2011 J2 H2 9646

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2011 J2 H2 Physics 9646/01
H2 Physics Paper 1 Suggested Solutions (Term 4)

1. Ans: A
Using s=ut+
1
2
at
2
,
u=0,
s=
1
2
at
2

Graph plotted is t
2
vs s
t
2
=
2
a
s
=>
2
a
= 0.204
a=9.8 ms
-2

accurate but not precise

2. Ans: C

Av=v
f
- v
i









Only option is C

3. Ans: C

Ap
p
=
2Ad
d
+
AV
V
+
AL
L
+
A

Ad
d
=0.00833
2Ad
d
=0.0166

AV
V
=0.02

AL
L
=0.01
A

=0.0333

-v
i
V
f
Av
2011 J2 H2 9646

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4. Ans: D

Acceleration initially is 9.81 ms
-2
downwards.
Air resistance increases as speed of object increases.
Air resistance will decrease till 0.

5. Ans: A

s=ut+
1
2
at
2

Assuming object falls from rest.
Speed of object when it reaches gate 1,
u
1
=at (using v=u+at)
Speed of object when it reaches gate 2,

u
2
= u
1
+at
=at+at=2at
s
1
= u
1
t+
1
2
at
2

=at
2
+
1
2
at
2

1
2
at
2
=s
1
-at
2
-----(1)
s
2
= u
2
t+
1
2
at
2

1
2
at
2
=s
2
-u
2
t
= s
2
-(2at)(t)= s
2
-2at
2
----- (2)
(1)=(2)
s
1
-at
2
= s
2
-2at
2

at
2
= s
2
- s
1

a=
s
2
- s
1
t
2


6. Ans: B

By conservation of momentum,
mu=mv
1
+4mv
2

u= v
2
- v
1
( elastic collision, using relative speed)
Solving for v
1
,
v
1
= -
3
5
u



2011 J2 H2 9646

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7. Ans: B

Consider forces on 6.0 kg





54 6 F = 6a

Consider forces on 2.0 kg




F = 2a

Solving for F:
F = 12 N
Resultant force on 6.0 kg,
R = 54 6.0 12 = 36 N

8. Ans: A

Upthrust is small as density of air is small.
So arrow of U must be shorter than R.
droplet in equilibrium,
Sum of length of arrows upwards = sum of length of arrows down

9. Ans: B

Taking moments about X,
F
load
0.80+180 1.5=220 3.0
F
load
=487.5 N

10. Ans: B

See lecture notes.





6.0 kg
34 n
6.0 n
l
l
2.0 kg
2011 J2 H2 9646

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11. Ans: D

p=Fv
v
2
= u
2
+2as
u=0 =>v
2
=2as
v= 2as
p=(F)(2as)
=>p=kVs (rest are constants)
12. Ans: D

a= o
2
r
r increases =>a increases o constant
v= ro

13. Ans: D

String will pull ball inwards to provide centripetal force.
So ball will pull string outwards.
Pull of pole on string will be opposite to the pull of ball on string.

14. Ans: B

Total energy of satellite = KE+GPE
=
1
2
mv
2
+ [-
GMm
r


15. Ans: B

Neutral point must be close to the moon as it has smallest mass.
The point cannot be A due to the presence of the Sun.

16. Ans: D

Damping => amplitude falls & frequency of which resonance takes place decreases.
Cannot be A as amplitude must be smaller than undamped system at all frequencies.

17. Ans: B

Total energy =
1
2
mo
2
x
0
2

=
1
2
(0.008)(2(40))
2
_
5
1000
]
2

=6.3 10
-3
J
2011 J2 H2 9646

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18. Ans: C

See lecture notes.

19. Ans: C

For thermal equilibrium,
Heat lost by sphere P = Heat gained by sphere Q
M
P
c(T
P
-T)= M
Q
c(T- T
Q
)
(T
P
-T)
(T- T
Q
)
=
M
Q
M
P
<1(M
Q
<M
P
)
=>(T
P
-T)<(T- T
Q
)

20. Ans: D

Using A
2
and =
P
2r

=>
1
r
A
2

1
150
1
1200
=
(2)
2
A
2

A
2
= _
1
1200
1
150
_(2)
2

A=
_
1
8
(2)
=0.71 mm

21 Ans: C

The reflected wave cannot be the case in option A and option B.

Since it is a closed end, the stationary wave must have a node at the barrier hence
only the reflected wave in option C is possible.

We observe that the incident wave has undergone a change in phase of 180
o
to
produce the reflected wave.

