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9/14/2011
Introduction
This lab was the separation of the components of a ternary mixture. The three objectives in this lab were: 1. Learn the different separation techniques which include; sublimation, extraction, decantation, filtration and evaporation. 2. Separate three components in a mixture using the separation techniques learned. 3. Determine the mass percentages of each of the three components present in a mixture. In order to separate the components of a ternary mixture, one must understand what a mixture is and the different separation techniques that can be used. Mixtures are defined as a physical combination of two or more pure substances. Separation techniques are used to separate components that are not chemically combined. Because only physically combined mixtures are being used in this experiment, the separation techniques described in this experiment are based on physical changes, rather than chemical changes.
5 separation techniques
1. Sublimation- Involves the heating of a solid that passes directly into a gaseous phase without transitioning into a liquid phase. The reverse process where a gas goes into the solid phase is called deposition or condensation. 2. Evaporation- Involves the heating of a mixture in order to separate a volatile liquid in the form of a vapor, while the residual components remain dry. 3. Extraction- Involves using of a solvent that selectively dissolves only a single component while the other components remain insoluble. 4. Filtration- Involves separating a liquid from a solid using a porous material such as filter paper. The porous material allows the liquid to pass through it but not the solid. 5. Decantation- Involves the separation of a liquid from insoluble solid sediment by carefully pouring the liquid without disturbing the solid.
Mixtures can be classified by composition as either a: 1. Homogenous Mixture: a mixture classified by having a uniform composition and appearance throughout. This mixture can have all of its components in one phase. 2. Heterogeneous Mixture: a mixture classified by having a composition that varies from one region to another. These mixtures can have components in different phases.
In this experiment a mixture containing Naphthalene (C H ), common table salt (NaCl), and sea sand (Si0 ) will be separated according to a separation scheme shown in Figure A. The separation of this mixture consists of 3 main steps: 1. Sublimation of naphthalene. 2. Extraction of NaCl using water as a solvent. 3. Recovering of NaCl and sea sand by evaporating water.
FIGURE A
Naphthalene Sublimes
Extract with H O
Filter
Evaporate HO
Evaporate HO
NaCl(s)
Sea Sand
Procedure
A. Preliminary Steps
1. Obtain a sample of the mixture, record the unknown code number on the data sheet. 2. Obtain a wide mouth 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask (Figure 1) and carefully weigh it to the nearest 0.01 g on the top loading scale (Figure 2) and record its mass on the data sheet. 3. Place about 2 g of the mixture into the Erlenmeyer flask and carefully weigh it to the nearest 0.01 g with the top loading scale and record its mass on the data sheet. 4. Determine the mass of the mixture y subtracting the mass of the empty Erlenmeyer flask from the mass of the Erlenmeyer flask containing the mixture and record the calculated mass onto the data sheet.
B. Sublimation of Naphthalene
*NOTE: The sublimation of naphthalene must be carried out in a fume hood. 1. Set up a hotplate (Figure 3) in the fume hood (Figure 4) and turn the hotplate on. 2. Place an evaporating dish (Figure 5) containing ice on top of the Erlenmeyer flask containing the mixture (Figure B-1). *Make sure that no water gets on the underside of the evaporating dish or inside the flask. 3. Place the sublimation assembly on the hotplate that is in the fume hood. Soon you will notice a solid will start collecting on the underside of the evaporating dish. Continue heating for 15 minutes. 4. Carefully remove the assembly from the hotplate. 5. Carefully remove the evaporating dish from the Erlenmeyer flask and collect the solid by carefully scraping it off with a spatula (Figure 6) into a separate container. (this will be disposed of later) 6. Stir the contents of the Erlenmeyer flask with a glass rod (Figure 7). (REPEAT STEPS 3-5) 7. Combine all of the scrapped naphthalene from the underside of the evaporating dish and dispose of it into the correct labeled waste container. 8. Allow the Erlenmeyer flask to cool down. Once it is cool weigh the Erlenmeyer flask with the remaining solid in it and record the mass onto the data sheet. 9. Calculate the mass of the sublimed naphthalene by subtracting the mass of the Erlenmeyer flask with the remaining solid from the mass of the Erlenmeyer flask with the original mixture. After calculations record the calculated mass onto the data sheet.
