/u|il Z011 /u|il Z011

M
i
n
e
r
a
I
s
U
K
U
K
C
e
C
e
n
t
n
t
r
e
r
e
f
o
f
o
r

s
u
s
u
s
t
s
t
a
i
a
i
n
a
n
a
b
I
b
I
e

m
i
m
i
n
e
n
e
r
a
r
a
I

d
e
d
e
v
e
I
o
p
m
e
n
t
n
t
5H!QLVLRQU'"PLQHTDORJZ"DQG"
GHSRULVU"
5H!QLVLRQU"DQG"FKDTDFVHTLUVLFU
lic|iua ,l|} eJ tetelua ,Te} e|e t|esitic aetels wit|
.e|] siaile| u|]sicel eJ c|eaicel u|cue|ties, eJ e|e
t|us ccaacl] |cuueJ tcet|e| ,Te|le 1}. lic|iua wes
Jiscc.e|eJ i 1J01 |] C|e|les |etc|ett, eJ wes c|iiell]
eaeJ 'cclua|iua', it wes su|seuetl] elsc |ecc
iseJ |] e Ce|ae c|eaist, |ei|ic| Rcse, w|c eaeJ
it 'ic|iua'. T|e eaes we|e useJ ite|c|eee|l] c|
scae tiae, |ec|e 'ic|iua' wes ell] ecceuteJ i 19+9.
Tetelua wes Jiscc.e|eJ i 1J0Z |] e SweJis| scietist,
/Je|s E|e|e|.
lic|iua is e s|i], Juctile aetel wit| e w|ite lust|e. let
u|ell]cccu||i ic|iua ccsists elacst erclusi.el] c t|e
isctcue
93 93
l|, etu|el tetelua is aeil]
1J1
Te, wit| 0.01Z
ue| cet
1J0
Te. / ua|e| c ct|e| |eJicecti.e isctcues c
|ct| eleaets |e.e |ee s]t|esiseJ.
T|e c.e|ell e|uJeces c ic|iua eJ tetelua i t|e
e.e|ee cctietel c|ust e|e |eleti.el] lcw, ic|iua
|e.i e e|uJece c ei|t ue|ts ue| aillic ,uua} eJ
tetelua c 0./ uua ,RuJic| eJ Cec, Z00+}. Ccaue|eJ tc
ct|e| aetellic eleaets suc| es t|e li|t |e|e ee|t|s, ic
|iua eJ tetelua e|e |et|e| JeuleteJ i t|e cctietel
c|ust. T|is ce |e ett|i|uteJ tc t|e ect t|et auc| c t|e
cctietel c|ust wes c|aeJ et cc.e|et ae|is e|c.e
su|Juctic /ces, eJ t|et aeaes c|aeJ i t|is setti
e|e t]uicell] JeuleteJ i |ct| ic|iua eJ tetelua.
;LQHTDORJZ
lic|iua eJ tetelua Jc ct cccu| etu|ell] es |ee
aetels, |ut e|e essetiel ccaucets i e |ee c
aie|el suecies ,Te|le Z}. T|e aejc|it] c t|ese e|e criJe
aie|els, silicetes c ic|iua eJ tetelua Jc erist, |ut
e|e |eleti.el] |e|e. lic|iua eJ tetelua elsc su|stitute
c| aejc| ics i e ua|e| c ct|e| aie|els, i w|ic| t|e]
t]uicell] |e.e lcw cccet|etics. T|e .est aejc|it] c t|e
ecccaicell] iauc|tet suecies e|e criJes.
T|e cclua|itetetelite aie|el |cuu ,|iu|e 1} is t|e
acst ccaac |cuu c tetelua eJ ic|iua|ee|i
aie|els. wcJiite is elsc e iauc|tet scu|ce c
tetelua. T|e u]|cc|lc|e |cuu ,|iu|e Z} is c |eet
ecccaic iauc|tece, ue|ticule|l] c| ic|iua. T|is |cuu
|es e wiJe ccaucsiticel |ee, icluJi scae suecies
|ic| i |ct| ic|iua eJ tetelua. |]|cc|lc|e is t]uicell]
cuJ es e u|iae|] aie|el i el|elie iecus |cc|s.
liurc 1 0srl tc|curcc tstts|itc wit/ ps|c tc|curcc s|citc
1
.
1
laee te|e |] Rc| |e.is|]. |e|aissic tc use i.e |] e c|eeti.e ccaacs
licece ,eccesseJ Z5l03lZ011 et www.ccaacs.wi|iaeJie.c|}. /tt|i|utic. Rc|
|e.is|], iRcc|s.cca ,|ttu.llwww.i|cc|s.ccal} -CCBYS/3.0.
Tsc|c 1 3c|cttcc prcpcrtic: cf ticciuu stc tstts|uu.
uless ct|e|wise steteJ, ccu]|i|t c aete|iels
ccteieJ i t|is |euc|t e|e .esteJ i lERC.
BCS lERC Z011. /ll |i|ts |ese|.eJ.
<LRELWP"$<E% ADQVDOWP"$AD%
/tcaic ua|e| +1 +1 /3 /3
/tcaic wei|t 9Z.90o3J 1J0.9+/9
0esit] et Z93 K
,lca
3
}
J.5J1 1o.o//
Melti ucit C Z+oJ Z99o
Bcili ucit C +930 5+Z5
Vic|e|s |e|Jess
M|e
13Z0 J/3
Elect|icel
|esisti.it] ,ec
c|aaet|es}
15Z et 0C 131 et Z0C
C|]stel st|uctu|e BcJ] cet|eJ
cu|ic
BcJ] cet|eJ
cu|ic
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
% www.Mie|elsuK.cca
liurc 2 yrct/|crc. 3curtc. Fcc lsvit:ly (iFctl:.tcu)
2
.
0t|e|, less ccaac criJes c ic|iua eJ tetelua
icluJe teuiclite, iriclite, eJ aie|els c t|e ue|c.s|ite
|cuu. lic|iua eJ tetelua elsc su|stitute c| aejc|
ics i scae ccaac criJe |cuus suc| es cessite|ite,
|utile, eJ ilaeite. Cctets c ic|iua eJ tetelua i
t|ese aie|els e|e |e|el] |i| ecu| tc ae|e t|ea c
ecccaic ite|est. Siaile|l], ic|iua eJ tetelua cccu|
es su|stitutes i e |ee c silicete aie|els, t]uicell]
t|cse cuJ i el|elie iecus |cc|s suc| es euJiel]te
,le
+
,Ce,Ce}
Z
,|e
--
,M,Y}Z|Si
J
0
ZZ
,0|,Cl}
Z
}.
Z
laee te|e |] Rc| |e.is|]. |e|aissic tc use i.e |] e c|eeti.e ccaacs
licece ,eccesseJ Z5l03lZ011 et www.ccaacs.wi|iaeJie.c|}. /tt|i|utic. Rc|
|e.is|], iRcc|s.cca ,|ttu.llwww.i|cc|s.ccal} - CCBYS/3.0.
5HSRULVU
lic|iua eJ tetelua aie|el Jeucsits e|e acst cca
acl] essccieteJ wit| iecus |cc|s
3
, icluJi |eites,
ueaetites
+
, s]eites
5
eJ ce||cetites
o
. Scae seccJe|]
Jeucsits, w|e|e ic|iua eJ tetelua|ee|i aie|els
|e.e |ee cccet|eteJ |] weet|e|i eJ seJiaete|]
u|ccesses, e|e elsc |cw ,see Te|le 3 eJ |iu|e 3 et t|e
eJ c t|is sectic}. l ee|el, t|ese seccJe|] Jeucsits
cccu| i |eleti.el] clcse essccietic wit| t|ei| u|iae|]
scu|ces, eJ sc t|e] e|e ct ccsiJe|eJ seue|etel] i t|e
Jesc|iutics |elcw.
||iae|] lic|iua eJ Tetelua Jeucsits ce |e Ji.iJeJ
itc t||ee aei t]ues, c t|e |esis c t|e iecus |cc|s
wit| w|ic| t|e] e|e essccieteJ ,Kuste|, Z009}.
1. Ce||cetites eJ essccieteJ |cc|s
Z. /l|elie tc ue|el|elie |eites eJ s]eites
3. C|eites eJ ueaetites c t|e |CT eail] ,e|ic|eJ
i lit|iua ,|i}, ceesiua ,Cs}, tetelua} ,C
`
e| eJ E|cit,
Z005}.
McJe|etel] |i| cctets c ic|iua eJ tetelua ae] |e
cuJ i scae |eites eJ ueaetites t|et Jc ct ell itc
t|e cetec|ies i.e e|c.e, |ut ecccaic ereaules e|e
ct |cw.
3
lecus |cc|s. |cc|s wit| e c|]stellie tertu|e t|et c|]stelliseJ |ca aclte
|cc| ,aeae}.
+
|eaetites. .e|] cce|se|eieJ iecus |cc|s.
5
S]eites. cce|se|eieJ iecus |cc|s t|et e|e ccaucseJ le|el] c t|e
uctessiua eJlc| scJiua|ic| aie|el el|eli elJsue|.
o
Ce||cetites. iecus |cc|s ccsisti c ac|e t|e 50 ue| cet u|iae|]
ce||cete aie|els.
;LQHTDO"QDPH ;LQHTDO"JTRWS 7RTPWOD <E
,
=
/
"$#% AD
,
=
/
"$#%
Cclua|ite Cclua|itetetelite ,|e,M},l|,Te}
Z
0
o
/J./Z .e.
Tetelite Cclua|itetetelite ,|e,M},Te,l|}
Z
0
o
.e. Jo.1/
|]|cc|lc|e |]|cc|lc|e ,le,Ce}
Z
l|
Z
0
o
,0,0|,|} /5.1Z .e.
Mic|clite |]|cc|lc|e ,le,Ce}
Z
Te
Z
0
o
,0,0|,|} .e. J3.53
Teuiclite Teuiclite ,|e,M} ,Te,l|}
Z
0
o
1.33 J3.9o
lriclite lriclite ,Te,l|,S,M,|e}
+
0
J
J.30 oJ.9o
wcJiite wcJiite ,Te,l|,S,M,|e}0
Z
J.3/ o9.5J
|cue|ite |e|c.s|ite ,Ce,|e,le,Ce,S|},Ti,l|}0
3
1o.15 .e.
|ues|ite |e|c.s|ite lel|0
3
J1.09 .e.
Eureite Eureite ,Y, Ce, Ce, u, T|},l|, Ti, Te}
Z
0
o
+/.+3 ZZ.53
St|u.e|ite Rutile ,Ti,Te,|e}0
Z
11.3Z 3/.o5
llaec|utile Rutile |e
r
,l|,Te}
Zr
+Ti
1r
0
Z
Z/.9 .e.
Tsc|c 2 3c|cttcc ticciuu stc tstts|uu uitcrs|: stc itcitstivc tcttctt: cf |c
2
0

stc Ts
2
0

.
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
& www.Mie|elsuK.cca
)2C3A@2E;E6D"2@5"2DDA4;2E65"CA4=D
Ce||cetites e|e iecus |cc|s t|et ccsist c ac|e t|e
50 ue| cet u|iae|] ce||cete aie|els. T|e] e|e elacst
erclusi.el] cuJ i e|ees c cctietel ertesic eJ
|iti
/
, eJ t|ei| scu|ce aeaes e|e t|cu|t tc |e Je|i.eJ
Ji|ectl] |ca t|e aetle wit| .e|] little c|ustel iuece.
Ce||cetites e|e acst ccaacl] cuJ es J]|es, sills eJ
saell ulus ,less t|e ce |ilcaet|e i Jieaete|}, ac|e
|e|el] cccu||i es le|e ulutcs c| es ert|usi.e
J
.clceic
seueces. T|e] |e|el] cccu| i iscletic, |ei ac|e
ccaacl] essccieteJ wit| el|elie
9
silicete |cc|s, eit|e|
eu|elie s]eite eJ ct|e| elJsuet|ciJ|ee|i
10
iecus
|cc|s, c| aec
11
tc ult|eaec
1Z
el|elie |cc|s ,wcclle]
eJ Kje|see|J, Z00J}. Me] ce||cetite |cJies e|e su|
|cuJeJ |] e aetescaetiseJ
13
c| 'eitiseJ' /ce, t]uicell]
|ic| i scJiua ,le} eJlc| uctessiua ,K}, c|aeJ t||cu|
elte|etic c t|e ccut|] |cc|s |] uiJs Je|i.eJ |ca t|e
ce||cetite. Scae ce||cetite |cJies e|e ccsiJe|eJ tc |e
ce||c|]J|ct|e|ael
1+
- c|aeJ |ca ce||c JicriJe|ic|
eJ wete||ic| uiJs |et|e| t|e aeaes.
Ce||cetites e|e t]uicell] e|ic|eJ i e |ee c eleaets,
icluJi t|e |e|e ee|t| eleaets ,REE}, |e|iua ,Be},
st|ctiua ,S|}, uc|ie ,|}, u|csu|c|us ,|}, ic|iua ,l|},
/i|cciua ,Z|}, u|eiua ,u} eJ t|c|iua ,T|}. lic|iua is
u|ee|etiell] e|ic|eJ c.e| tetelua i ce||c JicriJe
|ic| aelts, eJ sc ce||cetites Jc ct ee|ell] |e.e
|i| tetelua cctets ,Mlle|, 19J9}. Ccaac ic|iua
|ee|i aie|els cuJ i ce||cetites icluJe aea|e|s c
t|e ue|c.s|ite eJ u]|cc|lc|e aie|el |cuus, es well es
ic|iua|ic| silicetes suc| es titeite ,Mitc|ell, Z005}.
l ee|el, |ul| |cc| ic|iua cctets c| ce||cetite
|cJies e|e acJe|etel] |i| ,ccaacl] 0.01-0.1 ue| cet,
|e|el] uu tc 1.0 ue| cet}, |ut ct c|e|eJe. |cwe.e|,
aeaetic Jie|etietic
15
u|ccesses suc| es c|]stel set
tli ae] cccet|ete ic|iua|ee|i aie|els suc| es
u]|cc|lc|e. weet|e|i u|ccesses
1o
ae] elsc cccet|ete
/
Cctietel |iti. t|e |eJuel ||ee|uu c e cctiet uJe| ertesic, es is
cccu||i et t|e u|eset Je] i Eest /|ice.
J
Ert|usi.e. ert|usi.e .clceic |cc|s e|e c|aeJ |] e|uutic c aeae c tc t|e
Ee|t|'s su|ece.
9
/l|elie |cc|s. iecus |cc|s t|et e|e |ic| i scJiua eJ uctessiua, eJ
cctei ce|tei c|e|ecte|istic aie|els.
10
|elJsuet|ciJs. e |cuu c li|tcclcu|eJ aie|els t|et |e.e |eleti.el] lcw
silice cctets.
11
Mec |cc|. e |cc| ccteii e|uJet Je||cclcu|eJ aie|els t|et e|e |ic| i
aeesiua eJlc| i|c.
1Z
ult|eaec. e |cc| elacst eti|el] aeJe uu c Je||cclcu|eJ aie|els t|et e|e
|ic| i aeesiua eJlc| i|c.
13
MetescaetiseJ. |e.i uJe|ce aetescaetisa, c|eaicel elte|etic c e
|cc| |] t|e ectic c uiJs.
1+
Ce||c|]J|ct|e|ael. c|aeJ |ca |ct ce||c JicriJe|ic| eJ wete||ic| uiJs.
15
Meaetic Jie|etietic. u|ccesses |] w|ic| ce|tei eleaets c| aie|els
e|e cccet|eteJ eit|e| i t|e c|]stellie |cc| c| i t|e |esiJuel aclte aeae.
1o
weet|e|i u|ccesses. u|ccesses |] w|ic| |cc|s e|e elte|eJ et t|e ee|t|'s
su|ece.
t|ese aie|els i t|e s|ellcw su|su|ece. |etestee .eis
eJ e|ees c aetescaetisa, c|aeJ t||cu| ce||c|]J|c
t|e|ael ecti.it], e|e e t|i|J uctetiel scu|ce c ic|iua
aie|elisetic.
Muc| c t|e wc|lJ's ic|iua suuul] ccaes |ca B|e
/il, w|e|e t|e aei ic|iua Jeucsits cccu| i el|elie
ult|eaecce||cetite ccauleres c t|e |ete C|etececus
1/