We can apply the procedure below to obtain the reflected wave

(1) Reflect the incident wave about the barrier.
(2) Next, reflect the wave about the horizontal axis.

The above two procedures, which give a phase change of 180
o
,

is illustrtaed below.
2011 J2 H2 9646

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The incident wave undergoing a phase change of 180
o
to give the reflected wave is
only applicable when we examine (1) a string attached to a fixed end, (2)
electromagnetic waves, (3) the displacement of air particles in a sound wave.

22 Ans: A

1
hence graph A
d
x x
a a

=

23

Ans: A

1
sin where 1,2,3...
n
n
d

= =





24 Ans: B

All the squares are in static equilibrium but

Square A has a net clockwise moment about it centre,

Square C has a net anti-clockwise moment about its centre,

Square D has a net clockwise moment about its centre.

There for only square B is in static and rotational equilibrium

25 Ans: A

Options C and D are not possible as the electric field lines are evenly spaced.

Option B is not possible as the charges are evenly distributed on surface of the
sphere.
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26 Ans: B

( )
2
2
2
terminal p.d.
as variable resistance decreases, terminal p.d. decreases.
Power dissipated in cell
as variable resistance increases, Power dissipated in cell increases.
R
E
R r
R
E r
r E
R r
R r
R
=
+

= =

+
+


27 Ans: C

6.0 .......... (1)
1.2
5.0 .......... (2)
1.6
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously, 0.8 , 12 V
E
r
E
r
r E
=
+
=
+
= =


28 Ans: C

6
R 1.71
3.5
V
I
= = =




29 Ans: D

X R X R
X X
R R
total R X
0.3 A,
V 1.0 V, V 1.5 V emf V V 2.5 V
When connected in parallel to cell,
V 2.5 V 0.5 A
V 2.5 V 0.5 A
1.0 A
I
I
I
I I I
=
= = = + =
= =
= =
= + =







2011 J2 H2 9646

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30 Ans: A

When R = 0 C, all the current will pass through it, bypassing the 3.0 C and 6.0 C
resistor i.e. a short circuit.

Hence the effective resistance is:
1
eff
1 1
R 10
40 10
18

= + +


=


When 8 = ,

1 1
eff
1 1 1 1 1
R 10
3 6 40 10
20


= + + + + +

=


31 Ans: C

( ) ( ) ( )
. . .
20 0.83 4.5 0.17 0.11
1.4 Nm
F d
N BI L d
=
=
=
=


32 Ans: C

The magnetic flux (not flux linkage) is the same throughout coils A, B, C and D since
the no. of field lines passing through all four coils must be the same.

When the current through coil B peaks in one direction, the magnetic field in coil C will
have the largest magnitude (as compared to the other three coils) since it has the
smallest cross sectional area (recall:
A

= B ).

When the current through coil B peaks in the opposite direction, the magnetic field in
coil C will again have the largest magnitude but will now be pointing in the opposite
direction.

Thus the magnetic field strength in coil C exhibits the greatest variation.

33 Ans: B

3
o
rms
1
40 Hz
25 10
V 110
V 77.8 V
2 2

= =

= = =
f

2011 J2 H2 9646

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34 Ans: A

There is a lower probability of finding the particle to the right of the barrier thus the
amplitude of the wavefunction to the right of the barrier is smaller.

The transmitted wave however has the same energy as the incident wave thus the
wavelength remains the same.

Hence option A.

35

Ans: D

max
hf KE = +


36 Ans: D


Photons released from transitions 1, 2 and 3 are highly energetic and have a high
frequency i.e. they should appear on the right of the spectrum. Hence options A and C
are not possible.

The difference in energy of the photons released in transitions 3 and 4 is larger than
the difference in energy of the photons released in transitions 4 and 5. Hence we
expect the spectral lines for transitions 4 and 5 to be more closely spaced as
compared to the lines for transition 3 and 4.

Hence option D and not B.

37 Ans: A

Refer to Page 11-12 of your Lasers & Semiconductors notes.
1 2
4
5
3
2011 J2 H2 9646

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38 Ans: B

Red light has a wavelength of about 600 nm.

red
red
2.07 eV

=
hc
E

The transition with a E that is about 2 eV is
6 5
E E .

39 Ans: C

108
46
109
47
Pd has 46 protons and 108 46 62 neutrons
Ag has 47 protons and 109 47 62 neutrons
=
=





40 Ans: C


First, we note that the no. of tin-124 nuclei is equal to the no. of antimony-124 nuclei
that has decayed.


