis, course and outcome / Sergei
Nazaria K, 2010 (FE-P. Tipogr. Centrala). 500 p. 4000 ex. ISBN 978-9975-78-859-5.
Scientific adviser Benyuk Valentin Anastasevich, candidate of historical sciences, doctor (habilitat)
of Political Sciences, professor, rector of the Moldavian State Institute of International Relations.
Consultant on international issues Burian Alexander D., in 1988-1990 Member of the international department of the CPSU Central Committee, in 1992-1994 Chairman of the Foreign Policy of the
Parliament of Moldova, in 1994-1995 Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Moldova, in
1995-1997 Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Republic of Moldova in Germany, Dr.
(habilitat) of Law, Full Professor, Consultant of the Institute of History, State and Law of the ASM.
Consultant on military matters Basalin Viatcheslav, a retired colonel, veteran of the Great Patriotic
War.
134
BIBLIOTECA SPECIALIZAT
Consultant on the history of Moldova Stepanyuk Viktor Yanukovych, candidate of historical physical sciences, Member of Moldovan Parliament.
The monograph was recommended for publication February 16, 2010 by interuniversity scientific
profile seminars on international law and international relations at the Institute of History, State and Law of
the Academy of Sciences of Moldova.
The book was published with the assistance of the Moscow City Government, Congress of Russian
Communities in the Republic of Moldova, Russian Embassy in Moldova, Jewish community in the Republic
of Moldova, Russian Foundation Recognition, Moldova Unita United Moldova Party, Scientific and
Cultural Community Friends of Russia in Moldova, Bashkan of Gagauzia.
This work is an attempt of historical and political analysis of political preconditions, course and results
of the Second World War. It is executed on extensive documentary, historiographical and politological
basis and is both a research and reference for students of international affairs, political scientists and historians, as well as for all those interested in issues of international relations as a whole and Second World
War history in particular.
.. : /
.. . .: , 2010. 192 . ISBN
978-5-93295-659-5.
.
- ,
,
.
Bobylev, G.V. Consular Law: textbook for high schools
/ G.V Bobylev. M.: Informyurlit, 2010. 192 pp. ISBN
978-5-93295-659-5.
The textbook Consular right is written taking into account
the new phenomena in modern international relations. The work
covers international legal documents, the legislation of the
Russian Federation and other states, and also the best researches
on a consular problematics.
VS . ?
vs . ? . . . .
: , -, 2010 . , 384 . ISBN978-5271-25038-5, 978-5-9648-0297-6. : 5000 .
. . . . . . . , ,
, ? i.
,
, . ,
.
Russia vs Europe. Confrontation or Union? Edited by S.A Karaganov and I. Yu. Jurgens
Publishers: Astrel, Rus-Olimp, 2010 Hardcover, 384 pages ISBN 978-5-271-25038-5, 978-5-9648-
135
. . . : + , 2010 .
, 320 .ISBN978-5-88373-153-8.: 800 .
, . . : .
.
, , .
,
,
.
,
, , ,
. , .
The political structure of the world. V. Afan Publisher:
Canon + ROOI Rehabilitation, 2010. Hardcover, 320 pp. ISBN 978-5-88373-153-8. Circulation:
800, Y. Sokolov Series: Sociology and Political Science.
The book presents an analysis of relations between Russia and the European Union at the turn of the
century. The authors aim to show Russia as an important actor in international relations, to evaluate its
national and geopolitical interests, to define its place in the world political structures.
The collection includes the articles of different years devoted to history and current problems of Russia
and Europe, and also to new structural changes of modern international relations.
Articles which have entered into the collection can be interesting to historians, political scientists and
sociologists, and also for the students studying corresponding disciplines.
136
BIBLIOTECA SPECIALIZAT
The book is interesting not only for scientists but for anyone interested in issues of contemporary international relations.
. . , . . .
: -, 2010 . ,
464 . ISBN978-5-478-01296-0. : 1000 .
,
, ,
, , - ,
, .
.
A multipolar world Bazhanov E. P., Bazhanov N. E.
Publisher: East-West, 2010 Hardcover, 464 pages ISBN
978-5-478-01296-0. Circulation: 1000 copies.
