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CALCULUL TERMIC
1
1 C H O
Lo : = ⋅ + −
0.208 12 4 32 *
2
MAC cu camera de precombustie 1.35…1.45
MAC cu camera de vartej 1.25…1.35
MAC supraalimentate 1.6…2.2
MAC cu combust. Gazos si injectie combust. lichid 1.5…2.2
amestec aer + combust. gazos
MAC cu combust. Gazos si injectie combust. lichid 1.2…1.8
amestec aer + combust. gazos si injectie combust. lichid
Reglajul sarcinii la MAC se face prin modificarea lui α si astfel,
corectia acestuia in functie de regimul de lucru nu presupune precautii
speciale ca la MAS. In schimb la MAC apar restrictii severe in
limitatreavalorii inferioare a lui α, impusa pe de o parte de emisia de
fum, iar pe de alta de cresterea solicitarilor termo-mecanice.
Deoarece α>1, in urma arderii se obtin dioxid de carbon, apa,
oxigen, azot; cantitatile
C acestor componenti se deterina cu relatiile:
MCO2 : =
12
MCO2 = 0.073
H [kmol CO2/kg.comb];
MH2O : =
2
MH2O = 0.063
MO2 : = 0.208 ⋅ ( α − 1) ⋅ Lo
[kmol H2O/kg.comb];
*
MO2 = 0.052
MN2 : = 0.792⋅ α [kmol
⋅ Lo O2/kg.comb];
*
MN2 = 0.593
[kmol N2/kg.comb];
Calculul cantitatii totale de produse rezultate prin arderea a 1 [kg]
de combustibil:
C H
M2 : = + + ( α − 0.208) ⋅ Lo
12 2 *
M2 = 0.781
[kmol/kg.comb];
3
calculeaza cu relatia:
p0 : = 0.1
Ra : = 287
T 0 : = 293
6
10 ⋅ p0
ρ 0 :=
Ra ⋅ T 0 *
ρ 0 = 1.189
[kg/mc];
Scaderile de presiune in admisie:
β ( β c + βp
Ws : = 80
)
β :
= 2.9 [m/s];
2
Ws −6
∆ P a := β ⋅ ⋅ ρ 0 ⋅ 10 *
2
∆ P a = 0.011
[MPa];
pPresiunea incarcaturii proaspete la sfarsitul admisiei:
a : = p0 − ∆ P a *
pa = 0.089
[MPa];
cPresiunea
r : = 1.1
gazelor reziduale:
pr : = cr ⋅ p0- coeficient al presiunii gazelor reziduale;
*
pr = 0.11
[MPa];
∆Coeficientul
T: = 20 gazelor reziduale:
T r : = 604
µ 1 : = 0.97 [K];
µ 2 : = 1.14
ε:= 17
T0 + ∆ T µ 1 ⋅ pr
γ := ⋅
Tr ε ⋅ µ 2 ⋅ pa − µ 1 ⋅ pr *
γ = 0.034
4
T0 + ∆ T + γ ⋅ Tr
Ta : = *
1+ γ
T a = 322.619
[K];
Coeficientul
T 0 de umplere:
( )
1 1
η v := ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ µ 2 ⋅ ε ⋅ pa − pr *
T 0 + ∆ T ε − 1 p0
η v = 0.944
5
din proiectare a caracterului modificarii lui n1 ar fi deosebit de dificila,
aceasta fiind legata de dependete complexe si de existenta unui volum
mare de dateexperimentale. De aceea in calcule se considera ca
presiunea evolueaza dupa o politropa cu exponentul n1 constatnt (curba
cu linie continua), pentru parcurgerea careia se consuma acelasi lucru
mecanic ca si in situatia reala, cand n1r este variabil.