Hence a ratio of
No. of tin-124 nuclei
6
No. of antimony-124 nuclei
=
means that
6
7
of the original no. of antimony-124 nuclei has decayed leaving
1
7
of the
original no. of antimony-124 nuclei yet to decay i.e.
0
N 1
N 7
= .


In 1 half-life, we are left with
1
2
the original number of antimony-124 nuclei.
In 2 half-lives, we are left with
2
1 1
2 4

=


the original number of antimony-124 nuclei.
In 3 half-lives, we are left with
3
1 1
2 8

=


the original number of antimony-124 nuclei.


Since we are left with
1
7
of the original number of nuclei, the time period is between 2
and 3 half-lives i.e. between 120 and 180 days.
2011 J2 H2 9646

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2011 J2 H2 Physics 9646/02
H2 Physics Paper 2 Suggested Solutions (Term 4)

1 (a) Newtons second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an
object is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and the change takes
place in the direction of the force.
(b)(i)


Resultant force = ma
Resistive force, F = resultant force
= ma
= 750 4.8
= 3600 N

(b)(ii) Work done by friction = |Change in KE |
F d = |0 - mv
2
|
3600 d = 234375 J
d = 65.1 m

(b)(iii) As the car is brought to rest, the car tyres experiences a resistive force F acting
against the direction of motion of the car due to friction by the road. By Newtons
third law, an equal but opposite force then acts on the road by the car tyres in the
same direction as the motion of the car.

(c)(i) Originally, when the car travels on the level road,
Work done by friction = decrease in kinetic energy only.

When the car travels down the slope, it undergoes a decrease in potential energy.
Work done by friction = decrease in kinetic energy + decrease in potential energy.

More work needs to be done by friction compared to before. Since friction acting
on the car is the same, the distance travelled by the car increases.

(c)(ii) resultant F along the slope = 3600 mgsin0
= 3600 750 9.81 sin 10
o

= 2322.38 N

Resultant force = ma = 2322.38
a = 3.10 m s
-2
(up the slope)

730 kg
u = 23 ms
-1
, a = -4.8 ms
-2

l
2011 J2 H2 9646

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2 (a)(i) Resistance of lamp =
2
(12)
24
= 6.0 C
(ii) Energy transferred to lamp = 24 x 1800 = 43 200 J = 4.32 x 10
4
J
(iii) Current = 12/6.0 =2.0 A
Number of electrons passing = (2.0 x 1800)/1.6 x10
-19
= 2.25 x 10
22


(b)(i) The resistance of the lamp can be obtained from the ratio of V/I, with value of V
and corresponding value of I read from the graph.

(ii)















(iii) The voltage supply has an internal resistor. The energy supplied by the voltage
supply is shared between the lamp, the variable resistor and possibly an internal
resistor in the voltage supply. Due to the internal resistance of the voltage supply,
the p.d across the lamp cannot be 12V when variable resistor is at 0 C. When the
variable resistor is at its maximum resistance, there is still current flowing and
potential difference across it is less than 12 V and hence pd across lamp cannot
be 0 V.

2011 J2 H2 9646

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3 a (i) Diffraction is the phenomenon of bending or spreading out of waves when they
travel through a small opening or when they pass round a small obstacle.

(ii) The phase difference () between two particles or two waves tells us how much a
particle (or wave) is in front of or behind another particle (or wave). The value
ranges from 0 to 2 radians.

(ii) Two waves are considered to be coherent when they maintain a constant phase
difference between them.

Note:

Coherence should be explained as a property of the waves as opposed to the light
source.

For light waves, it is impossible to get coherent light waves unless they start
from the same source.
There are frequent irregularities in the wave created by any light source. These
irregularities cannot be matched even in the case of two waves coming from
seemingly identical but separate laser beam sources.

b (i) Since the two waves from M
1
and M
2
are of the same type, are coherent and
presumably have approximately the same amplitude, we expect superposition to
occur thus forming an interference pattern on the screen AB.

Let the position of the detector on the screen AB be D. Assuming that the two
waves are emitted in phase.

When the detector is positioned on the screen AB such that the path difference
M
1
D M
2
D = n where n = 0,1, 2, 3 , we expect constructive interference
to occur thus giving a peak in the intensity detected.

When the detector is positioned on the screen AB such that the path difference
M
1
D M
2
D = (n1/2) where n = 1, 2, 3, we expect destructive interference
to occur thus no signal will be detected at this position.

Note:
State any assumption used for e.g. the waves are emitted in phase since this
affects the conditions for constructive and destructive interference.

Note that the experiment involves microwaves which can be seen, good to specify
what we mean by bright fringes etc.