/ltc |e|eei|e iecus u|c.ice, it|uJeJ itc lecu|cte|c
/cic
1J
aeteseJiaete|] |cc|s. T|e le|est cu||etl] wc||eJ
ic|iua Jeucsit is et /|ere, eJ is cweJ eJ erulciteJ
|] t|e Ccaue|ie B|esilei|e Je Metelu|ie e Mie|eec
,CBMM}. / seccJ aejc| ic|iua aie, et Cetelec, is
cue|eteJ |] /lc /ae|ice. T|ese Jeucsits e|e |csteJ
i |et|e| uusuel it|usics ccsisti c ce||cetite eJ
u|cscc|ite
19
se|ies |cc|s wit| c essccieteJ s]eites. l
|ct| Jeucsits, u]|cc|lc|e is t|e aei ic|iua c|e aie|el.
T|e /|ere Jeucsit lies wit|i t|e Be||ei|c Ce||cetite
Ccauler, e |cu|l] ci|cule| it|usic euu|criaetel] +.5 |il
caet|e i Jieaete| ,les|ecui eJ wee|e|c||, Z001},
JcaieteJ |] Jclcaite ce||cetite wit| su|c|Jiete cel
cite ce||cetite, liaae|ite
Z0
eJ u|cscc|ite. T|e cet|el
ue|t c t|e it|usic |es |ee weet|e|eJ uJe| t|cuicel
ccJitics tc c|a e t|ic| ,Z00 aet|es}, lete|itic
Z1
cc.e| i
w|ic| u]|cc|lc|e |es |eccae cccet|eteJ et e |euc|teJ
aee |eJe c Z.5 ue| cet ic|iua criJe, eJ w|ic| is
erulciteJ |] cueuit aii. T|e ccut|] |cc|s tc t|e
ce||cetite |e.e |ee aetescaetiseJ i e eu|ecle
ZZ
uu
tc Z.5 |ilcaet|e wiJe ,les|ecui eJ wee|e|c||, Z001}.
T|e aei wc||eJ Jeucsit et Cetelec is i t|e Cetelec l
el|eliece||cetite ccauler, |ut e siaile| Jeucsit cccu|s
i t|e ee||] Cetelec ll ccauler. Cetelec l is e steeusiJ
eJ, /ceJ it|usi.e |cJ] wit| e Jieaete| c euu|criaetel]
sir |ilcaet|es et t|e su|ece. lt is JcaieteJ |] liaae|ite
,u|lccuitite} et t|e ae|is c t|e ccauler, wit| s|eets
eJ ulus c Jclcaitece||cetite eJ u|cscc|itese|ies
|cc|s t|et |eccae ic|eesil] ccaac tcwe|Js t|e ce
t|e c t|e ccauler ,Cc|Jei|c ct s|., Z010}. /s et /|ere, t|e
aieJ Jeucsit is i t|e weet|e|eJ lete|itic /ce e|c.e t|e
cet|e c t|e ccauler.
T|e le|est ecti.e ic|iua aie cutsiJe B|e/il is t|e
lic|ec aie i 0ue|ec, CeeJe, cue|eteJ |] t|e leaclJ
1/
|ete C|etececus. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee 99 tc o5 aillic ]ee|s ec.
1J
lecu|cte|c/cic. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee 1000 tc 5+Z aillic ]ee|s
ec.
19
||cscc|ite. / aeetite, cli.ie, euetite |cc|, usuell] essccieteJ wit|
ce||cetites.
Z0
Cliaae|ite. / ult|eaec |cc| ccsisti elacst eti|el] c aice, eit|e|
|ictite c| u|lccuite. Ce elsc |e celleJ |ictitite c| u|lccuitite es euu|cu|iete.
Z1
|ete|itic. |eleti tc lete|ite, e |esiJuel Jeucsit |ic| i i|c eJ eluaiiua
|esulti |ca weet|e|i uJe| t|cuicel ccJitics.
ZZ
/u|ecle. e e|ee e|cuJ e |cJ] c iecus |cc| i w|ic| t|e |cst |cc|s |e.e
|ee elte|eJ |] t|e eects c ic|eeseJ teaue|etu|e, u|essu|e c| uiJ cw.
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
' www.Mie|elsuK.cca
Cc|uc|etic. T|is aie lies i t|e scut|e| ue|t c t|e
lecu|cte|c/cicee Seit|cc|e ce||cetite ccauler,
w|ic| |es e elliuticel s|eue eJ is euu|criaetel] cu|
|ilcaet|es ec|css et t|e su|ece. lt ccsists c e se|ies
c c|escetic leses c ce||cetite, ]cui iwe|Js
|ca celcite ce||cetite t||cu| Jclcaite ce||cetite tc
e||cce||cetite ,Bel/ile, Z009}. T|e ce||cetite |cJ] is
su||cuJeJ |] e |i c s]eites eJ Jic|ites, eJ is elacst
eti|el] cc.e|eJ |] |eleec/cic
Z3
liaestces. |]|cc|lc|e
is t|e aei ic|iua aie|el i t|e Seit|cc|e cca
uler. lt is JisseaieteJ t||cu|cut t|e ce||cetite, |ut
is ue|ticule|l] e|uJet i aie|eliseJ leses t|et e|e
50-150 aet|es wiJe eJ uu tc euu|criaetel] /50 aet|es
lc, wit| |eJes c 0.++-0.51 ue| cet ic|iua criJe
,Bel/ile, Z009}. T|ese aie|eliseJ /ces cccu| et Jeut|s c
c.e| 100 aet|es |eeet| t|e su|ece, eJ t|e lic|ec aie
is t|e cl] uJe||cuJ ic|iua aie i t|e wc|lJ. 0 t|e
seae st|uctu|el lieeaet, t|e ee||] C|e.ie| s]eite
ce||cetite ccauler ccteis e ic|iuatetelua Jeucsit
w|ic| is cu||etl] |ei e.elueteJ.
luae|cus ct|e| ce||cetite|csteJ ic|iua Jeucsits
e|e |cw ec|css t|e wc|lJ, |ut e|e ct cu||etl] |ei
erulciteJ. T|e acst siicet c t|ese e|e t|e Tcatc|
Jeucsit i Si|e|ie, Russie eJ t|e Mc||c Jcs Seis |ecs
Jeucsit i B|e/il ,|clle|J, 1995}. T|e lecu|cte|c/cic
ee Tcatc| el|elie ccauler ccau|ises e cute| |i c
eu|elies]eites, wit| e cet|el stcc|
Z+
c ce||cetite,
|e.i e su|ece e|ee c euu|criaetel] 1Z sue|e |ilcae
t|es ,K|e.c|e|c eJ |c||c.s|], 1995}. |]|cc|lc|e is Jis
seaieteJ t||cu|cut t|e ce||cetite, |ut is ue|ticule|l]
cccet|eteJ i twc c|e |c|i/cs. T|e lcwe| c|e |c|i/c,
w|ic| is uu tc 300 aet|es t|ic|, |eu|esets t|e weet|
e|eJ eJ elte|eJ tcu tc t|e ce||cetite |cJ], w|ilst t|e
uuue| c|e |c|i/c is e |u|ieJ ulece| Jeucsit
Z5
c|aeJ i e
eciet le|e, essccieteJ wit| |e|aie
Zo
seJiaete|] |cc|s.
T|e uuue| c|e |c|i/c ccteis ac|e t|e 1Z ue| cet
ic|iua ,K|e.c|e|c eJ |c||c.s|], 1995}. T|e Mc||c Jcs
Seis |ecs Jeucsit is ucc|l] |cw, tc t|e ertet t|et e.e
its ee is uce|tei ,Be|e| ct s|., Z009}, |ut it is t|cu|t tc
|eu|eset t|e le|est sile ic|iua Jeucsit i t|e wc|lJ
wit| ZJ9/ aillic tces ic|iua ,|clle|J, 1995}.
/ tctel c 5J ce||cetite |cJies ccteii ic|iua eJ
|e|e ee|t| eleaet aie|el Jeucsits |e.e |ee |ecc|JeJ i
uu|lis|eJ wc|| ,Be|e| ct s|., Z009} eJ ct|e| suc| Jeucs
its ae] |eaei tc |e cuJ. T|e saelle| Jeucsits icluJe
Z3
|eleec/cic. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee 5+Z eJ Z51 aillic ]ee|s ec.
Z+
Stcc|. e saell |cJ] c iecus |cc|, eauleceJ |eeet| t|e Ee|t|'s su|ece,
usuell] c]liJ|icel wit| steeu ae|is.
Z5
|lece| Jeucsit. e cccet|etic c |ee.] aie|els t|esuc|teJ eJ JeucsiteJ
|] |i.e|s eJlc| ccestel u|ccesses.
Zo
|e|aie. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee Z99 eJ Z51 aillic ]ee|s ec.
wellstuJieJ ereaules |ca |ues|e ,0eacc|etic Reuu|lic
c Ccc}, 0|e ,0ue|ec, CeeJe}, eJ S|li ,|ileJ}. T|e
|ues|e s]eitece||cetite ccauler, w|ic| is Cea||ie
Z/

i ee, |es e cet|el cc|e c s]eite scae J00 aet|es i Ji
eaete|, |c|Je|eJ |] e |i J]|e c celcite ce||cetite eJ
Jclcaite ce||cetite ,les|ecui eJ Bilel, Z000}. ltese
weet|e|i c t|e ce||cetites |es c|aeJ e lete|ite |c|i
/c w|ic| is e|ic|eJ i u]|cc|lc|e, eJ |es |ee aieJ
c| ic|iua. T|e C|etececus
ZJ
0|e ce||cetite ccauler is
e elcete ulutc, e|cut se.e |ilcaet|es lc, ccau|is
i ce||cetites eJ elJsuet|ciJ|ee|i silicete |cc|s.
lt icluJes t||ee seue|ete ic|iuaaie|eliseJ Jeucsits
ccteii aie|els c t|e ue|c.s|ite eJ u]|cc|lc|e
|cuus ,Zu|e.is|i eJ Mitc|ell, Z00+}. T|e S|li ce||c
etiteu|cscc|ite ccauler is 0e.cie
Z9
i ee, wit| e e|ee
c e|cut Z0 sue|e |ilcaet|es, eJ ccau|ises aetescae
tiseJ ult|eaec |cc|s, ce||cetites eJ u|cscc|ites, wit|
e|uJet u]|cc|lc|e i t|e ]cue| uits c t|e ccauler
,|ee ct s|., Z00o}. T|e aejc| Be]e 0|c |e|e ee|t| eleaet
Jeucsit i C|ie, w|ic| is elsc e|ic|eJ i ic|iua, is es
sccieteJ wit| ce||cetite aeaetisa eJ ae] |e.e |ee
c|aeJ |] t|e ite|ectic c ce||cetiteJe|i.eJ uiJs eJ
seJiaete|] |cst |cc|s ,Ye ct s|., Z009}.
'>=2>;@6"EA"B6C2>=2>;@6"8C2@;E6D"2@5"DI6@;E6D
T|e el|elie iecus |cc|s e|e clessieJ, c t|e |esis c
aie|elc], es t|cse |cc|s ccteii ce|tei scJiua c|
uctessiua|ic| aie|els ,elJsuet|ciJs, el|eli eau|i
|cles, c| el|eli u]|crees}. |e|el|elie |cc|s e|e e su|set
i w|ic| t|e aclecule| eacut c le
Z
0 - K
Z
0 erceeJs
/l
Z
0
3
30
. /l|elie |cc|s e|e acst ccaacl] cuJ i it|e
ulete settis suc| es /ces c cctietel |iti, |ut t|e]
ae] elsc |e c|aeJ i ucstccllisicel
31
tc ucstc|ceic
3Z

e.i|caets. T|e acst e.cl.eJ el|elie iecus |cc|s,
suc| es el|eli |eites eJ s]eites, e|e c|e|ecte|iseJ
|] |i| cctets c i|c ,|e}, uc|ie, ic|iua, /i|cciua,
|u|iJiua ,R|}, u|eiua, t|c|iua eJ |e|e ee|t| eleaets
|ut lcw ic|iua eJ tetelua ,|clle|J, 19J9, Kuste|, Z009}.
Mie|el Jeucsits i el|elie iecus |cc|s t]uicell] cctei
|i| cctets c /i|cciua, ]tt|iua ,Y}, ic|iua eJ t|e
|e|e ee|t| eleaets, |ut e|e less ccaacl] e|ic|eJ i
tetelua.
Se.e|el ectc|s cct|i|ute tc t|e e|ic|aet c |i| |ielJ
St|et| Eleaets
33
,||SE}, suc| es ic|iua eJ /i|cc
Z/
Cea||ie. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee 5+Z eJ +JJ aillic ]ee|s ec.
ZJ
C|etececus. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee 1+5 eJ o5 aillic ]ee|s ec.
Z9
0e.cie. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee +1o eJ 359 aillic ]ee|s ec.
30
le
(
0, K
(
0 eJ /l
(
0
)
. scJiua criJe, uctessiua criJe eJ eluaiiua criJe.
31
|cstccllisicel. ucstJeti t|e uee| c cctietel ccllisic.
3Z
|cstc|ceic. ucstJeti ell tectcic u|ccesses essccieteJ wit| e cctie
tel ccllisic e.et ,c|ce]}.
33
|i| elJ st|et| eleaets. Eleaets c |i| .elec] ,e|le tc cca|ie wit|
ae] ct|e| eleaets tc c|a ccaucuJs} t|et e|e iccaueti|le ,see cctcte 3+}.
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
( www.Mie|elsuK.cca
iua, i el|elie iecus |cc|s suc| es el|elie |eites
eJ s]eites. /l|elie aeaes e|e acst ccaacl]
ccsiJe|eJ tc |e Je|i.eJ |ca t|e e|ic|eJ su|cctietel
lit|csu|e|ic
3+
aetle, eJ e|e e|ic|eJ i t|e ||SE |ca
t|ei| c|aetic. T|e ||SE e|e iccaueti|le
35
eJ t|us
t|e] |eccae e|ic|eJ i t|e acst e.cl.eJ, |eitic eJ
s]eitic aeaes, i scae lccelities, c|e aie|els e|e
cuJ JisseaieteJ t||cu|cut |i|l] e.cl.eJ |eites
eJ s]eites. |u|t|e| cccet|etic ce cccu| |eceuse t|e
||SE t]uicell] c|a |eleti.el] Jese aie|els, w|ic| ae]
|e eccuauleteJ t||cu| c|]stel settli itc le]e|s. T|e
acst eacus ereaule c e ic|iua Jeucsit c|aeJ i t|is
we] is i t|e lliaeusse Ccauler c scut|west C|ee
leJ. |cwe.e|, ae] aie|eliseJ Jeucsits wit|i el|elie
|cc|s, suc| es t|e Mct/elJt Jeucsit i C|eeleJ, |e.e
uJe|ce u|t|e| cccet|etic c eleaets suc| es t|e
||SE eJ REE t||cu| |]J|ct|e|ael
3o
u|ccesses ,Sel.i eJ
willieasJces, Z005}. T|e ||SE eJ REE euuee| tc |e
|i|l] ac|ile i uiJs essccieteJ wit| ue|el|elie aeaes
t|et e|e e|ic|eJ i uc|ie, c|lc|ie ,Cl} eJlc| ce||c
JicriJe ,CccJecu| ct s|., Z000, Sel.i eJ willieas
Jces, Z005}.
/t t|e tiae c w|iti, t|e|e e|e ew ic|iua c| tetelua
aies cue|eti i el|elie |eite eJ s]eite ccauleres,
elt|cu| erulc|etic is uJe| we] i scae e|ees. 0e
aejc| e|ee c ite|est lies i t|e Mescu|cte|c/cic
3/
Ce|Je|
lecus ||c.ice i scut|west C|eeleJ, icluJi t|e
lliaeusse eJ Mct/elJt ccauleres. T|e lliaeusse
Ccauler is elliuticel, J r 1/ |ilcaet|es et t|e su|ece, eJ
ccau|ises e |ee c aie|elcicell] uiue s]eites eJ
el|elie |eites w|ic| e|e suectecule|l] le]e|eJ i uleces
,|e|se eJ Sc|ese, 19J/}. T|e aei aie|el Jeucsits
cccu| i e uit c le]e|eJ s]eites |cw es |e|c|tc|ites,
w|ic| ccteis twet]ie seue|ete le]e|s t|et e|e |ic|
i euJiel]te, wit| |i| cctets c /i|cciua, ]tt|iua,
ic|iua eJ t|e REE. T|e e.e|ee |eJe c ic|iua i
t|ese le]e|s is 0.1 wei|t ue| cet ic|iua criJe ,Sel.i
eJ willieasJces, Z005}. l t|e K.eejelJ e|ee c t|e
lliaeusse Ccauler, |]J|ct|e|ael .eis i t|e s]eites
eJ t|ei| ccut|] |cc|s cctei siicet u|eiuaic|iua
aie|elisetic. Zces c |]J|ct|e|aell] elte|eJ s]eite
elsc |cst t|e ic|iuateteluaREE u]|cc|lc|e aie|elise
tic i t|e Mct/elJt it|usic ,Steeelt, 1991} w|ic| is
t|e su|ject c e cci erulc|etic u|c|eaae.
3+
|it|csu|e|ic. t|e lit|csu|e|e is t|e cute|, |iiJ le]e| c t|e Ee|t|, icluJi
|ct| t|e Ee|t|'s c|ust eJ t|e uuue|acst ue|t c t|e aetle.
35
lccaueti|le eleaets. e|e t|cse t|et e|e cccet|eteJ itc aclte aeaes,
|et|e| t|e itc ee|l]c|ai c|]stels c scliJ aie|els.
3o
|]J|ct|e|ael. c|aeJ |ca |ct wete||ic| uiJs.
3/
Mescu|cte|c/cic. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee 1o00 eJ 1000 aillic
]ee|s ec.
l Russie's Kcle |eisule, t|e 0e.cieee |c.c/e|c
s]eite aessi ccteis le]e|eJ s]eites wit| le]e|s t|et
e|e |ic| i euJiel]te, lcue|ite eJ euetite. |cue|ite |es
|ee aieJ c eJ c c| ae] ]ee|s, eJ t|e lcue|ite
cccet|etes |e.e e.e|ee |eJes c ei|t wei|t ue|
cet ic|iua criJe eJ 0./ wei|t ue| cet tetelua criJe
,Sel.i eJ willieasJces, Z005}. T|e Mescu|cte|c/cic
ee |ilees|e| Ccauler c Scut| /|ice is ect|e| le|e
, 500 sue|e |ilcaet|es} el|elie ccauler wit| euJiel]te
|ic| s]eites t|et e|e e|ic|eJ i /i|cciua, ic|iua eJ
t|e REE.
l eeste| CeeJe, t|e St|ee |e|e ue|el|elie |eite
ulutc, w|ic| is Mescu|cte|c/cic i ee, cutc|cus c.e| e
e|ee c e|cut 3o sue|e |ilcaet|es. lt |es e cet|el c|e
/ce w|e|e t|e |eite |es uJe|ce ertesi.e |eeae
tisetic
3J
eJ celciua aetescaetisa, u|cJuci e |ee
c seccJe|] ||SE|ee|i aie|els, icluJi ittisite
39

