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Cybot Robot Overview Introduction to PIC Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 Tutorial 4 Tutorial 5 Tutorial 6 Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 Tutorial 13
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Watchdog
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Chapter 5
r Secondary Serial Port Chapter 6
Timed Access Protection
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Electronic Circuits - AC Power Control Circuits - Hobby Projects
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AC Power Control Circuits

CHARGE COUPLED BI-DIRECTIONAL POWER MOSFET RELAY The circuit uses an inexpensive C-MOS inverter package and a few small capacitors to drive two power MOS transistors from a 12v to 15v supply. Since the coupling capacitor values used to drive the FETs are small, the leakage current from the power line into the control circuit is a tiny 4uA. Only about 1.5mA of DC is needed to turn on and off 400 watts of AC or DC power to a load. Published in Electronic Design, Nov. 8, 1990. SOLID STATE RELAY REQUIRES ONLY 50uA DRIVE CURRENT This circuit demands a control current that is 100 times smaller than that needed by a typical optically isolated solid state relays. It is ideal for battery-powered systems. Using a combination of a high current TRIAC and a very sensitive low current SCR, the circuit can control about 600 watts of power to load while providing full isolation and transient protection. Published in Electronic Design, Dec 2, 1996. Circuit level shifts ac signals: AC signals can emanate from many sources, and many of these sources are incompatible with the most popular interface voltages, such as TTL. A temptation always exists to capacitively couple the ac signals because capacitive coupling strips off the dc level. Capacitive coupling sometimes doesn't work, because the coupled signal's voltage swings around ground, so you have to add dc offset to make.... Why limit your power supply's input range?: EDN-Design Ideas / Taking only a cursory look at the input-voltage ratings of your power-supply IC can limit the usable input-voltage range. With careful examination of an IC's operating specifications and circuit topology, you may be able to work around that inputvoltage limitation. Click here for Other Circuits
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AC to AC Converters - AC to AC Power Supplies and Transformer Circuits
AC to AC Converters AC to AC Power Supplies and Transformer Circuits

ISOLATED AC CURRENT MONITOR This circuit uses a small AC current transformer from Magnetek to produce an isolated voltage proportional to the AC current in the primary winding. The transformer contains a single turn primary with a low 0.001-ohm resistance. It can easily handle 30 amps of AC current and provides at least 500vac of isolation. With the components shown, the output AC voltage is scaled so 1 amp of current produces 100mv of AC voltage. Everything you wanted to know about wideband, low-frequency transformers: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. External Isolation Transformer Box: designed for Mackie and other Mixers Eliminates RFI Problems Grounding & Shielding: describes basic audio transformer uses like balanced in/out and signal splitters High CMRR Balanced Interface: Uses for Crystal18 or20 Bit A/D Converters. This is a PDF file High Output Line Driver for Single Ended Power Supply: PDF file IC Mic Preamp uses Jensen Twin Servo topology: Interconnection of Balanced & Unbalanced Equipment: 4 page booklet in PDF format Internal Modification to Mic Inputs of the Mackie 1604 Mixer Eliminates RFI Problems: adding transformer isolation increases common mode rejection and eliminates RF interference, PDF document Isolation Transformer Passes millihertz Signals: EDN-Design Ideas IT 4 Four Channel Isolation Transformer unit: audio signal isolation transformer, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format IT one inline 600 / 600 Ohm Line Transformer: audio signal isolation transformer, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format Jensen Direct Box Transformers: data sheets have example circuit diagrams Jensen Transformers Application Schematics: includes many microphone preamplifier related JP 11P 1 Input Transformer Improvement for Electronically balanced Input: JS 11SPP 6M 600 Ohm Line Isolator with Line termination Switch: for used with long 600 ohm lines that need termination JS 11SSP 6M 150 Ohm Line to 600 Ohm Load application: isolation transformer with impedance conversion JT 10B D Used in Line Level 2 Way Splitter / Isolator: active line level splitter circuit with input and output isolation JT 10KB D & JT 6110K B "Pro" to "Consumer" Interfaces: from +4dBu balanced output to -10dbV consumer equipment input
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JT 10KB D & JT DB E Provide "J Box" Consumer to Studio Interfaces: from -10dBV unbalanced to150 ohm balanced microphone level -45dBu signal and from +4dBu balanced signal to -10dBV unbalanced signal JT 10KB D Isolates & Converts Speaker Drive to Line Level: JT 11 BM High Level Differential IC Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 11 BM High Level High Current Differential Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 11 DM Basic Hum Stopper Transformer Isolation Box: simple isolator for 600 ohm balanced audio lines JT 11 DM Converts Unbalanced Output to Balanced: JT 11 FL Isolates & Converts Guitar Amp Speaker Out to Line Output: JT 11 FL provides Isolated Line Output from Guitar Amplifier: JT 11 YZPC in Unbalanced Long Line Driver / Isolator: JT 11B 1 + "Phantom" Buffer Provide Balanced Guitar Output: JT 11P 1 as "Phase Splitter" with Symmetrical Outputs: JT 11P 1 Balanced Tube Line Input Stage: JT 11P 1 Conversion of Unbalanced Input to Balanced: JT 11P 1 in 2 Way Passive "Guitar Splitter": from one guitar to2- guitar amplifiers JT 11P 1 in 4 Way Active "Guitar Splitter": from one guitar to up to4 guitar amplifiers JT 11P 1 Unbalanced Automotive or Consumer Application: isolation transformer box for unbalanced consumer audio line signals JT 11P 1 used as Unbalanced Polarity Inverter: passive transformer based audio signal inverter circuit JT 11SSP 6M 600 Ohm Line Isolation Application: isolation transformer for 600 ohm balanced audio line JT 11SSP 6M as Input Transformer for Crystal CS5367 A / D Converter: transformer balanced passive input circuit for CS5367 A/D converter, PDF file JT 11SSP 6M Bi-Directional Lo Z Long Line Application: this circuit isolated and impedance matches less than100 ohm source to long cable line and that to over10 kohm input JT 11SSP 6M Passive Stereo Matrix for M S Mic Technique: JT 11SSP 6M Universal Patchbay Isolation Application: for use with professional low impedance sources and high impedance loads JT 123 BL High Level Low Impedance Differential Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 123 S Line Driver with Feedback Around the Transformer: JT 13K6 C in Simple 1 IC Stage Mic Preamp: 15KB PDF JT 16 A Improves Performance of SSM2017 Mic Preamp IC: JT 6110K B at Input Stage for Crystal a to D Converters: high performance transformer balanced input stage for Crystal A/D converters, PDF file JT 6110K B Isolates "70 Volt" Line & Converts to Line Level: JT DB E "Direct Box" for very High Level Signals: takes high level line signal and outputs balanced microphone level signal JT DB E Converts Consumer Stereo Inputs to Mono Balanced Mic Output: JT DB E Full featured "Direct Box" Application Schematic: JT DB E Standard Musical instrument or Synthesizer "Direct Box": JT MB C "Real" Mic Inputs & Phantom Power for Sony DAT: JT MB C in Low Noise, High Isolation Line Receiver for Low Z Sources: JT MB C Isolates both Mic & Line Inputs of inexpensive Mixer: JT MB C Mic Input Isolation for Mackie Mixers: JT MB C Used to "Phantom" Power the Realistic PZM Mic: JT MB D Converts 600 Ohm Unbalanced Mic to 150 Ohm Balanced Mic Line: JT MB D Passive Stereo Matrix for M S Mic Technique: Method sets voltage in multiple-output converters: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Mixed Feedback Drive for Audio Output Transformers: Technical paper from Lundahl Transformers in PDF format Power Supplies & Transformers: Basic structures of power supplies Power Supplies and Regulators: new low power discrete switcher
Step Down Rectifier makes a Simple DC Power Supply: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas - A simple and useful nonisolated rectifier features voltage step-down operation, acceptable Class A line-current harmonics, inherent short-circuit protection, and, optionally, a regulated output Theory & Construction of Mic "Splitters": 5 page booklet in PDF format Transformer Coupled Splitter: Active amplified transformer isolated signal splitter that enables hum-free connection of1-guitar to more than1-amp as well as having a direct output Transformers for Audio Interfacing: Discussion on using audio transformers in equipment interconnections, read also Line-level transformers in High-End Audio Click here for Other Circuits
AC to AC Power Supplies - AC to AC Converters - Transformer Circuits

ISOLATED AC CURRENT MONITOR This circuit uses a small AC current transformer from Magnetek to produce an isolated voltage proportional to the AC current in the primary winding. The transformer contains a single turn primary with a low 0.001-ohm resistance. It can easily handle 30 amps of AC current and provides at least 500vac of isolation. With the components shown, the output AC voltage is scaled so 1 amp of current produces 100mv of AC voltage. Everything you wanted to know about wideband, low-frequency transformers: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. External Isolation Transformer Box: designed for Mackie and other Mixers Eliminates RFI Problems Grounding & Shielding: describes basic audio transformer uses like balanced in/out and signal splitters High CMRR Balanced Interface: Uses for Crystal18 or20 Bit A/D Converters. This is a PDF file High Output Line Driver for Single Ended Power Supply: PDF file IC Mic Preamp uses Jensen Twin Servo topology: Interconnection of Balanced & Unbalanced Equipment: 4 page booklet in PDF format Internal Modification to Mic Inputs of the Mackie 1604 Mixer Eliminates RFI Problems: adding transformer isolation increases common mode rejection and eliminates RF interference, PDF document Isolation Transformer Passes millihertz Signals: EDN-Design Ideas IT 4 Four Channel Isolation Transformer unit: audio signal isolation transformer, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format IT one inline 600 / 600 Ohm Line Transformer: audio signal isolation transformer, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format Jensen Direct Box Transformers: data sheets have example circuit diagrams Jensen Transformers Application Schematics: includes many microphone preamplifier related JP 11P 1 Input Transformer Improvement for Electronically balanced Input: JS 11SPP 6M 600 Ohm Line Isolator with Line termination Switch: for used with long 600 ohm lines that need termination JS 11SSP 6M 150 Ohm Line to 600 Ohm Load application: isolation transformer with impedance conversion JT 10B D Used in Line Level 2 Way Splitter / Isolator: active line level splitter circuit with input and output isolation JT 10KB D & JT 6110K B "Pro" to "Consumer" Interfaces: from +4dBu balanced output to -10dbV consumer equipment input
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JT 10KB D & JT DB E Provide "J Box" Consumer to Studio Interfaces: from -10dBV unbalanced to150 ohm balanced microphone level -45dBu signal and from +4dBu balanced signal to -10dBV unbalanced signal JT 10KB D Isolates & Converts Speaker Drive to Line Level: JT 11 BM High Level Differential IC Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 11 BM High Level High Current Differential Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 11 DM Basic Hum Stopper Transformer Isolation Box: simple isolator for 600 ohm balanced audio lines JT 11 DM Converts Unbalanced Output to Balanced: JT 11 FL Isolates & Converts Guitar Amp Speaker Out to Line Output: JT 11 FL provides Isolated Line Output from Guitar Amplifier: JT 11 YZPC in Unbalanced Long Line Driver / Isolator: JT 11B 1 + "Phantom" Buffer Provide Balanced Guitar Output: JT 11P 1 as "Phase Splitter" with Symmetrical Outputs: JT 11P 1 Balanced Tube Line Input Stage: JT 11P 1 Conversion of Unbalanced Input to Balanced: JT 11P 1 in 2 Way Passive "Guitar Splitter": from one guitar to2- guitar amplifiers JT 11P 1 in 4 Way Active "Guitar Splitter": from one guitar to up to4 guitar amplifiers JT 11P 1 Unbalanced Automotive or Consumer Application: isolation transformer box for unbalanced consumer audio line signals JT 11P 1 used as Unbalanced Polarity Inverter: passive transformer based audio signal inverter circuit JT 11SSP 6M 600 Ohm Line Isolation Application: isolation transformer for 600 ohm balanced audio line JT 11SSP 6M as Input Transformer for Crystal CS5367 A / D Converter: transformer balanced passive input circuit for CS5367 A/D converter, PDF file JT 11SSP 6M Bi-Directional Lo Z Long Line Application: this circuit isolated and impedance matches less than100 ohm source to long cable line and that to over10 kohm input JT 11SSP 6M Passive Stereo Matrix for M S Mic Technique: JT 11SSP 6M Universal Patchbay Isolation Application: for use with professional low impedance sources and high impedance loads JT 123 BL High Level Low Impedance Differential Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 123 S Line Driver with Feedback Around the Transformer: JT 13K6 C in Simple 1 IC Stage Mic Preamp: 15KB PDF JT 16 A Improves Performance of SSM2017 Mic Preamp IC: JT 6110K B at Input Stage for Crystal a to D Converters: high performance transformer balanced input stage for Crystal A/D converters, PDF file JT 6110K B Isolates "70 Volt" Line & Converts to Line Level: JT DB E "Direct Box" for very High Level Signals: takes high level line signal and outputs balanced microphone level signal JT DB E Converts Consumer Stereo Inputs to Mono Balanced Mic Output: JT DB E Full featured "Direct Box" Application Schematic: JT DB E Standard Musical instrument or Synthesizer "Direct Box": JT MB C "Real" Mic Inputs & Phantom Power for Sony DAT: JT MB C in Low Noise, High Isolation Line Receiver for Low Z Sources: JT MB C Isolates both Mic & Line Inputs of inexpensive Mixer: JT MB C Mic Input Isolation for Mackie Mixers: JT MB C Used to "Phantom" Power the Realistic PZM Mic: JT MB D Converts 600 Ohm Unbalanced Mic to 150 Ohm Balanced Mic Line: JT MB D Passive Stereo Matrix for M S Mic Technique: Method sets voltage in multiple-output converters: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Mixed Feedback Drive for Audio Output Transformers: Technical paper from Lundahl Transformers in PDF format Power Supplies & Transformers: Basic structures of power supplies Power Supplies and Regulators: new low power discrete switcher
Step Down Rectifier makes a Simple DC Power Supply: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas - A simple and useful nonisolated rectifier features voltage step-down operation, acceptable Class A line-current harmonics, inherent short-circuit protection, and, optionally, a regulated output Theory & Construction of Mic "Splitters": 5 page booklet in PDF format Transformer Coupled Splitter: Active amplified transformer isolated signal splitter that enables hum-free connection of1-guitar to more than1-amp as well as having a direct output Transformers for Audio Interfacing: Discussion on using audio transformers in equipment interconnections, read also Line-level transformers in High-End Audio Click here for Other Circuits
Power Supplies - AC to DC Converters - Linear - Inverters
Power Supplies: AC to DC Converters / Linear / Inverters

MINIATURE ISOLATED AC/DC POWER SUPPLY This circuit uses a novel approach to produce a fully isolated and regulated 5 volts @30ma from the 120vac power line. It uses two tiny SCRs that alternately discharge two capacitors through a miniature high frequency transformer. The voltage spikes produced through the transformer are rectified, filtered and regulated. A very common 8 ohm audio impedance matching transformer can be used for the transformer. Published in EDN, Feb. 17, 1992 CAPS PROVIDE VOLTAGE BOOST TO SERIES REGULATOR This circuit adds some capacitors and diodes to a traditional transformer type series regulator circuit to extend the normal operating range. It can insure regulation during low line voltage conditions or it can squeeze a few more watts out of a plug-in-the-wall power adapter power supply. LOW POWER 12,000 VOLT POWER SUPPLY If you need about 12,000 volts DC for an ion generator this circuit might be the ticket. It draws power from the 120vac power line but it uses a small 6KV camera flash trigger coil. The output signal is isolated from the power line. Although the circuit can only deliver about 5uA of current it can produce dangerous shocks, so be careful. 240VAC TO 5VDC POWER SUPPLY This is simple way to power some 5v logic from a 240vac source. If a 120vac power adapter is used, the circuit will also work for 120vac power lines. 12 Volt to 9 Volt DC Converter: Car Converter for12 Volt to 9V 2 Watt Switching Power Supply: from 6V to14V 5 Volt DC From RS232 Signals: The circuit of Figure1 produces a semiregulated5-Volt output from an RS-232 port. Unlike a PC-mouse supply or comparable that rely on the modem-control signals DTR and RTS, this one operates with a3-wire port GND, Rx, and TX, and obtains power only from the TX line. The output current-about 8mA-is sufficient for CMOS microcontrollers and other low-power . 6 to 12 Volt Converter: This circuit can provide up to 800mA of12V power from a 6V supply. The circuit is simple, about 75% efficient and quite useful.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/ac_to_dc_power_supplies.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:37:11 PM]
Power Supplies - AC to DC Converters - Linear - Inverters
Circuit offers improved active rectification: EDN-Design Ideas / Rectifiers convert ac signals to dc. You can combine a diode and a load resistor to create a half-wave rectifier, provided that the amplitude of the ac source is much larger than the forward drop of the diode (typically 0.6V). Unfortunately, you can't use this method to rectify signals that are smaller than a diode drop... DC to DC Converter: will produce a 85-Volt voltage from +3V, usable for low power applications Fast Rectifier Circumvents Input Level Effects: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas Full Wave Rectifier uses Current Feedback Amps: 03/27/97 EDN-Design Ideas Full Wave Rectifier uses Current Feedback Amps: 07/20/95 EDN-Design Ideas High Speed Rectifier uses No Diodes: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas Method provides self timing for synchronous rectifiers: 05/16/2002 EDN Design Ideas / Synchronous rectifiers are MOSFETs, driven in such a way as to perform a rectifying function. They often take the place of diodes in the output-rectification stage of switching power converters, because of their lower on-state power loss. In power circuits, synchronous rectifiers are often complicated to use because of timing issues.. One 9 Volt Battery gives +18, +25, +33V: This circuit is based on MAX1044 is a charge pump converter. OpAmp Rectifier Signals Input State: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Output Adjustable Flyback Converter: Precision AC / DC Converters: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28Jun-1996 Precision Rectifier is Glitch Free to 1 MHz: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas Precision Rectifier Reduces Ripples: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Step Down Rectifier Makes a Simple DC Power Supply: EDN-Design Ideas A simple and useful nonisolated rectifier features voltage step-down operation, acceptable Class A line-current harmonics, inherent short-circuit protection, and, optionally, a regulated output Transformerless Mains Power Supply: This power supply does not really excel in power efficiency, but it is the cheapest and most compact solution for a small power supply. Note that the low voltage output is directly connected to the mains; it cannot be used when the low voltage part can be touched. With the component values of the schematic, the circuit can supply12V /15mA max. Transformerless Power Supply: True RMS Detector: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Two OpAmps Make Fast Full Wave Rectifier: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Two Watt Switching Power Supply: from 6V to14V Unregulated Power Supply:
Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/ac_to_dc_power_supplies.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:37:11 PM]
Electronic Circuits - Acceleration Monitors Sensors Monitors
Sensors / Detectors: Acceleration Monitors

Accelerometer Schematic: ADXL202 Accelerometer to C Volt Output: The Air Whammy is a simple dual control voltage generator that uses a 2 axis accellerometer as the source. The whole circuit fits into a small project box (approximately 65x40mm), and is powered from a 12V AC plugpack. Switched-capacitor IC controls feedback loop: 02/17/00 EDN-Design Ideas - You can implement a simple control loop with a constant setpoint over a wide range of control by using a switched-capacitor filter. The circuit controls motor speed over 1 to 200 Hz or 60 to 12,000 rpm. In Figure 1 , a National LMF40CIWM four-pole lowpass...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/acceleration_sensors_monitors.html [1/17/2007 4:37:13 PM]
Acoustic Circuit - Acoustic Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Acoustic Circuits
MPS430based Ultrasonic Rangefinder: Ultrasonic Range Finder EDN: Ultrasonic Remote Control & Alarm: Ultrasonic Transducer Oscillator Circuit: Ultrasonic Parking Sonar: Ultrasonic Dog Whistle: Ultrasonic Motion Detector : Ultrasonic Generator: Ultrasonic Sound Receiver:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/acoustic_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:37:15 PM]
Active Antenna - Active Antennas - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Active Antennas
Active Antenna I : Active Antenna II : Active Antenna III : Active Antenna With gain: Active Antenna: AM / FM / SW Active Antenna: This circuit shows an active antenna that can be used for AM, FM, and shortwave SW. On the shortwave band this active antenna is comparable to a20 to30 foot wire antenna. This circuit uses receivers that use untuned wire antennas, such as inexpensive units and car radios. L1 can be selected for the application AM Broadcast Band Active Antenna: AM/FM/SW Active Antenna: Crossed Dipole GPS Antenna:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/active_antenna.html [1/17/2007 4:37:19 PM]
Active Filter Circuit - Active Filter Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Active Filter Circuits

q
Band-pass High-pass Low-pass Notch
q q q
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/active_filters.html [1/17/2007 4:37:24 PM]
Band Pass Filter - Band Pass - Active Filter - Electronic Circuits
Active Filters: Band Pass

ULTRA PURE 125KHz SINE WAVE SIGNAL SOURCE For some RFID systems operating at 125KHz, a very low distortion signal source reference is needed. The circuit shown on this page produces a 10-volt peak-to-peak signal into a 50-ohm load, with a distortion of only 0.01%.
24db / Octave Linkwitz Riley : The type of filter (Butterworth, Linkwitz-Riley ect.) indicates the shape and roll off of the filter. The more common Butterworth has its cut off frequency at the -3db point. This point is .7071 the amplitude of the pass band. The Linkwitz-Riley has its cut off frequency at the -6db point. 29.85 MHZ Bandpass Filter Schematic: Active 2nd Order Filters: Active Bandpass Filters: Bandpass Filter (Single OpAmp) : A band pass filter passes a range of frequencies while rejecting frequencies outside the upper and lower limits of the passband. The range of frequencies to be passed is called the passband and extends from a point below the center frequency to a point above the center frequency where the output voltage falls about 70% of the output voltage at the center frequency. Bandpass Filters: Bandpass Filters: Basic Introduction to Filters : Application notes on active, passive and switched capacitor filters, document in PDF format Biquad Active Bandpass Filter Schematic: Chebyshe Volt / Butterworth Filters: Chebyshe Volt Bandpass Filter: DPPs program key parameters of bandpass filter: EDN - Design Ideas / The three-amplifier implementation of the state-variable filter in Figure 1 provides for second-order bandpass, highpass, and lowpass responses. The strength of the circuit, however, is in the bandpass response (VOUT/VIN), in which it's easy to achieve high gain (G) and high Q. These two characteristics are important in applications in which selectivity is a key parameter in the filter.. HighQ Bandpass Filter Is Well Suited To CurrentMode Signal Processing : Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Analog signal processing has conventionally been viewed as a voltage-dominated form of design. But voltagemode processing can restrict the system's dynamic range. There is also a limitation on the input range of signals for linear operation. An... Inversal Notch and Bandpass Filter: L Band PHEMT LNfor GPS, Inmarsat Etc: Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter: Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter: Narrow Band Audio Bandpass Filter:
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Band Pass Filter - Band Pass - Active Filter - Electronic Circuits
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High Pass Filter - High Pass - Active Filters - Electronic Circuits
Active Filters: High Pass

HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER COLLECTION This is a collection of inverting and non-inverting active high pass filter circuits. I included one, two three, four and six pole filter circuits. You can change the component value ratios shown to achieve any frequency cut-off you may need. The circuit does not specify an operational amplifier. The circuits should be used to select the needed resistor and capacitor components for a particular frequency knee and slope. Active 2nd Order Filters: Basic Introduction to Filters: application notes on active, passive and switched capacitor filters, document in PDF format Butterworth Filters: Chebyshe Volt / Butterworth Filters: Chebyshe Volt Bandpass Filter: Highpass Filters use Modified Equalelement Design: EDN-Design Ideas / (added 5/03) PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/high-pass.html [1/17/2007 4:37:29 PM]
Low Pass Filter - Low Pass - Active Filters - Electronic Hobby Circuits
Active Filters: Low Pass

3KHz LOW PASS FILTER PLUS AUDIO AMP This circuit uses a switched capacitor filter IC from National Semiconductor to filter signals with frequencies higher than the 3KHz needed for voice audio. The schematic includes an audio amplifier that is designed to drive a standard audio head phone. The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver section of Dave Johnson's Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. (this link is off-site) AUDIO AMP + 3KHz FILTER This circuit is the audio amp section for a complete optical transmitter. The circuit amplifies and filters the voice audio signals from an electrets microphone. The circuit is described in more detail in the transmitter circuit section of Dave Johnson's Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. (this link is off-site) ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR This schematic is the power supply and front-end sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail at Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. The system can detect human and animal motion by the electric fields they disturb. LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER DESIGN COLLECTION This is a collection of inverting and non-inverting active low pass filter circuits. I included one, two, three, four and six pole filter circuits. You can change the component value ratios shown, to achieve any frequency cut-off you may need. The circuit does not specify an operational amplifier. The circuits should be used to select the needed resistor and capacitor components for a particular frequency knee and roll-off slope.
Active 2nd Order Filters: Active Filter has Wideband Tuning Range: EDN-Design Ideas Adjustable Filter Provides Lowpass Response: EDN-Design Ideas PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Basic Introduction to Filters: application notes on active, passive and switched capacitor filters, document in PDF format Butterworth Filters: Chebyshe Volt / Butterworth Filters: Chebyshe Volt Bandpass Filter: DC Accurate, Active RC Lowpass Filter: Low Pass Active Filter: Lowpass filter discriminates step input from noise : EDN-Design Ideas / Numerous applications exist in industry, particularly with control systems, in which it is desirable to remove all but the lowest frequency components from a signal to effectively yield a dc voltage. This voltage may, for example, serve as a setpoint to a PID controller in a process-control or an HVAC application, in which the cable that is carrying the analog signal is exposed to a wide spectr...... Lowpass filter uses only two values: EDN - Design Ideas / In recent years, imageparameter design of LC filters has received new consideration (references 1 and 2). The composite lowpass filter uses interior constant-k full sections terminated by mderived half-sections. For best passband response, you usually select m to equal 0.6. However, m=0.5 can still give useful filter performance while reducing the number of component values..
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/low-pass.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:37:31 PM]
Low Pass Filter - Low Pass - Active Filters - Electronic Hobby Circuits
Single resistor tunes lowpass filter : EDN-Design Ideas / Any tunable, second-order, active RC-filter section requires at least two thoroughly matched variable resistors. But the lowpass implementation in Figure 1 provides for wide-range cutoff-frequency control using only a single variable resistor, R. In addition to the resistor, this filter comprises an operational amplifier, IC2, which serves as a unity-gain buffer; two capacitors, C1 and C2; ...... Single Supply Twin T Butterworth Low Pass Filter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/low-pass.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:37:31 PM]
Notch Filter - Notch - Active Filters - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Active Filters: Notch

ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR This schematic is the power supply and front-end sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail at Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. The system can detect human and animal motion by the electric fields they disturb.
29.85 MHZ Notch Filter Schematic: Adjustable 60Hz Filter: to filter out any HUM that may be picked up by a noisy power supply or long wire connection Adjustable Audio Notch Filter: Audio Notch Filter: Basic Introduction to Filters: application notes on active, passive and switched capacitor filters, document in PDF format Build an adjustable high frequency notch filter: EDN-Design Ideas / Although you can obtain universal, resistor-programmable switched-capacitor filters that are configurable as notch filters, most cannot operate at bandwidths higher than 100 kHz. Further, the typically 16 Closing the loop deepens notches: EDN - Design Ideas / Notch filters remove a single unwanted frequency from an input signal. They are also a vital component of pulse-shaping networks, such as time-averaging filters. You can tune a statevariable filter over a wide range by changing the time constants of its integrating amplifiers (references 1, 2, and 3). . CW Filters: Helical Resonator Notch Filter: High Q Notch Filter: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published28Jun-1996 Inversal Notch and Bandpass Filter: Notch Filter is DC Accurate: EDN Design Ideas Notch Filter uses only Lowpass Filters: EDN Design Ideas RC Notch Filter Twin T: The twin T notch filter can be used block an unwanted frequency or if placed around an op-amp as a bandpass filter. The notch frequency occurs where the capacitive reactance equals the resistance Xc=R and if the values are close, the attenuation can be very high and the notch frequency virtually eliminated. Single Supply Sallen Key Notch Filter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/notch.html [1/17/2007 4:37:33 PM]
Acquisition Data Logging Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Acquisition Data Logging Circuit - Hobby Projects
Data Logging / Acquisition Circuits

1 Wire Barometer: 8 Bit Analog to Digital Converter (ADC): Accelerometer Schematic: AD Converter With Tracking / Samplehold: ADC 0804LCN 8bit A/D Converter: ADCx RS232 Interface Schematic: Addressable ADC: Air Flow Detector #1: Air Flow Detector #2: Analog input Section Based on AD9220: Analog to Digital Converter With Switching Preamplifier: Brain Wave Machine: Centronics Port DA Converters & Lowpass Filter: Clockless Analog to Digital Converter: Differential Capacitance Measurement for Tilt Meter: Digital Compass Schematic: Digital PC Oscilloscope: Digital thermometer: Digital Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter (PIC16F876): Experimental Laser Data Link: Geiger Counter: LCD Thermometer: Lie Detector: Lie Detector: Logarithmic A/D Encoder: Low Cost A/D Converter: Low Flow Rate Thermal Flowmeter: Low resolution BCD Analog to Digital Converter: Magnetometer: Network of RS485 temperature Sensors: One Wire Barometer: Pressure SensorBased Altimeter Circuit: Self Made Data Logger : Serial Port A/Dconverter: Simple Flash A/D Converter: Simple Lie Detector: Strain gauge Sensor: Temperature Data Logger: Thermostat Node Schematic: Ultrasonic Range & Imager: Ultrasonic Range Finder Circuit: uModem 4+4/8 Channel A/D Board:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/acquistions_data_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:37:36 PM]
Acquisition Data Logging Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Acquisition Data Logging Circuit - Hobby Projects
Universal Flight Controllers / Data Logger: Water Level Sensor: Webbased thermometer Project: Wireless Liquid Level Sensing for Restaurant Applications: Wireless Weather Station:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/acquistions_data_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:37:36 PM]
Adder Circuit - Adder Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Adder Circuits
Model Fixed Point DSP Arithmetic in C: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit RISC P implements fast FIR filter: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Video emitter uses battery power: EDN - Design Ideas / The block diagram in Figure 1 shows how to make a cable-free, direct-video system. The system allows users to walk from booth to booth at an exhibition to interview people and to display the interviews in real time on three screens at key locations. You can use the small and simple system each time you need to capture image and sound on the run. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/adder_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:37:38 PM]
Air Conditioning Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Air Conditioning Products
Air Conditioning Products / Circuits

Portable Air Conditioners - Offering the highest quality Portable Air Conditioners & swamp coolers for home and commercial air conditioning or server room air conditioning Anticipating timer switches before you push the button: EDN-Design Ideas / (Editor's note: This Twilight Zone-worthy circuit will be the subject of an upcoming network sitcom, My Big Fat Anticipating Timer.) It happens to almost everyone that an apparatus or system should have been turned off a moment ago. The device in question could be the car heater, the air conditioner, the lights
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/air_conditioner_havc_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:37:40 PM]
Air Flow Detectors - Electronic Circuits - Air Flow Sensor
Sensors / Detectors: Air Flow Detectors

Air Flow Detector #1: This simple circuit uses an incandescent lamp to detect airflow. With the filament exposed to air, a constant current source is used to slightly heat the filament. As it is heated, the resistance increases. As air flows over the filament it cools down, thus lowering its resistance. A comparator is used to detect this difference and light an LED. With a few changes, the circuit can be connected to a meter or ADC to provide an estimation on the amount of airflow. Air Flow Detector #2: Airflow Monitor Protects Components: EDN-Design Ideas Electronic air flow detector:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/air_flow_monitors.html [1/17/2007 4:37:43 PM]
Aircraft Receiver Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Aircraft Receiver Circuit
Aircraft Receiver Circuits

Aircraft Receiver: AM Receiver for Aircraft Communications:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/aircraft_receivers.html [1/17/2007 4:37:45 PM]
Alarms Circuit - Alarm Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Alarm Circuits
MICRO POWER OVER-TEMPERATURE ALARM The circuit is powered for years by a single 3 volt lithium battery. It sounds an alarm when the temperature exceeds a certain point. With some minor changes the circuit could also be configured for an under temperature (freeze) alarm. The circuit uses a cheap but accurate thermistor as the temperature sensor. POWER REMINDER BEEPER This circuit produces a short beep once each minute. It is powered directly off the 120vac power line to remind you that a device connected to the circuit is turned on. It is simple enough to be packaged inside a small plastic box. It might be ideal for computers, printers or some test equipment that shouldn't be left on all night. MACHINE POWER LOSS BEEPER For some medical equipment it is important for an operator when power is lost to the machine. The beeper is powered from a 9v battery and requires the machine to have a power switch with a third set of contacts. DOORKNOB ALARM Many companies offer simple alarm devices for personal use in bedrooms or hotel rooms. A metal chain attached to a box holding the electronics is placed around the inside doorknob of a wood door. Anyone grabbing the knob from the outside is detected by the electrical capacitance change that occurs from the human hand contact between the knob and the box. Almost all of the commercial devices sold use a more expensive and power consuming radio frequency circuit approach to detect the capacitance change. But, a very inexpensive and micro power technique can also work. This circuit schematic should dramatically reduce the cost of the device and allows it to operate for many years from one set of batteries. WATER SEEPAGE ALARM This simple circuit sounds a beeper when its electrodes detect water. It is powered by a single 1.5v N cell. A small 1.5v button battery will also work. ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR This schematic is the power supply and front-end sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail at Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. (this link is off-site) The system can detect human and animal motion by the electric fields they disturb. ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR This schematic is the motion discriminator alarm and battery monitor sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail a Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. (this link is off-site)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/alarm_circuits.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 4:37:52 PM]
TIME TO DUST INDICATOR I thought about this circuit when I heard that a lot cleaning personal in hotels were either dusting rooms more often than necessary or not enough. I have not yet built and tested this circuit completely but in concept it should work. The circuit draws very low current from a +3v battery and could be housed in a package similar to a small ashtray. The assembly might be placed in a suitable out of the way area to collect dust. It would alert a maid when it was time to dust the room. The circuit detects dust with an infrared LED that is pulsed so its light shines onto a smooth flat plate. Any dust settling onto the surface is detected by a phototransistor, mounted at a 90 degree angle from the LED. When the dust reaches a particular level, sufficient light is reflected into the phototransistor to change the logic state of the circuit to an alarm condition. The alarm output could be connected to a beeper, a flashing LED or to one of the LED flashing circuits in this hobby circuit section. UNPLUGGED POWER CORD ALARM Many medical devices, such a portable X-ray and ultrasound equipment, carry their own batteries. However, the frantic pace of some hospital emergency rooms might cause the device to be shoved off into a corner without being plugged back into an AC power source to recharge their batteries. So, I designed this circuit to emit an audible alarm whenever the devices power cord was unplugged from the wall for a period of time. The device was designed to snap onto the outside of a power cord, where it senses the AC electric field emitted. No direct connection to the internal wires of the power cord is needed. I also included a low battery voltage monitor. 12C508 Smart Lock: The base sends a data sequence (the password) which is recognized by the key. The key checks the sequence and -if it recognizes it -sends to the base another data sequence, as an answer to the password. At the Time when the base gets a correct answer (which means that the key has been introduced), the relay is put into action, and it can command a number of consumers. 4 Digit Keypad: 5 Zone Alarm Circuit: 5 Zone Alarm Circuit: Active IR Motion Detector: Alarm Control keypad: Alarm Loop Sensor (LM3915): Alarm Touched Triggered: Almost Ultrasonic Motion Sensor: Anit Theft Motorcycle Alarm: Anti Theft Security for Car Audios: Auto Burglar Alarm: This alarm circuit is based on two555 Timers. The alarm will sound your car horn if anyone opens the car door while the circuit is armed. The Timers will allow you to leave the car without sounding the horn. To turn the circuit on S1 must be closed. To set the alarm, open S2 ( it is normally closed ) this will give you about5 seconds to get out and close the door. The exit delay Time is set by R1 and C1. If anyone opens the doors for more then two seconds the horn will sound until power is removed from the circuit. The2 second Time is set by R2 and C2. If you open the door, you must deactivate the alarm by closing S2. This very basic circuit could be used for a home also. Automatic Entry Control System: Automotive Alarm System: Basic RF Transmitter for PIR Sensors: Battery Low Voltage Alarm #2: Battery Low Voltage Alarm: Battery Low Voltage Beeper: Capacitance Proximity Alarm: Car Burglar Alarm: Car indicator alarm: CMOS Single Zone Alarm: Cold Activated Switch: Combination Lock (PIC16F84): Combination Lock (Simple Version):
Combination Lock: This circuit is very basic to build. To open a the lock which is connected to the K1 Load. you must press each momentary switch in the correct sequence. The sequence used in this circuit is S1,S2,S3,S4. If any of the other switches are pressed the circuit will reset and you will need to start over. Depending on how you wire the switches, you can use any4 switch combination Cut Phone Line Detector #1: Can be used to alarm security system Cut Phone Line Detector #1: Can be used to alarm security system Digital Combination Lock: Digital Entry Lock: Dummy alarm: Electronic Card Lock System: Electronic Door Codelock: Electronic Lock: Enhanced Alarm Keypad: Four Digit Keypad: Freezer Door Alarm: Frost Alarm: Fuse Monitor / Alarm: a simple way to see if a fuse has blown without removing it from its holder Gate Alarm Circuit: Glitch Detector: Home Security Project: Infrared Alarm: This circuits consist of two parts, the first part will transmit a signal, and the second part will detect that signal and trigger a relay. To adjust the circuit, hold down S1 while pointing LED1 at the receiver. Adjust R6 until you hear the relay click. You can increase range by using a high output LED for LED1. Bright light will stop the receiver from responding to the transmitter. Infrared Transmitter / Detector: Intruder Radio Alert System: Knock Alarm: Loop Alarm: Low Power RFID Transponder: Luggage Security System: Micropower Wireless Motion Detector Transmitter: Miniature Loop Alarm: Modular Burglar Alarm: Moisture Alarm: Motorcycle Alarm: Novel Buzzer: Optical Proximity Detector: A "reflector" isolator (A) detects the presence of an object by bouncing light off of it. This technique is useful in circuits that detect when an object is close enough to the sensor (B). Oscillating output improves system security: EDN-Design Ideas / Many electronic-control systems have digital outputs that use transistors. One method of improving the security in these outputs is to use an oscillating signal to represent a logic-high state instead of a fixed voltage level (Figure 1). This type of signal, a dynamic variable, can drive the circuit shown in Figure 2... Passive Infrared Pyroelectric Infrared Motion Sensor: Perimeter Monitor: Using a single cable such as speaker wire or doorbell cable, this circuit can be remotely positioned, for example, at the bottom of a garden or garage, and used to detect all sound in that area. The cable can be buried in a hosepipe or duct and is concealed out of sight. The mic is an ordinary dynamic mic insert and should be housed in a waterproof enclosure with the rest of the circuit. Personal Alarm: Small portable, anti-bag-snatching unit. Also suitable for Doors and windows control Personal Silent Alarm System: PIR Motion Detector Light Controller: PIR Motion Detector: Power Supply Failure Alarm: POWER SUPPLY FAILURE ALARM: This circuit employs an electrolytic capacitor to store adequate charge, to feed power to the alarm circuit, which sounds an alarm for a reasonable duration when the supply fails. Proximity Alarm #1: Proximity Alarm #2: Proximity Switch: Pyroelectric Infrared Motion Sensor: Radio Wave Alarm: Refrigerator Door Alarm:
RF Alarm: Security Alarm: Simple Alarm System: Single Button Lock Provides High Security: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Single Zone Alarm: Snore Alarm Electronic Device: Speed Limit Alarm: Sun Up Alarm: The Sun - Up Alarm can be used to provide a audible alarm for when the sun comes up or it can be used in a dark area and detect when a light comes on. It can also be used to detect a light beam, headlights etc. The circuit works as follows. The phototransistor is very sensitive to light. (Any phototransistor will work fine) The sun shining on this device will provide a high to one of the NAND gates. This will cause another NAND gate to oscillate which will drive another gate to output a100hz tone. The transistor provides drive for the speaker. TinyTwo Zone Alarm: Touch Activated Alarm: Touch Activated Switch: Touch Triggered Alarm: Toxic Gas Detector: Turn Signal Alarm: Ultimate Battery Low Voltage Alarm: Ultrasonic Motion Detector: Ultrasonic Remote Control & Alarm: Universal Alarm System: Wailing Alarm: Warning Strobe Flasher for Alarm Systems: Water Activated Alarm: Water Level Alarm: Water Level Controller: Water Level Indicator With Alarm: Wire Loop Alarm:
AM - Amplitude Modulation Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Amplitude Modulations
AM (Amplitude Modulation) Circuits

100 MHz modulated RF source : can be used to tune up those 100 MHz TRF stages. 4 MHz amplitude modulated RF source : the only tuned component is the crystal AM / FM / SW Active Antenna: This circuit shows an active antenna that can be used for AM, FM, and shortwave SW. On the shortwave band this active antenna is comparable to a20 to30 foot wire antenna. This circuit uses receivers that use untuned wire antennas, such as inexpensive units and car radios. L1 can be selected for the application AM Loop Antennas By Bruce Carter: AM Receiver: AM Transmitter: General Purpose RF Amplifier: Limiting Amplifier Forms AM Modulator: EDN-Design Ideas Micro Power AM Broadcast Transmitters: In this circuit, a 74HC14 hex Schmitt trigger inverter is used as a square wave oscillator to drive a small signal transistor in a Class C amplifier configuration. The oscillator frequency can be either fixed by a crystal or made adjustable VFO with a capacitor/resistor combination. Pi Section Coupler: RF Amplifier for Ferrite Bar Antennas: Simple AM Radio Receiver & Amplifier: TRF AM Receiver Circuit: Unamplified Four Foot Box Loop:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/am_amplitude_modulation_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:37:54 PM]
AM Receiver Circuits - Electronic Circuits - AM Receiver Circuit
AM Receiver Circuits
AM BCB Radio Receiver: AM Receiver for Aircraft Communications: AM Receiver: Simple AM Radio Receiver & Amplifier: Simple AM Radio Receiver & Amplifier:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/am_receiver_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:37:56 PM]
AM Transmitter Circuits - Electronic Circuits - AM Transmitter Circuit
AM Transmitter Circuits
AM Transmitter: Micro Power AM Broadcast Transmitter: In this circuit, a 74HC14 hex Schmitt trigger inverter is used as a square wave oscillator to drive a small signal transistor in a Class C amplifier configuration. The oscillator frequency can be either fixed by a crystal or made adjustable (VFO) with a capacitor/resistor combination.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/am_transmitter_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:37:59 PM]
Amp Meters and Current Monitors - Sensors & Detectors - Electronic Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Amp Meters and Current Monitors

ISOLATED AC CURRENT MONITOR This circuit uses a small AC current transformer from Magnetek to produce an isolated voltage proportional to the AC current in the primary winding. The transformer contains a single turn primary with a low 0.001ohm resistance. It can easily handle 30 amps of AC current and provides at least 500vac of isolation. With the components shown, the output AC voltage is scaled so 1 amp of current produces 100mv of AC voltage.
AC Line Current Detector: Active feedback IC serves as current sensing instrumentation amplifier: EDNDesign Ideas / High-speed current sensing presents a designer with some significant challenges. Most techniques for sensing current involve measuring the differential voltage the current produces as it flows through a sense element, such as a resistor or a Hall-effect device. The differential voltage across the sense element is generally small and is often riding on a commonmode voltage that is considerably ..... Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Circuit Breaker Monitors Leakage Current: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit measures currents in dc servo motor: EDN - Design Ideas / The simple circuit design in Figure 1 lets you measure all components of a current flowing in a dc servo motor. The rectified output of the circuit uses ground as a reference, so you can measure the output by using a single-ended A/D converter. The current-sense resistor, R1, has a value of 0. . Circuit Measures Small Current in DC Servo Motor: EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Senses High Side Current: 03/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / (One of several circuits in PDF) The accurate, high-side, current-sense circuit does not use a dedicated, isolated supply voltage, as some other schemes do. Current Sense Amplifier Handles High Voltages: EDN-Design Ideas Current Sense IC Prevents Overcurrent Damage: EDN-Design Ideas Current sensing scheme improves PFC on/off sequences: EDN - Design Ideas / PFC (power-factor-correction) preconverters typically use the step-up, or boost, configuration, because this type of converter is relatively easy to implement (Figure 1). However, this topology requires the output voltage to be higher than the input voltage. When this condition is not the casefor example, with on/off sequences or under load conditionssome inrush current flows thro....
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/amp_meters.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:38:01 PM]
Amp Meters and Current Monitors - Sensors & Detectors - Electronic Circuits
CurrentSensing for Crossbars: Maxim APP 391: - Current sharing between DC/DC converter modules enables several modules to be paralleled. In recent years, tight tolerances for current sharing have made discrete currentsense circuit designs a formidable challenge. This application note describes a low-cost, space-saving and accurate current sensing and sharing scheme using MAX4372. High Side Current Sensor has Period Output 1: Maxim APP 1084: High Side Current Sensor has Period Output 2: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest High side current sensor monitors negative rail: EDN-Design Ideas / All dedicated current-sense amplifiers provide high-side sensing on a positive supply, but you can adapt such circuits for monitoring a negative supply (Figure 1). The positive-supply pin, V+, connects to the system's positive supply, and the ground pin, GND, connects to the negative supply, VEE. That arrangement monitors the negative supply and provides a positive output voltage for the extern.. HighAccuracy CurrentSense Amplifier Enables Current Sensing and Current Sharing: Maxim APP 391: Mar 01, 2001 - Current sharing between DC/DC converter modules enables several modules to be paralleled. In recent years, tight tolerances for current sharing have made discrete current-sense circuit designs a formidable challenge. This application note describes a low-cost, space-saving and accurate current sensing and sharing scheme using MAX4372. Integrator Forms Picoammeter: EDN-Design Ideas MOSFET Current Sensing: Method of mirror current sensing a MOSFET Simple circuit provides high side current sensing: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Solar Current Meter: Transmitter accurately transfers voltage input:EDN-Design Ideas / When you connect remote sensors to a central process controller, a simple, robust, and commonly used interface is the 4 to 20-mA loop. The advantages of this current loop include the simplicity of just two twisted wires that share both power and signal, the loop's high noise immunity in harsh environments, and the de facto loop standard within the process-control industry... Two Sensors Measure Three Line Currents: EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Reference improves JFET: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit The common JFET current-source in Figure 1a has average output impedance and depends heavily on the JFET's V P and I DSS variations. These manufacturing variations limit the initial accuracy of the current setpoint that the circuit can obtain with a...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/amp_meters.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:38:01 PM]
Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Amplifiers Circuit - Hobby Projects
Amplifier Circuits
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Audio Differential High Frequency High Gain

High Impedance High Speed
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Instrumentation Logarithmic
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Low Noise Microwave Operational RF (Radio Frequency) Trans impedance Variable Gain Video
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/amplifiers.html [1/17/2007 4:38:03 PM]
Amplifier Circuit - Amplifiers - Audio Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Amplifiers: Audio Circuits

AUDIO AMP + 3KHz FILTER This circuit is the audio amp section for a complete optical transmitter. The circuit amplifies and filters the voice audio signals from an electrets microphone. The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver section of Dave Johnson's Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. (this link is off-site.)
1 Watt 2.3 GHz RF Amplifier Using a MRF2001: 1 Watt 2.45 GHz Linear Amplifier: 1.5 Volt AF Amplifier: A small single battery cell AF amplifier able to drive a Low impedance 8-Watt load up to15mW, built using discrete transistors 1.5 Volt Amplified Ear: Useful to listen in faint sounds1.5-Volt Battery operation, includes electret microphone preamplifier which runs from1.5-Volt DC and can directly drive32 Ohms impedance mini-earphones 1.5 Watt 12 Volt Audio Amplifier: 1.5 Watt Audio Amplifier: 10 Watt Amplifier: 10 Watt Power Amplifier: Simple Class A Amplifiers 100 Watt Amp Circuit: 100 Watt Audio Amplifier #1: 100 Watt Guitar Amplifier #2: 100 Watt Guitar Amplifier Mk2: 100 Watt RMS Amplifier: This is a100-Watt basic power amp that was designed to be (relatively) easy to build at a reasonable cost. It has better performance (read: musical quality) than the standard STK module amps that are used in practically every mass market stereo receiver manufactured today. When I originally built this thing, it was because I needed a100 WPC amp and didnt want to spend any money. So I designed around parts I had in the shop. 15 Watt 6V6 Guitar Amp (valve): 15 Watt Amplifier: 16 Watt Amplifier: 2 Channel Power Amplifier: The2-Channel Power Amplifier based on NTE1606. The circuit is powered by a12V,10-Amp power supply. The power of the output channels is4 W connected to 8-ohm loudspeakers 2 Transistor Amplifier: 2 Watt Amplifier 1: 2 Watt Amplifier 2: Low distortion amplifier using discrete components 2 Wire Remote Microphone Amplifier: uses special amplifier module from OpAmp Labs
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/audio.html (1 of 6) [1/17/2007 4:38:08 PM]
2.3 GHz Power Amplifiers: 20 DB Amplifier & High Current Balanced Line Driver: 20 Watt / Channel Stereo Power Amplifier: 20 Watt ClassPower Amplifier: 20 Watt GaAaFET Power on 2.3 GHz: 20 Watt Power Amplifier: Designed to be used as car amplifier 200 Watt Amplifier: 22 Watt Audio Amplifier: Simple stereo amplifier based on TDA1554 220 Watt Power Amplifier: This is a building plan for an audio amplifier with2 x220-Watt output power. Text is in Finnish. 2304 and 3456 MHz Power Amplifiers: 250 Watt Stereo Power Amplifier: 25L6 Amp: design without a power transformer 3 Band Equaliser: 3 Band Equalizer: 3 High Accuracy, RIA/ IEC, MC & MM Phono Preamplifiers: 3 Transistor Audio Amp 50 Milliwatt: Here is a little audio amplifier similar to what you might find in a small transistor radio. 30 Watt Power Amplifier: Ultra-Low distortion30-Watt Power Amplifier 300 Watt Subwoofer Power Amplifier: 4 Watt Amplifier: 45 Watt Single Chip Amplifier With Tone Controls: 50 Watt Amplifier: 55 Watt (Originally 75W) Power Amplifier: 60 Watt Into 8 Ohms Power Amplifier: A simple amp to build, uses commonly available parts and is stable and reliable 60 Watt Power Amplifier : 75 Watt Power Amplifier: AKSA is a highly refined push pull solid state stereo amplifier of 75-Watt per channel 8 Watt Amplifier: 8 Watt Audio Amp Based on LM383: 80 Watt Amplifier #1: 80 Watt Amplifier #2: Uses the LM12 chip Active Subwoofer & Controller: Active Subwoofer: ALL FET MC Phono Preamp: Phono preamp with54 and 64 dB gain and RIAA accuracy is better than0.2dB, from Borbely Audio AM Oscillator for Wireless Microphones: Amplified Ear: Audio Amp Output Power Limiter: Audio Amp, Ultra High Gain: Audio Amplifier Circuits: Audio Amplifier Output Relay Delay: Audio Amplifier: 2-Transistor Audio Amp Audio Compressor: A circuit for a single-channel audio compressor using a JFET to control the gain of a virtual earth amplifier. Audio Level Control Device: compressor circuit based on LED and photodiode Audio Preamplifier: Balanced Low Noise Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Basic FM Radio Transmitters: BiDirectional 2.4 GHz One Watt Amplifier: BiDirectional 900Mhz One Watt Amplifier: Binaural MICs:
Boost 3.3V to 5V with tiny audio amplifier: EDN - Design Ideas / This chargepump circuit quietly converts a 3.3V source to 5V at 500 mA (figures 1 and 2). National's (www.national.com) LM4871LD power amplifier makes this design idea both possible and practical, thanks to its low output resistance, low cost, compact size, and high dissipation capability. Its output resistance has an average value of 0.. Boundary Layer Dish Microphone: ideas for a directional microphone assembly Circuit combines power supply and audio amplifier: EDN - Design Ideas / (added 10/03) The circuit in Figure 1 can help if you must transfer dc power and audio over a pair of copper wires. One application for such a circuit is a low-cost door-opening system with speech input. The circuit uses only one IC, the well-known LM317, a low-cost power-supply regulator. ... . Computer Microphone: adapting electret microphone to soundcards with dynamic microphone inputs Condenser Mic Audio Amplifier: Condenser Microphone hookup: Constant Power "PAN" Control: Circuit for Microphone for Microphone Audio Mixing Crest Audio LT Series LT100, LT1500 & LT2000 Schematic Set: A commercial Class D Amplifier, complete schematics in PDF format. Death of Zen (DoZ) a New ClassPower Amp: Designing An OpAmp Headphone Amplifier: many circuit examples DIY Microphone for Sony MD R35 Minidisc Recorder: simple electret microphone Dual JT MB C Microphone Combining Circuit: connect two microphones to1microph1-input Dual Microphones Separate Voice From Noise: EDN-Design Ideas Dynamic Microphone Amplifier: Dynamic Microphone to Electret Microphone Input: ECM Mic Preamplifier: el Cheapo a Really Simple Power Amplifier: Electret Mic Apps: an electret MIC is the best value for money omni directional microphone you can buy for 90% of microphone application Electret Microphone Connection: how to connect electret microphone Electret Microphone Powering: Guitar Amplifier 10 Watt: Old-Style ultra-compact Combo2-inputs-OverdriveTreble-enhancement HeadBanger Headphone Amp: Headphone Amplifier #1: Headphone Amplifier #2: Headphone Amplifier #3: Headphone Amplifier #4: Headphone Distribution Amp: Headphone Monitor Amp: Hi Fi Class D Audio Power Amplifier: The purpose of this site is to share a pulse-width modulating Class D audio power amplifier design with the world, in order to involve people that have an interest in this kind of technology. This is in effect an "open source project", i.e. the design is open and free, and those that have the interest and ability, are encouraged to feed back into the project. HiFi Headphone Amplifier: High Sensitivity Hearing Aid: Interfacing Microphones to Computer Sound Cards: JLH Headphone Amplifiers: Leach Amp 120 Watt Power Amplifier: Latest update of the "Low Tim Amplifier", Claimed to be a very good sounding design Leach SuperAmp: 270-Watt Double Barreled Amplifier published in Audio magazine (added 4/02) Lidstrm Improved ZEN I Class a FET Amplifier: line Level Signal to Microphone Input Adapter:
LM380 Power Audio Amplifier: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 LM383 12 Volt Amplifier: Low Cost Audio VChas High Performance: EDN-Design Ideas Low Level Audio Amp: Low Noise Balanced Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Low Power Audio Amplifier Based on LM386: Making a Rugged, Connectorized Microphone From a Panasonic Microphone Capsule: Mega phone circuit 9v: Micro Spy With FETs: Micro Spy With TTL: Micro Spy With USW: Microphone Amplifier: Microphone Mixer: Designed for3-dynamic microphones Microphone Polarity Tester: Microphone Preamp: Very simple two transistor circuit MIDI Passthrough Circuit: Mike Pads & Other Small Gadgets: Includes Active Direct Box circuit Miniature FM Transmitter #1: Miniature FM Transmitter #2: Miniature FM Transmitter #3: Miniature FM Transmitters #4: Modification of Panasonic Backelectret Capacitor Microphone (WM GOAT DigiKey P9967 ND): This drawing describes the conventional hookup and option where FET is connected as source follower with3 wires to preamp. Mono Audio Equalizer : MOSFET Power Amp: DIY high power MOSFET amplifier200 Wrms 8 ohms 350 Wrms4 ohms MS 2 Mic Splitter: Send signal from1-microph1-to two mixers, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format MS 82P Microphone Splitter With Phantom Power Buss: 8 channel microph1splitter that can inject phantom power to microphone, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format Neve BA283Volt Class a Circuit: The famous Neve Class A recording series modules such as the1066,1073, and1272 all used a similar gain building block like the BA283AV shown here. This circuit consists of two stages of amplification on a single printed circuit board with an input voltage gain stage and a line driver output stage. NHT Subwoofer Amp: Octave Screamer: One Watt 2.3 GHz RF Amplifier Using a MRF2001: One Watt 2.45 GHz Linear Amplifier: One Watt Class C Amplifier: OTP C controls Boomer amplifier: EDN-Design Ideas /PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Parabolic dish mic amplifier : Paradoxical Sound Synthesizer: Parametric & Subwoofer Equalizer: Phono Preamp (valve): Pocket Equalizer for Headphone: many circuit examples Portable headphone Amplifier: Portable Microphone Preamplifier: High headroom input circuitry. 9V Battery powered. Power Amp Schematic: Push Pull Class a 2A3 Stereo Amp (valve): Push Pull Class a Amp using type 5687 Dual Triodes:
Quadraphonic Amplifier: This is a four channel amplifier ideally suited for use with quadraphonic equipment such as a Sound Blaster Live card. Quick & Dirty Audio Amplifiers: For those of you who like to experiment with audio and would like a "quick and dirty" amplifier that frees you from having to figure out the biasing resistors, this article has two for you and they run off 9 Volts too!.1-uses an Op-Amp and the other used a transistor. Radio Shack Pressure Zone Microphone (PZM) Modifications: Rane MS 1b Microphone Preamplifier Circuit Diagram: This is a circuit diagram of a commercial high quality balanced microph1-preamplifier. This document is in PDF format. RIAPhono Amplifier: SCMS killer for DAT Recorders: Single Chip 50 Watt / 8 Ohm Power Amplifier: Uses LM3876 Hi-Fi amplifier IC from National Semiconductor Single Ended Class A2 SV811 10 Stereo Amp: Small Amplifier Circuit: Uses many amplifier ICs, from few-Watts to200-Watt SoftStart Circuit for Power Amps: Sony C 37Condenser Microphone: information with circuit diagram Spatial Distortion Reduction Headphone Amp: Subwoofer Equaliser: Subwoofer Equalizer: The Linkwitz transform circuit is a hugely flexible way to equalize the bottom end of a sealed loudspeaker enclosure. A speaker that is corrected using this method is flat from below resonance to the upper limit of the selected driver. The low frequency roll off point is determined by the parameters of the transform circuit. Should the enclosure size be too small and cause a lump in the response before roll off, this is also corrected. A conventional active crossover network is then used to divide the subwoofer signal from the main channel signals. Note that there is also a separate spreadsheet calculator available for calculating component values for different situations not handled by the original circuit. Subwoofer Filter: 12 dB/octave low pass filter for subwoofer, includes subsonic filter Super Capacitor Powers Audio Amp: EDN-Design Ideas / Micro power and low-voltage op amps allow you to build high-performance analog-signal processors that require no batteries or wall transformers, this simple mixer is powered using one large capacitor such as a Supercap or Dynacap for some Time TDA2030 8 Watt Amplifier: Theory & Construction of Mic "Splitters": ThermoFan To Keep Your Amp Cool: Three Band Equalizer: Three High Accuracy, RIA/ IEC, MC & MM Phono Preamplifiers: Three Transistor Audio Amp 50 Milliwatt: Here is a little audio amplifier similar to what you might find in a small transistor radio. Tube Amplifier: The unit is powered directly from the 120 volt AC line, with no power transformers. Filaments are wired in series, with the total adding up to 117 volts (35 + 35 + 35 + 12). The 35W4 forms a half-wave rectifier, which is filtered by a three-stage RC network. The B+ for the output stage plates and screens are taken from the second capacitor, and the B+ for the preamp and phase inverter from the third capacitor in the filter. Two Channel Power Amplifier: The2-Channel Power Amplifier based on NTE1606. The circuit is powered by a12V,10-Amp power supply. The power of the output channels is4 W connected to 8-ohm loudspeakers Two Transistor Amplifier: Two Watt Amplifier: Low distortion amplifier using discrete components Two Wire Remote Microphone Amplifier: uses special amplifier module from Op-Amp Labs Vacuum Tube Microphone Preamp : from January1997 EQ Column, includes phantom power supply (added 4/02) Variable Amplifier Impedance: idea of being able to vary the output impedance of a power amplifier
Voice Over Circuit: Switches automatically from sound source to microph1when enough sound comes in from microphone. VOX AC30 Guitar Amplifier Simulator:
Amplifier Buffers - Amplifiers Buffer Circuits - Amplifier Buffer Circuit Resource
Amplifier Circuits - Buffers

Hot Swap, Push-Pull, Sync. Buck, Negative Flyback, Dual Sync. Buck Reference Design: Hot Swap, Push-Pull, Sync. Buck, Negative Flyback, Dual Sync. Buck with Vin of -36 V to -72V. Vout of 8 V, 5 V, 3.3 V, 2.5 V and -5 V. The output power is 79.5 W. LM110 to An Improved IC Voltage Follower : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Low-power CMOS oscillator has push-pull output: 04/01/04 EDN Design Ideas Digital oscillators often generate TTL- or CMOS-level outputs, referred to ground. Generating a symmetric bipolar output with respect to ground presents a challenge. In this design, four 1.5V flashlight cells create 3V voltage sources, and the midpoint of cells acts as the ground reference (Figure 1).... Simple deadband generator targets push-pull drivers: 07/12/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In typical push-pull driver applications, the npn-pnp transistor pair is alternately turned on and off using a square-wave signal. A simple driver circuit uses an inverter between the V1 and V2. . . Single Resistor Betters inexpensive Buffer: 07/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas / [file contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this one]
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/buffer.html [1/17/2007 4:38:09 PM]
Differential - Amplifier Circuits - Differentials - Electronic Hobby Projects
Amplifier Circuits: Differential

Difference amplifier uses digital potentiometers: EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need to measure a small signal in the presence of a large common-mode signal. Traditional instrumentation amplifiers that use two or three op amps in their internal structure find common use in these applications. The circuit in Figure 1 presents an alternative approach that is useful when low cost and low drift are important, but when you don't need high precision.. Differential Amp Drives highspeed ADC: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Differential amp needs no power source: EDN - Design Ideas / A truedifferential, power-source-free, high-input-impedance amplifier with bipolar output would present distinct advantages in remote devices. Such an amplifier, with its bipolar output, would be a better choice than a unipolar, 4- to 20-mA device. It would also improve on common-mode performance. In Figure 1, a Maxim MAX319 analog switch, IC2, feeds the power from the coaxial signal cable to .... Fully Differential Input Voltage Amplifier : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/differential.html [1/17/2007 4:38:11 PM]
High Frequency Circuit - High Speed Circuits - Wide Band Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: High Frequency / High Speed Circuits Wide Band Circuits
BROAD BAND 5MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER This circuit is a simple broad band light detector that uses a very inexpensive IC and a PIN photodiode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It has a bandwidth from 1KHz to over 5MHz. It is great for experimenting with various modulated light sources. BROAD BAND 2MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER If you need more sensitivity than the above circuit this circuit provides about ten times more gain. It too is designed around an inexpensive plastic optical fiber detector. 20MHz VCSEL 3mW LASER TEST CIRCUIT This circuit takes advantage of some new vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) that dont require light output control circuits. The circuit shows how to drive the device from a single high speed CMOS IC. The circuit can easily be modified to transmit signals from kilohertz to about 50MHz. 10MHz TO 20MHz LASER LIGHT DETECTOR This circuit was originally designed to detect laser light pulses for an optical Ethernet communications system. It has good ambient light immunity. N-CH AND P-CH TRANSISTORS FORM PUSH-PULL DRIVER This circuit can produce high speed output signals with fast rise and full times. The unique change pump action allows the voltage of the upper P-ch device to range from millivolts to hundreds of volts. The output current is only limited by the rating of the transistors. I have used this circuit beyond 2MHz. FET INPUT HIGH SPEED LIGHT DETECTOR This circuit is yet another design that converts current from a PIN photo diode to a voltage. It has a bandwidth that extends beyond 50MHz. C-MOS INVERTER MAKES LOW POWER AMP With the addition of one resistor and a capacitor, some common logic ICs can be transformed from digital to analog duties. This circuit outlines some the features to expect from different inverter ICs.
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High Frequency Circuit - High Speed Circuits - Wide Band Circuits
WIDE BAND ZERO CROSS DETECTOR This circuit was designed to convert a low amplitude 40KHz signal into a clean square wave signal. It will work with inputs as small as 5mv peak-topeak or as large as 3 volts peak to peak. The input frequency can range from a few kilohertz to about 150KHz. Build an adjustable high frequency notch filter: EDN-Design Ideas / Although you can obtain universal, resistor-programmable switchedcapacitor filters that are configurable as notch filters, most cannot operate at bandwidths higher than 100 kHz. Further, the typically 16 Composite Amp Provides High Gain & Bandwidth: EDN-Design Ideas Composite Amplifier Boosts Precision Of Programmable Voltage Source : Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / (added 5/03) Engineers often need dc voltage sources with very high precision and good resistive and/or capacitive load-driving capability for industrial applications. However, precision benchtop power supplies can be very expensive if high accuracy also is... HF Signal Generator: Wideband AGC has 60 DB Dynamic Input Range: EDN-Design Ideas Wideband Filter Only Has Two Different Components : Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Wideband filters with bandwidths in excess of an octave can be created by cascading a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. In this design idea, nine-pole high-pass and low-pass filters have been constructed using a modified equal-element design. A... Wideband Filter uses image Parameters: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Wideband OpAmp Capable of MicroPower Operation : National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Oct-2001 Wideband, Low Noise Amplifier Drives 50 Ohm Loads: EDN-Design Ideas
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Amplifiers Gain - High Gain - Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Amplifier Circuits: High Gain

Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Circuit performs high speed voltage to current, current to current conversion: EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1performs active voltage-to-current conversion or acts as a variable-gain current mirror with high precision and bandwidth. A typical application is testing high-speed ICs or other devices that have inputs designed to be driven from currentsteering DACs to enable a modulated voltage source to control the devices.. LED driver delivers constant luminosity: EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is similar in principle to that of a previous Design Idea (Reference 1) but offers improved, more reproducible performance. The output current is almost constant over an input-voltage range of 1.2 to 1.5V and is insensitive to variations of transistor gain. Transistors Q1 and Q2 form an astable flip-flop.... Network imitates thermocouples: EDN - Design Ideas / Thermocouples find widespread use for temperature measurement in systems. During system design or testing, you must observe the system's response at different temperatures. However, it's inconvenient to heat a thermocouple every time you need to check a system's performance. You can use the simple trick of touching the thermocouple with a hot soldering iron, but this method provides only ... . Transmitter accurately transfers voltage input: EDN-Design Ideas / When you connect remote sensors to a central process controller, a simple, robust, and commonly used interface is the 4 to 20-mA loop. The advantages of this current loop include the simplicity of just two twisted wires that share both power and signal, the loop's high noise immunity in harsh environments, and the de facto loop standard within the processcontrol industry... Voltage to current converter drives white LEDs: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Voltage to current converter makes a flexible current reference : EDNDesign Ideas / The voltage-to-current converter in Figure 1 can both source and sink current. The circuit is more flexible than some traditional current references that require different topologies for current sourcing and sinking. Also, you can easily adjust the value of the current reference by simply adjusting the circuit's input voltage....
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Amplifiers Gain - High Gain - Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
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High Impedance Circuit - High Impedance Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Amplifier Circuits: High Impedance Circuits

ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR (64) (efield1a) This schematic is the power supply and front-end sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail at Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. The system can detect human and animal motion by the electric fields they disturb.
Links to Other Circuits
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High Speed Circuit - High Speed Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
BROAD BAND 5MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (30) (5mhzfbvr) This circuit is a simple broad band light detector that uses a very inexpensive IC and a PIN photodiode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It has a bandwidth from 1KHz to over 5MHz. It is great for experimenting with various modulated light sources. BROAD BAND 2MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (31) (2mhzrvr1) If you need more sensitivity than the above circuit this circuit provides about ten times more gain. It too is designed around an inexpensive plastic optical fiber detector. 20MHz VCSEL 3mW LASER TEST CIRCUIT (58) (20mhzlsr) This circuit takes advantage of some new vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) that dont require light output control circuits. The circuit shows how to drive the device from a single high speed CMOS IC. The circuit can easily be modified to transmit signals from kilohertz to about 50MHz. 10MHz TO 20MHz LASER LIGHT DETECTOR (61) (20mrvr2) This circuit was originally designed to detect laser light pulses for an optical Ethernet communications system. It has good ambient light immunity. N-CH AND P-CH TRANSISTORS FORM PUSH-PULL DRIVER (66) (pushpul) This circuit can produce high speed output signals with fast rise and full times. The unique change pump action allows the voltage of the upper P-ch device to range from millivolts to hundreds of volts. The output current is only limited by the rating of the transistors. I have used this circuit beyond 2MHz. FET INPUT HIGH SPEED LIGHT DETECTOR (69) (fetamp0) This circuit is yet another design that converts current from a PIN photo diode to a voltage. bandwidth that extends beyond 50MHz.
It has a
C-MOS INVERTER MAKES LOW POWER AMP (95) (invertamp1) With the addition of one resistor and a capacitor, some common logic ICs can be transformed from digital to analog duties. This circuit outlines some the features to expect from different inverter ICs. WIDE BAND ZERO CROSS DETECTOR (109) (zerocross1) This circuit was designed to convert a low amplitude 40KHz signal into a clean square wave signal. It will work with inputs as small as 5mv peak-to-peak or as large as 3 volts peak to peak. The input frequency can range from a few kilohertz to about 150KHz.
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High Speed Circuit - High Speed Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Build an adjustable high frequency notch filter: EDN-Design Ideas / Although you can obtain universal, resistor-programmable switchedcapacitor filters that are configurable as notch filters, most cannot operate at bandwidths higher than 100 kHz. Further, the typically 16 Composite Amp Provides High Gain & Bandwidth: EDN-Design Ideas Composite Amplifier Boosts Precision Of Programmable Voltage Source : Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Engineers often need dc voltage sources with very high precision and good resistive and/or capacitive loaddriving capability for industrial applications. However, precision benchtop power supplies can be very expensive if high accuracy also is... HF Signal Generator: Wideband AGC has 60 DB Dynamic Input Range: EDN-Design Ideas Wideband Filter Only Has Two Different Components : Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Wideband filters with bandwidths in excess of an octave can be created by cascading a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. In this design idea, nine-pole high-pass and low-pass filters have been constructed using a modified equal-element design. A... Wideband Filter uses image Parameters: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Wideband OpAmp Capable of MicroPower Operation : National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Oct-2001 Wideband, Low Noise Amplifier Drives 50 Ohm Loads: EDN-Design Ideas
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Amplifiers Instrumentation - Amplifier Circuits - Instrumentations
Amplifier Circuits: Instrumentation

Composite Instrumentation Amp Extends CMRR Frequency Range 10 Times : Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Instrumentation amplifiers are the building blocks commonly used in industrial, medical, and military systems. The primary benefit of such a component is its ability to reject common-mode signals while amplifying a differential-input... Engineer's Assistant: Frequency Counter: Inclinometer: Inductance Meter: Instrumentation amp makes noninverting integrator: EDN - Design Ideas / Figure 1a shows the classic implementation of an integrator. The circuit has two properties that may be undesirable in same applications: It necessarily inverts, and it requires a split-supply or midsupply reference. Figure 1b shows an implementation of an integrator that uses an LT1789 instrumentation amplifier.. Instrumentation Amp Swings Rail to Rail: EDN-Design Ideas - You can combine an instrumentation amplifier and an inexpensive CMOS op amp to get the better of two worlds: the precision of a bipolar instrumentation amp and the5V single-supply operation of the CMOS op amp. The characteristics of such a circuit depend first on the instrumentation amp you use. The INA131 delivers50-V max voltage offset,0.25-V/C max offset drift, and100-dB min common-mode rejection. Next, how close the output swings to the power supplys rail depends on which rail-to-rail op amp you use. A Texas Instruments TL2272, for example, swings outputs to within100 mV of the rails. Instrumentation Amplifier : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Instrumentation Amplifier has 290 MHz Gain Bandwidth Product : EDN-Design Ideas / very high frequency instrumentation amplifier based on video-difference amplifier Instrumentation Amplifiers : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Isolated, 12bit, 8 Channel, a / D Converter With PC Interface & 0.1% Accuracy: OpAmp Doubles As Instrumentation Amp: EDN-Design Ideas Reflectometer: Simple PH Meter:
Build an adjustable high frequency notch filter: EDN-Design Ideas / Although you can obtain universal, resistor-programmable switchedcapacitor filters that are configurable as notch filters, most cannot operate at bandwidths higher than 100 kHz. Further, the typically 16. Composite Amp Provides High Gain & Bandwidth: EDN-Design Ideas Composite Amplifier Boosts Precision Of Programmable Voltage Source : Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Engineers often need dc voltage sources with very high precision and good resistive and/or capacitive loaddriving capability for industrial applications. However, precision benchtop power supplies can be very expensive if high accuracy also is... HF Signal Generator: Wideband AGC has 60 DB Dynamic Input Range: EDN-Design Ideas
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Amplifiers Instrumentation - Amplifier Circuits - Instrumentations
Wideband Filter Only Has Two Different Components : Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Wideband filters with bandwidths in excess of an octave can be created by cascading a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. In this design idea, nine-pole high-pass and low-pass filters have been constructed using a modified equal-element design. A... Wideband Filter uses image Parameters: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Wideband OpAmp Capable of MicroPower Operation : National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Oct-2001 Wideband, Low Noise Amplifier Drives 50 Ohm Loads: EDN-Design Ideas
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Intermediate Frequencies IF - Intermediate Frequency - Amplifier Intermediate Frequency Circuits
Amplifier Circuits IF -Intermediate Frequency

40 Meter Popcorn Superhet Receiver: This schematic is a relatively low-cost CW superhet receiver with a 4.00 MHz Intermediate frequency. There is no AGC or RF gain control, however this receiver has good large signal handling capability. This receiver uses just 6 bipolar transistors and an op amp for reasonable volume into headphones. Much of the ideas/design of the various stages must be credited to Wes Hayward as I borrowed heavily from his previous work and through ideas obtained by discussion. If one were to homebrew the diode ring mixers, indeed this would be a very low cost receiver giving reasonable performance which outperforms any NE602 based superhet receivers that I have built or listened to ... Audio Circuit: HDT Technology Adds Power to CDMA Chip Set: RF Micro Devices Application Note TA0003 I.F. Amplifier: The I.F. transformer primary has 18 turns, the secondary winding has 4 turns. The capacitors across the IFT primaries are 82pF. The input/output transformer has 12 turns, tapped at 3 turns from ground. This transformer is wound on a ferrite core. The mosfets are 3SK45's. The diodes in the product detector are 1N34's. I use a six pole SSB filter from a scrap CB. The centre frequency is 7.8MHz. The -6db bandwidth is about 2.5KHz. IF Amplifier Circuit: Three of these amplifiers are used in series to build the 455 kHz IF amplifier. AGC voltage comes from the AGC Circuit. The diagram above shows the circuit for the second IF amplifier. IF-Amplifier for PMR 446 Purposes: Low Distortion IF Amplifier/ADC Driver with Digitally Controlled Gain: Linear Technology LT5524 Single and Dual-ranch IF Amphifier Matching Circuit: WJ Communications May 2003 Tunable IF with TDA7000: The main motive of the mods was not that the circuit didn't work right, but were several tries to add some kind of frequency indicator to the receiver. The left RCA plug and associated components are witnesses to the last version, adding a FET buffer amplifiera and taking signal from the oscillator coil. Ultralow Distortion IF Amplifier/ADC Driver with Digitally Controlled Gain: Linear Technology LT5514 VHF/FM Transistor Radios:
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Amplifiers - Limiting - Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Amplifier Circuits: Limiting

Limiting Amplifier is Digitally Programmable: EDN-Design Ideas Limiting Amplifier makes efficient A / D Converter Driver: 0EDN-Design Ideas
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Logarithmic Amplifiers - Logarithmic - Amplifier Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: Logarithmic

Algorithm Extracts Roots of Decimal Numbers: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Log amp uses capacitor charging law: EDN - Design Ideas / The novel logarithmic amplifier in Figure 1 relies on the exponential charging characteristics of a simple RC circuit. The expression for the time, T, required for a capacitor, C, to reach a voltage (VIN-VK) from 0V, when charged through a resistor, R, with an applied voltage of VIN, is VINVK=VIN (1-e-T/RC), where VK is a fixed voltage. . Log Converters : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Logarithmic A/D Encoder: Logarithmic Amplifier: Logarithmic amplifier uses the log caracteristic of PN (diode, transistor) to implement logarithmic function. The second transistor is used as refference and with the PTK resistor minimizes the dT/dV coeficient. Model Fixed Point DSP Arithmetic in C: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit PIC C implements CRC16 Algorithm: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Primer on Binary Arithmetic Rounding: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Simple Algorithm Transforms Filter Coefficients: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Single Stage gives Logarithmic Gain Steps : 03/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas / By placing a variable component in the positive feedback loop of an op amp; you can vary the gain of the stage logarithmically with respect to a linear resistance or conductance Software Filter Boosts Signal Measurement Stability, Precision: 02/03/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Small or embedded systems often require a delicate measurement in the presence of high noise or interference. Without fancy filtering hardware, high-speed processing, or digital signal processing, it can be difficult to extract a stable signal of... Software snippet provides improved subset sum algorithm : 09/25/03 EDNDesign Ideas / The subset-sum problem is one of the most frequently occurring NP (nondeterministic, polynomial-time)-complete) problems. It asks whether a subset of numbers in a set of positive integers adds up exactly to a given value. A relaxed version of the problem tries to identify a subset of numbers that adds up to a maximum value no greater than a given value.... Theory & Applications of Logarithmic Amplifiers : National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Feb-1999
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Logarithmic Amplifiers - Logarithmic - Amplifier Circuits
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Low Noise Amplifiers - Low Noise Circuits - Amplifier Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: Low Noise Circuits

40KHZ LIGHT RECEIVER AMP (122) (40khzamp1) This circuit is similar to number 121 but provides more gain and operates up to 40KHz. However it draws more power supply current
Composite Amplifier Improves Noise : 08/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Noise Amplifier for Phase Noise Measurements: features less input noise than a 50 ohmresistor. Low Noise Balanced Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Low Noise Microphone Preamplifier: Low Noise Variable Gain Amplifier:
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Microwave Amplifiers - Microwave Radar Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Radar Circuits: Amplifiers, Detectors, Microwave etc.