(ii) 1. The position of the bright fringes, where there is a peak in intensity, will
remain unchanged.

At the bright fringes, the intensity detected will increase. At the dark
fringes where the intensity detected remains zero.



2011 J2 H2 9646

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2. When the two microwaves from M1 and M2 are emitted out of phase, we
expect :

the positions on the screen where there was originally a bright fringe to
now exhibit a dark fringe with zero intensity since a path difference
M
1
D M
2
D = n now leads to destructive interference between the two
waves.

Positions on the screen where there was originally a dark fringe will now
exhibit a bright fringe since a M
1
D M
2
D = (n1/2) now leads to
constructive interference between the two waves. The intensity detected at
the bright fringes now is the same as that before.

4(a) Magnetic flux through a plane surface is defined as the product of the magnetic flux
density normal to the surface and the area of the surface.
(b) 4 = NBA cos 0
= 500 x 5 x 10
-2
x 2.5 x 10
-2

= 0.625 Wb
(ci) As the coil is rotated, the component of the magnetic flux density normal to the surface
changes. Therefore, the magnetic flux linkage changes.
(cii) Average emf =
t

=
3 -
10 0.25
0) - (0.625

= 2500 V
(ciii) According to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction,
d
dt

= . The maximum e.m.f.
can be determined from the gradient of the graph where the slope is the steepest, for
instance, at t = 0.25 ms.


2011 J2 H2 9646

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5. (a)(i) Absolute zero is the temperature when all substances have minimum internal
energy.

(a)(ii) Temperature of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of the ideal
gas.

(b)(i) Using pV=nRT
n=
pV
RT

=
(1.0 10
5
)(0.064)
(8.31)(27+273.15)

=2.566 moles

n=
m
M
r

m=n M
r

=0.077 kg

(b)(ii)
n=
pV
RT

m
'
=
pV
RT
M
r

=
(1.0 10
5
)(0.064)
(8.31)(180+273.15)
0.030
=0.0510 kg

Mass of gas needed to escape
=m-m
'

=0.077-0.051
=0.026 kg



















2011 J2 H2 9646

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6(a) From the graph, when x = 17.5 cm,
Temperature = 51.5 C

(b)(i) The actual relationship for heat transport along a conductor is given by:

t
=
kAA0
Ax
, where Q/t: rate of heat flow along the rod,
k: thermal conductivity, characteristic of the material
A: cross sectional area of the rod
: temp difference across length x

Since = (100 45)C and x = (17.5 0) cm, then

t
=
kA(1uu -4S) C
(17.S -u)cm


This relationship is no longer explicitly in the H2 syllabus, yet the Examiners feedback
was the majority of answers were correct.
This suggests, for 1 mark, they may have been looking for a simpler answer such as:
It is constant

(ii)
Temperature gradient,
d0
dx
=
A0
Ax
=
100-45
17.5-0
=
55
17.5

= 3.14 C cm
-1
.

(iii) There is heat loss by the rod to the surrounding for the rod in fig 6.2. For the insulated
rod in fig 6.4, the insulation prevents/reduces heat loss to the surrounding, resulting in it
having a great temperature.
In addition, the rod in fig 6.2 is exposed to the surrounding at room temperature (~30C),
whereas the lower temperature end of the rod in fig 6.4 is maintained at 45 C.


(c)
If 0
1
x
x = constant.

x/cm /C x/C cm
0 100 0
15 49 735
30 31 930

Since the product x is not constant, cannot be inversely proportional to x.


(d)(i)
x/cm /C
E
/C ln(
E
/C)
5.0 77 57 4.04


[
E
= -
1

For x = 0, 80 = 100 -
1

1
= 20 C]


2011 J2 H2 9646

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(d)(ii) 2.
Since
E
=
o
e
-x
,
Linearizing by taking natural logarithm of both sides, we get
ln
E
= -x + ln
o


Thus if the proposed equation is indeed true, then a graph of ln
E
against x should yield
a straight line, which in does indeed.

Gradient: -
Vertical intercept: ln
o


3.
Using the points (1.00, 4.32) and (25.00, 2.70),

Gradient = = -0.675 = 0.0675 cm
-1


From the graph, Vertical int = = 4.39, thus ln
o
= 4.39

o
= 80.6 C

(e)

Expected marking points
1.Non-linear curve
2. steeper and below the original line.