eJ u]|cc|lc|e. 0|e |ca t|is /ce |es e e.e|ee |eJe
c 0.5o wei|t ue| cet ic|iua criJe ,Sel.i eJ willieas
Jces, Z005, Sel.i eJ willieasJces, Z00o}. l CeeJe's
lc|t|west Te||itc|ies, t|e |eleecu|cte|c/cic Bletc|c|J
|e|e iecus ccauler ccau|ises s]eites eJ ue|el|elie
|eites wit| e ua|e| c |]J|ct|e|aell] elte|eJ aie|
eliseJ /ces, |cw es t|e T|c| |e|e Jeucsits. T|ese Je
ucsits e|e e|ic|eJ i |e|]lliua ,Be}, ]tt|iua, REE, ic|iua,
tetelua eJ /i|cciua, wit| cclua|itetetelite aie|els
|csti t|e aejc|it] c t|e ic|iua eJ tetelua, eJ
e.e|ee |eJes uu tc 0.+ wei|t ue| cet ic|iua ,Sel.i
eJ willieasJces, Z005}. T|e T|c| |e|e Jeucsits e|e
cu||etl] cweJ |] /.elc Re|e Metels lc, w|ic| iteJs
tc Je.elcu t|ea c| REE, ic|iua eJ tetelua.
l Mcclie, t|e 0e.cieee K|elJ/eBu|ete]
/i|cciuaic|iuaREE Jeucsit is c|aeJ |] t|e |]J|ct|e|
aell] elte|eJ lete u|ese it|usics c e ue|el|elie |eite
aessi ,Kc.ele|c ct s|., 1995}. |]|cc|lc|e is t|e aei
ic|iua c|e aie|el. l Melewi, erulc|etic is cci et
t|e Ke]i|e ic|iuatetelua Jeucsit, w|ic| ccau|ises
e elcete |cJ] c eu|elie s]eite c.e| 3.5 |ilcae
t|es lc wit| uae|cus aie|eliseJ, u]|cc|lc|e|ee|i
.eis ,BCS, Z009}. l SeuJi /|e|ie, t|e C|u|e]]e| el|elie
|eite stcc| is e|cut J00 aet|es i su|ece Jieaete| eJ
ccteis JisseaieteJ tetelua eJ ic|iua c|e aie|els,
c|ie] cclua|itetetelite eJ u]|cc|lc|e. T|e Jist|i|u
tic c t|ese c|e aie|els euuee|s tc |e |eae||e|l]
ccsistet t||cu|cut t|e |eite ,Kuste|, Z009}. l B|e/il,
ic|iua eJ tetelua e|e ert|ecteJ elc wit| ti |ca
e |eleecu|cte|c/cicee el|ite|ic| ue|el|elie |eite et
3J
|eeaetisetic. elte|etic essccieteJ wit| t|e c|aetic c t|e i|c criJe
aie|el, |eeaetite.
39
Cittisite. / celciua/i|cciua|ee|i silicete aie|el.
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
) www.Mie|elsuK.cca
t|e |itie aie ,Bestcsletc ct s|., Z009}. /l|elie tc
ue|el|elie it|usics wit| t|e uctetiel c| ic|iua eJlc|
tetelua Jeucsits cccu| i ae] ct|e| ccut|ies, icluJi
Mc|cccc, lie|ie, eJ leai|ie.
*C2@;E6D"2@5"B68?2E;E6D"A7"E96"+)0"72?;>I"#6@C;4965"
;@">;E9;F?%"426D;F?%"E2@E2>F?$"
C|eites eJ ueaetites c t|e |CT eail] e|e t]uicell]
ue|eluaicus
+0
eJ e|ic|eJ i lit|iua, |u|iJiua, ceesiua,
|e|]lliua, ti ,S}, tetelua eJ ic|iua ,tetelua |eete|
t|e ic|iua} ,C
`
e| eJ E|cit, Z005}. T|ese aeaes e|e
c|aeJ |] aelti c u|eeristi c|ustel |cc|s, eJ we|e
acst ccaacl] eauleceJ es ucstc|ceic ulutcs i
/ces c cctietel ccllisic. C|eites eJ ueaetites c
t|is t]ue e|e t|e aei |csts c| tetelua Jeucsits ec|css
t|e wc|lJ. T|ese it|usics t]uicell] te|e t|e c|a c e
le|e ue|eluaicus leucc|eitic
+1
ulutc su||cuJeJ |] e
|elc c ueaetites, wit| t|e acst aie|eliseJ ueaetites
et t|e |eetest Jistece |ca t|e |eite ,C
`
e|, 19J9},
elt|cu| i scae e|ees swe|as c ueaetites e|e ct es
sccieteJ wit| erucseJ |eitic ulutcs.
T|e |eite |cJies cctei aie|els suc| es |ictite,
auscc.ite, tcue/ eJ tcu|aelie, eJ e|e t]uicell] |et|e|
|ete|ceecus, s|cwi ertesi.e el|itisetic
+Z
eJ
elte|etic |] letestee uiJs. T|ese |eites ae] cctei
JisseaieteJ tetelua c|e aie|els, ue|ticule|l] ccce
t|eteJ i t|e uuue|acst ue|ts c t|e |eitic |cJ] ,|ie
eJ Cue], Z005}.
Me] c t|e le|est tetelua Jeucsits cccu| i ueaetite
swe|as. |CT ueaetites ce |e Ji.iJeJ itc .e t]ues. t|e
|e|]l t]ue, t|e ccauler ,sucJuaeeueteliteea|l]cite}
t]ue, t|e ccauler leuiJclite t]ue, t|e el|itesucJuaee
t]ue, eJ t|e el|ite t]ue ,C
`
e|, 19J9}. Me] c t|e
ueaetites elli itc t|e |st t||ee t]ues e|e /ceJ. /ll
t]ues ce cctei e |ee c tetelua aie|els, c w|ic|
t|e acst iauc|tet e|e ee|ell] cclua|itetetelite,
aic|clite, iriclite eJ wcJiite. Tetelua|ic| cessite|ite
,ti criJe} is elsc e iauc|tet c|e aie|el i scae |cJies.
Me] c t|e ueaetites |e.e |ee |i|l] eecteJ |] lete
stee elte|etic, suc| es |ecliisetic
+3
.
l |ecet ]ee|s, auc| c t|e wc|lJ's u|cJuctic c tetelua
|es ccae |ca t|e C|ee|us|es eJ wcJie aies i
/ust|elie, elt|cu| u|cJuctic |ca t|ese aies ceeseJ
+0
|e|eluaicus. e c|eaicel te|a useJ c| |cc|s i w|ic| t|e tctel aclecu
le| ,celciua criJe - scJiua criJe - uctessiua criJe} is less t|e aclecule|
eluaiiua criJe.
+1
|eucc|eitic. e li|tcclcu|eJ, silice|ic| t]ue c |eite.
+Z
/l|itisetic. elte|etic |] uiJs tc u|cJuce t|e scJiua|ic| aie|el, el|ite, e
t]ue c elJsue|.
+3
Kecliisetic. elte|etic c |cc|s tc u|cJuce |ecli, elsc |cw es c|ie cle].
|etwee Z00J eJ Z011. Bct| aies e|e cweJ |] Clc|el
/J.eceJ Metels ,u|e.icusl] Telisc}. T|e C|ee|us|es
aie i scut|weste| /ust|elie is |csteJ i e iet
,|eete| t|e t||ee |ilcaet|e lc} s]tectcic
++
, /ceJ,
ccaulert]ue ueaetite |cJ] c /|c|eee
+5
ee, w|ic|
ccteis le|e |escu|ces c |ct| tetelua eJ lit|iua, es
sccieteJ wit| ti aie|elisetic. T|is ueaetite Jces ct
euuee| tc |e eeticell] essccieteJ wit| e le|e| |eitic
|cJ] ,|e|titc ct s|., 1995}. T||ee u|eses c tetelua
aie|elisetic e|e |ecc|JeJ wit|i t|is ueaetite. ee|l]
c|aeJ aie|els suc| es wcJiite eJ iriclite, w|ic|
c|a iclusics i cessite|ite eJ tcu|aelie, tetelites
eJ teuiclites i |ectu|es wit|i ee|l] silicete u|eses,
eJ lete| |]J|ct|e|ael aie|elisetic, w|e|e aic|clite is
t|e aei tetelua aie|el ,|e|titc ct s|., 1995}. T|e
C|ee|us|es ueaetite |es |ee erulciteJ |] |ct| cue
uit eJ uJe||cuJ aii. l c|t|weste| /ust|elie,
e le|e ua|e| c ueaetite swe|as cccu| wit|i t|e
/|c|eee |cc|s c t|e |il|e|e C|etc, eJ ae] c t|ese
icluJe scae teteluaaie|eliseJ ereaules. T|e acst
iauc|tet e|ee |e|e is t|e wcJie ueaetite Jist|ict,
w|ic| icluJes t|e wcJie Mei |cJe eJ Mcut Cessit
e|ite teteluaaie|eliseJ ueaetites. T|e wcJie Mei
|cJe is e J]|eli|e ueaetite e|cut ce |ilcaet|e lc,
c el|itet]ue, wit| aeeese|ic| tetelite es t|e aei
tetelua aie|el, tcet|e| wit| scae aeeese|ic|
cclua|ite eJ wcJiite. /t Mcut Cessite|ite t|e Jeucsit
is c|aeJ |] e se|ies c ueaetite s|eets c el|itesuc
Juaee t]ue, eJ wcJiite is t|e aei tetelua aie|el
,Sweeteuule eJ Ccllis, Z00Z}. Tetelua |ca t|ese
ueaetites is ert|ecteJ |] cue uit aii.
/ /|c|eee ueaetite |cJ] elsc c|as t|e |cst c| t|e
tetelua aie|elisetic et Tecc, i Meitc|e, CeeJe,
cweJ |] Ce|ct Cc|uc|etic. lt is ue|t c t|e |e|eaetel
|ee|i Be|ic |e|e ueaetite |cuu, w|ic| it|uJes
aete.clceic
+o
/|c|eee |cc|s. T|e Tecc ueaetite
c|as e s|ellcwl] Jiuui s|eet, uu tc e|cut 100 aet|es
t|ic| eJ 1o00 aet|es elc st|i|e, w|ic| is erulciteJ i
e |ccaeJuille| uJe||cuJ aie. lt is c t|e ccauler
ueaetite t]ue, eJ is st|cl] /ceJ, tetelua c|e aie|
els e|e cuJ t||cu|cut, t|cu| cccet|eteJ et |i|e|
|eJe i ce|tei /ces. / wiJe |ee c tetelua aie|els
cccu| ,1+ i ell} eJ t|e] e|e ee|ell] e|eieJ, aee
i t|et u|ccessi c Tecc c|e is |et|e| Jicult ,C
`
e|,
19J9}. Ceesiua eJ lit|iua e|e elsc u|cJuceJ |ca t|e
Tecc ueaetite. l eJJitic, uae|cus ct|e| tetelua
aie|eliseJ ueaetites e|e |cw |ca t|e Suue|ic|
++
S]tectcic. c|aeJ Ju|i e euiscJe c tectcic ecti.it] eJ Jec|aetic c
t|e Ee|t|'s c|ust, usuell] e euiscJe c cctietel ccllisic.
+5
/|c|eee. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee 3J00 eJ Z500 aillic ]ee|s ec.
+o
Mete.clceic. aeteac|u|cseJ .clceic |cc|s.
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
* www.Mie|elsuK.cca
||c.ice c 0te|ic eJ Meitc|e ,Selwe] ct s|., Z005}. l
B|e/il, e le|e ,e|cut ce |ilcaet|e lc}, /ceJ, ||cte|c
/cic
+/
ueaetite |cJ] c el|itesucJuaee t]ue is aieJ
c| tetelua, ic|iua eJ lit|iua et t|e Vclte C|eJe aie
et le/e|ec, i t|e Mies Ce|eis Jist|ict ,|eec|e eJ
0ueaeeu|, 199/}.
l Mc/ea|iue, t|e /ltc |ic|e |eaetite ||c.ice
ccteis uae|cus aie|eliseJ ueaetites w|ic| |e.e
|ee aieJ sice 19Zo, wit| tetelua aii eJ erulc|e
tic cu||etl] ccuseJ i t|e /ceJ Me||cuic eJ Mc||ue
ueaetites, cweJ |] lc.ete |tJ. T|ese ueaetites e|e
it|uJeJ itc t|e ||cte|c/cic |cc|s c t|e leauule Su|
u|c.ice, eJ t|e] e|e ccsiJe|eJ tc |e 0|Jc.icie
+J
i ee
,C|euue| ct s|., Z010}. luae|cus ereaules c tetelua
aie|eliseJ |eites eJ ueaetites e|e elsc cuJ i
+/
||cte|c/cic. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee Z500 eJ 5+Z aillic ]ee|s ec.
+J
0|Jc.icie. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee +JJ eJ ++3 aillic ]ee|s ec.
lc|t| /|ice, it|uJeJ itc t|e lecu|cte|c/cic |cc|s c
t|e /|e|ielu|ie S|ielJ ,Kuste|, Z009}. T|ese icluJe
t|e Ketic|e ueaetite elJ i Et|icuie, t|e Meje|e]e
ueaetites c Scaelie, eJ t|e /|u 0e||e| eJ luwei|i
|eites i E]ut. /t Ketic|e, t|e ueaetite elJ es e
w|cle |es e e|ee c euu|criaetel] Z500 sue|e |ilcae
t|es, |ut tetelua aii is ccuseJ c t|e Mei Ketic|e
|eaetite, e Cea||ieee J]|eli|e /ceJ ueaetite c
ccaulersucJuaee t]ue w|ic| is aieJ c| cclua|ite
tetelite aie|els ,Kuste|, Z009}. l E]ut, t|e /|u 0e||e|
eJ luwei|i u|csuects e|e cu||etl] |ei Je.elcueJ
tcwe|Js u|cJuctic. T|ese Jeucsits e|e uusuel i t|et
t|e aie|elisetic is cuJ i stcc|li|e |eite it|usics,
|et|e| t|e i ueaetites. Cclua|itetetelite aie|els e|e
JisseaieteJ t||cu|cut t|ese it|usics, eJ elt|cu|
t|e |eites s|cw siicet e.iJece c lete| aetesc
aetic elte|etic, t|e tetelua aie|els e|e ccsiJe|eJ tc
|e aeaetic i c|ii ,Kuste|, Z009}.
5HSRULV"VZSH 3TLHI"GHUFTLSVLRQ AZSLFDO"JTDGHU"DQG"VRQQDJH ;DMRT"HYDPSOHU
Ce||cetite|csteJ
u|iae|] Jeucsits
lic|iua Jeucsits cuJ
wit|i ce||cetitic iecus
|cc|s i el|elie iecus
u|c.ices
lic|ec, u|c.e 8 u|c|e|le
|ese|.es. Z3.5 aillic tces
et 0.59 l|
Z
0
5