2 Transistor Amplifier: 4W FM Transmitter: Crystal Radio With Amplifier: Crystal Radio: One Transistor FM Transmitter: Pulse Width to Voltage Converter: R / C Circuit: Radio Control Electric Switch: Two Transistor Amplifier:
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Operational Amplifiers - Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: Operational

1 in/4 out Audio Distribution Amplifier : 2 wire Remote Microphone Amplifier : 25 Hz Peaking Amplifier : 30Hz to 90Hz Adj P.A. Driver : 4 in/1 out Summing Power Amplifier : 4.5 H. Magnetic P.B. Head Preamplifier : 44 Audio Dist. Ampl. Circuit : 60 to 100KHz Adj. Tape Bias Oscillator : AC and op amp provide variable control voltage: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Early DACs contained standard R-2R ladder networks, and produced a negative output voltage. These early DACs, such as the MAX7837/7847 and the MAX523, require both positive and negative supply rails to accommodate their negative output. With the transition to single-supply ICs, however, many modern DACs operate with a single supply rail and an inverted R-2R ladder network. . ACN (Active Combining Network) : Application Guide for OpAmps: Bitmap Bitmap National Semiconductor Application Notes, 04-Nov-1995 Applications of the LM392 Comparator OpAmp IC: National Semiconductor Application Notes, 04-Nov-1995 Applying a New Precision OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Applying Dual & Quad FET OpAmps : National Semiconductor Application Notes,10-May-1996 Audio Level Meter Amplifier : Basic OpAmp Circuits: Bootstrapping allows single rail op amp to provide 0V output: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many single-supply-powered applications require amplifier-output swings within 1 mVor even submillivoltsof ground. Amplifier-output-saturation limitations normally preclude such operation. Figure 1's power-supply bootstrapping scheme achieves the desired characteristics with minimal parts count Bridging Line Amplifier : Circuit Provides Inverting / Noninverting Gain: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Provides Linear Volt to I Conversion: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Constant current Amplifier : Constant current Power Amplifier : Current Feedback Amplifiers : National Semiconductor Application Notes,05Aug-1995 DAC & OpAmp Provide Variable Control Voltage: 12/06/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
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DAC and op amp provide variable control voltage: 12/06/01 EDN-Design Ideas / Early DACs contained standard R-2R ladder networks, and produced a negative output voltage. These early DACs, such as the MAX7837/7847 and the MAX523, require both positive and negative supply rails to accommodate their negative output. With t... Designing An OpAmp Headphone Amplifier: many circuit examples Designing With a New Super Fast Dual Norton Amplifier : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Designing With OpAmp: Audio design has for many years relied on a very small number of Op-Amp types. The TL072 and the5532, numbers that will be immediately familiar to anyone involved in audio electronics, have dominated the small-signal scene for many years. There are however other Op-Amps, some of which can be very useful, and a selected range is covered here. Digital Quality Microphone Pre Ampl. Using the Model 425 OPAMP : Dual OpAmp Doubles Output Current: 09/12/96 EDN-Design Ideas Dual Polarity Amplifier has Digital Control: 09/12/96 EDN-Design Ideas Feedback & Amplification #1: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas Feedback Network Silences OpAmp Resistor Noise: 09/12/96 EDN-Design Ideas Feedforward Compensation Speeds OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Film Optical Record Amplifier w/ Noise Reduction Circuit : FM Radio Transmitters With OpAmp : Frequency Dependant Negative Resistor (Using OpAmps): Head set Intercom : I Feedback Amplifier Puts Parasites to Work: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas IC OpAmp Beats FETs on Input Current : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 IFB Intercom : Ignore Input Range Limits in Wideband OpAmp: 07/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Inductors 6mH to 1600mH : LH0024 & LH0032 High Speed OpAmp Applications : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Linear power driver works from single supply: 07/25/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / (added 10/03) In low-power, single-supply analog applications, it is often desirable to maintain precise control of voltages much greater than the positive-supply rail. The circuit in Figure 1 allows you to amplify the input voltage, VIN, by a factor, A, which resistors R1 and R2 set. The output voltage, VOUT, equals AVIN, where A=R2/(R1+R2).. LM118 OpAmp Slews 70 Volt / Microsecond : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 LM3900New Current Differencing Quad of Plus or Minus Input Amplifiers: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 LM6361 / LM6364 / LM6365 Fast OpAmps: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 / Offer High Speed at Low Power Consumption Low Distortion Wideband Power OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Low Noise Precision OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28Jun-1996 Low Power Op Amp Audio Amp (Intercom): Main Principles of Amplifier Wiring : How to wire operational amplifier MicroPower using the LM4250 Programmable OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Monolithic OpAmp the Universal Linear Component : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Monolithic Power OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,01May-1998 Multi track Recording System :
Negative Resistor Cancels opamp Load: 05/24/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. New OpAmp Ideas : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov1995 Noninverting op amp circuit has simple gain formula: 11/28/2002 EDN Design Ideas / Basic textbooks describe inverting and noninverting amplifiers based on operational amplifiers. These amplifiers have different gain equations. Whereas in the inverting configuration, the gain is the ratio of the feedback and input resistances, in the noninverting amplifier, the gain ratio has an added term.. Op Amp improves Power Supply's Regulation: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Op amp linearizes attenuator control response: 07/25/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Professional-audio equipment commonly uses Analog Devices' (www.analog.com) high-performance, quad-voltage-controlled SSM2164 attenuator. The control response is -30 dB/V, with 0V producing unity gain. Attenuation increases as the applied control voltage increases in the positive direction. The circuit in Figure 1 extends the range of applications for this versatile chip by providing a simple.... Op amp linearizes response of FET VCA: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Fets find common use in VCAs (voltage-controlled amplifiers) and attenuators, in which the FET serves as a variable resistance. A control voltage applied to the gate sets the channel resistance and overall circuit gain. You frequently need to select individual FETs because of wide spreads in FET characteristics.. OpAmp Basics: OpAmp Booster Designs : National Semiconductor Application Notes,09-Apr1996 OpAmp Circuit Collection : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 OpAmp Design & Test Board: OpAmp Doubles As Instrumentation Amp: 09/15/94 EDN-Design Ideas OpAmp Linearizes Attenuator Control Response: 07/25/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Professional-audio equipment commonly uses Analog Devices (www.analog.com) high-performance, quad-voltage-controlled SSM2164 attenuator. The control response is -30 dB/V, with0V producing unity gain. OpAmp Linearizes Response of FET VCA: 09/05/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Fets find common use in VCAs (voltage-controlled amplifiers) and attenuators, in which the FET serves as a variable resistance. A control voltage applied to the gate sets the channel resistance and overall circuit gain. OpAmp Makes Precise 9 Volt Battery Splitter: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Alkaline 9V batteries are ideal for many portable, handheld applications, this circuit generates a bipolar supply of5V and -2.3 to -4V using a precision5V reference and one op amp as a supply splitter OpAmp Oscillators Simplify RF Designs: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas OpAmp Radio: OpAmp Rectifier Signals Input State: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Optical Magnetic Projection Booth System: Party line Intercom : Phonograph Disc Playback Preamplifier : Phonograph Disc Record Amplifier : Piecewise Linear Amplifier Eschews Diodes: 10/12/95 EDN-Design Ideas Portable Mixer for Nagra Recorder : PWM Circuit uses one OpAmp: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / circuit delivers a rectangular signal with duty cycle varying between0 and100% in response to an input signal varying from0 to5V dc Railtorail op Amp Provides Biasing in RF Amp: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit.
RF oscillator uses current feedback op amp: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A current-feedback amplifier is a well-known component with many uses. Its basic block diagram shows that its input stage is a voltage followerin practice, a symmetrical emitter follower (Figure 1). The configuration samples the output current, converts it to voltage across a large impedance, and amplifies it to the output using a high-power, lowoutput-impedance amplifier.. Simple Op Amp Radio: Simple Timer Exploits OpAmp Bias Current: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Single NiCd Cell Drives OpAmp: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Single Polarity Powe Supply Circuit for 400 series Amplifiers : Slow OpAmp Makes Fast Multivibrator: 01/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas SwOpAmp Makes Square Wave Generator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas TO 3 Case Low Power Amplifier : Topics on using the LM6181New Current Feedback Amplifier : National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug-1995 Transformerless Microphone Preamplifier : Tutorial on Applying OpAmps to RF Applications : National Semiconductor Application Notes,02-Apr-1999 Two OpAmps Make Fast Full Wave Rectifier: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Two wire Remote Microphone Amplifier : Use the LM158 / LM258 / LM358 Dual, Single Supply OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 V 44 Video Distribution Amplifier Schematic : Versatile ShiftKeying Generator Uses CurrentFeedback Amplifiers : 06/24/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Digital information often must travel through analog channels in applications like satellite communication, digital cellular phones, digital microwave communication, and others. This transmission is made possible by the sinusoidal signalmodulation... Video multiplexer uses high speed op amps : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Video multiplexers route video from several sources to a single channel. Low-end consumer products use CMOS analog switches and multiplexers, such as the 4066 and 4051. Unfortunately, these devices have a series onresistance that ranges from approximately 100O to 1 kO, a resistance that is not constant with video level and that appears in series with the signal.... Wideband OpAmp Capable of MicroPower Operation : National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Oct-2001 Working With High Impedance OpAmps : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995
Amplifiers - Power Circuits - Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: Power Circuits

High power 12v amplifier : High Power Amp Includes Disable: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Power Amplifier has Transient Rail to Rail Swing: 09/29/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Has transient rail-to-rail swing - special common-drain MOSFETbased power op amp circuit TO 3 Case Low Power Amplifier :
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RF Amplifiers - Radio Frequency - Amplifier Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: RF (Radio Frequency)

500W HF Linear Amplifier: Generic VHF Power Amplifier: RF Sniffer : Simple Wireless Radio Data Link: T Volt Antenna Amplifier: Covers the frequencies from40 to 900 MHz UHF T Volt Preamplifier:
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Transimpedance - Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Transimpedance
Amplifier Circuits: Transimpedance

SINGLE IC FORMS SENSITIVE MODULATED LIGHT RECEIVER (15) (4069rvr1) The circuit uses a very inexpensive C-MOS IC that is connected to a small photodiode. Using a unique inductive feedback network, the circuit provides high sensitivity under high ambient light conditions. It is a great circuit when you want to extend the range of an optical remote control transmitter. 40KHz LIGHT RECEIVER IS IMMUNE TO AMBIENT LIGHT (16) (40krvr1) If you want even more sensitivity than the above circuit, try this design. When used with a one-centimeter square photodiode, you can achieve a range of several hundred feet with a standard TV or VCR remote control module. 1uS LIGHT PULSE RECEIVER PLUS POST AMP (27) (500krvr3) This circuit is designed to detect very weak light pulses lasting 1uS. It uses a tuned LC feedback network to provide high sensitivity while giving high ambient light immunity. A post voltage amplifier is included with a gain of about X20. The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver section of my Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. Note: The LF357 op amp is no longer available, this circuit is for reference only. BROAD BAND 5MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (30) (5mhzfbvr) This circuit is a simple broad band light detector that uses a very inexpensive IC and a PIN photodiode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It has a bandwidth from 1KHz to over 5MHz. It is great for experimenting with various modulated light sources. BROAD BAND 2MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (31) (2mhzrvr1) If you need more sensitivity than the above circuit this circuit provides about ten times more gain. It too is designed around an inexpensive plastic optical fiber detector. LIGHT RECEIVER WORKS FROM 1KHz TO OVER 70MHz (48) (75mfbvr) This circuit uses one tiny C-MOS inverter IC to form a modulated light receiver with a very fast response. It is designed around a PIN photo diode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It can be used as an optical fiber receiver. By using the open end of the optical fiber it can "sniff" out any modulated light signals. 40KHz MODULATED LIGHT DETECTOR (59) (40krvr2) This circuit uses a unique cascode amplifier circuit to convert the current from a PIN photo diode to a current without any feedback network. It is very stable and very sensitive. The circuit shown has the potential for a conversion factor of 10 volts per microwatt at 900nm. I included a simple JFET post-amplifier with a gain of about 20.
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Transimpedance - Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Transimpedance
40KHz LASER BURST DETECTOR (60) (40krvr3) This circuit was originally designed to detect weak flashed of laser light bounced off of a fabric video projection screen. It was used as part of a firearm training system. It generates a 100mS output pulse whenever it detects a 3ms to 5ms-laser burst, modulated at 40KHz. It is very sensitive and could be modified for long-range laser communications. 10MHz TO 20MHz LASER LIGHT DETECTOR (61) (20mrvr2) This circuit was originally designed to detect laser light pulses for an optical Ethernet communications system. It has good ambient light immunity. FET INPUT HIGH SPEED LIGHT DETECTOR (69) (fetamp0) This circuit is yet another design that converts current from a PIN photo diode to a voltage. It has a bandwidth that extends beyond 50MHz. AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH RECEIVER (70) (airmon0) I designed this circuit many years ago to monitor the quality of a mile long column of air for future optical communications experiments. The transmitter system (circuit 72 below) uses a powerful xenon flash in conjunction with a large 12 inch Fresnel lens at the transmitter end and a matching 12-inch lens with a PIN photo diode at the receiver. The receiver system was connected to a weather station and a computer to collect the changes in intensity of the light flashes under different weather conditions. It has the potential for a 30+-mile range. I have also used this system to conduct cloud bounce experiments. LASER/LED LIGHT OUTPUT INTENSITY METER (80) (laserpwr) This circuit uses a large 1cm X 1cm silicon PIN photo diode and a transimpedance amplifier to measure the light power output of infrared and visible LEDs and laser diodes. It can be modified to produce almost any milliwatts to volts scale factor. It can be connected to either a multi-meter or an oscilloscope. OPTICAL RFID TEST CIRCUIT (87) (opiddemo) I designed this test the concept of using light techniques to send identification data instead of RF. A more detailed discussion on this scheme can be found in the Imagineered new products section. CASCODE LIGHT RECEIVER CIRCUIT (103) (40krvr3a) This page provides a detailed explanation of how the modified cascode light receiver circuit operates. The cascode technique in conjunction with an inductive load provides very high current to voltage conversion as well as very high speed.
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Amplifiers - Variable Gain - Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Amplifier Circuits: Variable Gain

Automatic gain Control (AGC) Circuits: Digitally Control Gain over a 40 DB Range: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas digitally control an amplifiers gain over a 40-dB range gain Resolution of1.25 dB High Frequency VGhas Digital Control: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Low Noise Variable Gain Amplifier: Single IC provides gains of 10 and 10 : 08/07/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Real-world data-acquisition systems require amplifying weak signals to match the full-scale input range of an A/D converter. Unfortunately, when you configure them as gain blocks, most common amplifiers have both gain errors and offset drift. The typical two-resistor gain-setting arrangement found in many op-amp circuits has serious accuracy and drift limitations.... Variable Gain Stage uses Voltage Output DAC: 08/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Variable Regulator Output: 0 28 volts at3 amps Video Circuits Collection : Linear Technology Application Note #57 / January1994 /includes Video transmission over UTP Voltage Controlled Panner: Variable gain amplifier circuit
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Video - Amplifier Circuits - Video Amplifiers - Electronic Hobby Projects
Amplifier Circuits: Video

Video Amplifier #1: This is a Video amplifier that has been constructed by a single special IC LH0024. Video Amplifier #2: Video Amplifier Circuit From Discrete Transistors: Video Amplifier With Sync Stripper & PC Restore: This document is an application note of200 MHz video amplifier, sync stripper and DC restorer in PDF format. Video Circuits Collection: many video amplifier circuits in PDF format, includes video transmission over UTP Video Clock Superimposer: Video Distribution Amplifier: This is a useful circuit for amplifying and distribution of video signals. This circuit takes normal composite video signal and outputs it to up to3-monitors. Video Inverter: This is a simple one-transistor circuit to invert the whole video signal, including sync pulses.
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Audio Mixer Circuit - Audio Mixers Circuits - Audio Circuit - Hobby Projects
Audio Circuits: Mixers Circuits

2 Input Mixer: 2 Line Output Combiner: Convert consumer equipment stereo signal to mono or combine audio signal from two different equipments to1-input 4 INPUT MIXER: This is a very simple 4 input audio mixer using op amps, potentiometers resistors, decoupling caps on the inputs and the whole unit has a balanced output good little circuit. 6 Input Mixer: 3 line inputs and3 mic inputs Advanced Mixer Design: good article on large audio mixer design, read also Noise & Headroom in Mixers Audio Mixer: Ever Amplifier Bridging: a design for a simple add-on bridging adapter for stereo power amplifiers FET Audio Mixer: High Quality Sound Mixer: very ambitious and expected to be very expensive mixer project, modular design line Mixer: mix two line level sources to one-signal, includes separate volume controls for both signals, passive circuit Microphone Mixer: Designed for3-dynamic microphones Six Channel Mixer and Amplifier: Sound Mixer/Amplifier: Stereo Mixer : Can mix four separate audio inputs to mono or stereo output signal Two Input Mixer: Two Line Output Combiner: Convert consumer equipment stereo signal to mono or combine audio signal from two different equipments to1-input Unbalanced Mute Circuit for Audio Mixing Channels: application note in PDF format Voice Over Circuit: Switches automatically from sound source to microph1when enough sound comes in from microphone. Voltage Controlled Mixer with Modulator:
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Oscillators Audio Circuit - Audio Oscillator Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Audio Oscillator Circuits

2 Tone Audio Oscillator (use for SSB Tests): 2 Tone Train Horn: Audio Oscillators: CMOS IC Audio oscillator: Transistor Organ: Two Tone Audio Oscillator (use for SSB Tests): Two Tone Train Horn:
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AM Circuit - Amplitude Modulation Circuits - Hobby Projects
AM (Amplitude Modulation) Circuits

100 MHz modulated RF source : can be used to tune up those 100 MHz TRF stages. 4 MHz amplitude modulated RF source : the only tuned component is the crystal AM / FM / SW Active Antenna: This circuit shows an active antenna that can be used for AM, FM, and shortwave SW. On the shortwave band this active antenna is comparable to a20 to30 foot wire antenna. This circuit uses receivers that use untuned wire antennas, such as inexpensive units and car radios. L1 can be selected for the application AM Loop Antennas By Bruce Carter: AM Receiver: AM Transmitter: General Purpose RF Amplifier: Limiting Amplifier Forms AM Modulator: 12/07/95 EDN-Design Ideas Micro Power AM Broadcast Transmitters: In this circuit, a 74HC14 hex Schmitt trigger inverter is used as a square wave oscillator to drive a small signal transistor in a Class C amplifier configuration. The oscillator frequency can be either fixed by a crystal or made adjustable VFO with a capacitor/resistor combination. Pi Section Coupler: RF Amplifier for Ferrite Bar Antennas: Simple AM Radio Receiver & Amplifier: TRF AM Receiver Circuit: Unamplified Four Foot Box Loop:
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Audio Circuits Balance Circuit - Balance Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Audio Circuits: Level, Tone and Balance Circuits

2 Watt Amplifier 2: 3 Band Equalizer: 3 Band Equalizer: 300 Watt Subwoofer Power Amplifier: 45 Watt Single Chip Amplifier With Tone Controls: Active Subwoofer & Controller: Active Subwoofer: Audio Analyzer: Audio Graphic Equalizer: simple 7 band equalizer Audio Level Meter: Audio Output Level Meter: Audio Tone Control: Bass Amplifier: Battery Powered Stereo Balance Control Features Low Distortion : 06/23/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / low-power, low-distortion circuit that can be used to balance the left and right headphones or speakers in batterypowered automotive or computer applications. Better Volume Control: how to create a log pot that is better than the "real" thing Designing With the LMC835 Digital Controlled Graphic Equalizer: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Digital Delay Unit for Surround Sound: Digital volume control has log taper: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers provide a compact and convenient way to attenuate audio-amplifier signals. However, most such potentiometers suffer from at least one flaw: a nonlogarithmic step increment. To avoid this problem, a user must usually step. Digital Volume Control: based on DS1669 Digital Pot IC Dual Channel Digital Volume Control: Electronic level : Graphic Equalizer #1: Graphic Equalizer #3: Improved PL tone Decoder: Inverted bipolar transistor doubles as a signal clamp: 06/07/01 EDN-Design Ideas / A number of circuits, such as level detectors and AM demodulators, benefit from a rectifier with a low offset voltage. Silicon diodes have an offset of approximately 0.6V and do not work well in low-level circuitry. A Schottky diode is a bit better... Mic Pre Pan Pot Circuit: Mono Audio Equalizer :
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Audio Circuits Balance Circuit - Balance Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Musical Instrument (Expandable) Graphic Equalizer: standard equalizer plus bonus distortion unit NHT Subwoofer Amp: One Pot to Control Two Channels: Parametric & Subwoofer Equalizer: Passive Filters Fill the Bill At Audio Frequencies: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. PC Speaker Volume Control Circuit: Pocket Equalizer for Headphone: Simple, Easy Parametric & Graphic EQ's, Plus Peaks & Notches: Soft Switching Amplifier With Tone Controls: Stereo Width Controllers: Subwoofer Equalizer: The Linkwitz transform circuit is a hugely flexible way to equalize the bottom end of a sealed loudspeaker enclosure. A speaker that is corrected using this method is flat from below resonance to the upper limit of the selected driver. The low frequency roll off point is determined by the parameters of the transform circuit. Should the enclosure size be too small and cause a lump in the response before roll off, this is also corrected. A conventional active crossover network is then used to divide the subwoofer signal from the main channel signals. Note that there is also a separate spreadsheet calculator available for calculating component values for different situations not handled by the original circuit. Subwoofer Filter: 12 dB/octave low pass filter for subwoofer, includes subsonic filter Three Band Active Tone Control: Three Band Equalizer: Tone Control #2: Tone Controls With 2x NE 5532: check also PCB design and notes Tone Detector: Tone Generator: Tremolo: Use Rotary Potentiometer To Drive Solid State Volume Control: 01/20/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This design idea details how a standard volume control can be replaced by its solid-state equivalent. Digital potentiometers are often advertised as replacements for rotary volume controls. To simulate these controls, many circuits employ up/down... Voltage Controlled Panner: variable gain amplifier circuit
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Active Bandpass Filter - Band Pass - Active Filters - Electronic Circuits
Active Filters: Band Pass

ULTRA PURE 125KHz SINE WAVE SIGNAL SOURCE (104) (125ksine1) For some RFID systems operating at 125KHz, a very low distortion signal source reference is needed. The circuit shown on this page produces a 10-volt peak-topeak signal into a 50-ohm load, with a distortion of only 0.01%. 24db / Octave Linkwitz Riley : The type of filter (Butterworth, Linkwitz-Riley ect.) indicates the shape and roll off of the filter. The more common Butterworth has its cut off frequency at the -3db point. This point is .7071 the amplitude of the pass band. The Linkwitz-Riley has its cut off frequency at the -6db point. 29.85 MHZ Bandpass Filter Schematic: Active 2nd Order Filters: Active Bandpass Filters: Bandpass Filter (Single OpAmp) : A band pass filter passes a range of frequencies while rejecting frequencies outside the upper and lower limits of the passband. The range of frequencies to be passed is called the passband and extends from a point below the center frequency to a point above the center frequency where the output voltage falls about 70% of the output voltage at the center frequency. Bandpass Filters: Bandpass Filters: Basic Introduction to Filters : Application notes on active, passive and switched capacitor filters, document in PDF format Biquad Active Bandpass Filter Schematic: Chebyshe Volt / Butterworth Filters: Chebyshe Volt Bandpass Filter: DPPs program key parameters of bandpass filter: 12/12/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The three-amplifier implementation of the state-variable filter in Figure 1 provides for second-order bandpass, highpass, and lowpass responses. The strength of the circuit, however, is in the bandpass response (VOUT/VIN), in which it's easy to achieve high gain (G) and high Q. These two characteristics are important in applications in which selectivity is a key parameter in the filter.. HighQ Bandpass Filter Is Well Suited To CurrentMode Signal Processing : 03/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Analog signal processing has conventionally been viewed as a voltage-dominated form of design. But voltage-mode processing can restrict the system's dynamic range. There is also a limitation on the input range of signals for linear operation. An... Inversal Notch and Bandpass Filter: L Band PHEMT LNfor GPS, Inmarsat Etc: Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter: Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter: Narrow Band Audio Bandpass Filter:
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Active Bandpass Filter - Band Pass - Active Filters - Electronic Circuits
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Passive Band Pass Filter Resource - Band Pass - Passive Filters - Electronic Circuits
Passive Filters : Band Pass

Bandpass Filter: This circuit is taken from the Progressive Communications Receiver in most of the recent ARRL Handbooks. Values for the 40 meter band are shown. Band-pass filters: Components of a simple bandpass filter: Notch Filter Is DC Accurate: Maxim Application Notes / #138 Regarding Tapped Capacitor Impedance Transformation in LC Bandpass Filters: We often use a pair of capacitors to match impedances at the termination ends of LC bandpass filters. The circuit consists of a shunt capacitor at the termination followed by a series capacitor connecting to the high Z end of a parallel tuned circuit. Wideband Filter Only Has Two Different Components: 01/21/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Wideband filters with bandwidths in excess of an octave can be created by cascading a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. In this design idea, nine-pole high-pass and low-pass filters have been constructed using a modified equal-element design. A. . . Wideband Filter uses image Parameters: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/passive_bandpass_filter.html [1/17/2007 4:39:32 PM]
Battery Backup Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects - Battery Backup Circuit
Battery Backup Circuits

Buck converter handles battery backup system: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A synchronous buck converter is inherently bidirectional. That is, it transfers energy from input to output as a buck regulator when the output voltage is low, but, when the output voltage is high, the converter acts as a boost regulator, transferring power from output to input. This Design Idea shows how to use this bidirectional energy transfer to automatically recharge a battery when the mai..... Microcontroller provides SRAM battery backup: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / To maintain content in the event of power loss, many designs that include SRAM require a dedicated device that can automatically switch from a standard power supply to battery operation. Microcontrollers seldom find use in power-switching applications. Because microcontrollers typically operate from the primary power supply, they stop execution if that supply drops, thereby making it impossible.... Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/battery_backup_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:39:35 PM]
Battery Charger Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects - Battery Chargers
Battery Charger Circuits / Parts

Australia Online Electronic Parts & Batteris Shopping: www.electronic-parts.com.au AA Battery Solar Charger 1: This almost trivial circuit may be used to charge a pair of AA or AAA sized cells in the sun. I have used it to keep my Palm Pilot and walkman radio running perpetually. This is an unregulated charger, proper charging is achieved by placing the unit in the sun for a known amount of Time, this Time varies according to the battery type. AA Battery Solar Charger 2: AC Powered NiCad Battery Charger: Alkaline battery charger : Automatic 9 Volt NiCd Battery Charger: Automatic Charger for Battery Operated Hi Fi Preamps: Battery Charger Takes on Two Roles: 01/01/98 EDN Design Ideas Battery Chargers indicates Rate of Charge: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas / A single LED indicates whether the battery Chargers s delivering a trickle charge or a fast charge, circuit designed to charge2-14 cells Battery Chargers: Battery Discharge Monitor: Buck Converter Chargers Also Provides System Power: 05/22/97 EDN Design Ideas / Switching Regulator provides the charge voltage setpoint with Current regulation, and second Switching Regulator provides5V System Power Build a Smart Battery Charger Using a SingleTransistor Circuit : 11/25/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The following automatic battery-charger design is created with a circuit that could qualify as the simplest window comparator ever built around a single transistor (see the figure). It starts charging... Car Battery Charger: quickly and easily charge most any lead acid battery, automatically turns charging off when ready Car NiCd Charger: This circuit provides up to20-Volt output from a regular13.2V automotive battery, to enable constant current charging of NiCd battery packs up to15 cells @1.2V (18V total). Charge Li Ion Batteries From AC Line Voltage: 03/03/98 EDN Design Ideas / Converts energy from120 Volt AC to a regulated voltage or Current as necessary to charge two Li ion Cells in series Charge Monitor for 12 Volt Rechargeable Lead Acid Battery: Charger Selects Between Full & Trickle Charge: 06/18/98 EDN Design Ideas Charger Serves Load While Charging Battery: 07/03/97 EDN Design Ideas Chargers Delivers 2.5With 96% Efficiency: 10/12/95 EDN Design Ideas Constant Current Battery Charger: Constant Current NiCd Charger: The schematic for this charger is pretty simple. You can charge from1 to20 +/- NiCads at a constant current of from20 to200 ma +/-. DC Input Controls Efficient Battery Charger: 03/02/95 EDN Design Ideas Deluxe Battery Charge Rate Monitor: Gel Cell Charger #2:
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GellCell Battery Charger: circuit to charge a Gell Cell or other lead-acid type battery, includes sense circuit High Efficiency 3Battery Chargers Use LM2576 Regulators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Aug1995 IC Controlled Emergency Light With Charger: Lead Acid Charger Signals End of Charge: 09/12/97 EDN Design Ideas / Lead acid Battery Charger that works with either gel or wet Cell, lead acid,12V Batteries Lead Acid Trickle Charger: Lithium charger : LTC1265 NiCd Charger: Make your Own Simple Rx / TX Battery Charger With Peak Detect: This circuit is designed to peak charge Rx and TX batteries. Its programmed for a C/2 charge rate for250mAh and500mAh batteries (charge currents of125mA or250mA). Itll charge Rx from12V at the field, TX from a15-Volt supply (like a car w/engine running). Use a15-18V supply to charge at home (you should be able to find wall cubes with this rating). It is based on a Maxim IC, the MAX713. Motorcycle Battery Charger: Nicad battery charger : NiCd Battery Charger: uses a single transistor as a constant current source NiCd Charge Rate Monitor: NiCd or NiMH Battery Charger: This charger can be used for AAA, AA and Baby C batteries. This battery charger is based on MAX712/MAX713. NiMH / NiCd Switched Mode Fast Charger: 4/5 Phase fast charge algorithm, allowing fast but Battery friendly charging Optimizing High Frequency Battery Charger Performance for Worldwide Applications: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / Providing Power for electric vehicles for worldwide use requires knowledge of energy conserving and high efficiency technologies PIC NiCd Battery Charger: Power inverter is bidirectional: 08/02/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / If you want to swap charge in either direction between unevenly loaded positive and negative battery buses, you need an inverting dc transformer. One implementation is the symmetrical flyback converter shown in Figure 1. The circuit can generate a negative output from a positive supply or a positive output from a negative supply.. Remote Charging Circuit uses Three Wire Sensing: 05/25/95 EDN Design Ideas / Remote voltage sensing usually uses a four wire sensing System, this System works with three Wires SCC2 1012 / 24 Volt Solar Charge Controller: Sealed Lead Acid Battery Charger Design Documentation: based on the UniTrode UC3906 Integrated Circuit Shunt Battery Charger Provides 1Continuous Current: 11/20/97 EDN Design Ideas a shunt method is Preferable than series regulation in Solar Powered Systems Simple Car Battery Charger: Simple Circuit Charges Lead Acid Batteries: 02/03/97 EDN Design Ideas / Single Cell Lithium Battery Charger: Smart Battery Charger: Solar Cell NiCd Charger: Solar Charger for Lead Acid Batteries: Solar lead acid charger, with battery voltage monitor, for12V battery Solar Panel Charge Controller / Low Voltage Disconnect Circuit: Lead acid charger, with battery voltage monitor, power comes from solar panels Solar Power Recharge: Super Fast Battery Charger Design With NeuFuz: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Aug1995 Supply derives 5 and 3.3V from USB port: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 derives its power from a USB port and produces 5 and 3.3V supply rails for portable devices, such as digital cameras, MP3 players, and PDAs. The circuit allows the port to maintain communications while, for example, charging a lithium-ion battery. IC2 boosts the battery voltage, VBATT, to 5V, and IC3 buck-regulates that 5V output down to 3. . Switching Current Pump Makes Better Charger: 01/16/97 EDN Design Ideas
Temperature Controlled NiCd Charger: Trickle Charger: Explains what trickle charging is, contains some basic trickle charging circuits. Typical Rechargeable Flashlight Schematics: VK3EM Sealed Lead Acid Battery Charger MK II: A high-tech lead acid charger, uses the uc3906 chip
Battery Sensor - Battery Monitors - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects
Battery Monitors
THREE VOLT LOW BATTERY VOLTAGE FLASHER (9) (undervol) This circuit is designed to monitor two alkaline cells (3v) that form the battery often used in portable electronic equipment. It use an inexpensive IC from Panasonic that is connected to an efficient LED flashing circuit. When the battery voltage drops below a certain point the circuit flashes the LED. In the off state the circuit draws only 1uA, while in the active flashing state it draws 20uA. Published in EDN, Jan 2, 1997 12 Volt Lead Acid Battery Monitor: This simple circuit makes it possible to monitor the charging process to a higher level. 12B Battery Condition Indicator: Battery condition indicator12v : Battery Monitor in MultipleCell Applications: Maxim APP 405: May 04, 2001 / The DS2760 and DS2761 battery monitor and protector are battery management ICs geared mainly for single-cell Li-Ion battery pack applications. Although designed mainly for use in the single cell applications, these devices can be used in multiplecell applications. This application note demonstrates to the user how to use the DS2760 or DS2761 in a multiple-cell application including necessary circuit modifications and limitations in functionality of the devices in the multiple-cell environment. An example circuit is shown along with recommended device configuration of the DS2760 or DS2761 battery monitors. Circuit Prevents Deep Discharge of Batteries: 09/26/96 EDN Design Ideas to avoid the deep discharge that can destroy or shorten the life of a rechargeable Battery, you must disconnect its Load before the discharge is complete Circuit Protects Battery From Overdischarge: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / In some applications, it is undesirable to Overdischarge the battery, because it could irreversibly reduce the batterys capacity and the number of discharge/charge cycles. This circuit protects a single NiMH (nickel-metal-hydride) cell by disconnecting the load from the battery when it gets discharged enough. LED Flasher indicates Low Battery Condition: 01/02/97 EDN Design Ideas Low battery indicator uses fleapower : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / It is always desirable to use a low-battery indicator that consumes as little power as possible. For a 9V, 450-mAhr alkaline battery, a 50-A low-battery indicator can by itself run the battery down in a little more than a year. Battery-powered devices that need to run continuously for a long time require battery indicators that consume minimal power.... Low Battery Voltage Cutoff Consumes just 1 MA: 09/11/98 EDN Design Ideas MicroAmps Monitor Dual Supply Batteries: 03/03/98 EDN Design Ideas / to Low Power Circuit monitors two 9V Batteries in a dual Supply configuration and turns on the Battery Low LED if either Battery Voltage drops below its limit Overload & Reverse Current Circuitry Protects Battery & Load: 03/01/96 EDN Design Ideas / There are numerous Circuits can protect against backward installation of Batteries and other Overcurrent causing conditions Phantom Power Battery Test Circuit: LED will light when battery is over42 volts Simple Circuit Disconnects Load From Battery: 03/14/96 EDN Design Ideas
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Battery Sensor - Battery Monitors - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects
Simple Circuit Monitors Battery Voltage: 11/11/96 EDN Design Ideas Simple Circuit Safely Deepdischarges NiCd Battery: 04/29/99 EDN-Design Ideas 5/03) PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Solar Car Battery Monitor Schematic: Voltage Monitor Prevents Deep Discharge of Battery: 05/07/98 EDN Design Ideas
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Battery Testers - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects - Battery Tester
Battery Testers
12 Volt Battery Capacity Tester: This circuits makes the amp-hour test simple and cheap. The amp-hour reading obtained should be accurate to within10% if the load resistor (lamp) is properly calibrated. Battery simulator provides current limiting : 08/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Phantom Power Battery Test Circuit: LED will light when battery is over42 volts
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/battery_testers.html [1/17/2007 4:39:44 PM]
Barometer Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects - Barometer Atmospheric Pressure
Barometer Circuits
Electronic Barometers: Liquid Barometers: Small, Portable Altimeter operates From a Single Cell: 06/21/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/barometer_atmospheric_pressure.html [1/17/2007 4:39:46 PM]
Buzzer & Beeper Circuit - Beeper & Buzzer Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Beeper & Buzzer Circuits

HIGH SOUND OUTPUT BEEPER CIRCUIT (7) (beeper) I you need a real loud beeper, this circuit delivers about 110db (12 inches away) from a 9v battery using a single inexpensive C-MOS IC. An off-theshelf piezoelectric beeping device is driven at resonance to insure maximum efficiency. By changing the control IC to a 74AC14, the same circuit can operate from 3v and 1.5v batteries. Published in Electronic Design, Aug 5, 1993 POWER REMINDER BEEPER (20) (beeper2) This circuit produces a short beep once each minute. It is powered directly off the 120vac power line to remind you that a device connected to the circuit is turned on. It is simple enough to be packaged inside a small plastic box. It might be ideal for computers, printers or some test equipment that shouldn't be left on all night. BASEMENT DOORBELL BEEPER (39) (doorbell) If you can't hear your doorbell when you are in your basement try this circuit. This circuit takes advantage of the 24vac power source located near the furnace. Using a simple current transformer technique, the circuit sounds a beeper whenever the main door chime is activated. MACHINE POWER LOSS BEEPER (40) (powerlos) For some medical equipment it is important for an operator when power is lost to the machine. The beeper is powered from a 9v battery and requires the machine to have a power switch with a third set of contacts. VERY LOUD BEEPER CIRCUIT (51) (beeper3) This circuit is similar to circuit number 7, but generates a continuous tone instead of a pulsing one. The circuit delivers about 110db (12 inches away) from a 9v battery using a single inexpensive C-MOS IC. An off-the-shelf piezoelectric beeping device is driven at resonance to insure maximum efficiency. ANOTHER VERY LOUD PIEZO ALARM BEEPER (67) (beeper4) This is yet another beeper circuit that really draws attention. It sweeps the drive frequency slightly to produce a very annoying sound. It uses a transformer to increase the drive voltage across the piezoelectric device to more than 200 volts peak to peak. It cranks out an ear splitting 120db when measured at 12 inches. 12 Volt DC Electronic Door Chime: 3 Tone Gong: Suitable for use as a door bell 555 Tone Generator 8 Ohm Speaker: Audio MilliVoltmeter: Battery Low Voltage Beeper: Bells Ring Generator: 3-Circuit options Can be synchronized to Christmas tree flashing lights
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/beeper_&_buzzer_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:39:47 PM]
Buzzer & Beeper Circuit - Beeper & Buzzer Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Birdie Doorbell Ringer: Bull Horn: Buzzer: Controller Provides Multiple Alarm Driver Formats: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas Curious C Beeper: Ding Dong Bell: Doorbell for the Deaf: Doorbell With Counter: Electronic Siren 1: Electronic Siren 2: Electronic Whistle: Inexpensive LED Drives Flash & Beep Circuit: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Personal Alarm: Small portable, anti-bag-snatching unit. Also suitable for Doors and windows control Piezo Device Generates Buzz, Beep, or Chime : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas Plane Locator Beeper #2: Plane Locator Beeper: Police Siren: This circuit produces a sound similar to the police siren. It makes use of two 555 timer ICs used as astable multivibrators. Remarkable R Beeper: Remote Doorbell Indicator: Speaking Doorbell: SpeDoB was designed and built to gain experience with the PIC microcontroller. This doorbell uses a speech recorder integrated circuit (ISD series) to play back3 pre-recorded "theres someone knocking on the door" messages. Its a very easy and simple project to build, ideal for beginners! Timed Beeper: Beeps 7.5 seconds after a preset Time Adjustable Time settings:15 sec.30 sec.1 min.2 min. & others Turn Signal Alarm: Two Tone Generator: This two-tone generator includes 3 ICs - NE555 Astable Multivibrators. You can vary the duration of each tone by changing the 10k resistor or 100MF capacitor at IC1 or changing resistors and capacitors at IC1/2 for higher or lower tone. Two tone Siren: Under / Overvoltage Beep for Manual Stabiliser: Wailing Alarm: You've got Mail: 08/19/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Many e-mail programs provide a "beep" or a pop-up message box signaling the user that a new e-mail message has arrived. If you are too far from the computer to hear the audible signal or if the monitor is turned off, then you miss the new-mail audible and visual signals. The simple circuit in Figure1 latches on an LED and an audio sounder when an appropriate new audible e-mail signal occurs. The method replaces the normal email sound.wave file with a .wav file of any valid recorded dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) sound Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/beeper_&_buzzer_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:39:47 PM]
Biomedical & Medical Circuit Resource - Biomedical Circuits - Medical Electronics - Hobby Projects
Medical Electronics / Biomedical Circuits

ECG Amplifier #1: ECG Amplifier #2: ECG Project Page: EEG Preamp, Anti Alias Filter and isolation Circuit: EKG/EEG Circuit: Electronic Auto Stethoscope: Electronic stethoscope: Electronic Stethoscope: ESP SIM (Sound Impairment Monitor): Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Schematic: Heart Rate Monitor: Heartbeat Monitor: Heartbeat Transducer: Inexpensive XRay Machine #1: Inexpensive XRay Machine #2: Lie Detector: Lie Detector: Muscular Bio Stimulator: Particularly suitable for cellulites treatment3V battery supply, portable set Pain Field Generator: PC Based Biofeedback Monitor: PC Thermometer: Pedometer: Radiation Dosage Rate Meter: Radiation Dosage Rate Meter: Accurately measure and display RADS/MIN with this circuit and a V meter! Respiration System: Self Contained Electromyograph (EMG): Simple Lie Detector: Simple Lie Detector: Sleeping Aid : Based on electromagnetic-field radiation Place it under the pillowBuilt-in Timer Snore Alarm Electronic Device: Tan Timer: Six Timing positions suited to different skin types Timing affected by sunlight intensity Vital Signs Monitor Consumes Less than 50 A: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/biomedical_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:39:51 PM]
Biomedical & Medical Circuit Resource - Biomedical Circuits - Medical Electronics - Hobby Projects
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/biomedical_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:39:51 PM]
Bistable Multivibrator - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects - Multivibrators
Bistable Multivibrator or Flip/Flop Circuits

D-FLIP/FLOP OSCILLATORS (19) (dfliposc2) Yes you can turn flip/flop ICs into low current oscillators. This schematic shows you how. PUSHBUTTON ONESHOT AND LATCH (52) (4013oneshots) This circuit uses a single IC to convert a noisy pushbutton switch signal into a clean pulse or a sustained push on-push off signal. It can operate from 3v to 18v. D-FLIP/FLOP ONE SHOT CIRCUITS (68) (dflip1shots) Yes you can use cheap D flip/flop logic circuits as nice one-shot pulse generators. This schematic shows how the popular CD4013 and the CD74HC74 can be used to generate pulses ranging from nanoseconds to seconds. FLASHING LED ADVERTISING BADGE (81) (badgfls1) I have seen numerous flashing light badges at trade shows and conventions. They are often handed out as gifts to promote some business. The devices often use inefficient circuits, which cause the battery power source to be quickly depleted. My circuit is simple but efficient enough to provide months of continuous LED flashing. It also has a tiny push-button switch to turn on and off the light flashing, extending battery power. TIME TO DUST INDICATOR (85) (dust2) I thought about this circuit when I heard that a lot cleaning personal in hotels were either dusting rooms more often than necessary or not enough. I have not yet built and tested this circuit completely but in concept it should work. The circuit draws very low current from a +3v battery and could be housed in a package similar to a small ashtray. The assembly might be placed in a suitable out of the way area to collect dust. It would alert a maid when it was time to dust the room. The circuit detects dust with an infrared LED that is pulsed so its light shines onto a smooth flat plate. Any dust settling onto the surface is detected by a phototransistor, mounted at a 90degree angle from the LED. When the dust reaches a particular level, sufficient light is reflected into the phototransistor to change the logic state of the circuit to an alarm condition. The alarm output could be connected to a beeper, a flashing LED or to one of the LED flashing circuits in this hobby circuit section.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/bistable_multivibrators.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:39:55 PM]
Bistable Multivibrator - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects - Multivibrators
HONEYBEE COUNTER (86) (beectr) I designed a circuit similar to this one a long time ago to help a beekeeper count the number of bees going into or out of a hive. The low power circuit uses a slotted opto-sensor to detect the passing bees. The circuit advances an electronic counting module whenever a honeybee passes through the sensor. The device only counts the number of bees going through the sensor. A different circuit would be needed to count the number of bees only going out or only coming into the hive. 1.5V TOUCH ACTIVATED SWITCH (102) (mom1v1) A single 1.5v silver oxide button cell powers this complete touch activated switch circuit for 5 years. It features both a normally open and a normally closed set of solid-state switch thermals. It also has an adjustable sensitivity, which can be set for a touch capacitance change as small as 1 picofarad. -3V CAPACITANCE PROXIMITY SWITCH (108) (3VTCHMOM2) This circuit was designed to provide a touch activated switch function without an external power supply. It draws so little power that a single 3v battery will operate the circuit for many years. It is discussed in more detail in the section on Capacitance Proximity Switch Technology. (Note: link is offsite) FLASHING LED ADVERTISING BADGE (125) (badgfls2) This circuit is similar to schematic #81. It uses a CD4013 dual D Flip/Flop IC. The 74HCT74 IC in #81 does not always work. As in #81, a single lithium battery will provide months of continuous LED flashing. It also has a tiny push-button switch to turn on and off the light flashing. CMOS Toggle Flip Flop With Relay(CD4013): Discrete BiStable Flip Flop: Discrete Set / Reset Flip Flop: Flip-Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.: Gated Oscillator Emulates a Flip Flop: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas MonoStable Flip Flops (One Shot): Soft On / Off Switch: Modern electronic equipment incorporate "push-to-on-pushto-off" switches that do not make the clicking noise as with old equipment. An example of this is the power button on a ATX computer cabinet. Here is a circuit that does the same. It can be used to turn on/off any electronic/electrical equipment that operates on any range of voltages. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone Line Based Audio Muting & Light on Circuit: FAIR WARNING THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone Line Based Audio Muting & Light On Circuit: The circuit would automatically light a bulb on arrival of a telephone ring and simultaneously mute the music system/TV audio for the duration the telephone handset is off-hook. Lighting of the bulb would not only indicate an incoming call but also help in locating the telephone during darkness. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/bistable_multivibrators.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:39:55 PM]
Bridge Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects & Circuits - Bridge Circuit Resource
Bridge Circuits
16w bridge amplifier: Circuit adds programmability to sensor amplifier: 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The pressure-sensor amplifier circuit of Figure 1 offers a number of advantages over the traditional approach using the classic three-op-amp instrumentation amplifier. The circuit can operate from a single supply and uses only two op amps and 1% resistors. If the reference voltage, VREF, is 0V, the transducer gain for the circuit isTo ensure equal gain for the two ground-referenced volt... . Design Approach Simplifies Signal Conditioning: 12/22/1994 EDN Design Ideas Programmable Gain Amplifier is Low Cost: 03/17/1994 EDN Design Ideas RC Network Eliminates Precision Reference: 08/04/94 EDN Design Ideas Signal Chopping Enhances Bridge Performance: 06/22/95 EDN Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/bridge_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:39:56 PM]
Amplifier Buffer Circuits - Buffers Circuit - Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Projects
Amplifier Circuits: Buffers

300V PEAK TO PEAK SIGNAL GENERATOR (54) (300vpp) This circuit converts a square wave signal to a +-150 volt output signal with fast 100nS rise and fall times. Applications for a New Ultra High Speed Buffer : National Semiconductor Application Notes, 04-Nov-1995 LM110 to an Improved IC Voltage Follower : National Semiconductor Application Notes, 28-Jun-1996 Single Resistor betters inexpensive Buffer : 7/4/94 EDN-Design Ideas Hot Swap, Push-Pull, Sync. Buck, Negative Flyback, Dual Sync. Buck Reference Design: Hot Swap, Push-Pull, Sync. Buck, Negative Flyback, Dual Sync. Buck with Vin of -36 V to -72V. Vout of 8 V, 5 V, 3.3 V, 2.5 V and -5 V. The output power is 79.5 W. LM110 to An Improved IC Voltage Follower : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Low-power CMOS oscillator has push-pull output: 04/01/04 EDN Design Ideas Digital oscillators often generate TTL- or CMOS-level outputs, referred to ground. Generating a symmetric bipolar output with respect to ground presents a challenge. In this design, four 1.5V flashlight cells create 3V voltage sources, and the midpoint of cells acts as the ground reference (Figure 1).... Simple deadband generator targets push-pull drivers: 07/12/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In typical push-pull driver applications, the npn-pnp transistor pair is alternately turned on and off using a square-wave signal. A simple driver circuit uses an inverter between the V1 and V2. . . Single Resistor Betters inexpensive Buffer: 07/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas / [file contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this one]
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/buffer_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:39:59 PM]
Bugs Electronic & Detectors - Electronic Bugs Sensor Circuits & Projects
Bugs (Electronic) & Detectors

Bug Detector #1: Bug Detector #2: FM Radio Bug: FM Radio Telephone Bug: Simple Phone Tap: Surveillance Transmitter Detector: This circuit can be used to "sweep" an area or room and will indicate if a surveillance device is operative. The problem in making a suitable a detector is to get its sensitivity just right, Too much sensitivity and it will respond to radio broadcasts, too little, and nothing will be heard. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/bug_electronic_&_detectors.html [1/17/2007 4:40:00 PM]
Insect Killer - Bug Killers - Electronic Bug Zapper - Insect Repellant
Bug / Insect Killers

Bug Zapper #1: Bug Zapper #2: Insect Repellant:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/bug_insect_killers.html [1/17/2007 4:40:02 PM]
Burglar Security Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits - Burglar Security Circuit
Burglar / Security Circuits

ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR (64) (static1) This schematic is the power supply and front-end sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail at Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. The system can detect human and animal motion by the electric fields they disturb. ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR (65) (static2) This schematic is the motion discriminator alarm and battery monitor sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail a Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. (link is off-site) 12C508 Smart Lock: The base sends a data sequence (the password) which is recognized by the key. The key checks the sequence and -if it recognizes it -sends to the base another data sequence, as an answer to the password. At the Time when the base gets a correct answer (which means that the key has been introduced), the relay is put into action, and it can command a number of consumers. 4 Digit Keypad: 5 Zone Alarm Circuit: A Basic RF Transmitter for PIR Sensors: Active IR Motion Detector: Alarm Control keypad: Alarm Loop Sensor (LM3915): Almost Ultrasonic Motion Sensor: Anti Theft Motorcycle Alarm: Anti Theft Security for Car Audios: Auto Burglar Alarm: This alarm circuit is based on two555 Timers. The alarm will sound your car horn if anyone opens the car door while the circuit is armed. The Timers will allow you to leave the car without sounding the horn. To turn the circuit on S1 must be closed. To set the alarm, open S2 ( it is normally closed ) this will give you about5 seconds to get out and close the door. The exit delay Time is set by R1 and C1. If anyone opens the doors for more then two seconds the horn will sound until power is removed from the circuit. The2 second Time is set by R2 and C2. If you open the door, you must deactivate the alarm by closing S2. This very basic circuit could be used for a home also. Automatic Entry Control System: Car Burglar Alarm: Combination Lock (PIC16F84): Combination Lock (Simple Version): Combination Lock: This circuit is very basic to build. To open a the lock which is connected to the K1 Load. you must press each momentary switch in the correct sequence. The sequence used in this circuit is S1,S2,S3,S4. If any of the other switches are pressed the circuit will reset and you will need to start over. Depending on how you wire the switches, you can use any4 switch combination Cut Phone Line Detector #1: Can be used to alarm security system
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/burglar_circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 4:40:04 PM]
Digital Combination Lock: Digital Entry Lock: Door/window sensor resists tampering: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Electronic Card Lock System: Electronic Door Codelock: Electronic Lock: Enhanced Alarm Keypad: Fridge Door Alarm: Gate Alarm Circuit: Home Security Project: Infrared gate for Door: Intruder Radio Alert System: Low Power RFID Transponder: Luggage Security System: Micropower Wireless Motion Detector Transmitter: Miniature Loop Alarm: Modular Burglar Alarm: Moisture Alarm: Motorcycle Alarm: Novel Buzzer: Oscillating output improves system security: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many electronic-control systems have digital outputs that use transistors. One method of improving the security in these outputs is to use an oscillating signal to represent a logic-high state instead of a fixed voltage level (Figure 1). This type of signal, a dynamic variable, can drive the circuit shown in Figure 2... Passive Infrared Pyroelectric Infrared Motion Sensor: Perimeter Monitor: Using a single cable such as speaker wire or doorbell cable, this circuit can be remotely positioned, for example, at the bottom of a garden or garage, and used to detect all sound in that area. The cable can be buried in a hosepipe or duct and is concealed out of sight. The mic is an ordinary dynamic mic insert and should be housed in a waterproof enclosure with the rest of the circuit. Personal Silent Alarm System: PIR Motion Detector Light Controller: PIR Motion Detector: Proximity Alarm: Proximity Switch: Pyroelectric Infrared Motion Sensor: RF Alarm: Simple Alarm System: Simple Electronic Lock Uses Single-Transistor Circuit: 05/26/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Building on the recent Design Brief theme of one-pin keypads, this design uses only one analog microcontroller (MCU) input to scan numerous keys, plus one resistor per key and another resistor and capacitor. The circuit is simply a crude... Single Button Lock Provides High Security: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Single Zone Alarm: TinyTwo Zone Alarm: Touch Activated Alarm: Touch Activated Switch: Touch Triggered Alarm: Toxic Gas Detector: Ultrasonic Motion Detector: Ultrasonic Remote Control & Alarm: Universal Alarm System: Warning Strobe Flasher for Alarm Systems: Wire Loop Alarm:
Beeper & Buzzer Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits - Buzzers

12 Volt DC Electronic Door Chime: 3 Tone Gong: Suitable for use as a door bell 555 Tone Generator 8 Ohm Speaker: Audio MilliVoltmeter: Battery Low Voltage Beeper: Bells Ring Generator: 3-Circuit options Can be synchronized to Christmas tree flashing lights Birdie Doorbell Ringer: Bull Horn: Buzzer: Controller Provides Multiple Alarm Driver Formats: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas Curious C Beeper: Ding Dong Bell: Doorbell for the Deaf: Doorbell With Counter: Electronic Siren 1: Electronic Siren 2: Electronic Whistle: Inexpensive LED Drives Flash & Beep Circuit: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Personal Alarm: Small portable, anti-bag-snatching unit. Also suitable for Doors and windows control Piezo Device Generates Buzz, Beep, or Chime : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas Plane Locator Beeper #2: Plane Locator Beeper: Police Siren: This circuit produces a sound similar to the police siren. It makes use of two 555 timer ICs used as astable multivibrators. Remarkable R Beeper: Remote Doorbell Indicator: Speaking Doorbell: SpeDoB was designed and built to gain experience with the PIC microcontroller. This doorbell uses a speech recorder integrated circuit (ISD series) to play back3 pre-recorded "theres someone knocking on the door" messages. Its a very easy and simple project to build, ideal for beginners! Timed Beeper: Beeps 7.5 seconds after a preset Time Adjustable Time settings:15 sec.30 sec.1 min.2 min. & others Turn Signal Alarm: Two Tone Generator: This two-tone generator includes 3 ICs - NE555 Astable Multivibrators. You can vary the duration of each tone by changing the 10k resistor or 100MF capacitor at IC1 or changing resistors and capacitors at IC1/2 for higher or lower tone. Two tone Siren: Under / Overvoltage Beep for Manual Stabiliser: Wailing Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/B/buzzer_circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 4:40:07 PM]
You've got Mail: 08/19/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Many e-mail programs provide a "beep" or a pop-up message box signaling the user that a new e-mail message has arrived. If you are too far from the computer to hear the audible signal or if the monitor is turned off, then you miss the new-mail audible and visual signals. The simple circuit in Figure1 latches on an LED and an audio sounder when an appropriate new audible e-mail signal occurs. The method replaces the normal email sound.wave file with a .wav file of any valid recorded dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) sound. 12C508 Smart Lock: The base sends a data sequence (the password) which is recognized by the key. The key checks the sequence and -if it recognizes it -sends to the base another data sequence, as an answer to the password. At the Time when the base gets a correct answer (which means that the key has been introduced), the relay is put into action, and it can command a number of consumers. 4 Digit Keypad: 5 Zone Alarm Circuit: A Basic RF Transmitter for PIR Sensors: Active IR Motion Detector: Alarm Control keypad: Alarm Loop Sensor (LM3915): Almost Ultrasonic Motion Sensor: Anti Theft Motorcycle Alarm: Anti Theft Security for Car Audios: Auto Burglar Alarm: This alarm circuit is based on two555 Timers. The alarm will sound your car horn if anyone opens the car door while the circuit is armed. The Timers will allow you to leave the car without sounding the horn. To turn the circuit on S1 must be closed. To set the alarm, open S2 ( it is normally closed ) this will give you about5 seconds to get out and close the door. The exit delay Time is set by R1 and C1. If anyone opens the doors for more then two seconds the horn will sound until power is removed from the circuit. The2 second Time is set by R2 and C2. If you open the door, you must deactivate the alarm by closing S2. This very basic circuit could be used for a home also. Automatic Entry Control System: Car Burglar Alarm: Combination Lock (PIC16F84): Combination Lock (Simple Version): Combination Lock: This circuit is very basic to build. To open a the lock which is connected to the K1 Load. you must press each momentary switch in the correct sequence. The sequence used in this circuit is S1,S2,S3,S4. If any of the other switches are pressed the circuit will reset and you will need to start over. Depending on how you wire the switches, you can use any4 switch combination Cut Phone Line Detector #1: Can be used to alarm security system Digital Combination Lock: Digital Entry Lock: Door/window sensor resists tampering: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Electronic Card Lock System: Electronic Door Codelock: Electronic Lock: Enhanced Alarm Keypad: Fridge Door Alarm: Gate Alarm Circuit: Home Security Project: Infrared gate for Door: Intruder Radio Alert System: Low Power RFID Transponder: Luggage Security System: Micropower Wireless Motion Detector Transmitter: Miniature Loop Alarm: Modular Burglar Alarm: Moisture Alarm:
Motorcycle Alarm: Novel Buzzer: Oscillating output improves system security: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many electronic-control systems have digital outputs that use transistors. One method of improving the security in these outputs is to use an oscillating signal to represent a logic-high state instead of a fixed voltage level (Figure 1). This type of signal, a dynamic variable, can drive the circuit shown in Figure 2... Passive Infrared Pyroelectric Infrared Motion Sensor: Perimeter Monitor: Using a single cable such as speaker wire or doorbell cable, this circuit can be remotely positioned, for example, at the bottom of a garden or garage, and used to detect all sound in that area. The cable can be buried in a hosepipe or duct and is concealed out of sight. The mic is an ordinary dynamic mic insert and should be housed in a waterproof enclosure with the rest of the circuit. Personal Silent Alarm System: PIR Motion Detector Light Controller: PIR Motion Detector: Proximity Alarm: Proximity Switch: Pyroelectric Infrared Motion Sensor: RF Alarm: Simple Alarm System: Simple Electronic Lock Uses Single-Transistor Circuit: 05/26/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / (added 8/03) Building on the recent Design Brief theme of onepin keypads, this design uses only one analog microcontroller (MCU) input to scan numerous keys, plus one resistor per key and another resistor and capacitor. The circuit is simply a crude... Single Button Lock Provides High Security: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Single Zone Alarm: TinyTwo Zone Alarm: Touch Activated Alarm: Touch Activated Switch: Touch Triggered Alarm: Toxic Gas Detector: Ultrasonic Motion Detector: Ultrasonic Remote Control & Alarm: Universal Alarm System: Warning Strobe Flasher for Alarm Systems: Wire Loop Alarm:
Camera Flashers - Photo Flash Circuits
Camera Flashers / Photo Flash Circuits

9v POWERED XENON PHOTOFLASH CONTROLLER This 9v battery powered circuit is designed for remote control flash needs. A charge control circuit turns off the high voltage generator when the photoflash capacitor is fully charged. A neon lamp is included to indicate when the system is ready to flash. LINE POWERED XENON FLASH TRANSMITTER This line-powered xenon flash circuit drives a small camera type flash tube. It has an optical isolator to allow the flash to be safely triggered from some remote device. A flash rate of 2Hz is possible with the circuit. AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH TRANSMITTER This is the matching transmitter for the above receiver. The transmitter launches powerful 1000-watt light pulses that last about 20 microseconds. 12 Volt Strobe Circuit: this circuit uses12V DC instead od mains AC. This is very good idea if you dont want to mess with direct mains voltage connected circuit or you want to run the Strobe from batteries. Adjustable Strobe Light: 120-Volt mains power source, up to20 Hz flash rate Beat Tracking Strobe: project description using AT90S8515 microcontroller and some electronics Disco Style Strobe Light: low power, works on110VAC Easy Xenon DC to DC Converters!: Emergency Strobe Flasher Generates 250V: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Flash Slave Trigger: Flash slaves are used when you need to supplement1-flash unit with1-or several more. This slave trigger simply triggers those other units. It does this by "seeing" the first flash (using a phototransistor) and triggering the other flashes a few microseconds later. The sensitivity of the circuit is adjustable to compensate for ambient light or dimmer than usual master flashes. Hacking the Kodak Max Single Flash Camera Into a Self Repeating Strobe: this approach is recommended mainly for homebrewing a strobe that is powered by a single1.5 volt battery. If you can use a higher supply voltage, there are better ways to do this. Mini Pocket Strobe Circuit: works from two1.5-Volt AA batteries, based on modified camera flash unit Mini Strobe Light using LED: adjustable for flash rates between40 Hz and166 Hz, based on555 Timer Miniature Strobe Light: Photo Flash Charger Minimizes Parts Count: 10/22/98 EDN-Design Ideas Pulsed Double heterostructure Laser Driver: Slave Flash Trigger Circuit: Strobe Controller: Simple controller for professional stroboscopes, adjust the flash rate in1.15 Hz range Strobe Light:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Camera_Flashers.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:40:10 PM]
Trigger Circuit for Strobes: circuits which can be used for triggering stroboscopes from external signals Variable Intensity Variable Frequency Strobe: Welch Scientific Model 2153C Stroboscope: a schematic for a typical line operated variable rate Strobe used for the visualization of moving parts as well as rotation speed or frequency determination of rotating or vibrating machinery White LED Flashlight: Xenon Flash & Strobe Page: Xenon Strobe Light #1: Xenon Strobe Light 3:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Camera_Flashers.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:40:10 PM]
Camera Circuits / Products

Camera, Accessories and Printers - CameraAndPhotoStore Cameras and Digital Cameras and Camera Accessories of All Brands. Acquire And Control Linear CCD Sensors Using EPP Protocol: 03/20/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A linear CCD camera is an essential component in many engineering and consumer applications. Usually, designers must contend with expensive commercial cameras supported with complex interfaces that can't be easily adapted for a wide range of. . . Automatic camera shutter releases: Camera remote Control system using Basic Stamp: Delayed shutter Control for Kodak DC-20: Infrared remote Control shutter release system: Interface cable for Casio QV-200 digital camera: Photo Flash at 1.5 volts : This model is very simple and charges as long as you hold the pushbutton Photo Flash Charger Minimizes Parts Count: 10/22/98 EDN-Design Ideas / [file contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this one] Photo timer circuit: R/C digital camera Controller: R/C helicopter camera:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/camera_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:40:11 PM]
Capacitance Sensors - Electronic Circuits & Projects
Sensors / Detectors: Capacitance Sensors

Audio Acquires the "write" touch: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Capacitance Meter: Capacitive Sensor "likes" Parasitics: 09/24/98 EDN-Design Ideas Dual Comparators Stabilize Proximity Detector: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Femto Capacitance Meter: This meter measures into the low femtofarad area. Measuring in the femto area allows the smallest capacitors to be measured with precision. Such capacitors are commonly used to compensate for input and stray capacitance in amplifiers. Measure open circuited cables using a multimeter: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use a multimeter with capacitance-measurement capability to measure the length of wire or cable to an open circuit. The capacitance of a pair of wires (or a wire to a shield) is directly proportional to the length of the wire. If you know th. Negative Impedance Improves Capacitive Sensors: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas RS232C Link Monitors Animal Activity: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas Solve low frequency cutoff problems in capacitive sensors: 11/28/2002 EDN Design Ideas / One of the first problems a capacitive-sensor analog designer must face is the low-frequency cutoff. Theoretically, you must fulfill just one simple requirement: a sufficiently large input resistance of the preamplifier's first stage. In practice, however, many problems lurk behind the seemingly straightforward design rules.. Touch Activated Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Capacitance_Sensors.html [1/17/2007 4:40:13 PM]
Capacitance Switches - Electronic Circuits & Projects
Capacitance Switches
3 Way Touch Lamp: A three-way switch to control a lamp (off-dim-bright, etc.) uses an NE555 Timer to generate a1-second pulse, triggered by ambient ac fields that are picked up by the human body. Read also the circuit description. Alarm Touched Triggered: Capacitance Proximity Alarm: Capacitive Sensor: Special design for shop-windows animation Useful for many types of touch controls Fastest Finger First Indicator: Proximity Alarm: Three Way Touch Lamp: A three-way switch to control a lamp (off-dim-bright, etc.) uses an NE555 Timer to generate a1-second pulse, triggered by ambient ac fields that are picked up by the human body. Read also the circuit description. Touch Activated Alarm: Touch Dimmer: Touch Switch #2: Touch Switch #3: Touch Switch #4: This is achieved using a jugfet, it is a very simple circuit and very effective to with a minimum component count working via a 1.5v cell. Touch Switch using Transistors: Touch Switches:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Capacitance_Switches.html [1/17/2007 4:40:15 PM]
Super Capacitor Circuits - Electronic Circuits & Projects
Super Capacitor Circuits

Solar cells implement low-cost illuminator : 9/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas Super capacitor powers audio amp: 3/14/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Capacitors_(Super)_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:40:16 PM]
Carrier Current Transceivers - Electronic Circuits
Carrier Current Transceivers

Passive filter cleans up power line communications: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Many applications require the design of custom analog filters (Reference 1). The application for this design required simple and low-cost I/O filters for PLC (power-line communications), where low power consumption is a crucial factor. Figure.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Carrier_Current_Transceivers.html [1/17/2007 4:40:17 PM]
Cell Phones - Wireless Phones Circuits - Wireless Cell Phones Circuit Resource
Cell Phones / Wireless Phones Circuits