Determinarea exponentului adiabatic k1, al procesului de
comprimare:
8.315
k1 1 +
(
aa + 10 ⋅ ba ⋅T a ⋅ 1 + ε
−3 k1−1
)
− 546
, tinand cont de
valorile:
aa : = 20.6
ba : = 2.638
8.315
k1 1+
(
20.6 + 0.002638 ⋅ 330.009 ⋅ 1 + ε ) − 256
k1−1
6
Qc = 424.374
[kJ/kg.conb];
Presiunean si temperatura fluidului de lucrula sfarsitul comprimarii :
1
pc : = pa ⋅ ε
*
n1− 1
T c := T a ⋅ ε
*
pc = 4.489
T c = 957.597 [MPa];
tc : = T c − 273 *[K];
tc = 684.597
[°C];
mcv2 : = da + db *
mcv2 = 24.105
[kJ/kmol.grd];
Se determina apoi caldura specifica molara medie la volum
constant a fluidului de lucru in intervalul t0...tc :
7
mcv1 : =
1+ γ
1
(
⋅ mcv + γ ⋅ mcv2 * )
mcv1 = 22.462
[kJ/kmol.grd];
Puterea calorica
Hi inferioara a 1 [kmol] de amestec real este:
Hia :=
M1 ⋅ ( 1 + γ ) *
4
Hia = 5.478 × 10
[kJ/kmol amestec];
Caldura specifica molara medie la volum constant a fluidului de
lucru dupa ardere in intervalul t0...tz este:
8
1
C1 : =
M2
(
⋅ 39.123 ⋅ MCO2 + 23.723 ⋅ MO2 + 26.67 ⋅ MH2O + 21.951 ⋅ MN2 * )
−3
10
D1 :=
M2
(
⋅ 3.349 ⋅ MCO2 + 1.55 ⋅ MO2 + 4.438 ⋅ MH2O + 1.457 ⋅ MN2
* )
C1 = 24.044
− 3
D1 = 1.879 × 10
9
mcvtz : = C1 + D1 ⋅ tz *
T z : = tz + 273
*
3
T z = 1.836 × 10
[K];
mcvtz = 26.981
10
prealabile:
pz : = λ z ⋅ pc *
µ r⋅ Tz
δ z :=
λ z⋅ Tc *
pz = 8.978
δ z = 0.998 [MPa];
11
ε
δ :=
δz *
δ
=17.041
nExponentul
2 : = 1.314
politropic mediu al destinderii:
Calculul
pz presiunii si temperaturii la sfarsitul cursei de destindere:
pd :=
*n2
δ
1− n2
Td : = Tz⋅ δ
*
pd = 0.216
[MPa];
T d = 753.535
[K];
Temperatura gazelor evacuate:
12
Td
T r1 :=
1 *
3
pd
pr
T r1 = 601.495
[K];
Eroarea de− estimare
T r1 Tr a temperaturii Tr, este:
∆ T r := ⋅ 100 *
Tr [%];
∆ T r = − 0.415
[%];
Intrucat ele sunt sub limita admisibila de 1%, nu mai este necesar
sa se reia calculele cu o alta valoare a temperaturii Tr .
ζPresiunea
r : = 0.95
medie indicata a ciclului rotunjit:
pi : = ζ r ⋅ pi1- *coeficient de plenitudine;
pi = 0.886
[MPa];
13
M1 ⋅ pi⋅ T 0
η i := 8.315⋅
Hi⋅ η v ⋅ p0 *
η i = 0.404
ka : = 1.40 - randamentul indicat;
- exponentul adiabatic
ka al aerului;
1 λ z⋅δ z − 1
η t := 1 − ⋅
ε z a z z (
ka− 1 λ − 1 + k ⋅ λ ⋅ δ − 1 *)
η t = 0.678
ηi - randamentul termic;
η r :=
ηt *
η r = 0.595
- randamentul relativ;
Consumul specific indicat de combustibil:
Consumul specific indicat de combustibil gi, reprezinta cantitatea
de combustibil consumata de motor in unitatea de timp pentru a
produce o unitate
3600 de putere indicata.
gi :=
η i⋅ Hi *
gi = 0.21
q: = 0.1 [kg/kwh];
- proportie necesara pentru aprinderea combustibilului
gazos; 3600⋅ ( 1 − q)
vi : =
η i⋅ H i *
Consumul
3600 indicat de caldura:
Qi :=
ηi *
3
Qi = 8.919 × 10
[kJ/kvh];
Prin datele initiale s-a impus constructia cu 8 cilindri in V a
motorului, deci presiunea medie echivalenta pierderilor mecanice se
exprima
wpmastfel:
: = 12
pm : = 0.09 +[m/s]
0.012- ⋅viteza
wpm *medie a pistonului;
14
pm = 0.234
[MPa];
pPresiunea medie efectiva:
e : = pi − pm *
pe = 0.652
[MPa];
Randamentul
pe mecanic al motorului:
η m :=
pi *
η m = 0.736
15
4
Qe = 1.212 × 10
[kJ/kwh];
Consumul orar de combustibil:
C h : = ge ⋅ P e *
Ch = 32.613
[kg/h];
Consumul orar de caldura:
Q h : = Qe ⋅ P e *