lic|ec, CeeJe, 0|e,
CeeJe
Ce||cetitescu|ceJ
seccJe|] Jeucsits
Zces c itese weet|e|
i c| seJiaete|] succes
sics e|c.e ce||cetite
it|usics i w|ic| ic|iua
c|e aie|els e|e ccce
t|eteJ
1000 aillic tces et uu tc
3 l|
Z
0
5
i lete|itic Jeucsits.
uu tc 1Z l|
Z
0
5
i ulece|
Jeucsit et Tcatc|, tcee ct
|cw
/|ere eJ Cetele`c, B|e/il,
Tcatc|, Russie, |ues|e,
0eacc|etic Reuu|lic c
Ccc
/l|elie |eite eJ
s]eite
lic|iua eJ lesse| tete
lua Jeucsits essccieteJ
wit| silicic el|elie iecus
|cc|s. 0|e aie|els ae] |e
cccet|eteJ |] aeaetic
c| |]J|ct|e|ael u|ccesses
Cee|ell] 100 aillic tces,
et |eJes c 0.1 tc 1 l|
Z
0
5

eJ 0.1 Te
Z
0
5

Mct/elJt eJ lliaeusse,
C|eeleJ, |c.c/e|c, Rus
sie, T|c| |e|e eJ St|ee
|e|e, CeeJe, |itie,
B|e/il, C|u|e]]e|, SeuJi
/|e|ie, Ke]i|e, Melewi
|CTt]ue |eite Tetelua eJ lesse|
ic|iua Jeucsits esscci
eteJ wit| ue|eluaicus
leucc|eitic ulutcs, w|ic|
e|e cte |]J|ct|e|aell]
elte|eJ
Cee|ell] 100 aillic tces,
et |eJes c 0.05 Te
Z
0
5
/|u 0e||e| eJ luwei|i,
E]ut, Yic|u, C|ie
|CTt]ue ueaetite Tetelua eJ lesse| ic
|iua Jeucsits essccieteJ
wit| ueaetites c |CT
,|iCsTee|ic|eJ} t]ue
Cee|ell] 100 aillic tces,
et |eJes c 0.05 Te
Z
0
5
C|ee|us|es eJ wcJie,
/ust|elie, Tecc, CeeJe,
Vclte C|eJe, B|e/il, Ke
tic|e, Et|icuie, Mc||ue 8
Me||cuic, Mc/ea|iue

Tsc|c J |cy t/srsttcri:tit: stc cxsup|c: cf t/c usjcr typc: cf ticciuu stc tstts|uu ccpc:it: (rscc: stc tcttsc:
src vcry vsrisc|c cctwcct ccpc:it: stc furc: ivct src itcitstivc ct|y).
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
+ www.Mie|elsuK.cca
l
i

u
r
c

J

M
s
p

:
/
c
w
i
t

t
/
c

|
c
c
s
|

c
i
:
t
r
i
c
u
t
i
c
t

c
f

t
i
c
c
i
u
u

s
t
c

t
s
t
t
s
|
u
u

u
i
t
c
:
,

c
c
p
c
:
i
t
:

s
t
c

u
s
j
c
r

c
t
t
u
r
r
c
t
t
c
:
.
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
, www.Mie|elsuK.cca
l Cet|el /|ice, e /ce c lecu|cte|c/cicee tetelua
aie|eliseJ ueaetites cuts t|e Mescu|cte|c/cic Ki|e|e
|elt w|ic| erteJs t||cu| Bu|uJi, RweJe, ueJe eJ
t|e 0eacc|etic Reuu|lic c Ccc ,Rcae| eJ |e|ae,
1995}. Cclua|itetetelite aie|els e|e aieJ |ct| |ca
Jeeul] weet|e|eJ ueaetites eJ |ca seccJe|] ulece|
Jeucsits Je|i.eJ |ca t|e ueaetites.
Se.e|el |eics c C|ie |e.e teteluaaie|eliseJ |e
ites eJ ueaetites. T|e acst well |cw is t|e Yic|u
Jeucsit, w|ic| is |csteJ i e saell ,less t|e 10 sue|e
|ilcaet|es} |eitic |et|clit| c Ju|essic ee. T|e uuue|
acst ue|t c t|is |et|clit| is e |i|l] |ecticeteJ tcue/
leuiJclite |eite, w|ic| ccteis tetelua aie|elisetic
i t|e c|a c JisseaieteJ cclua|itetetelite, tetelua
|ic| cessite|ite, eJ aic| aic|clite ,Yi ct s|., 1995}.
Elsew|e|e i C|ie, t|e /ltei ueaetites ,c|t|weste|
C|ie} eJ t|e leui ueaetites ,scut|eeste| C|ie}
|e.e |ee aieJ c| cclua|itetetelite i t|e uest. l
Mele]sie eJ scut|weste| T|eileJ, ti is u|cJuceJ |ca
weet|e|eJ tiaie|eliseJ |eites eJ ueaetites, eJ
|ca seccJe|] ulece| Jeucsits. T|e ti sles e|e |ei
|eu|ccesseJ tc u|cJuce tetelua.
6YVTDFVLRQ"PHVKRGU"DQG"STRFHUULQJ
6YVTDFVLRQ
T|e aii aet|cJs eaulc]eJ tc ert|ect ic|iua eJ
tetelua e|e siaile| tc ct|e| aetels c ccaue|e|le cccu|
|ece. |ectc|s t|et Jictete t|e selectic c aii aet|cJs
icluJe. t|e u|]sicel eJ c|eaicel u|cue|ties c t|e c|e
aie|el, t|e tcee eJ |eJe, eJ t|e s|eue, ecaet|]
eJ Jeut| c t|e c|e|cJ]. T|e acst ccaac aet|cJs c
ert|ectic e|e su|ece ,c| cueuit} eJ su|su|ece ,c|
uJe||cuJ} aii, c| e cca|ietic c |ct|. Siicet
eacuts c ic|iua eJ tetelua e|e elsc ert|ecteJ |]
e|tiseel eJ saell scele aii ,/SM}.
/FC7246"?;@;@8
Messi.e, c| steeul]Jiuui, lcw|eJe ee|su|ece
c|e |cJies e|e eaee|le tc cueuit aii tec|iues.
0ueuit aet|cJs ccaacl] i.cl.e |eac.i c.e||u|Je,
Jii c| |lesti t|e c|e, cllcweJ |] |eac.el c t|e c|e
|] t|uc| c| cc.e]c| |elt c| stcc|uili u|ic| tc u|ccessi.
0ueuit aii ae] |eec| Jeut|s c se.e|el |uJ|eJ ae
t|es |ut selJca erceeJs 100 aet|es. |ee.il] weet|e|eJ
c|e |cJies, suc| es t|e /|ere ce||cetite Jeucsit i B|e/il,
e|e elsc aieJ usi cueuit aet|cJs.
|eJ|eseJ ulece| Jeucsits e|e eaee|le tc st|iu aii
i.cl.i sc|eue|s, |ullJc/e|s eJ lceJe|s. |lece| Jeucsits
ce |e ucc|l] ccscliJeteJ, eJ cl] |eui|e J|illi eJ
|lesti w|e|e aete|iels |e.e |eccae ceaeteJ. |c|
ereaule, titetelua ulece|s i Mele]sie e|e aieJ usi
siaule st|iuui aet|cJs, w|ilst |e|J|cc| su|ece cue|e
tics, suc| es wcJie Mie, e|e aieJ usi J|illi eJ
|lesti tec|iues.
Ceuitel eJ cue|eti ccsts c| cueuit tec|iues e|e e|
less t|e t|cse c| uJe||cuJ cue|etics.
1@56C8CAF@5"?;@;@8
uJe||cuJ aii aet|cJs e|e usuell] eaulc]eJ w|e
su|ece aet|cJs e|e, c| |eccae u|c|i|iti.el] eruesi.e, c|
ereaule i t|e Jeucsit |eccaes tcc Jeeu. /ct|e| aejc|
ectc| i t|e Jecisic tc use uJe||cuJ aet|cJs is t|e
weste tc c|e |etic, c| st|iu |etic. 0ce t|e |etic |eccaes
le|e, cueuit aii aet|cJs |eccae uecccaic.
uJe||cuJ cue|etics ccaacl] |eui|e ertesi.e aie
Je.elcuaet icluJi s|et si|i, Jewete|i, .etile
tic, ectec|icel suuuc|t eJ c|e |eJli. Rcca eJ
uille| is e uJe||cuJ aii tec|iue w|e|e aii
u|c|esses i e |c|i/ctel Ji|ectic |] Je.elcui uae|
cus stcues
+9
, c| |ccas, lee.i uille|s c aete|iel c|
|cc suuuc|t. 0|e is |lesteJ eJ t|e t|esuc|teJ |] |eil,
cc.e]c| c| Juau t|uc| tc t|e u|ccessi ulet. Rcca eJ
uille| aii aet|cJs we|e useJ et t|e Tecc ueaetite i
Meitc|e, CeeJe. T|e aie is lcceteJ uJe| Be|ic |e|e
eJ is eccesseJ .ie e o0aet|e s|et eJ .ie e Z0Je|ee
Jeclie
50
|ca t|e su|ece ,Ce|ct, Z001}.
(I&BCA5F4E"BCA5F4E;A@
lic|iua eJ tetelua ce elsc |e ert|ecteJ es e |]u|cJuct
c ti saelte| weste. lic|iua u|cJuceJ i t|is we] ecccuts
c| less t|e twc ue| cet c tctel lc|el ic|iua u|cJuctic.
|cwe.e|, t|e ue|cetee is auc| |i|e| c| tetelua et
e|cuJ 1+ ue| cet. Tetelua is ert|ecteJ |ca cessite|ite
51

ulece| aiJJlis
5Z
usi s|e|i te|les, eJ aeetic
53

eJ elect|cstetic
5+
seue|etic aet|cJs. Ti saelte| weste
t]uicell] ccteis ei|t tc 10 ue| cet tetelua criJe,
elt|cu| erceuticell] t|is ae] |ise tc 30 ue| cet. |cw
|eJe saelte| westes ce |e uu|eJeJ |] elect|ct|e|aic
|eJuctic
55
]ielJi e s]t|etic cccet|ete wit| uu tc 50
ue| cet tetelua eJ ic|iua criJes ,Rcet|e, 19J9}.
+9
Stcue. t|e .ciJ c|eeteJ |] ert|ecti t|e c|e.
50
0eclie. e aie et|ece w|ic| is eit|e| |c|i/ctel c| .e|ticel, cte it te|es
t|e c|a c e sui|el |eau.
51
Cessite|ite. ti criJe c|e aie|el, S0
(
.
5Z
MiJJlis. ue|ticles c ite|aeJiete |eJe eJ si/e.
53
Meetic seue|etic. t|e selecti.e sc|ti c aeeticell] susceuti|le c|e
aie|els usi aeetic c|ce.
5+
Elect|cstetic seue|etic. t|e selecti.e sc|ti c c|e aie|els usi e elect|ic
elJ.
55
Elect|ct|e|aic |eJuctic. e |eJuctic |eectic ue|c|aeJ i e elect|ic e|c
u|ece, utilisi celciua criJe, i|c criJe eJ ce||c es |eJuci eets.
$# $# www.Mie|elsuK.cca
/
E
@
?
5
9
<
?
@
7
o
.
g
.

N
i
o
b
o
c

M
i
n
o

3
H
V
O
L
P
L
Q
J
9
R
Z
L
Q
W
H
Q
V
L
W
\
P
D
J
Q
H
5
F
V
H
S
D
U
D
5
R
Q
>
\
U
R
F
K
O
R
U
H
+
R
W
D
5
R
Q
@
X
O
S
K
L
G
H
+
R
W
D
5
R
Q
2
R
Q
F
H
Q
W
U
D
W
H
O
H
D
F
K
L
Q
J
2
R
Q
F
H
Q
W
U
D
W
H
"
+
*
!
<
E
(
=
+
#
6
\
G
U
R
F
K
O
R
U
L
F
0
F
L
G
C
D
Q
W
K
D
W
H
V
@
X
O
S
K
L
G
H
V
3
L
D
P
L
Q
H
F
R
O
O
H
F
W
R
U
A
D
L
O
L
Q
J
V
;
D
J
Q
H
5
W
H
@
O
L
P
H
V
1
3
>
B
3
<
;
B
7
o
.
g
.

G
r
o
o
n
b
u
s
h
o
s

M
i
n
o

2
R
D
U
V
H
D
Q
G
)
Q
H
J
U
D
Y
L
W
\
V
H
S
D
U
D
5
R
Q
X
V
L
Q
J
V
K
D
N
L
Q
J
W
D
E
O
H
V
$
M
L
J
V
D
Q
G
V
S
L
U
D
O
V
B
Q
G
H
U
V
L
]
H
P
D
W
H
U
L
D
O
W
R
W
D
L
O
L
Q
J
V
2
R
Q
F
H
Q
W
U
D
W
H
G
H
%
Z
D
W
H
U
L
Q
J
X
V
L
Q
J
F
\
F
O
R
Q
H
V
D
Q
G
)
O
W
H
U
E
H
G
2
R
Q
F
H
Q
W
U
D
W
H
G
U
\
L
Q
J
2
R
Q
F
H
Q
W
U
D
W
H
"
*
%
,
!
A
D
(
=
+
#
6
L
J
K
L
Q
W
H
Q
V
L
W
\
P
D
J
Q
H
5
F
V
H
S
D
U
D
5
R
Q
;
D
J
Q
H
5
F
I
U
D
F
5
R
Q
U
R
D
V
W
H
G
2
R
Q
F
H
Q
W
U
D
W
H
"
(
&
%
)
&
!
A
D
(
=
+
#
.
0
(
1
2
/
(
2
U
X
V
K
L
Q
J
$
P
L
O
O
L
Q
J
D
Q
G
V
F
U
H
H
Q
L
Q
J
V
W
D
J
H
V
0
Q
5
P
R
Q
\
D
Q
G
P
L
Q
R
U
V
X
O
S
K
L
G
H
V
W
R
W
D
L
O
L
Q
J
V
<
R
Q
%
P
D
J
Q
H
5
F
I
U
D
F
5
R
Q
W
R
W
D
L
O
L
Q
J
V
2
R
D
U
V
H
G
H
V
O
L
P
L
Q
J
5
L
Q
H
G
H
V
O
L
P
L
Q
J
2
R
D
U
V
H
F
D
U
E
R
Q
D
W
H
+
R
W
D
5
R
Q
5
L
Q
H
F
D
U
E
R
Q
D
W
H
+
R
W
D
5
R
Q
l
i

u
r
c

!