Cell-Phone-Controlled Audio/Video Mute Switch: Cellular Phone calling Detector: Flashes a LED when detecting an incoming call. Powered by one 1.5V cell Cordless Phone Backup: Dualvoltage Supply Powers SIM Card: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Mobile Cellphone Charger: Tiny Efficient High Power LED Camera Flash Solutions for Cell Phone Applications: Linear Technology Design Note 1009
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/cell_phones_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:40:20 PM]
Charge Pump Circuits - Electronic Circuits & Projects
Charge Pump Circuits

Boost Converter Generates Three Analog Rails: Maxim Application Note #2026 Buck/Boost Charge Pump Regulator Powers White LEDs From a Wide 1.6 Volt to 5.5 Volt Input: Maxim Application Note #1021 Charge Pump and Step Up DC DC Converter Solutions for Powering White LEDs in Series or Parallel Connections: Maxim Application Note #1037 Charge Pump Circuit Divides By Two: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Charge Pump Converts Volt in to Volt OuT: 09/02/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Charge Pump Doubles Negative Voltage: Maxim Application Note #782 Choosing the Right Power Supply IC for your Application: Maxim Application Note #737 Compact, Inductorless Boost Circuit Regulates White LED Bias Current: Maxim Application Note #1116 Controlling a Variable Voltage Power Supply Using the DS1809 (Pushbutton Control): Maxim Application Note #1035 DAC Powered Charge Pump Varies Negative Rail: Maxim Application Note #203 DC/DC Conversion Without Inductors: Maxim Application Note #725 Design Case Study: Designing a Power Supply for a Portable, Wireless Contact Manager : Maxim Application Note #1014 Doubler/Inverter Charge Pumps Divide By Two: Maxim Application Note #1876 Driving LEDs in Battery Operated Applications: Controlling Brightness Power Efficiently: Maxim Application Note #1804 High Power Voltage Regulator Has Low Dropout Voltage: Maxim Application Note #52 Inductorless Switching Regulator Boosts Input Voltage: Maxim Application Note #5 Inductorless Voltage Converter Boosts a Single Lithium Cell: Maxim Application Note #1791 Low Battery Monitor Delays System Shutdown: Maxim Application Note #134 Low Noise Audio Power Supply Circuit: Maxim Application Note #169 Lower Operating Frequency Improves ICL7660 Voltage Conversion Efficiency: Maxim Application Note #10 (added 7/03) Miniature, Precision Negative Reference Requires No Precision Resistors: Maxim Application Note #824 One 9 Volt Battery gives +18, +25, +33V: This circuit is based on MAX1044 is a charge pump converter. Regulated Charge Pump Delivers 50mA: Maxim Application Note #35 Regulated Step Up Converter Provides High Efficiency Without Inductors: Maxim Application Note #44 Simple Circuit Provides +5 Volt Gate Bias From 48 Volt Input: Maxim Application Note #1803
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Charge Pump Circuits - Electronic Circuits & Projects
Simple circuit provides 5V gate bias from 48V: 09/19/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A small and simple circuit derives 5V from the -48V rail that telecomm applications typically use (Figure 1). Useful for gate bias and other purposes, the 5V supply delivers as much as 5-mA output current. A shunt reference, IC1, defines -5V as ground reference for a charge pump, IC2. The charge pump doubles this 5V difference between system ground and charge-pump ground to produce 5V with res.... Simple Methods Reduce Input Ripple for All Charge Pumps: Maxim Application Note #2027 Supplying Power Via the 1 Wire Bus: Maxim Application Note #949 Tiny Charge Pump Provides Highly Reliable Low Cost Solution to Negative Reference Voltage: Maxim Application Note #348 Trading Performance for Cost in Portable Power Supplies: Maxim Application Note #269 ( Triple Capacitive Voltage Inverter With the MAX871: Maxim Application Note #1875 Tripler Converts 5 Volt to 15V: Maxim Application Note #297 Voltage Inverter IC Forms High Efficiency Rail Splitter: Maxim Application Note #218 Click here for Other Circuits
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Chopper Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Chopper Circuits
Chopped Amplifier exacts only 5 A: 5/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas Chopping reduces references Supply Current: 4/10/97 EDN-Design Ideas Signal Chopping enhances bridge performance: 6/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Chopper_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:40:25 PM]
Clock Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Clock Circuits
28 LED Clock Timer 72 LED Clock: programmable clock Timer circuit that uses individual LEDs to indicate hours and minutes 4 Bit Binary Clock: 72 LED Clock: AT89C2051 Digital Thermometer & Clock: Big LED Clock: Car Clock: CaClo was designed and built to be used in an automobile. It uses pure discrete logic ICs (4000 series) and a4-digit LCD display with backlight, plus a few SMD ICs for the LCD driver. Cheap 40KHz Clock: Circuit allows high speed clock multiplication: 05/02/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In theory, synchronous clock multiplication is an easy task. A simple PLL with two digital dividersone inserted just after the VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator) and the second one placed directly at the input of the phase detectormay do the job. The flexibility of such a configuration allows for clock multiplication by any rational number Circuit Conditions Variable Duty Cycle Clock: 01/05/95 EDN-Design Ideas Clock Divider: 02/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas Clock Doubler for CMOS Logic: Clock Generator: Use4093 oscillator Clock Recovery PLL Fits Into Single PLD: 11/23/95 EDN-Design Ideas Delay line has wide duty cycle range: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Today's digital delay lines can process pulses no shorter than their delay times, and that restriction confines the devices to applications in which the duty cycle remains near 50%. A limited range of available delays (2 to 100 nsec per tap) further limits their use. Longer delay is available with one-shot multivibrators of standard digitallogic families, but those devices do not retain duty-c.... Delay Line implements Clock Doubler: 12/19/96 EDN-Design Ideas Dynamic Clock Provides for Zero Wait States: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Edge Detector Runs off of Single Supply: 03/27/97 EDN-Design Ideas Mains Clock Controller using AT89C2051 1: Mains Clock Controller using AT89C2051 2: 12/04/97 EDN-Design Ideas MM58174Real Time Clock in a Battery Backed Up: Design Provides Reliable Clock and Calendar Functions : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 More Accurate PC / AT Clock: Nixie Tube Clock Nixie Tube Clock: PIC Tock Video Clock 1: PIC Tock Video Clock 2: Programmable Clock Oscillator: PIC-Tock video clock using a PIC16C61 Programmable Clock Oscillator: voltage controller oscillator that was designed as a wide range oscillator to generate clock pulses for a stepper motor drive system, frequency could be varied over1,000,000:1 Propeller Clock: a few light emitting diodes spin, precisely controlled by a PIC microprocessor, giving the illusion of a larger array.
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Clock Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Simple FSK Modulator: Single Gate Synchronizes Clock: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Speaking Clock using PIC & ISD Device: SpeClo was designed and built to be used by the blind. Its purpose is to provide a relatively easy way for ascertaining the Time of day by whistling, and can be configured to speak English or German! Sun Up Alarm: The Sun - Up Alarm can be used to provide a audible alarm for when the sun comes up or it can be used in a dark area and detect when a light comes on. It can also be used to detect a light beam, headlights etc. The circuit works as follows. The phototransistor is very sensitive to light. (Any phototransistor will work fine) The sun shining on this device will provide a high to one of the NAND gates. This will cause another NAND gate to oscillate which will drive another gate to output a100hz tone. The transistor provides drive for the speaker. Time / Date / Message Video Overlay Generator!: video text overlay circuit VCG01 PAL / NTSC Video Clock / Message Generator: Video text overlay circuit Video Clock Superimposer: Video Message & Clock Generator:
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Code Practice Circuits - Electronic Projects & Hobby Circuits
Code Practice Circuits

2 Way Morse Practice Set: The system consists of a pair of Morse practice oscillators connected by a piece of 2-conductor cable Morse Adaptor for your VHF / UHF FM Rig: Morse Code Beacon Keyer: Morse Code Practice Keyer #1: Morse Code Practice Keyer #2: Morse practice oscillator : Two Way Morse Practice Set: The system consists of a pair of Morse practice oscillators connected by a piece of2-conductor cable Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Code_Practice_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:40:29 PM]
Color Organ Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Color Organ Circuits

Color Organ #1: make different colored bulbs light at different frequencies of music, connects to speaker outputs Color Organ #2: one lamp color organ Color Organ #3: makes3 Light to blink and flash to music Stereo Compressor:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Color_Organ_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:40:30 PM]
Colpits - Oscillators - Collpits Oscillators - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Oscillators: Collpits Circuits

4 Transistor Transmitter: Colpitts 1 to 20 MHz Crystal Oscillator: Four Transistor Tracking Transmitter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Colpits_Oscillators.html [1/17/2007 4:40:32 PM]
Compador Circuits - Electronic Projects & Hobby Circuits
Compador Circuits
Stereo Compressor:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Compandor_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:40:33 PM]
Comparator Circuits - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects
Comparator Circuits
Absolute value circuit delivers high bandwidth: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Most absolute-value circuits have limited bandwidth and high component count, and they require several matched resistors. The circuit in Figure 1 uses three fewer components than most absolute-value circuits require, and only two of the resistors must have 1% tolerance to obtain 1% accuracy. This circuit's output voltage is an accurate representation of the absolute value of the input signal,.... Applications of the LM392 Comparator OpAmp IC: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Comparator Adds Current Limit to V2 Controller: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Comparator Detects Failed Telecomm Supplies: 06/22/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Detects when telecomm power supplys48V output drops below its nominal value, uses an isolated comparator to monitor two48V telecomm supplies (of either polarity) / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Comparator Improves Regulator's Efficiency: 04/28/94 EDN-Design Ideas Comparator Provides Stable Hysteresis: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Comparator uses Signal Dependent Hysteresis: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Comparators Form 3 to 5 Volt or 5 to 3 Volt Translator / Tranceiver: 09/02/96 EDNDesign Ideas Comparing the High Speed Comparators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Jan-1999 Design an efficient reset circuit: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / When you work with microprocessors, you must ensure that when the power-supply voltage fluctuates to the minimum permissible level, VL, that the processor's ALU continues to operate normally. Also, when you switch on the power supply, the ALU must operate normally when the supply voltage equals or exceeds a certain high level, VH... Design low duty cycle timer circuits: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Designing astable circuits using the industry-standard 555 timer is a straightforward process when duty cycles are 50% or greater. However, you must overcome the many pitfalls of low-duty-cycle circuits to arrive at a desired result. Using only ideal components eases the design, but the components themselves are hard to obtain.. Dual comparator thermally protects lithium ion battery : 09/18/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Most manufacturers recommend that you don't change lithium-ion batteries at temperatures lower than 0C or higher than 50C. You can monitor both thresholds by adding a thermistor and dual (window) comparator to a lithiumion battery charger (Figure 1). Set the low-temperature trip point at 2.... Dual Comparator: forms temperature-compensated proximity Detector Dual Comparators Stabilize Proximity Detector: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas
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Electronic fuse emulates fast or slow blow fuses: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / The electronic-fuse circuit in Figure 1 combines the properties of a current transducer and a solid-state relay to disconnect low power at preset levels. Using this circuit lets you avoid the bother of stocking and replacing fusible links. The circu... Expanded scale indicator revisited: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The visualization aid that a previous Design Idea describes allows only the expansion of the upper end of the scale (Reference 1). But what can you do if, according to your project requirements, you need to expand the middle region of the scale? Figure 1a illustrates the challenge. A voltmeter comprises a 100-A dc meter and a series resistor Fast Voltage Comparators With Low Input Current: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Filter allows comparison of noisy signals: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / When you need to compare the dc level of a noisy signal with a reference for further processing, the output of the comparator changes in a chaotic way when the dc level approaches that of the reference. You have a choice of two classic solutions to this problem: One is to add hysteresis to the comparator, but, if the noise level is high, the hysteresis must be correspondingly high... Frequency Comparator Draws 8 A: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency comparator has status output: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The original application for the circuit in Figure 1 was to check the number of revolutions of an engine with only one LED as an indicator. The measurement of the number of revolutions usually involves sensors with a frequency output proportional to the number of revolutions. The circuit compares the frequency output of such a sensor with a lower and upper limit and gives a visual result, usi..... Frequency Window Comparator has hysteresis: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas High speed peak detector uses ECL comparator: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Professional electronics designers often use peak-detector circuit sin such applications as amplitude measurement, automatic gain control, and data regeneration. You can build a simple and fast peak detector from a serial diode and a shunt capacitor, but it suffers from serious inaccuracy that stems from the diode's forward-voltage drop.. Light Sensor With Hysteresis: LM139 / LM239 / LM339 a Quad of Independently Functioning Comparators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Jan-1999 Low Voltage Alarm: NE555 Low Voltage Battery Disconnect Circuit Microvolt Comparator: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Missing codes tester checks 16 bit ADC in 7 sec: 06/10/99 EDN-Design Ideas / As the resolution of ADCs increases from 12 to 16 bits and higher, the difficulty in testing the"no- missing-codes"specification grows proportionately. To fully guarantee no missing codes for a 16-bit ADC requires testing all 2 16-1 possible output... Precision IC Comparator Runs From Plus 5 Volt Logic Supply: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Quad Comparator Regulates Temperature: 10/26/95 EDN-Design Ideas Reset supervisor waits for stable supply: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The powerup cycle of the supply voltage in embedded-system applications is sometimes not a clean event. This fact holds especially true in battery-operated systems, because the insertion of a battery often causes significant ringing or glitching on the supply line (Figure 1). In products with on-off switches, the contact bounce of the switch can cause an unclean power-up.... Synchronized Window Comparator Eliminates Error: 05/11/95 EDN-Design Ideas Two buttons provide safe start: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a safety interlock that checks the actuation of two pushbuttons before enabling a relay. When you push both buttons, the circuit actuates the relay. At that point, you can release one of the switches without the relay'... Voltage Comparator Forms Pulse Demodulator: 11/19/98 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Comparator Switch:
Computer Cables - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Computer Cables
18 bit ADC uses PC's serial port: 09/27/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A PC usually requires a plug-in ADC card to process analog signals. However, with the circuitry in Figure 1, a PC can communicate with an 18-bit ADC through its serial port. The port provides both positive and negative power supplies as well as control signals. IC1 is an 18-bit MAX132 ADC with a serial interface. Casio QV 200 Digital Camera Cable: Lose your cable? Build it yourself and save $29. Fits many QV models. Centronics port generates narrow pulse widths: 08/02/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Variable-pulse-width signals are useful in control circuitry for positioning and holding purposes in robotics and power electronics. Frequently, the need arises for pulses with width less than 1 msec. Delays less than 1 msec are usually not available in most programming languages, so generating such pulses can be a problem.. Commonly used RS232 Serial Port Cables: Connecting Sega 3D Glasses to a PC Serial Port: Drawing Power From a PC Serial Port: This circuits derives fairly low power, (mA at5V) from a RS-232 serial connection. (NOTE: ASCII drawing) Getting Power From Serial Port: Laptop Computer Serial Port Power Booster: LM1823High Quality T Volt Video I.F. Amplifier and Synchronous Detector for Cable Receivers: National Semiconductor Application Notes,09 Apr1996 Low Voltage Powers ParallelPort Interface : 06/24/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / For portable-sensing and data- acquisition applications, a laptop computer and its parallel port (LPT) make good bedfellows. Yet in the effort to extend battery life, many microprocessors and entire systems operate with logic levels down to 1.8 V. The... Null Printer Adapter: RS232 Serial Port Buffer Circuit: RS232C Serial Port Scans Remote Keypad: 12/04/97 EDN-Design Ideas Serial Port a / D Converter: Serial Port Break Reset Circuit: Simple method tests cables: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Engineers have long known how to test a cable for continuity by simply connecting all conductors in series and checking with an ohmmeter. This method is sometimes impractical, however, because it cannot check for short circuits. The method shown in Figure 1 solves the short-circuit problem. Connecting LED indicators at each shorting loop provides a visual indication.. Thermocouple Interfaces to Serial Port: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas X Y Keypad uses C's Serial Port: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas
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Computer Cables - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
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Computer Interfaces - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Computer Interfaces
C Reprograms Audio DAC Via Serial Interface: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. 10 Base T Solutions Network Interface Adapter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28 Jun1996 12Bit ADC Interface: 18 bit ADC uses PC's serial port: 09/27/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A PC usually requires a plug-in ADC card to process analog signals. However, with the circuitry in Figure 1, a PC can communicate with an 18-bit ADC through its serial port. The port provides both positive and negative power supplies as well as control signals. IC1 is an 18-bit MAX132 ADC with a serial interface. 2 Channel, Port Powered RS232 to RS 422 Converter: information on commercial product, datasheet includes full circuit diagram 2 Transistor Circuit Replaces IC #1: 02/07/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Jim Hagermans article Linear Technologys recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally. 2 Transistor Circuit Replaces IC #2: 02/07/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Linear Technologys recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally. 24 Bit Parallel Port Interface With 8255 for Commodore Computer: 24 Line Parallel Interface for the PC : 4 Channel 8 Bit Analog to Digital Converter for PC: 8254 Timer & Counter Board: 9 to 9 Pin (Female) Null Modem Cable: AC Switching With TrIAC From TTL: ADCx RS232 Interface Schematic: Add CAD functions to Microsoft Office: 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Microsoft Word has excellent drawing capabilities. You could use it effectively to perform some CAD tasks, such as schematic entry. Word is by far the most popular text processor on the market, and it would seem desirable for technical writers to be able to create a single integrated document file combining both text and graphics in an editable format. . Add current boost to a USB charger: 09/19/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The popular USB interface can charge a portable device while transferring data. But for high-capacity batteries, the 500-mA output current of USB hosts and powered hubs greatly extends the charging time. (Unpowered USB hubs supply no more than 100 mA.) Thus, a system that accepts charging power from an ac adapter as well as the USB port is more convenient.. Add Speech Encoding/Decoding to your Design: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Computer_Interface.html (1 of 10) [1/17/2007 4:40:47 PM]
Add voice command to virtual instrumentation: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Debates still persist in the engineering community about the relative merits of analog and digital controls of instrumentation. Meanwhile, a revolutionary new type of controlvoice-command controlis gaining acceptance in many application areas (Reference 1). This Design Idea focuses on the practical implementation of the Voice Commander voice-command interface in a virtual-instrume.... Add voice commands to your CAD system: 05/02/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The first time I activated the Language Bar (Speech Tools) in my Microsoft Word 2002 and started dictating this Design Idea, the on-screen title displayed "cat" instead of "CAD." By using the "Add/Delete Words" feature, I've trained the system to recognize the "CAD" acronym. This was my first experience with the MOSR (Microsoft Office Speech Recognition) tool, which is part of the latest Micros.... Adding Second joystick to PC joystick Interface: Analog Signal Acquisition for PC Printer Port: AVR DMX 512 Dongle for PC's: simple interface between DMX-512 equipments and personal computer that is connected to computer parallel port, can transmit256 channels and receive128 channels DMX data simultaneously AVR microcontroller makes improved motor controller: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a novel method of reading the pulse train using an Atmel (www.atmel.com) AVR processor, from a typical radio-controlled receiver, and to determine the velocity of a motor. To capture the pulse train from a typical receiver, you need an external interrupt that triggers based on a rising and a falling edge.. Build Logic Gates using Discrete Parts: Build your own joysticks: Casio Organizer Interface: CCD Video Capture Camera Circuit on Request: Centronics Port DA Converters & Lowpass Filter: Circuit Adapts Differential Input to Drive Coax: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Uses an HFA1100 or HFA1105 to convert a balanced input signal to a single-ended output signal, uses positive feedback to characteristic-impedance matching while increasing the available output swing, as compared with using a simple series termination resistor Circuit Eavesdrops on RS232C Lines: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Protects Computer's Input: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Translates TTY Current Loop to RS232C: 08/03/98 EDN Design Ideas / Provides signal translation between a passive current-loop (TTY) interface and a duplex RS-232C ports Commonly used RS232 Serial Port Cables: Computer Controlled Model Train Set: Computer Microphone: adapting electret microphone to soundcards with dynamic microphone inputs Computerize your Room / Home: Computerized Infrared Remote: control your stereo, TV and VCR from Windows, includes schematic and software Connect other Circuits to PC joystick Port: Connect Two CD ROM Drives to One Soundcard: Connecting Sega 3D Glasses to a PC Serial Port: Control 120VAC Relay With TTL: Convert Atari Style Joystick to PC Joystick Port: Convert Ataristyle joystick to PC joystick Port: Convert Hauppauge Infrared Remote Control to IRMAN: How to modify Hauppauge Infrared remote control receiver to work as IRMAN compatible remote control receiver. The text is in Finnish. Data Bus Monitor: Data Transmission Lines & Their Characteristics: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 Decoder Safely Drives Data Bus Buffer: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas
Design a visible optical link for RS 232C communications: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The design in Figure 1 is a visible optical link for those who need to see the transmitted data. An isolation figure of more than 5000V is a bonus. Tests of the system used the COM input of a data-acquisition system, as well as a standard PC's COM port. The MC1489 converts the RS-232C data to TTL signals... Differential to Single Ended Converter: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Digital to Analog Centronics D / a & Filter: Disco Lights: software and hardware for controlling disco lights from your PC Drawing Power From a PC Serial Port: This circuits derives fairly low power, (mA at5V) from a RS-232 serial connection. (NOTE: ASCII drawing) Drive Local Interconnect Network With PCType UART Device : 04/15/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A new single-wire serial communication system, called the Local Interconnect Network (LIN), is intended for electronic control units in vehicles (www.lin-subbus.org). Using a PC UART for LIN provides a convenient and low-cost solution for... Driving a N Channel FET From TTL: Meant as a quick n easy example of how to switch high current12V dc from TTL. Driving a Relay With a CPU: Electrical Equipment Control using PC: Embedded processor directly drives LCD: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Driving a bare LCD does not necessarily require specialized interface circuitry or peripherals. This Design Idea describes an alternative drive scheme, which you can easily implement using the general-purpose outputs of a microcontroller. Many embedded-system applications need to interact with a user by displaying simple numeric or alphanumeric character Emissions killers Trap Common Mode Currents: 03/03/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Unshielded twisted-pair cable that is transformer-coupled to a digital system can easily act as a radiating antenna because of common-mode currents induced by unwanted stray coupling from the digital portions of the system Encoder and PC make complete motor control system: 12/12/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This Design Idea combines a simple ISA-bus-resident interface circuit; a garden-variety PC; a high-resolution optical shaft encoder; and a PWM-controlled, 0.05-hp, brushed, permanent-magnet dc motor to make a high-precision and highpower motion-control system. The system sequences the precise rotation of an evacuated steel bell jar several feet in diameter, such as those used in molecularbeam.... Encrypted routines impede hackers, protect licenses: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The use of public-key-encrypted algorithms within licensed applications can prevent hackers from cracking the licensed algorithms. Moreover, you can use them to disable licensed features that a user doesn't purchase. Licensing schemes eventually arrive at some critical decision point at which an algorithm decides whether the user is entitled to run that application. Envelope follower combines fast response, low ripple: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Envelope followers extract amplitude information from complex audio waveforms. The resulting dc voltage often drives nonlinear stages, such as voltagecontrolled amplifiers or filters. You must make a careful trade-off between the speed of response to a rapidly changing input signal and the amount of ripple in the dc output that you can tolerate.. Envelope Tracker quells jitter: 07/07/94 EDN-Design Ideas EPROM Emulator: EPROM Prog / Emul PSU: EPROM Programmer Mk1: EPROM Programmer Mk2: Ethernet / Cheapernet Physical Layer Made Easy With DP8391 / 92: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 Excel Formula Calculates Standard 1%Resistor Values : 01/21/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The Excel cell formula below calculates the nearest standard 1%-resistor value without using a lookup table or macro. Type or electronically paste the text below into any cell (other than A1). The formula will calculate the nearest 1%-resistor for the...
Fake Joystick Circuit: This simple circuit can be used to make the computer to think that there is a real joystick connected to joystick port. This adapter might be useful in some special computer testing applications when you dont have real joystick available. ASCII drawing. Fax to Modem Interface: Filtering PC Bus Power: Four Channel 8 Bit Analog to Digital Converter for PC: Frame Grabber W / Parallel Port Interface: GameBoy Camera Parallel Port Interface: General Purpose 48 Bit ISParallel I / O Card: Get Power Out of PC Parallel Port: An article which includes circuits, shares how to us a parallel port to connect to a very wide selection of devices like software protection dongles, removable disks, modems, network adapters, printer sharing units, parallel port extenders, soundcards, electronic telecard readers and many circuits. Getting Power From Serial Port: Group Delay Equalizer has Gain More than One: 10/12/95 EDN-Design Ideas Hints and kinks for USB decoding: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The USB is a serial data-transmission system that uses cables to connect peripheral equipment to PCs. All new computers have two or more USB receptacles, and the predictions are that they will replace most of the legacy receptacles on older PCs. The 1.0 and 1.1 standards for USB were for 1.5 and 12 Mbps at low- and full-speed rates, respectively. How to get Power From PC to your Circuits: Hyperbaric FallTime Viscometer Is PCBased : 10/28/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The measurement of the viscosity of solutions is an integral element in analytical chemistry and chemical manufacturing. It has particular value in designing and controlling the processes of polymerization, an essential step in the production of... IC Adds Full Duplex RS485 Operation: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Simple RS485 repeater provides full-duplex communications with only tow ICs IDE hard Disk Interface for Amiga 500: Infrared Computer Controlled Infrared Device: Infrared Interface With Windows CD Software: use infrared technology to remotely control a CD-ROM drive with an audio CD Infrared Remote Control Of your PC Is Easy!: simple device that connected to the computer serial-port enables the reception of infrared codes emitted from any commercial remote control unit and with a little Windows program the computer learns to recognize sequences and simulates key pressing or executes a program Infrared Remote Control Repeater: Infrared Remote Home Control: software Remocon Con for Windows98 able to fire remote control signal through built in infrared port (IrDA) that is of notebook personal computer standard equipment Interface 20Bit SigmaDelta ADCs Through a PC's Parallel Port : 03/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In most sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) applications, the serial data transfer occurs through a serial port. A microcontroller configures the serial port as required Interface a serial 12 bit ADC to a PC: 07/10/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Over the years, IC manufacturers have devised various ways of effecting interfaces and paying special attention to reducing the number of ICs' interface-I/O pins. The MAX187 is one such device, a 12-bit A/D converter. You can create an interface to this ADC using serial data communications techniques.... Interface Connects ISBus to P: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Interfacing 16x2 Character: LCD to parallel port Interfacing Microphones to Computer Sound Cards: IS48 I / O Digital Card: ComInt was designed and built for a colleague at work. He needed a device with a large number of I/Os to control his Gameboy device from the PC. A simple circuit using only4 ICs proved to be a good solution. It uses two 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface chips and provides48 I/O signals, each being software programmable. ISBus Provides Access to Serial Peripherals: 02/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas Isolated Full Duplex RS232C Interface:
Isolated RS232 for PIC16F84: Joystick Interface Projects: Joystick Interfaces: analogue interfaces for joysticks for motor controllers Joystick Port As General Purpose Input: Key Reading Circuit Saves I/O Pins: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit LAN Switch Eliminates Redundant PHY Chip: 03/31/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Advances in notebook technology create a thirst for new features and increased functionality, culminating in greater cost and shrinking space. One solution to the cost/space issues is to use a wide-bandwidth analog local-area network (LAN) switch that... Laptop Computer Serial Port Power Booster: Line Driver Economically Synthesizes Impedance: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Line-driver circuit uses a second op amp to synthesize the output impedance rather than inserting a power-hungry resistor in series with the op amps output Linux Infrared Remote Control (LIRC): Lookup Table Facilitates Bit Flipping: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Low Power Ethernet With the CMOS DP83910 Serial Network Interface: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Aug1995 Low Power RS232C Driver & Receiver in CMOS: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 Low Voltage Powers ParallelPort Interface : 06/24/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / For portable-sensing and data- acquisition applications, a laptop computer and its parallel port (LPT) make good bedfellows. Yet in the effort to extend battery life, many microprocessors and entire systems operate with logic levels down to 1.8 V. The... Mains Manager: Maintain precise timing with PC's speaker logic: 07/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Precise timing control is paramount in data acquisition and analysis and especially in digital-signal processing. The easiest way of maintaining timing control in a PC is to use delay loops. The disadvantage of this implementation is that the delay loop's elapsed time depends on the system's operating frequency Make Eight Channel Measurements through An LPT Port: 06/13/02 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit represents a simple and cost-effective way to obtain eightchannel analog-signal acquisition through a PCs LPT port. IC1, a12-bit, serialoutput MAX187 ADC, operates from a single5V supply and accepts analog inputs of0 to5V. Make eight channel measurements through an LPT port: 06/13/2002 EDN Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 represents a simple and cost-effective way to obtain eight-channel analog-signal acquisition through a PC's LPT port. IC1, a 12bit, serial-output MAX187 ADC, operates from a single 5V supply and accepts analog inputs of 0 to 5V. IC2, an eight-channel MAX338 analog multiplexer, also operates from a single 5V supply.. Microcontroller Interface for 5KW Microwave oven: Microprocessor RS232 Reset: MIDI Controlled Switches: can drive up to128 individual relays, solenoids, motors, etc. with a MIDI note-on and note-off messages More Accurate PC / AT Clock: Nixie Tube Clock NES to Atari 2600 Controller Interface: Novel idea implements low cost keyboard: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many applications that use a microcontroller also use a keyboard. If your application uses a relatively powerful microcontroller, you can use several free I/O pins or an unused input with an ADC to effect an easy keyboard connection. But, if the microcontroller in your system has too few free I/O pins and no on-chip ADC, you can be in trouble... Null Printer Adapters: Parallel Port Central: information on using PC parallel port for I/O and Windows drivers for that, useful for your own circuit interfacing
Parallel port controls arbitrary waveform generator: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use the parallel port of your PC and a few additional components to generate a powerful, easy-to-use arbitrary-waveform generator. By using a Visual Basic program with the circuit in Figure 1, you can generate any waveform (for example, sinusoid, triangle, amplitude- or frequency-modulated, or exponential decay) by simply entering its characteristic equation.. Parallel port provides high resolution temperature sensing: 10/03/2002 EDN Design Ideas / High-resolution temperature sensing at low cost is possible using only one chip attached to the PC's parallel port (Figure 1). The Dallas Semiconductor (www.dalsemi.com) DS1722 digital thermometer allows measurement resolution as fine as 0.0625C in digital form and with linear response. The accuracy specification is only 2C, but you can improve this figure by careful calibration.. PBUS, Multi Drop RS422 / 485 type Ne2 Rk for Interconnecting PIC Nodes: PC / XS Transfer: (PDF) A circuit and C code for bidirectional transfer of data between an XS40 Board and a PC. PC and LongBaseline Chronography Measure Ballistic Parameters Acoustically : 07/22/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Ballistics is an ancient art PC Based 7 Segment Rolling Display: PC Based Biofeedback Monitor: PC based configurable filter uses no digital potentiometers: 01/23/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Modern instrumentation requires digital control signals. These signals come from a central microprocessor or, in modern context, the popular parallel or serial PC ports. In recent times, digital potentiometers have eliminated the hassles from this interface for the analog section. Designers can replace the resistors of the analog design with digital potentiometers, thus providing the necessary ..... PC Based Configurable Filter uses No Digital Potentiometers: 01/23/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit -- Modern instrumentation requires digital control signals. These signals come from a central microprocessor or, in modern context, the popular parallel or serial PC ports. In recent Times, digital potentiometers have eliminated the hassles from this interface for the analog section. PC Based Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSOA): PC Based Digital Storage Oscilloscope Mk3: PC Based EFI Programmer: PC Based Lighting Control: short pointer to each of the available commercial PC based lighting console systems PC Based Lighting Control: short pointer to each of the available commercial PC based lighting console systems PC Based Oscilloscope: PC board layout eases high speed transmission: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / As digital techniques move to higher speeds, designers become aware of the need to treat pc-board traces as RF transmission lines. In these lines, you strive to hold the line impedance, Z0, to a constant value-typically, 50U-and to terminate the line with the same impedance. Data families such as ECL, PECL, and LVDS send data over a pair of traces known as a balanced tra... . PC configurable RLC resonator yields single output filter : 08/07/03 EDN-Design Ideas / This Design Idea presents a versatile filter circuit for low-powerconsumption instrumentation that you can program from your PC using the parallel port. The circuit uses analog switches and latches instead of digital potentiometers for the digital control (figures 1 and 2). By running simple software code on the PC, you can configure a single robust design to work as a lowpass, highpass, or b...... PC Controlled Current Source Supplies 100V, 1A, 16Bit Pulses : 04/29/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The current source shown in the figure is designed to support toroidal-cavity nuclear-magnetic-resonance electrophoresis (TCNMRE) measurements of molecular electrical mobility in chemical samples. To do so,... PC Controls inexpensive Waveform Generator: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas PC Controls Light Dimmer: 08/19/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Circuit design idea from EDN Magazine to control one light dimming from PC PC hardware Monitor Reports the Weather: 01/18/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest -
PC Infrared Remote Control #1: PC Infrared Remote Control #1: PC IR Remote Control: PC Monitors twoway RS232 Transmission: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. PC Mouse Implementation using CoP800: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published05-Aug-1995 PC Mouse Implementation using CoP800: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published05-Aug-1995 PC Parallel Port Output Capabilities: includes instructions how to connect a relay to PC parallel port PC SmartCard Reader: PC Speaker Volume Control Circuit: PC Thermometer: PC to SRAM Interface: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) PC's IRQ7 and INT1Ch measure currents, charges: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit PIC Based Keyboard Emulator: PIC Project #1 RS232 to I2C Interface: PIC16F84 Debugging Terminal: PIC16F84 Serial I / O Expander With PicBasic: Playing a Mac through a Standard Telephone Line: how to get sound from computer to Telephone line PLD code reveals pc board revisions: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The PLD (programmable-logic-device) code in Listing 1 implements a pc-board-level revision-detection system that detects whether PLD pins are shorted together on a pc board. It is often advantageous to field a single PLD programming file that works for several generations of physical hardware. The PLD needs to understand what the board revision is, so that it can enable or disable functions, pi.... Port Interface: Post Tray Email Service: PoTrES is a small stand-alone 8-bit embedded system capable of sending emails to several recipients on an Ethernet network (corporate intranet, world-wide internet). It uses a minimal TCP/IP implementation consisting of several network protocols. Practical Limits of RS485: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 Preprocessor for rotary encoder uses PAL: 08/02/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Rotary encoders usually provide quadrature pulses that indicate both the amount of rotation and the direction (Figure 1). A microcontroller can calculate the rotation direction and keep track of angular movement. Many microcontrollers' interrupt inputs, such as those on the Zilog Z86C90, can detect only a falling edge.. Printer port activates CMOS switches: 05/02/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The costeffective design in Figure 1 provides control for CMOS switches without the need for an external power supply. Analog switches such as those in the MAX4663 are ideal for use in low-distortion applications. They are preferable to electromechanical relays in automatic test equipment or other applications in which you need current switching.. Printer Sharer: Program Predicts VSWRmismatch RF uncertainties: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. PSX Controller to PC MIDI Converter: Rounding Off' a Square Wave: RS232 / 485 Converter has Automatic Flow Control: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / RS-485 communications can provide longer range and better noise immunity than RS-232, as well as multidrop capability. Because it does not have separate transmit and receive lines, RS-485 requires flow control. RS-232/485 converters often use one of the RS-232 handshaking lines to control direction, but several communicationssoftware packages do not support flow control. This circuit an RS-232/485 converter that uses the transmitted signal itself to control the flow. RS232 Port Monitor: RS232 Serial Port Buffer Circuit:
RS232 to RS232 Port Powered Optical Isolator: Brochure with schematic in PDF format RS232C Circuit has Galvanic Isolation: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit -- You can obtain longer transmission distances with the RS-232C interface if you use galvanic isolation between the two linked terminals RS232C Handshake Lines Transfer Data Frames: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas RS232C Interface Meets Telecommunications Safety Specs: 09/28/95 EDN-Design Ideas / RS-232 isolation circuit RS232C Level Converter using Transistors: RS232C Level Converter: RS232C Powers & Reads 8 Bit Switch Matrix: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas RS232C Serial Port Scans Remote Keypad: 12/04/97 EDN-Design Ideas RS485 Repeater Extends Standard's Reach: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas S Video to Composite Video Adapter: Schematic of a Standard PC Joystick: Screen Blanker: Sega 3D Glass Interfacing Circuits: Serial Data Multiplexer: Serial Infrared Remote Controller: a simple, cheap device that can be connected to any serial port to control most components that have infrared remote controls, includes schematics for receiver and transmitter Serial Isolated I / O Module: 8-Relay Module (mains rated - to250VAC), kit K108 from kitsrus.com Serial Port a / D Converter: Serial Port A/D : 12bits, no power, cheap! Serial Port Break Reset Circuit: Serial Port Controller infrared Transmitter (PIC16F628): Serial to ECP Interface: SerialPortPowered ADC Streams Data To PC : 01/07/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit shown in Figure 1 provides a simple, low-power means of digitizing analog signals and sending the data directly to a PC's serial port where it can easily be read, analyzed, and stored. The low... Simple FSK Modulator: Single C Pin Makes halfduplex RS232C: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Software makes full use of 8051's interrupt system: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The program in Listing 1 uses a pseudo-RETI instruction to provide a fivepriority-level interrupt system for the 8051P microcontroller. The interrupt-priority order, from high to low, is INT0 IT0 INT1 IT1 INTP. Before the pseudo-RETI instruction arrives in the IT0 or IT1 interrupt-service routine, the address of the first instruction, which is after the pseudo-RETI instruction, goes ba... . Software Provides Interrupt System for 8051: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Software reset uses IC I/O port: 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use the circuit in Figure 1 to allow the I2C or SMBus to control device resets in a system by using the PCA9554 I2 C I/O-port IC. Normally, a reset function takes an active-low signal. On power-up of the PCA9554, the IC sets all the I/O pins as inputs. The 4.7-kO pull-down resistor on each I/O ensures that all the active-low reset pins are initially in a low state during power-up.. Software snippet provides improved subset sum algorithm : 09/25/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The subset-sum problem is one of the most frequently occurring NP (nondeterministic, polynomial-time)-complete) problems. It asks whether a subset of numbers in a set of positive integers adds up exactly to a given value. A relaxed version of the problem tries to identify a subset of numbers that adds up to a maximum value no greater than a given value.... SONIC EISBus Master Ethernet Adapter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Aug1995 Soundcard joystick Port Problem Solver: Switched Fabric Eliminates CPUbus Bottlenecks: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
Synchronizing Controller Detects Baud Rate: 03/03/98 EDN-Design Ideas / A simple and inexpensive implementation using an eight-pin12C508 controller (Microchip Technology, Chandler, AZ) provides both bit-rate detection and a synchronous, appended-clock output from an asynchronous input-data stream T Volt RGB Signal Output From a SVGgraphics Card: To achieve a CCInfrared conform TV signal with50 Hz vertical interlaced refresh and15.625 kHz horizontal frequency on most SVGA cards its possible to re-program CRT Timing and generate output signals outside the normal specification range. Then some pretty simple hardware is needed for rest of the signal conversion. Take Power Out of PC RS232 Port: The Wire Between MultiIO Card and joystick Connector: Thermocouple Interfaces to Serial Port: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Tricks improve on Excel LCD initialization: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A previous Design Idea on using Excel for LCD initialization relies on the user for cutting and pasting from Excel into an editor (Reference 1). It appears that it would take a minimum of six keystrokes or mouse strokes from one character to a. Tricks increase utility of parallel port: 09/27/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / In this simple application of the 68HC68 microcontroller's serial-I/O utility, the goal is to configure a simple circuit, driven by any LPT parallel-printer port, which you can use as a remote I/O for a PC. You can independently program each I/O line as either an input or an output. The protocol in this application is an SPI (MISO/MOSI/SCK) type, using synchronous serial communications. . TTL to RS232 Interfacing: Two Channel, Port Powered RS232 to RS 242 Converter: information on commercial product, datasheet includes full circuit diagram Two transistor circuit replaces IC #1: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Linear Technology's recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally, meaning that you can simultaneously and actively drive both sides. However, as is sometimes the case, you can replace a complicated circuit by a simple one without much loss of performance. . Two Transistor Circuit Replaces IC #2: Linear Technologys recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally Understanding Power Requirements in RS232 Applications: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 Universal Infrared Controller for a PC: This simple circuit allows you to record any Infrared remote control signal on your PC, and then play it back. This is particularly useful if you want to control appliances such as TVs, VCRs, CDs etc. from your computer. The device simply connects to the parallel port of your PC. You can also use this circuit to analyze the waveform from any Infrared remote control. This circuit was originally published in Electronics Australia, September1998 Use a PIC for automatic baud rate detection: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Automatic baud-rate detection is desirable in many applications. Microchip's (www.microchip.com) standard USART module that the company embeds in most of its PIC microcontrollers lends itself to a simple and easily implemented automatic baud-detection scheme. The PIC18FXX2 data sheet defines the following baud rate in bits per second: where X is the value for the baud-rate generator and FOSC .... Use power line for baud rate generation: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / One cost-saving measure associated with 8-bit embedded microcontrollers is to use a resistor-capacitor oscillator. These RC oscillators are inexpensive, but the trade-off is low stability with temperature and voltage. In many applications, the low cost of an RC oscillator is alluring, but the application requires a stable clock source for baud-rate generation or event timing.. Use Power Line for Baudrate Generation: 08/16/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this one Use printer port as programmable frequency generator: 10/11/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A simple and inexpensive circuit ( Figure 1 ) and a simple C program ( Listing 1 ) are all you need to turn your PC's printer port into a programmable frequency generator. Using a few low-cost and readily available components, the circuit occupies little space and is easily attachable to the printer port. .
Use The PC's Parallel Port for Fast Data Acquisition and Control : 12/09/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many designers require that their PCs act as complete control systems without any internal hardware. For this function, users need at least one channel of analog data acquisition to monitor the controlled signal. They also require one digital output... Use time domain analysis of Zobel network: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A Zobel network is useful in making a reactive load appear as a pure resistance to a driving source prone to stability problems (Reference 1). A typical situation is an audio power amplifier driving a loudspeaker, modeled at first approximation as an inductance and a series resistor (Figure 1a). The addition of a series R2C network in parallel with the series R1L network forms a Zobel network .... Using the joystick Port As General Purpose input: VC++ Program Converts Hex Strings To Integers : 12/09/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Binary numbers are seldom implemented in Visual C++ applications because C++ is considered a "high-level" language. Yet in communications systems, where information is transferred between two different devices through a network, using binary or... Velleman Universal Relay Card With 16 Relays: This page has information on Vellan kit which take computer input and controls up to16 relays. This page has full kit documentation including the circuit diagram. VGController for the ALTERUP1 Board: This page contains basic information describing the use of the VGA output port provided on the Altera UP1 Educational board. VHDL source code for a simple VGA controller ( VgaCon ) is provided. The purpose of VgaCon is to isolate the details of VGA signal generation from all the other modules in a design. VgaCon allows the pixel information to be written into its video memory using a very simple interface, while it is al1-responsible for generating the required signals for displaying the pixel information on a VGA monitor. VGConverter for Video Projectors & Fixed Frequency Monitors: VGGenerator: (PDF) that displays an image in the XS Board RAM on a VGA monitor. VGto T Volt Converter: Visual Basic MDAC Offset: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit VTG 01 PAL / NTSC Video Title Generator: Overlays text over Video screen, takes input from PC keyboard Where is the wiper?: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You enjoy significant advantages when using DPPs (digitally programmable potentiometers) with increment/decrement serial interfaces. Programming the serial interface is simple and fast, and you can adjust the potentiometer in real-time applications. The interface, however, provides no information about wiper position, and this information is important in some applications.. X Y Keypad uses C's Serial Port: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas XSBoard Parallel Port Interface: (PDF) that is programmed into the CPLD.
Conductivity Sensors - Sensors & Detectors - Electronic Circuits
Conductivity Sensors - Sensors & Detectors

Salt-Taster: Detects the amount of salt contained in liquid foods
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/conductivity_sensors.html [1/17/2007 4:40:50 PM]
Contact Bounce Suppression Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Contact Bounce Suppression Circuits

Debouncing Networks Make Reliable Selector: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Pushbutton Switch Debouncer: Switch debouncer uses only one gate: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 produces a single debounced pulse each time you press S1. Moreover, the circuit uses only logic power from the remote pull-up resistor, R2. You can use the circuit to detect when a key is pressed in a nonenergized device, such as a device in a system that's just coming up from standby Toggle Switch Debounced Pushbutton:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Contact_Bounce_Suppression_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:40:52 PM]
Control Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Control Circuits
0 to 10 Volt Control for RC Servos: 12 Volt Strobe Circuit: this circuit uses12V DC instead od mains AC. This is very good idea if you dont want to mess with direct mains voltage connected circuit or you want to run the stroboscope from batteries. 12 Volt Sump Pump Control: 2 wire Remote Microphone Amplifier : 300 MHz AM, RF Remote Control System: Adaptive Windscreen Wiper Control: Analog switch lowers relay power consumption: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Designers often use relays as electrically controlled switches. Unlike transistors, their switch contacts are electrically isolated from the control input. However, the power dissipation in a relay coil may render the device unattractive in batterypowered applications. You can lower this dissipation by adding an analog switch that allows the relay to operate at a lower voltage (Figure 1). . Audio Level Control Device: compressor circuit based on LED and photodiode Auto Trigger Circuit for Light Chasers: Automated Traffic Signal Controller: Automatic Control Starts Loads Softly: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas Automatic Power off Circuit Saves Battery: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas BangBang Heater: BangBang Thermostat is Simple & Efficient: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas BASIC Stamp Thermoelectric Cooler 1: BASIC Stamp Thermoelectric Cooler 2: 12/07/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Battery Saver: Worth the effort! Boost Converter Controls 12 Volt Fan From 5 Volt Supply: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Temperature-controlled PWM boost converter allows operation of a12V brushless dc fan from a5V supply Build a precision deadband circuit: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Deadband circuits find applications in servo-control systems. A precision current source and a half-wave inverting rectifier form a positive deadband circuit (Figure 1). The REF01, IC1, is a precision 10V voltage reference. It forms a precision current source with the addition of a unity-gain buffer (IC2A) and resistor R1... Build a UPS for USB devices: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Portable systems often include circuitry that derives power from an external source, such as USB. When the system disconnects from the USB supply, a battery takes over and supplies current via a dc/dc converter. A diode-OR connection (Figure 1. Circuit Automates Switch over Between Battery & Source: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit generates fan speed control: 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Fan noise is becoming a significant issue as electronic equipment increasingly enters the office and the home. Noise is proportional to fan speed, and the airflow hence, fan speed necessary for cooling is less at low ambient temperatures. Because ambient temperature is lower than the upper design point most of the time, a fan can run slower, making it easier on the ears.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Control_Circuits.html (1 of 6) [1/17/2007 4:40:59 PM]
Circuit manages power up sequencing: 10/31/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Power sequencing poses a unique problem in power management. Because improper sequencing may cause damage to many types of processors, power-up sequencing of these devices is critical. Devices that may require power-up sequencing control include FPGAs, ASICs, and DSP chips. These devices can require tracking I/O and core voltages.. Circuit measures currents in dc servo motor: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple circuit design in Figure 1 lets you measure all components of a current flowing in a dc servo motor. The rectified output of the circuit uses ground as a reference, so you can measure the output by using a single-ended A/D converter. The current-sense resistor, R1, has a value of 0. . Circuit protects system from overheating: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The two-chip circuit in Figure 1 provides fan control and overtemperature warning and shutdown signals to protect systems from excessive heat. The circuit monitors the temperature of the pc board and the die temperature of a CPU, an FPGA, or another IC with an on-chip temperature-sensing transistor. . Circuit provides bidirectional, variable speed motor control: 05/16/2002 EDN Design Ideas / During the development of systems that include small motors, a simple, bidirectional motor controller with speed adjustment may be helpful. Figure 1 shows such a controller. The circuit uses everyday components whose tolerances and ratings are unimportant as long as they sustain the required voltage, current, and power.. Circuit provides Class D motor control: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Class D audio amplifiers provide a dual benefit for battery-powered portable devices. They enhance battery life, and they produce much less power dissipation than do their linear cousins. Those features make Class D amplifiers ideal candidates for controlling speed and direction in small electric motors.... Circuit provides laser diode control: 09/19/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Laser diodes are sensitive to ESD, rapid turn-on currents, and overvoltage conditions. To address those problems, the simple laser-diode controller in Figure 1 has several functions. The first part of the circuit comprises an 8.2V zener diode, D1 that forms the heart of a constant-voltage source for the laser diode.. CMOS Gate implements Reverse Phase Control: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas CO2 Controller for Planted Tanks: Combination Controlled, Fully Customizable RF Remote Control: Computerized Infrared Remote: control your stereo, TV and VCR from Windows, includes schematic and software Constant Temperature Circuit: Controller IC and one shot form resonant controller: 11/28/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Resonant power supplies are popular because of high efficiency, low noise, and compactness. You can implement a resonant buck or boost converter using a single switch. The regulation of the output in such a converter derives from using a constant on or off time and a variable frequency. The UC1864 controller IC (Texas Instruments, www.. Controller Provides Closed Loop Temperature Regulation: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas Controller Provides Constant Power DC Load: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Controller Provides Multiple Alarm Driver Formats: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas Controlling a Light With Two Switches: a light or lights can be controlled by more than1-switch Controlling Relays With Logic Voltages: Controlling slew times tames EMI in offline supplies: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / EMI from offline switching power supplies typically causes all sorts of problems for power-supply designers. You may need a large EMI filter to meet FCC emission requirements. Switchers for high efficiency produce high-frequency switching noise that can propagate through the rest of the system and cause problems.. Convert Hauppauge Infrared Remote Control to IRMAN: How to modify Hauppauge Infrared remote control receiver to work as IRMAN compatible remote control receiver. The text is in Finnish.
Correct voltage drop and phase shift in transmission lines: 03/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many precision test-and-measurement and high-speed analog applications require an exact targeted voltage to be delivered to the device under test or intended load to accurately analyze the device. Design and test engineers are wellaware that this goal is sometimes unattainable, because the impedance across the traces delivering the signal to the load alters the original signal... Decoding Infrared Remote Controls: Digital Automatic Gain Control (AGC): Dimmer/ Motor Speed Control: DIY Wavemaker: controls two electric water pumps Dome Lamp Dimmer: Dome Light Dimmer for Cars: Usually when the car door is closed, the dome light just goes OFF. With this circuit, you can have our dome light fade slowly in brightness and finally go OFF. Dome Light Dimmer using Mic4680 Switching Regulator: simple circuit which outputs +5-Volt Dome Light Dwell Extender / Dimmer : allows you to dim your dome light and keeps the dome light of your automobile on after you close the door Electrical Equipment Control using PC: Electronic Fluorescent Lamp Ballast: International Rectifier application note in PDF format Electronic level : Electronic Thermostat Relay Circuit: Electronic Thermostat: Emergency Backup Lamp: Engine Control unit Schematics: Fluorescent Ballast: Design uses Passive PFC and Crest Factor Control. Also available in PDF format Fluorescent Desk Lamp: This circuit will power a 6 inch4-Watt fluorescent tube off a12 volt supply, consuming300 mA. It may also be powered by a suitably rated universal AC/DC adapter. Fluorescent Lamps, Ballasts, & Fixtures: Fogger Smoke Machine: GIC resonator has inherent amplitude control: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is based on a classic GIC (generalized impedance converter). The sine-wave-oscillator circuit has inherent amplitude stabilization and normally operates from dual power supplies. However, if you connect an additional resistor, RCC, to VCC, you can operate the circuit with one supply (with VEE=0V).. Heating System Thermostat: High Frequency AGC has Digital Control: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas HighEfficiency Inverter Drives Compact Fluorescent : 08/19/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / (added 5/03) The inverter circuit shown is designed to drive a 7W, four-pin compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) from a 12-V dc power supply. The main features of this inverter circuit include direct-drive capability, preheat for improved startup, high efficiency, and... IC Controlled Emergency Light With Charger: Infra / Radio Remote Control Transmitter / Receiver: Infrared Circuits for Remote Control: Infrared Computer Controlled Infrared Device: Infrared Interface With Windows CD Software: use infrared technology to remotely control a CD-ROM drive with an audio CD Infrared Receiver for Sony Remotes: receive signals from a standard Sony remote control and send the code bytes(2) received to an RS-232 port, based on PIC16C84 Infrared Remote Control #1: will allow you to turn on any piece of equipment that operates on115 volts AC Infrared Remote Control #2: simple circuit which controls one relay output Infrared Remote Control Extender: Infrared Remote Control Of your PC Is Easy!: simple device that connected to the computer serial-port enables the reception of infrared codes emitted from any commercial remote control unit and with a little Windows program the computer learns to recognize sequences and simulates key pressing or executes a program
Infrared Remote Control Repeater: Infrared Remote Control Shutter Release System: Infrared Remote Control Tester #1: measures the relative intensities of different Infrared light sources Infrared Remote Control Tester #2: Infrared Remote Home Control: software Remocon Con for Windows98 able to fire remote control signal through built in infrared port (IrDA) that is of notebook personal computer standard equipment Infrared Switch: Infrared Toy Car Motor Controller: enables on/off remote switching of battery operated toy cars. Inverted bipolar transistor doubles as a signal clamp: 06/07/01 EDN-Design Ideas / A number of circuits, such as level detectors and AM demodulators, benefit from a rectifier with a low offset voltage. Silicon diodes have an offset of approximately 0.6V and do not work well in low-level circuitry. A Schottky diode is a bit better... Isolated Driver Forms Solid State Circuit Breaker: 03/03/98 EDN-Design Ideas / This circuit allows standard TTL logic levels to safely drive a high-power dc load, circuit provides also overcurrent circuit breaker functionality Light Controlled Switch #1: switch that will be activated by light falling on a sensor Light Controlled Switch #2: output a control signal suitable for relay depending on the light level Light Operated Switch: Originally published in Everyday Practical Electronics, December1995 Light Organ for Car: flashes3 low voltage lights, operates at10-25-Volt voltage, in PDF format, text in Finnish Light Processor 434 Piano Touch Panel: circuit diagram in PDF format, check also power supply circuit diagram Linux Infrared Remote Control (LIRC): LM3911 Temperature Controller: Load Switcher Draws only 6 A: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas Long Range Infrared Remote: by Boondog Automation, gives 8-20 ft of wireless control Microcontroller Watches, Controls AC Power: 06/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas - circuit allows an isolated microcontroller to both sense and control ac power to an externally plugged-in device MOSFET switch provides efficient AC / DC conversion: 02/17/00 EDN-Design Ideas Novel Circuit Controls AC Power: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. OTP C Controls Boomer Amplifier: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Peltier Element Controls itself: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas PMOS Transistor Guarantees Accurate Power Up Sequencing: 03/31/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A TFT LCD panel requires three voltages: VDD, VON, and VOFF. VDD, typically 13 V, powers the video signal path. VON, usually 25 V, supplies the turn-on gate drive bias voltage for the TFT cell.... Power source is insensitive to load changes: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / For the heating and cooling elements common in industrial systems, resistance is not a fixed quantity. These elements include such devices as positive-temperaturecoefficient heaters and thermoelectric coolers. Their resistance can change more than 100% during operation, and the result is a change in power dissipation for elements receiving drive from a fixed voltage or current source. . Precision Digital AC Power Controller: Provide 4 to 20 MPWM Control: 09/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Are useful when you use4- to20-mA current-loop signals to control a PWM signal Pushbutton Switch Controls Power Supply & C: 09/25/97 EDN-Design Ideas Radio Control Electric Switch: Remote Control Encoder/decoder With PIC16C620 & PIC12C508:
Remote Control using Telephone: Here is a tele-remote circuit which enables switching "on" and "off" of appliances through Telephone lines. The circuit described here can be used to switch up to nine appliances (corresponding to the digits1 through 9 of DTMF the Telephone key-pad). The Telephone can be used to switch on or switch off the appliances also while being used for normal conversation. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Remote Controlled a Volt Switch: Infrared Controlled AV Switch with S-Video, Composite Video, and Audio Remote Controlled Lamp Dimmer: Here is a complete design project from Biltronix that allows you to use an off the shelf remote to control the brightness of the lights. Remote Solar LED Light: RF Remote Control System: Self Powered Solar Box Furnace: Serial Infrared Remote Controller: a simple, cheap device that can be connected to any serial port to control most components that have infrared remote controls, includes schematics for receiver and transmitter Serial Servo Motor Controller: Servo Pulse to Dual H Bridge: interface performs vital control functions needed for propulsion and steering of a fighting robot. Servo Slew Rate Control: A circuit that limits the rate of change of a signal; a feature of this design is that the positive and negative rates can be different. Short dc power line pulses afford remote control: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / If you face the challenge of adding a second, independently controlled light source to an existing ceiling lamp controlled by a wall switch, you may find that stringing a second power line is impossible. First, you can replace the wall switch by the circuit in Figure 1. Pushing the on switch S1 or S2 for approximately 1 sec inserts the 12V zener diodes D1 or D2 in series with the ... . Simple Circuit Protects HotSwap and Boost Controllers : 06/10/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The conventional boost-converter topology has the potential trap of no short-circuit protection (Fig. 1). Typically, a converter is safeguarded by placing an electronic fuse in front of it. This fuse... Simple circuit provides motor feed control: 07/25/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Because we needed a small grinding machine, we modified an old milling machine that lacked a control system. The table of the grinding machine needed only to move back and forth with adjustable feed. Using an existing dc servoamplifier, a servo motor, and limit switches, we devised the circuit shown in Figure 1.. Simple Emergency Sump Pump Control: Sump Pump Control for12V DC Bilge Pump Simple Sensitive Remote Control Tester: Smart Switch Cuts Transformer turnon Current : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas Soft Start Circuit for Power Amps: Soft start controller is gentle on loads: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The control circuit in Figure 1 senses a given load and automatically soft-starts the load by synchronously adjusting the power to that load. You can also manually adjust the power delivered to the load by controlling the phase angle of the line voltage across the load. The phase-angle adjustment for every ac half cycle covers 0 to 180 . . Solar Car Array Controller Schematic: Solar Car Brake Controller Schematic: Solar Car Display Controller Schematic: Speed Control Handles Isolated 48 Volt Fans : 08/05/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Chips are available to monitor and control ventilation fans. But less common are fan controllers for telecom applications. Such fans must operate in electrically isolated environments with a supply voltage in the 36- to 72-V range. For example, the... System monitors multiple temperatures, controls fan speed: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas T V Remote Control Blocker: This file includes also some other funny circuits Telephone Ring Controlled Relay: Temperature Controlled NiCad Charger: Temperature Controlled NiCd Charger:
Temperature Controlled Ovens: Temperature controller : Temperature Controller keeps IR Detector At 8K: 06/08/95 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Monitor: Temperature Programmer uses Digital Control: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Regulator #1: Temperature Regulator #2: Temperature Sensitive Oscillator: Temperature controlled based on AT89CX051 Thermo Cooling Fan: fan controller, which controls fan based on temperature Thermoelectric Controller (scriptable Thermometer): Traffic Light Controller: controls on3 LED traffic light sequence Triac Light Controller: Two wire Remote Microphone Amplifier : Universal Infrared Controller for a PC: This simple circuit allows you to record any Infrared remote control signal on your PC, and then play it back. This is particularly useful if you want to control appliances such as TVs, VCRs, CDs etc. from your computer. The device simply connects to the parallel port of your PC. You can also use this circuit to analyze the waveform from any Infrared remote control. This circuit was originally published in Electronics Australia, September1998 Welch Scientific Model 2153C Stroboscope: a schematic for a typical line operated variable rate stroboscope used for the visualization of moving parts as well as rotation speed or frequency determination of rotating or vibrating machinery Wideband AGC Amplifier As a Differential Amplifier: National Semiconductor Application Notes,10-Apr-2000 Wideband AGC has 60 DB Dynamic Input Range: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Wireless Remote Control System: Zilog Z80 thermostat Embedded Web Server:
Converters - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Converters
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AC to AC AC to DC Analog to Digital (A/D) Current to Voltage DC to AC DC to DC Digital to Analog (D/A) Frequency Frequency to Voltage Period to Voltage RF (Radio Frequency) Sine to Square Wave Voltage Voltage to Current Voltage to Frequency Wide Band
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Converters.html [1/17/2007 4:41:01 PM]

Everything you wanted to know about wideband, low-frequency transformers: 11/23/00 EDNDesign Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. External Isolation Transformer Box: designed for Mackie and other Mixers Eliminates RFI Problems Grounding & Shielding: describes basic audio transformer uses like balanced in/out and signal splitters High CMRR Balanced Interface: Uses for Crystal18 or20 Bit A/D Converters. This is a PDF file High Output Line Driver for Single Ended Power Supply: PDF file IC Mic Preamp uses Jensen Twin Servo topology: Interconnection of Balanced & Unbalanced Equipment: 4 page booklet in PDF format Internal Modification to Mic Inputs of the Mackie 1604 Mixer Eliminates RFI Problems: adding transformer isolation increases common mode rejection and eliminates RF interference, PDF document Isolation Transformer Passes millihertz Signals: 08/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas IT 4 Four Channel Isolation Transformer unit: audio signal isolation transformer, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format IT one inline 600 / 600 Ohm Line Transformer: audio signal isolation transformer, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format Jensen Direct Box Transformers: data sheets have example circuit diagrams Jensen Transformers Application Schematics: includes many microphone preamplifier related JP 11P 1 Input Transformer Improvement for Electronically balanced Input: JS 11SPP 6M 600 Ohm Line Isolator with Line termination Switch: for used with long 600 ohm lines that need termination JS 11SSP 6M 150 Ohm Line to 600 Ohm Load application: isolation transformer with impedance conversion JT 10B D Used in Line Level 2 Way Splitter / Isolator: active line level splitter circuit with input and output isolation JT 10KB D & JT 6110K B "Pro" to "Consumer" Interfaces: from +4dBu balanced output to 10dbV consumer equipment input JT 10KB D & JT DB E Provide "J Box" Consumer to Studio Interfaces: from -10dBV unbalanced to150 ohm balanced microphone level -45dBu signal and from +4dBu balanced signal to -10dBV unbalanced signal JT 10KB D Isolates & Converts Speaker Drive to Line Level: JT 11 BM High Level Differential IC Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 11 BM High Level High Current Differential Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 11 DM Basic Hum Stopper Transformer Isolation Box: simple isolator for 600 ohm balanced audio lines
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/AC_to_AC.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 4:41:06 PM]
JT 11 DM Converts Unbalanced Output to Balanced: JT 11 FL Isolates & Converts Guitar Amp Speaker Out to Line Output: JT 11 FL provides Isolated Line Output from Guitar Amplifier: JT 11 YZPC in Unbalanced Long Line Driver / Isolator: JT 11B 1 + "Phantom" Buffer Provide Balanced Guitar Output: JT 11P 1 as "Phase Splitter" with Symmetrical Outputs: JT 11P 1 Balanced Tube Line Input Stage: JT 11P 1 Conversion of Unbalanced Input to Balanced: JT 11P 1 in 2 Way Passive "Guitar Splitter": from one guitar to2- guitar amplifiers JT 11P 1 in 4 Way Active "Guitar Splitter": from one guitar to up to4 guitar amplifiers JT 11P 1 Unbalanced Automotive or Consumer Application: isolation transformer box for unbalanced consumer audio line signals JT 11P 1 used as Unbalanced Polarity Inverter: passive transformer based audio signal inverter circuit JT 11SSP 6M 600 Ohm Line Isolation Application: isolation transformer for 600 ohm balanced audio line JT 11SSP 6M as Input Transformer for Crystal CS5367 A / D Converter: transformer balanced passive input circuit for CS5367 A/D converter, PDF file JT 11SSP 6M Bi-Directional Lo Z Long Line Application: this circuit isolated and impedance matches less than100 ohm source to long cable line and that to over10 kohm input JT 11SSP 6M Passive Stereo Matrix for M S Mic Technique: JT 11SSP 6M Universal Patchbay Isolation Application: for use with professional low impedance sources and high impedance loads JT 123 BL High Level Low Impedance Differential Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 123 S Line Driver with Feedback Around the Transformer: JT 13K6 C in Simple 1 IC Stage Mic Preamp: 15KB PDF JT 16 A Improves Performance of SSM2017 Mic Preamp IC: JT 6110K B at Input Stage for Crystal a to D Converters: high performance transformer balanced input stage for Crystal A/D converters, PDF file JT 6110K B Isolates "70 Volt" Line & Converts to Line Level: JT DB E "Direct Box" for very High Level Signals: takes high level line signal and outputs balanced microphone level signal JT DB E Converts Consumer Stereo Inputs to Mono Balanced Mic Output: JT DB E Full featured "Direct Box" Application Schematic: JT DB E Standard Musical instrument or Synthesizer "Direct Box": JT MB C "Real" Mic Inputs & Phantom Power for Sony DAT: JT MB C in Low Noise, High Isolation Line Receiver for Low Z Sources: JT MB C Isolates both Mic & Line Inputs of inexpensive Mixer: JT MB C Mic Input Isolation for Mackie Mixers: JT MB C Used to "Phantom" Power the Realistic PZM Mic: JT MB D Converts 600 Ohm Unbalanced Mic to 150 Ohm Balanced Mic Line: JT MB D Passive Stereo Matrix for M S Mic Technique: Method sets voltage in multiple-output converters: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Mixed Feedback Drive for Audio Output Transformers: Technical paper from Lundahl Transformers in PDF format Power Supplies & Transformers: Basic structures of power supplies Power Supplies and Regulators: new low power discrete switcher Step Down Rectifier makes a Simple DC Power Supply: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas / A simple and useful nonisolated rectifier features voltage step-down operation, acceptable Class A line-current harmonics, inherent short-circuit protection, and, optionally, a regulated output Theory & Construction of Mic "Splitters": 5 page booklet in PDF format Transformer Coupled Splitter: Active amplified transformer isolated signal splitter that enables hum-free connection of1-guitar to more than1-amp as well as having a direct output Transformers for Audio Interfacing: Discussion on using audio transformers in equipment interconnections, read also Line-level transformers in High-End Audio
AC to DC Converters - Linear - Inverters

12 Volt to 9 Volt DC Converter: Car Converter for12 Volt to 9V 2 Watt Switching Power Supply: from 6V to14V 5 Volt DC From RS232 Signals: The circuit of Figure1 produces a semi-regulated5-Volt output from an RS-232 port. Unlike a PC-mouse supply or comparable that rely on the modemcontrol signals DTR and RTS, this one operates with a3-wire port GND, Rx, and TX, and obtains power only from the TX line. The output current-about 8mA-is sufficient for CMOS microcontrollers and other low-power . 6 to 12 Volt Converter: This circuit can provide up to 800mA of12V power from a 6V supply. The circuit is simple, about 75% efficient and quite useful. Circuit offers improved active rectification: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Rectifiers convert ac signals to dc. You can combine a diode and a load resistor to create a half-wave rectifier, provided that the amplitude of the ac source is much larger than the forward drop of the diode (typically 0.6V). Unfortunately, you can't use this method to rectify signals that are smaller than a diode drop... DC to DC Converter: will produce a 85-Volt voltage from +3V, usable for low power applications Fast Rectifier Circumvents Input Level Effects: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas Full Wave Rectifier uses Current Feedback Amps: 03/27/97 EDN-Design Ideas Full Wave Rectifier uses Current Feedback Amps: 07/20/95 EDN-Design Ideas High Speed Rectifier uses No Diodes: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas Method provides self timing for synchronous rectifiers: 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Synchronous rectifiers are MOSFETs, driven in such a way as to perform a rectifying function. They often take the place of diodes in the output-rectification stage of switching power converters, because of their lower on-state power loss. In power circuits, synchronous rectifiers are often complicated to use because of timing issues.. One 9 Volt Battery gives +18, +25, +33V: This circuit is based on MAX1044 is a charge pump converter. OpAmp Rectifier Signals Input State: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Output Adjustable Flyback Converter: Precision AC / DC Converters: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Precision Rectifier is Glitch Free to 1 MHz: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas Precision Rectifier Reduces Ripples: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Step Down Rectifier Makes a Simple DC Power Supply: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas / A simple and useful nonisolated rectifier features voltage step-down operation, acceptable Class A linecurrent harmonics, inherent short-circuit protection, and, optionally, a regulated output Transformerless Mains Power Supply: This power supply does not really excel in power efficiency, but it is the cheapest and most compact solution for a small power supply. Note that the low voltage output is directly connected to the mains; it cannot be used when the low voltage part can be touched. With the component values of the schematic, the circuit can supply12V /15mA max. Transformerless Power Supply:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/AC_to_DC.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:41:09 PM]
AC to DC Converters - Linear - Inverters
True RMS Detector: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Two OpAmps Make Fast Full Wave Rectifier: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Two Watt Switching Power Supply: from 6V to14V Unregulated Power Supply:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/AC_to_DC.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:41:09 PM]
Converters - Analog to Digital (A / D) Circuits
Converters: Analog to Digital (A / D) Circuits

12 Bit Converter upgrades C's: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits scroll to find this circuit 16 Bit AD Converter W / RS232 Interface: 16 bit ADC provides 19 bit resolution: 02/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Many data-acquisition systems require both high accuracy and a fast acquisition rate. These attributes allow the system to detect small data signals and to group more sensor channels into the same system. With more channels, the system can be smaller, less expensive, and less power-consuming. Long-distance optical communications and medical equipment, such as CT scanners, can benefit from... . 18 bit ADC uses PC's serial port: 09/27/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A PC usually requires a plug-in ADC card to process analog signals. However, with the circuitry in Figure 1, a PC can communicate with an 18-bit ADC through its serial port. The port provides both positive and negative power supplies as well as control signals. IC1 is an 18-bit MAX132 ADC with a serial interface. 2 Channel ADC Tags its own Output: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit 24 Bit RGB Video Digitizer: 4 Channel 8 Bit Analog to Digital Converter for PC: 555 Timer As An A/D Converter: Measure voltages accurately with a microcontroller using this simple circuit. Includes sample program for the Parallax Basic Stamp AD Converters Easily Interface With 70 Series Microprocessors: National Semiconductor Application Notes,09-Apr-1996 AD Easily Allows Many Unusual Applications: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 ADC 0804LCN 8bit A/D Converter: ADC Circuit Optimizes Key Encoding: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit. ADC enables temperature compensated weigh scale measurements: 07/05/2001 EDN Design Ideas / You can provide temperature compensation in weigh-scale applications by simultaneously measuring both the temperature of the bridge and the primary output of the bridge transducer. Traditionally, an integrated multiplexer connects multiple input variables to a single sigma-delta ADC. Each time the multiplexer switches the input, the ADC must flush the digital filter of all data pertaining to t.... ADC helps Temperature Compensate Transducer: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit ADC Multiplexer Expander Works Transparently: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit ADC Shuts Down Analog Circuitry: 03/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas ADC's Reference Improves RTD Measurements: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas ADCx RS232 Interface Schematic: Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Analog_to_Digital_(AD).html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 4:41:14 PM]
Analog to Digital Converter With Switching Preamplifier: Applications of tHeadC1210 CMOS a / D Converter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Circuit provides reference for multiple ADCs: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The achievable accuracy for systems with multiple ADCs depends directly on the reference voltages applied to the ADCs. Medical-ultrasound-imaging systems, for example, commonly include a large number of ADCs in the system's beam-former electronics, with the ADCs usually organized in groups of 16, 24, 32, and so on. . CMOS a / D Converter Interfaces Easily With Many Microprocessors: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Data Acquisition System Simplifies 5 Volt RTD to Digital Conversion: 12/07/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Differential Amp Drives highspeed ADC: 06/21/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Digital PC Oscilloscope: Four Channel 8 Bit Analog to Digital Converter for PC: Improved amplifier drives differential input ADCs: 01/10/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / ADCs with differential inputs are becoming increasingly popular. This popularity isn't surprising, because differential inputs in the ADC offer several advantages: good common-mode noise rejection, a doubling of the available dynamic range without doubling the supply voltage, and cancellation of even-order harmonics that accrue with a single-ended input. . Improving a / D Converter Performance using Dither: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug-1995 Interface 20Bit SigmaDelta ADCs Through a PC's Parallel Port : 03/04/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / In most sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) applications, the serial data transfer occurs through a serial port. A microcontroller configures the serial port as required Isolated ADC Reduces Power Consumption: 12/07/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Isolated, 12bit, 8 Channel, a / D Converter With PC Interface & 0.1% Accuracy: Limiting Amplifier Makes Efficient a / D Converter Driver: 12/07/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Low Cost A/D Converter: Low Power, Low Voltage ADC is 0.05% Linear: 06/19/97 EDN-Design Ideas MicroPower ADC has Eight Differential Channels: 05/2297 EDN-Design Ideas New, Low Cost, Sampled Data, 10 Bit CMOS a / D Converter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 PICADC a Free, PIC Based "intelligent" a / D Converter: Serial Port a / D Converter: Simple Analogue to Digital Converter: Simple circuit provides precision ADC interface : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Real-world measurement requires the extraction of weak signals from noisy sources. High common-mode voltages are often present even in differential measurements. The usual approach to this problem is to use an op amp or an instrumentation amplifier and then perform some type of lowpass-filtering to reduce the background noise level.... Simple Flash A/D Converter: (added 6/03) Simple PWM ADC is Surprisingly Accurate: 06/09/94 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Sensor uses I2C isolator: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Two ADC Channels Double Sensor Precision: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Two Channel ADC Tags its own Output: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Universal LowJitter Level Shifter Drives HighPerformance ADCs : 09/16/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / This idea describes a circuit that converts a low-phase-noise sinusoidal signal into a low-jitter square wave, suitable to drive analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The square wave's amplitude and average value are adjustable to comply with any... VCO Transforms Sound Card Into Precision DCCoupled ADC : 08/19/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Personal-computer sound cards are sometimes used for analog audio signal acquisition. Also, the Web features many free programs that implement virtual twochannel oscilloscopes by acquiring signals through the sound card. However, sound cards suffer... Zero Power a / D Converter uses Printer Port: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas
Current to Voltage Converters - Electronic Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: Transimpedance Current to Voltage Converters