[other notes:
Exact form of the curve is unknown.
Horizontal asymptote is = 20 C (not 30 C), as obtained from (d)(i)]




2011 J2 H2 9646

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Q7 Suggested Solutions
(Disclaimer: These solutions do not represent the only acceptable answer. Other methods,
apparatus, procedures, precautions may also be acceptable. It is best you check with your tutor
regarding the acceptability of your solutions if they differ from what is presented below.)
Problem interpretation:

Note:
Problem Interpretation and the full list of apparatus not required for assessment/exams
Give clear descriptions on the procedures for determining the IV, DV and constants.
Read the instructions carefully: you should describe the procedure for determining the
power output of the solar panel.

Independent variable:
The power supplied to the high intensity lamp intensity of the radiation on the solar panel
Dependent variable:
Increase in temperature of water thermal energy absorbed by the water power output of
the solar panel.
Control variables:
Fixed distance between the lamp and the solar panel, rate of flow of water

Aim of the experiment:
To investigate how the power output of a solar panel depends on the intensity of the incident
infra-red radiation.





Experimental setup:
Note: All key elements should be













Procedure
( denotes reliability precautions)
1. Connect the high intensity lamp to the variable power supply. Use a retort stand to hold the
high intensity lamp at a fixed height,
the diagram. Using a metre rule, measure
the experiment.
2. Turn on the tap until a streamline, continuous flow of water stream is obtained. The tap
should remain on throughout the experiment to ensure constant flow rate.
3. Connect the tap to the inlet of the solar panel with a rubber
passed through the inlet of the solar panel at constant rate. The temperature of the water as
it enters and leaves is measured by thermometers
4. Starting from the minimum power setting, slowly increase the power supply until there is an
observable difference between
5. Place the intensity meter on the glass surface directly below the lamp. Record the intensity
Remove the intensity meter from the glass surface
6. When the apparatus settles down to a steady state (i.e. when the thermometers show no
further change in temperature
7. Place an empty beaker at the outlet and start the stopwatch. After time
the stopwatch and remove the beaker from the outlet.
Variable
Power
Supply
Solar panel
Constant height, h
Intensity meter
R
2011 J2 H2
: All key elements should be clearly labelled
)
e high intensity lamp to the variable power supply. Use a retort stand to hold the
high intensity lamp at a fixed height, h, above the glass front of the solar panel as shown in
Using a metre rule, measure h and ensure that it remains constant
Turn on the tap until a streamline, continuous flow of water stream is obtained. The tap
should remain on throughout the experiment to ensure constant flow rate.
Connect the tap to the inlet of the solar panel with a rubber tubing. Water from the tap is
passed through the inlet of the solar panel at constant rate. The temperature of the water as
it enters and leaves is measured by thermometers
1
T and
2
T .
mum power setting, slowly increase the power supply until there is an
observable difference between T
1
and T
2
.
Place the intensity meter on the glass surface directly below the lamp. Record the intensity
Remove the intensity meter from the glass surface.
When the apparatus settles down to a steady state (i.e. when the thermometers show no
further change in temperature ), record the temperature T
1
and T
2
.
lace an empty beaker at the outlet and start the stopwatch. After time t = 20 seconds, stop
he stopwatch and remove the beaker from the outlet.
High intensity
lamp
Thermometer, T
1

Water outlet
Tap
regulator
Beaker to collect
the water
R
Thermometer, T
2

2011 J2 H2 9646
19
e high intensity lamp to the variable power supply. Use a retort stand to hold the
, above the glass front of the solar panel as shown in
and ensure that it remains constant throughout
Turn on the tap until a streamline, continuous flow of water stream is obtained. The tap

tubing. Water from the tap is
passed through the inlet of the solar panel at constant rate. The temperature of the water as
mum power setting, slowly increase the power supply until there is an
Place the intensity meter on the glass surface directly below the lamp. Record the intensity I.
When the apparatus settles down to a steady state (i.e. when the thermometers show no
= 20 seconds, stop
Tap with flow
regulator
Beaker to collect
Rubber
tubing



8. Using a weighing scale, measure the mass of the water,
9. Compute the mass flow rate m/t to verify that the flow rate is indeed constant.
10. Compute the power output of the solar pan
the specific heat capacity of water.
11. Increase the power supply and repeat steps 5 to
the power output, P and the intensity,
12. Plot a graph of P against inten
the solar panel and the intensity of the radiation on the solar panel










Other Reliability Measures:
1. Enclose the high intensity lamp and the solar panel
painted black to minimize the effect due to ambient light.
2. Measure the intensity of the
average.

3. Using a marker, mark out the position to place the intensity meter with sma
glass surface to ensure consistency in the placement of the intensity meter.