6
Qh = 1.384 × 10
[KJ/h];
Cursa 30pistonului:
⋅ wpm
S :=
n *
S= 0.12
[m];
3
i⋅ π ⋅ S
ψ := *
−3
10 ⋅4 ⋅Vt
ψ
=1.217
Alezajul:
S
D :=
ψ
D= 0.099
[m];
Puterea
S litrica:
D :=
ψ
D= 0.099
[m];
Cilindreea
Vt unitara:
Vh :=
6 *
Vh = 0.917
[dmc];
Volumul Vhspatiului de comprimare:
Vc : =
ε − 1 *
Vc = 0.057
Vz : = δ z ⋅ Vc *[dmc];
16
Vz = 0.057
[dmc];
1.6 Bilantul termic al motorului
17
1 − 1 ⋅ P ⋅ 1000 + Q ⋅ v + v
Q2 := e 0( c d) *
ηm
5
Q1 = 1.142 × 10
[J/s];
4
Q2 = 7.557 × 10
[J/s];
tr : = T r − 273
*
aco2 : = 27.941 [°C]; bco2 : = 19 cco2 : = − 5.487
ao2 : = 20.930 bo2 : = 4.641 co2 : = − 0.840
ah2o : = 24.953 bh2o : = 5.359 ch2o : = 0
an2 : = 20.398 bn2 : = 2.5 cn2 : = 0
(
mcvtr1 : = aco2 + 10
− 3
⋅ bco2 ⋅ tr + 10 ⋅ cco2 ⋅ tr ) ⋅ MCO2 *
− 6 2
18
5
Q5 = 1.255 × 10
[J/s];
Stabilirea
Q1 procentelor caldurii totale:
q1 := ⋅ 100 q1 = 29.707
Q0 * [%];
Q2
q2 := ⋅ 100 q2 = 19.656
Q0 * [%];
Q3
q3 := ⋅ 100 q3 = 17.984
Q0 * [%];
Q4
q4 := ⋅ 100 q4 = 0
Q0 * [%];
Q5
q5 := ⋅ 100 q5 = 32.653
Q0 * [%];
19
2
D
Vs := π ⋅ ⋅S
4 *
Cilindreea, [mc]:
− 4
Vs = 9.167 × 10
Vs
Vc : =
ε − 1 *
2
D λ
Vc + π ⋅ ⋅ 1 − cos ( α ⋅ deg) + ⋅( 1 − cos ( 2 ⋅ α ⋅deg) ) ⋅r Vc ⋅ δ z
4(
α t : = Find α ) 4
α t= 360
φ z : = ceil( α t) − 360
φ z= 0
( λ-durata
z + 1 ⋅S)
arderii la presiune constanta:
pc1 : =
2 *
i: = 0..720
2
D λ
V( i) := Vc + π ⋅ ⋅ 1 − cos ( i⋅ deg) + ⋅ ( 1 − cos ( 2 ⋅ i⋅ deg) ) ⋅ r
4 4 *
1 − ( λ ⋅ sin ( i⋅ deg) )
2
1
s ( i) := r ⋅ 1 + − cos ( i⋅ deg) +
r λ λ *
hc : = 2 ⋅
ε − 1 *
2 2
1
s3 := r ⋅ 1 + − cos ( 380 ⋅ deg) +
1 − λ ⋅ sin ( deg ⋅ 380 )
λ n λ *
2
hc + 2 ⋅ r
p3 := pd ⋅
hc + s3
20
2
2 φz
1 − λ ⋅ sindeg⋅ 360 +
1 φz 2
s2s := r ⋅ 1 + − cos 360 + ⋅ deg +
λ 2 λ
2
1 1 − λ
2
⋅ sin ( deg ⋅ α )
dse
s4 := r ⋅ 1 + − cos ( α dse ⋅ deg) + *
p + p λ
d r
λ
pst : =
2 *
n2
hc + 2 ⋅ r
p4 := pd ⋅
hc + s4
2
1 1 − λ
2
⋅ sin
deg ⋅ ( β + 540 )
s5 := r ⋅ 1 + − cos ( β dse + 540) ⋅ deg +
dse
*
λ λ
21
p ( i) := pa if 0 ≤ i < 180
n1
Va
pa ⋅ if 180 ≤ i < α + 5
V( i)
n1
Va
pc1 − pa ⋅
V( i)
pc1 − ⋅( 360 − i) if α + 5 ≤ i < 360
β−5
2
( pc1 − pz) ⋅ s2s + 2 ⋅( pz − pc1) ⋅ s2s + pc1 if 360 ≤ i < 360 + 2
s ( i) s ( i) φz
φz
pz if 360 + ≤ i < 360 + φz
2
n2
Va
pd ⋅ if 360 + φz ≤ i ≤ αdse
V( i)
2
2 ( pst − p4)
pst + pst + ( p4 − 2 ⋅pst ) ⋅p4 − ( s4 − s ( i) ) ⋅ if αdse ≤ i < 540
s4 − 2 ⋅r
2 ( pst − pr) 2
pst − pst − pd ⋅pr − ( s5 − s ( i) ) ⋅ if 540 ≤ i < 540 + βdse
s5 − 2 ⋅r
pr otherwise
22
10
Vc Va
p ( i)
0
4 4 4 4
0 2 .10 4 .10 6 .10 8 .10 0.001
V ( i)
23
CAPITOLUL 2
kk :-eprezinta (
un coeficient
= 0.06125⋅ C x Kg⋅ m− 3 )aerodynamic:
k= 0.014 Kg⋅ m− 3
[ ];
f -coeficientul de rezistenta la rulare:
( )
f := 0.0165 ⋅ 1 + 0.0065 ⋅ vmax − 50
24
f:
= 0.024
25
functionare stabila sau zona de stabilitate, deoarece odata cu cresterea
sarcinii si scaderea turatiei, momentul motor produs creste si
echilibreaza momentele rezistente suplimentare. Marimea zonei de
stabilitate este caracterizata prin coeficientul de elasticitate;
Momentul laPputere maxima va fi:
max ⋅ 0.736
Mp := 955.4 ⋅
np
Mp = 26.252
Mmax [daN.m];
Ca :=
Mp
Ca = 1.371
Calculul
nMcoeficientului de elasticitate:
Ce :=
np
Ce = 0.6
26
Valorile coeficientilor α, β si γ sunt prezentate in tabelul 2.1.