SINGLE IC FORMS SENSITIVE MODULATED LIGHT RECEIVER (4069rvr1) The circuit uses a very inexpensive C-MOS IC that is connected to a small photodiode. Using a unique inductive feedback network, the circuit provides high sensitivity under high ambient light conditions. It is a great circuit when you want to extend the range of an optical remote control transmitter. 40KHz LIGHT RECEIVER IS IMMUNE TO AMBIENT LIGHT (40krvr1) If you want even more sensitivity than the above circuit, try this design. When used with a one-centimeter square photodiode, you can achieve a range of several hundred feet with a standard TV or VCR remote control module.
1uS LIGHT PULSE RECEIVER PLUS POST AMP (500krvr3) This circuit is designed to detect very weak light pulses lasting 1uS. It uses a tuned LC feedback network to provide high sensitivity while giving high ambient light immunity. A post voltage amplifier is included with a gain of about X20. The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver section of my Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. Note: The LF357 op amp is no longer available, this circuit is for reference only. BROAD BAND 5MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (5mhzfbvr) This circuit is a simple broad band light detector that uses a very inexpensive IC and a PIN photodiode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It has a bandwidth from 1KHz to over 5MHz. It is great for experimenting with various modulated light sources. BROAD BAND 2MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (2mhzrvr1) If you need more sensitivity than the above circuit this circuit provides about ten times more gain. It too is designed around an inexpensive plastic optical fiber detector. LIGHT RECEIVER WORKS FROM 1KHz TO OVER 70MHz (75mfbvr) This circuit uses one tiny C-MOS inverter IC to form a modulated light receiver with a very fast response. It is designed around a PIN photo diode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It can be used as an optical fiber receiver. By using the open end of the optical fiber it can "sniff" out any modulated light signals.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Current_to_Voltage.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:41:17 PM]
40KHz MODULATED LIGHT DETECTOR (40krvr2) This circuit uses a unique cascode amplifier circuit to convert the current from a PIN photo diode to a current without any feedback network. It is very stable and very sensitive. The circuit shown has the potential for a conversion factor of 10 volts per microwatt at 900nm. I included a simple JFET post-amplifier with a gain of about 20. 40KHz LASER BURST DETECTOR (40krvr3) This circuit was originally designed to detect weak flashed of laser light bounced off of a fabric video projection screen. It was used as part of a firearm training system. It generates a 100mS output pulse whenever it detects a 3ms to 5ms-laser burst, modulated at 40KHz. It is very sensitive and could be modified for long-range laser communications. 10MHz TO 20MHz LASER LIGHT DETECTOR (20mrvr2) This circuit was originally designed to detect laser light pulses for an optical Ethernet communications system. It has good ambient light immunity. FET INPUT HIGH SPEED LIGHT DETECTOR (fetamp0) This circuit is yet another design that converts current from a PIN photo diode to a voltage. It has a bandwidth that extends beyond 50MHz. AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH RECEIVER (airmon0) I designed this circuit many years ago to monitor the quality of a mile long column of air for future optical communications experiments. The transmitter system (circuit 72 below) uses a powerful xenon flash in conjunction with a large 12 inch Fresnel lens at the transmitter end and a matching 12-inch lens with a PIN photo diode at the receiver. The receiver system was connected to a weather station and a computer to collect the changes in intensity of the light flashes under different weather conditions. It has the potential for a 30+-mile range. I have also used this system to conduct cloud bounce experiments. LASER/LED LIGHT OUTPUT INTENSITY METER (laserpwr) This circuit uses a large 1cm X 1cm silicon PIN photo diode and a transimpedance amplifier to measure the light power output of infrared and visible LEDs and laser diodes. It can be modified to produce almost any milliwatts to volts scale factor. It can be connected to either a multi-meter or an oscilloscope. OPTICAL RFID TEST CIRCUIT (opiddemo) I designed this test the concept of using light techniques to send identification data instead of RF. A more detailed discussion on this scheme can be found in the Imagineered new products section. CASCODE LIGHT RECEIVER CIRCUIT (40krvr3a) This page provides a detailed explanation of how the modified cascode light receiver circuit operates. The cascode technique in conjunction with an inductive load provides very high current to voltage conversion as well as very high speed.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Current_to_Voltage.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:41:17 PM]
DC to AC Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects & Circuits
Converters: DC to AC Circuits and Inverter Circuits DC to AC Power Supplies

12 Volt Automotive Inverter : This circuit will allow you to operate small devices like laptop computers inside your automobile without an expensive automobile power supply. The circuit takes advantage of the fact that power transformers are linear devices and can be used to step up as well as step down. 12 Volt DC to 120 Volt AC Inverter: this inverter should solve that problem. It takes12 VDC and steps it up to120 VAC. The-Wattage depends on which transistors you use for Q1 and Q2, as well as how "big" a transformer you use for T1. The inverter can be constructed to supply anywhere from1 to1000 (1 KW)Watts. DC to AC Inverter: Digital to Analog Centronics D / A & Filter: High Power 12 V to 300 V Inverters for High Repeat rate medium Power Strobes: runs on12 V, at up to 6 A, and can fire the tubes at a rate of about 8-10 Times per second. Tiny Tiny Inverter Design: little efficient circuit that runs off of3V, and charges up a little1 uf250-Volt cap all the way up in about30 seconds Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/DC_to_AC.html [1/17/2007 4:41:19 PM]
AD Circuit - Analog to Digital Converters - Electronic Circuits
Converters: Analog to Digital (A / D) Circuits

12 Bit Converter upgrades C's: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit 16 Bit AD Converter W / RS232 Interface: 16 bit ADC provides 19 bit resolution: 02/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Many data-acquisition systems require both high accuracy and a fast acquisition rate. These attributes allow the system to detect small data signals and to group more sensor channels into the same system. With more channels, the system can be smaller, less expensive, and less power-consuming. Long-distance optical communications and medical equipment, such as CT scanners, can benefit from... . 18 bit ADC uses PC's serial port: 09/27/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A PC usually requires a plug-in ADC card to process analog signals. However, with the circuitry in Figure 1, a PC can communicate with an 18-bit ADC through its serial port. The port provides both positive and negative power supplies as well as control signals. IC1 is an 18-bit MAX132 ADC with a serial interface. 2 Channel ADC Tags its own Output: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit 24 Bit RGB Video Digitizer: 4 Channel 8 Bit Analog to Digital Converter for PC: 555 Timer As An A/D Converter: Measure voltages accurately with a microcontroller using this simple circuit. Includes sample program for the Parallax Basic Stamp AD Converters Easily Interface With 70 Series Microprocessors: National Semiconductor Application Notes,09-Apr-1996 AD Easily Allows Many Unusual Applications: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 ADC 0804LCN 8bit A/D Converter: ADC Circuit Optimizes Key Encoding: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit. ADC enables temperature compensated weigh scale measurements: 07/05/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / You can provide temperature compensation in weigh-scale applications by simultaneously measuring both the temperature of the bridge and the primary output of the bridge transducer. Traditionally, an integrated multiplexer connects multiple input variables to a single sigma-delta ADC. Each time the multiplexer switches the input, the ADC must flush the digital filter of all data pertaining to t.... ADC helps Temperature Compensate Transducer: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit ADC Multiplexer Expander Works Transparently: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit ADC Shuts Down Analog Circuitry: 03/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas ADC's Reference Improves RTD Measurements: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas ADCx RS232 Interface Schematic:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/analog_to_digital_ad_circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 4:41:22 PM]
Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / (added 10/03) The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Analog to Digital Converter With Switching Preamplifier: Applications of tHeadC1210 CMOS a / D Converter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Circuit provides reference for multiple ADCs: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The achievable accuracy for systems with multiple ADCs depends directly on the reference voltages applied to the ADCs. Medical-ultrasound-imaging systems, for example, commonly include a large number of ADCs in the system's beam-former electronics, with the ADCs usually organized in groups of 16, 24, 32, and so on. . CMOS a / D Converter Interfaces Easily With Many Microprocessors: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Data Acquisition System Simplifies 5 Volt RTD to Digital Conversion: 12/07/00 EDNDesign Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Differential Amp Drives highspeed ADC: 06/21/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Digital PC Oscilloscope: Four Channel 8 Bit Analog to Digital Converter for PC: Improved amplifier drives differential input ADCs: 01/10/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / ADCs with differential inputs are becoming increasingly popular. This popularity isn't surprising, because differential inputs in the ADC offer several advantages: good common-mode noise rejection, a doubling of the available dynamic range without doubling the supply voltage, and cancellation of even-order harmonics that accrue with a single-ended input. . Improving a / D Converter Performance using Dither: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug-1995 Interface 20Bit SigmaDelta ADCs Through a PC's Parallel Port : 03/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In most sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) applications, the serial data transfer occurs through a serial port. A microcontroller configures the serial port as required Isolated ADC Reduces Power Consumption: 12/07/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Isolated, 12bit, 8 Channel, a / D Converter With PC Interface & 0.1% Accuracy: Limiting Amplifier Makes Efficient a / D Converter Driver: 12/07/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Low Cost A/D Converter: Low Power, Low Voltage ADC is 0.05% Linear: 06/19/97 EDN-Design Ideas MicroPower ADC has Eight Differential Channels: 05/2297 EDN-Design Ideas New, Low Cost, Sampled Data, 10 Bit CMOS a / D Converter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 PICADC a Free, PIC Based "intelligent" a / D Converter: Serial Port a / D Converter: Simple Analogue to Digital Converter: Simple circuit provides precision ADC interface : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Real-world measurement requires the extraction of weak signals from noisy sources. High common-mode voltages are often present even in differential measurements. The usual approach to this problem is to use an op amp or an instrumentation amplifier and then perform some type of lowpass-filtering to reduce the background noise level.... Simple Flash A/D Converter: Simple PWM ADC is Surprisingly Accurate: 06/09/94 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Sensor uses I2C isolator: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Two ADC Channels Double Sensor Precision: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Two Channel ADC Tags its own Output: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
Universal LowJitter Level Shifter Drives HighPerformance ADCs : 09/16/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This idea describes a circuit that converts a low-phase-noise sinusoidal signal into a low-jitter square wave, suitable to drive analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The square wave's amplitude and average value are adjustable to comply with any... VCO Transforms Sound Card Into Precision DCCoupled ADC : 08/19/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Personal-computer sound cards are sometimes used for analog audio signal acquisition. Also, the Web features many free programs that implement virtual two-channel oscilloscopes by acquiring signals through the sound card. However, sound cards suffer... Zero Power a / D Converter uses Printer Port: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas
Analog Multiplier Circuits - Electronic Multipliers Circuits - Hobby Projects
Analog Multiplier Circuits

2 Quadrant Analog Multiplier uses no Log Amps: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Two Quadrant Analog Multiplier uses no Log Amps: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/analog_multipliers.html [1/17/2007 4:41:24 PM]
Analog Switches - Analog Switch Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Analog Switch Circuits

Analog Switch Acts As Dc/DC Converter: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Analog Switch Cuts Peak Detector Reset Time: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas Analog switch expands I 2 C interface: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Perhaps the most effective way to gain board space and increase component density is to minimize wiring on the board. A widely used architecture that allows such miniaturization is the I2C bus. Comprising only a bidirectional data line, SDA, and a clock line, SCL, this bus requires no chip selects or other additional connections. . Analog switch frees stuck IC bus: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The dual-channel PCA9540 I2C multiplexer often breaks up an I2C or SM bus or allows you to use devices with the same addresses on the same bus. When the PCA9540 initially powers up, it comes up in a state in which both channels are deselected. The I2 C or SM-bus master can then address the control register in the PCA9540 to select either Channel 0 or Channel 1, connecting the master to the ap.... Analog switch lowers relay power consumption: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Designers often use relays as electrically controlled switches. Unlike transistors, their switch contacts are electrically isolated from the control input. However, the power dissipation in a relay coil may render the device unattractive in battery-powered applications. You can lower this dissipation by adding an analog switch that allows the relay to operate at a lower voltage (Figure 1). . MOSFETs reduce crosstalk effects on analog switches: 05/29/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Some cost-effective analog multiplexer/demultiplexer ICs, such as the CD4053 and CD4066, find frequent use as signal distributors. These digitally controlled analog switches have low on-resistance. However, with all channels in the same package, crosstalk can be annoying and unavoidable. Figure 1 provides a cost-effective and viable method of solving this problem.... Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/analog_switches.html [1/17/2007 4:41:26 PM]
Anemometer Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Wind Speed Direction Monitors
Sensors / Detectors: Wind Speed Direction Monitors Anemometer Circuits

Low cost anemometer fights dust: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / As higher levels of power dissipation underscore the need for cooling, more and more fans are finding their way into small electronic enclosures. The dust that fans pull into these enclosures can, however, cause major problems for high-reliability systems. By coating heat sinks and electrically charged components, the dust acts as a blanket that raises the effective thermal impedance betw... . Self Heated Transistor Digitizes Airflow: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Thermistors and a Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hotwire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive... Transistor & FVCs Make Linear Anemometer: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/anemometer_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:41:34 PM]
Annunciator Circuit - Beeper & Buzzer Circuits - Electronic Circuits

12 Volt DC Electronic Door Chime: 3 Tone Gong: Suitable for use as a door bell 555 Tone Generator 8 Ohm Speaker: Audio MilliVoltmeter: Battery Low Voltage Beeper: Bells Ring Generator: 3-Circuit options Can be synchronized to Christmas tree flashing lights Birdie Doorbell Ringer: Bull Horn: Buzzer: Controller Provides Multiple Alarm Driver Formats: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas Curious C Beeper: Ding Dong Bell: Doorbell for the Deaf: Doorbell With Counter: Electronic Siren 1: Electronic Siren 2: Electronic Whistle: Inexpensive LED Drives Flash & Beep Circuit: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Personal Alarm: Small portable, anti-bag-snatching unit. Also suitable for Doors and windows control Piezo Device Generates Buzz, Beep, or Chime : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas Plane Locator Beeper #2: Plane Locator Beeper: Police Siren: This circuit produces a sound similar to the police siren. It makes use of two 555 timer ICs used as astable multivibrators. Remarkable R Beeper: Remote Doorbell Indicator: Speaking Doorbell: SpeDoB was designed and built to gain experience with the PIC microcontroller. This doorbell uses a speech recorder integrated circuit (ISD series) to play back3 pre-recorded "theres someone knocking on the door" messages. Its a very easy and simple project to build, ideal for beginners! Timed Beeper: Beeps 7.5 seconds after a preset Time Adjustable Time settings:15 sec.30 sec.1 min.2 min. & others Turn Signal Alarm: Two Tone Generator: This two-tone generator includes 3 ICs - NE555 Astable Multivibrators. You can vary the duration of each tone by changing the 10k resistor or 100MF capacitor at IC1 or changing resistors and capacitors at IC1/2 for higher or lower tone. Two tone Siren: Under / Overvoltage Beep for Manual Stabiliser: Wailing Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/annunciator_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:41:37 PM]
Annunciator Circuit - Beeper & Buzzer Circuits - Electronic Circuits
You've got Mail: 08/19/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Many e-mail programs provide a "beep" or a pop-up message box signaling the user that a new e-mail message has arrived. If you are too far from the computer to hear the audible signal or if the monitor is turned off, then you miss the new-mail audible and visual signals. The simple circuit in Figure1 latches on an LED and an audio sounder when an appropriate new audible e-mail signal occurs. The method replaces the normal email sound.wave file with a .wav file of any valid recorded dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) sound. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/annunciator_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:41:37 PM]
Antenna Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Antenna Circuit Resource
Antenna Circuits
Active Antenna I : Active Antenna II : Active Antenna III : AM / FM / SW Active Antenna: This circuit shows an active antenna that can be used for AM, FM, and shortwave SW. On the shortwave band this active antenna is comparable to a20 to30 foot wire antenna. This circuit uses receivers that use untuned wire antennas, such as inexpensive units and car radios. L1 can be selected for the application AM Loop Antennas: AM/FM/SW Active Antenna: An End Fed Antenna, L Match Coupler and Resistive Bridge for HF: Antenna Extension Provides Open Door Policy: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Antennas: Includes longwire, loading coil, active ferrite antenna, active short antenna, vertical. ANTENNProjects: ATL3 Loop Antenna: Crossed Dipole GPS Antenna: General Purpose RF Amplifier: Long Loopstick AM Radio Antenna: Wound on a3-foot length of PVC pipe, the long Loopstick antenna was an experiment to try to improve AM radio reception without using a long wire or ground. It works fairly well and greatly improved reception of a weak station130 miles away. A longer rod antenna will probably work better if space allows. The number of turns of wire needed for the Loopstick can be worked out from the single layer, air core inductance formula: Pi Section Coupler: Q Multiplying Loop Antenna: QRP Antenna Tuner: RF Amplifier for Ferrite Bar Antennas: Small, 915 MHz antenna beats monopole: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A 915MHz data-acquisition project required a small antenna, but the available antennas lacked the necessary characteristics: efficiency, compactnessthat is, smaller than a standard 3-in. monopolewith adequate bandwidth, and with amenability to modeling by inexpensive NEC-2 antenna software... T Volt / Radio Antenna Cable Galvanic Isolator: Tesla Power Receiver: Unamplified Four Foot Box Loop: Yagi Uda Antenna :
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/antenna_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:41:39 PM]
Antenna Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Antenna Circuit Resource
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/antenna_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:41:39 PM]
Aquarium Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Aquarium Circuit Resource
Aquarium Circuits
pH Meter with Calibration: pH Meter: Temperature Compensated pH Meter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/aquarium_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:41:43 PM]
Astable Circuit Oscillators - Oscillator Astable Circuits - Hobby Projects
Oscillators: Astable Circuits

MICROPOWER C-MOS OSCILLATOR, DRAWS ONLY 0.5uA (6) (500na0) If truly low power oscillators interest you, this circuit draws a mere 2 watts (500nA) from a 6v battery. It uses a very inexpensive C-MOS IC to produce a frequency of 2Hz. However, by changing the component values you can push it to 300Hz. The circuit draws much less current than traditional CMOS oscillators using a Schmitt trigger inverter. It also produces fast leading edges. However, if you need more drive current, a C-MOS buffer should be included. Published in EDN, September 2, 1993. PRECISION ULTRA LOWER POWER OSCILLATOR (49) (10secosc) This circuit works much like the classic 555 timer, but draws only about 1.5 microamps from a 3 volt battery. It is highly stable under varying temperature and supply voltages. VERY LOW POWER ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR (53) (astable) This classic circuit draws only 200 nanoamps from a 1.5v supply. CHEAP LOW POWER 3V 2Hz OSCILLATOR (62) (2hzosc) This is yet another method to generate low frequency output pulses. The circuit uses an inexpensive under-voltage monitor IC and a couple of cheap MOSFETs. It could easily be modified to produce pulse frequencies from about one cycle per minute to a maximum of about 10KHz. It draws only about 1uA from a 3v battery. This circuit should not be used if frequency stability is important, since it will change as a function of supply voltage. CMOS SCHMITT TRIGGER IC MAKES VCO (124) (4584vco) By changing the supply voltage fed to a classic 4584 Schmitt trigger type oscillator, the oscillator frequency can be changed over a range of 50:1. A 74HCU04 inverter is used at the output of the 4584 to maintain a constant TTL logic level signal. Astable Multivibrator 1: Astable Multivibrator 2: Flip-Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/astable_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:41:45 PM]
Attenuators Circuits - Electronic Attenuator Circuit - Hobby Projects
Attenuators Circuits
Attenuators Nullify Temperature Deviations: 08/17/98 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Knobs: Digital Stereo Potentiometer: in PDF format, text in Finnish Passive RC Filters Afford Low Cost and High Selectivity: 02/03/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / At audio frequencies, LC filters were undesirable because of expensive and bulky inductors. Prior to the advent of solid-state active devices, passive RC filters were an audio design option. During the last 30 years, analog active RC filters and... Precision Attenuator With Digital Control: Program Designs Tee Attenuator To Minimize Stress : 05/27/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Symmetrical Tee attenuators are designed on an image-impedance basis with RO ohms as the matching resistance. The figure(a) shows the attenuator for RA = RB, power input... Astable Multivibrator 1: Astable Multivibrator 2: Flip-Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/attenuators.html [1/17/2007 4:41:54 PM]
Amplifiers - Audio Amplifier - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Amplifiers: Audio Circuits

1 Watt 2.3 GHz RF Amplifier Using a MRF2001: 1 Watt 2.45 GHz Linear Amplifier: 1.5 Volt AF Amplifier: A small single battery cell AF amplifier able to drive a Low impedance 8-Watt load up to15mW, built using discrete transistors 1.5 Volt Amplified Ear: Useful to listen in faint sounds1.5-Volt Battery operation, includes electret microphone preamplifier which runs from1.5Volt DC and can directly drive32 Ohms impedance mini-earphones 1.5 Watt 12 Volt Audio Amplifier: 1.5 Watt Audio Amplifier: 10 Watt Amplifier: 10 Watt Power Amplifier: Simple Class A Amplifiers 100 Watt Amp Circuit: 100 Watt Audio Amplifier #1: 100 Watt Guitar Amplifier #2: 100 Watt Guitar Amplifier Mk2: 100 Watt RMS Amplifier: This is a100-Watt basic power amp that was designed to be (relatively) easy to build at a reasonable cost. It has better performance (read: musical quality) than the standard STK module amps that are used in practically every mass market stereo receiver manufactured today. When I originally built this thing, it was because I needed a100 WPC amp and didnt want to spend any money. So I designed around parts I had in the shop. 15 Watt 6V6 Guitar Amp (valve): 15 Watt Amplifier: 16 Watt Amplifier: 2 Channel Power Amplifier: The2-Channel Power Amplifier based on NTE1606. The circuit is powered by a12V,10-Amp power supply. The power of the output channels is4 W connected to 8-ohm loudspeakers 2 Transistor Amplifier: 2 Watt Amplifier 1: 2 Watt Amplifier 2: Low distortion amplifier using discrete components 2 Wire Remote Microphone Amplifier: uses special amplifier module from Op-Amp Labs 2.3 GHz Power Amplifiers: 20 DB Amplifier & High Current Balanced Line Driver: 20 Watt / Channel Stereo Power Amplifier: 20 Watt ClassPower Amplifier: 20 Watt GaAaFET Power on 2.3 GHz: 20 Watt Power Amplifier: Designed to be used as car amplifier 200 Watt Amplifier: 22 Watt Audio Amplifier: Simple stereo amplifier based on TDA1554 220 Watt Power Amplifier: This is a building plan for an audio amplifier with2 x220-Watt output power. Text is in Finnish.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/audio_amplifiers.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 4:42:05 PM]
2304 and 3456 MHz Power Amplifiers: 250 Watt Stereo Power Amplifier: 25L6 Amp: design without a power transformer 3 Band Equaliser: 3 Band Equalizer: 3 High Accuracy, RIA/ IEC, MC & MM Phono Preamplifiers: 3 Transistor Audio Amp 50 Milliwatt: Here is a little audio amplifier similar to what you might find in a small transistor radio. 30 Watt Power Amplifier: Ultra-Low distortion30-Watt Power Amplifier 300 Watt Subwoofer Power Amplifier: 4 Watt Amplifier: 45 Watt Single Chip Amplifier With Tone Controls: 50 Watt Amplifier: 55 Watt (Originally 75W) Power Amplifier: 60 Watt Into 8 Ohms Power Amplifier: A simple amp to build, uses commonly available parts and is stable and reliable 60 Watt Power Amplifier : 75 Watt Power Amplifier: AKSA is a highly refined push pull solid state stereo amplifier of 75-Watt per channel 8 Watt Amplifier: 8 Watt Audio Amp Based on LM383: 80 Watt Amplifier #1: 80 Watt Amplifier #2: Uses the LM12 chip Active Subwoofer & Controller: Active Subwoofer: ALL FET MC Phono Preamp: Phono preamp with54 and 64 dB gain and RIAA accuracy is better than0.2dB, from Borbely Audio AM Oscillator for Wireless Microphones: Amplified Ear: Audio Amp Output Power Limiter: Audio Amp, Ultra High Gain: Audio Amplifier Circuits: Audio Amplifier Output Relay Delay: Audio Amplifier: 2-Transistor Audio Amp Audio Compressor: A circuit for a single-channel audio compressor using a JFET to control the gain of a virtual earth amplifier. Audio Level Control Device: compressor circuit based on LED and photodiode Audio Preamplifier: Balanced Low Noise Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Basic FM Radio Transmitters: BiDirectional 2.4 GHz One Watt Amplifier: BiDirectional 900Mhz One Watt Amplifier: Binaural MICs: Boost 3.3V to 5V with tiny audio amplifier: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / (added 10/03) This charge-pump circuit quietly converts a 3.3V source to 5V at 500 mA (figures 1 and 2). National's (www.national.com) LM4871LD power amplifier makes this design idea both possible and practical, thanks to its low output resistance, low cost, compact size, and high dissipation capability. Its output resistance has an average value of 0.. Boundary Layer Dish Microphone: ideas for a directional microphone assembly. Circuit combines power supply and audio amplifier: 12/20/2001 EDN Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 can help if you must transfer dc power and audio over a pair of copper wires. One application for such a circuit is a low-cost door-opening system with speech input. The circuit uses only one IC, the well-known LM317, a low-cost power-supply regulator. ... .
Computer Microphone: adapting electret microphone to soundcards with dynamic microphone inputs Condenser Mic Audio Amplifier: Condenser Microphone hookup: Constant Power "PAN" Control: Circuit for Microphone for Microphone Audio Mixing Crest Audio LT Series LT100, LT1500 & LT2000 Schematic Set: A commercial Class D Amplifier, complete schematics in PDF format. Death of Zen (DoZ) a New ClassPower Amp: Designing An OpAmp Headphone Amplifier: many circuit examples DIY Microphone for Sony MD R35 Minidisc Recorder: simple electret microphone Dual JT MB C Microphone Combining Circuit: connect two microphones to1microph1-input Dual Microphones Separate Voice From Noise: 06/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Dynamic Microphone Amplifier: Dynamic Microphone to Electret Microphone Input: ECM Mic Preamplifier: el Cheapo a Really Simple Power Amplifier: Electret Mic Apps: an electret MIC is the best value for money omni directional microphone you can buy for 90% of microphone application Electret Microphone Connection: how to connect electret microphone Electret Microphone Powering: Guitar Amplifier 10 Watt: Old-Style ultra-compact Combo2-inputsOverdrive-Treble-enhancement HeadBanger Headphone Amp: Headphone Amplifier #1: Headphone Amplifier #2: Headphone Amplifier #3: Headphone Amplifier #4: Headphone Distribution Amp: Headphone Monitor Amp: Hi Fi Class D Audio Power Amplifier: The purpose of this site is to share a pulse-width modulating Class D audio power amplifier design with the world, in order to involve people that have an interest in this kind of technology. This is in effect an "open source project", i.e. the design is open and free, and those that have the interest and ability, are encouraged to feed back into the project. HiFi Headphone Amplifier: High Sensitivity Hearing Aid: Interfacing Microphones to Computer Sound Cards: JLH Headphone Amplifiers: Leach Amp 120 Watt Power Amplifier: Latest update of the "Low Tim Amplifier", Claimed to be a very good sounding design Leach SuperAmp: 270-Watt Double Barreled Amplifier published in Audio magazine Lidstrm Improved ZEN I Class a FET Amplifier: line Level Signal to Microphone Input Adapter: LM380 Power Audio Amplifier: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 LM383 12 Volt Amplifier: Low Cost Audio VChas High Performance: 01/19/95 EDN-Design Ideas Low Level Audio Amp: Low Noise Balanced Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Low Power Audio Amplifier Based on LM386: Making a Rugged, Connectorized Microphone From a Panasonic Microphone Capsule:
Mega phone circuit 9v: Micro Spy With FETs: Micro Spy With TTL: Micro Spy With USW: Microphone Amplifier: Microphone Mixer: Designed for3-dynamic microphones Microphone Polarity Tester: Microphone Preamp: Very simple two transistor circuit MIDI Passthrough Circuit: Mike Pads & Other Small Gadgets: Includes Active Direct Box circuit Miniature FM Transmitter #1: Miniature FM Transmitter #2: Miniature FM Transmitter #3: Miniature FM Transmitters #4: Modification of Panasonic Backelectret Capacitor Microphone (WM GOAT DigiKey P9967 ND): This drawing describes the conventional hookup and option where FET is connected as source follower with3 wires to preamp. Mono Audio Equalizer : MOSFET Power Amp: DIY high power MOSFET amplifier200 Wrms 8 ohms 350 Wrms4 ohms MS 2 Mic Splitter: Send signal from1-microph1-to two mixers, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format MS 82P Microphone Splitter With Phantom Power Buss: 8 channel microph1splitter that can inject phantom power to microphone, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format Neve BA283Volt Class a Circuit: The famous Neve Class A recording series modules such as the1066,1073, and1272 all used a similar gain building block like the BA283AV shown here. This circuit consists of two stages of amplification on a single printed circuit board with an input voltage gain stage and a line driver output stage. NHT Subwoofer Amp: Octave Screamer: One Watt 2.3 GHz RF Amplifier Using a MRF2001: One Watt 2.45 GHz Linear Amplifier: One Watt Class C Amplifier: OTP C controls Boomer amplifier: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Parabolic dish mic amplifier : Paradoxical Sound Synthesizer: Parametric & Subwoofer Equalizer: Phono Preamp (valve): Pocket Equalizer for Headphone: many circuit examples Portable headphone Amplifier: Portable Microphone Preamplifier: High headroom input circuitry. 9V Battery powered. Power Amp Schematic: Push Pull Class a 2A3 Stereo Amp (valve): Push Pull Class a Amp using type 5687 Dual Triodes: Quadraphonic Amplifier: This is a four channel amplifier ideally suited for use with quadraphonic equipment such as a Sound Blaster Live card. Quick & Dirty Audio Amplifiers: For those of you who like to experiment with audio and would like a "quick and dirty" amplifier that frees you from having to figure out the biasing resistors, this article has two for you and they run off 9 Volts too!.1-uses an Op-Amp and the other used a transistor. Radio Shack Pressure Zone Microphone (PZM) Modifications: Rane MS 1b Microphone Preamplifier Circuit Diagram: This is a circuit diagram of a commercial high quality balanced microph1-preamplifier. This document is in PDF format. RIAPhono Amplifier: SCMS killer for DAT Recorders:
Single Chip 50 Watt / 8 Ohm Power Amplifier: Uses LM3876 Hi-Fi amplifier IC from National Semiconductor Single Ended Class A2 SV811 10 Stereo Amp: Small Amplifier Circuit: Uses many amplifier ICs, from few-Watts to200Watt SoftStart Circuit for Power Amps: Sony C 37Condenser Microphone: information with circuit diagram Spatial Distortion Reduction Headphone Amp: Subwoofer Equaliser: Subwoofer Equalizer: The Linkwitz transform circuit is a hugely flexible way to equalize the bottom end of a sealed loudspeaker enclosure. A speaker that is corrected using this method is flat from below resonance to the upper limit of the selected driver. The low frequency roll off point is determined by the parameters of the transform circuit. Should the enclosure size be too small and cause a lump in the response before roll off, this is also corrected. A conventional active crossover network is then used to divide the subwoofer signal from the main channel signals. Note that there is also a separate spreadsheet calculator available for calculating component values for different situations not handled by the original circuit. Subwoofer Filter: 12 dB/octave low pass filter for subwoofer, includes subsonic filter Super Capacitor Powers Audio Amp: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Micro power and low-voltage op amps allow you to build high-performance analogsignal processors that require no batteries or wall transformers, this simple mixer is powered using one large capacitor such as a Supercap or Dynacap for some Time TDA2030 8 Watt Amplifier: Theory & Construction of Mic "Splitters": ThermoFan To Keep Your Amp Cool: Three Band Equalizer: Three High Accuracy, RIA/ IEC, MC & MM Phono Preamplifiers: Three Transistor Audio Amp 50 Milliwatt: Here is a little audio amplifier similar to what you might find in a small transistor radio. Tube Amplifier: The unit is powered directly from the 120 volt AC line, with no power transformers. Filaments are wired in series, with the total adding up to 117 volts (35 + 35 + 35 + 12). The 35W4 forms a half-wave rectifier, which is filtered by a three-stage RC network. The B+ for the output stage plates and screens are taken from the second capacitor, and the B+ for the preamp and phase inverter from the third capacitor in the filter. Two Channel Power Amplifier: The2-Channel Power Amplifier based on NTE1606. The circuit is powered by a12V,10-Amp power supply. The power of the output channels is4 W connected to 8-ohm loudspeakers Two Transistor Amplifier: Two Watt Amplifier: Low distortion amplifier using discrete components Two Wire Remote Microphone Amplifier: uses special amplifier module from Op-Amp Labs Vacuum Tube Microphone Preamp : from January1997 EQ Column, includes phantom power supply Variable Amplifier Impedance: idea of being able to vary the output impedance of a power amplifier Voice Over Circuit: Switches automatically from sound source to microph1when enough sound comes in from microphone. VOX AC30 Guitar Amplifier Simulator:
Audio Circuits - Intercom - Mixers - Preamplifiers - Stereo Surround Sound
Audio
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Circuits
Accessories Intercom Mixers Power Amplifiers Preamplifiers Level, Tone and Balance Controls Stereo Surround Sound
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/audio_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:42:07 PM]
Circuits - Audio Circuit - Audio Accessories - Electronic Circuits
Audio Circuits: Audio Accessories

2 Channel Noise Gate: 2 Line Output Combiner: Convert consumer equipment stereo signal to mono or combine audio signal from two different equipments to1-input 3 Channel Spectrum Analyzer: This3 channel15 LED spectrum analyzer can be used as an addition to any audio amp project. It produces fantastic displays on three LED bars that can be individually adjusted for any particular frequency range. 30 DDm to +30 DDm Audio Level Meter: circuit with balanced input and adjustable gain to drive needle type VU meter, uses special amplifier module from Op-Amp Labs 300 Watt Subwoofer Power Amplifier: Acoustic Simulator for Headphone Amplifiers: a simple RC filter that creates a more realistic sound image in headphones by electronically mimicking spatial hearing with "shaded" interchannel cross feed Active Subwoofer & Controller: Active Subwoofer: Add On Stereo Channel Selector: Amplified Ear: Amplifier Phono Input As Line Level Input: Amplifier Thermal Protection: Anit RIAEqualizer for Line to Mag Phono Converter: Audio Amp Output Power Limiter: Audio Amp Timer: Turns-off your amplifier when idle for15 minutes Fed by amplifier tape-output Audio Amplifier Output Relay Delay: Audio Amplifier output relay delay Audio Auto Shutoff: purpose of this circuit is to automatically turn off any device plugged into its power outlets after a certain period of Time of silence Audio Level Meter: Audio Line Isolator #1: Audio Line Isolator #2: Audio Peak Reading Meters: Audio Transformer #1: application note article on audio transformers Audio Transformer #2: notes on using audio transformers for balanced signal interfacing Audio Trigger Circuit for Lamp Chasers: works with almost any light sequencer circuit with clock input, better working beat sync than in many commercial light controllers Audio VU Meter: Auto Shut off for Cassette Players & Amplifiers: Balanced Audio Input Circuit: 109KB PDF file
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/accessories.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 4:42:15 PM]
Bass Beat Extractor: an automatic gain control circuit followed by a low pass filter, converts the beat into a sharp pulse suitable for triggering the strobe or chaser Bridging Adapter for Power Amplifiers: Building the L R Test Set: helps you to set up left/right channel balance on audio broadcasting systems CD ROM Drive As Digital Audio CD Player: Color Organ #1: make different colored bulbs light at different frequencies of music, connects to speaker outputs Color Organ #3: makes3 Light to blink and flash to music Compressor using Photo Resistor: very basic circuit based on LED, LDR and Op-Amp DC Fault Protection Circuit for Audio Amplifiers: Circuit ideas how to replace traditional CD protection relays with MOSFETs Designing a Limiter for Headphone Amplifiers: review of diode-based limiter design, HeadWize Digital Echo Unit: mono unit for producing special effects for amateur dramatics Digital Echo: Direct Injection Box for Recording & PSystems: passive and active DI-box designs Distortion Analyser: Dynamic Range Processor: this stereo unit allows the dynamic range of a signal to be increased expansion or decreased compression by a variable amount up to 3:1, based on the SSM2120 dynamic range processor IC ESP SIM Sound Impairment Monitor): a method of determining just how much your amplifier modifies the original signal Fast Audio Peak Limiter: Guitar Effect Circuit #1: Guitar Effect Circuit #2: Wah, Fuzz and sustain Guitar Effect Circuit #3: this is an Aaron Cake circuit -we are linking directly to ACs site. Guitar Reverb Pedal: Guitar Tremolo Unit: Guitar Vibrato Unit: Hand Clap Electronic Control: turn relay on and off by hand Clap Headphone Amplifier #1: Headphone Amplifier #2: Headphone Amplifier #3: Headphone Driving Circuit for Soundcards: High Quality Intercom: Highresolution Volumeunit Meter Simplifies CD Recording: 06/21/01 EDNDesign Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Hornet Fuzz Box: Infrared Cordless Headphone: Infrared Head Phones: Using this low-cost project one can reproduce audio from TV without disturbing others. In place of a pair of wires, it uses invisible infrared light to transmit audio signals from TV to headphones. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Infrared Theremin Musical Instrument: JLH Headphone Amplifiers: Kumisa Mk. II Headphone Amp: DIY headph1-amplifier project using AD844 and some special transistors Light Organ for Car: flashes3 low voltage Light, operates at10-25-Volt voltage, in PDF format, text in Finnish linkwitz Cosine Burst Generator: part of speaker measurement set described in the construction article Load Sensing Automatic Switch: apply power to the entire audio system by turning on1-item, simple circuit Loudspeaker Protection & Muting: Magnetic Cartridge Amplifier:
Making Differential Probes: For sensing audio signal voltages across devices that are not ground referenced MIDI Passthrough Circuit: MIDI Tester: Mixed Feedback Drive for Audio Output Transformers: Using feedback eliminates transformer distortion and primary resistance NHT Subwoofer Amp: Not Just Another Headphone Amp: battery-powered musicians practice and monitoring amplifier for guitar One Transistor Theremin: Parametric & Subwoofer Equalizer: Peak Reading Audio Level Meter: indicates peak audio response on an analogue meter, similar to a tape recorder recording level meter Pocket Equalizer for Headphone: many circuit examples Pocket Headphone Amplifier: portable headph1-amplifier for testing purposes using Burr-Brown OPA132 Op-Amp in a non-inverting configuration, powered with 9V battery Portable headphone Amplifier: Pre Distortion Techniques: Tape Linearizer and a Distortion Analyzer Precision Audio MilliVoltmeter: Measures10mV to50Volt RMS in eight ranges Simply connect to your Avo-meter set @50A range Q&D Compressor #2: based on SSM2166 RCTheremin Circuit: Removing the "DC Thump" From Audio Circuits: Room Noise Detector: One-LED monitors3-levels:50, 70 & 85 dB ScanMate Audio Activated Recorded: Shunt Capacitance Can Suppress Magnetic Headset Oscillation : 09/02/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The nominal impedance of a magnetic headset isn't necessarily a good description of its actual impedance as a function of frequency. A headset's fairly complex equivalent circuit may even lead to parasitic oscillations in a driving amplifier. But... Sound Detector: Sound Operated Switch: Speaker Protector: Speaker Signals to Line Level Inputs: Spyder An Eight Output Pedalboard Power Supply: Outputs regulated 9V DC Stereo Broadcast Limiter: Circuit for the Ramsey FM10a/FM25 Transmitter Stereo Compressor #1: Stereo Compressor #2: Stereo Compressor #3: Stereo Width Controllers: Subwoofer Equalizer: The Linkwitz transform circuit is a hugely flexible way to equalize the bottom end of a sealed loudspeaker enclosure. A speaker that is corrected using this method is flat from below resonance to the upper limit of the selected driver. The low frequency roll off point is determined by the parameters of the transform circuit. Should the enclosure size be too small and cause a lump in the response before roll off, this is also corrected. A conventional active crossover network is then used to divide the subwoofer signal from the main channel signals. Note that there is also a separate spreadsheet calculator available for calculating component values for different situations not handled by the original circuit. Subwoofer Filter: 12 dB/octave low pass filter for subwoofer, includes subsonic filter Telephone Headgear: A compact, inexpensive and low component count telecom headset can be constructed using two readily available transistors and a few other electronic components. Since the circuit draws very little current, it is ideal for parallel operation with electronic Telephone set. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone Record Control:
Telephone Recorder #1: This circuit lets you record your ph1-conversations automatically, notice that this circuit does not provide isolation between Telephone line and the recorder Telephone Recorder #2: This circuit automatically records all incoming and outgoing phone-conversations with an ordinary cassette or tape recorder. The circuit below distills the audio signal from the phone-line and automatically starts/stops the cassette recorder. Telephone Recording Circuit #1: Telephone Recording Circuit #2: How they work and some example Telephone Tap #1: Amplify or record a telephone call with the simple circuit shown. The 8-W secondary winding of a miniature transistor output transformer is connected in series with either of the telephone lines. The1000-W primary winding can feed either a cassette recorder or an audio amplifier. Theremin Model #145: Three Channel Spectrum Analyzer: This Three channel15 LED spectrum analyzer can be used as an addition to any audio amp project. It produces fantastic displays on three LED bars that can be individually adjusted for any particular frequency range. Tone Detector: Tone Generator: Transistor Organ: Truth About Vocal Eliminators: Sometimes a vocal can be removed almost completely, but just as often the results are disappointing, just information without circuit diagrams Tube Active Crossover: Two Channel Noise Gate: Two Line Output Combiner: Convert consumer equipment stereo signal to mono or combine audio signal from two different equipments to1-input Use Multiplier Core for FM Stereo Multiplexed Transmission System : 09/02/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A versatile four-quadrant analog multiplier core from Analog Devices, the AD633, is widely used in applications like modulation and demodulation, automatic gain control, power measurement, and voltage-controlled amplifiers. This wide spectrum of... Voice feedback enhances engineering calculator: 07/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The screen shot in Figure 1 represents a Microsoft Excel 2002 worksheet designed to implement VFI (voice-feedback interface) for an engineering calculator. The voice-interface technique has both practical and educational aspects. It automates the common task of finding the values of two resistors for a given ratio.. Voice Over Circuit: Switches automatically from sound source to microph1when enough sound comes in from microphone. Warbler: Weighting Filter for Audio Measurements: Wein Bridge Theremin: What Compressor: The What Compressor is a super transparent vocal and instrument compressor that you can build. Wireless IR headphone Receiver: Wireless IR headphone Transmitter:
Intercom Circuit - Intercom Circuits - Audio Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Audio Circuits: Intercom Circuits

2 Line Intercom Cum Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: 2 Line Intercom With Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: The circuit presented here can be used for connecting two telephones in parallel and also as a2-line intercom. Creating your Own Telephone Ne2 Rk: you can easily create your own intercom system using two telephones, a 9-volt battery (or some other simple power supply) and a300-ohm resistor Door Phone Intercom: Doorphone Intercom: Head set Intercom : High Quality Intercom: IFB Intercom : Intercom Preamp: a convenient way of making an intercom is to use a loudspeaker as a microph1Intercom: Low Cost Transistorised Intercom: Old Phones As An Intercom: Old Telephones As Intercom: Party line Intercom : Remote Control using Telephone: Here is a tele-remote circuit which enables switching "on" and "off" of appliances through Telephone lines. The circuit described here can be used to switch up to nine appliances (corresponding to the digits1 through 9 of DTMF the Telephone keypad). The Telephone can be used to switch on or switch off the appliances also while being used for normal conversation. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Two Line Intercom Cum Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: Two Line Intercom With Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: The circuit presented here can be used for connecting two telephones in parallel and also as a2-line intercom. Using the Comrex Hotline or Vector on a Dry Pair: how to use simple pair of wires with no voltage, ringing signals to interconnect normal Telephone line devices.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/intercom.html [1/17/2007 4:42:20 PM]
Audio Circuit Resource - Level Tone and Balance Circuits - Audio Circuits
Audio Circuits: Level, Tone and Balance Circuits

2 Watt Amplifier 2: 3 Band Equaliser: 3 Band Equalizer: 300 Watt Subwoofer Power Amplifier: 45 Watt Single Chip Amplifier With Tone Controls: Active Subwoofer & Controller: Active Subwoofer: Audio Analyzer: Audio Graphic Equalizer: simple 7 band equalizer Audio Level Meter: Audio Output Level Meter: Audio Tone Control: Bass Amplifier: Battery Powered Stereo Balance Control Features Low Distortion : 06/23/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / low-power, low-distortion circuit that can be used to balance the left and right headphones or speakers in batterypowered automotive or computer applications. Better Volume Control: how to create a log pot that is better than the "real" thing Designing With the LMC835 Digital Controlled Graphic Equalizer: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Digital Delay Unit for Surround Sound: Digital volume control has log taper: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers provide a compact and convenient way to attenuate audio-amplifier signals. However, most such potentiometers suffer from at least one flaw: a nonlogarithmic step increment. To avoid this problem, a user must usually step. Digital Volume Control: based on DS1669 Digital Pot IC Dual Channel Digital Volume Control:
Electronic level :
Graphic Equalizer #1: Graphic Equalizer #3: Improved PL tone Decoder: Inverted bipolar transistor doubles as a signal clamp: 06/07/01 EDN-Design Ideas / A number of circuits, such as level detectors and AM demodulators, benefit from a rectifier with a low offset voltage. Silicon diodes have an offset of approximately 0.6V and do not work well in low-level circuitry. A Schottky diode is a bit better... Mic Pre Pan Pot Circuit: Mono Audio Equalizer :
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/level_tone_and_balance_controls.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:42:26 PM]
Audio Circuit Resource - Level Tone and Balance Circuits - Audio Circuits
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Audio Mixer Circuit - Mixers Circuits - Audio Circuits
Audio Circuits: Mixers Circuits

2 Input Mixer: 2 Line Output Combiner: Convert consumer equipment stereo signal to mono or combine audio signal from two different equipments to1-input 4 INPUT MIXER: This is a very simple 4 input audio mixer using op amps, potentiometers resistors, decoupling caps on the inputs and the whole unit has a balanced output good little circuit. 6 Input Mixer: 3 line inputs and3 mic inputs Advanced Mixer Design: good article on large audio mixer design, read also Noise & Headroom in Mixers Audio Mixer: Ever Amplifier Bridging: a design for a simple add-on bridging adapter for stereo power amplifiers FET Audio Mixer: High Quality Sound Mixer: very ambitious and expected to be very expensive mixer project, modular design line Mixer: mix two line level sources to one-signal, includes separate volume controls for both signals, passive circuit Microphone Mixer: Designed for3-dynamic microphones Six Channel Mixer and Amplifier: Sound Mixer/Amplifier: Stereo Mixer : Can mix four separate audio inputs to mono or stereo output signal Two Input Mixer: Two Line Output Combiner: Convert consumer equipment stereo signal to mono or combine audio signal from two different equipments to1-input Unbalanced Mute Circuit for Audio Mixing Channels: application note in PDF format Voice Over Circuit: Switches automatically from sound source to microph1when enough sound comes in from microphone. Voltage Controlled Mixer with Modulator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/mixers.html [1/17/2007 4:42:34 PM]
Amplifiers - Power Amplifier - Audio Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Audio Circuits: Power Amplifiers

1 Watt 2.3 GHz RF Amplifier Using a MRF2001: 1 Watt 2.45 GHz Linear Amplifier: 1.5 Volt AF Amplifier: A small single battery cell AF amplifier able to drive a low impedance 8W load up to15mW, built using discrete transistors 1.5 Watt Audio Amplifier: 10 Watt Amplifier: 10 Watt Power Amplifier: Simple Class A Amplifiers 100 Watt Amplifier: 100 Watt Audio Amplifier #1: 100 Watt Guitar Amplifier #2: 100 Watt Guitar Amplifier Mk2: 100 Watt RMS Amplifier: This is a100-Watt basic power amp that was designed to be (relatively) easy to build at a reasonable cost. It has better performance (read: musical quality) than the standard STK module amps that are used in practically every mass market stereo receiver manufactured today. When I originally built this thing, it was because I needed a100 WPC amp and didnt want to spend any money. So I designed around parts I had in the shop. 120 Watt Power Amplifier #1: Text is not English 16 Watt Amplifier: 2 Channel Power Amplifier: The2-Channel Power Amplifier based on NTE1606. The circuit is powered by a12V,10-Amp power supply. The power of the output channels is4 W connected to 8-ohm loudspeakers 2 Transistor Audio Amplifier: 2 Watt Amplifier 1: 2 Watt Amplifier 2: 2.3 GHz Power Amplifiers: 20 Watt / Channel Stereo Power Amplifier: 20 Watt Class a Power Amplifier: 20 Watt GaAaFET Power on 2.3 GHz: 20 Watt Power Amplifier: Designed to be used as car amplifier 200 Watt Amplifier: 22 Watt Audio Amplifier: Simple stereo amplifier based on TDA1554 220 Watt Power Amplifier: This is a building plan for an audio amplifier with2 x220-Watt output power. Text is in Finnish. 2304 and 3456 MHz Power Amplifiers: 25 Watt Audio Amplifier: 25 Watt MOSFET Amplifier: High Quality simple unit. No need for a Preamplifier 250 Watt Stereo Power Amplifier:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/power_amplifiers.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 4:42:41 PM]
3 Transistor Audio Amp (50 Milliwatt ): Here is a little audio amplifier similar to what you might find in a small transistor radio. 30 Watt Power Amplifier: Ultra-Low distortion30-Wattpower amp 300 Watt Subwoofer Power Amplifier: 4 Watt Amplifier: 45 Watt Single Chip Amplifier With Tone Controls: 50 Watt Amplifier: 50MHz Assistant (Preamp & Power Amp.): 55 Watt (Originally 75W) Power Amplifier: 60 Watt Into 8 Ohms Power Amplifier: A simple amp to build, uses commonly available parts and is stable and reliable 75 Watt Power Amplifier: AKSA is a highly refined push pull solid state stereo amplifier of 75-Wattper channel 8 Watt Amplifier: 8 Watt Audio Amp Based on LM383: 80 Watt Amplifier #1: 80 Watt Amplifier 2: Uses the LM12 chip Active Subwoofer & Controller: Active Subwoofer: ALL FET MC Phono Preamp: Phono preamp with54 and 64 dB gain and RIAA accuracy is better than0.2dB, from Borbely Audio Amplified Ear: Audio Amp Output Power Limiter: Audio Amp: Audio Amplifier Output Relay Delay: Balanced Low Noise Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks BiDirectional 2.4 GHz One Watt Amplifier: BiDirectional 900Mhz One Watt Amplifier: Bridging Adapter for Power Amplifiers: Brystom Power Amplifiers Circuit Diagrams: Circuit combines power supply and audio amplifier: 12/20/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Class D Audio Power Amplifiers: 01/04/01 EDN-Design Ideas / Class D amplifiers are much more efficient than other Classical amplifiers, but their high efficiency comes at the expense of increased noise and distortion. You can assess the frequency- and Time-domain characteristics of a Class D amplifier, including the output filter, using online simulations. Class T Digital Audio Amplifier Evaluation Board: This application note describes a digital amplifier, which operates from13.5-Volt power source and outputs up to20W poor channel power. The application note is in PDF format. Uses a Digital Power Processing Technology EB TA2020 from Tripath Technology. Computer Microphone: adapting electret microphone to soundcards with dynamic microphone inputs Crest Audio LT Series LT100, LT1500 & LT2000 Schematic Set: A commercial Class D Amplifier, complete schematics in PDF format. Death of Zen (DoZ) a New Class a Power Amp: Direct Injection Box for Recording & PA Systems: el Cheapo a Really Simple Power Amplifier: HeadBanger Headphone Amp: Headphone Amplifier #1: Headphone Amplifier #2: Headphone Amplifier #3: Headphone Distribution Amp: Headphone Monitor Amp:
Hi Fi Class D Audio Power Amplifier: The purpose of this site is to share a pulse-width modulating Class D audio power amplifier design with the world, in order to involve people that have an interest in this kind of technology. This is in effect an "open source project", i.e. the design is open and free, and those that have the interest and ability, are encouraged to feed back back into the project. Hi Fi Headphone Amplifier: Hi Fi PC Speaker System: Hi Fi Preamplifier: High Performance Audio Applications of the LM833: RIAA Phono preamplifier stages and active crossover ne2-rks Hiraga Le Classe a 20 Watt: HJ 4P Professional Headphone Distribution Box: drives up to4 headphones from a single amplifier, has volume control and mono switch, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format HJ 6 Standard Headphone Distribution Box: drives up to 6 headphones from a single amplifier, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format Hybrid Amplifier using a 5687 Tube & Magnatec PowerMOSFETs: JLH Headphone Amplifiers: Kumisa Mk. II Headphone Amp: DIY headph1-amplifier project using AD844 and some special transistors Leach Amp 120 Watt Power Amplifier: Latest update of the "Low Tim Amplifier", Claimed to be a very good sounding design Leach SuperAmp: 270-Watt Double Barreled Amplifier published in Audio magazine Lidstrm Improved ZEN I Class a FET Amplifier: LM383 12 Volt Amplifier: Low Noise Balanced Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Low Noise Version of High Level Output Stage in 1031: PDF file Low Power Audio Amplifier Based on LM386: Lowlevel Audio Amp: Microphone Phantom Power Supply: MOSFET Power Amp: DIY high power MOSFET amplifier200 Wrms 8 ohms 350 Wrms4 ohms MS Stereo Decoder: MS Stereo Microphone: NHT Subwoofer Amp: Not Just Another Headphone Amp: battery-powered musicians practice and monitoring amplifier for guitar One Watt 2.3 GHz RF Amplifier Using a MRF2001: One Watt 2.45 GHz Linear Amplifier: Parametric & Subwoofer Equalizer: Personal Stereo Audio Amp: Pocket Headphone Amplifier: portable headph1-amplifier for testing purposes using Burr-Brown OPA132 Op-Amp in a non-inverting configuration, powered with 9V battery Portable Headphone Amplifier: 3V Battery powered High Performance unit Portable Microphone Preamplifier: High headroom input circuitry. 9V Battery powered. Power Amp Schematic: Power Amplifier Clipping Indicator: Power Follower: Less wasted power than true Class A but not as good sound PushPull Class a 2A3 Stereo Amp: PushPull Class a Amp using type 5687 Dual Triodes: QSX Mark II the Extreme Phono (RIAA) Amplifier: Quadraphonic Amplifier: This is a four channel amplifier ideally suited for use with quadraphonic equipment such as a Sound Blaster Live card.
RIAA Equalized Stereo Phono Preamp: Simple Amplifier: Single Chip 50 Watt / 8 Ohm Power Amplifier: Uses LM3876 HiFi amplifier IC from National Semiconductor Single Ended Class A2 SV81110 Stereo Amp: Small Amplifier Circuit: Uses many amplifier ICs, from feWatt-Watts to200Watt SoftStart Circuit for Power Amps: Spatial Distortion Reduction Headphone Amp: Speaker Microphone: Stereo Line Driver: Power Amp Stereo Line Driver Stereo Tube Amplifier: Subwoofer Equalizer: The Linkwitz transform circuit is a hugely flexible way to equalize the bottom end of a sealed loudspeaker enclosure. A speaker that is corrected using this method is flat from below resonance to the upper limit of the selected driver. The low frequency roll off point is determined by the parameters of the transform circuit. Should the enclosure size be too small and cause a lump in the response before roll off, this is also corrected. A conventional active crossover network is then used to divide the subwoofer signal from the main channel signals. Note that there is also a separate spreadsheet calculator available for calculating component values for different situations not handled by the original circuit. Subwoofer Filter: 12 dB/octave low pass filter for subwoofer, includes subsonic filter TDA2030 8 Watt Amplifier: ThermoFan To Keep Your Amp Cool: Three Transistor Audio Amp (50 Milliwatt ): Here is a little audio amplifier similar to what you might find in a small transistor radio. Tube Amplifiers: Tube Buffer for CD Player: Two Channel Power Amplifier: The2-Channel Power Amplifier based on NTE1606. The circuit is powered by a12V,10-Amp power supply. The power of the output channels is4 W connected to 8-ohm loudspeakers Two Transistor Audio Amplifier: Two Watt Amplifier: Underwater Microphone: Voltage Controlled Amplifier: Weighting Filter for Audio Measurements:
Preamplifiers - Audio Preamplifier Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects & Circuit
Audio Circuits: Preamplifiers

4.5 H. Magnetic P.B. Head Preamplifier : 50MHz Assistant (Preamp & Power Amp.): ALL FET MC Phono Preamp: Phono preamp with54 and 64 dB gain and RIAA accuracy is better than0.2dB, from Borbely Audio Audio Preamp: Audio Preamplifier #1: Audio Preamplifier #2: Balanced Low Noise Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Balanced Microphone Preamp: Band 2 Preamplifier: Car Preamplifier & Artificial Earth: Computer Microphone: adapting electret microphone to soundcards with dynamic microphone inputs Crown IC150Preamplifier: Digital Quality Microphone Pre Ampl. Using the Model 425 OPAMP : Dynamic Microphone Preamp : ECM Mic Preamplifier: Electret Mic Amplifier: FET Preamp Cable: FM Band Preamplifier: Hi Fi Preamplifier: HiFi Preamplifier: High Performance Audio Applications of the LM833: RIAA Phono preamplifier stages and active crossover ne2-rks LM358 Preamp: Low impedance Microphone Amplifier #1: Low impedance Microphone Amplifier #2: Low Noise Balanced Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Low Noise Microphone Preamplifier: Masthead Preamp: Microphone Amplifier: Microphone Preamp: Very simple two transistor circuit microphone Preamplifier: Minimalist Discrete HiFi Preamp: Mono PreAmplifier : Mustage Microphone Preamp: MW Preamplifier: The tuning voltage is variable from 1 to 12 volts and is designed to cover the medium waveband from about 550Khz to 1650Khz.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/preamplifiers.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:42:45 PM]
Preamplifiers - Audio Preamplifier Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects & Circuit
Phono Preamp (valve): tube design Phono Preamps for All: a collection of Phono preamps and equalization circuits,1-of which is sure to meet your requirements Phonograph Disc Playback Preamplifier : Preamplifier for Microphone or guitar use: suitable for guitar or microphone use. RIAAudio Preamp: RIAPhono Amplifier: SIMPLE AUDIO PREAMP: This easy to build circuit provides good gain to weak audio signals. Use it in the front end of a RF oscillator to make an RF transmitter that is very sensitive to sound. Simple Stereo Electret Microphone Preamplifier: Single IC Audio Preamplifier: Solid State Microphone Preamp: Sound Blaster Microphone Preamplifier: Standard Microphone Preamplifier Input Circuitry: PDF file Stereo Tape Head Preamplifier for PC Sound Card: SWatt RF Preamplifier: Taos Amp Solid State Mic Preamp: simple Transformerless microph1preamp, includes circuit board design Transformerless Microphone Preamplifier : Transistor Audio Preamplifier: Tube Microphone Preamp: Vacuum Tube Microphone Preamp:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/preamplifiers.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:42:45 PM]
Audio Circuit Resource - Stereo Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Audio Circuits: Stereo Circuits

2 watt stereo amp: 20 Watt / Channel Stereo Power Amplifier: FM stereo decoder: Improved FM Stereo Modulator: LM 1800 FM Stereo Decoder: Stereo Amplifier 22 Watts : Stereo Synthesizer: different frequency ranges appear at the two outputs, depending on the setting of the controls and create a stereo effect
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/stereo.html [1/17/2007 4:42:48 PM]
Audio Surround Sound Circuit - Surround Sound Circuits - Audio Circuits
Audio Circuits: Surround Sound Circuits

Allpass Network shifts Signals 90: 04/27/95 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Delay Unit for Surround Sound: Quadraphonic Amplifier: This is a four channel amplifier ideally suited for use with quadraphonic equipment such as a Sound Blaster Live card. Surround Sound Decoder: This surround-sound decoder is based on the "Hafler" principle, first discovered by David Hafler sometime in the early1970s. The original idea was to connect a pair of speakers Surround Sound Mk1: Surround Sound Mk2:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/surround_sound.html [1/17/2007 4:42:51 PM]
Frequency Control Circuit - Automatic Frequency Control Circuits - Hobby Projects
Automatic Frequency Control Circuits

Audio Level Control Device: compressor circuit based on LED and photodiode
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/automatic_frequency_controls.html [1/17/2007 4:42:53 PM]
Gain Control Circuit - Automatic Gain Control Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Automatic Gain Control Circuits

Audio Level Control Device: compressor circuit based on LED and photodiode Automatic gain Control (AGC) Circuits: Digital Automatic Gain Control (AGC): High Frequency AGC has Digital Control: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Wideband AGC Amplifier As a Differential Amplifier: National Semiconductor Application Notes,10-Apr-2000 Wideband AGC has 60 DB Dynamic Input Range: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/automatic_gain_control_agc_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:42:55 PM]
Level Control Circuit - Automatic Level Control Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Automatic Level Control Circuits

Inverted bipolar transistor doubles as a signal clamp: 06/07/01 EDNDesign Ideas / A number of circuits, such as level detectors and AM demodulators, benefit from a rectifier with a low offset voltage. Silicon diodes have an offset of approximately 0.6V and do not work well in lowlevel circuitry. A Schottky diode is a bit better...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/A/automatic_level_control_circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:43:02 PM]
Automotive Circuit Sensor - Automotive Detector Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Sensors / Detectors: Automotive Circuits

12 Volt Automotive Inverter : This circuit will allow you to operate small devices like laptop computers inside your automobile without an expensive automobile power supply. The circuit takes advantage of the fact that power transformers are linear devices and can be used to step up as well as step down. 12 Volt to 9 Volt DC Converter: Car Converter for12 Volt to 9V 12v car lamp flasher: 20 Watt Power Amplifier: Designed to be used as car amplifier 3rd Brake Light Pulser: 5301 Wideband Fuel Mixture Display: 80188XL Engine Tachometer: Adaptive Windscreen Wiper Control: Alternator Signal Detector: Analog Tachometer for Gasoline Engines: Auto to Trailer Lights Interface: Automatic Dual Output Display: Automatic Headlight Brightness Switch: Automatic Heat Detector: Automatic Speed Controller for Fans & Coolers: Automotive Alarm System: Automotive AntiLock Brake Control Driver: Automotive link uses single wire: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In the automotive industry, in which the goal is to produce cars with simpler, lighter wiring looms, any interface that uses just one wire instead of two offers a distinct advantage. The circuit in Figure 1 implements a bidirectional link using a single wire, with the car's chassis or ground conductor providing a negative return path... Automotive Multiplex Wiring: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published05-Oct-1998 BMW Motorcycle Side Stand Protection Mod: BMW R Series Motorcycle Regulator Schematic: Breath Alcohol Tester: Controls the cars ignition system Capacitor Discharge Ignition Circuit: Car Battery Charger: quickly and easily charge most any lead acid battery, automatically turns charging off when ready Car Burglar Alarm: Car Clock: CaClo was designed and built to be used in an automobile. It uses pure discrete logic ICs (4000 series) and a4-digit LCD display with backlight, plus a few SMD ICs for the LCD driver. Car indicator alarm:
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Car Interval Wiper: CaWip was designed and built to be used in an automobile. Both the front and rear wipers can be controlled separately using six interval settings. Its a fairly old design, thats why theres no PIC microcontroller in sight! Car Locator (RF Based Receiver / Transmitter): Car Message Display: CaMeD was designed and built to be used in an automobile. Its purpose is to display various symbols/messages to the car driver traveling behind you. It uses1024 LEDs to form a32 x32 matrix display. A total of12 symbols/messages can be displayed,4 of them being user-definable by using a visual basic utility tool connected to the rs232 port of a PC. Car NiCd Charger: This circuit provides up to20-Volt output from a regular13.2V automotive battery, to enable constant current charging of NiCd battery packs up to15 cells @1.2V (18V total). Cigarette Lighter 9 Volt Adapter: Combination Lock for Car Liftgate: Dome Light Dimmer for Cars : Usually when the car door is closed, the dome light just goes OFF. With this circuit, you can have our dome light fade slowly in brightness and finally go OFF. Dome Light Dimmer using Mic4680 Switching Regulator: simple circuit which outputs +5-Volt Dome Light Dwell Extender / Dimmer : allows you to dim your dome light and keeps the dome light of your automobile on after you close the door Engine Control unit Schematics: FCD (Fuel Cut Defencer): Flashing High Intensity LED 3rd Brake Light: This circuit to make a flashing3rd brake light assembly was designed to be easy to locate all the needed components and reasonably in expensive to build. Fuel Injector Pulse Width Monitor: Grand Cherokee Off Highway Lights: Headlight On Reminder With Light: Headlight Reminder: Integrate Fuel Pump Wire Security Cut Off With a Turbo Timer: Interface Between GM's 5 Volt 8192 Baud ALDL Data Stream and a PC Serial Port: LED Headlamps : This article includes circuits of DC-DC LED drivers (click PICs for bigger ones) step downs to run LEDs on less than Battery Volts, Boost for above. Lighting Third Brake Light: Motorcycle turn Signal System: Oxygen Sensors: When they go bad your automobile runs poorly, learn about them and build a substitute for diagnostics or off-road use. Park Aid: 3-LEDs signal bumper-barrier distance Infrared operation, indoor use Parking Sonar: PC Based EFI Programmer: Portable CD Player Adapter for Car: Road Ice Alarm: Rush Converter for the Car: Safety Indicator Lights: SILs was designed and built for a colleague at work. He needed a device to control the indicator lights on his motorcycle. The idea was to turn all lamps on during driving, but switch over to normal operation when the indicator was needed. He wanted this device because his motorcycle was fairly broad and was worried that passing cars wouldnt notice, especially in the dark! Simple Car Battery Charger: Simple Car Preamplifier and Artificial Earth: Solar Car Array Controller Schematic: Solar Car Battery Monitor Schematic: Solar Car Brake Controller Schematic: Solar Car Display Controller Schematic:
Solar Car Electrical Design and Circuit index: Solar Car Main Controller Schematic: Third Brake Light Pulser: Timer Car Interval Wiper: Turn Signal Alarm: Ultrasonic Parking Sonar: Wide Band Fuel Mixture Display: Windshield Wiper Delay: Wiper Speed Controller: Wireless Auto Tachometer: WWV Converter for the Car:
DC to DC Converters - Electronic Hobby Projects & Circuits
Power Supplies: DC to DC / Switch Mode DC to DC Converters

