Natural Gas

Properties and Processing

Agenda
Introduction. Components of naturally occurring petroleum gases.
Organic Chemistry (Chemical bonding, Naming of organic chemicals, Physical and chemical properties).

Definitions you should know. Phase behavior.

Phase diagram (one, two and multi components)

Equations of state.
Ideal Gas (properties, mixture of ideal gases.) Behavior of Real Gas. Other Equations of state for real gases

Gas dehydration.
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Introduction
The end of oil era.

There are other sources for energy

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Natural gas, The 2nd energy resource

Availability. Affirmation in power generation Similar property to petroleum Burns more cleanly than the other fossil fuels Easily transported via pipelines and fairly easily using tankers

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Natural Gas Reserves

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Natural Gas Monetization Options

Power / Industry

sell into domestic gas market

Residential

Transposrt

Commercializing Gas

Export as gas

LNG/Pipeline/CNG

GTL

Conver to products

Methanol

Fertilizer

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Components of naturally occurring petroleum gases.

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Components of naturally occurring petroleum gases.

Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic

Aromatic

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alkynes

Cyclic Aliphatic

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Naming Organic Chemicals

Organic Chemistry. Chemical Bonding in Organic Chemistry.
Single bond
Alkanes

Double bond
Alkenes

Triple bond
Alkynes

Bond Angles.
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Alkanes
Alkanes has the general formula CnH2n+2 Alkanes are named using a prefix for the number of carbon atoms they contain, followed by the suffix ane. These alkanes are also called saturated hydrocarbons or parffins.

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Alkanes
How to name an alkane? We will follow the IUPAC system for naming alkanes: The root name is pentane. We can count from either end and arrive at 3 for
the substituent. Methane is the substituent, so we call it methyl. In this example, the name is 3-methylpentane
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkane

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Alkenes

Alkenes has the general formula CnH2n Alkenes are named using a prefix for the number of carbon atoms they contain, followed by the suffix ene or ylene. These alkenes are also called unsaturated hydrocarbons or olefns.

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Alkenes How to name an alkene? We will follow the IUPAC system for naming alkenes: The root name is 1-pentene. We can count from either end and arrive at 3 for
the substituent. Methane is the substituent, so we call it methyl. In this example, the name is: .
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkene

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Alkynes
Alkynes has the general formula CnH2n-2 Alkynes are named using a prefix for the number of carbon aoms they contain, followed by the suffix yne.
In this example, the name is:

3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkyne

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Definitions You Should Know.

Gas:
Is a homogeneous fluid of low density and low viscosity, which has neither independent shape nor volume but expands to fill completely the vessel in which it is contained

Natural Gas:
Is a naturally occurring gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, typically with (0-20) higher hydrocarbons (primarily ethane)
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Definitions You Should Know.

Gas vs. Vapor The word vapor in its natural state is a solid or liquid at room temperature. However, a gas in its natural state at room temperature would still be a gas. Gas is a state of matter while vapor is not. A gas is a substance above its critical temperature but below its critical pressure, while a vapor is a substance above its boiling point temperature.
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Definitions You Should Know.

Mole of Gas:
I have a box full of air. The air is at atmospheric pressure and 60F. The size of the box is such that it contains 379 ft . The box size was selected arbitrarily a long time ago. The number of molecules of air inside the box is called a mole (mol) of air.
3

Molecular Weight:
If I weigh the air in this box, it will weigh 29 lb. Therefore the molecular weight of air is 29 lb/lb.mol of air.
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Definitions You Should Know.

Raw Gas:
Unprocessed gas from/or in the reservoir

Gas processing:
The separation of constituents from natural gas for the purpose of making salable products and also for treating the residue gas to meet required specifications.

Sales Gas:
gas that has the quality to be used as a domestic or industrial fuel. It meets the specifications set be a pipeline transmission company, and/or a distributing company. MET

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Definitions You Should Know.

Sour Gas:
Natural gas that contains significant amounts
of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) more than 5.7 milligram of H2S per cubic meter of natural gas, which is equivalent to approximately 4 ppm by volume.

Sweet Gas:
Natural gas that contains significant amounts of (H2S)
less than 4 ppm by volume.

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Definitions You Should Know.

Wet Gas:
Gas that contains more than 0.1 gallons (U.S.) of liquid per 1000 CF of gas.

Dry Gas:
Gas that contains less than 0.1 gallons (U.S.) of liquid per 1000 CF of gas.

Rich Gas:
Gas containing a lot of compounds heavier than ethane, about 0.7 US gallons of C3+ per 1000 CF of feed to an absorption unit.

Lean Gas:
Gas containing very little C3+ or the effluent gas from an absorption unit. MET 23

Definitions You Should Know.

Condensates:
The hydrocarbon liquid fraction obtained from a gas stream containing essentially C5+ .

NGL, Natural Gas Liquids:

Components of natural gas that are separated from the gas state in the form of liquids. This separation occurs in a field facility or in a gas processing plant through absorption, condensation, adsorption or other method. NGL are naturally occurring elements found in natural gas, and include propane, butane and ethane, among others.

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Definitions You Should Know.

LPG, Liquefied Petroleum Gas:
A product of petroleum gases; principally propane and butane, it must be stored under pressure to keep it in a liquid state; it is often stored in metal cylinders (bottled gas).

CNG, Compressed Natural Gas:

Is a fossil fuel made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of methane [CH4]), to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 200 248 bar (2900 3600 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes.
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Definitions You Should Know.

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Definitions You Should Know.

Composition of Natural Gas Components:

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Definitions You Should Know.

Water Dew Point:
The temperature at which water vapor start to condense from a gas mixture.

Hydrate:
Natural gas hydrates are solid crystalline compounds, ice-like but much less dense than ice Natural gas hydrates are formed when natural gas components enter the water lattice and occupy the vacant lattice causing the water to solidify at temperatures higher than the freezing point of water
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Definitions You Should Know.

Vapor Pressure:
Is the pressure of vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phase in a closed system. In plain terms, a liquid evaporate at all pressures below its vapor pressure, while remaining stable at pressure above the vapor pressure.

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