Tabelul 2.1.
Tipul motorului α β γ
Motoare cu aprindere prin scanteie 1 1 1
Motoare cu aprindere prin compresie in 2 timpi 0.87 1.13 1
Motoare cu aprindere prin compresie in 4 timpi 0.53 1.56 1.09
α + β − γ 1 P ( n) ⋅ 0.736
M ( n) := 955.4 ⋅
n [daN.m];
110
100
90
P ( n) 80
M ( n) ⋅3 70
60
50
40
30
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
n
27
2.3 Etajarea cutiei de viteze
28
3.6 ⋅ rr ⋅ π ⋅ nvmax
i0 :=
30 ⋅ vmax
i0 = 6.743
Viteza: =critica
F ( ( )
in prima treapta este: ( ) )
tmax Ga ⋅ sin α max ⋅ deg + cos α max ⋅ deg ⋅ f
Ftmax = 3982.108
[daN];
rr
icv1 := Ftmax ⋅
Mmax ⋅ i0 ⋅ η tr
icv1 = 8.891
Alegem
n1 turatia
: = nM minima si maxima:
n1 = 1800
n2 : = np [rot/min];
n2 = 3000
[rot/min];
Rapoartele cutiei de viteze formeaza o progresie geometrica de
ratie: n
1
qmax :=
n2
qmax = 0.6
29
(( ))
log icv1
kmin := 1 − +1
(( ))
log qmax
kmin = 6.278
30
I 5.521 10.122
II 9.534 17.479
IV 28.43 52.121
V 49.092 90.002
31
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V1max)2
Ra1 :=
13
Ra1 = 0.782
[daN]; 2
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V2max)
Ra2 :=
13
Ra2 = 2.332
[daN]; 2
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V3max)
Ra3 :=
13
Ra3 = 6.954
[daN]; 2
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V4max)
Ra4 :=
13
Ra4 = 20.736
[daN];2
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V5max)
Ra5 :=
13
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ Vmimax )2
Rami :=
13
Rami = 6.56
[daN];
32
Mp ⋅ i0 ⋅ icv1⋅ η tr
Frn1 :=
rr
Frn1 = 2903.825
Mp ⋅ i0 ⋅ icv2[daN];
⋅ η tr
Frn2 :=
rr
Frn2 = 1681.624
Mp ⋅ i0 ⋅ icv3[daN];
⋅ η tr
Frn3 :=
rr
Frn3 = 973.84
[daN];
Mp ⋅ i0 ⋅ icv4 ⋅ η tr
Frn4 :=
rr
Frn4 = 563.957
[daN];
Mp ⋅ i0 ⋅ icv5 ⋅ η tr
Frn5 :=
rr
Frn5 = 326.592
[daN];
Mp ⋅ i0 ⋅ icvmi ⋅ η tr
Frnmi :=
rr
Frnmi = 1002.636
[daN];
33
Frs3 = 1335.458
Mmax ⋅ i0 ⋅ i[daN];
cv4 ⋅ η tr
Frs4 :=
rr
Frs4 = 773.373
Mmax ⋅ i0[daN];
⋅ icv5 ⋅ η tr
Frs5 :=
rr
Frs5 = 447.865
Mmax ⋅ i[daN];
0 ⋅ icvmi⋅ η tr
Frsmi :=
rr
Frsmi = 1374.947
[daN];
34
Mr ⋅ i0 ⋅ icvmi⋅ η tr
Frgmi :=
rr
Frgmi = 1198.707
[daN];
ΣR Rp + Rr + Ra
Rd Fr − ΣR , unde Fr se ia pentru regim de suprasarcina.