+9 Volt*and* 9 Volt From One Battery!: The MAX1044 is a charge pump converter - it uses a capacitor as a "bucket" to pump charge from one place to another. It can be used to generate negative voltage easily. 10 to 30K Volt Flyback Power Supply: 1118 Simple Regulator Provides 12 Volt From 5 Volt Source: National Semiconductor Application Notes,31 Aug2001 1119 Voltage Doubler Design & Analysis: National Semiconductor Application Notes,26 Jun2001 20 Watt Simple Switcher Forward Converter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,01 May1998 3.3 Volt Converter Delivers 3 Watt From Li ion Battery: 11/05/98 EDN-Design Ideas 3.3 Volt Lithiumcell Supply Requires one inductor: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. 3.3 Volt Supply Taps Power From the12 Volt PCI Bus: 5 to 1.8 Volt Converter Works Without Magnetics: 04/13/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / 5 Volt DC From RS232 Signals: The circuit of Figure1 produces a semi-regulated5Volt output from an RS-232 port. Unlike a PC-mouse supply or comparable that rely on the modem-control signals DTR and RTS, this one operates with a3-wire port GND, Rx, and TX, and obtains power only from the TX line. The output currentabout 8mA-is sufficient for CMOS microcontrollers and other low power. 5 Volt Supply Derives Power From Three Wire RS232C Port: 10/26/95 EDN-Design Ideas 6 to 12 Volt Converter: This circuit can provide up to 800mA of12V power from a 6V supply. The circuit is simple, about 75% efficient and quite useful. 60 MCurrent Source Feeds Telecomm Lines: 12/18/97 EDN-Design Ideas 8Switcher Powers High Performance Ps: 04/13/95 EDN-Design Ideas Add Trimmable Current Limit to DC to DC Supply: 08/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas / you can add a simple, two-transistor circuit to a standard, step-down dc/dc converter to provide an adjustable limit for the output current AutoTransformer Regulator Inverts 12 Volt to Produce -12V: 08/01/97 EDN Design Ideas / Produces Output of200 mA Battery Backup Converter uses One NiCd Cell: 02/03/97 EDN Design Ideas / This dc/dc Converter allows you to replace a five or six unit string of NiCd coin Cells with one Cell Battery Booster Delivers 75W: 07/16/98 EDN Design Ideas / Uses isolated DC/DC Converter in a nonisolated configuration to boost a48V Battery voltage to 60 Volt
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Boost Controller Drives Buck Converter: 02/03/97 EDN Design Ideas / By adding an external Switching Transistor, you can use a step up dc/dc Converter to step down voltages to produce an efficient Battery Powered Power Supply, this example Circuit can step down inputs as Low as2V to Outputs as Low as1.25V, with efficiency as high as 80% Boost Converter Generates -27 & -87V: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Generates the voltage levels necessary for standard telephones from12V Boost Converter Generates Three Analog Rails: 07/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Bootstrapped Boost Converter operates At 1.8 Volt : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas Bootstrapping allows single rail op amp to provide 0V output: 02/06/03 EDNDesign Ideas / Many single-supply-powered applications require amplifier-output swings within 1 mVor even submillivoltsof ground. Amplifier-output-saturation limitations normally preclude such operation. Figure 1's power-supply bootstrapping scheme achieves the desired characteristics with minimal parts count Buck regulator and two inductors make dual polarity converter: 03/20/03 EDNDesign Ideas / A common problem for power-supply designers is to create a compact, dual-polarity step-down converter. If space and cost are not concerns, the obvious solution is a pair of dc/dc converters, one for each output. But space and cost are almost always issues for communications, data-acquisition, and diskdrive applications... Buck Regulator Generates Flexible VTT for PECL: 08/15/97 EDN Design Ideas / Circuit to generate Output which can both Source and Sink Current Buck regulator operates without a dedicated clock : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Most switching regulators rely on a dedicated clock oscillator to determine the switching frequency of operation. A dedicated oscillator circuit within the power controller usually generates the clock signal. A class of hysteretic switching regulators can actually operate at a relatively fixed frequency without a clock, even with changing input-line and output-loading conditions.... Buck Regulator Terminates Fast Data Buses: 07/20/95 EDN-Design Ideas Buck Regulator uses Step up Controller: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Capacitor Charger Improves High Voltage Supply: 12/19/96 EDN-Design Ideas Capacitor improves efficiency in CPU supply: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / High efficiency is important for the dc/dc buck converters that supply high currents in notebook PCs. This efficiency extends battery life and minimizes temperature rise. A low-dissipation synchronous rectifier using an external MOSET provides this high efficiency. Synchronous rectifiers require special attention, however. . Circuit Drives 9 Volt Solenoids From 3 Volt Battery: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Multiplexes Automotive Sensors: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit Provides 1.5V, 7Bus Termination: 09/14/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit reduces negative voltage stresses on control IC: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In a synchronous, buck switching power supply, the two FETS and the output inductor meet at the phase node (Figure 1). The phase node often connects directly to the control IC. The voltage on this node swings from the input voltage to some voltage lower than ground. If the voltage goes too far below ground, the ESD structures or other circuitry within the control IC can become forward-bia... . Circuit Variations Produce Negative Voltages: 09/01/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / This circuits easily configures basic switched-capacitor converters to also do some negative conversions Clean Switcher Powers 16 Bit a / D Converters: 07/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas Coilless Step up Converter yields Dual Outputs: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Comparator Adds Current Limit to V2 Controller: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Comparator Improves Regulator's Efficiency: 04/28/94 EDN-Design Ideas Converter Generates 3.3 Volt From Two or Three Cells: 11/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Converter has High Efficiency At Low Loads: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / MicroPower components and circuit design of this converter enable it to maintain 90% efficiency for load currents below 8 mA, circuit outputs5V DC CoolSET TDA16831: -34 for OFF-Line Switch Mode Power Supplies Cuk Converter yields 90% Efficiency: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas
Current Limit Protects Power Bus: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Protects a power bus from a load short within a guaranteed2 sec response Time Current Source Forms unusually Simple Regulator: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Simple regulator uses a switching current source to drive a pair of shunt Zener regulators, circuit produces 15V dual outputs, for total output power of approximately400 mW form100-400-Volt DC source DC to DC Controller Generates Negative Supply: 06/08/95 EDN Design Ideas / a Switch mode Power Supply Controller plus a diode capacitor network generate the modest negative Supply Current needed for OpAmps or for LCD Bias, without inductors DC to DC Converter Allows of Single Battery: Have you ever wanted to circuit to run off a single 9 Volt battery only to find you needed levels like +12 and -12 Volts? The thought of multiple batteries might have put you off. Why not use a simple DC to DC converter? DC to DC Converter operates From Phone Line: 11/09/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit DC to DC Converter: will produce a 85-Volt voltage from +3V, usable for low power applications DC/DC Conversion Without Inductors: Maxim Application Note #725 Designing a Multi Phase Asynchronous Buck Regulator using the LM2639: National Semiconductor Application Notes,27 Mar2000 Drive High Voltage Varactor Diodes From just 5V: 03/27/97 EDN-Design Ideas Easy Xenon DC to DC Converters!: Flyback Circuit Provides Isolated Power Conversion: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Half Bridge Inverter has Variable Frequency: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Handy tool Troubleshoots Feedback Loops: 04/10/97 EDN-Design Ideas Hex Inverter Makes Low Cost Switching Regulator: 05/23/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Simple and low-cost circuit converts5V to12V IC & Capacitor Improve Isolated Supply: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Ignition Coil / Flyback Transformer Based High Voltage Generators: This page gives my thoughts on how to use a car ignition coil or Flyback transformer as a high voltage generator. The objective is to produce as high a voltage as possible, with as high a power throughput as possible. Inverter Forms High Efficiency Rail Splitter: 08/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas / switchedcapacitor voltage inverter can be used as "rail splitter" to provide bipolar, dual-rail power supply Isolated Signal Trims DC / DC Converter: 09/01/95 EDN-Design Ideas Isolated Telecomm Converter Handles 25W: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Telecomm applications in the central office require an isolated5V supply derived from -48V, this gives out5V at5A from an input voltage of -36 to -72V LAN Power Supply Generates Isolated 9V: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Layout Guidelines for Switching Power Supplies: National Semiconductor Application Notes,24 May2001 LH1605 Switching Regulator: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 Li ion Boost Circuit uses No inductors: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Circuit to maintain regulated3.3V supply for portable applications LIER Circuit helps Power Supply Efficiency: 02/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Linear regulator=low cost dc/dc converter: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a good choice if you need a power supply with high efficiency and you don't want to use expensive dc/dc-converter ICs. The heart of the circuit is IC1, the common, inexpensive LM7805 linear regulator. The external switch is a pnp transistor; the circuit can easily source more than 1A output current.. Linear supply uses switch mode regulation: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use simple circuits to implement small, regulated plug-in power supplies. In Figure 1 , a basic and versatile 5V supply uses a Zener diode and an emitterfollower transistor. You must calculate and design the transformer such that Q 1 is close to saturation at low mains voltages and nominal output current.. LM2577 Three Output, Isolated Flyback Regulator: National Semiconductor Application Notes,01 May1998
LM2651_3.3V_EVAL 1.5High Efficiency Synchronous Switching Regulator Evaluation Board: National Semiconductor Application Notes,14 Sep1999 LM2675 5.0EVAL 1 Amp Step Down High Efficiency Simple Switcher Evaluation Board: National Semiconductor Application Notes,10 Feb1999 LM267X 3A, 5Evaluation Boards: National Semiconductor Application Notes,20 Jul1999 LM78S40 Switching Voltage Regulator Applications: National Semiconductor Application Notes,02 Mar1999 Low Cost Circuit Biases VCOs for Cable & TV: 11/20/97 EDN-Design Ideas / PLLs are useful in a variety of applications, most notably cable and TV tuners Low cost feedback circuit boosts efficiency: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Low Cost Switcher Converts 5 to 24V: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Low-cost, three-transistor low power boost switching regulator Low Cost, Low Parts Count DC / DC Converter With Multiple Outputs: National Semiconductor Application Notes,02 Mar1999 Low Noise Step up Supply Generates -5.5 Volt Output: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Low Power Converter has Galvanic Isolation: 07/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas / This simple dc/dc converter provides a12V,150-mW output using only a few components and a small transformer, CD4049 forms an oscillator that operates at approximately200 kHz and runs the converter, regulated output Lower dc/dc converter ripple by using optimum capacitor hookup: 10/31/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Low-ripple-voltage positive-to-negative dc/dc converters find use in many of today's high- frequency and noise-sensitive disk drives, batterypowered devices, portable computers, and automotive applications. Like a positive buck converter, a positive-to-negative converter can have low output-ripple voltage if you place the bulk input capacitor between VIN and VOUT rather than between VIN and gr.... Maximizing Start up Loads With the LM3352 Regulated Buck / Boost Switched Capacitor Converter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,15 Sep1999 Memory Supply Includes Battery Backup: 02/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Notebook Power Supply has Two Outputs: 03/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas Off Hook Phone Line Supplies 150 MW: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest09/01/94 EDN Design Ideas / Circuit draws Current in the off hook condition, delivering as much as150 mW of isolated poser while allowing normal voice or Data communications over the phone line Off Line Buck Regulator Cuts Costs, Leadtime: 10/26/95 EDN-Design Ideas Off Line Power Supply Requires Few Parts: 02/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas / This simple non-isolated off-line power supply can provide up to150 mA5V and uses only a handful of components from110-230-Volt AC input voltage. Note that the low voltage output is directly connected to the mains; it cannot be used when the low voltage part can be touched. One 9 Volt Battery gives +18, +25, +33V: This circuit is based on MAX1044 is a charge pump converter. Open Loop Power Supply Delivers As Much As One Watt: 01/18/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit- For VCRs, TVs, and other equipment that requires a standby mode, you must supply power to a P when other components are asleep. Any active power-supply circuit also needs to be more cost- effective than the standard structure using a metallic transformer. This circuit is simple switcher that takes230-Volt AC and outputs10-Volt 90mA PFM Control Improves Dual Output Converter: 09/28/95 EDN-Design Ideas Plus 5 to Minus 15 Volts DC Converter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28 Jun1996 Power Supply Runs off Battery or Wall Adapter: 06/18/98 EDN-Design Ideas Power Switch Provides Soft Start: 03/30/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Precharged Capacitor Ensures High Side Start up: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas / when you use a high-voltage bridge driver, such as the IR2110 or the newer IR2155, a complete driver circuit can exhibit erratic behavior when you apply power if it is designed exactly right
Programmable Source Powers DC MicroMotors: 03/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / A simple, economic, compact, and tricky way of using the LM723 as a programmable voltage source to drive dc micromotors which can set the output to a value of200 mV to 6V Pulsing Charge Pump Drives Capacitive Loads: 11/05/98 EDN-Design Ideas Push Pull Driver Provides Isolated 5 Volt At 1A: 03/30/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Regulated5V input to an isolated5V output with1A current-output capability Quickly discharge power supply capacitors: 07/05/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A perennial challenge in power-supply design is the safe and speedy discharge, or "dump," at turn-off of the large amount of energy stored in the postrectification filter capacitors. This energy, CV 2 /2, can usually reach tens of joules. If you let the capacitors self-discharge, dangerous voltages can persist on unloaded electrolytic filter capacitors for hours or even days.. Regulator Generates As Many As Four Voltages: 08/03/95 EDN-Design Ideas Saturable Bead Improves Reverse Recovery: 02/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas SEPIC Generates 5 Volt At 100 MA: 05/03/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Some applications require an input voltage higher than the breakdown voltage of the IC supply pin. In boost converters and SEPICs (single-ended primary-inductance converters), you can separate the VIN pin of the IC from the input inductor and use a simple Zener regulator to generate the supply voltage for the IC. This design shows a SEPIC that takes a4 to28V input and generates5V at100 mA. Serial Interface IC Supplies BiPolar Voltages: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Boost Converter Generates -27 & -87V: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Regulator has one Active Part: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Regulator Provides 12V: 10/23/97 EDN Design Idea / Simple circuit can provide 12V from a5V input using only one switching-regulator IC and a few offthe-shelf Single cell lights any LED: 07/05/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 allows you to light any type of LED from a single cell whose voltage ranges from 1 to 1.5V. This range accommodates alkaline, carbon-zinc, NiCd, or NiMH single cells. The circuit's principal application is in LED-based flashlights, such as a red LED in an astronomer's flashlight, which doesn't interfere with night vision.. Single IC Biases LCD & GaAsFET Amplifier: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas Single NiCd Cell Drives OpAmp: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Single Resistor Improves V2 Converter: 08/15/97 EDN-Design Ideas / V2 control offers a significant improvement in transient response by using two voltage feedbacks, example circuit is for generating voltages in1.8-3.3V range Solar Cell Converter offers Positive Start up: 11/09/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Step up / Step Down Converter Takes 2 to 16 Volt Inputs: 11/09/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / - Switcher where input can range above and below the regulated voltage, Circuit accommodates a wide range of input and Output voltages and supplies Output Currents as high as500 mA Step up Regulator uses only Two Gain Devices: 11/09/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Step up Supply Charges Battery While Serving Load: 11/09/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Supply derives 5 and 3.3V from USB port: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 derives its power from a USB port and produces 5 and 3.3V supply rails for portable devices, such as digital cameras, MP3 players, and PDAs. The circuit allows the port to maintain communications while, for example, charging a lithium-ion battery. IC2 boosts the battery voltage, VBATT, to 5V, and IC3 buck-regulates that 5V output down to 3. . Switch Mode DC Supply: The switching power supply, shown in the schematic, provides12 volts, at10 amps, maximum, using a discrete transistor regulator with an op-amp functioning as a comparator in the feedback circuit. The supply was constructed in1984 and is variable frequency, as opposed to the pulse width modulator (PWM) controllers used today. Switchedcapacitor Regulator Provides gain: 03/13/98 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
Switcher IC hikes Battery Charger's Efficiency: 06/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Switching Converter uses Planar Magnetics: 11/07/96 EDN Design Ideas Switching regulator forms constant current source: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Many applications require current sources rather than voltage sources. When you need a high-current source, using a linear regulator is inadvisable, because of the high power dissipation in the series resistor. To solve the wastedpower problem, you can use a switch-mode regulator. The circuit of Figure 1 uses IC1, an LM2576 adjustable regulator.. Switching Regulator Output goes Below VREF: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Synchronized Regulator Produces Coherent Noise: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Synchronous buck circuit produces negative voltage: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many electronic systems require both positive and negative voltages to operate properly. Generating an efficient, low-voltage positive output from a higher voltage input typically entails the use of a synchronous buck regulator. But when generating a negative output voltage from a positive input voltage, you'd typically use a flyback topology, especially at higher output currents... System Oriented DC to DC Conversion Techniques: National Semiconductor Application Notes,01 May1998 Three Input Supply Powers 3.3 Volt Portables: 10/26/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest-- Single ended primary inductance Converter accepts input voltages ranging from3 to more than 6V and produces a regulated3.3V,200 mA Output Tiny Tiny Inverter Design: little efficient circuit that runs off of3V, and charges up a little1 uf250-Volt cap all the way up in about30 seconds Transformer Buys Lower Shutdown Current: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Transformerless Supply Fits CaT Volt Applications: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Coaxial CATV systems derive their power from a 60-Hz square wave that shares the center conductor with the television channels this circuit generates10 mA at5V DC from it Transistor Pair Lowers PWM IC's Start up Current: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Transistors tame perfidious leakage inductance: 09/27/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / In flyback converters that use primary regulation, the loose coupling between the power secondary and the primary auxiliary windings often results in poor crossregulation. This situation arises mainly from the leakage inductance but also comes from the level of the primary clamp voltage. Figure 1 shows a typical application schematic using On Semiconductor's (www. . Two ACells Power Step Down Regulator: 10/26/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Two Cores Marry, Make Swinging Choke: 10/26/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Universal High Resistance Voltmeter: Use a 555 timer as a switch mode power supply: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Most switch-mode power supplies rely on a PWM (pulse-width-modulated) output that is controlled via voltage feedback. A 555-timer IC can inexpensively perform PWM. The circuit in Figure 1 shows how to turn a 555 PWM circuit into an switchmode power supply with only one simple equation. The design uses two 555s Use the LM158 / LM258 / LM358 Dual, Single Supply OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,14 May2001 Wallcube DC / DC Converter is 85% Efficient: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Ubiquitous12V wall cube generates an unregulated dc voltage of 8 to18V, depending on line voltage and load, this circuit generates a regulated5V400 mA from it very efficiently Click here for Other Circuits
Digital to Analog (D / A) Circuits - Electronic Projects Circuits
Converters: Digital to Analog (D / A) Circuits

2 DAC Circuit adds & subtracts: 009/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas Applying the New CMOS MicRO DACs: National Semiconductor Application Notes,09 Apr1996 Cascode Circuit lessens DAC Degradation: 02/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Centronics Port D / A Converters & Lowpass Filter: Circuit Applications of Multiplying CMOS D to a Converters: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 CMOS D / A Converters Match Most Microprocessors: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 Control Applications of CMOS DACs: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 D / A Converter ASIC uses stochastic Logic: 10/24/96 EDN-Design Ideas DAC & P implement hardware window Generator: 03/31/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital to Analog Centronics D / A & Filter: Multiphase DAC modifies R 2R ladder: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas New MicRO DAC Product Line for Microprocessor Systems: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Reduce Thermal Transients in R 2R ladders: 03/28/96 EDN-Design Ideas Technique Increases Low Cost DAC's Resolution: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas Twin DAC's Produce True Bi-Polar Operation: 08/18/94 EDN-Design Ideas Two DAC Circuit adds & subtracts: 009/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas Zero Power A / D Converter uses Printer Port: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Digital_to_Analog_(DA).html [1/17/2007 4:43:20 PM]
Frequency Circuits Converters - Electronic Circuits & Projects
Converters: Frequency Circuits

555 Makes handy Voltagetotime Converter: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. 900MHz Down Converter Consumes Little Power: 06/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas Analog Tachometer for Gasoline Engines: Circuit Converts Pulse Width to Voltage #2: 10/28/99 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit is optimized for a positive-going pulse width of1 to2 msec, repeating at intervals of approximately17 msec. The output produces a voltage of0.95V for a1msec pulse to2.25V for a2-msec pulse. Circuit converts pulse width to voltage: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 converts pulse information to a clean dc voltage by the end of a single incoming pulse. In another technique, an RC filter can convert a PWM signal to an averaged dc voltage, but this method is slow in responding. Converting lowduty-cycle pulse information is slower yet. . Diode Frequency Doublers: Frequency Doubler operates on Triangle Waves: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Multiplier Improves Line Readings: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency to Voltage Converter uses Sample & Hold to Improve Response & Ripple: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Frequency Tripler Using the CA3028: Gyrator Circuit: The gyrator principle uses the effect that the value of input capacitance at the base of a transitor is effectively multiplied by the current gain of the transistor. HCMOS Gates Make Frequency Multipliers: Hear Amateurs on your FM Radio!: LF to HF Converter: LM2907 Tachometer / Speed Switch Building Block Applications: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 New Phase Locked Loops: Non Powered Ring Modulator Circuit: Short Wave Converter for Scanners: Two Diode Odd Order Multiplier: Volt / F Converter ICs Handle Frequency to Voltage Needs: 09/28/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Frequency.html [1/17/2007 4:43:22 PM]
Frequency to Voltage Converters - Electronic Circuits
Converters: Frequency to Voltage

555 makes handy voltage-to-time converter: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Analog Tachometer for Gasoline Engines: Circuit Converts Pulse Width to Voltage #1: 10/25/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit Converts Pulse Width to Voltage #2: 10/28/99 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit is optimized for a positive-going pulse width of1 to2 msec, repeating at intervals of approximately17 msec. The output produces a voltage of0.95V for a1msec pulse to2.25V for a2-msec pulse. Frequency to Voltage Converter uses Sample & Hold to Improve Response & Ripple: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 LM2907 Tachometer / Speed Switch Building Block Applications: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 New Phase Locked Loops: Stereo Compressor: V / F Converter ICs Handle Frequency to Voltage Needs: 09/28/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Frequency_to_Voltage.html [1/17/2007 4:43:26 PM]
Period to Voltage Converters - Electronic Circuits & Projects
Converters: Period to Voltage

555 Makes handy Voltage-to-Time Converter: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit Converts Pulse Width to Voltage #2: 10/28/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. --- The circuit is optimized for a positive-going pulse width of1 to2 msec, repeating at intervals of approximately17 msec. The output produces a voltage of0.95V for a1-msec pulse to2.25V for a2-msec pulse. Circuit Converts Pulse Width to Voltage: 10/25/01 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit converts pulse information to a clean dc voltage by the end of a single incoming pulse. In another technique, an RC filter can convert a PWM signal to an averaged dc voltage, but this method is slow in responding. Converting low-duty-cycle pulse information is slower yet.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Period_to_Voltage.html [1/17/2007 4:43:28 PM]
Converters - RF Radio Frequency - Electronic Circuits
Converters: RF (Radio Frequency)

2M 20M Transverter: 42 Mc Band to 88 Mc Band (retrofit converters): 50 MHz to 146 MHz Converter: 50 to 150 MHz Overtone Oscillator: 50MHz Converter: Receiving Converters 88 108 Mc to AM broadcast band: Receiving Converters 88 108 to Television:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/RF_(Radio%20Frequency).html [1/17/2007 4:43:30 PM]
Converters - Sine to Square Wave - Electronic Circuits
Converters: Sine to Square Wave

Current Feedback Amps Square up Fast Signals: 06/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas CurrentFeedback Op Amps Save Power In Photodiode Apps : 09/30/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Current-feedback amplifiers offer high bandwidth with minimal power-supply current draw. However, they're rarely used as transimpedance amplifiers in photodiode applications due to the high current noise of their inverting inputs. The ... Square Wave to Sine Circuit: Square Wave to Sine Converter: Time tag impulses with zero crossing circuit: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A "constant-fraction discriminator" usually performs the time-tagging of impulsive events, which have a peaking time of the signal amplitude. The implementation of this technique requires a delay in the input signal of approximately the same amount as the signal's rise time. You can attain this delay by using a coaxial cable of an appropriate length. . Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Sine_to_Square_Wave.html [1/17/2007 4:43:31 PM]
Converters - Voltage Circuits - Electronic Projects Circuits
Converters: Voltage Circuits

+9 Volt*and* 9 Volt From One Battery!: The MAX1044 is a charge pump converter - it uses a capacitor as a "bucket" to pump charge from one place to another. It can be used to generate negative voltage easily. 0.02% Volt / F Converter Consumes only 26 A: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas 10 kHz VFC uses Charge Pump Variation: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas 12 Volt DC to 120 Volt AC Inverter: this inverter should solve that problem. It takes12 VDC and steps it up to120 VAC. The-Wattage depends on which transistors you use for Q1 and Q2, as well as how "big" a transformer you use for T1. The inverter can be constructed to supply anywhere from1 to1000 (1 KW)Watts. 12 Volt to 9 Volt DC Converter: Car Converter for12 Volt to 9V 2 Watt Switching Power Supply: from 6V to14V 3.3 Volt Supply Taps Power From the12 Volt PCI Bus: 5 to 15 Volt Converter: 5 Volt DC From RS232 Signals: The circuit of Figure1 produces a semi-regulated5Volt output from an RS-232 port. Unlike a PC-mouse supply or comparable that rely on the modem-control signals DTR and RTS, this one operates with a3-wire port GND, Rx, and TX, and obtains power only from the TX line. The output currentabout 8mA-is sufficient for CMOS microcontrollers and other low-power . 6 to 12 Volt Converter: This circuit can provide up to 800mA of12V power from a 6 Volt supply. The circuit is simple, about 75% efficient and quite useful. Boost Converter Generates Three Analog Rails: Maxim Application Note #2026 Buck Converter Chargers Also Provides System Power: 05/22/97 EDN Design Ideas / Switching Regulator provides the charge voltage setpoint with Current regulation, and second Switching Regulator provides5V System Power Buck converter handles battery backup system: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A synchronous buck converter is inherently bidirectional. That is, it transfers energy from input to output as a buck regulator when the output voltage is low, but, when the output voltage is high, the converter acts as a boost regulator, transferring power from output to input. This Design Idea shows how to use this bidirectional energy transfer to automatically recharge a battery when the mai..... Buck IC boosts battery voltage for white LED: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Whitelight LEDs are finding their way into many markets that incandescent bulbs once served. Flashlights are among the newer applications in which reliability, ruggedness, and ability to control the power draw of the LEDs make these devices attractive. With incandescent bulbs, the power management for the device is a simple on-off switch.... Buck/Boost Charge Pump Regulator Powers White LEDs From a Wide 1.6 Volt to 5.5 Volt Input: Maxim Application Note #1021 C Volt Ranger: transforms a0-5-Volt input voltage to a adjustable range between010-Volt Charge Pump and Step Up DC DC Converter Solutions for Powering White LEDs in Series or Parallel Connections: Maxim Application Note #1037 Charge Pump Circuit Divides By Two: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Voltage.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 4:43:34 PM]
Charge Pump Converts Volt in to Volt OuT: 09/02/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Charge Pump Doubles Negative Voltage: Maxim Application Note #782 Choosing the Right Power Supply IC for your Application: Maxim Application Note #737 Cigarette Lighter 9 Volt Adapter: Circuit forms single pulse voltage multiplier : 09/18/03 EDN-Design Ideas / It is sometimes necessary for a microcontroller to generate a pulse whose voltage is higher than the power-supply voltage of the microcontroller. The circuit in Figure 1 allows you to generate 14V pulses from a 5V power supply. An adaptation of the circuit provides a 5 to 12V programming pulse for programming the fuse bits in Atmel Circuit performs high speed voltage to current, current to current conversion: 07/25/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1performs active voltage-tocurrent conversion or acts as a variable-gain current mirror with high precision and bandwidth. A typical application is testing high-speed ICs or other devices that have inputs designed to be driven from current-steering DACs to enable a modulated voltage source to control the devices.. Compact, Inductorless Boost Circuit Regulates White LED Bias Current: Maxim Application Note #1116 Controlling a Variable Voltage Power Supply Using the DS1809 (Pushbutton Control): Maxim Application Note #1035 CoolSET TDA16831: ..-34 for OFF-Line Switch Mode Power Supplies DAC Powered Charge Pump Varies Negative Rail: Maxim Application Note #203 DC to DC Converter Allows of Single Battery: Have you ever wanted to circuit to run off a single 9 Volt battery only to find you needed levels like +12 and -12 Volts? The thought of multiple batteries might have put you off. Why not use a simple DC to DC converter? DC to DC Converter operates From Phone Line: 11/09/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit DC to DC Converter: will produce a 85-Volt voltage from +3V, usable for low power applications DC/DC Conversion Without Inductors: Maxim Application Note #725 Design Case Study: Designing a Power Supply for a Portable, Wireless Contact Manager : Maxim Application Note #1014 Design Formulas Simplify Classic V/I Converter: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Doubler/Inverter Charge Pumps Divide By Two: Maxim Application Note #1876 DPP adds versatility to VFC: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The basic VFC (voltage-to-frequency converter) in Figure 1 comprises an integrator (IC1) and a Schmitt-trigger circuit (IC2). The integrator converts the dc input voltage, VIN , to a linear voltage ramp, and the Schmitt trigger sets the limits of the integrator's output voltage. Feedback around both circuits provides the condition for oscillation.. Driving LEDs in Battery Operated Applications: Controlling Brightness Power Efficiently: Maxim Application Note #1804 Easy Xenon DC to DC Converters!: High Power Voltage Regulator Has Low Dropout Voltage: Maxim Application Note #52 Inductorless Switching Regulator Boosts Input Voltage: Maxim Application Note #5 Inductorless Voltage Converter Boosts a Single Lithium Cell: Maxim Application Note #1791 Linear Voltage to Frequency Converter: Low Battery Monitor Delays System Shutdown: Maxim Application Note #134 Low Noise Audio Power Supply Circuit: Maxim Application Note #169 Low Side CurrentSensing Circuit Uses Synchronous VToF Converter : 09/02/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) can easily measure current flow and convert it to a digital signal understood by the timer/counter input of a microcomputer (C) or microprocessor. It's a straightforward task to add a single opto-isolator... Lower Operating Frequency Improves ICL7660 Voltage Conversion Efficiency: Maxim Application Note #10
Miniature, Precision Negative Reference Requires No Precision Resistors: Maxim Application Note #824 Negative Voltage Generator: takes in +12V and outputs around -11V One 9 Volt Battery gives +18, +25, +33V: This circuit is based on MAX1044 is a charge pump converter. PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: Regulated Charge Pump Delivers 50mA: Maxim Application Note #35 Regulated Step Up Converter Provides High Efficiency Without Inductors: Maxim Application Note #44 Simple Circuit Provides +5 Volt Gate Bias From 48 Volt Input: Maxim Application Note #1803 Simple Methods Reduce Input Ripple for All Charge Pumps: Maxim Application Note #2027 Supplying Power Via the 1 Wire Bus: Maxim Application Note #949 Switch Mode DC Supply: The switching power supply, shown in the schematic, provides12 volts, at10 amps, maximum, using a discrete transistor regulator with an op-amp functioning as a comparator in the feedback circuit. The supply was constructed in1984 and is variable frequency, as opposed to the pulse width modulator (PWM) controllers used today. Switched capacitor IC and reference form elegant 48 to +10V converter: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A system designer must almost always face a tradeoff in choosing the right part for an application. The trade-off usually involves performance, price, and function. An example is the issue of powering circuits from a telecom-voltage source. Telecom systems almost exclusively use high-potential negative rails, such as 48V... Tiny Charge Pump Provides Highly Reliable Low Cost Solution to Negative Reference Voltage: Maxim Application Note #348 Trading Performance for Cost in Portable Power Supplies: Maxim Application Note #269 Triple Capacitive Voltage Inverter With the MAX871: Maxim Application Note #1875 Tripler Converts 5 Volt to 15V: Maxim Application Note #297 Two Watt Switching Power Supply: from 6V to14V Universal High Resistance Voltmeter: Universal Watchdog Fully Controls Preset: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas Use a 555 timer as a switch mode power supply: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Most switch-mode power supplies rely on a PWM (pulse-width-modulated) output that is controlled via voltage feedback. A 555-timer IC can inexpensively perform PWM. The circuit in Figure 1 shows how to turn a 555 PWM circuit into an switchmode power supply with only one simple equation. The design uses two 555s VCO has Digitally Programmable Center Frequency: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas VCO Transforms Sound Card Into Precision DCCoupled ADC : 08/19/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Personal-computer sound cards are sometimes used for analog audio signal acquisition. Also, the Web features many free programs that implement virtual two-channel oscilloscopes by acquiring signals through the sound card. However, sound cards suffer... VCO uses programmable logic: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A VCO (voltagecontrolled oscillator) is an analog circuit, so you cannot find it in the libraries for the design of digital programmable chips. When you need such a circuit for synchronization or clock multiplication, you need to find a circuit that works with the standard digital functions, such as AND and NAND.. Versatile Monolithic Volt / Fs Can Compute As Well As Convert With High Accuracy: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Volt / F Converter Draws Flea Power: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Controls Sine Wave Frequency: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Inverter #1: simple low power design based on555 Voltage Inverter IC Forms High Efficiency Rail Splitter: Maxim Application Note #218
Voltage to current converter drives white LEDs: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need to drive a white LED from one 1.5V battery. Unfortunately, the forward voltage of a white LED is 3 to 4V. So, you would need a dc/dc converter to drive the LED from one battery. Using the simple circuit in Figure 1, you can drive one white LED or two series-connected green LEDs, using only a few components.. Voltage to current converter makes a flexible current reference : 09/18/03 EDNDesign Ideas / The voltage-to-current converter in Figure 1 can both source and sink current. The circuit is more flexible than some traditional current references that require different topologies for current sourcing and sinking. Also, you can easily adjust the value of the current reference by simply adjusting the circuit's input voltage.... Voltage To Current Converter Works From Single Supply Rail: 02/17/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Voltage-to-current converters feeding to grounded loads often find their way into industrial measurements and control applications. The conventional textbook circuit needs both positive and negative-supply rails.
Converters - Voltage to Current - Electronic Circuits
Converters: Voltage to Current

Circuit Performs High Speed Voltage to Current, Current to Current Conversion: 07/25/02 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure1performs active voltage-tocurrent conversion or acts as a variable-gain current mirror with high precision and bandwidth. A typical application is testing high-speed ICs or other devices that have inputs designed to be driven from current-steering DACs to enable a modulated voltage source to control the devices. Design Formulas Simplify Classic V/I Converter: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Voltage-To-Current Converter Works From A Single-Supply Rail: 02/17/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Voltage-to-current converters feeding to grounded loads often find their way into industrial measurements and control applications. The conventional textbook circuit needs both positive and negativesupply rails. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Voltage_to_Current.html [1/17/2007 4:43:38 PM]
Converters - Voltage to Frequency - Electronic Circuits
Converters: Voltage to Frequency

0.02% Volt / F Converter Consumes only 26 A: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas 10 kHz VFC uses Charge Pump Variation: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas DPP Adds Versatility to VFC: 11/14/02 EDN-Design Ideas / The basic VFC (voltage-to-frequency converter) comprises an integrator (IC1) and a Schmitttrigger circuit (IC2). The integrator converts the dc input voltage, VIN, to a linear voltage ramp, and the Schmitt trigger sets the limits of the integrators output voltage. Linear Voltage to Frequency Converter: LowSide CurrentSensing Circuit Uses Synchronous VToF Converter : 09/02/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) can easily measure current flow and convert it to a digital signal understood by the timer/counter input of a microcomputer (C) or microprocessor. It's a straightforward task to add a single opto-isolator... PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: Universal Watchdog Fully Controls Preset: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas VCO has Digitally Programmable Center Frequency: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas VCO Transforms Sound Card Into Precision DCCoupled ADC : 08/19/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Personal-computer sound cards are sometimes used for analog audio signal acquisition. Also, the Web features many free programs that implement virtual two-channel oscilloscopes by acquiring signals through the sound card. However, sound cards suffer... VCO uses Programmable Logic: 11/14/02 EDN-Design Ideas / A VCO (voltagecontrolled oscillator) is an analog circuit, so you cannot find it in the libraries for the design of digital programmable chips. Versatile Monolithic Volt / Fs Can Compute As Well As Convert With High Accuracy: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Volt / F Converter Draws Flea Power: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Controls Sine Wave Frequency: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Voltage_to_Frequency.html [1/17/2007 4:43:41 PM]
Wide Band Circuits - Electronic Projects - Hobby Circuits
Build an adjustable high frequency notch filter: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Although you can obtain universal, resistor-programmable switched-capacitor filters that are configurable as notch filters, most cannot operate at bandwidths higher than 100 kHz. Further, the typically 16 Composite Amp Provides High Gain & Bandwidth: 04/28/94 EDN-Design Ideas Composite Amplifier Boosts Precision Of Programmable Voltage Source : 07/08/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Engineers often need dc voltage sources with very high precision and good resistive and/or capacitive load-driving capability for industrial applications. However, precision benchtop power supplies can be very expensive if high accuracy also is... HF Signal Generator: Wideband AGC has 60 DB Dynamic Input Range: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Wideband Filter Only Has Two Different Components : 01/21/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Wideband filters with bandwidths in excess of an octave can be created by cascading a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. In this design idea, nine-pole high-pass and low-pass filters have been constructed using a modified equal-element design. Wideband Filter uses image Parameters: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Wideband OpAmp Capable of MicroPower Operation : National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Oct-2001 Wideband, Low Noise Amplifier Drives 50 Ohm Loads: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas BROAD BAND 5MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (5mhzfbvr) This circuit is a simple broad band light detector that uses a very inexpensive IC and a PIN photodiode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It has a bandwidth from 1KHz to over 5MHz. It is great for experimenting with various modulated light sources. BROAD BAND 2MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (2mhzrvr1) If you need more sensitivity than the above circuit this circuit provides about ten times more gain. It too is designed around an inexpensive plastic optical fiber detector. 20MHz VCSEL 3mW LASER TEST CIRCUIT (20mhzlsr) This circuit takes advantage of some new vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) that dont require light output control circuits. The circuit shows how to drive the device from a single high speed CMOS IC. The circuit can easily be modified to transmit signals from kilohertz to about 50MHz.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Wide_Band.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:43:43 PM]
Wide Band Circuits - Electronic Projects - Hobby Circuits
10MHz TO 20MHz LASER LIGHT DETECTOR (20mrvr2) This circuit was originally designed to detect laser light pulses for an optical Ethernet communications system. It has good ambient light immunity. N-CH AND P-CH TRANSISTORS FORM PUSH-PULL DRIVER (pushpul) This circuit can produce high speed output signals with fast rise and full times. The unique change pump action allows the voltage of the upper P-ch device to range from millivolts to hundreds of volts. The output current is only limited by the rating of the transistors. I have used this circuit beyond 2MHz. FET INPUT HIGH SPEED LIGHT DETECTOR (fetamp0) This circuit is yet another design that converts current from a PIN photo diode to a voltage. It has a bandwidth that extends beyond 50MHz. C-MOS INVERTER MAKES LOW POWER AMP (invertamp1) With the addition of one resistor and a capacitor, some common logic ICs can be transformed from digital to analog duties. This circuit outlines some the features to expect from different inverter ICs. WIDE BAND ZERO CROSS DETECTOR (zerocross1) This circuit was designed to convert a low amplitude 40KHz signal into a clean square wave signal. It will work with inputs as small as 5mv peak-topeak or as large as 3 volts peak to peak. The input frequency can range from a few kilohertz to about 150KHz.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Wide_Band.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:43:43 PM]
Constant Current Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Constant Current Circuits

Circuit Forms Constantcurrent SCR: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit forms novel floating current source: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Figure 1 shows a polarization circuit applicable to ISFET (ion-sensitive field-effecttransistor) sensors. ISFETs are solid-state chemical sensors that measure the pH value of a solution in biomedical and environmental applications, for example. The circuit in Figure 1 is extremely simple; it sets fixed-bias conditions for ISFET sensors (VDS=I0 RX; IDS=I0).... Circuit Provides Constant Current for ISFETs/MEMFETs: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Constant current Amplifier : Constant Current Battery Charger: Efficiently Source Constant Current To Low Resistance Loads : 06/23/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Supplying a constant current to a variable, lowresistance load, such as a thermoelectric cooler, can be a very inefficient endeavor when using the linear approach. Even powering the linear current source from an efficiently downconverted version of the supply voltage will incur unnecessary dissipation if the load resistance is variable Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Constant_Current_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:43:45 PM]
Cooling Fan Circuits - Electronic Projects - Hobby Circuits
Cooling Fan Circuits

Circuit protects system from overheating: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The two-chip circuit in Figure 1 provides fan control and overtemperature warning and shutdown signals to protect systems from excessive heat. The circuit monitors the temperature of the pc board and the die temperature of a CPU, an FPGA, or another IC with an on-chip temperature-sensing transistor. . MOSFET switch provides efficient AC / DC conversion: 02/17/00 EDN-Design Ideas System monitors multiple temperatures, controls fan speed: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas Thermo Cooling Fan: fan controller, which controls fan based on temperature
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Cooling_Fan_Controls.html [1/17/2007 4:43:47 PM]
Cosine - Math Functions - Electronic Circuits & Projects
Math Functions: Cosine

Circuit forms efficient cosine calculator: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 converts a 10V analog voltage representing an angle between MIN and MAX and emits a voltage equal to 10 cos . This circuit can have an accuracy of better than 1% over 120 or better than 0.2% over 90 . These figures represent an order-of-magnitude improvement over a Taylor-series estimate for the same range and for... .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Cosine.html [1/17/2007 4:43:49 PM]
Counters and Timer Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Counters and Timer Circuits

2 Transistor Atomic Frequency Standard: 2.8 GHz Prescaler keeps Cost Down: 07/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / 28 LED Clock Timer 72 LED Clock: programmable clock Timer circuit that uses individual LEDs to indicate hours and minutes 4 Bit Binary Clock: 40 LED Bicycle Light (555 Timer 6 Volt): 5 to 30 Minute Timer: 50 MHz Frequency Counter, Voltage Meter & SWR / PWR Indicator: 555 Go / No Go Tester: 555 Makes handy Voltagetotime Converter: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. 555 One Shot: Basic 555 MonoStable Multivibrator 555 oscillator: 555 time Delay Circuit: 555 Timer #1: 555 Timer #2: 555 Timer 40khz Infrared Oscillator: 555 Timer Circuits: 555 Timer IC Tester: 555 Timer MonoStable Circuit using Pushbutton: 555 Timer Tutorial + Circuits: 555 Tone Generator 8 Ohm Speaker: 7 Segment LED Counter: 72 LED Clock: 8254 Timer & Counter Board: 9 Second Digital Readout Timer: 9 Second LED Relay Timer: AD9852 DDS Schematic: Amplifiers perform precision divide by 2 circuit: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The classic implementation of a voltage-halving circuit uses two equal-value resistors. Using 1% resistors provides a divider output with 2% accuracy. For most applications, this performance is cost-effective and more than adequate. However, when you need extreme precision, this approach requires correspondingly accurate resistors and can become expensive... Analog Pulse Counter: Anticipating timer switches before you push the button: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / (Editor's note: This Twilight Zone-worthy circuit will be the subject of an upcoming network sitcom, My Big Fat Anticipating Timer.) It happens to almost everyone that an apparatus or system should have been turned off a moment ago. The device in question could be the car heater, the air conditioner, the lights Asynchronous Circuit Divides Frequency By 1.5: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Counters_and_Timer_Circuits.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 4:44:02 PM]
Audio Amp Timer: Turns-off your amplifier when idle for15 minutes Fed by amplifier tape-output Backup Clock Controller Checks Time Setting: 01/05/95 EDN-Design Ideas Basic 555 Monostable: BCD COUNTER: This is based around two ics the 4029 an up down counter and the 4543 a latched bcd to 7 segment driver it is very cheap to build with many uses. Bedside Lamp timer: Big LED Clock: Binary Counter uses LSB Feedforward: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Budget timer: Car Clock: CaClo was designed and built to be used in an automobile. It uses pure discrete logic ICs (4000 series) and a4-digit LCD display with backlight, plus a few SMD ICs for the LCD driver. Car Interval Wiper: CaWip was designed and built to be used in an automobile. Both the front and rear wipers can be controlled separately using six interval settings. Its a fairly old design, thats why theres no PIC microcontroller in sight! Cheap 40KHz Clock: Circuit Conditions Variable Duty Cycle Clock: 01/05/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Converts Solid State Relay to Timer: 05/09/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Counts Logic ones on Signal Lines: 02/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit divides frequency by N+1: 07/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital frequency dividers usually use flip-flop stages that connect the Q pin to the D datainput pin of the following stage. This configuration creates a binary waveform that you can feed back to the input. You can divide any integer lower than 2N with minimal stages, where N is the number of stages.. Circuit provides linear resistance to time conversion : 08/07/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Resistance-based transducers, such as strain gauges and piezoresistive devices, find common use in the measurement of several physical parameters. For applications in which digital processors or microcontrollers serve for data acquisition and signal processing, the transducer's response must assume a form suitable for conversion to digital format.... Circuit Provides Serial or Sequential Timing: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit provides watchdog for microcontrollers: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The watchdog circuit in Figure 1 uses a single NAND Schmitt-trigger IC. The circuit is more cost-effective than dedicated, commercially available watchdog ICs. The circuit generates an active-high reset signal upon power-up and remains in a low state as long as the control input receives pulses. Whenever the pulsing at the control input stops, whether the circuit is in a high or a low state, th.... Clock Divider Circuit: Clock Doubler for CMOS Logic: Clock Fail Circuit Switches to Alternate Clock: 10/24/96 EDN-Design Ideas Clock Generator: Use4093 oscillator Clock Recovery PLL Fits Into Single PLD: 11/23/95 EDN-Design Ideas Clock Switching Circuit Banishes Glitches: 12/19/96 EDN-Design Ideas CMOS 4011 oscillator: Computerised Universal Timer: Countdown timer With Relay: Counte Resets LRS Generator : 09/30/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A linear-recursive-sequence (LRS) generator produces binary sequences using a shift register and feedback through an exclusive-OR gate. The sequence length equals 2N-1, where N represents the number of registers. The generator cycles... Counter IC Provides Wait States for 8031 / 8051: 06/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas Counter Provides Divide By 4.5 Function: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas Counter Speed Doubler: Crystal Controlled Time Base Generator: Crystal Controlled Time-Base Generator CW Beacon Keyer: Darkroom Timer: Day / Night / 24 Hour Select Sensor: DDS using AD9835:
Delay line has wide duty cycle range: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Today's digital delay lines can process pulses no shorter than their delay times, and that restriction confines the devices to applications in which the duty cycle remains near 50%. A limited range of available delays (2 to 100 nsec per tap) further limits their use. Longer delay is available with one-shot multivibrators of standard digitallogic families, but those devices do not retain duty-c.... Delay Line implements Clock Doubler: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Deoderizer Fan Pushbutton Timer : Design low duty cycle timer circuits: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Designing astable circuits using the industry-standard 555 timer is a straightforward process when duty cycles are 50% or greater. However, you must overcome the many pitfalls of low-duty-cycle circuits to arrive at a desired result. Using only ideal components eases the design, but the components themselves are hard to obtain.. Digital Step Km Counter Max.: Pedometer has a range of 9.950 meters with2digits. Slip it in pants pocket for walking and jogging Digital Timer has Independent On / Off Periods: 03/28/96 EDN-Design Ideas Divide By 1 1/2 Circuit: Doorbell With Counter: Dynamic Clock Provides for Zero Wait States: 03/27/97 EDN-Design Ideas Edge Detector Runs off of Single Supply: 12/04/97 EDN-Design Ideas Event Counter: Extend the timing capabilities of a PC: 01/10/2002 EDN - Design Ideas Even when you use the internal timing registers and under DOS, a PC cannot easily measure time intervals with better time resolution than a millisecond. Measuring long intervals with even this precision is a waste of many CPU cycles. A microcontroller is well-suited for this task; you can easily integrate a PIC with a PC to extend the timing precision into the microsecond range for perio... Failed Power Light: turns on small low voltage lighting when mains power disappears Fast Rise time Multivibrator: Frequency Counter: Frequency Generator, 555IC: Function Timing Analyzer: The idea behind FuTA was to measure the execution Time, of several selected functions (written in C), of a 6833232-bit microprocessor embedded system. Although this could be achieved by other means, such as an emulator (or simulator), it gave me an excuse to design some hardware using a PLD (programmable logic device). Galloping Neon: array of blinking neon lamps Generating a Delayed Pulse With a Dual 555 Timer: Generation Of 1 Sec. Pulses Spaced 5 Sec. Apart: GPS Receiver Based Frequency Standard: Impulse Counter: ImCo was really designed for a "bike-o-meter" project, but could used for all sorts of counting applications. It consists of a4-digit LCD display and several CMOS4000 ICs, running on a small 6V camera battery. It was built using SMD components (apart from the LCD and switches) in order to keep the size fairly small. Jogging timer: 3V Battery Powered Beeps after a fixed number of minutes Lamp Switch Delay: LM3900 Sine Wave oscillator: Logic offers complementary switch control: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The complementary-switch controller in Figure 1 uses a few inverter gates to provide drive signals for the complementary switches. Complementary-switch configurations find widespread use in synchronous-rectification circuits, charge pumps, full-bridge control circuits, and other circuits. The circuit in Figure 1 provides not only a complementary drive signal but also a deadtime delay ... . Long Period timer: Low Frequency Clock: Mains Clock Controller using AT89C2051: Micropower Pulse Generator: MM58174Real Time Clock in a Battery Backed Up: Design Provides Reliable Clock and Calendar Functions : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 More Accurate PC / AT Clock: Nixie Tube Clock
NAND Gates Enable Trigger Lockout For 555 Timers: 04/14/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Applications of commercially available integrated timers, including the NE/SE555, are fairly limited when used in their monostable mode. This is due to their inability to function with all types of trigger pulses. These timers work perfectly and... NE555 Basic Monostable: Nixie Tube Clock: Off the Shelf Watchdog: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Old Dog 555 Learns Six New Tricks: 05/11/95 EDN-Design Ideas Onboard Fogger Timer: One Transistor timer: Pedometer: Periodic Timer: PIC Tock Video Clock: Power On Time Delay Relay Circuit: Precision 1Hz Clock Generator using Chip On Board: Programmable Clock Oscillator #1: voltage controller oscillator that was designed as a wide range oscillator to generate clock pulses for a stepper motor drive system, frequency could be varied over1,000,000:1 Programmable Clock Oscillator #2: PIC-Tock video clock using a PIC16C61 Propeller Clock: a few light emitting diodes spin, precisely controlled by a PIC microprocessor, giving the illusion of a larger array. Pulse Generator, 555: PWM Watchdog Circuit Ensures upper Bounds: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Realtimeclock Chip Makes Lowpower oscillator: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Sample hold Controlled oscillator: Shower Stopper: Simple Circuit Provides Timebase Calibration: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Divide by N Using '161s: Simple Frequency Doubler: Simple FSK Modulator: Simple phototimer controls load: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In industrial and home applications, the need sometimes exists for a device that, after activation by some physical effect, such as light, temperature, or sound, switches a load on for a predetermined time. The load, such as a lamp, motor, solenoid, or heater, usually derives its power from the ac line. . Simple Timer Exploits OpAmp Bias Current: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Timer Remembers your Rhythm: 01/05/95 EDN-Design Ideas Sine Wave oscillator: Sinewave Frequency Doubler: Single Gate Synchronizes Clock: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Sleep Switch Cum Wake up Timer: Slot Car T Volt Chronograph: Speaking Clock using PIC & ISD Device: SpeClo was designed and built to be used by the blind. Its purpose is to provide a relatively easy way for ascertaining the Time of day by whistling, and can be configured to speak English or German! Square Wave to Sine Converter: Stable 40KHz Clock: Stable Multivibrator (IC): Stable Multivibrator (Transistor): Sun Up Alarm: The Sun - Up Alarm can be used to provide a audible alarm for when the sun comes up or it can be used in a dark area and detect when a light comes on. It can also be used to detect a light beam, headlights etc. The circuit works as follows. The phototransistor is very sensitive to light. (Any phototransistor will work fine) The sun shining on this device will provide a high to one of the NAND gates. This will cause another NAND gate to oscillate which will drive another gate to output a100hz tone. The transistor provides drive for the speaker. Switch Debounce using 555:
Tan Timer: Six Timing positions suited to different skin types Timing affected by sunlight intensity Time / Date / Message Video Overlay Generator!: video text overlay circuit Time and Frequency Circuits: Time Switch: Timed Beeper: Timer Car Interval Wiper: Timer Provides Power Off Function: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas Two Transistor Atomic Frequency Standard: Unidirectional counters accumulate bidirectional pulses: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Quadrature-output incremental optical shaft encoders are popular in highperformance, bidirectional rotation-sensing applications. Available with resolution options extending beyond 2000 pulses/revolution, incremental encoders provide a fast,. Universal Watchdog Fully Controls Preset: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas Use a 555 timer as a switch mode power supply: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Most switch-mode power supplies rely on a PWM (pulse-width-modulated) output that is controlled via voltage feedback. A 555-timer IC can inexpensively perform PWM. The circuit in Figure 1 shows how to turn a 555 PWM circuit into an switchmode power supply with only one simple equation. The design uses two 555s Use a trick to count scope events: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Use time domain analysis of Zobel network: 06/27/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Using The LM555 Timer With Photocell Detectors: Variable timer: VCG01 PAL / NTSC Video Clock / Message Generator: Video text overlay circuit Versatile Electronic timer: Versatile Timer Operates From Microseconds to Hours: National Semiconductor Application Notes,24 Feb1999 Video Clock Superimposer: Video Message & Clock Generator: Watchdog circuit uses ac triggering: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A dctriggered reset of a watchdog circuit is prone to failure. If the watchdog program hangs up, then the reset signal becomes activated continuously, and the microprocessor has no way to escape the situation. We found that a simple solution uses an ac trigger to reset the watchdog circuit (Figure 1).. Watchdog Circuit uses Leftover Gates: 08/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Watchdog Time Out is Independent of Reset: 09/01/95 EDN-Design Ideas Watchdog timer allows entry to test mode: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Manuals for microprocessor-based devices often include instructions for entering a "secret mode" in which you can test or reset the device. These instructions typically ask you to depress and hold one or two switches for a minimum time interval. You can adopt several measures to avoid accidentally triggering the test mode: Depress two keys, hold both keys simultaneously and continuously throug.... Watchdog timer Assumes Varied Roles: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Watchdog Timer Reboots PCs: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Wide Range Timer: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28 Jun1996 Wiper Speed Controller:
Oscillators - Crystal - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Oscillators: Crystal
1 Second Time Base From Crystal Osc.: 50 to 150 MHz Overtone Oscillator: CMOS oscillator: Colpitts 1 to 20 MHz Crystal Oscillator: Crystal 32.768KHz CMOS Oscillator: Crystal Controlled Time Base Generator: Crystal Controlled Time-Base Generator Crystal Oscillator overcomes typical Drawbacks: 08/17/98 EDN-Design Ideas Crystal oscillator: Low Distortion Crystal Oscillator : One Second Time Base From Crystal Osc.: Study of the Crystal Oscillator for CMOS CoPS: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 Tiny Crystal Oscillator #1: Tiny Crystal Oscillator #2: High-stability gate oscillator uses two, 5-pin SOT packaged devices Wide Swing Variable Crystal Oscillator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Crystal_Oscillators.html [1/17/2007 4:44:05 PM]
Cube Root - Math Functions - Electronic Circuits
Math Functions: Cube Root

Analog multipliers take cube roots: 4/10/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Cube_Root.html [1/17/2007 4:44:07 PM]
Current Limiter Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Current Limiter Circuits

13.8 Volt 20PSU: This is a Regulated DC power supply with short circuit protection and with current limiter. 9 Volt 2PSU: A simple 9 Volt 2 amp supply using a single IC regulator. Circuit provides hiccup current limiting: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Currentlimit protection is an essential feature for power-supply systems. The three major types of current-limit-protection mechanisms are constant, foldback, and hiccup. Hiccup current limit performs the best of the three types; however, the implementation is rather complex. In this scheme, upon detection of an overcurrent event, the whole power supply shuts down for an interval before it tri.... Eliminate Latching Current Limit In Power Supplies : 08/05/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Most modern power-supply control ICs offer built-in overcurrent or short-circuit protection. While some overcurrent-protection schemes are latching, others are nonlatching. When the overcurrent trip level is reached in a latching controller, the... Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Current_Limiters.html [1/17/2007 4:44:09 PM]
Current Loop Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Current Loop Circuits

4 to 20 mA Current Loop Needs No External Power Source: 09/13/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Current Loop Converter: Two Channel Isolated Industrial Version, schematic in PDF format Current Loop Interface: Loop Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Current_Loop_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 4:44:11 PM]
Current Monitors and Amp Meters - Electronic Circuits

AC Line Current Detector: Active feedback IC serves as current sensing instrumentation amplifier: 07/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / High-speed current sensing presents a designer with some significant challenges. Most techniques for sensing current involve measuring the differential voltage the current produces as it flows through a sense element, such as a resistor or a Hall-effect device. The differential voltage across the sense element is generally small and is often riding on a common-mode voltage that is considerably ..... Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Circuit Breaker Monitors Leakage Current: 06/21/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit measures currents in dc servo motor: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple circuit design in Figure 1 lets you measure all components of a current flowing in a dc servo motor. The rectified output of the circuit uses ground as a reference, so you can measure the output by using a single-ended A/D converter. The current-sense resistor, R1, has a value of 0. . Circuit Measures Small Current in DC Servo Motor: 12/07/01 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Senses High Side Current: 03/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / (One of several circuits in PDF) The accurate, high-side, current-sense circuit does not use a dedicated, isolated supply voltage, as some other schemes do. Current Sense Amplifier Handles High Voltages: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas Current Sense IC Prevents Overcurrent Damage: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas Current sensing scheme improves PFC on/off sequences: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / PFC (power-factor-correction) preconverters typically use the step-up, or boost, configuration, because this type of converter is relatively easy to implement (Figure 1). However, this topology requires the output voltage to be higher than the input voltage. When this condition is not the casefor example, with on/off sequences or under load conditionssome inrush current flows thro.... CurrentSensing for Crossbars: Maxim APP 391: Mar 01, 2001 / Current sharing between DC/DC converter modules enables several modules to be paralleled. In recent years, tight tolerances for current sharing have made discrete current-sense circuit designs a formidable challenge. This application note describes a low-cost, space-saving and accurate current sensing and sharing scheme using MAX4372. High Side Current Sensor has Period Output 1: Maxim APP 1084: May 31, 2002 High Side Current Sensor has Period Output 2: 03/07/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Current_Meters.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:44:15 PM]
Current Monitors and Amp Meters - Electronic Circuits
High side current sensor monitors negative rail: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / All dedicated current-sense amplifiers provide high-side sensing on a positive supply, but you can adapt such circuits for monitoring a negative supply (Figure 1). The positive-supply pin, V+, connects to the system's positive supply, and the ground pin, GND, connects to the negative supply, VEE. That arrangement monitors the negative supply and provides a positive output voltage for the extern.. HighAccuracy CurrentSense Amplifier Enables Current Sensing and Current Sharing: Maxim APP 391: Mar 01, 2001 / Current sharing between DC/DC converter modules enables several modules to be paralleled. In recent years, tight tolerances for current sharing have made discrete current-sense circuit designs a formidable challenge. This application note describes a low-cost, space-saving and accurate current sensing and sharing scheme using MAX4372. Integrator Forms Picoammeter: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas MOSFET Current Sensing: Method of mirror current sensing a MOSFET Simple circuit provides high side current sensing: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Solar Current Meter: Transmitter accurately transfers voltage input: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / When you connect remote sensors to a central process controller, a simple, robust, and commonly used interface is the 4 to 20-mA loop. The advantages of this current loop include the simplicity of just two twisted wires that share both power and signal, the loop's high noise immunity in harsh environments, and the de facto loop standard within the process-control industry... Two Sensors Measure Three Line Currents: 09/01/95 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Reference improves JFET: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit The common JFET current-source in Figure 1a has average output impedance and depends heavily on the JFET's V P and I DSS variations. These manufacturing variations limit the initial accuracy of the current setpoint that the circuit can obtain with a...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Current_Meters.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:44:15 PM]
Current Mirror Circuits - Electronic Circuits & Projects
Current Mirror Circuits

Circuit drives mixed types and quantities of LEDs: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Portable systems often use LEDs of different colors and in varying quantities of each color. Some examples are white for the display backlight, green for keypad illumination, and red for power. Typically, the LEDs derive power from at least two power supplies: one for "standard" LEDs (red and green) and one for white LEDs.. Circuit forms novel floating current source: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Figure 1 shows a polarization circuit applicable to ISFET (ion-sensitive field-effecttransistor) sensors. ISFETs are solid-state chemical sensors that measure the pH value of a solution in biomedical and environmental applications, for example. The circuit in Figure 1 is extremely simple; it sets fixed-bias conditions for ISFET sensors (VDS=I0 RX; IDS=I0)....
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Current_mirrors.html [1/17/2007 4:44:18 PM]
Sensors & Detectors - Amp Meters and Current Monitors

AC Line Current Detector: Active feedback IC serves as current sensing instrumentation amplifier: 07/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / High-speed current sensing presents a designer with some significant challenges. Most techniques for sensing current involve measuring the differential voltage the current produces as it flows through a sense element, such as a resistor or a Hall-effect device. The differential voltage across the sense element is generally small and is often riding on a common-mode voltage that is considerably ..... Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Circuit Breaker Monitors Leakage Current: 06/21/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit measures currents in dc servo motor: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple circuit design in Figure 1 lets you measure all components of a current flowing in a dc servo motor. The rectified output of the circuit uses ground as a reference, so you can measure the output by using a single-ended A/D converter. The current-sense resistor, R1, has a value of 0. . Circuit Measures Small Current in DC Servo Motor: 12/07/01 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Senses High Side Current: 03/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / (One of several circuits in PDF) The accurate, high-side, current-sense circuit does not use a dedicated, isolated supply voltage, as some other schemes do. Current Sense Amplifier Handles High Voltages: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas Current Sense IC Prevents Overcurrent Damage: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas Current sensing scheme improves PFC on/off sequences: 06/27/2002 EDN Design Ideas / PFC (power-factor-correction) preconverters typically use the stepup, or boost, configuration, because this type of converter is relatively easy to implement (Figure 1). However, this topology requires the output voltage to be higher than the input voltage. When this condition is not the casefor example, with on/off sequences or under load conditionssome inrush current flows thro.... CurrentSensing for Crossbars: Maxim APP 391: Mar 01, 2001 / Current sharing between DC/DC converter modules enables several modules to be paralleled. In recent years, tight tolerances for current sharing have made discrete current-sense circuit designs a formidable challenge. This application note describes a low-cost, space-saving and accurate current sensing and sharing scheme using MAX4372. High Side Current Sensor has Period Output 1: Maxim APP 1084: May 31, 2002 High Side Current Sensor has Period Output 2: 03/07/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Current_Sensors_Monitors.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:44:20 PM]
Sensors & Detectors - Amp Meters and Current Monitors
High side current sensor monitors negative rail: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / All dedicated current-sense amplifiers provide high-side sensing on a positive supply, but you can adapt such circuits for monitoring a negative supply (Figure 1). The positive-supply pin, V+, connects to the system's positive supply, and the ground pin, GND, connects to the negative supply, VEE. That arrangement monitors the negative supply and provides a positive output voltage for the extern.. HighAccuracy CurrentSense Amplifier Enables Current Sensing and Current Sharing: Maxim APP 391: Mar 01, 2001 / Current sharing between DC/DC converter modules enables several modules to be paralleled. In recent years, tight tolerances for current sharing have made discrete current-sense circuit designs a formidable challenge. This application note describes a low-cost, space-saving and accurate current sensing and sharing scheme using MAX4372. Integrator Forms Picoammeter: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas MOSFET Current Sensing: Method of mirror current sensing a MOSFET Simple circuit provides high side current sensing: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Solar Current Meter: Transmitter accurately transfers voltage input: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / When you connect remote sensors to a central process controller, a simple, robust, and commonly used interface is the 4 to 20-mA loop. The advantages of this current loop include the simplicity of just two twisted wires that share both power and signal, the loop's high noise immunity in harsh environments, and the de facto loop standard within the process-control industry... Two Sensors Measure Three Line Currents: 09/01/95 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Reference improves JFET: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit The common JFET current-source in Figure 1a has average output impedance and depends heavily on the JFET's V P and I DSS variations. These manufacturing variations limit the initial accuracy of the current setpoint that the circuit can obtain with a... Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Current_Sensors_Monitors.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:44:20 PM]
Current Source / Sink Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Current Source / Sink Circuits

40 Volt Current Source operates From 40 to +85C: 06/22/1995 EDN - Design Ideas / Wide Output Current range Sources that accommodate a wide Supply and Temperature range, based on LM317 60 MCurrent Source Feeds Telecomm Lines: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas BiPolars Provide StableCurrent Source: 09/24/98 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit forms novel floating current source: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Figure 1 shows a polarization circuit applicable to ISFET (ion-sensitive field-effecttransistor) sensors. ISFETs are solid-state chemical sensors that measure the pH value of a solution in biomedical and environmental applications, for example. The circuit in Figure 1 is extremely simple; it sets fixed-bias conditions for ISFET sensors (VDS=I0 RX; IDS=I0).... CMOS Buffer Delivers Precise Current Pulses: 12/08/94 EDN-Design Ideas Constant current Amplifier : Constant Current Battery Charger: Current Source has High Output Impedance: 06/22/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Composite10-mA current-source configuration that has a compliance voltage of5 to42V, a setcurrent error of less than1% and an output impedance of greater than100 megaohms HAVE TO LOG IN TO RETRIEVE CIRCUIT Design Formulas Simplify Classic V/I Converter: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Digital current source is nonvolatile: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digitally programmable current sources that feature automatic trimming and retain the setting despite power-down cycles are useful in applications such as RF- and lasercommunications drivers. The circuit in Figure 1, for example, is particularly suited for setting the drive current for the optical pump in widely tunable VCSELs (verticalcavity surface-emitting lasers). . High Speed Regulator Makes great Current Source: 07/16/98 EDN Design Ideas -Bandwidth of this circuit measures more than1 MHz, only the selected MOSFET and the ratings of the input supplys bypass capacitors limit the voltage compliance Linear Constant Current LED Lamp Dimmer: This circuits drives24 white light LEDs with an adjustable constant current. PC Controlled Current Source Supplies 100V, 1A, 16Bit Pulses : 04/29/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The current source shown in the figure is designed to support toroidal-cavity nuclear-magnetic-resonance electrophoresis (TCNMRE) measurements of molecular electrical mobility in chemical samples. To do so,... Precision Current Sink Costs Less than $20: 03/13/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Simple active load circuit for current from1 mA to1A and voltage from3 to40-Volt Reference stabilizes exponential current: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / In an antilog converter, the difference between the base voltages of two transistors sets the ratio of their collector currents: The use of matched transistors balances the first-order temperature coefficient but leaves a temperature-dependent gain term, q/kT. Classic antilog circuits use a thermistor in the drive circuitry to correct this temperature dependency. .
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Current Source / Sink Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Simple Current Source & Sink Circuits have Low TC: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple High Efficiency Current Source Is Adjustable: 04/28/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / IOccasionally, the need arises for a simple current source that can be easily adjusted over a relatively wide range of current levels. The circuit shown in the figure uses a 200-kHz pulse-width modulation... Simple Scheme keeps Current Drain Constant: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Step up / Step Down Current Source Charges Batteries: 07/16/98 EDN Design Ideas Stepup/stepdown Current Source Charges Batteries: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage to current converter drives white LEDs: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need to drive a white LED from one 1.5V battery. Unfortunately, the forward voltage of a white LED is 3 to 4V. So, you would need a dc/dc converter to drive the LED from one battery. Using the simple circuit in Figure 1, you can drive one white LED or two series-connected green LEDs, using only a few components.. Voltage To Current Converter Works From Single Supply Rail: 02/17/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Voltage-to-current converters feeding to grounded loads often find their way into industrial measurements and control applications. The conventional textbook circuit needs both positive and negative-supply rails
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Amplifier Circuits: Transimpedance Current to Voltage Converters

SINGLE IC FORMS SENSITIVE MODULATED LIGHT RECEIVER (15) (4069rvr1) The circuit uses a very inexpensive C-MOS IC that is connected to a small photodiode. Using a unique inductive feedback network, the circuit provides high sensitivity under high ambient light conditions. It is a great circuit when you want to extend the range of an optical remote control transmitter. 40KHz LIGHT RECEIVER IS IMMUNE TO AMBIENT LIGHT (16) (40krvr1) If you want even more sensitivity than the above circuit, try this design. When used with a one-centimeter square photodiode, you can achieve a range of several hundred feet with a standard TV or VCR remote control module.
1uS LIGHT PULSE RECEIVER PLUS POST AMP (27) (500krvr3) This circuit is designed to detect very weak light pulses lasting 1uS. It uses a tuned LC feedback network to provide high sensitivity while giving high ambient light immunity. A post voltage amplifier is included with a gain of about X20. The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver section of my Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. Note: The LF357 op amp is no longer available, this circuit is for reference only. BROAD BAND 5MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (30) (5mhzfbvr) This circuit is a simple broad band light detector that uses a very inexpensive IC and a PIN photodiode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It has a bandwidth from 1KHz to over 5MHz. It is great for experimenting with various modulated light sources. BROAD BAND 2MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (31) (2mhzrvr1) If you need more sensitivity than the above circuit this circuit provides about ten times more gain. It too is designed around an inexpensive plastic optical fiber detector. LIGHT RECEIVER WORKS FROM 1KHz TO OVER 70MHz (48) (75mfbvr) This circuit uses one tiny C-MOS inverter IC to form a modulated light receiver with a very fast response. It is designed around a PIN photo diode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It can be used as an optical fiber receiver. By using the open end of the optical fiber it can "sniff" out any modulated light signals.
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40KHz MODULATED LIGHT DETECTOR (59) (40krvr2) This circuit uses a unique cascode amplifier circuit to convert the current from a PIN photo diode to a current without any feedback network. It is very stable and very sensitive. The circuit shown has the potential for a conversion factor of 10 volts per microwatt at 900nm. I included a simple JFET post-amplifier with a gain of about 20. 40KHz LASER BURST DETECTOR (60) (40krvr3) This circuit was originally designed to detect weak flashed of laser light bounced off of a fabric video projection screen. It was used as part of a firearm training system. It generates a 100mS output pulse whenever it detects a 3ms to 5ms-laser burst, modulated at 40KHz. It is very sensitive and could be modified for long-range laser communications. 10MHz TO 20MHz LASER LIGHT DETECTOR (61) (20mrvr2) This circuit was originally designed to detect laser light pulses for an optical Ethernet communications system. It has good ambient light immunity. FET INPUT HIGH SPEED LIGHT DETECTOR (69) (fetamp0) This circuit is yet another design that converts current from a PIN photo diode to a voltage. It has a bandwidth that extends beyond 50MHz. AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH RECEIVER (70) (airmon0) I designed this circuit many years ago to monitor the quality of a mile long column of air for future optical communications experiments. The transmitter system (circuit 72 below) uses a powerful xenon flash in conjunction with a large 12 inch Fresnel lens at the transmitter end and a matching 12-inch lens with a PIN photo diode at the receiver. The receiver system was connected to a weather station and a computer to collect the changes in intensity of the light flashes under different weather conditions. It has the potential for a 30+-mile range. I have also used this system to conduct cloud bounce experiments. LASER/LED LIGHT OUTPUT INTENSITY METER (80) (laserpwr) This circuit uses a large 1cm X 1cm silicon PIN photo diode and a transimpedance amplifier to measure the light power output of infrared and visible LEDs and laser diodes. It can be modified to produce almost any milliwatts to volts scale factor. It can be connected to either a multi-meter or an oscilloscope. OPTICAL RFID TEST CIRCUIT (87) (opiddemo) I designed this test the concept of using light techniques to send identification data instead of RF. A more detailed discussion on this scheme can be found in the Imagineered new products section. CASCODE LIGHT RECEIVER CIRCUIT (103) (40krvr3a) This page provides a detailed explanation of how the modified cascode light receiver circuit operates. The cascode technique in conjunction with an inductive load provides very high current to voltage conversion as well as very high speed.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/C/Current_to_Voltage_Converter.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:44:25 PM]
Beautiful High Brightness Animated LED Sign Boards - PIZZA - OPEN - Many More Signboards

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High Brightness Animated LED Signs With Multicolor Chasing Border

This is an INCREDIBLY bright animated LED sign and looks fantastic. A real eye catcher >> Any passer-by's eyes cannot ignore this sign. Its large size and bright animations are clearly visible from more than 200 feet .
A BEAUTIFUL GADGET TO BOOST YOUR PIZZA SALES INSTANTLY.
Pl. allow animation to download completely ( 200 kb only)
Enclosed In Sturdy Black Powder Coated Aluminum Frames .
Signs can be set to have animated or stationary message text . Chaser border speed has rotary control with option to make it stationary .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/cosy_products/animated_led_signs.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 4:45:12 PM]
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P I Z Z A lettering can be set as stationary or you can glow letters one by one followed by flashing thrice >>> see the animation above. Animated chaser border can be set to stationary or at variable chasing speed . Saves Energy & More Visible Than Neon Signboards. Solid state high efficiency circuit consumes very low power consumption>> Only 10 watts. Provided with 100-240 V AC 50-60 Hz SMPS power supply for international use. 12 V DC socket for using with car battery. Ideal for using with catering vans or restaurants on move, temporary / roadside locations etc. Black powder coated aluminum frame and acrylic front makes it weatherproof and durable for years. Sign dimension: 22 x 11x 2 inches .Each PIZZA letter is 5 inches tall Environment friendly compare to Neon Sign. Maintenance Free. 12 month Warranty. Many other readymade signs are available with similar animations as shown below.
"OPEN" Sign With Animated Border For Your Shop / Parlor / Restaurant / Office .
22 x 11x 2 inches
Following Signs Are Readily Available : For Shops , Doctors , ATM , Restaurants and Beauty Parlor Applications : 22 x 11x 2 inches
Large sized sign 30"x 15"x2"
Displays are also made to your custom designs. (extra development charges apply) All parameters & shown design subject to change to accommodate our latest research & development without notice) You may send order by Email and deposit payment in cash or cheque in any of our following accounts in your city .
1. ICICI Bank : Our account number is : 016405000727 in favour of Cosy 2. IDBI Bank : Our account number is : 070102000005265 in favour of Cosy
Communications. Alternately you may send the payment by DD in favour of Cosy Communications payable at Dehradun to our address given below . Shipment against any outstation cheques or D.D. will be done after clearing only. For international orders pl. use our swift details available at : http://www.cosycommunications.com/payments.htm#2 Warranty : 12 months free service warranty against any manufacturing defect. (Defective items should be sent with return postage prepaid) along with copy of purchase to our Dehradun Works . We assure a quick and satisfactory after sale service to our all customers. ( warranty not offered for any international orders due to involvement of customs & other commercial reasons ) Delivery : In case an order is placed on us we usually dispatch goods within one week by suitable courier service or registered post parcel if courier service is not available, after receipt of 100% payment by cash/bank draft along with written order. There might be change in delivery time due to any circumstances and we shall not be responsible for any consequences. Customers are also advised to suggest their preferred courier or transport service. Query : For any further queries, prices or business correspondence pl mail to cosy@sancharnet.in Attractive Export prices available for bulk orders . Min. order 20 pcs for any single design or mixed designs of above shown designs . We also supply signs with your custom requirements for reasonable development charges >> pl. submit your requirement in detail for any single sign / bulk orders. Communications.
For any further queries, prices or business correspondence pl mail to cosy@sancharnet.in
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1, Indraprastha Enclave, Sewla , Majra, Dehradun-248171 ( INDIA). Tel +91-135-2640816 E-mail : cosy@sancharnet.in
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Fetal Heart Beat Monitor - (Ultrasonic Doppler) - Compact Ultrasonic Dopplers