c
t
c
r
s
|
i
:
c
c

c
c
t
c
f
t
i
s
t
i
c
t

f
c
w

c
i
s

r
s
u
:
,

c
s
:
c
c

u
p
c
t

t
/
c

|
i
c
c
c
t

s
t
c

r
c
c
t
c
u
:
/
c
:

c
p
c
r
s
t
i
c
t
:
.
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
$$ www.Mie|elsuK.cca
>TRFHUULQJ
/te| aii t|e c|es e|e u|ccesseJ tc ic|eese t|ei|
ic|iua eJ tetelua cctets. litiel cccet|etic is c|
aell] uJe|te|e et, c| clcse tc, t|e aie site eJ i.cl.es
c|us|i t|e c|e cllcweJ |] seue|etic c ic|iua eJ
tetelua c|e |ca eue
5o
aete|iel, usi e cca|ietic
c u|]sicel eJ c|eaicel aet|cJs. /lt|cu| ic|iua eJ
tetelua e|e ecc|eaicell] siaile| eec| |eui|es e Jie|
et u|ccessi |cute.
-C6"36@6!4;2E;A@
lic|iua c|e is |st c|us|eJ i jew, cce c| iauect c|us|e|s
eJ ailleJ i |cJ c| |ell aills cue|eti i clcseJ ci|cuits wit|
.i||eti sc|ees eJ sc|ew clessie|s
5/
tc li|e|ete ic|iua
aie|el ue|ticles. T|e slu||] ccteii ic|iua eJ weste
|cc| is u|t|e| cccet|eteJ tc e|cuJ 5+ ue| cet ic|iua
criJe usi e ua|e| c aet|cJs i aultiule stees. |e.
it] seue|etic
5J
, |ct| ctetic
59
, aeetic eJ elect|cstetic
seue|etic, eJ eciJ leec|i
o0
ae] |e useJ, JeueJi c
t|e u|]sicel eJ c|eaicel c|e|ecte|istics c t|e c|e.
/t t|e lic|ec cue|etic i CeeJe ic|iua c|e is sc|eeeJ
eJ clessieJ, ete| w|ic| t|e |esultet slu||] is set c|
Jesliai
o1
. Ce||cete aete|iel is |eac.eJ |] twc stees
c |ct| ctetic, cllcweJ |] e eJJiticel Jesliai
stee. Meetite is |eac.eJ |ca t|e slu||], |] lcw
itesit] aeetic seue|etic, eJ set tc weste. T|e
scu|tete| u]|cc|lc|e is ccllecteJ |ca t|e slu||] |]
|ct| ctetic usi Jieaie ccllectc|s
oZ
. / el stee c
|ct| ctetic is useJ tc |eac.e sulu|iJes, suc| es u]|ite.
ResiJuel iauu|ities e|e leec|eJ |] |]J|cc|lc|ic eciJ, lee.
i e el cccet|ete t|et ccteis e|cuJ 5+ ue| cet
ic|iua criJe ,|iu|e +} ,leaclJ, Z009}.
Tetelua c|es e|e iitiell] t|eeteJ i e siaile| aee| tc
ic|iua c|es, t|e] e|e c|us|eJ, ailleJ eJ sc|eeeJ tc
li|e|ete tetelua aie|el ue|ticles. T|e slu||] ccteii
tetelua eJ weste aete|iel is cccet|eteJ tc e|cuJ
30 ue| cet tetelua criJe usi u|eJcaietl] |e.it]
eJ aeetic seue|etic tec|iues, eei JeueJi
uuc t|e c|e|ecte|istics c t|e c|e.
5o
Ceue. weste aete|iel essccieteJ wit| c|e aie|els.
5/
Sc|ew clessie|s. e wet |e.it] seue|etic aet|cJ i w|ic| Jese ue|ticles
e|e |eac.eJ |ca e slu||] |] e se|ies c |cteti |e|es ,siaile| tc e /|c|iaeJes
Sc|ew}
5J
C|e.it] seue|etic. t|e selecti.e sc|ti c c|e aie|els |] erulciti etu|el
.e|ietics i aie|el Jesit].
59
||ct| ctetic. t|e selecti.e seue|etic c |]J|cu|c|ic ,wete||euelli} c|e
aie|els |ca |]J|cu|ilic ,wete|ett|ecti} c|e aie|els.
o0
/ciJ leec|i. t|e u|ccess c ert|ecti aetel |ca e cccet|ete usi
aie|el eciJs.
o1
0esliai. t|e |eac.el c ue|ticles i t|e aic|c si/e |ee u|ic| tc u|ccess
i.
oZ
0ieaie ccllectc|s. e ucsiti.el] c|e|eJ ceticic ccllectc| useJ tc cet |e|e
aetel criJes.
/t t|e C|ee|us|es aie i /ust|elie titetelua c|es
e|e u|ccesseJ usi e ci|cuit c s|e|i te|les, sui|els
eJ jis
o3
. T|e |cu| cccet|ete is Jewete|eJ eJ J|ieJ
u|cJuci e tetelua cccet|ete ccteii e|cut cu|
tc sir ue| cet tetelua criJe. |i| itesit] aeetic
seue|etic is useJ tc seue|ete t|e ue|eaeetic
o+
tete
lua |eis |ca t|e caeetic titetelua |eis, t|e
ue|eaeetic |ectic is u|t|e| cccet|eteJ tc e|cuJ
30 ue| cet tetelua criJe |] |cesti. T|e caeetic
|ectic is u|t|e| u|ccesseJ usi e cca|ietic c |ct|
ctetic eJ |cesti tc |eac.e sulu|iJes, eJ saelti tc
seue|ete tetelua |ca ti ,|iu|e +} ,|et|e|stc, Z00+}.
)A@G6CD;A@"EA"?6E2>
Tetelua eJ ic|iua aetel ce |e u|cJuceJ |ca t||ee
Jie|et ccaucuJs - uc|iJes, criJes eJ c|lc|iJes
,/l||ec|t, 19J9}. T|e tetelua eJ ic|iua ccaucuJs e|e
|eJuceJ tc c|a uu|e aetels eJ aetel ucwJe|s |] twc
aei aet|cJs.
/ aireJ ic|iuatetelua cccet|ete is JiesteJ usi e
airtu|e c |]J|cuc|ic eJ sulu|u|ic eciJs. T|e ic|iua
tetelua|ee|i eciJ sclutic is t|e t|eeteJ usi liuiJ
liuiJ seue|etic aet|cJs, i.cl.i scl.et ert|ectic c|
ic erc|ee, tc seue|ete ic|iua |ca tetelua. lic|iua
eJ tetelua ce |e ert|ecteJ |ca t|e |]J|cuc|ic
sulu|u|ic