The book is a collection of papers on key problems of international relations and diplomacy, foreign policy and internal situation in Russia, the USA, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, the
South Caucasus.
It is recommended for a wide range of readers.
-45:
-45: .
. : .
: , 2010 . , 288 .
ISBN978-5-9533-4615-3. : 5000 .
,
.
. 1945
,
-.
.
:
, , , , .
,
.. , ,
.
137
Yalta-45: Inscription of the new world. Narochnitskaya Natalia. Series: Current History.
Publisher: Veche, 2010 Hardcover, 288 pages ISBN 978-5-9533-4615-3. Circulation: 5000 copies.
Pledged at Yalta and Potsdam, the decisions about the future of Europe and the world have created a
robust architecture built on the balance of influence of the leading world powers.
Crimean Conference allied anti-Hitler coalition took place against a background of triumphant success
of the Red Army and the impending victory. However in February, 1945 cracks which have split the cooperation base between the countries-winners were found out.
Today, every paragraph and almost every phrase in the negotiations Big Three is filled with new
meaning. It is enriched by drama experience of last decades: the collapse of the Yalta system, the Eastern
bloc, the structure of European security and, finally, the Soviet Union. And yet the history has not ended,
and therefore Russia is doomed to continue its historic role ...
The first full facsimile publication of the Yalta documents from Russia and photos from I.V.Stalinas
personal archive is supplied by comments, and also articles representing the Yalta conference from the
point of view of modern geopolitics.
138
NOUTI TIINIFICE
139
5) Adnotarea la fiecare articol necesit a fi prezentat n trei limbi: romn, rus i englez. Ea trebuie
s fie adresat unui auditoriu destul de larg i, n acelai timp, s reflecte esena studiului.
6) Sursele bibliografice utilizate trebuie indicate sub form de list comun la sfritul articolului. Lista
bibliografic se plaseaz n ordine alfabetic cu indicarea numelor primilor autori. Trimiterile la lucrrile
indicate n lista bibliografic se efectueaz i se cer n mod obligatoriu. Nu se permite indicarea trimiterilor
la lucrrile care nc nu au fost publicate. Sursele necesit a fi enumerate n mod consecvent, n conformitate cu utilizarea lor n text.
7) Manuscrisul trebuie s fie nsoit de 2 recenzii (n original), semnate de un doctor habilitat sau doctor
pentru autorii care nu au titlu tiinific, n caz contrar, articolul nu va fi publicat.
8) Redactarea manuscriselor se efectueaz n conformitate cu planul de editare. Dup procedura de
redactare, redactorul tehnic expediaz autorului manuscrisul pentru a introduce corectrile. n procesul
redactrii tehnice se elaboreaz macheta original al publicaiei/revistei. Varianta final a machetrii originale se verific i ajusteaz de autor.
9) Manuscrisele redactate cu nclcarea cerinelor despre publicare nu se accept, nu se recenzeaz i nu
se restituie autorilor.
10) Articolele se expediaz prin pot (nu prin pota rapid) pe adresa redaciei: str. 31 August 1989, nr.
82, mun. Chiinu, Republica Moldova, MD 2012 sau la urmtoarele adrese electronice: alexandruburian@
mail.md; alexandruburian@mail.ru; alexandruburian@yahoo.com; buriana@km.ru. Tema: pentru Domnul
profesor Alexandru Burian. Relaii la telefonul: + 373 22 23 44 17, Fax: + 373 22 23 44 17
140
NOUTI TIINIFICE
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mail.ru;alexandruburian@yahoo.com; buriana@km.ru. : . : (+37322) 23-44-17; Fax: (+37322) 23-44-17.
142
NOUTI TIINIFICE
143
4) Each article should include an abstract, introduction (reflecting the research problem, main scopes),
the basic part (methods and results of research, their discussion), and the conclusion (inferences).
5) The abstract to each article should be presented in three languages: Moldavian (Romanian), Russian
and English. It should be aimed at a wide range of readers and, at the same time, precisely reflect article
essence.