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COSY Unique Electronic Systems , Gadgets and Test Instruments
COSY Fetal Heart Beat Monitor (Ultrasonic Doppler)

Compact Ultrasonic Doppler - Heart Beat Monitor
Model : HBM-X01B
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Hear the true sounds of unborn baby's heartbeat. Designed for Home & Clinical applications. Crystal clear sound with adjustable volume . Lightweight, Easy to handle, Simple operation. Works on power and battery both. Built-in battery charger. Low battery indication. Allows Ear-phone / External loudspeaker use. Recommended for Maternity Homes, Gynecologists. Equally useful for Midwives and personal home use. Latest Technology - Economically priced .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/cosy_products/fetal_heartbeat_monitor.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 4:45:21 PM]
Introduction : COSY Fetal Monitors are the best economically priced Dopplers with proven technology. Using an advanced circuit & probe design they provide unmatched fetal heartbeat detection. They use broad beam technology and a specially designed pre-angled probe allowing for greater ease in locating the heartbeat with optimal clarity. They are lightweight, easy to handle, extremely durable. The 2.25MHz probe can pick up the fetal heartbeat as early as 12-14 weeks and is successful all the way through pregnancy. The most important quality of any Doppler is the sound reproduction. COSY Fetal Monitors provide a crystal clear static-free signal for maximum clarity. About Fetal Dopplers :Ultrasonic Dopplers extensively in use since the late 1950's to detect the fetal heartbeats in earlier stages of pregnancy. Dopplers use high frequency ultrasonic sound waves that reflect off the fetal heart and which then are converted into amplified audible sounds by the device. This is one of the safest means available to detect the fetal heartbeat. There are no known reports of any adverse biological or health effects from the use of Ultrasonic Dopplers. However always seek an advice from your doctor for proper use and best results. Fetal Heart Sounds : The fetal heartbeat is much faster than an adult human heartbeat and it sounds similar to that of a galloping horse. Some times the fetal heartbeat can be heard as early as 10 weeks into the pregnancy. However, depending on the position and movement of the baby it may not always be detected. Oftentimes you may hear background noise while listening to the baby's heartbeat including blood flow through the abdomen, a swishing sound, or background noise as the Doppler probe is moved over the abdomen. Home Use : Now Moms- and Dads-to-be can hear the wonderful sounds of their unborn babies, months before birth, right in their own homes. COSY Fetal Monitors, amplifies hiccups and kicks and lets you hear your baby's heartbeat. It is completely safe and allows friends and family to feel closer to the coming baby. Your baby's first sounds can even be recorded to treasure for a lifetime. It can also be used to record mom's heartbeat, which can later be used to soothe the newborn after birth. The devices work best in the late second and third trimester of pregnancy. It is completely safe and non-intrusive -- it just amplifies fetal sounds. A strong, regular heartbeat is a sign that an infant is doing well during labor. A significant, prolonged drop in rate or intensity of the heartbeat is a sign of distress of a fetus that may, on occasion, necessitate a cesarean delivery in order to prevent damage to the infant. The devices are for general fetal heartbeat listening only , and not for reaching any final conclusions by the patients themselves. Kindly take regular advice and routine checkups from qualified medical professionals in all cases. Operation : 1. Connect a 9v DC battery to the device and Switch on . 2. Apply sufficient ultrasonic gel on the target area of abdomen skin. You can also use any Hand body lotion or Vaseline Petroleum Gel with equally good results. It is important to have an airtight contact between abdomen skin and probe face , otherwise it will not be possible to pick up the fetal heartbeat. 3. Place the sensor at target area and reach the best location where RED LED light start flashing and you get clear heartbeats of baby. To get best results Exact location and Angle of the probe on targeted area is important. After a little use you can reach the exact location easily. 4. Adjust the volume as required by using the volume control knob. ( If required you can connect any external bigger speaker or amplifier for loud volume using the earphone socket). 5. To use Ear-phones or record the sounds use earphone socket. Recommended good quality Walkman's stereo headphones only. Please note Headphones used for computers may not be compatible.
SPECIFICATIONS : Ultrasonic Frequency : 2.25 MHz Intensity : 15 mW/cm2 max. Audio Out put : 500 mill watt max., Adjustable with volume control . Power Source : 9v DC Adapter or 9v Battery Type GF22(Not included), Size & Weight : 15 cm X 13 cm X 5 cm , 350 gms appx. US
Please send payments by D.D. in favour of COSY COMMUNICATIONS payable at Dehradun. No outstation cheques or D.D. are accepted. You can also deposit payment in cash or by cheque in selected cities India in favour of our current accounts with IDBI Bank or ICICI bank. For details regarding payment options please click the following link of our main website : http://www.cosycommunications.com/payments.htm Shipment Includes :- One set of selected Fetal Heartbeat Monitor with 2.25MHz Probe + one Rexene Carry Bag + Operation Manual. Optional Item : 250 Gms Ultrasonic Gel Tube : Rs. 100 /- extra ( including excess postage charges) (Gel Tubes not available for exports shipments.) Warranty : COSY Fetal Heartbeat Monitors are provided with Six months free service warranty against any manufacturing defect. (Defective items should be sent with return postage prepaid) along with copy of purchase to our Dehradun Works or New Delhi service centre. We assure a quick and satisfactory after sale service to our all customers. Delivery : In case an order is placed on us we usually dispatch goods within 2 days by suitable courier service or registered post parcel if courier service is not available, after receipt of 100% payment by cash/bank draft along with written order. There might be change in delivery time due to any circumstances and we shall not be responsible for any consequences. Customers are also advised to suggest their preferred courier or transport service. Click here for on line query.
For any further queries or business correspondence pl mail to cosy@sancharnet.in Dealers in India. Chennai: Scientific Medical Systems , No: 15 (E1/663), 55th Cross Street, Thiruvalluvar Nagar, Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai - 600041 , Phone : 044-24413731 Chandigarh: DIGITAL MEDICAL SYSTEMS INC. ,SCO 333-334, FIRST FLOOR,SECTOR 35B , CHANDIGARH- 160035 PHONE : 0172-2260603 , 98140-18018 Hydrabad: ARUNODAYA POWER SYSTEMS , No. 1-7-99/A, Kamalanagar ,ECIL Post, Lane Opp. Vimal Cloth Show Room ,Near Santoshimatha Temple,Hyderabad-62 , Ph.No.s 27132618, 55330091, 27128147, Mobile No: 31189027 Mumbai: PAMTRONS MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS, A 212, PRATIK IND.ESTATE,NEXT TO
WOCKHARTS HOSPITAL, MULUND LINK ROAD, BHANDUP WEST, MUMBAI- 400 078. TELFAX: 022 25647973/25692167 , MOBILE:09820159016 Kollam: RS Technologies, 1st Floor,Vimpy complex, Near T.K.M.Engg.college ,Karicode ,kollam-691005, Kerala , Phone : 0474/714315,711568 Indore: M/s Medi Solutions ,110 , Basement ,Hotel Kanchan Tilak,Akbar Ali Complex ,Palsia Square ,INDORE ( M.P.), Tel. : 0731-5073898,98260-67546 INTERNATIONAL DEALERS AND ASSOCIATES List of some of our International dealers/ associates is given below . In case you are from any other country or state and want some more information about our Exports Prices and Shipments details out of India Please contact by E-mail at : cosy@sancharnet.in TURKEY : Sefa Puskulluoglu : S.EVLER MAH M.CAKMAK CAD 4.SK NO:7 DAIRE:4 BAHCELIEVLER ISTANBUL - TURKEY Tel: 0090212 503 84 92 USA: Anticipation Ultrasound Studio:5055 S. 78th E. Ave., Tulsa, OK 74145 USA ,Ph: 918-665-2229 For retail and dealership enquiries for unrepresented countries and states kindly send your particulars by E-mail at following address : cosy@sancharnet.in For general ordering information for retail exports or sample prices click on button below:
For any further queries, prices or business correspondence pls mail to cosy@sancharnet.in
COSY COMMUNICATIONS
Digital Heart Beat Monitor with Infra-red Fingure / Ear Lobe Clip Sensor

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COSY Unique Electronic Systems, Gadgets Medical Instruments and Test Instruments
Designed for Home and Clinical Applications
Infra-red Fingure /Ear Lobe Clip Sensor
Extra 3 digit desk / wall mounting display with 1 inch high digits (available with model : PM-1102GE only) Larger display sizes in 2" or 4" LED characters also made for custom requirements
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Monitors pulse rate and rhythm. Alphanumeric LCD Display . Pulse monitoring by sound beeps and LED indication. Shows Pulse Rate per minute after every 5 pulse count. 10 or 15 pulse count average also selectable. Infra-Red Optical Finger /Ear Lobe Clip sensor. Bar Graph to display signal sensitivity. 15 Memories . Lightweight, Easy to handle, Simple operation. Works on power and battery both. Recommended for hospitals, small clinics, medical research centers, exercise / workout Gyms and sports activity centers. Latest Technology - Very Economically priced . Also available models with computer interface and extra large displays. For Exports Enquiry Click here
Also available Infra- Red finger /Earlobe clip probe separately. For details of Infra- Red finger /Earlobe clip sensor probe specifications Click Here
Introduction : COSY Heartbeat Monitor/ Digital Pulse Meter is the economically priced instrument with latest technology. Using an advanced micro controller based circuit & probe design it provides an easy way to measure and monitor heartbeat rate. The instrument uses Infrared sensors which can easily be clipped to finger ends or ear lobes to detect the heartbeat by finger plythysmography technology. A bar graph is provided to adjust the position of sensors at the best signal location. The unit is lightweight, easy to handle, extremely durable. The detachable Infra-Red probe is designed to get the best results in all type of pulse rate measurement applications. The pulse is also shown by LED indication and Piezo beep sounds. Home Use : The simple design and easy operation allows individuals to monitor the heartbeat during exercise and workouts. The device provides great safety to individuals with known heart problems. The readings of pulse meters are accurate enough when they count from your finger or ear lobe at normal body temp. A normal, healthy, human heart beats about 72 times per minute. A lower heart rate can result from being a consistent exerciser, from some medications for heart or blood pressure problems, or simply because of your genetic order. Your heart rate at resting position can be measured by recording your pulse before arising in the morning on two or three different days and averaging the figures. If your rate is less than 50, or more than 90, please consult your doctor.
Your maximum heart rate is related with your age. Take 220 and subtract your age. This is rate as fast as your heart can safely be allowed to beat . Target heart rate should be 50 to 80 percent of your maximum heart rate. Target heart rate is required to estimate the useful intensity of exercise , by measuring heartbeats per minute. To begin a healthy activity
program, aim for 50 to 60 percent of maximum heart rate. For a moderate exerciser, try 60 to 70 percent. If you are in great fitness condition then you may go for 70 to 80 percent of your max heart rate. Your pulse rate should come back to normal within 10 minutes after stopping the exercises or activity, if it does not - it means you are over exercising . Information Courtesy : various related internet sources. All above information is for general reference only , Always consult your doctor before reaching any final conclusions. Operation : 1. Connect the AC Adapter and Sensor to the device & Switch ON the Red power switch. 2. Clip the sensor to the finger tip ( on the center of nail of fore finger ) or on ear lobe as shown, as per requirement.. Keep your hand and body stationary and breath normally. 3. Push the Bar Graph Button and adjust the position of sensor on finger clip or ear lobe to get the maximum consistent signal. Normally a minimum of 6 to7 bars flashing with heartbeat rhythm should be visible to get the proper result. ( Proper readings may not be obtained if body temperature is below 35C or fingers are very cold because this is due to an insufficient blood flow to finger ends). Also it may not be always possible to get the required sensitivity at earlobes due to various factor like dark skin color , insufficient flow of blood, presence of hair etc. 4. Push the BPM button to start getting pulse beeps with LED indication and showing pulse count in display . After every 5 pulses the meter shows the average pulse per minute count. The average reading after every 5 pulses is stored in memory up to 15 times. The actual useful reading will be after about 10 pulses (2nd or 3rd reading). For detailed observation the readings of about 1 minute in the Memory may be used. Pressing the memory button will automatically show all the readings from start in the memory one by one. 5. To take fresh set of readings press reset and start again as above. 6. It is also possible to get the more accurate average reading after every 10 or 15 pulses by keeping pressed the BPM or BAR GRAPH buttons before switching ON the machine and then releasing the same. Technical Specifications: * * * * * * PRINCIPAL OF DETECTION : FINGER PLYTHYSMOGRAPHY PROCESSOR : 8 BIT MICRO CONTROLLER POWER SOURCE : 9 VOLTS ADAPTER (INCLUDED) or 9 Volt Chargeable battery Type GF22 MEASUREMENT RANGE : 10-300 PULSE PER MINUTE. ACCURACY : 3% OF READING SIZE & WEIGHT : 15 x 10 x 3.5 cm & 250 gms. (Approx.)
Accessories Included: 1. 2. 3. 4. Infra-Red Finger /Ear lobe clip sensor . Wall Mounting Bracket. 9 Volt Adapter Operation Manual.
Please send payments by D.D. in favour of COSY COMMUNICATIONS payable at Dehradun. No outstation cheques or D.D. are accepted. You can also deposit payment in cash or by cheque in selected cities India in favour of our current accounts with IDBI Bank or ICICI bank. For details regarding payment options please click the following link of our main website : http://www.cosycommunications.com/payments.htm
Warranty : Provided with Six months free service warranty against any manufacturing defect. (Defective items should be sent with return postage prepaid) along with copy of purchase to our Dehradun Works or New Delhi service center. We assure a quick and satisfactory after sale service to our all customers. Delivery : In case an order is placed on us we usually dispatch goods within one week by suitable courier service or registered post parcel if courier service is not available, after receipt of 100% payment by cash/bank draft along with written order. There might be change in delivery time due to any circumstances and we shall not be responsible for any consequences. Customers are also advised to suggest their preferred courier or transport service.
For any further queries, prices or business correspondence pls mail to cosy@sancharnet.in
COSY COMMUNICATIONS
Counter Token Number Displays - Infra-Red Remote Control Token Number displays with automatic Calling Counter Number display

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COSY Unique Electronic Products, Gadgets Medical Instruments and Test Instruments
COUNTER TOKEN NUMBER DISPLAYS

Helps you to serve your customers to their total satisfaction.
New Addition : Models also available with Infra-Red Remote Controls to increment or decrement the numbers with Handy remotes .Very useful for doctors, professional services providers.
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Simple operation and easy to install. Large size 3.5 inches high LED Displays. Pleasant musical chimes. Robust , heavy duty ,sleek designs in ABS plastic moulded cabinets. Feather touch key boards. Multi-Counter displays and custom designed systems for efficient Q-management. Parallel and Double sided displays available. Largest range of Token Display systems in India . Serving successfully to many Govt. departments , banks, Hospitals ,doctors , Restaurants, Canteens etc. in India and abroad. Custom designed plastic moulded tokens with number embossing available.
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Introduction: Token Display System are ideal for Banks, Airports, Public dealing offices , Hospitals , Doctors Clinics, Restaurants and other such places where people have to wait in line for their turn. These systems allow customers to wait without having to stand in line, once their number is displayed then only will they have to get in line for their turn . Musical chime for calling number. Provision for Automatic increment / decrement of numbers by pressing a single key/ through IR remotes. Also available models with number announcement with microphone and built-in alarm . All models are easy to install , operate & maintain. Any ordinary electrician can do the installation quickly. Click here for more details of regular 3 digit displays: http://www.cosycommunications.com/td403u.html New addition : Token Number displays with automatic Calling Counter Number display.
Now also available token number displays with automatic calling counter number display. Automatic increment of token numbers with display of calling counter number is ideally suitable for serving offices with many counters. No need to make your customers stand in long quos in sunlight or rain and wasting time. Just distribute tokens on first come first serve basis and as soon as any counter is ready to provide services the person there just has to press one push switch to show the incremented token number and respective counter number in displays. Also possible to attach more than one display with a single system. Up to 10 counters can be connected in regular model. ( Optional : Announcement facility .) Click here for more details of this model: http://www.cosycommunications.com/ktd5d10c.html
Specifications of regular 3 digit Token Number Display : Power Supply : 220v Ac ,or 12v Dc . Dimensions : Display Unit: 15inches X 6.5inches X 1.5inches x 650 gms. appx. Control Unit: 7inches X 6.5inches X 2.5 inches X 1 Kgs. Appx. 5 meters cable connector for connecting display with control unit is provided free with every system . Extra cable length will be charged @ Rs.50/- per meter.( Including courier charges ) Optional Items : Infra-Red Remote control provision with any of first 3 models : Rs. 900/- extra. Double sided displays available at extra charges. ( Quoted separately) 12 Volt 7 Amp Hour chargeable battery for 3 hrs backup : Rs. 400/- extra. Microphone for announcements in display speaker with panic alarm Rs. 600/- extra. Plastic Moulded Tokens with embossed numbers : Rs. 5 /- per piece ( Minimum order 100 tokens ). 6. Metallic chrome plated token stands : Rs.25/- per piece.( One stand can hold 50 tokens) 7. Any custom designs / Logo engravings on tokens at extra charges as actual ( minimum order 500 tokens) .
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Prices are all inclusive of taxes applicable, packing and courier charges within India. Please send payments by D.D. in favour of COSY COMMUNICATIONS payable at Dehradun. No outstation cheques or D.D. are accepted. For various payment options click : http://www.cosycommunications.com/payments.htm Warranty : COSY Token Displays are provided with One year free service warranty against any manufacturing defect. (Defective items should be sent with return postage prepaid) along with copy of purchase to our Dehradun Works or New Delhi service centre. We assure a quick and satisfactory after sale service to our all customers. Delivery : In case an order for single set is placed on us we usually dispatch goods within one week by suitable courier service or registered post parcel if courier service is not available, after receipt of 100% payment by cash/bank draft along with written order. There might be change in delivery time due to any circumstances and we shall not be responsible for any consequences. Customers are also advised to suggest their preferred courier or transport service. For bulk orders the delivery time will be informed accordingly.
Click here for submitting online query For any further queries or Export prices & business correspondence pls. mail to cosy@sancharnet.in
CLICK HERE FOR OTHER UNIQUE ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS Manufactured by :
COSY COMMUNICATIONS
Moving Message Displays - Programmable Electronic Scrolling LED Sign Boards - Microcontroller / Computer Controlled Based Displays

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PROGRAMMABLE SCROLLING LED MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAYS

Pre-programmed displays with effects are also made to custom requirements
Click here : For Other High Brightness Animated LED Signs With Multicolor Chasing Border Simple operation and easy to install. 2.5 inches high Large RED LED Displays. Visible from 100 feet distance. Custom sizes & Different LED Colors possible. q Programmable with regular computer key board without computer. q Pre-programmed displays with effects are also made to custom requirements .
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Moving Message Displays - Programmable Electronic Scrolling LED Sign Boards - Microcontroller / Computer Controlled Based Displays
Introduction : Moving Message Displays are ideal for all type of commercial establishments like Hotels , Restaurants , Retail Shops ,Banks, Airports, Clinics, Hospitals and other such places to get maximum attention of people . These displays attract customers to watch the display with curiosity and your scrolling message also is conveyed simultaneously . Very good advertising results are obtained from these unique displays with latest technology. You can change the message as often as you want your self with ordinary computer keyboard without any prior experience of any kind. Available in various sizes and are also made to custom requirements. Also available models with PC serial port command operation at extra charges. Specifications for regular model :
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Display Matrix : 9 characters in 7x56 , 2.5" high character LED configuration. Power Supply : 220v AC Dimensions : Display Unit: 25 inches X 7 inches X 1.5 inches appx. Control Unit: 6 inches X 7 inches X 2 inches appx.( fixed on back side of display unit ) Compatible with any Computer Keyboard. ( Not Included )
Please send payments by D.D. in favour of COSY COMMUNICATIONS payable at Dehradun. No outstation cheques or D.D. are accepted. Warranty : COSY Displays are provided with Six months free service warranty against any manufacturing defect. (Defective items should be sent with return postage prepaid) along with copy of purchase to our Dehradun Works or New Delhi service center. We assure a quick and satisfactory after sale service to our all customers. Delivery : In case an order is placed on us we usually dispatch goods within one week by suitable courier service or registered post parcel if courier service is not available, after receipt of 100% payment by cash/bank draft along with written order. There might be change in delivery time due to any circumstances and we shall not be responsible for any consequences. Customers are also advised to suggest their preferred courier or transport service.
CLICK HERE FOR OTHER UNIQUE ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS Manufactured by :
COSY COMMUNICATIONS
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/cosy_products/moving_message_displays.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:45:35 PM]
COSY Caller ID LCD Display Unit - Parallel Model with 150 Memories Telephone Caller-ID - Identify the caller before answering

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COSY Caller ID LCD Display Unit

PARALLEL MODEL WITH 150 MEMORIES TELEPHONE CALLER-ID
Your Personal Phone Secretary

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Identify the caller before answering. Check your Missed Calls. Choice to answer only selected calls. Monitor Unwanted / threatening calls. Monitor calls dialed in your absence. Keep a record of your business calls. Monitor calls made from parallel phones.
Features :
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Parallel model. Records incoming & outgoing calls made from all the parallel telephone instruments installed on the same line. 16 Digit Alpha Numeric Display. 150 memories of incoming calls, answered calls and dialed calls. Displays all local/std/isd calling numbers. (including mobile numbers.) Dialed number display. Real time clock display. Repeat call indicator. Call duration timer. Date & Time display for missed, answered & dialed calls (tone & decadic both). No. CLI facility indication. Memory remain intact even after power & battery failure. Automatic last in first out record storage. Compatible with all digital / electronic exchanges & telephones with DTMF system. Table & wall mounting applications. (provided with ready to nail wall mounting & table stand fittings.)
Recording of calls from parallel phones

This unique device will automatically record all incoming and outgoing calls Made by all the telephones connected in parallel to the line. Also available models with PC serial port command operation at extra charges. Technical Specifications :
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Processor : 8 bit Microcontroller Power Source : 4 AA size batteries & 9v adaptor (not included) Compatibility : All Digital / Electronic exchanges & push button telephones with DTMF systems. Size & Weight : 15 x 10 x 3.5 cm & 250 gms. (approx.)
Important : You must subscribe to and get activated calling line identification Processing facility (clip), from your telephone exchange to operate the system. Please send payments by D.D. in favour of COSY COMMUNICATIONS payable at Dehradun. No outstation cheques or D.D. are accepted. Warranty : COSY Caller-ID are provided with Six months free service warranty against any manufacturing defect. (Defective items should be sent with return postage prepaid) along with copy of purchase to our Dehradun Works or New Delhi service center. We assure a quick and satisfactory after sale service to our all customers. Delivery : In case an order is placed on us we usually dispatch goods within one week by suitable courier service or registered post parcel if courier service is not available, after receipt of 100% payment by cash/bank draft along with written order. There might be change in delivery time due to any circumstances and we shall not be responsible for any consequences. Customers are also advised to suggest their preferred courier or transport service.
CLICK HERE FOR OTHER UNIQUE ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS
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Single Digit Displays - Single Digit Clock - Programmable LED Matrix Clocks

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SINGLE DIGIT DISPLAYS MATRIX CLOCK

A Unique Clock - With Eye Catching Effect
The time shown here is 2:45
Model- CL-103 ( Please allow the animation to download completely )
Single Digit Clock : Shows Time by Sequencing Digits in 2.5"LED Matrix
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A Real Eye Catcher - Unique Clock.

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Displays time with each digit lighting up in sequence one after the other, followed by a brief pause. (Total sequence takes about 3 seconds) as shown above in animation. 2.5 inch high LED Matrix Display is highly readable even from a distance of more than 30 feet. 220 Volts AC wall adapter included. Chargeable Battery Pack optional. Sleek sturdy design. Dimensions 14cm x 7cm x 3.5cm Wall Mounting possible. Simple time setting switches. Ideal for showrooms, shop displays, offices, factories and home use.
Optional : 9 Volt chargeable battery Custom sizes also made to order . Character sizes from 1 inch to 1 feet possible . Please send payments by D.D. in favour of COSY COMMUNICATIONS payable at Dehradun. No outstation cheques or D.D. are accepted. Also visit following link for different modes of payment options. http://www.cosycommunications.com/payments.htm Warranty : provided with Six months free service warranty against any manufacturing defect. (Defective items should be sent with return postage prepaid) along with copy of purchase to our Dehradun Works or New Delhi service center. We assure a quick and satisfactory after sale service to our all customers. Delivery : In case an order is placed on us we usually dispatch goods within one week by suitable courier service or registered post parcel if courier service is not available, after receipt of 100% payment by cash/bank draft along with written order. There might be change in delivery time due to any circumstances and we shall not be responsible for any consequences. Customers are also advised to suggest their preferred courier or transport service.
Click here for submitting online query For any further queries, prices or export prices & business correspondence pls. mail to cosy@sancharnet.in CLICK HERE FOR OTHER UNIQUE ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS Manufactured by :
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with A
Abbreviations used in Electronics

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A (amp) Ampere
AC Alternating current
AC/DC Alternating current or direct current
A/D Analog to digital
ADC Analog-to-digital converter
AF Audio frequency
AFT Automatic fine tuning
AFC Automatic frequency control
AFC
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Automatic flow controller, used in controlling the flow of gasses under pressure into a vacuum system
AGC Automatic gain control
Ah Ampere hour
Ai Current gain
AM Amplitude modulation
AM/FM Amplitude modulation or Frequency modulation
AMM Analog multimeter
antilog Antilogarithm
Ap Power gain
apc Automatic phase control
Av Voltage gain
AVC Automatic volume control
AWG American wire gauge
Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with A
DICTIONARY OF ELECTRONICS TERMS

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A Abbreviation for "ampere" a unit of electrical current. absorption Loss or dissipation of energy as it travels through a medium, Example: radio waves lose some of their energy as they travel through the atmosphere. AC Abbreviation for "Alternating Current" acceptor atoms Trivalent atoms that accept free electrons from pentavalent atoms. AC coupling Circuit that passes an AC signal while blocking a DC voltage. AC/DC Equipment that will operate on either an AC or DC power source. AC generator Device used to transform mechanical energy into AC electrical power. AC load line A graph representing all possible combinations of AC output voltage and current for an amplifier. AC power supply Power supply that delivers an AC voltage. active component A component that changes the amplitude of a signal between input and output. active filter
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A filter that uses an amplifier in addition to reactive components to pass or reject selected frequencies. active region The region of BJT operation between saturation and cutoff used for linear amplification. AC voltage A voltage in which the polarity alternates. ADC Abbreviation for "analog to digital converter" Admittance (symbol "Y") Measure of how easily AC will flow through a circuit. Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance and is measured in siemens. AF Abbreviation for "audio frequency". AFC Abbreviation for "automatic frequency control". AGC Abbreviation for "automatic gain control" alkaline cell A primary cell that delivers more current than a carbon-zinc cell. Also known as an "alkaline manganese cell". alligator clip Spring clip on the end of a test lead used to make a temporary connection. alpha Ratio of collector current to emitter current in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). Greek letter alpha "" is the symbol used. alternating current An electric current that rises to a maximum in one direction, falls back to zero and then rises to a maximum in the opposite direction and then repeats. alternator Name for an AC generator. AM Abbreviation for "amplitude modulation" ammeter A meter used to measure current. ampere Unit of electrical current. amplifier A circuit that increases the voltage, current, or power of a signal.
amplitude: Magnitude or size of a signal voltage or current. analog Information represented as continously varying voltage or current rather than in discrete levels as opposed to digital data varying between two discrete levels. anode The positive electrode or terminal of a device. The "P" material of a diode. antenna, transmitting A device that converts an electrical wave into an electromagnetic wave that radiates away from the antenna. antenna, receiving A device that converts a radiated electromagnetic wave into an electrical wave. apparent power Power attained in an AC circuit as a product of effective voltage and current which reach their peak at different times. arc Discharge of electricity through a gas such as lightning discharging through the atmosphere. armature: The rotating or moving component of a magnetic circuit.
armstrong oscillator An oscillator that uses an isolation transformer to achieve positive feedback from output to input. astable multivibrator An oscillator that produces a square wave output from a DC voltage. atom The smallest particle that an element can be broken down into and still maintain its unique identity. atomic number The number of positive charges or protons in the nucleus of an atom. attenuate To reduce the amplitude of an action or signal. The opposite of amplification. audio Relating to frequencies that can be heard by the human ear. Approximately 20 Hz. to 20 kHz. autotransformer A single winding transformer where the output is taken from taps on the winding. average value A value of voltage or current where the area of the wave above the value equals the area
of the wave below the value. AVC Abbreviation for "automatic volume control" avionics Aviation electronics. AWG Abbreviation for "american wire gauge". A gauge that assigns a number value to the diameter of a wire.
Dictionary of Units - List of Measurement Unit - Categories of Units
DICTIONARY OF UNITS / MEASUREMENTS

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Length area volume or capacity mass temperature density, area density, line density, volume energy force torque fuel consumption mass per unit length mass per unit area mass per unit volume power pressure speed spread rate (by mass) spread rate (by volume) stress
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Systeme International [S I] Derived Units of the S I Conventions of Usage in the S I Metric System of Measurements Metrication in the UK The U S System of Measurements
Definitions of the Seven Basic S I Units Prefixes of the S I A Brief History of Measurement The U K (Imperial) System of Measurements
List of Units / Measurements

A
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L acres angstroms ares astronomical units atmospheres

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leagues light years links (surveyors') litres litres per area
B
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M barleycorns barrels (oil) bars british thermal units btu/hour etc. bushels
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C
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calories calories per hour etc. carats, metric celsius centigrade centigrade heat units centilitres centimetres centimetres of mercury or water centimetres per minute etc. chains (surveyors') circular inches cubic (+ any units) cubic measures per area cubits
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mach number megajoules meganewtons meganewtons per square metre megawatts metres metres of water metres per second etc. microns (=micrometres) miles miles per gallon miles per hour etc. millibars milligrams per cm milligrams per (any volume) millilitres millimetres of mercury or water millimetres of rain (by mass) millimetres of rain (by volume)
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newton metres (energy) newton metres (torque) newtons (per area) newtons (force) newtons (weight)

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decilitres denier drex dynes
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ounces ounces per inch ounces per area ounces per volume
E
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P ells (UK) ems (pica) ergs (energy) ergs (torque)

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F
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Fahrenheit fathoms feet feet of water feet per hour etc. fluid ounces foot pounds-force foot pounds-force per minute etc. foot poundals furlongs
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parsecs pascals perch (=rods or poles) picas pints points (printers') poundals poundals per square foot pounds pounds per area pounds per foot pounds per volume pounds-force pound-force inches pounds-force per area
Q
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quarts
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gallons gallons per area gigajoules gigawatts grains grains per gallon grams gram-force centimetres grams per area grams per cm grams per (any volume)
R
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rankine reaumur roods
S
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H
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slugs (or g-pounds) stones square (+ any units) squares (of timber) sthenes
hands hectares hides horsepower horsepower hours hundredweights
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I-J
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tex therms tonnes ton-force metres tonnes-force tonnes-force per area tonnes per hectare tonnes per km tonnes per volume ton-force feet tons tons-force tons-force per area tons per acre

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inches inches of mercury or water inches of rain (by mass) inches of rain (by volume) inches per minute etc. joules joules per hour etc.
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tons per mile tons per volume townships troy ounce
UVW
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K
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watt second watt hours watts
kelvin kilocalories kilocalories per hour etc. kilograms-force kilogram-force metres (energy) kilogram-force metres (torque) kilogram-force metres per hour etc. kilogram-force per area kilograms kilograms per area kilograms per metre kilograms per volume kilojoules kilojoules per hour etc. kilometres kilometres per hour etc. kilometres per litre kilonewton per square metre kilonewtons kilopascals kilowatts kilowatt hours kips (force) kips per square inch knots
XYZ
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yards yards per hour etc.
Electronic Formula - Formulas of Electronics - Formulae Encyclopedia
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Electronics Formula / Formulae
Notation
Resistance
Resistances in Series
Voltage Division by Series Resistance
Resistances in Parallel Current Division by Parallel Resistances
Capacitance
Capacitances in Series Capacitances in Parallel Voltage Division by Series Capacitances
Inductance
Mutual Inductance
Charge Division by Parallel Capacitances
Inductances in Parallel
Inductances in Series
Power
Time Constants
Batteries
Energy
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Electronic Formula - Formulas of Electronics - Formulae Encyclopedia
Ammeter Shunt
Voltmeter Multiplier
Wheatstone Bridge
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Microcontroller Based Schematics - Microcontroller & Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource
QUICK REFERENCE LINKS FOR SOME USEFUL CIRCUITS / SCHEMATICS

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Microcontroller Based Schematics

10 tricks for interfacing to the PIC16C508 101 AT Keyboard to ASCII Decoder using 68HC705J1A MCU
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128x64 LCD Driver for AT90S2313 (ZIP file) 27c801 EPROM Programmer Project 2-wire LCD interface using PIC16CF84 40+ MHz 5-digit frequency counter with an AVR 2313 4-Channel Timer using Atmel 89C4051 and MAX7219 display driver
50 MHz frequency counter, voltage meter & SWR/PWR indicator
68HC11 based RDS decoder 68HC11 stepper motor control 8051 Development System Circuit Board 1 8051 Development System Circuit Board 2 8051 Development System Circuit Board 3
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8051 SBC (single board computer) 8088 maximum mode SBC 80C31 stepper motor controller 90S2313 AVR Robot Board A Scenix (and PIC) Programmer Acceleration monitor using ADXL202 and AVR AFSK 1200 Modem based on PIC16C620 Analog datalogger based on T89C51RD2 Analog to digital conversion notes AT89C2051 Digital thermometer and clock AT89C2051 line-follower robot AT89C2051 Night light saver AT89C2051 real-time controller AT89C2051 serial COMs to LED driver AT89C2051/4051 Driving dot LED AT89C2051/4051 Easy-Downloader AT89C2051/4051connecting dumb terminal AT89C2051/4051scanning 7-segment display and keypad AT89C2051/4051stepper motor interface AT89C51/52/55 Easy-Downloader AT90S8515 experimenter board Atmel 8051 Flash Based-Microcontroller Programmer Atmel 89C Series Flash Microcontroller Programmer Atmel 89C2051 In-Circuit Programmer Schematic Atmel 89C2051 prototype board Atmel AVR and 8051 series ISP programmer Automatic door opener with PIC12C508 AVR Beacon Super Keyer AVR Digital Voltmeter AVR Frequency Counter
AVR Signal Generator AVR-Based Serial Port IR Receiver Basic Stamp based altimeter Basic Stamp Lightning Activity Monitor Buffered PIC chip interface Build a PIC controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz C-52 EVB Robot Controller Camera remote control system using Basic Stamp Connecting AT90S2313 with LCD display 2x16 char and 4x4 keypad
Connecting LED to PIC Micro I/O pins (PDF) Connecting PIC12C508 8 to 93AA46 serial eprom DS1820 Arbiter V2.00 Schematic DS1820 Temperature Sensor Readout Unit Dual PIC16C84 prototype board Electronic distance meter based on Motorola 68HC908QY4 Electronic safety lock based on ATtiny26 Embedded system to send e-mails (small TCP/IP stack) EZ80 single board computer schematic (Z80) Fan timer based on Motorola 68HC908QT2 Freign vocabulary recollector FSK modem with PIC16C84 Fully functional PS/2 mouse based on the PIC16F84 Galvanic decoupling of I2C bus Generate video signals in real-time using a PIC16F84 Giant money counter (PIC16F876) GPS LCD Display Project Graphic LCD interface GSM SMS remote control using AVR microcontroller Homebrew Basic Stamp project
I2C LCD interface Illuminate holiday destinations on a world map Interfacing a 4X4 keypad to a BS2 using a 74922 encoder chip
Interfacing DRAM to AT90S8515 Interfacing EEPROM to a Basic Stamp Interfacing piezo elements to a microcontroller Interfacing S-7800A to PIC16F877 Interfacing the MAX186 8 Channel ADC to the BSII Interfacing the MAX187 ADC to the BSII to measure voltages
Interfacing the PIC16C508 Isolated RS232 for PIC16F84 JDM programmer Jupiter card programemr KD7LMO Micro Beacon (PIC18F252) Kodak DC-20 camera interface (PIC12C509) Kodak DC-20 camera interface (PIC16F84) LCD Serial Terminal LCD to PIC16C54 schematic Long-period watchdog timer Low cost Atmel in-system programmer Mains clock controller using AT89C2051 Microchip PIC ICD (in-circuit debugger) Microchip PIC ICSP implementation Microcontroller board using the Atmel AVR AT90S8535 Microcontroller interface for 5KW microwave oven Microcontroller sensor and actuator interfaces Microprocessor RS-232 Reset Microprocessor using Xilinx FPGA
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MiniLOGGER V1.0 MMC to PIC16F876 circuit diagram Motorola 68HC11 evaluation board Motorola 68K SBC (single board computer) Multi-chip programmer Multi-chip programmer for PIC microcontrollers Network Time Protocol AVR Clock Night light saver (PIC12C508) Nixie clock (PIC16F876) Optical sensor using PIC12C508 Parallel AVR programmer PC IR receiver based on PIC16F84 PIC 18 programmer (PIC18F458, PIC18F452, PIC18C252, PIC16C745, PIC18F6620, PIC18F6720)
PIC 5x7 display PIC based packet radio encoder (PDF) PIC controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz PIC demo board PIC ICD PIC ICD in-circuit debugger circuit diagram PIC LCD and Keypad driver PIC micro LED projects PIC micro multiple servo motor interface PIC micro programmer PIC micro to ISA bus interface PIC microcontroller servo motor interface PIC programmer for serial port PIC Project #1 - RS232 to I2C Interface PIC vacuum fluorescent display interface PIC12C508 Night-light saver
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PIC12C508 Phase Controller for 2kW heater PIC12C509 Gym Timer PIC12C509 logic gate replacement for nitrogen filler PIC16C505 IR / wireless remote control PIC16F84 Based Morse Code Reader PIC16F84 countdown timer PIC16F84 CW decoder (PDF) PIC16F84 debugging terminal PIC16F84 LED chaser PIC16F84 line following robot PIC16F84 miniature real-time controller PIC16F84 programmer PIC16F84 pulse monitor with date/time output (ZIP) PIC16F84 Serial I/O-expander with PicBasic PIC16F84 stepper motor controller PIC16F84 tone generator PIC16F84 tone generator (6-Bit) PIC16F84 tone generator with source code PIC16F84 TRIAC / IGBT brightness phase controller PIC16F84/PIC16F87x-In-System-Programmer PIC16F873 Digital clock PIC16F873 remote display PIC16F873 ultrasonic range meter PIC16F876 Datalogger PIC16F877 Programmer And Development System PIC16F877 to IDE interface PIC18F252 bootloader schematics PICADC - a free, PIC based "intelligent" A/D converter PicCon - Hidden Radio Transmitter Controller PicoWeb V5.1 (AT90S8515) tiny web server
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PIC-Programmer 2 Picxie 2 - 8x8 Animated LED Signboard (PIC16F84) Picxie 2 - 8x8 Animated LED Signboard
PIXpand POCSAG encoder/decoder Programmer for the 68HC705C8 MicroController Programmer PIC16F84,12C50x and EEPROM 24Cxx Programmer PIC16F84,12C50x and EEPROM 24Cxx Propellor clock (PIC16F84) PS/2 keyboard keystroke logger based on Atmel 89C2051 RDS Encoder - digital part Record and play fast 1-bit sound on a PIC micro RF remote control based on Basic Stamp Rotating Sprocket Wheel Generator (PIC16F84) RS 485-RPT Schematic RS485-like multi-drop bus with half duplex serial protocol RS485-Version of the SAB80C535-Microcontrollerboard ScanMate audio activated recorded Serial to parallel converter using the AT89C2051 Ser-Key 10-Key Serial Keypad Encoder Simple RS232C Level Converter using Transistors Smart card programmer Speaking clock using PIC & ISD device Speaking doorbell using PIC & ISD device Speech recognition using HM2007 Talking PIC - based on SP0256 Talking YODA project (PIC16C84) Temperature controlled based on AT89CX051 Temperature monitor/controller: AVR 2313 / DS1621 Tony Nixons Pocket Programmer (PIC)
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Tutorial board for PIC16F84A microcontroller Ultra low-cost programmer for AT90S family USB and GLCD expansion board for 8051 SBC Using an I2C Serial EEPROM with a Basic Stamp 2 Victoria TAFE programmer (based on AT89C2051) Voice recording and message retrieval system Way small web server Whistle detector using 8-pin PIC Wisp628 ISP Microchip PIC Programmer WLoader - PIC16F877 application loader / bootloader Zilog Z80 thermostat embedded web server
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Radio Terminology Bibliography - Formulas of Electronics - Hobby Projects
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Radio Terminology Bibliography

Automatic Gain Control (A.G.C.) Alternating Current (A.C.) Amplitude Modulation (A.M.) Amateur Radio AMP or Ampere Attenuator Capacitance Carrie Wave Continuous Wave (C.W.) Direct Current (D.C.) High Frequency (H.F.) Amplifier - I.F. Low Frequency - L.F. Lower Sideband L.S.B. Single Side Band S.S.B. <<< Back to Electronic Tutorials Decibel Detector Dipole - Antenna Long Distance (D.X.) Frequency Modulation (F.M.)
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General Theory - Electronic for Beginners Tutorial & Circuits - Hobby Projects - Circuits
Electronics for Beginners Tutorial

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General Theory of Electronics

Amplifier Amplitude Modulation
Averages
Circuit Diagrams
Circuit Symbols
Clippers and Limiters
Conductors and Insulators
Difference Amplifier
Electromagnetism
Feedback
Filters
Frequency Changer
Frequency Modulation
Generator Principle
Graphs and Waveforms
Harmonics
Heat
Light
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General Theory - Electronic for Beginners Tutorial & Circuits - Hobby Projects - Circuits
Magnetism
Motor Principle
Mixer
Oscillators
Percent and Tolerance
Pulses
Pulse Modulation
RMS and Peak To Peak
Semiconductor Materials
Source and Load
Sound
The Integrator
The Differentiator
Time Constants
The R.F. Spectrum
What is Phase
Ohms and Kirchhoff's
<<< Back to Electronics for Beginners
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Amplifiers Tutorial - Amplifier Circuits - Amplifier General Theory - Hobby Projects
General Theory - Electronic Tutorials

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Amplifier Tutorial
Amplifiers are used to increase the voltage or power amplitude of signals. They have many applications.
AUDIO VOLTAGE amplifiers boost the amplitude of signals between the frequency range 20 Hz to 20 KHz. This is the range of human hearing. They are often used as PRE-AMPLIFIERS before the main amplifier. AUDIO POWER amplifiers provide the power necessary to drive loudspeakers. They also amplify a frequency range from 20Hz to 20 KHz. INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY (i.f.) amplifiers are used in radio receivers. High frequency radio signals are changed to the lower intermediate frequency by a FREQUENCY CHANGER circuit. The i.f in A.M. radios is about 455 KHz. In F.M. radios it is 10.7 MHz. RADIO FREQUENCY amplifiers amplify a selected band of frequencies. Radio frequencies extend from about 30 KHz up to several thousand MHz. The band of frequencies is selected by a BAND PASS FILTER or a TUNING circuit. WIDE BAND amplifiers are designed to amplify a very wide band of frequencies, say from a few Hertz up to several hundred MHz. VIDEO amplifiers are used in television cameras, receivers, vcr's etc. The bandwidth extends from DC up to about 6MHz. DIRECTLY COUPLED amplifiers have no coupling capacitors between stages so that they are able to amplify DC signals.
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Amplifiers Tutorial - Amplifier Circuits - Amplifier General Theory - Hobby Projects
DIFFERENTIAL amplifiers have two inputs and amplify the DIFFERENCE between the two input voltages. If both inputs are the same then there is no output from the amplifier. If there is an interfering signal then it will be picked up by both inputs and will not be amplified. OPAMPS are commonly used as differential amplifiers.
Back to General Theory
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Averages Tutorial & Circuits - All About Average - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Averages Tutorial
To find the average value of a set of numbers. Add up all the values in the set and then divide by the number of items in the set. For example, the average value of 15 and 6 and 12 is 30 + 12 + 24 divided by 3 which equals 66/3 = 22 To find the average number of days in a month. Add up the total days for each month in the year and divide by the number of months in the year. 365 days divided by 12 months = 30.416 days in an average month.
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Circuit Symbols Tutorial - Electronic Circuit Symbol - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Circuit Symbols Tutorial

The diagram below shows passive components, resistors, capacitors and inductors, and also electrical components such as switches, relays, motors and lamps. Also shown are the symbols for wires that are not joined ( no physical electrical connection ) and wires that are joined ( a physical electrical connection ).
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This next diagram depicts active components, the difference between active and passive is that active components require a power source to work, whereas passive components do not. The top symbols represent vacuum tube or thermionic devices. Although at one time, these were being replaced by the smaller transistor and integrated circuits, they are finding their way back into electronics for use in professional audio equipment and some radio receivers
Conductors and Insulators Tutorial - Conductor and Insulator - Electronic Circuit Theory

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Conductors and Insulators Tutorial

CONDUCTORS
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These are materials in which it is easy to get electrons to move and provide a flow of electric current. Conductors are mostly metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron and lead. Carbon is a conductor as well as some gases (as in fluorescent tubes) and water containing some chemicals. These are not perfect conductors and offer some resistance to the flow of current.
The resistance of a conductor (such as a metal rod) is determined by three things. (1) its length. The longer its length the higher its resistance. (2) its cross-sectional area. The bigger this is the lower is its resistance. (3) the material of which it is made. All materials have RESISTIVITY. The higher the value of resistivity the higher the resistance. It is measured in OHM METERS. length x resistivity ------------------------------cross-sectional area
Resistance =
INSULATORS
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These are materials in which it is difficult to get current to flow. Examples are rubber, pvc, paper, polystyrene and oil.Even with these it is possible to get some current flowing if the applied voltage is high enough. There is another class of materials called semi-conductors. These have a resistance between insulators and conductors. Examples are silicon and germanium and are used in diodes and transistors.
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Conductors and Insulators Tutorial - Conductor and Insulator - Electronic Circuit Theory
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Electromagnetism Tutorial & Circuits - Electro Magnetism - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Electromagnetism Tutorial
When current travels through a wire, a magnetic field, made of lines of force, is formed around the wire. If the wire is coiled, the lines of force link with each other. The result is a magnetic field with the same shape as the field surrounding a bar magnet. The strength of the field is determined by the number of turns and the current through the coil. The field can be concentrated by placing a steel or iron CORE in the centre of the coil. This is called an ELECTROMAGNET or SOLENOID. If a soft iron core is used, it becomes only temporarily magnetised when the current is switched on, losing its magnetism when switched off. This effect is used in bells and buzzers, and in scrapyards for shifting metal scrap around. The field has a North and a South pole. It obeys the same rules as a bar magnet. Like poles repel each other, unlikes attract. Electromagnets can react with bar magnets. This effect is used in loudspeakers, moving coil meters etc.
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Electromagnetism Tutorial & Circuits - Electro Magnetism - General Theory - Hobby Projects
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Filters Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Filter General Theory & Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Filters Tutorial
A filter circuit is like a sieve. It allows some things through and holds back others. In this case we are talking about AC frequencies. Some frequencies pass through the filter while others are rejected.
The characteristics of a filter can be shown on a graph called a FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE.
VOLTAGE OUT is plotted against FREQUENCY. Figure 2 shows a LOW PASS filter response curve giving output at low frequencies but none at higher frequencies.
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Figure 3 shows a selection of filter characteristics. Simple filters can be made from capacitors and resistors
Filters have many applications.
In audio frequency amplifiers, CROSSOVER filters to direct low frequencies to the WOOFER and high frequencies to the TWEETER speakers. In SCRATCH filters to remove unwanted high frequency noise. In NOTCH filters to remove whistles due to two radio stations being too close together in frequency. In Hum filters to remove low frequency noise due to the mains supply.
Frequency Modulation Tutorial & Circuits - Frequency Modulations - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Frequency Modulation Tutorial

With AM, the frequency of the carrier is fixed and the modulating signal controls carrier amplitude. With FM, the amplitude of the carrier is kept constant and its frequency varied by the modulating signal. This variation in carrier frequency is called DEVIATION. The amount that the carrier deviates in frequency is proportional to the loudness of the Audio modulating signal. If you shout into the microphone, it deviates more than if you whisper. Deviation is expressed in kHz per Volt. The BBC uses 15 kHz/Volt. The maximum deviation allowed by the BBC is plus and minus 75 kHz from the carrier frequency. How often the carrier deviates is determined by the frequency of the modulating audio. If you whistle it deviates more frequently than if you hum into the microphone. Since FM signals occupy a wide bandwidth there is no room for them on LW or MW. They use the FM band of 88-108 MHz where there is plenty of band space available. Advantages of FM are higher quality and low noise.
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Frequency Modulation Tutorial & Circuits - Frequency Modulations - General Theory - Hobby Projects
The diagram shows how the carrier varies in frequency as the modulating signal changes in amplitude.
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Graphs and Waveforms Tutorial & Circuits - Graph and Wave forms - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Graphs and Waveforms Tutorial

Graphs are one way of showing the relationship between two variables (things that can change in value).
The graph above shows how the brightness of the sun is related to the time of day. From the start at the bottom left hand corner until just before 6 am brightness is zero. (It is dark). Brightness increases as time passes being at maximum about 1 pm when the sun is highest in the sky. Brightness then falls becoming dark at about 9 pm when the sun sets. Now look at the following graph.
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This relates a dry battery voltage to time. It falls slowly over the weeks. This next graph shows a voltage which slowly rises from zero to a maximum value and then falls suddenly to zero again.
This next graph shows the same thing happening but continues repeating. This is called a WAVEFORM.
The next waveform is called a square waveform because of its shape. It is at zero for a time and then shoots rapidly to a maximum value and stays there for a time before falling to zero again. It then repeats itself continuously.
An OSCILLOSCOPE is used to display and measure waveforms. A common waveform is the SINEWAVE which can alternate between positive and negative voltages.
Note that the horizontal line in all these graphs is called the X axis and the vertical line is the Y axis.
Heat Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Heats - Heats - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Heat Tutorial
When an object is heated above the temperature of its surroundings it will lose heat to the surroundings. Heat is transferred in three ways. 1. CONDUCTION
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If one end of a metal bar is heated then heat is transferred by conduction to the cold end. Good electrical conductors such as copper and gold are good conductors of heat. Poor electrical conductors, such as wood and paper, are poor heat conductors. Heat can be conducted between two objects if they are in close contact. For example between a soldering iron and a soldering terminal; or between a power transistor and its heatsink.
2. CONVECTION
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Here, heat is transferred by the movement of a gas or a liquid. Hot air rises and cold air falls. Liquids behave in a similar manner. A hot resistor causes convection, transferring heat from the resistor to the surrounding air. Hot water in a pan rises to the top while the cold water falls to the bottom. These movements are called convection currents (nothing to do with electric currents). The above process is called NATURAL CONVECTION. If a fan is used to aid convection it is called FORCED CONVECTION.
3. RADIATION
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This does not need a gas or liquid to transfer the heat. Heat is expelled mostly in the form of infrared radiation. This is a form of light and travels at the speed of light. It can travel through a vacuum. This is why we can feel the heat of the sun even though it has to travel through the vacuum of space to reach earth. Polished surfaces are poor radiators but good reflectors of heat. That is why electric fires have shiny reflectors. Black objects are good radiators.
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Heat Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Heats - Heats - General Theory - Hobby Projects
4. THE EFFECTS OF HEAT

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Heat causes solid objects to expand. That is why they have gaps in railway lines and bridges to allow for summertime temperatures. Different metals expand at different rates. A temperature switch can be made from two strips of dissimilar metals fixed together. As the temperature increases, one strip grows longer than the other, causing the strips to curve. This in turn breaks (or makes) a circuit.
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Increasing temperatures also cause liquids to expand. This behaviour is used in the thermometer. Gases also expand with temperature increases.
5. HEAT AND ELECTRONICS

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Heat is one of the biggest enemies of electronics, causing components to fail. To minimise the effects some action can be taken. Increasing the surface area increase convection and radiation. High wattages resistors are larger than low wattage ones. Using holes and louvres in the casing increases natural convection. Using fans provides forced convection. Using heat sinks with fins increases surface area thus providing increased convection and radiation. Painting heat sinks blacks increases radiation. Using "heat sink compound", which is a good conductor, between transistors and their heatsinks, improves heat conduction. Fitting components onto the metal chassis aids the dissipation of heat.
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Magnetism Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Magnetisms - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Magnetism Tutorial
Some irons, when dug up, attract other metals. They are called MAGNETS. The reason that they are magnetic is that their DOMAINS are aligned.
One end of a bar magnet is the NORTH POLE, the other end the SOUTH POLE. A rule of magnetism is that LIKE POLES REPEL, UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT. North attracts South and repels North etc.
The North pointer on a compass is actually a South pole since it is attracted by the North pole of the earth. A magnet is surrounded by an invisible MAGNETIC FIELD made of magnetic LINES OF FORCE. These lines of force can be made visible by covering a magnet with a sheet of paper and sprinkling iron filings on the paper.
The lines of force run from north to south. Lines of force pass through all materials including insulators. They pass through some more easily than others. These are said to have a lower RELUCTANCE. Iron has a lower reluctance than air. The lines of force prefer to pass through lower reluctance materials.
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Magnetism Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Magnetisms - General Theory - Hobby Projects
PERMANENT magnets are made of steel or steel alloys. Brass, copper and aluminum do not magnetize.
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Mixer Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Mixers - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Mixer Tutorial
The mixer has two input signals of different frequencies, f1 and f2. These inputs are mixed together in the mixer. (some books say "beaten" together, others say "heterodyned"). f1 and f2 then come out of the mixer, together with two new frequencies. One of the new frequencies is the sum of the two inputs, f1 + f2. The other is the difference between the two inputs, f1 - f2. For example, if the inputs are 1 Mhz and 1.47 MHz then the sum frequency is 2.47 MHz. The difference frequency is 0.47 MHz (470 kHz). Sometimes, on the radio, two adjacent stations will produce an interfering whistle. This is because their frequencies are close enough to beat together. The difference between their frequencies is in the audio range. If you have two racks of equipment, cooled by fans, the noise produced by each fan rotating often beats together to give a low frequency beat noise. Mixers are used as part of the FREQUENCY CHANGER in radios. Understanding mixers will help you to understand the MODULATION process in A.M. transmitters.
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Mixer Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Mixers - General Theory - Hobby Projects
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Percent and Tolerance Tutorial & Circuits - Percent and Tolerances in Electronics General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Percent and Tolerance Tutorial

1% of anything is one hundredth part of it. 1% of 100 balls is 1 ball. 1% of 500 is 500/100 = 5 10% of anything is 10 x 1%. 1% of 1000 tons is 10 tons. 10% is 100 tons. 5% is 50 tons. 1% of 100 ohms is 1 ohm. 5% of 100 ohms is 5 ohms. A 100 ohm resistor with a tolerance of 5% can have a value between 95 and 105 ohms and be within tolerance.
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Pulse Modulation Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Pulse Modulations - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Pulse Modulation Tutorial

Pulse modulation consists of switching the carrier on and off as required. Fig.1 shows a continuous wave carrier (CW).
Fig.2 shows the carrier being switched on for a short time to produce a pulse of R.F.
This is the principle of Radar; a short pulse is transmitted and then an echo listened for. Fig.3 shows a long pulse and three short ones.
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Pulse Modulation Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Pulse Modulations - General Theory - Hobby Projects
This generates the letter B in Morse Code. Fig.4 shows Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
The width of the pulse is determined by the amplitude of the modulating signal at that instant. Fig. 5 shows Pulse Position Modulation (PPM).
Here the width and amplitude of the pulse are constant but its position is determined by the amplitude of the modulating signal. PULSE CODE MODULATION is where the amplitude of the modulation is measured at regular intervals and a binary number generated to represent that amplitude.
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Semiconductor Materials Tutorial & Circuits - Semiconductors Material - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Semiconductor Materials Tutorial

The two most common materials used in the making of semiconductors are silicon and germanium. Sand on the beach is silicon and they say that germanium can be obtained from chimney soot. So you can see that the raw materials are extremely common. However they do have to be purified to an extraordinary degree. When purified they have a crystalline construction like salt and sugar. The atoms which make up the materials are rigidly locked together in a pattern (a LATTICE) in which the electrons, in the atoms, are unable to move. This means that pure silicon and germanium are good insulators. After purification, precise amounts of impurities are added (the materials are DOPED). These impurities fit into the lattice but have associated electrons which are free to move about and produce a flow of electric current. There is therefore a surplus of negative electrons and the material is called N-type semiconductor. Other types of impurities can be added to pure silicon and germanium. These produce a shortage of electrons in the lattice. Therefore there are HOLES in the lattice. Electrons can jump into these holes, producing a flow of holes. It's like sitting in a row of chairs in the doctor's waiting room. When someone gets up and goes into the surgery there is an empty chair (a hole). People (electrons) move along nearer to the surgery and a hole travels in the opposite direction. Since there is a shortage of negative electrons there is an overall positive charge and the material is called P-type semiconductor. The resistance of semiconductors is about half way between conductors and insulators. Hence the name, semiconductors. Semiconductors are used in semiconductor devices such as diodes, transistors, integrated circuits etc.
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Semiconductor Materials Tutorial & Circuits - Semiconductors Material - General Theory - Hobby Projects
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SOUND - Electronic Sound Waves Tutorial & Circuits - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Sound Tutorial
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Sound waves are caused by vibrations such as that from a tuning fork, a loudspeaker cone, or the human voice. These vibrations need air to travel through. They cannot travel through a vacuum. The air itself doesn't travel. The sound causes compression and decompression of the air as it moves through it. There is a regular spacing between one pressure peak and the next. This distance is called the WAVELENGTH.
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Sound travels at about 330 metres a second. A pure sound tone consists of a single frequency of vibration. The range of human hearing is about 20 Hertz to 20 KiloHertz. Most sounds are a mixture of frequencies. See the page on HARMONICS. Microphones convert sound pressure waves into electrical signals. Loudspeakers convert electrical signals into sound waves. Loudspeakers and microphones are TRANSDUCERS. Frequency, wavelength and the speed of sound are interrelated.
Wavelength x frequency = the speed of sound in metres per second.
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SOUND - Electronic Sound Waves Tutorial & Circuits - General Theory - Hobby Projects
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Differentiator Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Differentiators - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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The Differentiator Tutorial

Read the page on TIME CONSTANTS before trying this one.
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Differentiator Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Differentiators - General Theory - Hobby Projects
The differentiator is made from a capacitor C, and resistor R, and assembled as shown. A PULSE TRAIN is applied to the input. When a pulse of voltage rises suddenly from zero to maximum, the current which is charging C suddenly rises to a maximum value as well. As C charges, the charging current falls exponentially to zero. Since this charging current is passing through R the voltage across R (which is the output voltage) does the same. Therefore we get the shape shown, with the voltage out rising suddenly to maximum and then falling exponentially to zero. When the pulse falls to zero C discharges. The discharge current is high at the start and then falls exponentially to zero as C discharges. However, since the discharge current is in the opposite direction to the charge current the voltage across across R will be reversed and so the waveform is now shown below the zero line. For each pulse the waveform out is repeated giving the display shown. Ohms Law says that current is proportional to voltage. Conversely, voltage is proportional to current.
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RF Spectrum Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic RF Spectrums - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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The RF Spectrum Tutorial

Frequency Range
3 - 30 kilohertz 30 - 300 kilohertz 300 - 3000 kilohertz (3 megahertz) 3 - 30 megahertz 30 - 300 megahertz 300 - 3000 (3 gigahertz) 3 gigahertz - 30 gigahertz 300 - 3000 gigahertz
Classification
Very low frequencies (VLF) The long wave band (LW) The medium wave band (MW) The short wave band (SW) Very high frequency band (VHF) Ultra high frequency band (UHF) Super high frequency band (SHF) Microwave frequencies
Higher in frequency than this are infra red, visible light, ultra violet, X rays etc which are all forms of Electro Magnetic radiation.
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Ohms and Kirchhoff's Laws Tutorial - Learn about Ohms & Kirchhoff's Law - General Theory - Hobby Projects
Ohms & Kirchhoff's Law Tutorial

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Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff's Current Law
The algebraic sum of currents entering and leaving any point in a circuit must equal zero.
Stated another way

No matter how many paths into and out of a single point all the current leaving that point must equal the current arriving at that point.
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Ohms and Kirchhoff's Laws Tutorial - Learn about Ohms & Kirchhoff's Law - General Theory - Hobby Projects
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero.
Stated another way

The voltage drops around any closed loop must equal the applied voltages.
When voltages are opposing as seen at the right, the difference is the voltage applied to the circuit. In this case 4 volts must be dropped by the resistors to equal the applied voltage.
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Amplitude Modulation Tutorial & Circuits - Amplitude Modulations - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Amplitude Modulation Tutorial

If you connect a long wire to the output terminals of your Hi-Fi amplifier and another long wire to the input of another amplifier, you can transmit music over a short distance. DON'T try this. You could blow up your amplifier.
A radio wave can be transmitted long distances. To get our audio signal to travel long distances we piggyback it onto a radio wave. This process is called MODULATION. The radio wave is called the CARRIER. The audio signal is called the MODULATION. At the receiving end the audio is recovered by a process called DEMODULATION. From the diagram below, it can be seen that when the carrier is modulated, its amplitude goes above and below its unmodulated amplitude. It is about 50% modulated in the diagram.
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The maximum percentage modulation possible is 100%. Going above this causes distortion.
Most broadcasters limit modulation to 80%. Modulating the carrier frequency with an audio frequency produces two new frequencies. At this point it would be a good idea to read the page on MIXERS. These new frequencies are called the upper and lower SIDEBANDS. The upper sideband is the carrier frequency plus the audio frequency. The lower side band is the carrier frequency minus the audio frequency. Since the audio signal is not a single frequency but a range of signals (usually 20 Hz to 20 KHz) the sidebands are each 20Hz to 20 KHz wide.
If you tune across a station in the Medium Wave Band you will find that it takes up space in the band. This is called the signal BANDWIDTH. This is the space taken by the upper and lower sidebands. In the the example given above it would be 40 KHz. Since the Medium Wave is only 500 KHZ wide there would only be space for about 12 stations. Therefore the bandwidth of stations is limited to 9 KHz, which limits the audio quality. If there are two stations too close together, their sidebands mix and produce HETERODYNE whistles. Since both sidebands carry the same information, one side can be removed to save bandwidth. This is SSB, single sideband transmission.
Circuit Diagrams Tutorial - Electronic Circuit Diagram Resource - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Circuit Diagrams Tutorial

Circuit diagrams are one method of describing electronic equipment. They are made up of BS3939 standard circuit symbols.
READING a circuit diagram is the ability to look at the diagram and understand how the circuitry works. Be aware that the layout of the circuit diagram may be nothing like the physical layout of the actual equipment. Although the circuit diagram shows all capacitors the same size and shape, in reality they will be of assorted sizes, shapes and color. This applies to other components.
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Circuit Diagrams Tutorial - Electronic Circuit Diagram Resource - General Theory - Hobby Projects
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Clippers and Limiters Tutorial - Clipper and Limiter - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Clippers and Limiters Tutorial

Clipping removes part of the positive or negative peaks of a signal or both. Silicon diodes do not conduct until the applied voltage exceeds about 0.6 volts and only when the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. The circuit is like a potential divider with the diode part being high resistance for voltages below 0.6 volts and low resistance above. Fig. 1 shows the waveform into the clipper. Fig. 2 is the output of a positive clipper and fig. 3 the output of a negative clipper. Fig. 4 has both peaks clipped and is often used as a LIMITER where the output must not exceed 1.2 volts.
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Oscilloscope Tutorial - Learn All about Oscilloscope - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials Resource
OSCILLOSCOPE TUTORIALS
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ALL ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE

Oscilloscope Tutorial
The Oscilloscope
Oscilloscopes are used by everyone from television repair technicians to physicists. They are indispensable for anyone designing or repairing electronic equipment.
What Can You Do With Oscilloscope? Analog and Digital How Does an Oscilloscope Work?
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Analog Oscilloscopes Digital Oscilloscopes Sampling Methods Real-Time Sampling with Interpolation Equivalent-Time Sampling
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Oscilloscope Terminology
Learning a new skill often involves learning a new vocabulary. This idea holds true for learning how to use an oscilloscope. This section describes some useful measurement and oscilloscope performance terms.
Measurement Terms Types of Waves

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Sine Waves Square and Rectangular Waves Sawtooth and Triangle Waves Step and Pulse Shapes
Waveform Measurements Performance Terms

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Bandwidth Rise Time Vertical Sensitivity Sweep Speed Gain Accuracy Time Base or Horizontal Accuracy Sample Rate ADC Resolution (Or Vertical Resolution) Record Length
Setting Up
This section briefly describes how to set up and start using an oscilloscope - specifically, how to ground the oscilloscope, set the controls in standard positions, and compensate the probe.
Oscilloscope Grounding Setting the Controls Probes

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Using Passive Probes Using Active Probes Using Current Probes Where to Clip the Ground Clip
Compensating the Probe
The Controls
This section briefly describes the basic controls found on analog and digital oscilloscopes. Remember that some controls differ between analog and digital oscilloscopes; your oscilloscope probably has controls not discussed here.
Display Controls Vertical Controls

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Position and Volts per Division Input Coupling Bandwidth Limit Channel Invert Alternate and Chop Display Math Operations
Horizontal Controls
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Position and Seconds per Division Time Base Selections Trigger Position Magnification XY Mode
Trigger Controls
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Trigger Level and Slope Trigger Sources Trigger Modes Trigger Coupling Trigger Holdoff
Acquisition Controls for Digital Oscilloscopes

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Stopping and Starting the Acquisition System Sampling Methods
Other Controls
Measurement Techniques
This section teaches you basic measurement techniques. The two most basic measurements you can make are voltage and time measurements. Just about every other measurement is based on one of these two fundamental techniques.
The Display Voltage Measurements Time and Frequency Measurements Pulse and Rise Time Measurements Phase Shift Measurements
All about Diodes Tutorial - Diode Resource - Electronic Circuits - Intermediate Electronics Tutorial
Intermediate Electronics Tutorial

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The Diodes Tutorials

Introduction to Diodes Diode Puzzle
Barrier
Diode as a Gate
Diode Characteristic Curves
Diode Clippers and Limiters
Diode Connections
Diode Protection Circuits
Diode Voltages
Forward and Reverse Biased Diodes
Forward Biased Junction
Full Wave Rectifier
Half Wave Rectifier
P-N Junction
Reservoir Capacitor
Reverse Biased Junction
Semiconductor Materials
Seven Segment Display
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All about Diodes Tutorial - Diode Resource - Electronic Circuits - Intermediate Electronics Tutorial
Steering Diode
Using the Light Emitting Diode
Varicap Diode
Voltage Doubler
Zener Diode
<<< Back to Electronics for Intermediate
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Introduction to Diodes Tutorial & Circuits - The Diode - Diodes Resource - Electronic Hobby Projects
The Diode - Electronic Tutorials

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Introduction to Diodes Tutorial

Diodes are polarised, which means that they must be inserted into the PCB the correct way round. This is because an electric current will only flow through them in one direction (like air will only flow one way through a tyre valve). Diodes have two connections, an anode and a cathode. The cathode is always identified by a dot, ring or some other mark.
The pcb is often marked with a + sign for the cathode end. Diodes come in all shapes and sizes. They are often marked with a type number. Detailed characteristics of a diode can be found by looking up the type number in a data book. If you know how to measure resistance with a meter then test some diodes. A good one has low resistance in one direction and high in the other. There are specialised types of diode available such as the zener and light emitting diode (LED).
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Introduction to Diodes Tutorial & Circuits - The Diode - Diodes Resource - Electronic Hobby Projects
<<<< Back to The Diode Tutorial
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Barrier Tutorial & Circuits - Barriers - Diodes Barrier - Diode Barriers - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Barrier Tutorial
At the junction, electrons fill holes so that there are no free holes or electrons there. The actual junction becomes an insulating layer. This barrier must be overcome before current can flow through the P-N junction.
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Diode Characteristic Curves Tutorial & Circuits - Diode Characteristics - The Diode - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Diode Characteristic Curves Tutorial
An electronic gate opens to let part of a signal through, and then shuts to reject the remainder. It's like separating sheep from goats, using a real gate. In the circuit, the cathodes of the diodes are more positive than the anodes. They are reverse biased and non conducting. The output of the circuit is isolated from the input. When the negative gating pulse comes along, the cathodes become more negative than the anodes. The diodes are forward biased and conduct. The output is connected to the input. During the duration of the gating pulse, the input signal appears at the output. as shown by the lowest waveform.
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Diode Characteristic Curves Tutorial & Circuits - Diode Characteristics - The Diode - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Diode Connections Tutorial & Circuits - Diodes Connection - Connect Diode - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Diode Connections Tutorial
The cathode end of the diode is usually marked in some manner.
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Diode Voltages Tutorial & Circuits - Diode Voltage - Diodes Voltages - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Diode Voltages Tutorial
To forward bias a diode, the anode must be more positive than the cathode or LESS NEGATIVE. To reverse bias a diode, the anode must be less positive than the cathode or MORE NEGATIVE. A conducting diode has about 0.6 volts across if silicon, 0.3 volts if germanium.
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Diode Voltages Tutorial & Circuits - Diode Voltage - Diodes Voltages - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Forward Biased Junction Tutorial & Circuits - Forward Baising Diode - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Forward Biased Junction Tutorial
Bear in mind that like charges repel and unlikes attract. When a battery is connected as shown, the negative terminal pushes negative electrons towards the junction. The positive terminal pushes holes towards the junction. If the voltage is high enough then the barrier will be overcome and current will flow through the junction. There is a voltage across the diode. 0.6 for silicon, o.3 for germanium. The junction is said to be FORWARD BIASED.
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Forward Biased Junction Tutorial & Circuits - Forward Baising Diode - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects
The P type is the anode of the diode, the N type the cathode, as shown by the diode symbol. The resistor limits the current to a safe level.
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Half Wave Rectifier Tutorial & Circuits - Half Wave Rectifiers - Diode Rectifiers - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Half Wave Rectifier Tutorial
The voltage at point A does the opposite of that at point B. When A is increasing in a positive direction, B is increasing in a negative direction. It is rather like the two ends of a see-saw. During the first half cycle of the waveform shown on the left, A is positive and B is negative. The diode is forward biased and current flows around the circuit formed by the diode, the transformer winding and the load. Since the current through the load, and the voltage across the load are in the same proportions, then the voltage across the load is as shown in the right hand diagram, during the first half cycle. During the second half cycle, A and the anode are negative, B and the cathode are positive. The diode is reverse biased and no current flows. This is indicated by the horizontal line in the right hand diagram. The diode only conducts on every other half cycle. There is one pulse for every cycle in. i.e 50 pulses per second (in the UK) The diode only conducts during half the cycle. Hence, HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION. The rectified voltage is DC (it is always positive in value).
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Half Wave Rectifier Tutorial & Circuits - Half Wave Rectifiers - Diode Rectifiers - Electronic Hobby Projects
However, it is not a steady DC but PULSATING DC. It needs to be smoothed before it becomes useful. If the diode is reversed then the output voltage is negative.
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Reservoir Capacitor Tutorial & Circuits - Reservoir Capacitors Diode - Diodes Electronic Hobby Projects