Safety Concerns:
1. Avoid prolonged exposure to the infra
2. Exercise proper electrical safety when handling the
into the 240 V mains electricity supply, such as not handling with wet hands and checking to
ensure wires are properly insulated.

P / W
R
2011 J2 H2
Using a weighing scale, measure the mass of the water, m collected in the beaker.
Compute the mass flow rate m/t to verify that the flow rate is indeed constant.
Compute the power output of the solar panel using the equation P = mc(T
2
-
the specific heat capacity of water.
Increase the power supply and repeat steps 5 to 10 to collect 7 further sets of
the intensity, I.
against intensity I to obtain the relationship between the
intensity of the radiation on the solar panel.
the high intensity lamp and the solar panel in a Styrofoam box with its int
the effect due to ambient light.
intensity of the infra-red radiation at several points on the solar panel and take

Using a marker, mark out the position to place the intensity meter with sma
glass surface to ensure consistency in the placement of the intensity meter.
prolonged exposure to the infra-red radiation as it may cause injury to the skin.
Exercise proper electrical safety when handling the variable power supply
into the 240 V mains electricity supply, such as not handling with wet hands and checking to
ensure wires are properly insulated.
I / W m
-2

2011 J2 H2 9646
20
collected in the beaker.
Compute the mass flow rate m/t to verify that the flow rate is indeed constant.
T
1
) / t, where c is
to collect 7 further sets of readings for
to obtain the relationship between the power output of
in a Styrofoam box with its internal walls
red radiation at several points on the solar panel and take
Using a marker, mark out the position to place the intensity meter with small crosses on the
glass surface to ensure consistency in the placement of the intensity meter.
as it may cause injury to the skin.
which is plugged
into the 240 V mains electricity supply, such as not handling with wet hands and checking to
2011 J2 H2 9646

21

2011 J2 H2 Physics 9646/03
H2 Physics Paper 3 Suggested Solutions (Term 4)

1a) The latent heat of vaporization is the quantity of heat required to change a given mass of
substance from liquid phase to vapour phase without any change in temperature.

1bi) It is to allow for heat losses to the environment to be eliminated through calculation. Since
the temperature of water and time taken is the same for both experiments, the heat loss
should be constant.
1bii) E = mL + h
Pt = mL + h
where h represents the heat loss to the environment
(140)(5x60) = (14.1) L + h ------ (1)
(95)(5x60) = (8.2) L +h ------(2)
Eqns (1) (2):
(140-95)(5x60) = (14.1 - 8.2) L
L = 2290 J g
-1


2(a)(i) According to N2L (for constant mass), F
net
= ma.
Since the ball undergoes circular motion, the net force constitutes a centripetal force
(F
net
= F
c
= mv
2
/r)

Taking downwards as positive, and since both T and mg act downwards,
F
net
= (T) + (mg) = F
c
,
F
c
> T



(ii) F
c
= 3mg









2011 J2 H2 9646

22

(iii) Applying N2Lon the ball at the lowest point, taking upwards as positive.
F
net
= ma
T + (-mg) = F
c
= 3mg (|F
c
|= 3mg throughout since uniform circular motion)
T = 4mg










(b)(i) F
c
= mr
2

3mg = m(0.72)
2

= 6.39
(ii) F
c
= mv
2
/r
3mg = mv
2
/0.72
v = 4.60 m s
-1


(c)(i) Let t represent the top (highest point) and b represent the bottom (lowest point)
If no work is done, GPE
t
+ KE
t
= GPE
b
+ KE
b

Since GPE
t
> GPE
b
, it would KE
b
> KE
t

Since the speed and thus KE is constant, Work is done.

[from t to b, work done is ve to remove energy from the system.
From b to t, work done is +ve to supply energy to the system.

(c)(ii) Since |v| and thus KE is constant, W = GPE = mgh
W = (0.240)(9.81)(-2x0.72) = -3.4 J

[onswer provided in exominer's reporf onIy gives 3.4 J, oIfhough one wouId expecf (-3.4 J) since fhe mofion
described is from f fo b, ond W is -ve in such o cose]


3ai) A field of force is a region of space where a body experiences a force.

aii) Changes in the strength of a force-field are represented by closeness of the lines of force.
The closer the lines, the stronger the strength of the field.

bi) Mass of the object

bii) A positive charge.

biii) The north pole of a magnet
2011 J2 H2 9646

23

Note: the direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge is not in the direction of the
magnetic field.
c) Note: diagram should be clearly labelled. Directions for both the B field and E field should
be shown clearly.