( )
ψ max : = f ⋅ cos α max⋅ deg + sin α max⋅ deg ( )
vit : = 0 . . vmax
2
k ⋅ As ⋅ vit
Rezd ( vit) := f ⋅ Ga +
13
2
k ⋅ As ⋅ vit
Rezα ( vit) := ψ max ⋅ Ga +
13
35
3500
Fr1 ( n) 3000
Fr2 ( n)
2500
Fr3 ( n)
Fr4 ( n) 2000
Fr5 ( n)
1500
Frmi( n)
Rezd( vit)
1000
500
0 20 40 60 80 100
V1 ( n) , V2 ( n) , V3 ( n) , V4 ( n) , V5 ( n) , Vmi( n) , vit
36
rampeiP (pantei);
a
P d -puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei aerului;
P δ -puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei la demaraj;
-puterea consumata datorita patinarii rotilor motoare ale
autovehiculului;
Calculul puterii necesara invingerii rezistentei la rulare Pr
37
Pentru α=18 (
grade
f ⋅ Ga ⋅ cos avem:
α max )
⋅ deg
P rα 1 := ⋅ V1max
360 ⋅ η tr
P rα 1 = 8.557
(
[KW];
f ⋅ Ga ⋅ cos )
α max ⋅ deg
P rα 2 := ⋅ V2max
360 ⋅ η tr
P rα 2 = 14.777
(
f ⋅ Ga ⋅ cos[KW];
)
α max ⋅ deg
P rα 3 := ⋅ V3max
360 ⋅ η tr
P rα 3 = 25.517
(
f ⋅ Ga ⋅ cos[KW];
)
α max ⋅ deg
P rα 4 := ⋅ V4max
360 ⋅ η tr
P rα 4 = 44.062
(
f ⋅ Ga ⋅ cos[KW];
)
α max ⋅ deg
P rα 5 := ⋅ V5max
360 ⋅ η tr
P rα 5 = 76.086
(
[KW];
f ⋅ Ga ⋅ cos α max ⋅ deg)
P rα mi := ⋅ Vmimax
360 ⋅ η tr
P rα mi = 24.784
[KW];
Calculul puterii necesara invingerii fortei de greutate de-a lungul
pantei
38
(
Ga ⋅ cos α max ⋅ deg)
P pα 2 := ⋅ V2max
360 ⋅ η tr
P pα 2 = 615.703
(
Ga ⋅ cos α[KW];
max ⋅ deg)
P pα 3 := ⋅ V3max
360 ⋅ η tr
P pα 3 = 1063.194
( [KW];
Ga ⋅ cos α max ⋅ deg)
P pα 4 := ⋅ V4max
360 ⋅ η tr
P pα 4 = 1835.921
( [KW];
Ga ⋅ cos α max ⋅ deg)
P pα 5 := ⋅ V5max
360 ⋅ η tr
P pα 5 = 3170.263
(
Ga ⋅ cos α[KW];
max ⋅ deg )
P pα mi := ⋅ Vmimax
360 ⋅ η tr
P pα mi = 1032.659
[KW];
Calculul puterii necesare invingerii rezistentei aerului
Rezistenta aerului: 2
k ⋅ As ⋅ ( V1max)
Ra1 :=
13
Ra1 = 0.782
[daN]; 2
k ⋅ As ⋅ ( V2max)
Ra2 :=
13
Ra2 = 2.332
[daN]; 2
k ⋅ As ⋅ ( V3max)
Ra3 :=
13
Ra3 = 6.954
[daN];
39
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V4max)2
Ra4 :=
13
Ra4 = 20.736
[daN];2
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V5max)
Ra5 :=
13
Ra5 = 61.83
[daN]; 2
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ Vmimax )
Rami :=
13
Rami = 6.56
[daN];
Puterea necesara invingerii rezistentei aerului:
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V1max) 2
P a1 := ⋅ V1max
360⋅ η tr
P a1 = 0.318
[KW]; 2
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V2max)
P a2 := ⋅ V2max
360⋅ η tr
P a2 = 1.636
[KW]; 2
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V3max)
P a3 := ⋅ V3max
360⋅ η tr
P a3 = 8.422
[KW]; 2
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V4max)
P a4 := ⋅ V4max
360⋅ η tr
P a4 = 43.364
[KW]; 2
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ V5max)
P a5 := ⋅ V5max
360⋅ η tr
P a5 = 223.281
[KW];
40
autovehiculului.
j : = 1 . . kmin
(
k ⋅ As ⋅ Vmimax )2
P ami := ⋅ Vmimax
360 ⋅ η tr
kmin− j
kmin− 1
ik j := icv1
P ami = 7.717
ikmi : = icvmi
rr ⋅ n
v j , n := 0.377 ⋅
i0 ⋅ ik j
rr ⋅ n
vmin := 0.377 ⋅
i0 ⋅ ikmi
M ( n) ⋅ i0 ⋅ ik j ⋅ η tr
P j , n := ⋅ vj , n
rr ⋅ 360
M ( n) ⋅ i0 ⋅ ikmi⋅ η tr
P mi( n) := ⋅ vmin
rr ⋅ 360
41
80
70
P1 , n
60
P2 , n
P3 , n 50
P4 , n
40
P5 , n
Pmi( n)
30
PRez( vit)
20
PRez1( vit)
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
v1 , n , v2 , n , v3 , n , v4 , n , v5 , n , vmin , vit , vit
42
fPentru
:= puntea motoare fata avem:
0.024
φCoeficientul
s2 : = − f
de rezistenta la rulare:
φ:=0.7
φCoeficientul
s1 : = φ
de aderenta:
A
b :=
2
A
a :=
2
b= 2030
a= 2030 [mm];
A= 4060 [mm];
H: = 3125 [mm];
[mm];
Inaltimea
H centrului de greutate se considera:
hg : =
2
hg = 1562.5
[mm];
Reactiunile nornale ale caii de rulare:
( )
a
⋅ cos α max⋅ deg
A
z1φ := ⋅ Ga
hg
1− ⋅( φ + f )
A
z1φ = 7910.452
b hg
(
− ⋅ φ ⋅ cos α max⋅ deg
A A
)
z2φ := ⋅ Ga
hg
1− ⋅( φ + f )
A
z2φ = 3648.355
(
Coeficientii
cos αde )
incarcare dinamica vor fi:
max ⋅ deg
m1φ :=
hg
1− ⋅φ
A
43
m1φ = 1.302
hg
1− ⋅φ
( )
b
m2φ := ⋅ cos α max⋅ deg
hg
1− ⋅φ
A
m2φ = 0.6
Forta de tractiune
φ ⋅ z1φ specifica:
γ t1max :=
Ga
γ t1max = 0.461
44
2
K ⋅S ⋅V
Fr −
13 unde:
Dk
Ga
Fr
-reprezinta forta la roata in [N];
S
2];
K -reprezinta aria sectiunii transversale in [m
-reprezinta coeficientul de rezistenta al aerului;
Viteza este in [Km/h];
G a
-reprezinta greutatea totala;
Valoarea maxima a fortei la roata este limitata de alunecarea
rotilor Fpe suprafata drumului si atunci limita superioara a rotilor va fi:
rmax : = φ ⋅ z1φ z1φ = 7910.452
unde:
De aici rezulta ca, factorul dinamic limitat de aderenta are
expresia:
2
k ⋅ As ⋅ V
( φ ⋅z1φ) − 13
Dφ
Ga
Cum k,φ ⋅Az s, V2 au valori reduse, acestea se neglijeaza.