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Reservoir Capacitor Tutorial
The pulsating DC from the half wave rectifier needs to be smoothed to be useful. This is done using a RESERVOIR capacitor. It is not called this because of its construction but because of its application. In the UK the weather is very variable. Sometimes we have periods of drought and sometimes periods of prolonged rain. April is very showery and occasionally we have snow in Winter.
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Reservoir Capacitor Tutorial & Circuits - Reservoir Capacitors Diode - Diodes Electronic Hobby Projects
However, when I turn on the shower, the water always comes out at the same steady rate. This is because it has been stored in a reservoir and is released as required. It is the same with the reservoir capacitor. The capacitor is charged up by the pulses. It stores the pulses of voltage and the load is able to use this stored power as if it were a steady supply available from a battery.
Looking at the first waveform, the red line indicates the voltage across the capacitor. When the first pulse arrives the capacitor charges up to the peak voltage. When this pulse has ended, the capacitor voltage starts to fall as the load takes energy from the capacitor. However, the voltage falls only slightly before the next pulse arrives to recharge the capacitor to the peak voltage. The result is a DC voltage with a superimposed 50 Hz (in the UK) ripple. This is shown in the second waveform. At low frequencies the capacitor is usually an electrolytic type, but at higher frequencies, where smaller values are required, other types can be used.
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Semiconductor Materials Tutorial & Circuits - Semiconductor Material Diode - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Semiconductor Materials Tutorial

The two most common materials used in the making of semiconductors are silicon and germanium. Sand on the beach is silicon and they say that germanium can be obtained from chimney soot. So you can see that the raw materials are extremely common. However they do have to be purified to an extraordinary degree. When purified they have a crystalline construction like salt and sugar. The atoms which make up the materials are rigidly locked together in a pattern (a LATTICE) in which the electrons, in the atoms, are unable to move. This means that pure silicon and germanium are good insulators. After purification, precise amounts of impurities are added (the materials are DOPED). These impurities fit into the lattice but have associated electrons which are free to move about and produce a flow of electric current. There is therefore a surplus of negative electrons and the material is called N-type semiconductor. Other types of impurities can be added to pure silicon and germanium. These produce a shortage of electrons in the lattice. Therefore there are HOLES in the lattice. Electrons can jump into these holes, producing a flow of holes. It's like sitting in a row of chairs in the doctor's waiting room. When someone gets up and goes into the surgery there is an empty chair (a hole). People (electrons) move along nearer to the surgery and a hole travels in the opposite direction. Since there is a shortage of negative electrons there is an overall positive charge and the material is called P-type semiconductor. The resistance of semiconductors is about half way between conductors and insulators. Hence the name, semiconductors. Semiconductors are used in semiconductor devices such as diodes, transistors, integrated circuits etc.
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Semiconductor Materials Tutorial & Circuits - Semiconductor Material Diode - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Steering Diode Tutorial & Circuits - Steering Diodes - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Steering Diode Tutorial
If the AC supply fails then the equipment is automatically powered by the standby battery. While the AC supply is present, D1 has +15 volts on its anode, and is forward biased. Since there is 0.6 volts across the diode, there is +14.4 volts on its cathode. This voltage powers the equipment. D2 is reverse biased since its anode is less positive than its cathode. D2 is non conducting and the battery is isolated. If the supply fails then the +15 volts disappears, and D2 becomes forward biased and conducts, to power the equipment. The diodes STEER the voltages.
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Steering Diode Tutorial & Circuits - Steering Diodes - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Varicap Diode Tutorial & Circuits - Varicap Diodes - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Varicap Diode Tutorial
When the junction diode is reverse biased, the insulating barrier widens. The higher the reverse voltage the wider the barrier becomes. The barrier forms the dielectric, of variable width, of a capacitor. The N and P type cathode and anode are the two plates of the capacitor. In the diagram, the diode and coil form a resonant circuit. The capacitance of the diode, and thereby the resonant frequency, is varied by means of the potentiometer controlling the reverse voltage across the varicap. The capacitor prevents the coil shorting out the voltage across the potentiometer.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/the_diode/varicap_diode.html [1/17/2007 4:49:25 PM]
Zener Diode Tutorial & Circuits - Zener Diodes - Zener Diode Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Zener Diode Tutorial
The Zener diode is operated in reverse bias mode (positive on its cathode). It relies on the reverse breakdown voltage occurring at a specified value. This value is printed on it. It has two main applications. 1. as a reference source, where the voltage across it is compared with another voltage. 2. as a voltage regulator, smoothing out any voltages variations occurring in the supply voltage across the load. When being used a voltage regulator, if the voltage across the load tries to rise then the Zener takes more current. The increase in current through the resistor causes an increase in voltage dropped across the resistor. This increase in voltage across the resistor causes the voltage across the load to remain at its correct value. In a similar manner, if the voltage across the load tries to fall, then the Zener takes less current. The current through the resistor and the voltage across the resistor both fall. The voltage across the load remains at its correct value.
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Zener Diode Tutorial & Circuits - Zener Diodes - Zener Diode Circuits - Hobby Projects
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Diode Puzzle Tutorial & Electronic Circuits - Diodes Puzzle - The Diode - Hobby Projects

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Diode Puzzle Tutorial
Which lamps are alight? Some may not be full brightness.
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Diode as a Gate Tutorial & Circuits - Diodes Gate - Diode Gate - Diodes Resource - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Diode as a Gate Tutorial
An electronic gate opens to let part of a signal through, and then shuts to reject the remainder. It's like separating sheep from goats, using a real gate. In the circuit, the cathodes of the diodes are more positive than the anodes. They are reverse biased and non conducting. The output of the circuit is isolated from the input. When the negative gating pulse comes along, the cathodes become more negative than the anodes. The diodes are forward biased and conduct.
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Diode as a Gate Tutorial & Circuits - Diodes Gate - Diode Gate - Diodes Resource - Electronic Hobby Projects
The output is connected to the input. During the duration of the gating pulse, the input signal appears at the output. as shown by the lowest waveform.
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Diode Clippers and Limiters Tutorial & Circuits - Clippers and Limiters - The Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Diode Clippers and Limiters Tutorial
Clipping removes part of the positive or negative peaks of a signal or both. Silicon diodes do not conduct until the applied voltage exceeds about 0.6 volts and only when the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. The circuit is like a potential divider with the diode part being high resistance for voltages below 0.6 volts and low resistance above. Fig. 1 shows the waveform into the clipper.
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Diode Clippers and Limiters Tutorial & Circuits - Clippers and Limiters - The Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects
Fig. 2 is the output of a positive clipper and fig. 3 the output of a negative clipper. Fig. 4 has both peaks clipped and is often used as a LIMITER where the output must not exceed 1.2 volts.
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Diode Protection Circuits Tutorial - Diodes Protection - Diode - Hobby Projects

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Diode Protection Circuits Tutorial
Diagram A This circuit consists of a relay coil being switched by a transistor. When a coil is switched off, a large BACK EMF appears across the coil. This back emf may be several thousand volts in value, enough to destroy the transistor. The diode, which is normally reverse biased, is forward biased by the back emf, and conducts, its low resistance short circuiting the back emf and protecting the transistor. Diagram B This circuit consists a meter movement with two germanium diodes across it. Typical movements require only 100 mV for full scale deflection of the pointer. If a voltage, exceeding about 0.3 volts, appears across the circuit then one of the diodes will conduct and protect the movement from excessive voltage.
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Diode Protection Circuits Tutorial - Diodes Protection - Diode - Hobby Projects
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Forward and Reverse Biased Diodes Tutorial - Forward Biasing - Reverse Biasing - Diode - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Forward and Reverse Biased Diodes Tutorial
The left hand diagram shows reverse bias, with positive on the cathode and negative on the anode (via the lamp). No current flows. The other diagram shows forward bias, with positive on the anode and negative on the cathode, and current flowing from cathode to anode.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/the_diode/forward_and_reverse_biased_diodes.html [1/17/2007 4:49:57 PM]
Full Wave Rectifier Tutorial & Circuits - Full Wave Rectifiers - Diode Rectifier - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Full Wave Rectifier Tutorial
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Full Wave Rectifier Tutorial & Circuits - Full Wave Rectifiers - Diode Rectifier - Electronic Hobby Projects
The left hand waveform shows the input voltage (50 Hz AC in the UK). The voltages at points A and B on the transformer are changing in opposite directions. When A is increasing in a positive direction, B is increasing negatively. It is like the opposite ends of a see-saw. During the first half cycle, A is positive and B is negative. D1 has positive on its anode, D2 has negative on its cathode. Both are forward biased. Current flows around the circuit formed by these diodes, the load and the transformer winding, as shown in the second diagram. The current flowing up through the load produces a pulse of voltage across the load as shown in the right hand waveform. During the next half cycle, A is negative and B is positive. D4 has positive on its anode, D3 has negative on its cathode. Both are forward biased. Current flows around the circuit as shown in the bottom diagram, again flowing in the same direction through the load and producing another pulse of voltage. Since the full cycle is used this circuit is called a FULL-WAVE rectifier. Since there are two pulses for each cycle of input, there are 100 pulses per second out (in the UK). The pulsating DC can be smoothed with a reservoir capacitor, as in the half-wave rectifier circuit. Since the pulse frequency is higher than that of the half-wave rectifier, it is easier to smooth.
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P-N Junction Tutorial & Circuits - PN Junction - PN Junctions Diode - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects

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P-N Junction Tutorial
The P-N junction is made from a single crystal with the impurities diffused into it. The N end has a surplus of negative electrons. The P end has a surplus of holes.
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Difference Amplifier Tutorial - Difference Amplifiers - General Theory- Hobby Projects

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Difference Amplifier Tutorial

q q q q
The difference amplifier has two inputs and one output. It amplifies the difference between the voltages at the two inputs. If the voltage on one input is 10 mV and 15 mV on the other then the difference is 5 mV. If the amplifier amplifies by ten times then the output voltage will 5 mV times 10 which equals 50 mV.
If the two inputs are joined together and a voltage applied to them, then the voltage on both inputs will be the same. There is no difference between them and there will be no output from the amplifier. Even if the input voltage is varied there will be no output. If, when being used as a difference amplifier, there is some interference picked up by both inputs, the interfering signal will not appear at the output because both input signals are the same. Only a difference in inputs will produce an output.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/general_theory/difference_amplifier.html [1/17/2007 4:50:07 PM]
Feedback Tutorial & Circuits - Feedbacks - Electronic Feedback - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Feedback Tutorial
It is best if you read the page on the PHASE first. Feedback is when some of the output signal from a circuit is fed back to the input and combined with the input signal. If input and output signals are in phase then the feedback is POSITIVE. If the two signals are out of phase then it is NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.
Positive feedback in an amplifier increases the gain and reduces the bandwidth of the amplifier. If there is sufficient positive feedback then the amplifier will oscillate. If a microphone is too near to a loudspeaker then you will get positive feedback causing "howl round". Negative feedback reduces gain and increases bandwidth.
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Feedback Tutorial & Circuits - Feedbacks - Electronic Feedback - General Theory - Hobby Projects
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Frequency Changer Tutorial & Circuits - Frequency Changers - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Frequency Changer Tutorial

It is best if you read the page on THE MIXER first. There are many thousands of radio stations in the world, transmitting on thousands of different frequencies. Radio waves from these stations hit your radio aerial and induce voltages in it. It is the TUNING circuit in your radio which selects the one station that you are interested in, and rejects all the others. The tuning circuit is usually a coil and a variable capacitor. The value of the capacitor is adjusted so that the tuning circuit is at the frequency of the wanted station. It is the job of the frequency changer to change the frequency of the selected station to a new, lower, fixed frequency. This new frequency is called the INTERMEDIATE frequency (I.F.). No matter what the frequency of the selected station is, it is changed to the I.F. This is about 455 kHz for AM radios and 10.7 MHz for FM radios. This frequency changing is done by mixing the radio frequency with the frequency generated by a local oscillator. The local oscillator frequency is also controlled by a coil and variable capacitor. The output from the mixer is the difference in frequency between the two input frequencies. For example, if the radio station is on 110.7 MHz and the local oscillator is at 100 MHz then the I.F. is 110.7100 = 10.7 MHZ. Since the tuning circuit has to be changed in frequency every time you change stations, then the local oscillator frequency has to be changed to keep the difference at 10.7 MHz. Therefore the two variable capacitors are GANGED together. This means that they are both mounted on a common shaft, and when one is adjusted the other is similarly changed. This is represented by the broken line in the diagram.
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Frequency Changer Tutorial & Circuits - Frequency Changers - General Theory - Hobby Projects
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Generator Principle Tutorial & Circuits - Generators Principles - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Generator Principle Tutorial

It is best if you read the page on the Magnetism first. When a piece of wire is moved through a magnetic field, a voltage and current is induced in the wire. The same effect is obtained if the wire is stationary and the field is moved. The direction of current flow is determined by the direction of the field, and the direction of the movement. The amplitude of the voltage is determined by the rate at which the wire cuts the lines of force. Increasing the density of the field or increasing the speed of the wire therefore increases the voltage.
This principle is used in the electric generator, where a coil is rotated in a magnetic field to generate electricity. It is also used in the moving coil microphone, where sound causes a coil to vibrate in a magnetic field, generating voltages which represent the sound waves.
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Generator Principle Tutorial & Circuits - Generators Principles - General Theory - Hobby Projects
The Electric Motor Principle is related. It relies on passing a current through a wire in a magnetic field to provide movement.
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Harmonics Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Harmonic Resource - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Harmonics Tutorial
When the same note, say middle C, is played on different instruments, the musical notes produced sound different. This is because that as well as producing the FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY of middle C they also produce multiples of this frequency called HARMONICS. The fundamental is a pure sine wave.
The number and amplitude of the harmonics determines the characteristic sound of the instrument. The harmonic which is twice the fundamental frequency, as in the diagram, is called the 2nd harmonic. The frequency which is three times the fundamental is the 3rd harmonic. The 3rd, 5th, 7th etc are called ODD harmonics.
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Harmonics Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Harmonic Resource - General Theory - Hobby Projects
The 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th etc are called EVEN harmonics. A square wave is made up from a fundamental frequency sine wave and an infinite number of odd harmonics. A sawtooth wave form consists of a fundamental plus an infinite number of even harmonics. If a sine wave is injected into an amplifier the output wave form may be distorted. This may be due to harmonics being generated by the amplifier.
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Light Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Rays - Lights - Waves - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Light Tutorial
Light is an electromagnetic wave similar to radio waves. It has wavelength and frequency. It travels at 300,000,000 metres per second. Wavelength, frequency and the speed of light are related. Wavelength x frequency = the speed of light. Different colours of light have different frequencies. When a ray of light hits a shiny surface it is REFLECTED. The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. When light passes from one transparent material to another it is REFRACTED (bent). LENSES use refraction. CONVEX lenses FOCUS a beam of light to a point.
CONCAVE lenses cause the beam to DIVERGE.
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The PRIMARY colours which make up white light can be separated out by a glass PRISM.
Three of the primary colours, RED, GREEN and BLUE are used in the colour television system. By mixing them most other colours can be made. In the next diagram, red and green make yellow, green and blue make cyan and red and blue make magenta.
White is made by using all three colours.
Motor Principle Tutorial & Circuits - Motor Principles - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Motor Principle Tutorial

It is best if you read the page on the Magnetism first. When a current is passed through a wire which is suspended in a magnetic field, the wire will move. The direction of movement is determined by the direction of the field and the direction of the current. The speed of movement is determined by the strength of the field and the amplitude of the current.
This principle is used in the electric motor to produce rotation. It is also used in the loudspeaker where varying speech currents through a coil, suspended in a magnetic field, causes movement of a cone, resulting in sound pressure waves. The moving coil meter uses the same idea. When the meter is connected to a circuit, current passes through a coil. The coil is suspended in a magnetic field, and rotates when current passes through it. A pointer fixed to the coil indicates a value on a scale. The Electric Generator Principle is related.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/general_theory/motor_principle.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:50:33 PM]
Motor Principle Tutorial & Circuits - Motor Principles - General Theory - Hobby Projects
Here a coil is moved in a magnetic field. This induces voltages and current in the coil.
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Oscillators Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Oscillator - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Oscillators Tutorial
Oscillators are amplifiers with such a large amount of positive feedback that they produces an output signal with no signal applied to the input.
The output amplitude is determined by the gain of the amplifier and the feedback circuit. Oscillators can produce sine waves, the frequency of which is determined by TUNED CIRCUITS. Tuned circuits consist of a capacitor and inductance. Square wave oscillators use resistors and capacitors to determine the frequency of oscillation. Ideally the frequency of an oscillator should be stable, but due to temperature variations and mechanical vibration this may not be so. Precautions are taken against frequency DRIFT. "Howl round", caused by placing a microphone too close to a loudspeaker, is an audio oscillation caused by positive feedback.
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Oscillators Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Oscillator - General Theory - Hobby Projects
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Pulses Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Pulse - Electronics Pulse General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Pulses Tutorial
Here is the characteristics of a single pulse.
q
q q
The voltage rises very rapidly from zero to its maximum value. It stays steady at the maximum value for a time. It then falls very rapidly back to zero. The duration of a pulse can be anywhere from a very long time (days) to a very short time (picoseconds or less). Pulses do not rise and fall instantaneously but take time (which may be very short). They are called the RISE and FALL times.
If pulses occur one after another they are called a PULSE TRAIN. The duration time of a pulse is called the MARK. The time between pulses is called the SPACE. The relative times are expressed as the MARK/SPACE RATIO. Mark/space ratios can vary.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/general_theory/pulses.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:50:42 PM]
Pulses Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Pulse - Electronics Pulse General Theory - Hobby Projects
Fig. 3 has a 50:50 mark/space ratio. This is a special case called a SQUARE WAVE. Fig. 4 is about 1:10 Fig. 5 is about 10:1 Note that the last three waveforms are of the same frequency. All the pulses start at the same instant.
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RMS and Peak to Peak Tutorial & Circuits - RMS and Peak to Peak General Theory - Hobby Projects

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RMS and Peak to Peak

If someone measures the value of the AC voltage coming out of a transformer using an oscilloscope and says it is 20 volts peak to peak and we use a voltmeter to confirm this we will find that the meter reads only 7.07 volts. This is because the scope measures peak to peak values and the meter measures RMS values. In figure 1 the 'scope displays the peak value. The peak to peak voltage is twice this. For example if the peak is 10 volts then the peak to peak is 20 volts. When using a meter to measure the same AC voltage a different value is obtained. This is because, as we said, meters measure RMS values. A Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage gives the same heating effect as a DC voltage of the same value. See figures 2 and 3. Both thermometers show the same temperature when the resistors are heated by the current passing through them. RMS values can be converted to peak to peak values and vice-versa. RMS values times 1.414 equals the Peak value. Peak to Peak is twice this. 7.07 volts RMS times 1.414 and then doubled is 20 volts, the Peak to Peak value.
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RMS and Peak to Peak Tutorial & Circuits - RMS and Peak to Peak General Theory - Hobby Projects
Peak values times 0.707 gives the RMS value. Don't forget that Peak is half the Peak to Peak. 20 volts Peak to Peak is 10 volts Peak. 10 volts Peak times 0.707 equals 7.07 volts RMS.
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Source and Load Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Source and Loads - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Source and Load Tutorial

The SOURCE is a source of power. The LOAD is powered by the source. Two terminals on the source are connected to two terminals on the load.
SOURCE
LOAD
battery amplifier output microphone motor dynamo
amplifier loudspeaker amplifier lathe lamp
Current flows out of the source through one lead, through the load and then back to the battery via the other lead. The value of the current flowing back to the battery is exactly the same as that leaving. Nothing is lost or gained.
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Source and Load Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Source and Loads - General Theory - Hobby Projects
To protect the load and source against excessive current flowing due to a fault, a fuse is inserted in one of the leads.
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Integrator Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Integrators - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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The Integrator Tutorial
We suggest you read the TIME CONSTANTS before tackling this one. The integrator consists of a capacitor and resistor connected as shown. A PULSE TRAIN is applied to the input. When an input pulse rises rapidly to maximum the capacitor charges exponentially through the resistor as shown in the lower waveform. When the input pulse falls suddenly to zero the capacitor discharges exponentially to zero. The process is repeated for each pulse giving the waveform shown.
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Integrator Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Integrators - General Theory - Hobby Projects
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Time Constants Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Time Constant - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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Time Constants Tutorial

Like charges repel, unlike attract. In the first diagram, when the switch is closed, the negative terminal of the battery repels the negative electrons and pushes them onto the upper plate of the capacitor C.
Similarly, the positive terminal attracts the negative electrons away from the lower plate. If the battery is now removed, C remains charged up to the battery voltage. This can be dangerous, since capacitors can remain charged to high voltages for a long time. If a screwdriver is now placed across the capacitor terminals, the surplus electrons on the upper plate will now flow to the lower plate. The C is now discharged. Doing this can also be dangerous. The screwdriver has a low resistance, and Mr Ohm says "low resistance means high current". One vapourised screwdriver !! Therefore large, highly charged capacitors must be discharged via a resistor, to limit the amount of discharge current that can flow. In the second diagram, a resistor R has been placed in series with C. When the switch is closed, C charges from the battery, as described previously.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/general_theory/time_constants.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:50:58 PM]
Time Constants Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Time Constant - General Theory - Hobby Projects
The charging current passes through R. Since R limits the amount of current that can flow (Ohms law), C takes time to charge up to the battery voltage. The larger the values of C and R, the longer C takes to charge. Liken it to filling a bucket with a hosepipe. The larger the bucket (C), and the more you stand on the hosepipe (R), then the longer it takes to fill the bucket. The value of C in Farads, multiplied by the value of R in ohms, gives us the TIME CONSTANT (RC), measured in seconds. If C = 2 Farads and R = 10 ohms then RC = 20 seconds. This means that C will take 20 seconds to charge up to 63 % of the battery voltage. If it is a 100 volt battery, then after 20 seconds, the capacitor voltage will be 63 volts. If we draw a graph of the increase of capacitor voltage against time, then we get a curve that is not linear ( not a straight line). The curve is exponential. It increases rapidly at the start and then slows down. It gets slower and slower.
If C is discharged, by connecting a resistor across it, then the capacitor voltage falls BY 63 % after RC seconds. Time constants are often used where a time delay is required.
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What is Phase Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all About Electronic Phase - General Theory - Hobby Projects

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What is Phase Tutorial

The generator at the power station which produces our AC mains rotates through 360 degrees to produce one cycle of the sine wave form which makes up the supply.
In the next diagram there are two sine waves. They are out of phase because they do not start from zero at the same time. To be in phase they must start at the same time. The waveform A starts before B and is LEADING by 90 degrees. Waveform B is LAGGING A by 90 degrees.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/general_theory/what_is_phase.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 4:51:02 PM]
What is Phase Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all About Electronic Phase - General Theory - Hobby Projects
The last diagram, known as a PHASOR DIAGRAM, shows this in another way. The phasors are rotating anticlockwise as indicated by the arrowed circle. A is leading B by 90 degrees. The length of the phasors is determined by the amplitude of the voltages A and B. Since the voltages are of the same value then their phasors are of the same length. If voltage A was half the voltage of B then its phasor would be half the length of B. All this has nothing to do with "set your phasors on stun".
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Components Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Science Hobby Projects
Electronics for Beginners Tutorial

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Components Tutorial
7 Segment Displays Active and Passive
Batteries
Capacitors
Circuit Symbols
Diode
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Fuses
Electromagnetic Relay
Integrated Circuits
Inductors
Printed Circuit Boards
Loudspeaker
Resistors
Reed Switch
Resistor Colour Code
Selecting Capacitors
Switches
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Components Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Science Hobby Projects
Semiconductor Data
Transformer Types
Transformer
Value Multipliers
Using Led's
Wires and Cables
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7 Segment Display Tutorial & Circuits - All About 7 Segment Displays - Electronic Components Tutorial - Hobby Projects
Electronic Component Tutorials

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7 Segment Display Tutorial

The 7 segment display is used as a numerical indicator on many types of test equipment.
It is an assembly of light emitting diodes which can be powered individually. They most commonly emit red light. They are arranged and labeled as shown in the diagram. Powering all the segments will display the number 8. Powering a,b,c d and g will display the number 3. Numbers 0 to 9 can be displayed. The d.p represents a decimal point. The one shown is a common anode display since all anodes are joined together and go to the positive supply. The cathodes are connected individually to zero volts. Resistors must be placed in series with each diode to limit the current through each diode to a safe value.
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7 Segment Display Tutorial & Circuits - All About 7 Segment Displays - Electronic Components Tutorial - Hobby Projects
Early wrist watches used this type of display but they used so much current that the display was normally switched off. To see the time you had to push a button. Common cathode displays where all the cathodes are joined are also available. Liquid crystal displays do a similar job and consume much less power. Alphanumeric displays are available which can show letters as well as numbers.
<<<< Back to Components Tutorial
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Batteries Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all about BATTERIES - Battery Components - Hobby Projects

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Batteries Tutorial
Batteries are assembled from cells, connected in series, to increase the voltage available. In a cell chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. Cells may be either PRIMARY or SECONDARY types. A primary cell is discarded when its chemical energy is exhausted. A secondary cell can be recharged. The most common primary cell is the zinc/carbon (Leclanche) as used in torches, portable radios etc.
The zinc and carbon react with the ammonium chloride ELECTROLYTE to produce electricity. The manganese dioxide absorbs hydrogen gas produced around the carbon rod which would insulate it from the electrolyte and stop the cell working. The most common secondary cells are the lead/acid and nickel/cadmium (nicad). Lead acid batteries need a constant voltage charger. Nicads must be charged with a constant current charger. All cells have INTERNAL RESISTANCE. This is not an actual resistor but a characteristic of the cell.
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Batteries Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all about BATTERIES - Battery Components - Hobby Projects
Internal resistance increases as the cell ages.
When current is taken from a battery, voltage is dropped across this internal resistance and the voltage at the battery terminals falls. The diagram shows that as the current taken increases the terminal voltage decreases.
This is called POOR REGULATION. It occurs in any type of power supply. Battery voltages must therefore always be measured ON LOAD, i.e. with the radio etc switched on and drawing current.
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Circuit Symbols Tutorial - Electronic Circuits Symbol - Components - Hobby Projects

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Circuit Symbols Tutorial

The diagram below shows passive components, resistors, capacitors and inductors, and also electrical components such as switches, relays, motors and lamps. Also shown are the symbols for wires that are not joined ( no physical electrical connection ) and wires that are joined ( a physical electrical connection ).
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/components/circuit_symbols.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 4:51:12 PM]
This next diagram depicts active components, the difference between active and passive is that active components require a power source to work, whereas passive components do not. The top symbols represent vacuum tube or thermionic devices. Although at one time, these were being replaced by the smaller transistor and integrated circuits, they are finding their way back into electronics for use in professional audio equipment and some radio receivers
Cathode Ray Tube Tutorial & Circuits - CRT Components Tutorials - Hobby Projects

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Cathode Ray Tube Tutorial
The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is used in oscilloscopes, radar, monitors and television receivers. It consists of a glass envelope made from a neck and cone. All air has been extracted so that it contains a vacuum. At the narrow end are pins which make connection with an internal ELECTRON GUN. Voltages are applied to this gun to produce a beam of electrons. This electron beam is projected towards the inside face of the screen. The face is coated with a PHOSPHOR which PHOSPHORESCES (glows) when hit by the beam. This produces a spot of light on the centre of the face of the CRT. By varying the beam current, spot BRIGHTNESS can be controlled. Controlling the diameter of the beam controls FOCUS. Phosphors come in a range of colours. On its way from the gun to the screen the beam passes between 2 sets of plates. They are called the X and Y plates (as in graphs). By applying voltages to these plates the beam can be deflected. This causes the spot to move from the centre of the screen to another position on the screen.
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Cathode Ray Tube Tutorial & Circuits - CRT Components Tutorials - Hobby Projects
The X plates plates deflect the spot horizontally, the Y plates vertically. Thus the spot can be deflected to any position on the screen. External deflection coils are often used instead of the internal deflection plates. Note that dropping a CRT causes it to IMPLODE which is as dangerous as an explosion.
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Electromagnetic Relays Tutorial & Circuits - Electromagnetic Relay - Components - Hobby Projects

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Electromagnetic Relay Tutorial

The electromagnetic relay consists of a multi-turn coil, wound on an iron core, to form an electromagnet. When the coil is energised, by passing current through it, the core becomes temporarily magnetised.
The magnetised core attracts the iron armature. The armature is pivoted which causes it to operate one or more sets of contacts. When the coil is de-energised the armature and contacts are released. The coil can be energised from a low power source such as a transistor while the contacts can switch high powers such as the mains supply. The relay can also be situated remotely from the control source. Relays can generate a very high voltage across the coil when switched off. This can damage other components in the circuit. To prevent this a diode is connected across the coil. The cathode of the diode is connected to the most positive end of the coil.
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Electromagnetic Relays Tutorial & Circuits - Electromagnetic Relay - Components - Hobby Projects
The springsets (contacts) can be a mixture of n.o n.c and c.o. Look at the page on switches to see how they can be used in circuits. Various coil operating voltages (ac and dc) are available. The actual contact points on the springsets are available for high current and low current operation. The REED RELAY has a much faster operation than the relays described above.
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Inductors Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Indocutor - Components - Hobby Projects

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Inductors Tutorial
Inductors are coils of wire. They may be wound on tubular FORMERS or may be self supporting. The former may contain a metallic core up its centre. Iron cores are used for frequencies below about 100 kHz. Ferrite cores are used for frequencies up to say, 10 Mhz. Above 100Mhz the core is usually air and the coil is self supporting. At low frequencies the inductor may have hundreds of turns, above 1 Mhz only a few turns. Most inductors have a low DC resistance since they are wound from copper wire. Inductor values of INDUCTANCE are measured in HENRIES.
Inductors oppose the flow of ac current. This opposition is called INDUCTIVE REACTANCE. Reactance increases with frequency and as the value of the inductance increases.
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Inductors Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Indocutor - Components - Hobby Projects
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Loudspeakers Tutorial & Internal Diagram - Loudspeaker Circuits - Components - Hobby Projects

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Loudspeaker Tutorial
The most common type of loudspeaker is the MOVING COIL speaker, where a coil of wire is suspended in the magnetic field of a circular magnet. When a speech current is passed through the coil a varying magnetic field is generated by the coil. The two magnetic fields interact causing movement of the coil.
The movement of the coil causes a cone, which is attached to the coil, to move back and forth. This compresses and decompresses the air thereby generating sound waves. The loudspeaker is a TRANSDUCER converting one form of energy to another. Loudspeakers have Impedance, typically 4 or 8 ohms. This must be matched to the output impedance of the amplifier. Loudspeakers are mounted in enclosures (boxes). The design of enclosures is very complicated. Large speakers cannot reproduce high frequencies and small ones cannot reproduce low frequencies. Therefore two speakers are used, a large one (a Woofer) for low frequencies, and a small one (a Tweeter) for high frequencies.
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Loudspeakers Tutorial & Internal Diagram - Loudspeaker Circuits - Components - Hobby Projects
To ensure that the correct frequencies go to the desired speaker, a Crossover Unit is used. In the diagram, C1 and L1 are a low pass filter. C2 and L2 are a high pass filter. (there is a page on FILTERS). When using two speakers together, as in stereo systems, they must be in phase. This means that they move out and in together. This happens if the speaker leads are connected correctly.
Speakers can be connected in series and parallel but the total impedance must match the amplifier impedance. Using a lower impedance than the correct one can blow up the output stage of your amplifier.
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Reed Switch Tutorial & Diagram - Reed Switches Circuits - Components - Hobby Projects

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Reed Switch Tutorial

Basically, the reed switch consists of two springy metal strips (reeds) sealed in a glass tube, filled with an inert gas which prevents corrosion.
The switch is activated by an external magnetic field. This field can be provided by bringing a permanent magnet close to the switch, or by passing current through a coil which is wrapped around the switch. It can be used as part of an intruder detection system, with a magnet fixed to a door and the switch fitted to the door frame. It can also be used as a high speed relay. Reed relays require much lower operating current than normal relays
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/components/reed_switch.html [1/17/2007 4:51:27 PM]
Selecting / Choosing Capacitors Tutorial & Circuits - How to Select Capacitor - Hobby Projects

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Selecting Capacitors Tutorial

Size and shape as well as electrical characteristics must be considered if it is to fit into the available space. AXIAL capacitors are the same shape as resistors with a wire coming out of each end. RADIAL ones have both leads coming out of the same end. Make sure it has the correct lead spacing. Ensure that the circuit voltages do not exceed the capacitors maximum working voltage. Electrolytic and tantalum capacitors are polarised and must be fitted the correct way round.
TYPE paper silver mica ceramic low loss ceramic high k ceramic monolithic polystyrene polyester polypropylene electrolytic tantalum RANGE 10 nF to 10 uF 5 pF to 10 nF 5 pf to 10 nF 5 pF to 1 uF 1 nF to 47 uF 50pF to 0.5 uF 100 pF to 2 uF 1 nF to 100 uF 1uF to 100,000 uF 1 uF to 2000 uF TOLERANCE STABILITY 10% 0.5 % 10 % 20 % 10 % 1% 5% 5% 50 % 5% fair excellent good fair good excellent fair fair fair excellent APPLICATIONS motor start, mains interference suppression tuned circuits and filters coupling and decoupling " " tuned circuits, timing and filters. general purpose, coupling and decoupling. mains suppression and motor start LF decoupling and smoothing LF coupling, decoupling and timing
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/components/selecting_capacitors.html [1/17/2007 4:51:33 PM]
Semiconductor Data Links Tutorial & Circuits - Samiconductors Components - Hobby Projects

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Semiconductor Data Links

Global Data sheet Library Philips Semiconductors Texas Instruments National Semiconductor Mitel Semiconductor
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Transformer Tutorial & Circuits - Transformers - How Transformer Works - Components - Hobby Projects

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Transformer Tutorial
If you have read the page on ELECTROMAGNETISM then you will know that when a current is passed through a coil, the coil becomes surrounded by a magnetic field . This field is made up from lines of force and has the same shape as a bar magnet. If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards from the coil. If the current is reduced, the lines of force move inwards. If another coil is placed adjacent to the first coil then, as the field moves out or in, the moving lines of force will "cut" the turns of the second coil. As it does this, a voltage is induced in the second coil. With the 50 Hz AC mains supply , this will happen 50 times a second. This is called MUTUAL INDUCTION and forms the basis of the transformer. The input coil is called the PRIMARY WINDING, the output coil is the SECONDARY WINDING. The voltage induced in the secondary is determined by the TURNS RATIO. Primary voltage -------------------------------Secondary voltage Number of primary turns -----------------------------------------------Number of secondary turns
For example, if the secondary has half the primary turns, the secondary will have half the primary voltage. Another example is if the primary has 5000 turns and the secondary has 500 turns, then the turns ratio is 10:1. If the primary voltage is 240 volts then the secondary voltage will be x 10 smaller = 24 volts. Assuming a perfect transformer, the power provided by the primary must equal the power taken by a load on the secondary. If a 24 watt lamp is connected across a 24 volt secondary, then the primary must supply 24 watts. If it is a 240 volt primary then the current in it must be 0.1 amp. (Watts = volts x amps). To aid magnetic coupling between primary and secondary, the coils are wound on a metal CORE. Since the primary would induce power, called EDDY CURRENTS, into this core, the core is LAMINATED. This means that it is made up from metal sheets insulated from each other. Transformers to work at higher frequencies have an iron dust core, or no core at all.
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Transformer Tutorial & Circuits - Transformers - How Transformer Works - Components - Hobby Projects
Note that the transformer only works on AC which has a constantly changing current and moving field. DC has a steady current and therefore a steady field and there would be no induction. Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and secondary. This is to prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment down into the mains supply, or in the other direction. Transformers are sometimes used for IMPEDANCE MATCHING. There is a page on this subject. There is also a page on transformer types.
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Using LED's Tutorial & Circuits, How LED works - Different kind of LED's - Components - Hobby Projects

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USING LED'S Tutorial

The light emitting diode (LED) is commonly used as an indicator. It can show when the power is on, act as a warning indicator, or be part of trendy jewelry etc. It needs to be fed from a DC supply, with the anode positive and the cathode negative, as shown in the diagram. To calculate the value of the series resistor we need to know the diode forward voltage and current and its connections. The necessary data can be obtained from a catalogue or data book. In our example it is 2 volts and 20mA (0.02 amps). The cathode lead is the one nearest a "flat" on the body. Since the voltage across the diode is 2 volts and the battery voltage is 12 volts, then the voltage across the resistor is 12-2 = 10 volts. The diode is in series with the resistor, so the current through then both is the same, 0.02 amps. We now know the voltage across, and the current through the resistor. From Ohm's Law we can now calculate the value of the resistor. Resistance = Volts divided by Amps = V/I = 10/0.02 =500 ohms. Since this is not a standard value we can use a 470 or 560 ohm resistor as this application is not critical of values.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/components/using_leds.html [1/17/2007 4:51:39 PM]
Active and Passive Tutorial & Circuits - All About Active and Passive Components - Electronic Components Tutorial - Hobby Projects

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Active and Passive Tutorial

ACTIVE components increase the power of a signal and must be supplied with the signal and a source of power. Examples are bipolar transistors, field effect transistors etc. The signal is fed into one connection of the active device and the amplified version taken from another connection. In a transistor, the signal can be applied to the base connection and the amplified version taken from the collector. The source of power is usually a dc voltage from a battery or power supply. PASSIVE components do not increase the power of a signal. They often cause power to be lost. Some can increase the voltage at the expense of current, so overall there is a loss of power. Resistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes are examples of passive components. Integrated circuits contain both active and passive components. Since they usually increase the power of a signal and require a source of dc power they are treated as active devices.
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Capacitors Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all about Capacitor Components - Hobby Projects

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Capacitors Tutorial
Capacitors are basically two parallel metal plates separated by an insulator.
This insulator is called the dielectric. Capacitor types are named after the dielectric. Thus we have ceramic, mica, polyester, paper air capacitors etc. Capacitors can be charged up and store electricity, similar to a car battery. This can be a hazard if they are charged up to high voltages. If it is necessary, capacitors with large charges should be discharged via a resistor to limit the discharge current. DC current cannot flow through a capacitor since the dielectric forms an open circuit. Capacitors come in all shapes and sizes and are usually marked with their value. Values are measure in Farads. Values in Farads are unusual. Most capacitor values are measured in microfarads, nanofarads or picofarads. See the page on Value multipliers to find out more about this.
They are often marked with their maximum working voltage. The voltage across the terminals must not exceed this value. It is OK to use a voltage below the maximum value.
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Capacitors Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all about Capacitor Components - Hobby Projects
Some capacitors such as electrolytic and tantalums are polarised. This means that they must be fitted the correct way round. They are marked to indicate polarity. Some values are indicated with a colour code similar to resistors. There can be some confusion. A 2200pf capacitor would have three red bands. These merge into one wide red band.
Some values are marked in picofarads using three digit numbers. The first two digits are the base number and the third digit is a multiplier. For example, 102 is 1000 pF and 104 is 100,000 pF = 100 nF = 0.1 uF. To find the total value of capacitors in parallel (that is connected across each other) their values are added. To find the total value if they are in series (that is in line with each other) then the following formula is used.
1/C total =1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 etc
Variable capacitors are available in which the value can be adjusted by controlling the amount of overlap of the plates or the distance between them.
There is a type of diode called the Varicap diode with similar characteristics.
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Diodes Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Diode Components - All about Diodes - Hobby Projects

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Diode Tutorial
Diodes are polarised, which means that they must be inserted into the PCB the correct way round. This is because an electric current will only flow through them in one direction (like air will only flow one way through a tyre valve). Diodes have two connections, an anode and a cathode. The cathode is always identified by a dot, ring or some other mark.
The pcb is often marked with a + sign for the cathode end. Diodes come in all shapes and sizes. They are often marked with a type number. Detailed characteristics of a diode can be found by looking up the type number in a data book. If you know how to measure resistance with a meter then test some diodes. A good one has low resistance in one direction and high in the other.
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Diodes Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Diode Components - All about Diodes - Hobby Projects
There are specialised types of diode available such as the zener and light emitting diode (LED).
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Fuses Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Fuses - All about Fuse - Components - Hobby Projects

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Fuses Tutorial
If there is a fault in a piece of equipment then excessive current may flow. This will cause overheating and possibly a fire. Fuses protect against this happening. Current from the supply to the equipment flows through the fuse.
The fuse is a piece of wire which can carry a stated current. If the current rises above this value it will melt. If the fuse melts (blows) then there is an open circuit and no current can then flow thus protecting the equipment by isolating it from the power supply. The fuse must be able to carry slightly more than the normal operating current of the equipment to allow for tolerances and small current surges. With some equipment there is a very large surge of current for a short time at switch on. If a fuse is fitted to withstand this large current there would be no protection against faults which cause the current to rise slightly above the normal value. Therefore special antis urge fuses are fitted. These can stand 10 times the rated current for 10 milliseconds. If the surge lasts longer than this the fuse will blow. Always find out why the fuse blew before replacing it. Occasionally they grow tired and fail. If the fuse is black and silvery then it is likely that there is a dead short (very low resistance) somewhere. ALWAYS REPLACE THE FUSE WITH THE CORRECT TYPE AND VALUE...
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Fuses Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Fuses - All about Fuse - Components - Hobby Projects
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Integrated Circuits Tutorial - Integrated Circuit Resource - Components - Hobby Projects

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Integrated Circuits Tutorial

IC's, often called "chips", come in several shapes and sizes. Most common are 4, 8, 14, 16, 18 or 20 pin dual in line (dil) chips. IC's can be soldered directly into printed circuit boards, or may plug into sockets which have already been soldered into the board. When soldering, ensure that the IC (or the socket) is the correct way round and that no pins have been bent underneath the body. When fitting new IC's it is often necessary to bend the pins in slightly, in order to fit it into the board (or socket). Some IC's are damaged by the static electricity which most people carry on their bodies. They should be stored in conductive foam or wrapped in tin foil. When handling them, discharge yourself periodically by touching some metalwork which is earthed, such as a radiator. Solder two diagonally opposite pins (say pin 1 and pin 5 in the diagram below) and check that the IC is flat on the board before soldering the rest. If it is not flat then reflow the solder on the two pins pushing the IC flat. When satisfied, solder the remaining pins. Take care when removing faulty IC's from pcb's. You may damage a circuit board when carelessly removing a 20p IC.
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Integrated Circuits Tutorial - Integrated Circuit Resource - Components - Hobby Projects
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Printed Circuit Boards Tutorial & Circuits - Printed Circuit Board Components - Hobby Projects

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Printed Circuit Boards Tutorial

Printed circuit boards (PCB's) are laminates. This means that they are made from two or more sheets of material stuck together; often copper and fibreglass. Unwanted areas of the copper are etched away to form conductive lands or tracks which replace the wires carrying the electric currents in other forms of construction. Some parts of the side with copper tracks is coated with solder resist (usually green in colour) to prevent solder sticking to those areas where it is not required. This avoids unwanted solder bridges between tracks. Sometimes the boards are double-sided with copper tracks on both sides. Tracks on one side can be joined to tracks on the other by means of wire links. Plated through holes are available which do the same thing but these make the PCB more expensive. Components are stuffed into the board by hand or by pick and place machines. Soldering is done by hand or by flow wave soldering where the PCB passes over a wave of molten solder. Most recent PCB's use surface mount techniques where components are on the same side of the board as the tracks. Components are stuck to the board with adhesive and the solder caused to flow by heating the board in a hot gas or by some other technique. When fitting components ensure that they are orientated correctly and lay flat on the board unless otherwise stated. When the board is assembled avoid flexing it which may crack tracks. Avoid touching the board which may cause contamination due to dirty fingers or damage due to static electricity carried on your body. It is best to handle PCB's by holding them by two edges only, between thumb and forefinger.
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Printed Circuit Boards Tutorial & Circuits - Printed Circuit Board Components - Hobby Projects
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Resistors Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Resistor Components - Hobby Projects

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Resistor Tutorial
Resistors are electronic components which resist the flow of electronic current. The higher the value of resistance (measured in ohms) the lower the current will be. This was discovered by Mr Ohm. The simplest resistors are made from carbon rod with end caps and wire leads. Other types are carbon film which is a thin layer of carbon on a ceramic rod, and metal oxide and metal glaze on glass rods. Wire wound resistors are used where the resistor has to dissipate a lot of heat. Faulty resistors have gone open circuit or changed in value. They never go short circuit. Some resistors are designed to change in value when heated. They are called THERMISTORS and are used in temperature measuring circuits. Some resistors change in value when exposed to light. They are called LIGHT DEPENDANT RESISTORS. Most resistors are colour coded to indicate their value and tolerance. Wire wound resistors have their value written on them. (colours would change with heat). High stability resistors (marked with a fifth pink band) do not change value easily. Resistors generate heat. Resistors have a wattage rating. The higher this rating the more heat they can dissipate.
To limit the range of resistor values to a manageable number a preferred range only is available. These are 1.0 1.2 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.9 4.7 5.6 6.8 8.2
This mean that 1 ohm, 12 ohm, 180 ohm, 2200 ohm resistors etc are available.
1000 ohms is 1k, 1000,000 ohms is 1M. 3,300,000 ohms is 3.3M etc.
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Resistors Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Resistor Components - Hobby Projects
Decimal points are not used on circuit diagrams (they may be confused with fly specks). 3.3M would be written as 3M3 and 1.8k as 1K8 etc.
On circuit diagrams tolerance is indicated by the following letters. F=1% G=2% J=5% K=10% M=20%
R22M= 0.22 ohm 20% 4R7K= 4.7 ohm 10% 68RJ=68 ohm 5%
Variable resistors are available. These can be operated by means of a knob on the control panel. Examples are volume and brightness controls. Preset variable resistors are internal controls which are adjusted in value by means of a screwdriver. Once adjusted, they are never touched again.
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Resistors Colour Code Tutorial & Circuits - Resistor Color Coding - Components - Hobby Projects

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Resistors Color/Colour Code Tutorial

Ignore the colour of the resistor body. Most resistors have three coloured bands close together at one end and one single band at the other. The three adjacent band give the resistor value. The band nearest the wire lead gives the value of the first digit. e.g Brown = 1. The next band gives the value of the next digit e.g. red = 2 The third band gives the number of zeros which follows the two digits.e.g. orange = 3 zeros = 000. Therefore a resistor with brown, red, orange bands would have a value of 12000 ohms.
This resistor has a value of 2,700,000 ohms. A green blue black resistor would be 56 ohms. (black indicates that there are no zeros). Black = 0 Brown = 1 Red = 2 Orange = 3 Yellow = 4 Green = 5 Blue = 6 Violet = 7
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Resistors Colour Code Tutorial & Circuits - Resistor Color Coding - Components - Hobby Projects
Grey = 8 White = 9 If the third band is silver then divide the value of the first two digits by 100, if gold divide by 10. e.g. red violet gold is 2.7 ohms. The fourth band indicates the tolerance. e.g. brown indicates plus or minus 1%. a 100 ohm 1% resistor can be in value between 99 ohms and 101 ohms. brown 1% red 2% gold 5% silver 10% none 20% If there is a fifth pink band this indicates a high stability resistor.
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Switches Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Switch / Switches Components - Hobby Projects

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Electronic Switches Tutorial
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Switches Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Switch / Switches Components - Hobby Projects
Fig. 1 Switches are used to open/close a circuit. Fig. 2 S1 is a "single pole on/off" switch in the off position. Fig. 3 This is a "2 pole on/off" switch which completely isolates the lamp from the supply in the off position. This may be important if it is a high voltage supply. The dotted line indicates that S1a and S1b are part of the same switch "ganged" together and operate simultaneously. Fig. 4 This is a "single pole changeover" switch. Either lamp 1 or lamp 2 is on. Fig. 5 This is a "2 pole changeover" switch. The unlit lamp is completely isolated from the supply. Again S1a and S1b are part of the same switch. Fig. 6 This is a "single pole 5 way" switch. It can select 1 of 5 circuits. You can have 2p 5w, 3p 4w etc. Fig. 7 This shows (1) a "normally closed, push to break". (2) a "normally open, push to make". (3) both used together to make a "changeover" switch. Fig. 8 This is a "changeover" slide switch. When operated a-b opens and b-c closes. Here are assorted switch types. Panel-Toggle-Make before break-Pneumatic-Wafer-Proximity-Light activated-Toggle-Rotary Reed-Pull-Locking-Vane-Interlocking-Rocker-Dimmer-Mercury-Tilt-Microswitch Thumbwheel-Key-Wafer-Slide-Float-Optical-Foot-Thermal-Hall effect
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Transformers Tutorial & Circuits - Transformer Types - Transformers Components - Hobby Projects

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Transformer Types Tutorial
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Transformers Tutorial & Circuits - Transformer Types - Transformers Components - Hobby Projects
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Value Multipliers Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Value Multiplier - Components - Hobby Projects

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Value Multipliers Tutorial

In Electronics we use some very large and some very small values. To make them easier to deal with we use MULTIPLIERS. For example 1000,000,000,000 Hertz can be labelled 1 Terahertz and 0.000,000,000,001 Ohms is the same as 1 picohm
PREFIX tera giga mega kilo milli micro nano pico
SYMBOL T G M K m u n p
MULTIPLICATION 1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000 1,000 0.001 0.000,001 0.000,000,001 0.000,000,000,001
See that 1 microfarad is 1000 nanofarad. There are 1,000 picofarad in 1 nanofarad. Practice converting one to another.
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Wires and Cables Tutorial & Circuits - Learn about Wires and Cable - Components - Hobby Projects

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Wires and Cables Tutorial

Wires are mostly made from copper which is cheap and has a low resistance to the flow of electric current. Wires come in standard wire gauges (S.W.G.) where the smaller the diameter of the wire the bigger the SWG. e.g 22 swg has a smaller diameter than 16 swg. Copper oxidises (tarnishes) making it difficult to solder. It is therefore tinned giving us 22 swg tinned copper wire, for example. If two bare wires touch it forms a short circuit. To avoid this wires are INSULATED using PVC etc. When wire are used for coils such as transformers the insulation is varnish. Since this is very thin wires will take the minimum of space. A broken wire is called an OPEN CIRCUIT and prevents current flowing. A single strand of wire 0.6 mm in diameter is called 1/0.6; this is very rigid and snaps if bent too often. Flexible leads are made from several strands of wire. 7/0.2 is 7 strands of wire each 0.2 mm in diameter. Fine strands of wire can be woven into a mesh or braid which can be used to screen out unwanted interference. (The sunglass effect). Television aerial lead uses screened cable called COAXIAL CABLE. Leads which carry small signals such as audio are often screened to reject external interference. Where several leads are needed they can be combined into a single cable. This can be a multicore cable, a cableform or a cable loom. Cables are often terminated in plugs or sockets which may take some time to connect. A quicker technique is to use INSULATION DISPLACEMENT CONNECTORS (IDC) which take only seconds to fit. Thicker wires can carry higher currents than thin ones as bigger pipes can carry more water than thin ones. 7/0.2 can carry 1 amp maximum 16/0.2 can carry 3 amp maximum 24/0.2 can carry 5 amp maximum 32/0.2 can carry 10 amp maximum Use wire strippers to remove insulation. Avoid nicking the wires or breaking strands in flexes. When soldering avoid whiskers, burning insulation and wicking (allowing solder to run up under the insulation of flex which makes it rigid and brittle).
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Wires and Cables Tutorial & Circuits - Learn about Wires and Cable - Components - Hobby Projects
FIBRE OPTICS is often used instead wires in some applications.
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Test and Measurement Tutorial - Electronic Circuits - Science Hobby Projects
Electronics for Beginners Tutorials

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Test and Measurement Tutorial

Continuity Testing Effect of Meter Resistance
Fault Finding Algorithms
Frequency Response
Logical Fault Finding
Measuring Current
Measuring Resistance
Measuring Voltages
Signal Generators
Testing Transistors
Tracing a Schematic
Using a Scope
With Respect to
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Continuity Testing Tutorial & Circuits - Continuity Checking - Test and Measurement - Hobby Projects
Test and Measurement - Electronic Tutorials

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Continuity Testing Tutorial

Continuity testing means making sure that something is continuous i.e. not broken. For example, copper tracks on PCB's or wires in cables must not be open circuit but continuous.
In the diagram, when the two "flying" leads of the lamp and battery setup are connected to the two ends of the same wire in the cable, the lamp will light indicating continuity. If the lamp doesn't light then the wire is open circuit (i.e. not continuous.) The tester is also useful for finding both ends of a wire in a cable, where all the wires are the same colour. A test meter, set to measure resistance, can be used to measure continuity. Ensure that the meter is set to read low resistance. If you set the meter to read up to 100k then a resistance of 500 ohms will appear to be continuous. Some testers give out a whistle when continuity is ok, so you can keep your eye on the job and not keep looking at the meter.
<<<< Back to Test and Measurement
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Continuity Testing Tutorial & Circuits - Continuity Checking - Test and Measurement - Hobby Projects
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Fault Finding Algorithms Tutorial & Circuits - Algorithm Fault Finding - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects

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Fault Finding Algorithms Tutorial

An algorithm is a list of instructions in the form of a flow chart. In electronics it can be applied to fault finding. Below is an abbreviated version for fault location on a colour television. Detailed algorithms can locate faults right down to component level. Algorithms can be applied to systems other than electronic ones, such as motor vehicles, atomic power stations, space vehicles etc.

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Fault Finding Algorithms Tutorial & Circuits - Algorithm Fault Finding - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects
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Logical Fault Finding Tutorial & Circuits - Logical Faults Problem - Test and Measurement - Hobby Projects

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Logical Fault Finding Tutorial

BE AWARE THAT ELECTRICITY CAN KILL !!! YOU SHOULD KEEP YOUR ONE HAND IN YOUR POCKET WHEN WORKING ON HIGH VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT. MAKE SURE THAT YOU KNOW OF THE HAZARDS FROM A LIVE CHASSIS, CHARGED CAPACITORS, FINAL ANODE VOLTAGES, THE AC SUPPLY ETC The POKING AND HOPING method of fault finding on electronic equipment is ok if there are only a few components which can be changed one at a time, but is useless where a large number of components are involved. A more logical method is necessary. Begin by observation using the senses. Can you smell overheating? With experience one can recognise the type of component by its smell. Can you see any burnt components, are any particular colours missing from the television picture? Can you feel any components overheating? Can you feel static on the screen? Can you hear any distortion, whistles etc? Have you heard of the game Twenty Questions? One person thinks of something and the others have to guess what it is by asking questions. They receive only YES or NO answers. If the first question IS IT AN ANIMAL? and the answer is YES then all non animal items in the universe can be ignored. If the second question IS IT HUMAN? and the answer is YES then all other animals in the universe can be ignored. If the third question IS IT FEMALE? and the answer is NO then only questions related to men need be asked. After twenty questions most items in the universe can be discovered!! A similar system can be applied to fault finding. This is called the HALF SPLIT method.
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Logical Fault Finding Tutorial & Circuits - Logical Faults Problem - Test and Measurement - Hobby Projects
A transistor radio has several STAGES and the signal from the aerial passes through these and is emitted from the loudspeaker as an audio signal.
The volume control is about half way along this chain. If I inject an audio signal at this point and hear noise from the loudspeaker then I know that all stages and components after this point are ok and the fault lies before this point. From this one measurement we have proved that half of the components are ok and that the fault lies in a certain area. Further HALF SPLIT measurements will enable us to locate the precise stage in which the fault lies. If we had started at the aerial end and the fault was in the loudspeaker then we would have wasted much time and effort before we found it. These tests are called DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS and enable us to locate the stage or area of the fault. Signal Generators and Oscilloscopes, Logic Pulsers and Logic Probes are frequently used to make these tests. To find the actual faulty component we use STATIC MEASUREMENTS. These usually require the use of a Voltmeter to make measurements on the faulty stage. The measurements obtained are interpreted to obtain the identity of the faulty component. For example, the base to emitter voltage of a good silicon transistor is 0.6 volts. If it is not this voltage then it is possibly this component at fault. Beware that a faulty associated component could possibly give the same readings. If you haven't had much experience at interpreting voltage measurements then remove the suspect component and check it by resistance measurements or substitution with a known good component. Since the faulty stage has been located and only a few components are usually involved then POKE AND HOPE is more permissible!!
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Measuring Resistance Tutorial & Circuits - How to Measure Resistance - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects

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Measuring Resistance Tutorial
When measuring resistance the power to the circuit must be SWITCHED OFF. Ensure that there are no components in parallel with the component to be measured. There is no need to observe the polarity of the leads.
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Signal Generators Tutorial & Circuits - Frequency Signal Generator - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects

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Signal Generators Tutorial
The signal generator is a source of signals for testing and measuring purposes. Most commonly they generate sine waves. Audio signal generators produce signals in a range from a few Hertz up to several Kilohertz. Signals can be injected into audio amplifiers to see how they behave at various audio frequencies. Amplification and frequency response can be measured and distortion of the signal can be observed. Radio frequency generators can provide frequencies from about 100 Kilohertz up to several hundred Megahertz. With radio frequency generators it is usually possible to modulate the R.F. with an audio signal to simulate a radio station. Amplitude and frequency modulation are available. Using an R.F. generator the various tuned circuits in a radio can be adjusted for peak performance. The picture is of a simple generator with on/off and frequency and amplitude controls. The large control knob in the centre selects the base frequency while the four switches below select a multiplier. For example if the base frequency is 30 Hertz and the multiplier is X10 then the output signal is 300 Hertz. Generators producing square waves, sawtooths and triangular waves etc are called function generators. Generators can be used in the location of faults in non-working equipment.
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Signal Generators Tutorial & Circuits - Frequency Signal Generator - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects
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Tracing Schematics Tutorial & Circuits - Tracing Circuit Diagrams - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects

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Tracing a Schematic Tutorial

"Tracing schematics" is the same as "tracing circuit diagrams" in the UK. What it means is, relating a circuit schematic to the actual physical layout of a piece of electronics. It is a necessary skill when fault finding. To do it, you must be able to recognise components and read their values, or type numbers. You must also know their circuit symbols. If working on printed circuit boards, it helps if you are able to see both sides of the board. You must isolate the power before doing this. To begin with, you need a starting point. This is usually a single component which you are able to locate on both the schematic and the equipment. It is something easily identifiable, such as a mains transformer, loudspeaker socket, power transistor with marked type number etc. Once you have done this, you move on to identify other components connected to this component. After that, identify more components, moving in the direction of the part of the circuit which you are investigating. You should be able to identify all the components in that part of the layout which interests you. Relating the schematic and the practical layout makes fault finding much easier. This skill is also useful if you don't have a circuit schematic. You can identify the component layout around the area in which you are interested and trace (draw) that part of the schematic. This skill also enables you to make a component layout drawing, using a schematic as a guide. "Reading schematics" is something completely different.
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Tracing Schematics Tutorial & Circuits - Tracing Circuit Diagrams - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects
It means the ability to look at a schematic and describe in detail how the circuit works.
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With Respect to Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects

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With Respect To - Tutorial

In most cases, when measuring DC voltages in an electronic circuit, the black negative lead is clipped to the negative connection of the battery or supply. This leaves one hand free. The red lead is then used to measure the various voltages in the circuit. These voltages are therefore measured WITH RESPECT TO negative.
wrt = with respect to In the diagram, point A is 18 volts positive wrt to D. (this is actually the battery voltage). Therefore D is 18 volts negative wrt A. A is +12 wrt C and +6 wrt B. D is - 6 wrt C and -12 wrt B.
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With Respect to Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects
B is +6 wrt C and +12 wrt D. C is - 6 wrt B and -12 wrt A. Looking at the diode. The anode is less negative than the cathode. Or in other words, it is more positive. The anode is positive wrt cathode by 1 volt.
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Effect of Meter Resistance Tutorial & Circuits - Meter Resistance Effect - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects

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Effect of Meter Resistance Tutorial

All meters have resistance. The value of this resistance depends upon the voltage range selected. A typical moving coil meter has a SENSITIVITY of 20,000 ohms per volt. This means that when the 1 volt range is selected the meter has a resistance of 20,000 ohms. When the 10 volt range is selected it has a resistance of 200,000 ohms and so on. When the meter is connected to a circuit to measure voltage, this resistance will affect the circuit and therefore the accuracy of the measurement obtained.
In Fig.1 the voltage across each resistor can be calculated. However, it can be shown that since the resistors are of the same value then the battery voltage divides equally across them, and the voltage across each will be 15 volts. Now if we set the meter to the 20 volt range to measure this voltage, its resistance will be 20 x 20,000 = 400,000 ohms = 400k. If we connect it across the top resistor, as in Fig.2 then we have two 400k resistors in parallel. Calculating the result of this gives us 200,000 ohms and the circuit looks like Fig.3 The voltage will now divide to give 10 volts across the top resistor and 20 volts across the lower resistor. The meter will indicate 10 volts when we know that it should indicate 15 volts. Similarly, connecting the meter across the lower resistor will again indicate 10 volts. It appears that there is 10v + 10v = 20 volts across the two resistors, when in fact there is 30 volts. To obtain the most accurate results, set the meter on the highest range possible.
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Effect of Meter Resistance Tutorial & Circuits - Meter Resistance Effect - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects
This means that its resistance will be highest and have least effect on the circuit. Digital meter have a very high resistance, typically 10 Megohms on all ranges, and the readings obtained are more accurate than those obtained using a moving coil meter. When buying a new meter look for a sensitivity greater than 20,000 ohms/volt.
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Frequency Response Tutorial & Circuits - Response of Frequency - Test and Measurement - Hobby Projects

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Frequency Response Tutorial
A perfect amplifier with an amplification of times 10, as shown above, would give an output 10 times greater than the input, NO MATTER WHAT THE INPUT FREQUENCY. If the input was 10 mV then the output would be 100 mV, no matter the frequency of the input signal, as seen in the graph below. This graph is known as a FREQUENCY RESPONSE diagram.
In a practical amplifier it is not possible to obtain a perfectly flat response curve. This is due to limitations of electronic components and circuitry. Usually there is a fall of response at low and high frequencies.
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Frequency Response Tutorial & Circuits - Response of Frequency - Test and Measurement - Hobby Projects
The two points in red on the response curve mark where the output of the amplifier has fallen to 70.7 % of the maximum output. This means that that the 100mV output has fallen to 70.7 mV at these frequencies. These are called the -3 dB points. One is at about 5Hz (call it f1). The other is at about 900 kHz (f2). Subtract f1 from f2 to get the BANDWIDTH of the amplifier. In this case it is just under 900 kHz wide. In some cases the bandwidth is tailored to pass some frequencies and not others. This is called FILTERING.
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Measuring Currents Tutorial & Circuits - How to Measure Current - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects

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Measuring Current Tutorial
To measure current the circuit must be BROKEN and the meter inserted in the break. In this circuit the current will be the same no matter where the circuit is broken. If 1 amp is flowing then all meters will indicate 1 amp. Observe the polarity of the leads when measuring DC This is not necessary when measuring AC. Select a high current range on the meter before switching the circuit on. Switch down to a lower range if necessary to measure the current. This protects the meter from damage due to excessive current, especially a moving coil one.
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Measuring Currents Tutorial & Circuits - How to Measure Current - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects
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Measuring Voltages Tutorial & Circuits - How to measure Voltage - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects

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Measuring Voltages Tutorial
To measure voltages, the meter must be connected ACROSS things; across resistors, across the battery etc. When measuring DC, connect the red meter lead to the most positive point, and the black one to the most negative. When measuring AC voltages it doesn't matter which way the leads are connected. It's best to select a high voltage range on the meter before connecting it and then switching to a lower range if necessary. This protects the meter, especially moving coil ones, from being damaged by having too high a voltage applied to them.
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Measuring Voltages Tutorial & Circuits - How to measure Voltage - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects
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Testing Transistors Tutorial & Circuits - How to test Transistor - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects

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Testing Transistors Tutorial
Figure 1. With the meter set to measure ohms, clip one meter lead to the base connection of the transistor. Touch the other lead first onto the collector lead and then onto the emitter lead. The readings should both be the same, either both high resistance or both low resistance. Now reverse the leads and repeat the procedure. The results should be the opposite of those obtained before. If they were both high before they should now be both low. If they were both low before they should now both be high. Now measure the resistance between emitter and collector. It should read high resistance in both directions. If you dont know the transistor connections consult a data book. If you cant find the data then measure between the three connections in both directions. You should now be able to identify the base connection and then decide if the transistor is OK. Note that for this to work the internal battery of the meter must supply a voltage high enough to overcome the forward resistances of the transistors. Many meter have a position marked with a diode symbol which must be selected when checking transistors
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Testing Transistors Tutorial & Circuits - How to test Transistor - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects
or diodes. Note that NPN transistors have low resistances where PNP have high, and vice versa. Figure 2. shows a simple power transistor tester. With the switch open both lamps are off. With the switch closed both lamps are on. If different results are obtained the transistor is faulty. The transistor shown is an NPN. Reverse the battery for PNP transistors.
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Using a Scope Tutorial & Circuits - Oscilloscope - How to use Scopes - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects

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Using a Scope Tutorial

The controls on a scope can be divided into four groups. (1) Housekeeping (on/off, brightness, focus) (2) Horizontal (X position, X amplitude, time/division) (3) Vertical (Y position, Y amplitude, Invert, Volts/division) (4) Trigger/synchronisation (level, +/-, external, ac/dc/lf/hf, tvh/tvv) Set any controls marked "calibrate" to the correct position. Adjust the housekeeping controls to obtain a trace (display). Adjust the vertical and horizontal controls to display a few cycles of a waveform. Adjust the trigger/synch controls to make the display stationary. It is best to display about two cycles and make them as large in height as possible. Measure the amplitude and periodic time (time of one cycle). See below. Calculate the frequency.
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Using a Scope Tutorial & Circuits - Oscilloscope - How to use Scopes - Test and Measurements - Hobby Projects
In the diagram the waveform is 4 divisions high. The volts/ division switch is set to 50 mV/division. The amplitude is therefore 4 x 50 mV = 200 mV. The width of one cycle (indicated between the two red dots) is 4 divisions. The time/division switch is set to 5 mS/division. The periodic time is 4 x 5 mS = 20 mS. Note that one cycle is the time between the start of a waveform and the point where it starts to repeat itself. Frequency can be calculated by dividing 1 second by the periodic time. Note that if the periodic time is in mS then 1 second has to be expressed as 1000 mS. 1000mS/20mS = 50 Hz The pattern of squares is called a GRATICULE.
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DC Theory Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Circuits & Resources - Hobby Projects

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DC Theory Tutorial
What is Electric Current Current in Circuits
Ohm's Law
Potential Dividers
Resistor Networks
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Resistors in Parallel
Series / Parallel Batteries
Voltages in a Circuit
Wheatstone Bridge
Watts and Joules
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What is Electric Current Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all about Electric Current - DC Theory - Hobby Projects
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What is Electric Current Tutorial

An electric current is a flow of microscopic particles called ELECTRONS flowing through wires and electronic components. It can be likened to the flow of water through pipes and radiators etc. As water is pushed through pipes by a pump, electric current is pushed through wires by a battery. Hot water does work by heating radiators. Electric current does work by heating fires, lighting lamps, ringing bells, electroplating etc. A basic law of the universe is that like charges repel and unlike attract. Two negatives will repel each other. A negative and a positive will attract each other. An electron has a negative charge. The negative (-ve) terminal of a battery will push negative electrons along a wire. The positive (+ve) terminal of a battery will attract negative electrons along a wire. Electric current will therefore flow from the -ve terminal of a battery, through the lamp, to the positive terminal.
This is called electron current flow. The current flows round the circuit.
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What is Electric Current Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all about Electric Current - DC Theory - Hobby Projects
In some books current is said to flow from +ve to -ve. This was guessed at before the electron was discovered. They guessed wrong! This is called conventional current flow.
<<<< Back to DC Theory Tutorial
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Ohm's Law Tutorial & Circuits - What is Ohm's Law - Learn how Ohm's Law works - DC Theory - Hobby Projects

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Ohm's Law Tutorial
The voltmeter is connected across the resistor, to measure the voltage across the resistor. The ammeter is connected in series with the resistor, to measure the current flowing around the circuit and through the resistor. Mr Ohm discovered that if you double the voltage across the resistor then the current through it doubles. If you halve the voltage then the current is halved. This means that the current is PROPORTIONAL to the voltage. He also found that if you double the value of the resistor then the current through it is halved. If the value of the resistor is halved the the current is doubled. Thus the current is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the resistance.
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Ohm's Law Tutorial & Circuits - What is Ohm's Law - Learn how Ohm's Law works - DC Theory - Hobby Projects
To use the VIR triangle place your finger over the value you wish to find. If you wish to find V then multiply I by R If you wish to find I then divide V by R.
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Resistor Networks Tutorial

See the pages on series and parallel resistors before reading this one.
In the diagram we have two sets of 10 ohms in series with 15 ohms. These can be replaced by two 25 ohms as shown in the next diagram.
The two 25 ohms are in parallel and can be replaced by 12.5 ohms. See the next diagram.
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Resistor Networks - Resistors Network - DC Theory - Hobby Projects
The two 5 ohms are in parallel so can be simplified to 2.5 ohms. See the next diagram. The 12.5 and the 2.5 are in series so that the equivalent resistance for the network is 15 ohms.
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Resistors in Parallel Tutorial & Circuits - Resistor in Parallel Circuits - DC Theory - Hobby Projects

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Resistors in Parallel Tutorial
Resistors in parallel are connected across one another. They all have the same voltage across them. To find the equivalent resistance (the total resistance offered to the flow of current) we invert the values and add them. Then we invert the result. For example take 2 ohms and 4 ohms in parallel. Inverted 1/2 +1/4 = 3/4 Invert this 4/3 = 1.33 ohms A quick check on your answer is that it should be smaller in value than the value of the smallest resistor. If these resistors were connected across a 10 volt supply Ohms Law says about 7.5 amps would flow. The formula can be written as 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 etc etc. If only two resistors are involved then use (R1 x R2) divided by (R1 + R2) For the 2 ohms and 4 ohms. R1 x R2 = 8. R1 + R2 = 6. 8/6 = 1.33 ohms If you have several resistors of the same value in parallel then the equivalent resistance is the resistor value divided by the number of resistors.
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Resistors in Parallel Tutorial & Circuits - Resistor in Parallel Circuits - DC Theory - Hobby Projects
For example, four 100 ohm resistors in parallel will provide a resistance of 25 ohms
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Voltages in a Circuit Tutorial - Voltage in Circuits - DC Theory - Hobby Projects

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Voltages in a Circuits Tutorial
Ensure that you understand Ohms Law before tackling this, In the diagram the total series resistance = 30 ohms. The current flowing is 30 volts/30 ohms = 1 amp. Thus the current through the 5 ohm resistor is 1 amp. Therefore the voltage across the 5 ohm is 1 amp x 5 ohm = 5 volts. Similarly the voltage across R2 is 10 volts. The voltage across R3 is 15 volts. If you add these three voltages 5 + 10 + 15 = 30 volts. This is the same as the battery voltage.
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Voltages in a Circuit Tutorial - Voltage in Circuits - DC Theory - Hobby Projects
Add up both sets of voltage in the transistor circuit diagram. They both add up to 10 volts , which is the battery voltage.
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Watts and Joules Tutorial & Circuits - Watt and Joules DC Theory - Hobby Projects

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Watts and Joules Tutorial
When current passes through a resistor, electrical energy is converted into heat. This heat is DISSIPATED into the surrounding air. The rate at which this dissipation occurs is called POWER and is measured in WATTS. The amount of power can be calculated by using one of three methods. (1) Power = V x I watts (2) Power = (V x V)/R watts (3) power = (I x I)R watts Also see the page with the VIRP wheel. If we place a 10 ohm resistor across a 20 volt battery then Ohms law says that I = V/R = 20/2 =2 amps will flow. Using (1) power = 20 x 2 = 40 watts Using (2) power = (20 x 20)/10 = 400/10 = 40 watts. using (3) power = (2 x 2)x10 = 4 x 10 = 40 watts.
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Watts and Joules Tutorial & Circuits - Watt and Joules DC Theory - Hobby Projects
Using three different formulae we still arrive at the same answer. We know that power is the rate at which energy is used. The amount of energy used is measured in JOULES. Joules = watts x seconds, therefore watts = joules/seconds. A 1000 watt fire will dissipate 1000 joules per second. With resistors, the greater the dissipation the hotter it gets, and the larger the resistor needs to be. The electric meter in your house measures UNITS of electricity. A unit is when you use 1000 watts for one hour. This is called 1 Kilowatt hour. It is kilowatts x hours. A 100 watt (0.1 kilowatts) lamp left on for 24 hours uses 0.1 x 24 = 2.4 units. You or your parents are charged by the unit. If a unit cost 5 pence then the lamp would cost 12 pence a day to run. Switch it off and help to save the world.
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Current in Circuits Tutorial - Electric Current in Circuit - DC Theory - Hobby Projects

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Current in Circuits Tutorial
The total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving that junction.
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Potential Dividers Tutorial & Circuits - Potential Divider Resource - DC Theory - Hobby Projects

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Potential Dividers Tutorial

Make sure that you understand Ohms Law before reading this.
The total resistance of the two series resistors is 8 ohms + 4 ohms = 12 ohms. The current flowing around the circuit is 12 volts/12 ohms = 1 amp (Ohms Law). The voltage across the 8 ohm is 1 amp x 8 ohms = 8 volts (again Ohms Law). The voltage across the 4 ohm is 1 amp x 4 ohms = 4 volts (Mr Ohm again). The 12 volts of the battery has been divided into 8 volts and 4 volts. By selecting values for the two resistors, the 12 volts can be divided into any two voltages which add up to 12 volts. For example, 3 volts and 9 volts, 6 volts and 6 volts etc. A circuit requiring less than 12 volts can be connected across the lower resistor, as long as it requires a current much lower than the current through the two resistors. If a cardboard strip, coated with carbon, is connected across the battery, together with a "wiper" which can be moved up or down the strip, then you have a POTENTIOMETER (POT for short.) With the wiper at the top then the output is 12 volts.
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Potential Dividers Tutorial & Circuits - Potential Divider Resource - DC Theory - Hobby Projects
With the wiper at the bottom then the output is zero volts. Any output between 12 volts and zero can be obtained by positioning the wiper correctly.
In practice, the strip is curved and the wiper is joined to a spindle which rotates the wiper on the strip when a control knob is twisted. In the drawings, the wiper is the centre connection. Most front panel controls such volume and brightness are "pots". Their purpose is to adjust the voltage fed from one stage to the next.
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Resistors in Series Tutorial & Circuits - Resistor in Series Circuits - DC Theory - Hobby Projects

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Resistors in Series Tutorial
Resistors in series are connected in line. The same current flows through them all. The total opposition to the flow of current is called the EQUIVALENT resistance. To find the value of the equivalent resistance we simply add the values. In this case it is 30 ohms. Note that, as a quick check on calculations, the value of the equivalent resistance is always higher than the value of the highest value resistance. If these resistors were connected across a 30 Volt battery then Ohms Law says 1 amp would flow.
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Series Parallel Batteries Tutorial & Circuits - Series Parallel Battery Resource - DC Theory - Hobby Projects

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Series Parallel Batteries Tutorial
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Wheatstone Bridge Tutorial & Circuits - Wheatstone Bridges - DC Theory - Hobby Projects

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Wheatstone Bridge Tutorial

Read the page on potential dividers. In Fig.1, the 15 volts will be divided across the two resistors, according their proportion of the total resistance, 15k. For the 5k this will be (5k/15k) x 15volts = 5volts. For the 10k it will be (10k/15k) x 15 volts = 10 volts In Fig.2 we have the same potential divider plus R3 and R4 across the battery. This is a BRIDGE circuit , invented by Mr. Wheatstone.
Using the same calculations as for R1 and R2, we find that the voltage across R3 = 5 volts and across R4 = 10 volts. The voltage has been divided in the same proportions. This is because the ratio R1/R2 is the same as the ratio R3/R4, that is, 1:2. The meter, connected between points A and B will indicate zero. This is because the voltage at both terminals of the meter is the same, so the voltage across the meter is zero. The bridge is said to be BALANCED. So we can say that when the ratio R1/R2 = R3/R4, the bridge is balanced. If the two ratios are not the same, then the voltages at the two terminals of the meter will be different.
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Wheatstone Bridge Tutorial & Circuits - Wheatstone Bridges - DC Theory - Hobby Projects
The meter will now give a reading, and we can say that the bridge is unbalanced. In Fig.3, Rx is of unknown value and the probability is that the bridge is unbalanced, indicated by a reading on the meter. If we adjust R4 so that the ratio R1/Rx = R3/R4 then the bridge will be balanced. If we transpose this equation we can get Rx = (R4 xR1)/R3 We know the values of R1 and R3. If we measure the value of R4 we can calculate the unknown Rx. R4 can be fitted with a pointer and a calibrated scale to give a direct reading of Rx without the need for calculations. This is the basis of more complex bridge circuits.
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Reverse Biased Junction Tutorial & Circuits - Reverse Baising Diode - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Reverse Biased Junction Tutorial
When the battery is connected as shown, the positive terminal of the battery attracts negative electrons away from the barrier. The negative terminal attracts holes away from the barrier. The insulating barrier widens and no current flows. The junction is REVERSED BIASED. If the reverse voltage is made high enough, then the junction will break down and electron current will flow from anode to cathode (under normal conditions, current flows from cathode to anode, when forward biased).