The diagram above shows positively charged particles entering a region where both a uniform
electric field and a uniform magnetic field act perpendicular to one another. The charges
experience an electrostatic force, F
E
= qE acting vertically downwards and an electromagnetic
force, F
B
= Bqv acting vertically upwards. Only particles with speed v = E/B will travel in a
straight line undeflected since the forces exerted by the two fields are equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction. By varying the magnitudes of E and B, we can select charges with one
specific velocity to emerge from the slit S.












Charged
particles with
velocity v= E/B
+q
F
B
= Bqv
F
E
= qE

B into paper

E
S


2011 J2 H2 9646

24

4. When switch A and switch B are open, the equivalent circuit is:




R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
= 12 C

When switch A is open and B is closed, R
3
is shorted and the equivalent circuit is:




R
1
+ R
2
= 10 C

When switch A is closed, both R
2
and R
3
are shorted



R
1
= 6 C







R
1
R
2

R
3

X
Y
X
Y
R
1
R
2

X
Y
R
1

2011 J2 H2 9646

23

4ai) 6 C
aii) R
1
+ R
2
= 10 C
R
2
= 10 6 = 4 C
aiii) R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
= 12 C
R
3
= 12 10 = 2 C
b)



1
1
3 2
1 1
R
R R
+

= 6
2
1
4
1
1
+

=
3
1
7
=7.33C









R
3

X
Z
R
1
R
2

2011 J2 H2 9646

26

5a) The work function of a surface is the minimum energy of the individual photons in the
incident radiation necessary to result in the emission of photoelectrons from the surface of
the material.
b)
/
hc
E =
=
( )( )
( )
9 -
-34
10 540
. 10 6.63

8
10 0 3

=3.68 x 10
-19
J
=
( )
( )
9 -
-19
10 . 1
10 . 3

60
68

= 2.3 eV
Since the energy of the photons is 2.3 eV, it is lower than the work function of 2.5 eV and
electrons are not emitted from the surface.
c) The conclusion in (b) is not affected by the intensity of the light since the intensity of light only
changes the rate of arrival of photons at the surface but not the energy of the individual
photons.

6(a)
(in S.I. units) Force is defined as the rate of change of linear momentum, F

=
dp
dt
, where
linear momentum, p = m:.

[Newtons 2
nd
law provides for basis for the definition of force. Newtons 2
nd
law does not
quite define it because it only describes a proportional relationship.]


(b)(i)




Energy stored = area bounded by the line and the length (or extension) axis.






2011 J2 H2 9646

27


(b)(ii) EPE = Work done in stretching spring (by distance of x beyond its original length)

EPE = ] F
x
0
Jx = ] kx
x
0
Jx =
1
2
kx
2


[Alt, EPE = W = <F>x.
<F> = F
max
= kx since F = kx, <F> = F
max
= kx.

Thus EPE = (kx) x = kx
2
.

(c)(i) When 4.0 N hung, L = 9.2 cm
When stretched an additional 0.80 cm, total length = 9.2 + 0.80 = 10.0 cm

(c)(ii) 1.
Change in GPE = |mgh| = (4.0)(0.80x10
-2
) = 0.032 J

[mgh = (- 0.032 J) actually since spring stretched downwards]

2.
EPE = k x
2
.
k =
P
x
=
5
(10-6)10
-2
= 125 Nm
-1


When 4.0 N hung, L = 9.2 cm x
1
= 9.2 6.0 = 3.2 cm
When extended an additional 0.80 cm, x
2
= 10.0 6.0 = 4.0 cm

Thus change in EPE = k (x
2
2
- x
1
2
) = (125)(0.040
2
0.032
2
) = 0.036 J

(d)(i) TE of oscillation = 4.0 x 10
-3
J

[reasoning:
1. Lowest point 2. Equilibrium
EPE/J k (0.040)
2
=
0.100
k (0.032)
2
=
0.064
k = 125 Nm
-1

GPE/J 0 0.032 Assume GPE = 0 at
lowest point
KE/J 0 KE
max

Tot
mech
energy
0.100 0.100




Thus KE
max
= Energy of oscillation = 0.100 0.064 0.032 = 4.0 x 10
-3
J

(d)(ii) 1.
TE of oscillation = KE
max
= m(v
max
)
2
= 4.0 x 10
-3
J
M = W/g = 4.0/9.81=

|v
max
| = 0.140 m s
-1


2011 J2 H2 9646

28

2.
v = x
o
2
- x
2
(provided in formula list)
|v
max
| = x
o
(v
max
occurs when x = 0)
Thus = 2f = |v
max
|/x
o


f = 2.78 Hz

(e)
The period of oscillation for a loaded spring (spring-mass) system is given by I = 2n_
m
k

(formula not required to be memorized in H2 syllabus), where m normally represents the mass of the
load for a light/massless spring.
When the spring has non-negligible mass, m in the equation represents the effective
mass of the system, and as m T (or equivalently , f ).