Figure B-1
Figure C-2
Figure C-1
2. Calculate the percentage of each component in the mixture using the following
formula:
% Naphthalene= (0.13g/1.76g)x100= 7.39% %NaCl= (1.23g/1.76g)x100= 69.9% %Sea sand= (0.37g/1.76g)x100= 21.0% = 98.3% (% Yield)
Equipment
Here are some pictures of the equipment used in this experiment:
Figure 2 Figure 3
Figure 1
Figure 4
Figure 10
Figure 12
Unknown Code #:
588
Data Sheet Separation of the components of a Ternary Mixture 1. Mass of Erlenmeyer flask 126.74 g 2. Mass of Erlenmeyer flask + Mixture 3. Mass of Mixture (2)-(1) 4. Mass of Erlenmeyer flask and solid after sublimation 5. Mass of naphthalene (2)-(4) 6. Mass of beaker 1 7. Mass of beaker 1 and NaCl 8. Mass of NaCl (7)-(6) 9. Mass of Beaker 2 10. Mass of beaker 2 and Sea sand 11. Mass of sand (10)-(9) Calculations 12. Mass of recovered solids (5)+(8)+(11) 13. Percent Yield %=[(12)/(3)] x 100 14. Percentage of naphthalene %=[(5)/(3)] x 100 15. Percentage of NaCl 1.73 g 98.3% 7.39% 69.9% 128.5 g 1.76 g 128.63 g 0.13 g 67.09 g 68.32 g 1.23 g 66.36 g 66.73 g 0.37 g
21.0%
was poured twice over the funnel. After all of the residue and filtrate was filtered the beaker was placed on a hotplate, the water boiled for a few minutes and the amount of liquid reduced quickly. The NaCl that was dissolved started to precipitate into a white solid. Once all of the liquid was gone the beaker was taken off the hotplate to be cooled to room temperature. Once it was fully cooled the weight of the beaker containing now dry NaCl was taken. The mass of the recovered NaCl was determined by subtracting the mass of the empty beaker and the mass of the beaker containing the dry NaCl. According to calculations the mass of the recovered NaCl was measured at 1.23 g. In part D, the sea sand had to be dried for the recovery calculations on the data sheet. To dry sea sand first the sand was placed into a clean 150 ml beaker and was weighed. The wet sand was then transferred from the filter paper into the clean beaker. The beaker containing the sand was then placed onto the hot plate, until the sand had dried completely. The sand was then cooled to room temperature and weighed to the nearest 0.01 g. The mass of the recovered sea sand was determined by subtracting the mass of the empty beaker from the mass of the beaker containing dry sea sand. The mass of the recovered sea sand was calculated at 0.37 g. For the Calculations part of the experiment percent yield and percentages of all substances was found. The percent yield was found by dividing the mass of the recovered solids by the mass of the mixture, then multiplying the answer by 100. (1.73/1.76)x100= 98.3%. The percentage yield for this experiment came out to be 98.3%. The makeup of that 98.3% is divided up between naphthalene at 7.39%, NaCl at 69.9% and sea sand at 21.0%. Some errors that could have been made in this experiment include: 1. Not measuring the 2 grams of unknown mixture in the beginning of the experiment. 2. Rushing through the experiment by not letting the sand fully dry, not letting the naphthalene sublimate for 30 minutes, or not letting the NaCl dissolve in the water. 3. In the lab book it was stated not to let the water boil during the heating of the filtered water. In the lab though the water was allowed to be boiled, which may have disturbed the experiment. 4. Reasons why percentage yield may have differed from 100% could also be human error in calculations and the mass of the recovered solids was less than the mixture %. 5. If water got on the underside of the evaporating dish or inside the flask during naphthalene sublimation, it would affect the naphthalene from sublimating into a gas.