1φ
Dφ :=
Ga
Dφ = 0.461
45
0.3
Dk1 ( n)
0.25
Dk2 ( n)
Dk3 ( n) 0.2
Dk4 ( n) 0.15
Dk5 ( n)
0.1
Dkmi( n)
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80
V1 ( n) , V2 ( n) , V3 ( n) , V4 ( n) , V5 ( n) , Vmi( n)
46
g := 9.8
δ
-reprezinta coeficient de influenta al maselor aflate in miscarea
de rotatie;
ψ
-reprezinta rezistenta totala a drumului.
2 unde:
δa 1 + ar + am ⋅icvi
r
ar -reprezinta
: = 0.03 coeficientul de influenta al rotilor;
am
am -reprezinta
: = 0.05 coeficientul de influenta al motorului;
icv1 = 8.891
2
δ 1 : = 1 + ar + am ⋅ icv1
δ 1 = 4.983
2
δ 2 : = 1 + ar + am ⋅ icv2
δ 2 = 2.356
2
δ 3 : = 1 + ar + am ⋅ icv3
δ 3 = 1.475
2
δ 4 : = 1 + ar + am ⋅ icv4
δ 4 = 1.179
2
δ 5 : = 1 + ar + am ⋅ icv5
δ 5 = 1.08
2
δ mi : = 1 + ar + am ⋅ icvmi
δ mi = 1.501
47
0.8
a1 ( n)
a2 ( n) 0.6
a3 ( n)
a4 ( n)
0.4
a5 ( n)
ami( n)
0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
V1 ( n) , V2 ( n) , V3 ( n) , V4 ( n) , V5 ( n) , Vmi( n)
48
rr ⋅ na 1000
( )
V4a na := 0.377 ⋅ ⋅
i0 ⋅ icv4 3600
rr ⋅ na 1000
( )
V5a na := 0.377 ⋅ ⋅
i0 ⋅ icv5 3600
rr ⋅ na 1000
( )
Vmia na := 0.377 ⋅ ⋅
i0 ⋅ icvmi 3600
CAPITOLUL 3
ρ:
=
−
α := ⋅
λ:=
σ := ..
σ := ..
σ := ..
σ := ..
σ := ..
σ := ..
σ := ..
σ := ..
σ := ..
:
= .
.
:
= .
.
:
= .
.
:= ⋅
:= ⋅
µ:
=..
µ:
=
..
:
= ⋅
=
..
:= ⋅
=
..
:= ⋅
..
:= ⋅
=
..
:
= ⋅
..
:
= ⋅
=
..
:= ⋅
..
:= ⋅
∆ ..
∆ :=
∆ ..
∆ :=
:= − ⋅
=
..
:= ⋅
=
..
:=
..
:= ⋅
=
..
:
= ⋅
=
..
:= ⋅
=
..