[Even without the above equation, it can be reasoned that for the same restoring force F
= kx, a greater total mass with more inertia will result in smaller acceleration by Newtons
2
nd
law (a = F/m), which will result in smaller average velocity over the same
displacement (e.g. from the amplitude position to the equilibrium position.
A smaller average velocity over the same distance means greater time interval, and thus
period over the entire oscillation.]

7. (a) Progressive: A progressive wave is one that travels from one point to another,
resulting in transfer of energy.

Transverse: The plane of oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of wave
propagation. The direction of energy transfer is normal to the
oscillation of the wave particles.

(b) A polarised wave is a wave whose particles oscillates in a single plane normal to
the direction of energy transfer while an unpolarised wave has particles that
oscillate in more than one plane that is normal to the direction of energy transfer.

(c)(i) Amplitude = A

(c)(ii) Intensity = I

(c)(iii)
A
2

(d)
Angle 0 amplitude intensity
180 A I
90 0 0
60 1
2
A
1
4

(using A = Acos0)
(using A
2
)

2011 J2 H2 9646

29

(e)(i) See lecture notes.

(e)(ii) As the incident sound wave travels to the other open end of the pipe, it is
reflected backwards. The reflected wave will then interfere with the incident
sound waves and undergo superposition to form a standing wave.
(f)(i)





For first loud sound for open pipes,
L =
1
2
/
/ = 2L

(f)(ii) v = f/
= 250 (2 0.67)
= 335
= 340 ms
-1

(g) The antinodes should be located outside of the pipe (end correction).
Thus, wavelength of the soundwave is longer.
Hence, using v = f/, the speed of sound is an underestimate.












n
A A
67 cm
2011 J2 H2 9646

30

2010 A Level H2 P3 Q8
8 a (i)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
D D
0
4 4 0
4 4 0
m v m v
u V A u v
V A v

+ =
+ =
=



Although I have derived the equation above, you can easily write the equation
directly.
(ii)
( )
2
2
D
2
2
D
2
2
2
1
of particle
2
1
of daughter nuclei
2

4 4
using substition for from (a)(i)
4 4

m V
KE
KE
m v
m V
m v
A V
A v

=
=

=

4

4
1
1
4
A
A

=
=

(iii)
212 208 4
83 81 2
Bi Tl He E + +

Note that E refers to the energy released which includes the KE of the thallium
nucleus, d-particle and may include y-rays as well.

( )
( ) ( )
2
2
27 8
12
211.9459 207.9374 4.0015 1.66 10 3.0 10
1.0458 10 J
6.536 MeV
6.54 MeV
Bi Tl
E m m m c

=
=
=
=

2011 J2 H2 9646

31


From a(ii),

1
1
4
1
(212) 1
4
52
52
52
6.54
53
6.416
6.42 MeV
D
D
KE
A
KE
KE KE
KE

=
=
=
=
=
=

Note that our calculations assume that all the energy released manifests as the
KE of the daughter nuclei and d-particle.
(c) (ii) y-rays may have been emitted in the decay process.

Students may be tempted to say that in deriving the ratio in a(ii), we have used
the nucleon numbers which deviate slightly from the actual mass of the nuclei
(measured in a.m.u). Thus accounting for the difference in energy of the alpha
particle emitted.
This is not true as the discrepancy in energy of the alpha particle is far too large.

Heat is also wrong because heat is a manifestation of the KE of the particles
which we have accounted for and is too vague a term.
(ii) The -rays (photons) emitted carry momentum.

Unless the thallium nucleus, alpha-particle and -rays are emitted along a
straight line (which is very unlikely to happen),

the thallium nucleus and alpha-particle cannot travel in opposite directions
because we need momentum to be conserved two-dimensionally.
(d) (i)
1
2
ln2
3648 s
61 min
t

= =

(ii) After two hours, the bismuth sample has undergone approximately 2 half-lives,
hence we expect
2
1 1
of the original Bi sample to be left
2 4

=


.

Throughout these two hours, the thallium nuclei formed decays further.

Given that its half-life is significantly shorter than that of bismuth i.e. thallium has
a greater rate of disintegration, we expect the amount of thallium present after
two hours to be much less than 3N/4.
2011 J2 H2 9646