Chapter 1 Check Points

1.

What body function might a respiratory therapist strive to improve? What structures are involved? A respiratory therapist works to improve the gas exchange of CO2 for O2. The structures involved include: nasal passages, mouth, throat, (airway management), larynx, pharynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli, bronchial tubes and to some extent the heart. All structures are part of the respiratory process to some degree. Balancing the acid-base make up is also part of the respiratory therapist concern if the respiratory system is compromised.

2. Give your own example of how the structure of a part of the body is related to its function. Skull/Cranial Cavity holds the actual brain structure in place and protects the brain from injury and to some degree the cerebral spinal fluid. 3. Define the following terms:
a. Atoms-smallest unit of matter. Found at chemical level of structural hierarchy b.Molecule-2 or more atoms combined. Still in the chemical level of structural hierarchy c .Cell-Combination of molecules. Basic structural and functional level of an organism. This is the smallest LIVING units in the human body. d. Tissue-This is a group of cells and their surrounding materials that work as a group for a specific function. e. .Organ-Different tissues combined to form structures with specific functions. Some organs do belong to more than one system 4.

At what levels of organization would an exercise physiologist study the human body? (Hint: refer to table 1:1). An exercise physiologist is concerned with the changes to cell and organ

functions as a result of muscular activity. Their focus would be at cellular level.

5.

Referring to Table 1:2, which body systems help eliminate wastes? a.Integumentary-sweat glands b. Urinary-urine c. Respiratory-CO2 d. Digestive-solid wastes List the 6 most important life processes in the human body. A. metabolism (sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body) anabolism(building complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. Example:amino acids anabolize new proteins to build/repair muscles and bones) catabolism(break down of complex chemical substances into simpler components Example: digestion) B. Responsiveness-the bodys ability to detect and respond to changes. Can be internal or external changes. C. Movement-Includes literally everything from inner cells to whole body. Example: cilia moving substances over a cell surface to the muscles contracting and moving the body. Gallbladder squirting bile into GI tract to aid in fat digestion and white blood cells, plasma cells moving to an area where skin is compromised to aid in clotting and fighting off infections. D. Growth. Literally an increase in cell size or number. E. Differentiation development of a cell from a general nonspecific cell to a specialized state. Cells develop for a specific purpose, function or organ. F. Reproduction literally either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement or a completely new human from an embryo Describe the locations of intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and blood plasma. A. intracellular literally fluid within (inside) a cell B.Extracellular fluid fluid outside the body of a cell. Fills spaces between cells of tissues. C. Interstitial fluid- This is the ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells in tissue. D. Blood Plasma-

6.

7.

ECF located within the blood vessel walls.. ECF goes by more specific names depending on its location Examples: lymphatic vessels-lymph fluid, brain and spinal cordcerebrospinal fluid, joints-synovial fluid, eyes-aqueous fluid. 8. Why is interstitial fluid called the internal environment of the body? The interstitial fluid is inside the cells and regulates the composition of cellular makeup. The composition of ICF changes as substances move back & forth between it and blood plasma. Cells depend on this regulation to function properly. 9. What types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate feedback systems? Changes to body temperature, a drop in blood glucose, stressors, child birth, blood loss..feedback can negative: blood glucose drops, blood pressure changes Positive: child birth, blood loss
10.

How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they different? Both are responses to a change/disruption in the human body. Both systems are based on a controlled condition. Both feedback systems use a receptor, a control center, and effectors. POSITIVE: not frequent. Something outside the system must stop the process. Can be life-threatening if controlled condition is not returned to normal state. NEGATIVE: regulate conditions in the body that remain fairly stable over long periods of time.Negative feedback slows and stops as controlled conditions return to normal. What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease? Give examples of each. Symptoms are subjective changes in the body functions. They are not apparent. They cannot be measured, smelled, heard, felt, or seen to an observer. Signs are observed (swelling, redness, blood loss, bruising),smelled(odors), felt(lumps, hardness, warmth),

11.

measured(blood pressure, emesis, urine output, blood loss). EXAMPLES of Symptoms: pain, nausea, malaise, body aches, anxiety, fatigue, Signs: elevated blood pressure, temperature, swelling, bruising, contractures, odor, infection, drainage, paralysis Page 14 check point exhibit 1:1 Which terms can be used to specify the relationship between (1) the elbow and the shoulder,(2) the left and right shoulders, (3) the sternum and the humorous, and (4)the head and the diaphragm? (1) Elbow distal to shoulder (2) left and right shoulders are contra lateral (3) sternum and humorous-medial (4) head and diaphragm-superior. 12. Locate each region shown in figure 1:5 on your own body and then identify it by its common name and corresponding anatomical descriptive form.