6) The References used in article, should be presented in general list at the end of the article. The
literature list is given in the alphabetic order on surnames of original authors. References to the mentioned
literature in the article are obligatory. References to the non-published works are not supposed. References
in the text should be numbered consecutively in the order they appear in the text.
7) The Manuscripts should be accompanied by two reviews (originals), reviewed by Doctor or the PhD
candidate of science for the authors who do not have scientific degree; otherwise, they will not be published.
8) Manuscripts editing is carried out according to the edition plan. After editing, the author receives the
manuscript for entering corrections from the literary editor. In the course of technical editing the edition
dummy is created. The author verifies the definitive variant of dummy.
9) The Manuscripts formatting with infringement of requirements, are not accepted for publication, are
not reviewed and are not sent back to authors.
10) Articles should be sent by post letter (not custom-made) to the address: MD-2012, Republic of
Moldova, Chisinau, nr. 82, 31 August 1989 str., or via e-mail: alexandruburian@mail.md;
alexandruburian@mail.ru, alexandruburian@yahoo.com; buriana@km.ru.
By including following letter subject: for Alexander Dmitrievich Burian.
Phone: (+37322) 23-44-17; Fax: (+37322) 23-44-17.
144
NOUTI TIINIFICE
145
. , , ,
.
. , , ,
, .
. , , . , ().
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146
NOUTI TIINIFICE
DATES OF AUTHORS
BEREGOI Natalia. Master of international relations, Institute of History, State and Law of the Academy
of Sciences of Moldova.
BURIAN Alexandru. Doctor of jurisprudence (International Law), Full professor, Leading Research
Fellow, Institute of History, State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova.
CUCOS Diana. Candidate of Juridical Sciences, Associate Professor, Institute of History, State and
Law of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova.
FRANGULEA Sandu. PhD student, Institute of History, State and Law, Academy of Sciences of
Moldova.
GONCEAROVA Eugenia. LL.M. European Integration, Technical University, Dresden (Germany).
GREC Ivan. Candidate of historical sciences, senior researcher, Institute of Cultural Patrimony of the
Academy of Sciences of Moldova., political scientist, analyst, portal ava.md..
HUTSANU Ioan. PhD student, Institute of History, State and Law, Academy of Sciences of Moldova.
KINDIBALYK Olyana. Master of international relations, PhD student, Junior Research Fellow, Institute of History, State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova.
NAZARIA Sergey. Doctor of Political Sciences, Assistant Professor, Moldavian Institute of International Relations.
PETROVSCAIA Oksana. Doctor of historical sciences, senior researcher, Russian Institute for Strategic Studies (RISI).
RUSU Octavian. Ph.D Student, University of Toulouse 1 Capitole; Institute of History, State and Law
of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova.
TARLEV Veronica. PhD student, Institute of History, State and Law, Academy of Sciences of Moldova.
TSARLUNGA Victoria. Candidate of Juridical Sciences, Institute of History, State and Law of the
Academy of Sciences of Moldova.
REVISTA MOLDOVENEASC
DE DREPT INTERNAIONAL I RELAII INTERNAIONALE
Publicaie periodic tiinifico-teoretic i informaional-practic fondat de Asociaia
de Drept Internaional din Republica Moldova
Asociai:
Institutul de Istorie, Stat i Drept al Academiei de tiine a Moldovei,
Universitatea de Studii Europene din Moldova,
Institutul de Stat de Relaii Internaionale din Moldova
i Asociaia pentru Politic Extern i Cooperare Internaional din Republica Moldova
nregistrat de ctre Camera nregistrrii de Stat de pe lng Ministerul Justiiei
al Republicii Moldova
Certificatul nr. MD 000039 din 04 august 2009
Acreditat n calitate de publicaie tiinific de profil la specialitile:
12.00.10 drept internaional public (profilul drept)
i 23.00.04 teoria i istoria relaiilor internaionale i dezvoltrii globale
(profilul tiine politice) prin Hotrrea CSDT al AM i CNAA din 30.04.2009
ISSN 1857-1999
Apare de 4 ori pe an
Nr. 2 (16), 2010
Indexul: PM 32028
Revista Moldoveneasc de Drept Internaional i Relaii Internaionale, 2010.