eciJ airtu|e |] usi c|eic scl.ets, suc| es
c]clc|erece, t|i|ut]l u|csu|ete ,TB|} c| aet|]l isc|ut]l
|etce ,MlBK}, w|ilst lee.i |e|iJ iauu|ities suc| es
i|c, aeeese, ti eJ titeiua ,|iu|e 5}. lc erc|ee
is useJ tc u|cJuce |i|uu|it] sclutics c ic|iua eJ
tetelua eJ is usuell] ue|c|aeJ usi e eaie ert|ect
et i |e|csee.
lic|iua eJ tetelua e|e u|eciuiteteJ es |]J|criJes |ca
t|e aireJ c|eic scl.et sclutic |] t|e eJJitic c ea
acie ,l|
3
}. T|e |esultet |]J|criJes e|e celcieJ
o5
i e
u|ece tc c|a ic|iua eJ tetelua criJes. T|e u|ccess
c site|i
oo
t|e criJe u|cJucts, wit| ce||c, et |i|
teaue|etu|e is useJ tc u|cJuce ic|iua eJ tetelua ce|
|iJes. lic|iua criJe is elsc t|e ste|ti ucit c| ic|iua
aetel u|cJuctic. T|e eJJitic c uctessiua uc|iJe tc t|e
aireJ c|eic scl.et sclutic |esults i t|e c|]stellisetic
c uctessiua tetelua uc|iJe ,K
Z
Te|
/
}, t|e u|e|euisite
c| tetelua aetel u|cJuctic ,|iu|e 5}.
o3
S|e|i te|les, sui|els eJ jis. wete| eJ |e.it] |eseJ seue|etic Je.ices.
o+
|e|eaeetic. e c|a c aeetisa t|et cl] cccu|s i t|e u|esece c e
erte|ell] euulieJ aeetic elJ.
o5
CelcieJ. e t|e|ael u|ccess euulieJ tc c|es i c|Je| tc ||i e|cut Jeccaucsi
tic, u|ese t|esitics c| t|e |eac.el c .cletile aette| ,e.. ce||c JicriJe eJ
wete|}.
oo
Site|i. e u|ccess c c|ai e cc|e|et |cJeJ aess |] |eeti aetel
ucwJe|s wit|cut aelti.
$% $% ppp+Jbg^kZelRH+\hf
Twc sli|tl] Jie|et u|cJuctic |cutes e|e e.eile|le c| t|e
u|cJuctic c ic|iua aetel. ce is useJ tc u|cJuce uu|e
ic|iua aetel eJ t|e ct|e| is useJ tc u|cJuce e||cic|i
ua. |i|uu|it] ic|iua aetel is u|cJuceJ |] eluaict|e|
aic |eJuctic
o/ o/
c |i|uu|it] ic|iua criJe wit| eluaiiua,
liae eJ uc|sue|. Elect|c |eea aelti is ccaacl] useJ
tc ic|eese t|e uu|it] c ic|iua. Tc u|cJuce e||cic|iua,
ccteii e|cut o0 ue| cet ic|iua, i|c criJe ucwJe| is
eJJeJ tc t|e airtu|e u|ic| tc |eJuctic ,/l||ec|t, 19J9}.
T|e |eJuctic c uctessiua tetelua uc|iJe |] |eectic
wit| scJiua is t|e acst ccaac aet|cJ c u|cJuci te
telua aetel. |ctessiua tetelua uc|iJe is |leJeJ wit|
liuiJ scJiua eJ ie|t selts tc c|a e ueste. T|e ueste is
t|e |cesteJ i e cctiucus u|ece tc u|cJuce tetelua
aetel ucwJe|, uctessiua uc|iJe eJ scJiua uc|iJe. Tc
esu|e e |i| Je|ee c uu|it], es |eui|eJ |] t|e elect|c
ics iJust|], t|e cc.e|sic u|ccess is ue|c|aeJ usi
tetelua .essels uJe| lcwcr]e ccJitics. |u|t|e|
uu|icetic is ec|ie.eJ |] .ecuua e|c u|ece c| elect|c
|eea aelti
oJ oJ
c tetelua ucwJe| ,/l||ec|t, 19J9}.
o/ o/
/luaict|e|aic |eJuctic. e erct|e|aic |eectic i.cl.i eluaiiua
ucwJe| eJ i|c criJe es |eJuci eets.
oJ oJ
Elect|c |eea aelti. e |i|teaue|etu|e ,/001000C} .ecuua u|ece,
utilisi |i|ee|] elect|c |eeas es e |eet scu|ce.
'CE;D2@2>"?;@;@8"A7"4A>E2@
liurc b c|tst (tc|uucitctstts|itc). 3curtc. 3s:/s
lcz/tcv ( tcu/ rcjctt)
b b
.
/lt|cu| ic|iua eJ tetelua e|e ert|ecteJ eJ u|c
cesseJ cc.eticell], siicet eacuts e|e elsc
ert|ecteJ |] e|tiseel eJ saell scele aii ,/SM}.
/|tiseel eJ saell scele aii ,/SM} is |elie.eJ tc
u|c.iJe e li.eli|ccJ c| c.e| 100 aillic uecule wc|lJwiJe
o9 o9
laee te|e |] Ses|e |e/|e.. Ecu| ||cject. useJ wit| |e|aissic.
<E%AD PL[HG VROX5RQ
AD
(
=
+
LV UHGXFHG E@UHDF5RQ
ZLWK PROWHQ VRGLX4WR IRUP
B3>B3<C= =7B3<
<E
(
=
+
LV UHGXFHG E\
DOXPLQRWKHUPLF UHDF5RQ
WR IRUP >;?4;C= =7B3<
2KHPLFDO GHFRPSRVL5RQ
ZLWK K\GUR+XRULF DQG VXOSKXULF
DFLG
5LOWUD5RQ
<E DQG AD DUH H[WUDFWH+IURP
WKH DFLG VROX5RQ XVLQJ VROYHQW
H[WUDF5RQ
;HWK\O 7VREXW\O 8HWRQH
";718# RU AULEXW\O >KRVSKDWH
"A1># RUJDQLF VROYHQWV
DGGHG
?HVLGXH WR ZDVWH RU UHF\FOH
7URQ DQG 5WDQLXP%EHDULQJ
UD*QDWH WR ZDVWH
0PPRQLD "<6)# LV DGGHG WR
SUHFLSLWDWH QLRELXP DV
<E%K\GUR[LGH
0PPRQLD "<6
)
# LV DGGHG WR
SUHFLSLWDWH WDQWDOXP DV
AD%K\GUR[LGH
<LRELXP K\GUR[LGH LV
FDOFLQHG WR IRUP
>;?4;C= ?D;67 !-4
%
.
&
"
ADQWDOXP K\GUR[LGH LV
FDOFLQHG WR IRUP B3>B3<C=
?D;67 !13
%
.
&
"
@LQWHULQJ R[LGH SRZGHUV
ZLWK FDUERQ DW KLJK
WHPSHUDWXUH SURGXFHV
-4#3>6 13#53@4;67A
,;D76 -4#13 5?>57>B@3B7
/?B3AA;C=#B3>B3<C=#"C?@;67
!+
%
13)
'
LV GLUHFWO\ FU\VWDOOLVHG E\
DGGLQJ SRWDVVLXP +XRULGH WR WKH
H[WUDFW VROX5RQ
liurc /cuits| prctc::it cf ticciuu stc tstts|uu tcttcttrstc:.
$& $& ppp+Jbg^kZelRH+\hf
eJ is JeeJ es aii ecti.ities t|et e|e le|cu|itesi.e
|ut ceuitel, aec|eisetic eJ tec|clc]ucc|. /SM is
c|e|ecte|iseJ |].
! |cc| cccuueticel seet]
! |cc|l] uelieJ eJ t|eieJ ue|scel
! leciec] i ert|ectic eJ u|ccessi
! |cw sele|ies
! lsuciet ccsiJe|etic c e.i|caetel issues
/JJiticell], /SM is cte u|euleteJ wit| ae] ecti.i
ties elli cutsiJe t|e |cst ccut|ies' leel |eaewc||
,|etsc|el ct s|., Z003}.
Ce|tei aie|els, suc| es clJ, ti, tuste eJ cclua
|itetetelite ,cclte} ,|iu|e o}, w|ic| e|e u|cJuceJ i
siicet uetities |] /SM, ce scaetiaes |e aieJ i
ccJitics c e|aeJ ccict eJ |uae |i|ts .icletics.
T|e aii c t|ese aie|els uJe| suc| ccJitics |es
i.e |ise tc t|e te|a 'ccict aie|els'. T|ei| illicit aii
is cte c|eiseJ |] e|aeJ |cuus w|c use t|e u|cts
|ca t|e sele c t|e ccict aie|els tc u|t|e| t|ei| cw
eJs eJ tc ece u|t|e| |ti.
Cclte is cuJ i siicet uetities i ue|ts c cet|el
/|ice, i ue|ticule| t|e 0eacc|etic Reuu|lic c Ccc
,0RC}. lt is estiaeteJ t|et i Z009 c.e| 50 ue| cet c
lc|el tetelua u|cJuctic wes |ca /|ice. l t|e 0RC
saell scele aii c cclte, |ca eit|e| ellu.iel c|
ueaetite scu|ces, is le|cu| itesi.e eJ u|euleteJ.
Ccseuetl] it is Jicult tc eccu|etel] celculete t|e
uetit] c cclte aieJ eJ eruc|teJ. lt is |elie.eJ t|et
t|e aejc|it] c cclte aieJ i t|e 0RC eJs uu i ei|
|cu|i ccut|ies suc| es RweJe, Bu|uJi eJ ueJe.
lt is estiaeteJ t|et |e|el |cuus i t|e 0RC aeJe i
ercess c $1 |illic i Z009 t||cu| ccict aie|el t|eJ
i ,Buti, Z010}.
llleell] t|eJeJ cclte c|e ae] eJ uu i ccsuae| elec
t|cic u|cJucts t||cu|cut t|e wc|lJ. 0|e |ca RweJe,
Bu|uJi c| ueJe ae] |e s|iuueJ tc /sie c| u|ccessi
eJ saelti. 0ce u|ccesseJ it is iaucssi|le tc Jete|aie
t|e scu|ce c t|e c|iiel c|e. T|e u|ccesseJ aete|iel ae]
t|e |e s|iuueJ tc t|e weste| wc|lJ c| use i elect|icel
ccaucets suc| es ceuecitc|s. |iell] t|ese ccaucets
ae] |e eruc|teJ tc /sie c| iclusic i ccsuae| elec
t|cic ccJs suc| es ac|ile u|ces ,|iu|e /}.
Me] cc.e|aetel c|eisetics ,lC0s} eJ
c|e|ities |e.e iitieteJ sc|eaes eiaeJ et elle.ieti
t|e u|c|leas c /SM eJ ccict aie|el t|eJi. l
eJJitic scae le|e elect|cics ccaueies e|e cw
|eusi tc use ccict aie|el|ee|i ccaucets i
t|ei| u|cJucts. |cwe.e|, it is li|el] tc u|c.e Jicult tc
ccauletel] e.ciJ t|e use c t|ese ccaucets c| t|e
|eescs eruleieJ e|c.e. T|e success c t|ese sc|eaes
elsc |elies c t|e e|ilit] c ccut|ies li|e t|e 0RC tc
acitc| eruc|ts, cct|cl its e|a] eJ cca|et |e|el c|ces
,Buti, Z010}.
RUH
RUH
SURFHVVHG PDWHULDO
HOHFWULFDO FRPSRQHQWV
FRQVXPHU JRRGV
@PDOO VFDOH PLQLQJ RI
co|tan ln uemocrauc
8eub|lc of Congo
=UH LV transorted
to nelghbourlng
8wanda, uganda or
8urundl
=UH shled to
Asla for sme|ung and
converslon to meta|
>URFHVVHG PDWHULDO
shled to the western
wor|d to roduce
e|ectrlca| comonents
such as caacltors
2RPSRQHQWV shled
to Asla to manufacture
clrcult boards and
consumer e|ectronlcs
;RELOH SKRQHV$ ;>)
|ayers, |atos and
cameras are so|d ln
Luroe and the uSA
liurc / /t cxsup|c cf s tctfitt uitcrs| :upp|y
t/sit. 3curtc. (tcu/ rcjctt, 2011).
$, www.Mie|elsuK.cca
ue|ticule|l] tc t|e |ecet iJust|iel Je.elcuaet c etics
suc| es C|ie eJ lJie, eJ t|e |euiJ |cwt| c t|e lc|el
ucuuletic. |c| ereaule, i 199/ euel ce| u|cJuctic
wes e|cuJ 53 aillic .e|icles ccaue|eJ wit| ee|l]
oZ aillic i Z009 ,0lC/, Z011}.
T|e ic|eeseJ JeaeJ c| ic|iua ae] elsc |e ett|i|uteJ
tc its use i ac|ile teleu|ces, suue|ccJucti aeets,
,suc| es useJ i t|e |e|e |eJ|c CclliJe|}, less eJ cea
e|e les ccetis, suue|ellc]s eJ ucticel eJ st|uctu|el
ce|eaics.
l 199/ B|e/il ecccuteJ c| euu|criaetel] JJ ue| cet c
wc|lJ ic|iua u|cJuctic. T|is u|e |es sice |ise tc
e|cut 95 ue| cet. CeeJe is |esucsi|le c| t|e aejc|it]
c |eaeii u|cJuctic ,|iu|e 1Z}.
@RWTFH ;RUV"OLNHOZ"THURWTFH"
EDUH
22
"$VRQQHU"AD
,
=
/
%
>HTFHQVDJH"RI"
THURWTFHU
?HUHTXHU"$VRQQHU"AD%
B|e/il 1Z9 Z/+ +0 J/ 3o0
/ust|elie o5 //1 Z1 +0 5o0
C|ie eJ Scut|eest /sie 33 11Z 10 / J00
Russie eJ MiJJle Eest 31 Z9J 10
Cet|el /|ice ZJ 5/o 9 3 1Z0
0t|e| /|ice Z1 31J / 1Z +J0
lc|t| /ae|ice 5++3 Z 1 500
Eu|cue ZZoJ 1
ARVDO -+1"*0* +** +/,"2,*
0eeaeJ uecccaic et Z010 u|ices ,|euu, Z011|}
Tsc|c / :tiustcc |ccs| tstts|uu rc:crvc: stc rc:curtc:. (spp, 2011c, 3t/wc|s, 2010s, 0|M, 200).
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
$0$'$ Brazil Africa
liurc 12 |ccs| ticciuu
prccuttict cy tcuttry
cctwcct 1/ stc 200.
3curtc. Wcr|c Mitcrs|
3tsti:tit: cstscs:c, 8riti:/
cc|cits| 3urvcy.
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
%# www.Mie|elsuK.cca
02@E2>F?"BCA5F4E;A@
Clc|el tetelua u|cJuctic uee|eJ i Z001 et just c.e| Z000
tces, sice t|e it |es JeclieJ tc e|cut 900 tces i
Z009 ,|iu|e 13}. /|cut |el c ell tetelua u|cJuctic is
essccieteJ wit| t|e u|iae|] c|e aie|el tetelite, w|ile t|e
|eaeiJe| ccaes |ca tisle aete|iel eJ ct|e| ccce
t|etes suc| es st|u.e|ite eJ cclua|itetetelite. 0eaeJ c|
tetelua is J|i.e aeil] |] t|e elect|cics iJust|] w|e|e it
is e .itel ccaucet i e wiJe |ee c ccsuae| u|cJucts.
T|e |ecet Jeclie i tetelua u|cJuctic is |eleteJ tc t|e
teauc|e|] clcsu|e c |ct| t|e wcJie eJ C|ee|us|es
aies, i /ust|elie. T|ese cue|etics we|e uleceJ c ce|e
eJ aeiteece Jue tc t|e J|cu i t|e u|ice c tetelua, es
e |esult c t|e ecccaic Jcwtu|, eJ t|e ic|eeseJ .cl
uae c ccict tetelua ete|i t|e ae||et |ca t|e 0RC.
uli|e ic|iua, u|cJuctic c tetelua is auc| ac|e
wiJesu|eeJ elt|cu| /|ice, u|eJcaietl] RweJe
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
Australia Malaysia Brazil Canada Africa
liurc 1! |ccs| tstts|uu
prccuttict cy tcuttry
cctwcct 1/ stc 200.
3curtc. Wcr|c Mitcrs|
3tsti:tit: cstscs:c, 8riti:/
cc|cits| 3urvcy.
&
+&&
'&&&
'+&&
(&&&
(+&&
'
/
/
-
'
/
/
.
'
/
/
/
(
&
&
&
(
&
&
'
(
&
&
(
(
&
&
)
(
&
&
*
(
&
&
+
(
&
&
,
(
&
&
-
(
&
&
.
(
&
&
/
>
M
L
L
D
P
>
@
liurc 1J |ccs| tstts|uu
prccuttict (cs:cc ct t/c
tstts|uu tcttctt cf uitcc
crc) cctwcct 1/ stc
200. 3curtc. Wcr|c Mitcrs|
3tsti:tit: cstscs:c, 8riti:/
cc|cits| 3urvcy.
%$ www.Mie|elsuK.cca
eJ 0eacc|etic Reuu|lic c Ccc, ecccuteJ c| c.e|
o0 ue| cet c lc|el tetelua u|cJuctic i Z009. l
Z00Z /ust|elie u|cJuceJ e|cut o0 ue| cet c lc|el
tetelua |ut t|is u|e J|cuueJ tc less t|e te ue| cet
i Z009 Jue tc t|e teauc|e|] clcsu|e c t|e wcJie eJ
C|ee|us|es aies. /JJiticel u|cJuctic ccaes acstl]
|ca B|e/il ,e|cut Z0 ue| cet i Z009} wit| aic| eacuts
elsc u|cJuceJ i Mele]sie eJ CeeJe ,|iu|e 1+}.
.CA<64ED"F@56C"56G6>AB?6@E
T|e |cwi ae||ets c| ic|iua eJ tetelua |e.e leJ
tc e ic|eese i erulc|etic c| ic|iua eJ tetelua
i |ecet ]ee|s. Me] c t|e Jeucsits |ei i.estieteJ
cctei |ct| aetels |ut, i ae] ceses ce is u|eJcai
et. Cu||et erulc|etic c| |ct| aetels is ccusseJ
c ce||cetite, ue|el|elie |eite|csteJ eJ |CTt]ue
|eite|csteJ Jeucsits ,Te|le J}.
Clc|el /J.eceJ Metels ,C/M}, c|ae|l] Telisc Metels,
|es |este|teJ aii et its wcJie cue|etic i /us
t|elie. Tetelua uetcriJe will |e u|cJuceJ et wcJie et
e |ete c 31J tces ue| ]ee|, elt|cu| et ull ceuecit] it
cculJ |e Jcu|le t|et uetit]. Mete|iel |ca wcJie will
|e u|ccesseJ et Clc|el /J.eceJ Metels' C|ee|us|es
cue|etic. Mii is ct cu||etl] te|i ulece et C|ee
|us|es ,Sc|wele, Z010|}.
/ust|elie|eseJ CiuusleJ |tJ is Je.elcui e |ue
teteluati |escu|ce i E]ut. T|e u|cject icluJes t|e
++.5 aillic tce /|u 0e||e| Jeucsit, sc|eJuleJ c|
u|cJuctic |] Z013, eJ t|e 9J aillic tce luwei|i
u|cject. T|e ccaue] ules tc u|cJuce e|cut 300 tces
c tetelua uetcriJe e ]ee| |ca its /|u 0e||e| cue|e
tic ,CiuusleJ, Z011}.
Clc|e Metels eJ Mii elsc ules tc ||i its Ke]i|e
u|cject i Melewi itc ull u|cJuctic |] Z013. T|e cue|etic
will u|cJuce euu|criaetel] Z00 tces c e||cic|iua, eJ
190 tces c tetelua uetcriJe ue| ]ee|. T|e cue|etic
will elsc u|cJuce |]u|cJuct u|eiua criJe eJ /i|cciua
silicete ,Sc|wele, Z010|}.
/ust|elie ccaue], Rea Rescu|ces |tJ, |es ecui|eJ
51 ue| cet c t|e Mct/elJt ucl]aetellic Jeucsit i scut|
e| C|eeleJ. Mct/elJt |es t|e uctetiel tc |e e iet
ic|iuatetelua Jeucsit wit| ucssi|le |]u|cJuct |e|e
ee|t| eleaets. T|e c.e|ell |escu|ce cculJ |e i t|e |eic
c 500 aillic tces elt|cu| u|t|e| wc|| is |eui|eJ tc
Jee e J0RC ccauliet estiaete ,ReaRescu|ces, Z011}.
CRTOG"VTDGH
lt is Jicult tc c|tei t|eJe Jete suecic tc ic|iua eJ
tetelua es t|e] e|e ccaacl] |euc|teJ uJe| e cca|ieJ
5HSRULV 9RFDVLRQ 4RPSDQZ AZSH ?HURWTFHU&"
$;V%
#"<E
,
=
/
#"AD
,
=
/
/ite CeeJe |es Mie|eur
C|e.ie|
Ce||cetite
eu|elie
s]eite
Z3./5 0.1Jo 0.019
Mct/elJt C|eeleJ Rea Rescu|ces /l|elieue|el
|elie |eite
500 0.13-0.15 0.011-0.013
C|e.ie| CeeJe M0l lc. Ce||cetite
eu|elie
s]eite
Z5.+ 0.Z 0.0Z3
Ke]i|e Melewi Clc|e Metels
eJ Mii
/l|elieue|el
|elie |eite
Z1 0.+1 0.01J
/|u 0e||e| E]ut CiuusleJ |CT |eite ++.5 .e. 0.0Z5
luwei|i E]ut CiuusleJ |CT |eite 9J 0.0095 0.01+
Me||cuic Mc/ea|iue lc.ete |CT |eite /.+ .e. 0.0Z3
uuue| |i| B|itis|
Cclua|ie
Ccaae|ce Re
scu|ces Cc|u.
Ce||cetite
eu|elie
s]eite
3o.+ 0.1/ 0.019
lcluJes ell cetec|ies c |escu|ce
Tsc|c 8 3c|cttcc ticciuutstts|uu prcjctt: utccr ccvc|cpuctt. (3t/wc|s, 2010c, ipp:|stc, 2011,
FsuFc:curtc:, 2011).
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
%% www.Mie|elsuK.cca
t|eJe ccJe wit| .eeJiua eJ ||eiua. T|is uce|teit]
is ccaucuJeJ |] t|e ect t|et ic|iua eJ tetelua e|e
t|eJeJ i e .e|iet] c c|as icluJi aetellu|icel u|cJ
ucts, c|es eJ cccet|etes, eJ c|eaicels.
0ue tc ccce|s c.e| utu|e eccess tc ic|iua eJ tetelua
c|es, eJ |eceuse c| ae] euulicetics eecti.e su|sti
tutes e|e ct e.eile|le, t|e Eu|cuee Ccaaissic ,EC} |es
iJetieJ ic|iua eJ tetelua es 'c|iticel' |ew aete|iels
,EC., Z010}. T|is aees t|et t|e EC ccsiJe|s t|e|e tc |e e
uctetiel |is| c suuul] s|c|tee wit| e essccieteJ iauect
c t|e Eu eccca]. St|eteies e|e |ei ccsiJe|eJ tc aiti
ete eeist t|ese suuul] |is|s. T|ese icluJe t|e u|cactic
c susteie|le Je.elcuaet u|ectices, iau|c.eJ |escu|ce
eciec] eJ ic|eeseJ |ec]cli.
T|e Eu Jces ct cu||etl] u|cJuce e] ic|iua c| tetelua
eJ ccseuetl] it is eti|el] JeueJet c iauc|ts |ca
ct|e| ccut|ies.
B|e/il is t|e wc|lJ's le|est eruc|te| c ic|iua, i t|e
c|a c e||cic|iua, ic|iua criJe eJ ic|iua aetel.
CeeJe is t|e seccJ le|est eruc|te| c ic|iua. Sii
cet iauc|te|s c t|ese aete|iels icluJe Ce|ae], t|e
uiteJ Stetes, Jeue eJ C|ie.
l Z009, B|e/il suuulieJ t|e uiteJ Stetes wit| e|cut
o9 ue| cet c its e||cic|iua, 91 ue| cet c its ic|iua
aetel eJ Jo ue| cet c its ic|iua criJe. Mc/ea|iue
,+J ue| cet} eJ CeeJe ,3Z ue| cet} we|e t|e aei
suuulie|s c ic|iua c|es eJ cccet|etes tc t|e uiteJ
Stetes ,|iu|e 15}. Ccaue|e|le Jete c| ct|e| aejc| iauc|t
i ccut|ies is ct e.eile|le.
Scut| /ae|ice ,B|e/il} eJ Cet|el /|ice |e.e |ecetl]
c.e|te|e /ust|elie es eruc|te|s c tetelua, elt|cu| t|is
is li|el] tc c|ee wit| t|e |ecuei c wcJie eJ
C|ee|us|es aies. / ua|e| c ccut|ies cu||etl] t|eJe
tetelua aeuectu|i eJ u|ccessi weste icluJi
Ce|ae], Jeue eJ C|ie. T|e aejc|it] c tetelua eruc|ts
e|e i t|e c|a c tetelua criJe c| es t|e uctessiua selt.
Cu||etl] t|e aei eruc|te|s c tetelua c|es, sc|eu, eJ ti
sles tc t|e Eu icluJe Jeue, C|ie eJ Ke/e||ste.
l Z009, /ust|elie suuulieJ t|e uiteJ Stetes wit| e|cut
oo ue| cet c its tetelua cccet|ete w|ilst CeeJe
suuulieJ e u|t|e| Z1 ue| cet. T|e aei eruc|te|s c
tetelua aetel tc t|e uiteJ Stetes we|e C|ie ,Z/ ue|
cet}, Ke/e||ste ,Z/ ue| cet} eJ Ce|ae] ,15 ue|
cet}, tetelua sc|eu iauc|ts itc t|e uiteJ Stetes
ceae |ca C|ie ,15 ue| cet}, Ce|ae] ,1Z ue| cet} eJ
|c|tuel ,1+ ue| cet} ,|iu|e 1o}.
>TLFHU
uli|e ae] ct|e| aetels ic|iua eJ tetelua e|e ct
cuel] t|eJeJ c e] aetel erc|ee, cct|ect u|ices e|e
ectieteJ |etwee |u]e| eJ selle| eJ ee|ell] |eaei
ccJetiel. T|eJe jcu|els scaetiaes |euc|t iJiceti.e
u|ices |eseJ c ite|.iews wit| |u]e|s eJ selle|s.
||ic| tc Z00/ e||cic|iua u|ices le] i t|e |ee uS$1Z
tc 1+ ue| |ilc|ea. |cwe.e|, es c |e||ue|] Z011, u|ices
we|e |euc|teJ tc |e e|cut uS$39 tc +1 ue| |ilc|ea,
ucssi|l] Jue tc ic|eeseJ JeaeJ ,ReaRescu|ces, Z011,
Bu|s, Z009}.
Tetelua is t|eJeJ i t||ee c|as, eec| ccaaeJi e Ji
e|et u|ice. i |e||ue|] Z011 tetelua c|e eJ cccet|ete
wes e|cut uS$1Z0 ue| ucuJ, tetelua criJes eJ selts
e|cut uS$Z+0 ue| ucuJ, eJ ceuecitc||eJe tetelua
ucwJe| i ercess c uS$300 ue| ucuJ ,Reisae, Z011}.
&
'&
(&
)&
*&
+&
,&
-&
.&
/&
'&&
1UD]LO ;R]DPELTXH
"
,
9
*
,
5
;
(
.
,

4
7
6
9
;
:
2DQDGD
5HUUR%QLRELXP
;HWDO
06)0<46?0+,
!9,(5+65*,5;9(;,

liurc 1 3curtc: cf utitcc 3tstc: ticciuu iupcrt:
it 200 (spp, 2011s).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Australia Canada China Kazakhstan Germany Portugal
"
,
9
*
,
5
;
(
.
,