Head-Cephalic
Occipital-Back of skull Skull-Cranial Face-Facial Neck-Cervical Forehead-Frontal Cheek-Buccal Mouth-Oral Chin-Mental

Temple-Temporal Eye-Orbital or Ocular

Trunk
Shoulder Blade-Scapular Breastbone-Sternum Breast-Mammary Stomach-Abdomen Naval-Umbilical Spinal Column-Vertebral Column Back-Dorsal Between hips-Sacral Lumbar-Loin Buttock-Gluteal

Hip-Coxal external genitals Groin-Inguinal/groin Pubic-Pubis

Perineal-area between anus and Pelvis-Pelvic

Extremities Arm-Brachial Front of elbow-Antecubital Forearm-Ante brachial Palm-Palmar/Volar Thumb-pollex Leg-crural Knee(back)-popliteal Foot-Pedal Toes-digital/phalangeal Great Toe-Hallux Heel-Calcaneal

Back of elbow-olecranal/cubital Wrist-Carpal Fingers-digital/phalangeal Back of hand-dorsum Knee(front)-patellar Thigh-Femoral Ankle-Tarsal Top of foot-dorsum Sole-Plantar

13. What structures separate the various body cavities from one another? Cranial bones separate cranial cavity, diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities. Serous membranes separate pleural and pericardial cavities. Serous membranes separate abdominopelvic cavities. 14. Locate the nine abdominopelvic regions and the four abdominopelvic quadrants on yourself and list some of the organs found in each. RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ A. Right hypochondriac region Most of liver

B. Epigastric Small part of stomach Gallbladder Diaphragm Part of liver C. Left hypochondriac region Spleen Stomach D. Right Lumbar Transverse colon E. Left Lumbar Small intestines Sigmoid colon F. Umbilical Stomach Appendix G. Right Iliac/Inguinal Large intestines H. Left Iliac/Inguinal Large intestines I. Hypogastric Urinary Bladder Uterus

Urethras Rectum

Chapter 2 checkpoint 1. List the names and chemical symbols of the 12 most abundant chemical elements in the human body.
a.

Oxygen O K

e. Nitrogen N f. Calcium Ca

i. Potassium j.Sulfur S

b. Carbon C Hydrogen H

g. Phosphorous P k.Sodium Na

c. Chlorine- Cl h. Iron- Fe

2. What are the atomic number, mass number and atomic mass of carbon? How are they related? Atomic number-6, Atomic mass-1.01, Mass Number 12 or 13. Mass number sum of atoms protons and neutrons. Atomic mass-elements average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes. Atomic mass of an element is (usually) close to the mass number of its most abundant isotope.

3. Define isotopes and free radicals. Isotopes are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and there have different mass numbers. Most isotopes are stable. Their nuclear structures do not change over time. Identical chemical properties. Same number of electrons. Free radicals are electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell. They are unstable, highly reactive, and destructive to nearby molecules. They become stable by either giving up their unpaired electron or taking on an electron from another molecule. In order to become stable, free radicals may break apart important body molecules. 4. Which electron shell is the valence shell of an atom, and what is its significance? The valance shell is the outermost shell of an electron and determines how likely an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom. An atom with a valance shell holding 8 electrons is chemically stable meaning it is unlikely to form a chemical bond. 5. Compare the properties of ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Ionic-Opposite charges. Compound breaks apart easily into positive and negative. Electrolyte Covalent-2 or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them. Larger # of shared electrons stronger covalent bond. Most common chemical bonds in the body. compounds from these bonds form most of the bodys structure. Hydrogen-H atom with a partial positive charge attracks a partial negative charge of a neighboring electronegative atom. Result from attraction of oppositely charged. Weak when

separated. Cannot bind atoms into molecules. Binds H2O molecules to give high surface tension. 6.What information is conveyed when you write the molecular or structural formula for a molecule? The number of elements and number of atoms of each element that make up a molecule. 7. What is the relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction? Total mass of the reactants equals total mass of the products. The number of atoms of each element is the same before and after the reaction. The atoms are rearranged. The reactants and products have different properties. Products are the ending substances of the chemical reaction. Reactants are the starting substances. 8. Compare potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy is the stored energy. Kinetic energy is energy in motion. 9. How do catalysts affect activation energy? Catalysts speed up the chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to happen. Does not alter the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products. Lowers the amount of energy needed to start the reaction. 10. How are anabolism and catabolism related to synthesis and decomposition reactions, respectively? Anabolism- synthesis reactions that occur in the body. Endergonic-absorb more energy than they release. Catabolism-decomposition. Split larger molecules into atoms, ions, smaller molecules. Exergonic- Release more energy than they absorb. 11. How do inorganic compounds differ from organic compounds? Inorganic compounds(usually) do not have carbon in them EX: water, salts, acids, and bases, Organic compounds always contain carbon and have covalent bonds. Usually contain hydrogen. Most have large molecules and many are

made up long chains of carbon atoms. Make up 38-43% of human body. 12. Describe two ways to express concentration of a solution. Mass per volume-relative mass of a solute found in given volume of solution. Moles per liter(mol/L) total number of molecules in a given volume of solution. 13. What functions does water perform in the body? Lubricating fluids throughout the body, mucus; medium for most of the bodys chemical reaction , absorbs heat energy, evaporates and cools body in the form of stone. 14. How do bicarbonate ions prevent buildup of excess H+? Strong acids and bases ionize easily and contribute many H+ or OH- to a solution. HCO3 can act as a weak base and remove excess H+. 15. How are carbohydrates classified? First they are sugars. The carbohydrates are classified into 3 major groups based on their sizes. Monosaccharides-simple sugars. 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Disaccharides- combine two monosaccharides by dehydrated synthesis. EX: Table Sugar. Polysaccharides-10s to 100s of monosaccharides joined thru dehydration synthesis reactions. Insoluble in water and do not taste sweet. EX: glycogen. Plant starches and cellular fall into the polysaccharide classification. 16. How are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions related? They are part of a chemical reaction during digestion. Hydrolysis allows nutrients to be absorbed into the body. Dehydration synthesis reaction 2 smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule. Water molecule is one of the products formed.