:
= ⋅
:=
:=
:=
:=
σ
ζ
ζ
ζ :
=
:=
=
π⋅
⋅ζ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
:=
⋅π ⋅ ⋅
λ:
=
:
=⋅λ
=
∆
∆ −
.. ⋅
:= ⋅
= ×
+
:= −
= ×
δ +
δ :=
− ⋅δ
∆ := ⋅
λ
∆ =
∆ := ⋅∆
∆ =
:=
=
λ
δ :=
δ =
δδ
⋅ω ⋅( )
−
:= ⋅ + λ
=
:= −
=
−
α= ⋅ = ⋅
:
=
ρ= ⋅
− α ⋅ ⋅( ) ⋅( + µ) ⋅
σ :=
⋅( − µ +
− µ +
)
⋅∆ −
α⋅
⋅∆ − ⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ = −
− α ⋅ ⋅( ) ⋅( + µ) ⋅
σ :=
⋅( − µ +
− µ +
)
⋅∆ −
α⋅
⋅∆ − ⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ = −
− α ⋅ ⋅( ) ⋅( + µ) ⋅
σ :=
⋅(
− µ +
− µ + )
⋅∆ +
α⋅
⋅∆ + ⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ =
− α ⋅ ⋅( ) ⋅( + µ) ⋅
σ :=
⋅(
− µ +
− µ + )
⋅∆ +
α⋅
⋅∆ + ⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ =
σ :=
⋅(
−α ⋅
− µ + )
⋅∆ −
⋅(
α⋅
− µ)
⋅∆ +
⋅
⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ = −
σ :=
⋅(
−α ⋅
− µ + )
⋅∆ −
⋅(
α⋅
− µ)
⋅∆ +
⋅
⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ = −
σ :=
⋅(
−α ⋅
− µ + )
⋅∆ +
⋅(
α⋅
− µ)
⋅∆ −
⋅
⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ =
σ :=
⋅(
−α ⋅
− µ + )
⋅∆ +
⋅(
α⋅
− µ)
⋅∆ −
⋅
⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ =
α ⋅ ⋅( − µ)
σ :=
⋅( − µ + )
⋅∆ −
⋅(
α⋅
− µ)
⋅∆ +
⋅µ ⋅
⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ = −
α ⋅ ⋅( − µ)
σ :=
⋅( − µ + )
⋅∆ −
⋅(
α⋅
− µ)
⋅∆ +
⋅µ ⋅
⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ = −
α ⋅ ⋅( − µ)
σ :=
⋅( − µ + )
⋅∆ +
⋅(
α⋅
− µ)
⋅∆ −
⋅µ ⋅
⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ =
α ⋅ ⋅( − µ)
σ :=
⋅( − µ + )
⋅∆ +
⋅(
α⋅
− µ)
⋅∆ −
⋅µ ⋅
⋅ ( − − ρ ⋅δ ⋅ ⋅
−
)
⋅δ
σ =
σ − σ σ − σ
σ := σ :=
σ − σ σ − σ
σ := σ :=
σ − σ σ − σ
σ := σ :=
σ =
σ =
σ =
σ =
σ =
σ =
σ + σ σ + σ
σ := σ :=
σ + σ σ + σ
σ := σ :=
σ + σ σ + σ
σ := σ :=
σ = −
σ =
σ = −
σ =
σ = −
σ =
σ σ
:= :=
σ σ
σ σ
:= :=
σ σ
σ σ
:= :=
σ σ
=
=
=
=
=
=
σ σ
= =
σ σ
σ σ
= =
σ σ
σ σ
= =
σ σ
σ :=
σ :=
σ := ⋅σ
σ =
β:=
ε:=
γ :=
γ :=
⋅σ − σ
ψ := ψ
=
σ
σ
−ψ
σ
:= =
σ
−
σ
σ
σ
≥ β
σ ⋅σ + ψ ⋅ σ
ε ⋅γ
σ
σ
< β
σ ⋅σ + ψ ⋅ σ
ε ⋅γ
σ
σ :=
β σ =
⋅σ + ψ⋅ σ
ε ⋅ γ
σ
σ :=
β σ =
⋅σ + ψ⋅ σ
ε ⋅ γ
σ
σ :=
β σ =
⋅σ + ψ⋅ σ
ε ⋅ γ
σ
σ :=
β σ =
⋅σ + ψ⋅ σ
ε ⋅ γ
σ
σ :=
β σ =
⋅σ + ψ⋅ σ
ε ⋅ γ
σ
σ :=
β σ =
⋅σ + ψ⋅ σ
ε ⋅ γ
⋅ ⋅ ( − − ∆ ) ⋅( + ∆ )
σ :=
( − ⋅ − ⋅∆ )⋅
σ =
⋅ ⋅ ( − − ∆ ) ⋅( + ∆ )
τ :=
( − ⋅ − ⋅∆ )⋅
τ =
σ := σ + ⋅τ
σ =
⋅σ
σ :=
β
σ ⋅ ψ +
ε ⋅γ
σ =
π ⋅ ⋅( − ) π ⋅ ⋅ ( − )
− δ π⋅ π ⋅( − − )
⋅( + ∆ ) − π ⋅
:= − − ⋅ − ⋅
= ×
:= ⋅
:= ρ ⋅
=
π ⋅( + ) π⋅
:= − − ⋅ ⋅
=
∆:
=
:=
( − ) ⋅π ⋅ ⋅− ⋅ ⋅
σ :=
⋅ ⋅
σ = −
( − ) ⋅π ⋅ ⋅− ⋅ ⋅
σ :=
⋅ ⋅
σ =
σ − σ
σ :=
σ = −
σ + σ
σ :=
σ = −
σ
:=
σ
=
⋅σ − σ
ψ := ψ =
σ
σ =
:=
σ
σ
−ψ
σ
:= =
σ
−
σ
<
β:
=
σ
σ :=
β
⋅ σ + ψ ⋅ σ σ
ε ⋅γ
( − ) ⋅π ⋅ − ⋅ ⋅
:=
⋅ ⋅ −
=
:= =
( − ) ⋅π ⋅ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅( − )
σ :=
π⋅ ⋅ ( − )⋅ −
σ =
( − ) ⋅π ⋅ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅( − )
σ :=
π⋅ ⋅ ( − )⋅ −
σ = −
σ − σ
σ :=
σ =
σ + σ
σ :=
σ =
σ
:=
σ
= −
⋅σ − σ
ψ :=
σ
ψ
=
σ
−ψ
σ σ
= =
σ σ
−
σ
σ
−ψ
σ σ
<
σ σ
−
σ
c σ
σ :=
β
⋅σ + ψ ⋅ σ
ε ⋅γ
σ =
−
α := ⋅
∆ :=
∆ := ⋅
∆ =
∆ − (
⋅ α ⋅∆ − α ⋅∆ )
∆ :=
+ α ⋅∆
∆ =
:= ⋅
∆
:=
+ +
+µ +µ
− −
⋅ −
=
⋅
σ := ⋅
−
σ =
+
σ := ⋅
−
σ =
3.4.7 Verificarea si profilarea mantalei pistonului
⋅
:= ..