4
7
6
9
;
:
Concentrate
Metal
Scrap

|iu|e 1o Scu|ces c uiteJ Stetes tetelua iauc|ts
i Z009 (spp, 2011c).
?HFZFOLQJ"DQG"UWEUVLVWVLRQ
?HFZFOLQJ
Bct| ic|iua eJ tetelua ce |e |ecc.e|eJ |ca weste
aetels eJ sc|eu eJ i |ct| ceses ecccut c| uu tc
Z0 ue| cet c tctel suuul] ,EC., Z010}. lic|iua is u|iae|
il] |ecc.e|eJ |ca ic|iuasteels eJ suue|ellc]s, |ut t|e
eacut |ecc.e|eJ |ca ct|e| scu|ces is aic|. Tetelua
is |ecc.e|eJ |ca e ua|e| c Jie|et iteas icluJi
ceaeteJ ce||iJes eJ ellc]s, |cwe.e|, |ec]cli |ca ce
uecitc|s is Jicult eJ cu||et tec|clc] is ucc|l] Je.el
cueJ. 0t|e| iteas |ca w|ic| tetelua ce |e |ecc.e|eJ
icluJe suet suutte|i te|ets
JJ
, eJ eJe t|iaais eJ
s|e.is |ca aetellu|icel u|ccesses.
@WEUVLVWVLRQ
Me] c t|e uses c ic|iua eJ tetelua e|e .e|] suecic
eJ su|stitutes cte icu| e ccst c| ue|c|aece ueelt].
0ue tc t|e u|]sicel eJ c|eaicel siaile|ities c ic|iua
eJ tetelua t|e twc aetels ce |e su|stituteJ c| eec|
ct|e| i e ua|e| c euulicetics, c| ereaule, i cc||c
sic |esistet ccetis. w|e|e st|et| et |i| teaue|e
tu|e is |eui|eJ i steel, aetels suc| es acl]|Jeua eJ
.eeJiua e|e cte useJ es su|stitutes c| ic|iua eJ
tetelua. Ec|ts e|e cu||etl] |ei aeJe tc su|stitute
tetelua |] eluaiiua c| ce|eaics ,Te|le 9 eJ 10}. Scae
euulicetics e|e uiue eJ es suc| suite|le su|stitutes
e|e cu||etl] ct e.eile|le, c| ereaule, uc|cus tetelua
ellc]s useJ i t|e aeuectu|e c u|cst|etic |cJ] ue|ts.
<LRELWP"STRGWFV)"
DSSOLFDVLRQ
>RUULEOH"UWEUVLVWVHU
|S|/ steels Mcl]|Jeua eJ .eeJiua
Steiless eJ |i|
st|et| steels
Tetelua eJ titeiua
|i|teaue|etu|e
euulicetics
Ce|eaics, acl]|Jeua, tetelua
eJ tuste

Tsc|c ctcttis| ticciuu :uc:titutc:. (spp, 2011s).
ADQVDOWP"STRGWFV)
DSSOLFDVLRQ
>RUULEOH"UWEUVLVWVHU
Ceuecitc| aeuectu|e /luaiiua eJ ce|eaics
Ce||iJe aete|iel
u|cJuctic
lic|iua
Cc||csic|esistet
euiuaet
Cless, ic|iua, uletiua,
titeiua eJ /i|cciua
|i|teaue|etu|e
euulicetics
|eiua, i|iJiua, acl]|Jeua,
ic|iua, eJ tuste
Tsc|c 10 ctcttis| tstts|uu :uc:titutc:. (spp, 2011c).
JJ
Suutte|i te|et. aetellic aete|iels useJ es te|ets c| t|e Jeucsitic c
t|ilas c tetelua ccaucuJs ,e.. tetelua ce||iJe}.
7RFWU"RQ"3TLVDLQ
lic|iua eJ tetelua |e.e e.e| |ee ccaae|ciell]
erulciteJ e]w|e|e i B|itei, eJ t|e|e |es |ee c
s]steaetic e.eluetic c ic|iua eJ tetelua |escu|ces.
|ccetics c uctetiel ite|est e|e cceJ tc el|elie eJ
essccieteJ iecus |cc|s w|ic| e|e |eleti.el] |e|e i t|e
uK.
)2C3A@2E;E6D"2@5"2DDA4;2E65"CA4=D
T|e cl] cc|aeJ ce||cetite |cJ] i t|e uK is esscci
eteJ wit| t|e Silu|ie
J9
el|elie |cc| Bc||ele Ccauler
i t|e c|t|west |i|leJs c ScctleJ. T|e w|cle c
t|e |cc| Bc||ele Ccauler ,icluJi t|e ce||cetite eJ
essccieteJ ult|eaec |cc|s} |es ee|ell] lcw |ul||cc|
ic|iua cctets, eJ ic|iua|ee|i aie|els suc| es
u]|cc|lc|e e|e ct u|eset ,Ycu ct s|., 199+}.
Ce||cete .eis eJ e.iJece c scJiua aetescaetisa
,eitisetic} |e.e |ee cuJ et se.e|el lccelities elc
t|e C|eet Cle |eult ee| l.e|ess, eJ |e.e |ee et
t|i|uteJ tc ce||cetitic aeaetisa. Bul||cc| eel]ses
iJicete t|et ic|iua cctets i t|e ce||cete eJ eite
.eis e|e |i|e| t|e i t|e su||cuJi ccut|] |cc|s,
|ut ic|iua|ee|i aie|els suc| es u]|cc|lc|e |e.e
ct |ee cuJ ,Ce|sc ct s|., 19J+}. T|ese .eis e|e c
|eleti.el] liaiteJ ertet, |ut it is ucssi|le t|et e le|e|
ce||cetite aess ae] erist et Jeut|.
'>=2>;@6"EA"B6C2>=2>;@6"8C2@;E6D"2@5"DI6@;E6D
/l|elie iecus |cc|s i t|e B|itis| lsles we|e c|aeJ Ju|
i t||ee aei aeaetic euiscJes. t|e CeleJcie ae
aetisa ,Silu|ie tc 0e.cie}, t|e |e|acCe||cie|cus
90
,
eJ t|e |eleecee
91
.
CeleJcie iecus |cc|s e|e wiJesu|eeJ, |ut t|e .est
aejc|it] e|e celcel|elie i ccaucsitic. / suite c
el|elie, le|el] s]eitic, ulutcs cccu|s i t|e c|t|west
|i|leJs c ScctleJ, |ut ell t|ese it|usics e|e c|e|
ecte|iseJ |] lcw |ul||cc| ic|iua cctets ,|cwle| ct
s|., Z00J}. lic|iua eJ tetelua|ee|i aie|els |e.e
ct |ee |ecciseJ i t|ese s]eites. l weles, 0|Jc.i
cie tc Silu|ie el|elie aic|c|eites wit| |eleti.el] |i|
|ul||cc| ic|iua cctets ,uu tc 150 uua} cccu| |ct| i
ScwJcie eJ t|e |l]` |eisule. T|e M]]JJ Mew|
aic|c|eite i ScwJcie |es |ee |euc|teJ tc cctei
ic|iua eJ tetelua aie|els ,Be.is eJ Mesc, Z010,
Ycu ct s|., Z00Z}.
J9
Silu|ie. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee ++3 eJ +1o aillic ]ee|s ec.
90
|e|acce||cie|cus. e uit c eclcicel tiae e|cuJ 300 aillic ]ee|s ec
t|et |eu|esets t|e eJ c t|e Ce||cie|cus eJ t|e ste|t c t|e |e|aie.
91
|eleecee. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee o5 eJ Z3 aillic ]ee|s ec.
%&
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
%' www.Mie|elsuK.cca
/l|elie aeaetisa wes ertesi.e i cet|el tc scut|e|
ScctleJ eJ c|t|e| EleJ Ju|i t|e Ce||cie|cus
9Z
eJ
|e|aie ue|icJs, |ut t|e aejc|it] c t|e erucseJ iecus |cc|s
e|e aec .clceic |cc|s. Mc|e |i|l] e.cl.eJ aeaetic |cc|s
c|a e set c saell ulus
93
eJ leccclit|s
9+
cccet|eteJ i
cet|el ScctleJ, w|ic| e|e t]uicell] t|ec|]tic
95
i ccaucsitic.
T|ese t|ec|]tic iecus aesses |e.e |eleti.el] |i| |ul||cc|
ic|iua cctets, uu tc 1J0 uua ,uutc ct s|., Z00/}, |ut t|e|e
e|e c |ecc|Js c ic|iua|ee|i aie|els |ei cccet|et
eJ t||cu| eit|e| aeaetic c| |]J|ct|e|ael u|ccesses.
T|e B|itis| |eleecee iecus u|c.ice erteJs elc t|e
weste| siJe c B|itei, |ca t|e B|istcl C|eel tc St KilJe
eJ itc lc|t|e| l|eleJ. T|e aejc|it] c t|ese |cc|s e|e
t|cleiitic
9o
tc el|eli |eseltic i ccaucsitic, |ut scae ac|e
e.cl.eJ |cc|s e|e u|eset, c|ie] es |eitic ulutcs. T|ece
eleaet Jete c| t|ese |eites ee|ell] iJicete lcw tc
acJe|ete |ul||cc| ic|iua cctets , 50 uua}. |e|u
scite, e ic|iua eJ tetelua |ee|i criJe, |es |ee
|euc|teJ |ca t|e c|t|e| /||e |eite, w|e|e it cccu|s
i aie|clitic
9/
ce.ities ,|]slcu ct s|., 1999}. Cclua|ite |es
|ee |euc|teJ |ca t|e |uJ] C|eite ,T|c|ue ct s|., 1995}.
*C2@;E6D"2@5"B68?2E;E6D"A7"E96"+)0"72?;>I
/ ua|e| c le|e |eleecu|cte|c/cic |eitic ueaetites
cccu| c t|e isleJ c Scut| |e||is, i t|e 0ute| |e||iJes.
T|ese |e.e t]uicel |CT aie|el essea|lees, icluJ
i auscc.ite, |ictite, |e|]l eJ |e|e tcu|aelie. T|e
C|eiue.el ueaetite, w|ic| |es u|e.icusl] |ee ue||ieJ
c| el|eli elJsue|, elsc ccteis cclua|ite eJ u]|cc|lc|e
,.cKc||i eJ 0ee|le], 19o0}. |eaetites c t|is ee
cccu| ec|css auc| c t|e /|c|eee |ewisie Ceiss Cca
uler c c|t|weste| ScctleJ, |ut ic|iua eJ tetelua
aie|els |e.e ct |ee |ecc|JeJ elsew|e|e i t|is e|ee.
|CTt]ue aie|elisetic is |e|e i |eitciJs c CeleJcie
ee. /t Ce||cc| |ell i t|e |e|e 0ist|ict, tuste-|ee|i
aie|el .eis cccu| wit|i t|e S|iJJew C|eite, cclua|ite
|es elsc |ee Jesc|i|eJ |ca t|ese .eis ,Ycu, 19J/}. l
t|e Cei|c|a C|eite i ScctleJ, e|uscite, cclua|ite,
ilaec|utile eJ cessite|ite |e.e |ee cuJ i st|eea
seJiaet seaules, |ut t|e scu|ce c t|ese aie|els |es
ct |ee i.estieteJ i Jeteil ,lCS, 19/5}.
9Z
Ce||cie|cus. e uit c eclcicel tiae |etwee 359 eJ Z99 aillic ]ee|s
ec.
93
|lu. e saell, c]liJ|icel, |cJ] c iecus |cc|, eauleceJ |eeet| t|e Ee|t|'s
su|ece.
9+
|eccclit|. e |cJ] c iecus |cc|, eauleceJ |eeet| t|e Ee|t|'s su|ece,
w|ic| is ci|cule| i ule, wit| e et cc| eJ e s|ellcw JcaeJ |cc.
95
T|ec|]tic. e e|eieJ t]ue c iecus |cc| ccteii e|uJet eacuts c
e aie|el celleJ el|eli elJsue|, t|e e|eieJ eui.elet c s]eite.
9o
T|cleiitic. e ce|tei suite c iecus |cc|s wit| Jistict c|eaist|] t]uicell]
c|aeJ i t|e ccees c| et cctietel ae|is.
9/
Mie|clitic. e te|a c| c|]stellieJ ce.ities ccaacl] cuJ i |eites eJ
|eitic ueaetites.
T|e Ve|isce ,|e|aie} |eites c scut|west EleJ e|e
clessic |CT |eites, well|cw c| t|ei| ti eJ tuste
aie|elisetic. T|e su|ece cutc|cus e|e ccecteJ et Jeut|
tc c|a t|e Cc|u|ie Bet|clit|
9J
, w|ic| is |cu|l] Z00
|ilcaet|es i let| eJ icluJes |ictite |eites, tcu|aelie
|eites eJ tcue/ |eites, eJ essccieteJ ueaetites. T|e
aei ti eJ tuste aie|elisetic cccu|s es |]J|ct|e|
aell] elte|eJ .eis wit|i t|e uuue| ue|ts c t|e |eites eJ
t|ei| ccut|] |cc|s, eJ i lete stee ueaetites eJ eulites.
Cclua|itetetelite eJ aic|clite |e.e |ee |ecc|JeJ |ca
t|e MelJc /ulite aic|c|eite J]|e, w|ic| it|uJes Ce||c
ie|cus ccut|] |cc|s c t|e c|t|weste| siJe c 0e|tacc|
,.cKc||i eJ CcJlie, 19J+}. T|e |eletics|iu c t|is
J]|e tc ee||] |eites is uce|tei. Cclua|itetetelite |es
elsc |ee cuJ i ueaetites eJ tcue/ |eites essccieteJ
wit| t|e St /ustell C|eite, et Cu|eet|, Ccc.ee eJ
Rcstcw|ec| cle] uits ,S]aes, Z010, Scctt ct s|., 199J}.
?HIHTHQFHU"
/|BREC|T# w w. 19J9. ||cJuctic, ||cue|ties eJ
/uulicetic c Tetelua, lic|iua eJ T|ei| CcaucuJs.
|t. M0||ER, |, C
`
ERlY, | eJ S/u|E, |. ,eJs.} lstt/sticc:,
Tstts|uu stc |icciuu. Be|li |eiJel|e|. Su|ie|Ve|le.
/lC|0 /MERlC/l." Z011. lstt 8ccl 200/10 (0lie[.
/lc /ae|ice ulc. /.eile|le. |ttu.llwww.elceae|ice.
cca (/ccesseJ Jeue|] Z011[.
B/ST0SlET0, / C, |ERElR/, V |, R0lC|l, | |, |lM/, E
|"eJ |R/lTZ# J C. Z009. T|e wc|lJCless S, l|, Te,
|, ,Y, Ree, |i} 0eucsit eJ t|e Messi.e C|]clite essccieteJ
wit| t|e /l|iteE|ic|eJ ecies c t|e MeJei|e /t]ue
C|eite, |itie Mii 0ist|ict, /ae/ces Stete, B|e/il.
T/c stscist Mitcrs|ci:t, +/" 13Z9-135/.
BE|Zl|E#"E. Z009. || !J-101 Tct/tits| Fcpcrt fcr
|iccct Mitc, 0uccct, stscs, leaclJ Cc|uc|etic.
BERCER, V l, SllCER, 0 / /l0 0RRlS, C J. Z009.
Ce||cetites c t|e wc|lJ, Erulc|eJ 0eucsits c l| eJ
REE - 0ete|ese eJ C|eJe eJ Tcee McJels. u33
0pct li|c Fcpcrt.
BEVllS, R E /l0 M/S0l, J S. Z010. weles. |t. BEVllS,
R E, Y0ulC, B l, M/S0l, J S, M/llllC, 0 / C eJ
SYMES, R |. ,eJs.} Mitcrs|izstict cf t|stc stc Ws|c:.
|ete||c|cu|. Jcit letu|e Ccse|.etic Ccaaittee.
BRlTlS| CE0|0ClC/| SuRVEY ,BCS}. Z009. Mie|el
|ctetiel c Melewi. Miist|] c Ee|] eJ Mies,
Reuu|lic c Melewi.
BulTllC, M. Z010. T|e t|ue ccst c ]cu| ew
C||istaes leutcu /s| t|e eeste| Ccclese. T/c
usrcist, u.Z5.
9J
Bet|clit|. e .e|] le|e aess c iecus |cc|, tes tc |uJ|eJs c |ilcaet|es
ec|css.
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
%( www.Mie|elsuK.cca
BuRlS, S. Z009. lic|iua sctes es JeaeJ sliJes
(0lie[. /.eile|le. www.aetelaie|.cca (/ccesseJ
Me|c| Z011[.
C/B0T. Z001. Tsttc - Tstts|uu Mitit crpcrstict
cf stscs, ltc. (0lie[. /.eile|le. www.ce|ctcc|u.cca
(/ccesseJ |e||ue|] Z011[.
C0M|/l|l/ BR/Sl|ElR/ 0E MET/|uRCl/ E MllER//0
,CBMM}. Z011. Mitc stc 0pcrstict: - prccuttict
(0lie[. CBMM. /.eile|le. www.c|aa.cca.|| (/ccesseJ
|e||ue|] Z011[.
C
`
ERlY, |. 19J9. C|e|ecte|istics c |eaetite 0eucsits
c Tetelua. |t. M+&&%(#"'#"$
!
ERlY, | eJ )/u|E, |. ,eJs.}
lstt/sticc:, Tstts|uu stc |icciuu. Be|li |eiJel|e|.
Su|ie|Ve|le.
$
!
ERlY, | eJ %RClT,"T"S. Z005. T|e Clessicetic c
C|eitic |eaetites Re.isiteJ. T/c stscist Mitcrs|ci:t,
+3, Z005-Z0Zo.
C0R0ElR0, | | 0, BR00, J /, 0/lT/S, E | eJ B/RB0S/,
E S R. Z010. Mie|el c|eaist|], isctcue ecc|eaist|]
eJ uet|ceesis c ic|iua|ic| |cc|s |ca t|e Cetelec l
ce||cetiteu|cscc|ite ccauler, Cet|el B|e/il. lit/c:, 11J,
ZZ3-Z3/.
0E|/RT/MElT0 l/Cl0l/| 0E |R00u/0 MllER/|
,0l|M}. Z009. 3uusric Mitcrs| 8rs:i|circ 2008
(0lie[. 0E|/RT/MElT0 l/Cl0l/| 0E |R00u/0
MllER/| BR/Sl|. /.eile|le. www.Jua.c..|| (/ccesseJ
|e||ue|] Z011[.
EuR0|E/l C0MMlSSl0l ,EC}. Z010. C|iticel |ew
aete|iels c| t|e Eu - |euc|t c t|e /J|cc wc||i C|cuu
c Jei c|iticel |ew aete|iels. Eu|cuee Ccaaissic
Ete|u|ise eJ lJust|].
|ET|ERST0l, J M. Z00+. Tstts|uu it Wc:tcrt
/u:trs|is, |e|t|, Ceclcicel Su|.e] c weste| /ust|elie
|0w|ER, M B, K0CKS, |, 0/RBYS|lRE, 0 | | eJ
CREElw000, | B. Z00J. |et|ceesis c |i| BeS|
ulutcs |ca t|e lc|t|e| |i|leJs Te||ee c t|e B|itis|
CeleJcie ||c.ice. lit/c:, 105, 1Z9-1+J.
C/RS0l, M S, C0/TS, J S, R0CK, l M S eJ 0E/lS,
T. 19J+. |eites, ||eccie J]|es, el|itites, eJ
ce||cetitic .eis ee| t|e C|eet Cle |eult, l.e|ess,
ScctleJ. Jcurts| cf t/c cc|cits| 3cticty cf lctcct,
1+1, /11-/3Z.
Cl||S|/l0. Z011. /cu 0sccsc Tstts|uu (0lie[.
/.eile|le. www.iuusleJltJ.cca (/ccesseJ Me|c| Z011[.
C000El0uC|, K M, u|T0l, B C J eJ E||/M, R
M. Z000. Cecc|eaicel e.clutic c t|e l.itut |eite,
Scut| C|eeleJ. e uc|ie|ic| '/t]ue' it|usic. lit/c:,
51, Z05-ZZ1.
CR/u|lER, T, ME|C|ER, |, C/B|ER, |E, SlTllK0V/,
M, BR/TZ, | eJ B/|R, /. Z010. Re|e ee|t| eleaet
ecc|eaist|] c cclua|ite|cuu aie|els. |/lC|MS
Jete. Mitcrs|cits| Msszitc, /+, o91-/13.
|ElTSC|E|, T, |RuSC|K/, | eJ |RlESTER,
M. Z003. /|tiseel eJ SaellScele Mii C|ellees
eJ 0uuc|tuities. |cJc. lte|eticel lstitute c|
E.i|caet eJ 0e.elcuaet ,llE0}.
|YS|0|, E K, Cl||/l0ERS, R J, |l||, | C eJ |/KES, R
0. 1999. Re|eee|t| |ee|i aie|els e|uscite eJ
eJcliite |ca t|e /||e |eite. 3tctti:/ Jcurts| cf
cc|cy, 35, o5-o9.
l/MC0|0. Z009. |iccct |icciuu Mitc, 0uccct
(0lie[. /.eile|le. www.ieaclJ.cca (/ccesseJ |e||ue|]
Z011[.
llSTlTuTE 0| CE0|0ClC/| SClElCES
,lCS}. 19/5. /ttus| Fcpcrt fcr 1/!, |cJc, lstitute c
Ceclcicel Scieces.
K0V/|ElK0, V l, TS/RYEV/, C M, C0REC|Y/0, / V,
Y/RM0|YuK, V V eJ TR0lTSKY, V /. 1995. T|e
|e|el|elie C|eiteReleteJ K|elJ/eBu|ete] Re|e
Metel ,Z|, l|, REE} 0eucsit, weste| Mcclie. tctcuit
cc|cy, 90, 530-5+/.
KR/VC|ElK0, S M eJ |0KR0VSKY, B C. 1995. T|e
Tcatc| /l|elie ult|e|esic Messi eJ ReleteJ REEl|
Jeucsits, lc|t|e| Si|e|ie. tctcuit cc|cy, 90, o/o-
oJ9.
KuSTER, 0. Z009. C|eitciJ|csteJ Te aie|eli/etic
i t|e /|e|ielu|ie S|ielJ. 0|e Jeucsit t]ues, tectcc
aetellceetic setti eJ uet|ceetic |eaewc||. 0rc
cc|cy Fcvicw:, 35, oJ-Jo.
|/C/C|E, M eJ 0uEMElEuR, J. 199/. T|e Vclte
C|eJe |eaetites, Mies Ce|eis, B|e/il. e ereaule c
|e|eeleaet |eitic ueaetites erceuticell] e|ic|eJ
i |it|iua eJ Ru|iJiua. T/c stscist Mitcrs|ci:t, 35,
153-1o5.
|/RSEl, | M eJ S0RElSEl, |. 19J/. T|e lliaeusse
it|usic - u|c|essi.e c|]stellisetic eJ c|aetic c
le]e|i i eueitic aeae. |t. |lTT0l, J C eJ u|T0l,
B C J. ,eJs.} /|ls|itc |tccu: Fctl:. Ceclcicel Scciet]
Sueciel |u|licetic
|EE, M J, |EE, J l, C/RCl/, 0, M0uTTE, J, wl||l/MS,
C T, w/||, | eJ KlM, Y. Z00o. |]|cc|lc|e c|eaist|]
|ca t|e Sc|li u|cscc|itece||cetite ccauler, |ileJ.
laulicetics c| t|e eesis c u|cscc|ite eJ ce||cetite
essccietic. cct/cuits| Jcurts|, +0, 1-13.
|lllEl, R | eJ CulEY, M. Z005. C|eiteReleteJ
Re|e Eleaet 0eucsits eJ Erue|iaetel Ccst|eits c
Tel|wSZ|| Mie|eli/etic. |t. |lllEl, R | eJ
S/MS0l, l M. ,eJs.} Fsrc|cuctt cct/cui:try stc
Mitcrs| 0cpc:it:. cc|cits| /::ctistict cf stscs 3/crt
cur:c |ctc:.
$
(
,
&
(
0
*
1
/
%
+
/
%
)
0
*
%) www.Mie|elsuK.cca
MET/| Bu||ETll M0lT||Y ,MBM}. Z00o. Tstts|uu
(0lie[. Metel Bulleti. /.eile|le. www.aate.cc.u|
(/ccesseJ Me|c| Z011[.
MlTC|E||, R |. Z005. Mie|elcicel eJ Erue|iaetel
Ccst|eits c t|e 0|iis c lic|iua Mie|elisetic
i Ce||cetites. |t. |lllEl, R | eJ S/MS0l, l M.
,eJs.} Fsrc|cuctt cct/cui:try stc Mitcrs| 0cpc:it:.
cc|cits| /::ctistict cf stscs 3/crt cur:c |ctc:.
M0||ER, |. 19J9. Ree ,Y}, l|, eJ Te e|ic|aet i
|eaetites eJ Ce||cetite/l|elic Rcc| Ccauleres.
|t. M0||ER, |, C
`
ERlY, | eJ S/u|E, |. ,eJs.} lstt/sticc:,
Tstts|uu stc |icciuu. Be|li |eiJel|e|. Su|ie|Ve|le.
l/SR/0ul, M eJ Bl|/|, E. Z000. |]|cc|lc|e |ca
t|e |ues|e ce||cetite ccauler ,0eacc|etic Reuu|lic
c Ccc}. e ecc|eaicel |ecc|J c Jie|et elte|etic
stees. Jcurts| cf /:ist srt/ 3ticttc:, 1J, Z3/-Z51.
l/SR/0ul, M eJ w/ERElB0RC|, J C. Z001. |e
Suecietic i weet|e|eJ |]|cc|lc|eC|cuu Mie|els
|ca t|e |ues|e eJ /|ere ,Be||ei|c} ce||cetites |]
5/
|e
Mcss|eue| Suect|csccu]. T/c stscist Mitcrs|ci:t, 39,
10/3-10J0.
0lC/. Z011. rccuttict 3tsti:tit: (1/-200)
(0lie[. lte|eticel 0|eisetic c Mctc| Ve|icle
Meuectu|e|s. /.eile|le. www.cice.et (/ccesseJ Me|c|
Z011[.
|/||, J |. Z011e. |icciuu (c|uuciuu) (0lie[. uSCS.
/.eile|le. www.uss.c. (/ccesseJ Jeue|] Z011[.
|/||, J |. Z011|. Tstts|uu (0lie[. uSCS. /.eile|le.
www.uss.c. (/ccesseJ Jeue|] Z011[.
|/RTllCT0l, C /, MCl/uC|T0l, l J eJ wl||l/MS, l
S. 1995. / Re.iew c t|e Ceclc], Mie|eli/etic, eJ
Cecc||cclc] c t|e C|ee|us|es |eaetite, weste|
/ust|elie. tctcuit cc|cy, 90, o1o-o35.
|0||/R0, | J. 19J9. Cecc|eaist|] c C|eites
/ssccieteJ wit| Tetelua eJ lic|iua Mie|elisetic.
|t. M0||ER, |, C
`
ERlY, | eJ S/u|E, |. ,eJs.} lstt/sticc:,
Tstts|uu stc |icciuu. Be|li |eiJel|e|. Su|ie|Ve|le.
|0||/R0, | J. 1995. Ceclc] c Re|e Metel 0eucsits.
e lt|cJuctic eJ 0.e|.iew. tctcuit cc|cy, 90,
+J9-+9+.
R/M RES0uRCES. Z011. Mctzfc|ct rcjctt (0lie[.
/.eile|le. www.|ea|escu|ces.cca.eu (/ccesseJ |e||ue|]
Z011[.
RElSM/l, |. Z011. Tetelua u|ices e|cut tc c t||cu|
t|e |cc (0lie[. /.eile|le. www.aetelaie|.cca
(/ccesseJ Me|c| Z011[.
R0ET|E, C. 19J9. ||ccessi c Tetelua eJ
lic|iua 0|es. |t. M0||ER, |, C
`
ERlY, | eJ S/u|E, |. ,eJs.}
lstt/sticc:, Tstts|uu stc |icciuu. Be|li |eiJel|e|.
Su|ie|Ve|le.
R0MER, R | eJ |E|M/ll, B. 1995. u|| Cclua|ite
/e c lecu|cte|c/cic Tel| Mie|elisetic i Bu|uJi.
tctcuit cc|cy, 90, Z303-Z309.
Ru0llCK, R | eJ C/0, S. Z00+. Ccaucsitic c t|e
Cctietel C|ust. |t. Ru0llCK, R |. ,eJ.} T/c ru:t.
0rc|J. Else.ie||e|eac.
S/|Vl, S eJ wl||l/MSJ0lES, / E. Z005. /l|elie
C|eiteS]eite 0eucsits. |t. |lllEl, R | eJ S/MS0l,
l M. ,eJs.} Fsrc|cuctt cct/cui:try stc Mitcrs|
0cpc:it:. cc|cits| /::ctistict cf stscs, 3/crt cur:c
|ctc:.
S/|Vl, S eJ wl||l/MSJ0lES, / E. Z00o. /lte|etic,
||SE aie|elisetic eJ |]J|cce||c c|aetic i
ue|el|elie iecus s]steas. lsi|ts |ca t|e St|ee
|e|e |lutc, CeeJe. lit/c:, 91, 19-3+.
SC|wE|/, u. Z011e. T.l.C. Stetistics. Tetelualic|iua
lte|eticel StuJ] Cet|e. Bulleti l
c
1+5.
SC|wE|/, u. Z010|. Tetelua. Mitit Jcurts|, Sueciel
Suuuleaet 1Z.
SC0TT, | w, |/SC0E, R 0 eJ |/RT, |
w. 199J. Cclua|itetetelite, |utile eJ ct|e| eccessc|]
aie|els |ca t|e St /ustell tcue/ |eite, Cc|well.
cc:ticttc it :cut/wc:t t|stc, 9, 1o5-1/0.
SE|w/Y, J B, BRE/KS, | w eJ Tll0|E, / C. Z005. /
Re.iew c Re|eEleaet ,|iCsTe} |eaetite Erulc|etic
Tec|iues c| t|e Suue|ic| ||c.ice, CeeJe, eJ |e|e
wc|lJwiJe Tetelua 0eucsits. xp|crstict stc Mitit
cc|cy, 1+, 1-30.
STEEl|E|T, /. 1991. |i|tec|clc] aetels i
el|elie eJ ce||cetitic |cc|s i C|eeleJ. |eccitic
eJ erulc|etic. Jcurts| cf cct/cuits| xp|crstict, +0,
Zo3-Z/9.
SwEET/|||E, M T eJ C0||llS, | | |. Z00Z. Ceetic
||eaewc|| c| t|e Clessicetic eJ 0ist|i|utic c
/|c|eee Re|e Metel |eaetites i t|e lc|t| |il|e|e
C|etc, weste| /ust|elie. tctcuit cc|cy, 9/,
J/3-J95.
SYMES, R |. Z010. Scut|west EleJ. |t. BEVllS,
R E, Y0ulC, B l, M/S0l, J S, M/llllC, 0 / C eJ
SYMES, R |. ,eJs.} Mitcrs|izstict cf t|stc stc Ws|c:.
|ete||c|cu|. Jcit letu|e Ccse|.etic Ccaaittee.
T/lT/|uMll0BluM llTERl/Tl0l/| STu0Y CR0u|
,T/lB}. Z011e. /ccut ticciuu (0lie[. Tetelua
lic|iua lte|eticel StuJ] Cet|e. /.eile|le. www.te|.
c| (/ccesseJ Jeue|] Z011[.
T/lT/|uMll0BluM llTERl/Tl0l/| STu0Y CR0u|
,T/lB}. Z011|. /ccut tstts|uu (0lie[. Tetelua
lic|iua lte|eticel StuJ] Cet|e. /.eile|le. www.te|.
c| (/ccesseJ Jeue|] Z011[.
T|is ccaacJit] u|cle wes u|cJuceJ |] t|e
B|itis| Ceclcicel Su|.e] ,Z011}.
lt wes ccauileJ |] Ric|e|J S|ew eJ
Ket||] CccJecu| wit| t|e essistece c
Cus Cu, Te|ese B|cw eJ
0e||ie Re]e|.
T|is |euc|t is ce c e se|ies c CcaacJit] ||cles
e.eile|le tc JcwlceJ |eecc|e|e |ca
www.Mie|elsuK.cca.
lcr furt/cr itfcrustict p|cs:c tcttstt.
B|itis| Ceclcicel Su|.e], Ke]wc|t|, lctti|ea,
lC1Z 5CC, uiteJ KiJca
Tel. -++ ,0}115 93o 3100
|er. -++ ,0}115 93o 3++o
Eaeil. aie|els@|s.ec.u|
we|site. www.Mie|elsuK.cca

uless ct|e|wise steteJ, ccu]|i|t c aete|iels
ccteieJ i t|is |euc|t e|e .esteJ i lERC.
BCS lERC Z011. /ll |i|ts |ese|.eJ.