∆∆ :
∆ = ⋅
∆ =
∆ := ⋅
∆ =
∆∆ := ..
∆ :=
∆∆∆∆ := ..
∆ :=
∆ := ..
∆ :=
∆ := ..
∆ :=
−
α := ⋅
:=
:= + + + +
⋅ ( + α ⋅∆ ) − ∆
( ) :=
∆ − ∆
+ α ⋅ ∆ − ⋅
=
⋅ ( + α ⋅∆ ) − ∆
( ) :=
∆ − ∆
+ α ⋅ ∆ − ⋅
⋅
:= , ..
( ) =
( + ) =
( + + ) =
( + + + ) =
( ) =
( + ) =
∆ := −
∆ =
∆ := − ( )
∆ =
..
:=
..
:=
:= ⋅
−
( ) := ⋅( − ) +
( ) =
:= − ( )
=
αα =
ζ :=
α (ζ ) := − ζ ⋅
CAPITOLUL 4
:= ⋅
=
χ:
=
:= ⋅χ
=
:
= ⋅
=
=
:= ⋅ − +
=
λ
:=
π⋅
⋅ω ⋅( + λ)
−
:= ⋅ − ⋅ ⋅
:=
⋅ ⋅
=
:=
⋅
=
4.3.1 Verificarea la incovoiere
⋅ ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅
σ :=
⋅ ⋅ ( − χ )
σ =
σ :=
σ
σ :=
β σ =
⋅σ
ε ⋅γ
τ :=
⋅ ⋅ ( + χ + χ )
⋅ ( − χ )
τ =
τ :=
:= − ⋅( χ − )
=
⋅ ⋅ + χ
:= ⋅
⋅ − χ
=
CAPITOLUL 5
= = −
ρ
ψ
αψρ
:=
=
:= −
=
=
:= ⋅
⋅
:=
=
(α) :=
( ⋅ − ⋅ ( ⋅α )
= − )
− −
(α) :=
( ⋅ − ⋅ (α)
= ⋅ − )
+
− −
(α) :=
( ⋅ −
= − )
(α) :=
( ⋅ − ⋅ ( ⋅α )
= ⋅ − )
(α) :=
( ⋅ − ⋅ (α)
= ⋅ − )
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (α)
ψ ( α ) := α − ⋅α −
−
⋅( (α) − α⋅ (α)) + (α) − ( α )
⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (α)
ρ ( α ) := + ⋅ +
−
⋅α ⋅ (α) + (α) − ( α ) +
⋅
α :=
(α ) =
(α ) = −
ψ (α ) =
(α ) =
ρ (α ) =
(α ) =
(α ) =
α :=
(α )=
(α )= −
ψ (α )
=
(α )=
ρ (α ) =
(α ) =
(α ) =
α :=
(α ) =
(α ) = −
ψ (α ) =
(α ) =
ρ (α ) =
(α ) =
(α ) =
α :=
(α ) = −
(α ) =
ψ (α ) =
(α ) =
ρ (α ) =
(α ) =
(α ) =
α :=
(α ) = −
(α ) =
ψ (α ) =
(α ) =
ρ (α ) =
(α )= −
(α )=
α:=
(α ) = −
(α ) =
ψ (α ) =
(α ) =
ρ (α ) =
(α )
= −
(α )=
α :=
(α ) =
(α ) =
ψ (α ) =
(α ) =
ρ (α ) =
(α ) =
(α ) =
:=
:= ⋅
CAPITOLUL 6
CAILE DE PREVENIRE A EXPLOZIILOR PROVOCATE
DE ELECTRICITATEA STATICA LA UMPLEREA
CISTERNELOR SI REZERVOARELOR CU PRODUSE
PETROCHIMICE
Electrizarea benzinelor
, ⋅ Ω⋅
, ⋅ Ω⋅
, ⋅ Ω⋅
, ⋅ Ω⋅