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Reverse Biased Junction Tutorial & Circuits - Reverse Baising Diode - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Seven Segment Display Tutorial & Circuits - Seven Segment Displays - The Diode - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Seven Segment Display Tutorial
The 7 segment display is used as a numerical indicator on many types of test equipment. It is an assembly of light emitting diodes which can be powered individually. They most commonly emit red light. They are arranged and labelled as shown in the diagram. Powering all the segments will display the number 8. Powering a,b,c d and g will display the number 3. Numbers 0 to 9 can be displayed. The d.p represents a decimal point. The one shown is a common anode display since all anodes are joined together and go to the positive supply. The cathodes are connected individually to zero volts. Resistors must be placed in series with each diode to limit the current through each diode to a safe value.
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Seven Segment Display Tutorial & Circuits - Seven Segment Displays - The Diode - Electronic Hobby Projects
Early wrist watches used this type of display but they used so much current that the display was normally switched off. To see the time you had to push a button. Common cathode displays where all the cathodes are joined are also available. Liquid crystal displays do a similar job and consume much less power. Alphanumeric displays are available which can show letters as well as numbers.
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Using the Light Emitting Diode Tutorial & Circuits - LED Diode - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Using the Light Emitting Diode Tutorial
The light emitting diode (LED) is commonly used as an indicator. It can show when the power is on, act as a warning indicator, or be part of trendy jewelry etc. It needs to be fed from a DC supply, with the anode positive and the cathode negative, as shown in the diagram. To calculate the value of the series resistor we need to know the diode forward voltage and current and its connections. The necessary data can be obtained from a catalogue or data book. In our example it is 2 volts and 20mA (0.02 amps). The cathode lead is the one nearest a "flat" on the body. Since the voltage across the diode is 2 volts and the battery voltage is 12 volts, then the voltage across the resistor is 12-2 = 10 volts. The diode is in series with the resistor, so the current through then both is the same, 0.02 amps. We now know the voltage across, and the current through the resistor. From Ohm's Law we can now calculate the value of the resistor. Resistance = Volts divided by Amps = V/I = 10/0.02 =500 ohms.
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Using the Light Emitting Diode Tutorial & Circuits - LED Diode - Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects
Since this is not a standard value we can use a 470 or 560 ohm resistor as this application is not critical of values.
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Voltage Doubler Tutorial & Circuits - Voltage Doublers Diode - Voltage Doubler Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Voltage Doubler Tutorial
It's best to read the page on the half-wave rectifier, first. Point A is doing the opposite of point B. As A increases in a positive direction, B increases negatively, and vice-versa.
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Voltage Doubler Tutorial & Circuits - Voltage Doublers Diode - Voltage Doubler Diodes - Electronic Hobby Projects
When A is positive, D1 is forward biased and charges C1 to the peak voltage, as in diagram 2. D 2 is reverse biased and does not conduct. When A goes negative, D1 is reverse biased and does not conduct. D2 is forward biased and charges C2 to the peak voltage, as in diagram 3. We now have two capacitors in series, each charged to the peak voltage. The voltage across the load is. therefore, twice the peak voltage. The voltage has been doubled.
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Junction Transistors Tutorials - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects - Tutorial

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Junction Transistors Tutorials

1 Junction Transistor 2 Junction Transistor Biasing
Transistor Operation
Transistor as a Switch
Class A, B and C Bias
Transistor Small Signal Amplifier
Biasing a Transistor
Emitter Stabiliser Resistor
Load Resistor
10 Typical Circuit Values
11
Amplifiers in Cascade
12 Tuned Amplifier
13
Common Emitter Amplifier
14 Common Base Amplifier
15
Common Collector Amplifier
16 Phase Splitter
17
Class a Power Amplifier
18 Push-Pull Amplifier
19
Complementary Push-Pull Amplifier
20 Directly Coupled Amplifier
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Junction Transistors Tutorials - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects - Tutorial
21
Darlington Pair
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Junction Transistors Tutorial - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Junction Transistors - Electronic Tutorials

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Junction Transistors Tutorial
Junction transistors consist of two junctions made from N-type and P-type semiconductor materials and are called bipolar transistors (two polarities). They have three connections, emitter, base and collector.
<<<< Back to Junction Transistors Tutorial
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Junction Transistor Biasing Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistor Biasing - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Junction Transistor Biasing Tutorial
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Junction Transistor Biasing Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistor Biasing - Electronic Hobby Projects
The emitter/base junction is forward biased. The collector/base junction is reversed biased. There is an explanation of biasing on one of the diode junction pages. The middle diagram shows the two junctions as two diodes. Of course, you can't make a transistor like this but it helps to understand the forward and reverse biasing. The anodes are positive with respect the cathodes for forward biasing. They are negative with respect to the cathodes for reverse biasing. The bottom diagram shows the junctions being correctly biased using just one battery. Note that there is 0.6 volts across the base/emitter junction when it is forward biased, for a silicon transistor. (0.3 volts for a germanium one).
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Transistor Operation Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Transistor Operation Tutorial
The forward biased base/emitter junction causes electrons to be attracted from the emitter area towards the base. Arriving in the base area, most of the negative electrons come under the influence of the more positive collector and are attracted by it. This is shown in the left hand drawing, where the base current plus collector current equals the emitter current. Alpha gain is collector current divided by emitter current, and is always less than 1. Beta gain is collector current divided by base current and can be a fairly high number. Therefore, causing a small base current to flow makes a much larger collector current flow. A small base current controls a large collector current. There is 0.6 volts across the base/emitter junction, when it is forward biased. (0.3 volts for germanium).
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Transistor Operation Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Transistor as a Switch Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Transistor as a Switch Tutorial
With the switch open, no base current flows, therefore no collector current can flow. The transistor is said to be CUT OFF. With the switch closed, base current flows causing collector current to flow. The battery voltage is dropped across the lamp causing the collector voltage to fall to a very low value. The transistor is said to be SATURATED.
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Class A, B and C Bias Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Class A, B and C Bias Tutorial
The transistor is biased in class A which means that collector current flows all the time.. The collector current can increase or decrease. The input signal increases and decreases the forward bias causing the collector current to change. These changes in current in the primary of the transformer induce signal currents in the secondary. The transformer matches the output impedance of the transistor to the loudspeaker impedance. The disadvantage of this circuit is that the collector current is high even if there is no signal input. Class B push-pull is more efficient.
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Class A, B and C Bias Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Transistor Small Signal Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Transistor Small Signal Amplifier Tutorial
The two transistor types have opposite polarity power supplies. The polarity of the capacitors is reversed. If the transistors have the same characteristics, then resistor values are the same in both circuits.
R1 and R2 are the base bias resistors, setting the bias point. R3 is the collector load resistor. R4 is the emitter stabilising resistor. C3 is the emitter decoupling capacitor. C1 and C2 are coupling capacitors which allow ac signals to pass but block dc.
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Transistor Small Signal Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Biasing a Transistor Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Biasing a Transistor Tutorial
Choose a general purpose transistor with a beta gain higher than 100. Decide on the collector current. The base bias voltage is be 1/3 of the supply voltage. The current through the base bias potential divider is to be 1/10 of the collector current. Calculate the two base resistor values, R1 and R2. The emitter voltage is 0.6 volts lower than the base voltage. The value of the emitter resistor R4 is the emitter voltage divided by the collector current. The value of the collector resistor R3 is the supply voltage divided by three times the collector current.
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Biasing a Transistor Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
The values of the capacitors depend upon the application. Study a few circuits. For common collector and common base some of the capacitors are connected differently.
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Emitter Stabliser Resistor Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Emitter Stabliser Resistor Tutorial
R1 and R2 bias the transistor in class A so that a steady dc collector flows. R4 is the emitter stabilising resistor. When collector current flows it causes the transistor to heat up. This causes the base current to increase which in turn causes the collector current to rise. This rise in collector current causes the temperature to increase even more, and the base and collector currents continue increasing. This behaviour is called THERMAL RUNAWAY and will destroy the transistor. If we consider the emitter/base junction as a diode as shown in the right hand diagram we can see that the base (anode) voltage is fixed by R1 and R2. If the collector current tries to rise due to heating, then the voltage across R4 will try to rise, making the emitter (cathode) more positive.
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Emitter Stabliser Resistor Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
This would reduce the voltage across the junction (diode) making it less forward biased and reducing the base current and hence the collector current, which was trying to rise. Therefore the circuit has been stabilised against thermal runaway. However, if an ac signal is applied to the base, the varying collector current will cause a varying voltage across the emitter resistor. This voltage will follow the base voltage. This means that the base/emitter (anode/cathode) voltage will be constant instead of the base varying with respect to the emitter. To fix this, the emitter is joined to earth, as far as the ac signal is concerned, by the emitter decoupling capacitor.
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Load Resistor Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Load Resistor Tutorial
R1 and R2 bias the transistor in class A, so that a steady collector current flows. R3 is the load resistor. Look at the signal into C1. During the first half cycle it is positive, and increases the forward bias on the base of the transistor. This increases the base current and thereby the collector current through the load resistor. Therefore the voltage across the load increases, and the collector voltage, with respect to the zero line, decreases. The collector voltage falls as the base voltage rises. During the second half cycle, the input signal goes negative, reducing the forward bias on the base. This reduces both base and collector currents. The voltage across the load resistor falls and the voltage on the collector rises.
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Load Resistor Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
Again, the collector voltage has done the opposite of the base voltage. The transistor inverts the input signal as well as amplifying it.
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Typical Circuit Values Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Typical Circuit Values Tutorial
The base voltage Vb, is set by potential divider 9K and 1K = 1 volt (ignoring Ib) The emitter voltage Ve, is Vb - 0.6 = 0.4 volts. The emitter current is Ve / Re = 0.0008A The voltage across the 5K load resistor is 5000 x .0008 = 4 volts Therefore the collector voltage is 10 volts - 4 volts = 6 volts The power dissipated by the transistor is the voltage across the transistor multiplied by the current through it. = 5.6 volts x 0.0008A = 0.00448 watts
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Typical Circuit Values Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Amplifiers in Cascade Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Amplifiers in Cascade Tutorial
If the gain of one stage of amplification is insufficient, then two or more stages can be connected in cascade, as shown. If the gain of each stage is 50 times, then the overall gain is 50 x 50 =2,500. If the input to Tr1 is 1 mV, then the output of Tr2 is 2,500 mV =2.5Volts. If the gain is excessive the circuit may be unstable, or the output may be clipped.
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Amplifiers in Cascade Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Tuned Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Tuned Amplifier Tutorial
Here the load resistor has been replaced by a tuned circuit, C4 and L1. At resonance, the tuned circuit is high impedance. At all other frequencies it is a low impedance. Therefore only signals at the resonant frequency will be amplified Since the tuned amplifier works at radio frequencies the capacitors can be much smaller in value than those used at audio frequencies
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Common Emitter Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Common Emitter Amplifier Tutorial
Sometimes called the grounded emitter, since the emitter capacitor connects the emitter to ground at ac frequencies. Since, as far as ac is concerned, the emitter is joined to ground, both input and output are connected to the emitter. Current gain is Ic/Ib and can be quite high, typically 50. Voltage gain is high, typically 250 Input impedance is medium, say 5K. Output impedance is medium, say 20k. The output is inverted with respect to the input.
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Common Emitter Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
Its most common application is as a voltage amplifier.
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Common Base Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Common Base Amplifier Tutorial
C3 connects the base to ground as far as ac is concerned. Therefore both input and output are connected to the base. (common base amplifier). Current gain is Ic/Ie which is less than 1. The voltage gain is high since it is Rc/Re. (Approximately the same current flows through them). It is typically 250. The input impedance is low, typically 20 ohms. The output impedance is high, typically 1Megohm. The output signal is not inverted with respect the input. It is often used to match low impedance devices to high impedance ones.
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Common Base Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
It is commonly used at VHF.
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Common Collector Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Common Collector Amplifier Tutorial
The positive power supply rail is joined to the zero volts rail by C3. As far as ac is concerned, both rails are joined together. Therefore they, and the collector, are common to both input and output. Since the emitter voltage follows the base voltage, it is also called the emitter follower. Current gain is Ie/Ib which is quite high, typically 50. Voltage gain is only 1 because of the undecoupled emitter. The input impedance is high, typically 500k, requiring only low power to drive it. The output impedance is low, typically 20 ohms.
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Common Collector Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
The output signal follows the input. There is no inversion. It is often used to match high impedances to low ones. It can be used to drive several high impedance loads.
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Phase Splitter Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Phase Splitter Tutorial
The phase splitter has one input and two outputs. The two outputs are inverted with respect to each other. That is, as one increases in a positive direction the other increases in a negative direction. In the first diagram the phase splitting is done by the transformer. In the second diagram, the output from the collector is an inverted version of the input. The output from the emitter follows the input. There is no amplification from this circuit because the emitter is undecoupled. The word PHASE indicates a shift in time. In actual fact there is no phase change here, only inversion of the signal.
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Phase Splitter Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Class a Power Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Class a Power Amplifier Tutorial
The transistor is biased in class A which means that collector current flows all the time.. The collector current can increase or decrease. The input signal increases and decreases the forward bias causing the collector current to change. These changes in current in the primary of the transformer induce signal currents in the secondary. The transformer matches the output impedance of the transistor to the loudspeaker impedance. The disadvantage of this circuit is that the collector current is high even if there is no signal input. Class B push-pull is more efficient.
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Class a Power Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Push Pull Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Push Pull Amplifier Tutorial
TR2 and TR3 are biased in class B, which means that they are normally non conducting when there is no signal input. TR1 and T1 form a phase splitter, opposite polarity signals appearing at the ends of T1 secondary.
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Push Pull Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
When there is a signal in ,TR2 conducts on the positive half of the waveform only and TR3 conducts on the negative half. Current flows down through the top half of T2 primary when TR2 conducts, and up through the bottom half when TR3 conducts. Both halves are combined in the secondary of T2 to produce an amplified version of the input. R1 and R2 apply a small forward bias to avoid crossover distortion, which is shown in the lower waveform. This distortion is caused by the non-linear characteristics of the emitter/base junction. (for more details see the junction diode Vb/Ib curves). The advantage of this circuit is that there is very little current taken if there is no signal input.
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Complementary Push-Pull Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Complementary Push-Pull Amplifier Tutorial
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It is sometimes difficult to understand the behaviour of a circuit when the transistors are drawn upside down. In diagram A,as the base voltage goes towards the + rail (goes more positive), the collector voltage goes away from the + rail (goes less positive). In diagram B,as the base voltage goes towards the - rail (goes more negative), the collector voltage goes away from the - rail (goes less negative). In diagram C,as the base voltage goes away from - rail (goes more positive), the collector voltage goes towards the - rail (goes less positive). In diagram D,as the base voltage goes away from + rail (goes more negative), the collector voltage goes towards the + rail (goes less negative).
TR2 and TR3 are complementary. They have the same characteristics but one is NPN and the other PNP. The NPN has + on its collector and less positive on its emitter. The PNP Has + on its emitter and zero on its collector. Therefore both have correct polarity voltages. The voltage at the junction of R3 and R4 is half the supply voltage. If R2 is replaced by a wire link, and R1 selected to give half the supply volts at TR1 and TR2 bases then they would both be biased in class B, and both would be non conducting. Look at the waveforms on the bases of the output pair. During the first half cycle the signal is going less positive. This is reversing biasing the NPN transistor and increasing forward bias on the PNP transistor. This means that the NPN remains cut off and the PNP conducts during this first half cycle.
In the next half cycle the signal on the bases is now increasing in a more positive direction. During this half cycle the NPN conducts while the PNP is cutoff. So the NPN is off and the PNP is on during the first half cycle, and current flows through the loudspeaker as C1 charges. The NPN is on and the PNP off during the second half cycle, and current flows the other way through the loudspeaker, as C1 discharges. R2 is added to give a small forward bias to both transistors thereby avoiding crossover distortion. (see the page on push-pull power amplifiers).
Directly Coupled Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Directly Coupled Amplifier Tutorial
The PNP transistor is upside down with respect the NPN transistor and thus has the correct operating voltages. If the circuit is designed so that the PNP collector voltage is a suitable value for the NPN transistor base, then there is no need for bias resistors for the NPN transistor. The circuit will amplify dc signals as well as ac ones. This is because there is no coupling capacitor to block dc. It will also amplify very low ac frequencies because there is no capacitive reactance to oppose them. However, if temperature changes cause dc drift in the first transistor, then these will be amplified by the second transistor and change its normal operating voltages. This is usually prevented by some form of dc stabilization.
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Directly Coupled Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Darlington Pair Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Darlington Pair Tutorial
The emitter current of Tr1 is the base current of Tr2. A change in base current of Tr1 can give a change 100 times larger in its emitter current. A change in the base current of Tr2 has a similar effect on its emitter current. Therefore there is an overall amplification of 100 x 100 = 10000 times. This circuit is sometimes called the Super Alpha Pair. It is often used as a power output stage. The two transistors can come in the same package.
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Darlington Pair Tutorial & Circuits - Junction Transistors - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Transistor Fault Finding Tutorials - All about Transistors - Electronic Circuits
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Transistor Fault Finding Tutorial

Collector Load Resistor Open Circuit Emitter Capacitor S/C And O/C
Emitter Resistor Open Circuit
Lower Base Bias Resistor Open Circuit
Upper Base Bias Resistor Open Circuit
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Collector Load Resistor Open Circuit Tutorial - Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Hobby Projects
Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Tutorials

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Collector Load Resistor Open Circuit Tutorial
The base is still forward biased, so base current flows. The base current will be higher than normal, because all the emitter current goes to the base and none to the collector. Since there is more current through R1, there will be a higher voltage drop across it, and the base voltage will be lower. Since the emitter voltage is always about 0.6 volts lower than the base, it will read 0.1 volts. We would expect the collector voltage to read zero, but we are actually reading the base voltage via the base/collector junction and it will read about 0.6 volts lower than the base.
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Collector Load Resistor Open Circuit Tutorial - Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Emitter Resistor Open Circuit Tutorials - Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Emitter Resistor Open Circuit Tutorial
There can be no base or collector current. Since the current through R1 is less than normal, there will be a lower voltage drop across it and the base voltage will be higher than normal. Since there is no current through R3 there will be no voltage dropped across it. The voltage will be the same at both ends, and the collector will be at the supply voltage. We would expect there to be no voltage across R4, but the meter connects the emitter to zero volts and some current flows through the meter. The voltage indicated would depend upon the type of meter.
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Emitter Resistor Open Circuit Tutorials - Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Upper Base Bias Resistor Open Circuit Tutorial - Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Upper Base Bias Resistor Open Circuit Tutorial
With R1 o/c there is no voltage on the base, no base bias and no base current. The transistor is OFF and there is no collector current and no voltage drop across R3. The collector voltage will be the same as the supply volts, +9. There is no current through R4, so there is no voltage drop across it. The voltage at both ends is the same, zero volts.
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Upper Base Bias Resistor Open Circuit Tutorial - Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Emitter Capacitor Short Circuit Tutorial - Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Emitter Capacitor Short Circuit Tutorial
The emitter is connected to zero volts and there is an increased emitter/base forward bias. Base and collector currents increase. There is more current through R1, a higher voltage drop across it, and a lower base voltage. Since the collector current is higher there will be a larger voltage drop across R3. The collector voltage will be lower than normal. The emitter voltage will of course be zero. If the capacitor goes open circuit, the dc voltages will remain at their normal values. However, the gain will be much reduced.
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Emitter Capacitor Short Circuit Tutorial - Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Lower Base Bias Resistor Open Circuit Tutorial - Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Lower Base Bias Resistor Open Circuit Tutorial
There is no potential divider action and the full +9 volts is applied to the base by R1. This causes a high base current to flow, which in turn causes a high collector current to flow. There is a large volts drop across R3, causing a low collector volts. There is a large volts drop across R4, causing the emitter volts to rise.
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Lower Base Bias Resistor Open Circuit Tutorial - Transistor Fault Finding - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Unijunction Transistor Tutorial - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Project Resources
UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTOR - Electronic Tutorials

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Unijunction Transistor Tutorial
The unijunction transistor (UJT) is made of a bar of N type material with a P type junction (the emitter) near the centre. Base 1 is connected to zero volts and base 2 to the positive supply. The resistance between the two bases (the INTERBASE RESISTANCE) is typically 10k. With the emitter unconnected, the bar acts as a potential divider, and about 0.5 volts appears at the emitter. If a voltage is connected to the emitter, as long as it is less than 0.5 volts, nothing happens, as the P-N junction is reversed biased. (see the right hand diagram). When the emitter voltage exceeds 0.5 volts, the junction is forward biased and emitter current will flow. This increase in current is equal to a reduction of resistance between base 1 and the emitter.
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Unijunction Transistor Tutorial - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Project Resources
This causes the emitter voltage to fall.
In the circuit, C charges via R1. When the voltage across C exceeds 0.6 volts, the b1/emitter junction goes low resistance and discharges C. The result is a sawtooth waveform across C. There is also a pulse of current through R3 , giving a pulse of voltage across it. This circuit is called a relaxation oscillator. The voltage across C charges up slowly then suddenly relaxes. The circuit is often used to trigger thyristor circuits.
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Field Effect Transistor Tutorials - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects Resource
Intermediate Electronics Tutorials

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Field Effect Transistor Tutorial

Junction FET Junction FET as an Amplifier
Mosfet (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET)
Mosfet Circuit Symbols
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Junction Field Effect Transistor Tutorial & Circuits - Field Effect Transistor - Electronic Hobby Projects
Field Effect Transistor - Electronic Tutorials

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Junction Field Effect Transistor Tutorial
The field effect transistor (FET) is made of a bar of N type material called the SUBSTRATE with a P type junction (the gate) diffused into it.. With a positive voltage on the drain, with respect to the source, electron current flows from source to drain through the CHANNEL. If the gate is made negative with respect to the source, an electrostatic field is created, which squeezes the channel and reduces the current. If the gate voltage is high enough the channel will be "pinched off" and the current will be zero. The FET is voltage controlled, unlike the transistor which is current controlled. This device is sometimes called the junction FET or JUGFET or JFET. If the FET is accidentally forward biased, gate current will flow and the FET will be destroyed. To avoid this, an extremely thin insulating layer of silicon oxide is placed between the gate and the channel. The device is then known as an insulated gate FET, or IGFET or metal oxide semiconductor
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Junction Field Effect Transistor Tutorial & Circuits - Field Effect Transistor - Electronic Hobby Projects
FET(MOSTFET)
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Metal Oxide Semiconductor Fet (Mosfet) Tutorial & Circuits - Mosfet - Field Effect Transistor - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Metal Oxide Semiconductor Fet (Mosfet) Tutorial
The mosfet has the gate insulated from the substrate by a thin layer of silicon oxide, to prevent gate current flowing and damaging the device (see the page on fets). There are two main families. Enhancement - where the mosfet has to be forward biased like a transistor. Depletion - where the mosfet is reverse biased like a thermionic valve (tube in the USA). Some mosfets have two gates (dual gate mosfets) and are commonly used as r.f. mixers. The insulating layer is extremely thin and can be easily damaged by static.
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Metal Oxide Semiconductor Fet (Mosfet) Tutorial & Circuits - Mosfet - Field Effect Transistor - Electronic Hobby Projects
Antistatic precautions must be taken when handling them. Soldering iron tips must be earthed. The operator must be grounded via a high value resistor, with wrist straps etc. The workplace must be grounded safely. Components must be handled with care. The operator should touch some earthed point just before handling static sensitive devices. Some devices have Zener diodes built in, between gate and source, for protection.
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Junction FET as an Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Field Effect Transistor - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Junction FET as an Amplifier Tutorial
To correctly bias the fet, the gate needs to be negative with respect to the source. Bias is obtained in the following manner. Drain current flows through the source resistor and develops a voltage across it, making the emitter positive with respect the zero volts rail. There is no gate current, so there is no current through the gate resistor. This means that there is no voltage across this resistor, so it will be zero volts at both ends. This means that there is zero volts on the gate . Therefore the source is positive with respect to the gate. The gate is negative with respect to the source. The FET is biased correctly. When a signal voltage is applied to the gate, it controls the drain current. When the signal goes more negative (less positive) the drain current is reduced and the voltage across the drain resistor is less. The drain voltage goes more positive.
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Junction FET as an Amplifier Tutorial & Circuits - Field Effect Transistor - Electronic Hobby Projects
When the signal goes less negative (more positive) the drain current is increased and the voltage across the drain resistor is more. The drain voltage goes less positive. In both cases the drain voltage does the opposite of the gate voltage.
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Mosfet Circuit Symbols Tutorial & Circuits - Field Effect Transistor - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Mosfet Circuit Symbols Tutorial

The thick line represents the channel and if it is unbroken represents a depletion ( normally conducting) type. If the channel is shown broken it is a normally enhancement (non conducting) type.
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Mosfet Circuit Symbols Tutorial & Circuits - Field Effect Transistor - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Circuits - Science Hobby Projects

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Operational Amplifier Tutorials

The Basic Opamp Opamp Characteristics
Setting Opamp Gain
Unity Gain Non Inverter
Non Inverter with Gain
Comparator
Temperature Alarm
Opamp as a Timer
Opamp as an Audio Mixer
Opamp Dual Power Supplies
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The Basic Opamp Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
Operational Amplifier - Electronic Tutorials

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The Basic Opamp Tutorial
The opamp was originally designed to carry out mathematical operations in analogue computers, such as bombsights, but was soon recognised as having many other applications. The opamp usually comes in the form of an 8 pin integrated circuit, the most common one being the type 741. It has two inputs and one output. The input marked with a - sign produces an amplified inverted output. The input marked with a + sign produces an amplified but non inverted output. The opamp requires positive and negative power supplies, together with a common ground. Some circuits can be designed to work from a single supply. If the two inputs are joined together, then the output voltage should be midway between the two supply rails, i.e. zero volts. If it is not, then there are two connections for adding a potentiometer, to remove this OFFSET.
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The Basic Opamp Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Setting Opamp Gain Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Setting Opamp Gain Tutorial
The gain of the inverting amplifier is determined by the feedback resistor R2, and the input resistor R1. To minimize temperature drift, R3 is given the value of R1 and R2 in parallel.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/operational_amplifier/setting_opamp_gain.html [1/17/2007 4:56:17 PM]
Non Inverter with Gain Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Non Inverter with Gain Tutorial
Gain is 1+ R2/R1
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Temperature Alarm Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Temperature Alarm Tutorial
This circuit is configured as a comparator. R1 and R2 provide a fixed reference voltage at the non inverting input. The inverting input voltage is set by the other two resistors. If the voltage at the inverting input rises above the reference voltage, then the the output goes to minus 12 volts and the buzzer is energised. The behaviour of the circuit can be changed by swapping the preset and temperature dependent resistors. Light dependent resistors etc can replace the temperature dependent one.
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Temperature Alarm Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Opamp as an Audio Mixer Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Opamp as an Audio Mixer Tutorial
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Opamp Characteristics Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Opamp Characteristics Tutorial
The opamp has a very high gain, typically (100 dB)100,000 times. Looking at the left hand diagram, an input with a swing of a fraction of a millivolt produces an output that changes between + 12 volts and - 12 volts. In most cases this gain is excessive, and is reduced by negative feed back. Looking at the right hand diagram we can see that the opamp amplifies right down to dc. Gain falls quite rapidly as the frequency increases. In fact the bandwidth (the point at which the output has fallen by 3 dB) is only 1 kHz. This is also improved upon by the use of negative feedback. The input impedance is high, 1M.
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Opamp Characteristics Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
The output impedance is low, 150 ohms.
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Unity Gain Non Inverter Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Unity Gain Non Inverter Tutorial
This non inverting amplifier has unity gain i.e. x1. It is called a VOLTAGE FOLLOWER. It serves the same purpose as the emitter follower. It has a high input impedance and a very low output impedance. It can be used for impedance matching. It is able to drive several loads.
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Comparator Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Comparator Tutorial
A varying input voltage is compared with a fixed reference voltage. If the input voltage is higher than the reference voltage, then the output is negative. If the input voltage is lower than the reference, then the output is positive. The gain can be set by negative feedback.
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Opamp as a Timer Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Opamp as a Timer Tutorial
At switch on, the voltage across the capacitor is zero and the output is at +12 volts. The buzzer is not energised. After a time, determined by the values of C and R3, the voltage of the inverting input rises above that of the non inverting input. The output goes to minus 12 volts and the buzzer is energised.
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Opamp as a Timer Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Opamp Dual Power Supplies Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Opamp Dual Power Supplies Tutorial
Most opamp circuits require two differing polarity voltages. The upper diagram shows how the two supplies are connected together. The bottom diagram shows how the common lead of the power supplies is connected to the input and output (and the common connection of any other associated circuitry).
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Opamp Dual Power Supplies Tutorial & Circuits - Operational Amplifier Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Bels Decibels and DB Circuits & Tutorial - Operational Amplifier - Electronic Hobby Projects
Bels Decibels and DB - Electronic Tutorials

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Bels Decibels and DB Tutorial

Bels are a means of comparing two powers or two voltages. For example, comparing the power input to an amplifier with the power output as in the diagram below. The ratio of power in, to power out, is the power gain.
In the next diagram, we have three stages of amplification. To find the overall power gain, we multiply the individual gains. 10 X 6.5 X 9.2 = ? Multiplying is not friendly and also large numbers can result.
If we find the log of the power ratio, the answer is in Bels.
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To do this, we work out the power ratio and then look up the log of this value in log tables.
Since Bels are too big , we work in decibels (dBs) as shown below.
One advantage of decibels are that the numbers are usually more convenient. Below, the overall gain is 1,000,000,000 or +90 dBs. A gain of 1000 is +30 dB. To find the overall gain, individual gains are added. The + sign indicates a gain. A - sign would indicate an attenuation.
If we are using voltage ratios then use the following formula.
The ear has a logarithmic response. To make your amplifier sound twice as loud you must boost the power by 10 times. (+10 dB) If you only double the power (+3 dB), then you will only just be able to detect the increase in volume.
Other points: there is always a ratio, such as the noise of Concorde compared with the noise of rustling leaves. Sometimes there are standard levels to be compared with, such as 1 mW into 600 ohms for audio, or 1 volt into 75 ohms for video.
10 dBm, for example, is +10 dB relative to 1 mW. It is not necessary to do calculations, tables are available, giving the dB equivalent of ratios, and vice-versa. A useful table is shown below.
A gain of 400 watts is 2 x 2 x10 x 10 which is 3 dB + 3 dB + 10 dB + 10 dB = +26 dB. A voltage gain of + 52 db = 20dB + 20 dB + 6 dB + 6 dB which is 10 x 10 x 2 x 2 = a gain of 400 times.
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Thyristor, Triac and Diac - Electronic Circuits - Tutorials - Projects
Intermediate Electronic Tutorials

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Thyristor, Triac and Diac Tutorial

Thyristor Burst Triggering the Thyristor
Phase Triggering the Thyristor
Full Wave Control of the Thyristor
Triac and Diac
Thyristor as a Crowbar
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Thyristor, Triac and Diac Circuit & Tutorials - Electronic Tutorials - Hobby Projects
Thyristor, Triac and Diac - Electronic Tutorials

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Thyristor Tutorial
The thyristor is also known as the silicon controlled rectifier (S.C.R.). It has the same charactaristics as the diode, current flowing from cathode to anode, when the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. However, it will only do this when the gate is also positive with respect to the cathode. In the circuit, with the switch open as shown, no current flows. When the switch is closed, the diode begins to conduct and current flows from cathode to anode. There is a problem. If the switch is now opened, current continues to flow. Conduction can be stopped by removing the the cathode/anode voltage. Another method of stopping current flow is to reverse the polarity of the cathode/anode voltage. If the thyristor is used with an ac supply then it will conduct on the positive half cycles and automatically switch off during the negative half cycles.
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Thyristor, Triac and Diac Circuit & Tutorials - Electronic Tutorials - Hobby Projects
The resistor in series with the gate connection limits the gate current to a safe value.
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Phase Triggering the Thyristor Tutorial & Circuits - Thyristor, Triac and Diac Electronic Hobby Projects Tutorial

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Phase Triggering the Thyristor Tutorial
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Phase Triggering the Thyristor Tutorial & Circuits - Thyristor, Triac and Diac Electronic Hobby Projects Tutorial
In the circuit diagram, block A generates pulses at the same frequency as the ac power supply. Block B is a phase shift circuit which enables the phase of the pulses to be shifted with respect the ac supply. These pulses are applied to the gate. In waveforms A and B, the gate pulses coincide with the start of the positive half cycles of the mains supply. They turn the thyristor on, and current flows for the complete half cycle. There is no current flow during negative half cycles. The current flow is shown at C. Waveform D shows the gate pulses shifted and occurring half way through the positive half cycles of the ac supply. The thyristor starts to conduct at this time. Current flow is shown at E. F and G show the gate pulses occuring near the end of the positive half cycles, and current flowing for a very short time. The circuit acts as a lamp dimmer. However, current only flows during half of the ac cycle, and full brightness cannot be achieved. The high power thyristor circuits can be isolated from the control circuits by means of transformers or opto isolators.
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Triac and Diac Circuits & Tutorial - Thyristor, Triac and Diac - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Triac and Diac Tutorial
The triac conducts in both directions and provides full wave control of power. Variable phase trigger pulse are provided by the pulse generator and are positive with respect b1. The diac is high resistance below a certain voltage, say 30 volts, but when the applied voltage exceeds this value, it goes low resistance and conducts, applying a pulse to the gate. It gives more reliable triggering of the triac.
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Burst Triggering the Thyristor Circuit & Tutorials - Thyristor, Triac and Diac Electronic Hobby Projects Tutorial

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Burst Triggering the Thyristor Tutorial
The top waveform shows the ac supply. The middle waveform shows the switch operation. When the switch is closed, the gate and anode go positive on the first positive half cycle, and the thyristor conducts during this period. On the next half cycle they go negative and no current flows.
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Burst Triggering the Thyristor Circuit & Tutorials - Thyristor, Triac and Diac Electronic Hobby Projects Tutorial
As long as the switch is closed, the thyristor conducts on the positive half cycles only. When the switch is opened, the thyristor ceases to conduct on the next negative half cycle, and remains non conducting. The bottom waveform shows the current through the thyristor and lamp. The current comes in BURSTS. If the lamp is replaced by a heater, and the switch replaced by a thermostat then it would provide automatic temperature control for an oven.
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Full Wave Control of the Thyristor Tutorial & Circuits - Thyristor, Triac and Diac - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Full Wave Control of the Thyristor Tutorial
To obtain full wave operation, so that the lamp can be provided with the full ac supply voltage, two thyristors are required as shown. Th1 is triggered during the positive half cycles of the ac supply, and Th2 during the negative half cycles. The waveforms show the thyristors being triggered halfway through each half cycle and the current through the lamp would be the sum of the two currents. The lamp will be at about half brightness A pulse generator and a phase shift circuit is necessary to provide gate pulses which can adjust the power from minimum to maximum. Since the gate voltages have to be positive with respect to the cathodes, attention must be paid to the polarity of the gating pulses with respect each other. The high power ac circuit can be isolated from the control circuits by means of transformers or opto isolators.
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Full Wave Control of the Thyristor Tutorial & Circuits - Thyristor, Triac and Diac - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Thyristor as a Crowbar Circuit & Tutorials - Thyristor, Triac and Diac - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Thyristor as a Crowbar Tutorial
The 12 volts input is stepped down to 5 volts by the regulator. If the regulator goes faulty, 12 volts could be applied to the load, damaging it. However, if the regulator output goes above 5.1 volts, then the zener diode conducts. Current flowing through the resistor provides a voltage across it, which triggers the gate of the thyristor. The large current through the thyristor blows the fuse and protects the load. Crude but effective.
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Thyristor as a Crowbar Circuit & Tutorials - Thyristor, Triac and Diac - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Multivibrators - Multivibrator - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Multivibrators Tutorial
Astable Monostable
Bistable
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Astable Circuit & Tutorial - Multivibrators Tutorial - Electronic Hobby Projects
Multivibrators - Electronic Tutorials

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Astable Tutorial
The astable has two unstable states, being unable to rest in a fixed state. When you first switch on, one transistor is on (conducting) and the other is off (non conducting). They stay in this unstable state for a time, determined by a CR time constant. Then the transistors exchange states, the one that was off coming on, and the one that was on going off. They stay in this new unstable state for a time, again determined by a CR time constant, before reverting to the original state. This process is repeated continuously. OPERATION The characteristics of the two transistors are not exactly the same. When the circuit is first switched on, the current through one transistor, say Tr1, will increase faster than the current through Tr2.
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Astable Circuit & Tutorial - Multivibrators Tutorial - Electronic Hobby Projects
Due to the rise of current through R1, the voltage across it will increase, causing the collector voltage of Tr1 to fall. This fall in voltage is coupled to the base of Tr2. This causes the collector current of Tr2 to fall, and its collector voltage to rise, due to less voltage being dropped across R4. This rise in collector voltage is cross coupled to the base of Tr1, increasing the forward bias of Tr1 and increasing its collector current. Since the collector current was already rising, its rise is aided by this rising forward bias. The effect is CUMULATIVE and Tr1 becomes rapidly fully on and Tr2 completely off. The collector voltage of Tr1 is now low, and that of Tr2 is high. C1 now begins to charge from the supply rail, via R2. As the voltage on the right hand side of C1 starts to rise, Tr2 starts to conduct. Again we have the cumulative effect and Tr2 rapidly comes on and Tr1 goes off. The collector voltage of Tr1 is now high and that of Tr2 low. It is now the turn of C2 to charge from the supply via R3. As the voltage on the left hand side of C2 begins to rise, the base voltage of Tr1 increases, turning it on and turning Tr2 off. The whole process repeats continuously .
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Bistable Circuits & Tutorial - Multivibrators Tutorial - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Bistable Tutorial
The bistable has two stable states. At switch on, one transistor is ON and the other is OFF. This is one stable state. An external pulse makes the circuit change state, with the ON transistor now OFF, and the OFF transistor now ON. This is the second stable state. OPERATION Since the two transistors are not exactly the same, one , say Tr1, will start conducting before the other, Tr2. As the current through Tr1 increases, the voltage across R1 increases and the collector voltage of Tr1 falls.
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Bistable Circuits & Tutorial - Multivibrators Tutorial - Electronic Hobby Projects
This fall is coupled to the base of Tr2 via R2, causing the collector current of Tr2 to fall and its collector voltage to rise. This rise in voltage is cross coupled to the base of Tr1 increasing its forward bias and increasing the rise of collector current. Since the collector current is already rising, the effect is CUMULATIVE and the collector voltage of Tr1 falls rapidly and the collector voltage of Tr1 rises just as quickly. The circuit is now in one of its stable states with the collector voltage of Tr1 low, and that of Tr2 high. D1 has a low voltage on its cathode via R5 and a high voltage on its anode via R3, making it forward biased. D2 has a high voltage on its cathode via R6 and a low voltage on its anode via R2, making it reverse biased. An external negative pulse is steered to the base of Tr1 since D1 is forward biased, but blocked from the base of Tr2 by reverse biased D2. Tr1 is turned off and Tr2 is turned off by the cross coupling. This happens very quickly because of the cumulative effect mentioned earlier. The circuit is now in its second stable state and waits for another trigger pulse. Since the collector voltage of Tr2 changes state for every trigger pulse, there is one pulse appearing at its collector for every two pulses in. It can therefore be used as a divide by two circuit.
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Digital Circuits - Electronic Science Hobby Resource & Projects

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Digital Circuits Tutorial

AND Gates Binary
Binary 7 Segment Decoder
Bistable as Divider
Exclusive OR
Hexadecimal
Logic Gates
Multivibrators
NAND Gates
NOR Gates
NOT Gates
OR Gates
The 7490 Decade Counter
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AND Gates Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all about AND Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
Digital Circuits - Electronic Tutorials

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AND Gates Tutorial

Before reading this page read the one on LOGIC GATES. The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The output voltage goes high only when all input voltages are high. In the switch diagram the lamp lights up only when A and B are operated. If only one is switched then the lamp stays off. In the truth table Z = 1 only when A and B = 1 The Boolean expression is A. B = Z which translated says, A and B both high, makes Z high.
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AND Gates Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all about AND Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
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Binary 7 Segment Decoder Tutorial & Circuits - Seven Segment Decoders - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Binary 7 Segment Decoder

Digital voltmeters, frequency counters etc use 7 segment displays to show the result of measurements. However all the internal electronics use binary for manipulation of the data. To convert this binary to a form that can be used by the display requires the use of a DECODER, in this case a "binary to 7 segment display decoder". This has four inputs for the binary and seven outputs for the display. Other types of decoder are available such as binary to decimal.
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Exclusive OR Tutorial & Circuits - Exclusive OR Gates - DIGITAL CIRCUITS - Hobby Projects

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Exclusive OR Tutorial
Before reading this page read the one on LOGIC GATES. If you look at the truth table for the OR gate not only does the output go high when A OR B are high but it goes high when A AND B together are high. This can cause problems in some applications. Therefore the EXCLUSIVE OR or EXOR is used. The output of the EXOR only goes high when A or B on its own goes high. That is when A or B exclusively goes high. When A and B are both high the output stays low. This is shown in the truth table.
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Exclusive OR Tutorial & Circuits - Exclusive OR Gates - DIGITAL CIRCUITS - Hobby Projects
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Logic Gate Tutorial & Circuits - All about Logic Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Logic Gates Tutorial
Logic gates usually come packaged as integrated circuits which have type numbers such as 7400 or 4001. They belong to semiconductor families such as TTL (transistor, transistor logic) or CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor). The names describe their internal construction. They are DIGITAL devices not ANALOGUE. A thermometer is an analogue device because it can record an infinite number of values such 100 degrees, 0.1 degrees or 34.354 degrees etc. Other analogue devices are a car speedo and a Hi Fi amplifier (which can handle lots of different frequencies and loudnesses.) A digital device or system uses only two values. These can be expressed in several ways. high true 5 volts on 1 or or or or or etc. A light switch and a rat trap are digital devices. low false zero volts off 0
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Logic Gate Tutorial & Circuits - All about Logic Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
Most gates usually have two or more inputs and one output.
The state of the output (high or low) depends upon the combination of the input states. In the case of the gate shown, the output will only be high if both inputs are high. If either one input or both inputs are low then the output will be low These characteristics can be shown using a TRUTH TABLE. In the following example 1 indicates a high and 0 indicates a low. Note that Z is only a 1 when A AND B are both at 1.
There is a form of mathematics associated with logic gates called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. It was invented a few hundred years ago by Mr Boole, before the days of electronics. He used it to solve problems in logic. For example Some cats are black AND black items cannot be seen against a black wall.Therefore it is TRUE that some cats cannot be seen against a black wall. Here is a Boolean expression for the gate shown. A . B = Z Read this as IF A AND B ARE HIGH THEN Z IS HIGH. (The . is read as AND). The most frequently used gates are AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT and EXOR. An integrated circuit containing 4 AND gates each with 2 inputs is called a QUAD 2 INPUT AND ic. An ic with 6 NOT gates is called a HEX INVERTER ic.
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NAND Gate Tutorial & Circuits - Learn about NAND Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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NAND Gates Tutorial

Before reading this page read the one on LOGIC GATES. The Nand gate has two or more inputs and one output. The output voltage goes low only when all input voltages are high. In the switch diagram the lamp goes out when A and B are operated. (A short circuit is placed across the lamp) In the truth table Z = 0 when A and B = 1 _ The Boolean expression is A.B = Z which translated says, A and B high makes Z low. _ Z (called Z bar) means Z is low.
US symbol
UK symbol
switches simulating NAND
truth table
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NAND Gate Tutorial & Circuits - Learn about NAND Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
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NOT Gate - Learn all about NOT Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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NOT Gates Tutorial
The NOT gate has a single input and one output. The little bubble on the output indicates that the output goes LOW when the input goes HIGH. We can say that the output goes LOW when the input is ACTIVATED. The opposite happens when the input is LOW. The output goes HIGH. The TRUTH TABLE shows that the output is the opposite of the input. The NOT gate is also called an INVERTER. It inverts the input. _ The Boolean expression is A = Z Which is read as, NOT A EQUALS Z or IF A IS LOW THEN Z IS HIGH or BAR A = Z
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NOT Gate - Learn all about NOT Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
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7490 Decade Counter Tutorial & Circuits - 7490 Decade Counters - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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7490 Decade Counter Tutorial
The 7490 integrated circuit counts the number of pulses arriving at its input. The number of pulses counted (up to 9) appears in binary form on four pins of the ic. When the tenth pulse arrives at the input, the binary output is reset to zero (0000) and a single pulse appears at another output pin. So for ten pulses in there is one pulse out of this pin. The 7490 therefore divides the frequency of the input by ten. If this pulse is applied to the input of a second 7490 then this second ic will count the pulses from the first ic. It will give one pulse out after 100 pulses have been applied to the first ic. The 7490 can be connected to divide by other values. Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100
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7490 Decade Counter Tutorial & Circuits - 7490 Decade Counters - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
5 6 7 8 9
0101 0110 0111 1000 1001
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Binary Tutorial & Circuits - Binary Digits - Binary Numbers - Binary Counting - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Binary Tutorial
Humans have 10 fingers so they use the numbers 0 to 9 for counting. Penguins have only two flippers so they can only use 0 and 1. Brand new human and penguin cars have all zeros displayed on the odometer.
After traveling 1 mile both display
So a 1 in this first column means 1 mile in both cars. After traveling another mile, the humans display shows
However, as we saw at the start, the penguin doesn't have a 2. So he resets the first column to zero and puts a 1 in the next column.
He says to himself, "a 1 in this second column is worth 2 in decimal". They both drive another mile. The humans car displays 3.
Since the penguin has driven the same mile, he puts a 1 in the first column, which we know is worth 1 mile in both cars.
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Binary Tutorial & Circuits - Binary Digits - Binary Numbers - Binary Counting - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
They drive another mile. The humans car shows 4
The penguin has to reset the first two columns to zero and poke a 1 in the third
He says, " a 1 in the third column is the worth 4 in the decimal system." So we can correctly guess that a 1 in the fourth column indicate decimal 8
and a 1 in the next is worth 16, and so on.
So when the odometer shows 1111
the car has traveled 8+4 +2 +1 =15 decimal miles. So adding up in penguin is 0+0=0 0+1=1 1+0=1 1+1= zero and carry 1 = 10 Write the numbers from nought to fifteen, decimal, in penguin. Penguin counting is the same as BINARY COUNTING. Binary is used in digital electronic systems, where they have only two values of voltage.
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Bistable as Divider - Bistable Dividers - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Bistable as Divider Tutorial

Read the page on multivibrators first. The output of the bistable toggles (changes state) when its input receives a pulse. This means that after two pulses the output has returned to its original state. If it was originally low, it has gone high after the first pulse and then returned low after the second.
Looking at the first diagram, the two input pulses have provided a single, wider pulse at the output. If we put eight pulses in then we get four out. The bistable divides by two. If we put a 16 kHz signal in, we get an 8 kHz signal out. The bistable acts as a frequency divider.
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Bistable as Divider - Bistable Dividers - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
If we feed the 8 kHz into another bistable the resulting frequency is 4 kHz. We can divide a high frequency signal down to a lower one.
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Hexadecimal Tutorial & Circuits - Hexa Decimal - Hexadecimal Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Hexadecimal Tutorial
It's best if you read the page on binary first. Humans use the decimal digits zero to nine because they have ten fingers. Penguins are limited to using binary zeros and ones because they have only two flippers. Well Martians have 16 fingers, so they have sixteen digits, which they call kpxvz to zxkyt, where kpxvz is the same as our zero. Their maths system is called hexadecimal, (hex for short). When we translate Martian to Human we can use 0 to 9 for the first ten Martian fingers because they they are the same. Humans haven't any words for the Martian numbers for the remaining six fingers, oggfv to zxkyt. The best we can do is to use the letters A B C D E F where A is equivalent to oggfv and F represents zxkyt. So translating Martian (hexadecimal) we use the following (binary equivalents are included).
decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D
binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101
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Hexadecimal Tutorial & Circuits - Hexa Decimal - Hexadecimal Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
14 15
E F
1110 1111
So 000F hex is the same as decimal 15. 0010 hex is the same as decimal 16 0100 hex is the same as decimal 256 1000 hex is the same as decimal 4096 1111 hex = 4096+256+16+1=? 00FF=255 FFFF=65535 Prove it.
In some computers, information is stored as 16 bit binary numbers. Imagine typing in hundreds of these numbers without making a mistake. 1111011111001101 We can make life somewhat easier by breaking this into four sections. 1111 0111 1100 1101 and converting into the hex equivalent. F 7 C D or F7CD. Easier to type!
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Multivibrators Tutorial & Circuits - Multivibrator Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Multivibrators Tutorial
Multivibrators (sometimes called FLIP-FLOPS) have two "cross coupled" transistors, say TR1 and TR2. This causes TR1 to be on (conducting) and TR2 off. They can be made to reverse states, with TR1 turning off and TR2 turning on. The states of the transistors can be indicated using a lamp for each transistor. THE ASTABLE is continually changing state. The lights flash alternately on and off. This is because it has two UNSTABLE states and is changing automatically from one to the other. The duration of these states is determined by two RESISTOR/CAPACITOR TIME CONSTANTS. Changing the values of the time constants alters the flashing rate. THE MONOSTABLE has one unstable and one stable state. It rests in the stable state, waiting for an external pulse. When a pulse arrives it changes to the unstable state. It stays in the unstable state for a time determined by an RC time constant. It then falls back into the stable state and waits for another pulse. This means that the lights wait in the stable state, one on, the other off. When the pulse arrives they change state for a while and then fall back to the waiting state. THE BISTABLE has two stable states. It waits in one state for an external pulse. When the pulse arrives it changes into the other stable state waiting for another pulse. If another pulse never arrives it will wait forever. The lights change over on the arrival of each pulse.
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Multivibrators Tutorial & Circuits - Multivibrator Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
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NOR Gate Tutorial & Circuits - Learn about NOR Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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NOR Gates Tutorial

Before reading this page read the one on LOGIC GATES. The NOR gate has two or more inputs and one output. The output voltage goes low only when one or more input voltages are high. In the switch diagram the lamp goes out when A OR B (or both) are operated. (A short circuit is placed across the lamp) In the truth table Z = 0 when A or B = 1 _ The Boolean expression is A+B = Z which translated says, A or B high makes Z low. _ The plus sign, + translates as OR. Z (called Z bar) means Z is low.
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NOR Gate Tutorial & Circuits - Learn about NOR Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
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OR Gate Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all about OR Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects

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OR Gates Tutorial
Before reading this page read the one on LOGIC GATES. The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output. The output voltage goes high only when one or more input voltages are high. In the switch diagram the lamp lights up when A OR B (or both) are operated. In the truth table Z = 1 when A or B = 1. The Boolean expression is A+B = Z which translated says, A or B high makes Z high. The plus sign + translates as OR.
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OR Gate Tutorial & Circuits - Learn all about OR Gates - Digital Circuits - Hobby Projects
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Block Diagrams - Electronics Circuits - Hobby Projects - Tutorials

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Block Diagrams Tutorial

Block Diagrams A.M. Receiver
A.M. Transmitter
Colour T/V Camera
Computer
DC Motor Speed Control
Digital Clock
F.M. Receiver
F.M. Transmitter
Mono T/V Camera
Mono T/V Receiver
Oscilloscope
Phase Locked Loop
Power Supply Units
Tape Recorder
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Block Diagrams - Electronics Circuits - Hobby Projects - Tutorials
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Block Diagrams Tutorial & Circuits - Block Diagram System - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Block Diagrams - Electronic Tutorials

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Block Diagrams Tutorial
Block diagrams are a method of explaining complex systems (not necessarily electronic) in a simple manner. They are made up from labeled blocks which are joined by arrows. The arrows indicate the direction of flow, and inputs to and outputs from the blocks. We are told what each block has for an input, and what happens in the block to this input. We are also told what the output from the block is. At this stage it is not necessary to know how the block does its job. That will come later with a greater understanding of electronics. In the example the low level signals from the three microphones are mixed together by the MIXER which gives a mixed low level signal out.
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Block Diagrams Tutorial & Circuits - Block Diagram System - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
The mixed signal is applied to the POWER AMPLIFIER which provides a high level signal to drive the loudspeaker. The POWER SUPPLY UNIT converts the ac mains supply voltage to a dc voltage suitable for the system. Even with this limited knowledge we can apply a little logical fault finding. If there is no output from the loudspeaker but we can measure an output from the mixer then the loudspeaker or the power amplifier is faulty. There would be no point in changing the mixer. With more knowledge one can break the blocks down into smaller blocks and finally the circuitry within the boxes will be understood. There are more pages on this website, being used to explain complex electronics.
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AM Transmitter Tutorial & Circuits - AM Transmitters - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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A.M. Transmitter Tutorial

Read the page on amplitude modulation.
Modulation enables low frequency audio signals to be radiated long distances. This is done by superimposing the low frequency audio signal on the high frequency carrier wave by the process of modulation. The microphone converts sound waves into electrical signals ( a range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz). These signals are amplified by the audio frequency amplifier. The carrier frequency is generated by the radio frequency oscillator. The audio is superimposed onto the carrier by the modulator. The low power modulated carrier is boosted in amplitude by the radio frequency power amplifier. The aerial produces an electromagnetic wave which is radiated into space.
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AM Transmitter Tutorial & Circuits - AM Transmitters - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
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Computer Tutorial & Circuits - PC Block Diagram - Computers Block Diagrams - Hobby Projects

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Basic Computer Tutorial
In the diagram, the arrows indicate the direction of data flow. Some data flows in one direction only. In some cases it flows in both directions. At the heart of the computer is the microprocessor. This contains several REGISTERS to store data and an ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU) which manipulates data. It acts as the central processing unit (CPU) of the computer, carrying out a sequence of instructions, called a program. The program may be stored in memory, as software, or written into the memory from tape or disk.
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Computer Tutorial & Circuits - PC Block Diagram - Computers Block Diagrams - Hobby Projects
There are two types of memory. Read Only Memory (ROM) which stores software permanently. The software is not lost when the computer is switched off but the stored data cannot be changed. Random Access Memory (RAM) which can be written to and read from. The stored data is volatile. It is lost when the computer is switched off. The actual computer, its case and printed circuit boards etc are known as hardware. The computer needs to communicate with the outside world. It does this via interfaces which are usually a plug or socket of some type. The computer is a digital device. It may need to communicate with an analogue device such as a loudspeaker or variable speed control. To do this it uses digital to analogue and analogue to digital converters.
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Digital Clocks Tutorial & Circuits - Digital Clock Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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Digital Clock Tutorial
We suggest that you go to the DIGITAL INDEX and read the pages on DECADE COUNTERS and BINARY TO 7 SEGMENT DECODERS before reading this. The oscillator is crystal controlled to give a stable frequency. A high frequency is used to keep the size of the crystal small. The divide by 250 gives an output of 128 pulses per second. These are fed to the first counter/divider which divides by 128 to give a pulse every second. It counts these pulses, in binary, up to 59 seconds. The count is shown on the first 7 segment display. Since the output from the counter is in binary form, it is converted to suit the display by the decoder. When the count and display reaches 59 seconds, it resets to zero on the next pulse. The one second pulses are also sent to the next divider/counter which divides by 60 to give one pulse every
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Digital Clocks Tutorial & Circuits - Digital Clock Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
minute. These pulses are counted and displayed as minutes. When the count and display reaches 59 minutes and 59 seconds it resets to zero on the next pulse. A pulse every minute is fed to the final divider/counter. This divides by 60 to give one pulse every hour. These pulses are counted and displayed as hours. When the count and display reaches 23 hours 59 minutes 59 seconds, the counters and display resets to zero on the next pulse.
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FM Transmitters Tutorial & Circuits - FM Transmitter Circuits & Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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F.M. Transmitter Tutorial

Read the page on Frequency Modulation.
The microphone converts sound pressure wave to electrical signals. These audio voltages are amplified by the audio amplifier. The amplified audio is used to control the deviation of the frequency controlled oscillator. The oscillator frequency is at the carrier frequency, in the 88-108 MHz FM band. The low power of the frequency modulated carrier is boosted by the Radio Frequency amplifier. The aerial is driven by the amplifier and produces an electromagnetic wave. Under normal conditions the transmitted signal will travel as far as the horizon.
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FM Transmitters Tutorial & Circuits - FM Transmitter Circuits & Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
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Mono TV Receivers - Mono TV Receiver Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
BLOCK DIAGRAMS
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MONO TV RECEIVER
The tuner unit converts the incoming sound sound and vision carriers to their IF frequencies. For more information on how this is done, read the page on AM radios. The oscillator is protected against frequency drift, due to temperature changes, by the Automatic Frequency Control (AFC). The IF amplifier has a bandwidth wide enough to pass both sound (33.5 MHz) and vision (39.5 MHz) IF signals and their sidebands. The video signal is demodulated and amplified and is used to control the brightness at each particular point
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Mono TV Receivers - Mono TV Receiver Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
on the screen. The sync pulses are separated from the composite video signal by the sync separator. These pulses are used to control the frequencies of the time bases, ensuring that they run at the same speed as, and in phase with, those in the studio cameras. The time bases provide saw tooth waveforms which scan the face of the CRT, while the video signal controls the brightness at each point on the screen. See the page on mono cameras to read about scanning. The line time base also supplies the Extra High Tension (EHT) voltage for the CRT final anode. This voltage is very high and dangerous. Due to a mixing process between the sound and vision carriers, the sound signal appears as a 6 MHz FM signal at the video output stage. It is amplified and demodulated. The resulting audio signal is amplified and used to drive a loudspeaker. A power supply supplies DC voltages to all stages.
Back to Block Diagrams
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Phase Locked Loop Tutorial - Phase Locked Loop Circuit - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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Phase Locked Loop Tutorial
The Phase Locked Loop (PLL) synchronizes a local oscillator with a remote one. This ensures that the local oscillator is at the same frequency and in phase with the remote one. The local oscillator is voltage controlled (it is a VCO). This means that its frequency is controlled by varying a DC voltage input. The output signal of the VCO is fed back to a phase detector via a buffer. The buffer isolates the VCO from the loading caused by the detector and external circuits. It avoids "pulling" of the oscillator frequency. If there is no reference input signal then the VCO will oscillate at its natural "free running" frequency. The other input to the phase detector is the reference signal, which we wish to lock the frequency of the VCO to. If there is a difference in frequency or phase between the two inputs then an error signal is produced at the output of the phase detector. This error signal is fed to the VCO via a filter and a DC amplifier to produce an error correcting voltage. The filter is a low pass type which determines the range of frequencies over which the VCO can vary. The DC amplifier amplifies the DC voltage level to a value suitable to control the VCO. The error correcting voltage may be either negative or positive depending on whether the VCO frequency is higher or lower than the reference frequency.
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Phase Locked Loop Tutorial - Phase Locked Loop Circuit - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
The effect of the error correcting voltage is to pull the VCO back to the same frequency as the reference frequency, and in phase with it. If the input signal is an FM signal, then the VCO follows the deviations in frequency caused by the modulation, and the DC output of the DC amplifier is the demodulated audio signal. The PLL can also be used to keep an AC motor at a constant speed.
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Tape Recorders Tutorial - Tape Recorder Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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Tape Recorder Tutorial

The tape head consists of a ring of soft magnetic material, called the core, with a small gap in it. A coil is wound around the core. The tape travels over the gap in the core.
During recording, an audio signal causes current to flow through the coil producing a magnetic field in the gap, as shown by the blue lines of force in the diagram. As the audio signal varies in amplitude and frequency so does the magnetic field. The tape consists of a plastic film coated with a material that is magnetised by the field as it passes over the gap. As the magnetic field varies in strength so does the magnetism stored on the tape. During playback the tape passes over the same head. (it is called the record/playback head). This time the magnetism stored on the tape induces a voltage in the head coil. This voltage is amplified and used to drive a loudspeaker.
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Tape Recorders Tutorial - Tape Recorder Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
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A.M. Receiver Tutorial & Circuits - A.M. Receivers - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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A.M. RECEIVER TUTORIAL
Most of these blocks are discussed individually, and in more detail, on other pages. See filters, mixers, frequency changers, am modulation and amplifiers. There are signals from thousands of radio transmitters on many different frequencies inducing signal voltages in the aerial. The rf filter selects the desired station from the many. It is adjustable so that the selection frequency can be altered. This is called TUNING. The selected frequency is applied to the mixer. The output of an oscillator is also applied to the mixer. The mixer and oscillator form a FREQUENCY CHANGER circuit. The output from the mixer is the intermediate frequency (i.f.) The i.f. is a fixed frequency of about 455 kHz. No matter what the frequency of the selected radio station is, the i.f. is always 455 kHz. The i.f. signal is fed into the i.f. amplifier. The advantage of the i.f. amplifier is that its frequency and bandwidth are fixed, no matter what the frequency of the incoming signal is. This makes the design and operation of the amplifier much simpler.
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A.M. Receiver Tutorial & Circuits - A.M. Receivers - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
The amplified i.f. signal is fed to the demodulator. This circuit recovers the audio signal and discards the r.f. carrier. It usually incorporates a diode in the circuit. Some of the audio is fed back to the i.f. amplifier as an AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL voltage. This ensures that when tuning from a weak station to a strong one, the loudness from the loudspeaker stays the same. The audio signal voltage is increased in amplitude by a voltage amplifier. The power level is increased sufficiently to drive the loudspeaker by the power amplifier.
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Colour TV Camera Tutorial & Circuits - Colour TV Camera Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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Color TV Camera Tutorial

Read the pages on the monochrome camera, and light and colour.
Note that this page describes the UK colour system (PAL). Light enters via the lens on the left and is split into three paths by mirrors and semi-transparent mirrors. The light in each path passes through a colour filter. These filters are like the transparent coloured papers in which chocolates are wrapped. If you look through a red one, everything looks red. This is because it lets only red light through. Blue or green objects look black. Colours which contain some red, such as purple, look dark red. Red, blue and green filters are used.
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Colour TV Camera Tutorial & Circuits - Colour TV Camera Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
The coloured images are focused on the faces of the three colour tubes which scan the images. Each tube gives a signal out, proportional to the amount of colour. Some of the red, green and blue signals from the camera tubes are added in the luminance matrix. This means that the separated colours are recombined electronically. This gives a luminance (brightness) signal. The luminance signal is labelled Ey, and is used by black and white receivers. The colour signals are known as Er, Eg, and Eb. The red and blue signals are converted into two new signals called the red and blue colour difference signals. They are (Er - Ey) and (Eb - Ey). These two signals are modulated onto a "sub carrier" at 4.43 MHz which becomes the chrominance (colour) signal. The luminance, chrominance and sync signals are combined and are then used to amplitude modulate a carrier in the UHF band. An associated sound signal frequency modulates a second carrier, which is 6 MHz apart from the vision carrier.
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DC Motor Speed Control Tutorial & Circuits - DC Motor Speed Controller - Hobby Projects

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DC Motor Speed Control Tutorial

Find and read the page on difference amplifiers.
The striped thing between the motor and the dc generator is a shaft which couples them together mechanically. The motor drives the generator (tachometer) via this shaft. The set speed control provides a dc voltage, say 12 volts for maximum speed and zero for stationary. This could be a potentiometer providing any voltage in a range from zero to +12 volts. The difference amplifier will amplify any difference between its two input voltages. If the motor is stationary and the speed control is moved from zero to half speed then, since the tachometer is not rotating and not producing an output voltage, there will a difference in voltages at the two inputs of the difference amplifier. Therefore there will be an output voltage from the amplifier. Since this voltage is not high enough in value to drive the motor, it is increased in amplitude by the dc amplifier. A dc amplifier is a special type of amplifier which can increase dc voltages. For example, 10 volts dc in could give 100 volts dc out. This amplified dc powers the dc motor which begins to increase its speed of rotation. This in turn rotates the tacho which produces a voltage proportional to speed. As the tacho voltage increases it will eventually reach the same value as the "set speed" voltage.
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DC Motor Speed Control Tutorial & Circuits - DC Motor Speed Controller - Hobby Projects
At this point there will be no output from the difference amplifier and dc amplifier. The motor is up to the correct speed. However, since the motor is no longer powered by the dc amplifier its speed will start to fall. But the tacho output voltage will start to fall, and there will again be a difference between the two input voltages to the difference amplifier. This will produce an output from the difference amplifier and dc amplifier which will power the motor and correct this drop in speed. In a poorly designed system this drop in speed and its correction can cause "hunting", a regular variation in speed.
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FM Receivers Tutorial & Circuits - FM Receiver Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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F.M. Receiver Tutorial
Most of these blocks are discussed individually, and in more detail, on other pages. See filters, mixers, frequency changers, am modulation and amplifiers. The f.m. band covers 88-108 MHz. There are signals from many radio transmitters in this band inducing signal voltages in the aerial. The rf amplifier selects and amplifies the desired station from the many. It is adjustable so that the selection frequency can be altered. This is called TUNING. In cheaper receivers the tuning is fixed and the tuning filter is wide enough to pass all signals in the f.m. band. The selected frequency is applied to the mixer. The output of an oscillator is also applied to the mixer. The mixer and oscillator form a FREQUENCY CHANGER circuit. The output from the mixer is the intermediate frequency (i.f.) The i.f. is a fixed frequency of 10.7 MHz. No matter what the frequency of the selected radio station is, the i.f. is always 10.7 MHz. The i.f. signal is fed into the i.f. amplifier. The advantage of the i.f. amplifier is that its frequency and bandwidth are fixed, no matter what the
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FM Receivers Tutorial & Circuits - FM Receiver Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
frequency of the incoming signal is. This makes the design and operation of the amplifier much simpler. The amplified i.f. signal is fed to the demodulator. This circuit recovers the audio signal and discards the r.f. carrier. Some of the audio is fed back to the oscillator as an AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY CONTROL voltage. This ensures that the oscillator frequency is stable in spite of temperature changes. The audio signal voltage is increased in amplitude by a voltage amplifier. The power level is increased sufficiently to drive the loudspeaker by the power amplifier.
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Mono TV Camera Tutorial - Mono TV Camera Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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Mono TV Camera Tutorial
The scene to be converted to a video signal is focused onto the face of the camera tube by a lens. The tube has an electron gun which shoots a beam of electrons at the tube face. The scene focussed on the face of the tube is "scanned" by the beam. This is like reading a book. The eye scans the first line then flies back rapidly and then scans the next line and so on. When it reaches the bottom of the page it flies back to the top left. This scanning process is done by the line (horizontal) and frame (vertical) time bases. Both of these generate a saw tooth waveform which are applied to scan coils mounted on the tube. These cause the beam to scan and fly back. Have a look at the web pages on the CRT and the oscilloscope.
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As the tube scans the scene it gives an output voltage which is proportional to the brightness at each part of the scene.
The scanning of the camera and the TV receivers in peoples houses must be in step (synchronised). Therefore at the end of each line a synchronizing pulse is sent to the receivers telling them to fly back to start a new line. At the end of each frame a wider pulse is sent to tell the receiver to fly back to the top left ready to start a new frame. The mixture of video and sync pulses is called "composite video".
The scene is actually scanned twice to obtain the complete picture. The scene is scanned once and the next time it is scanned the lines fall between the first set of scan lines. This is called "interlaced scanning" and reduces flicker. In the diagram the red lines show the first scan and the blue ones the second.
The sync pulses and the frequency of the time bases are controlled by the sync pulse generator. The composite video signal is amplitude modulated on a carrier in the UHF band. The associated audio signal is frequency modulated on a carrier spaced 6 MHz from the vision carrier.
Oscilloscopes Tutorial - Oscilloscope Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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Oscilloscope Tutorial
Read the page on Cathode Ray Tubes before reading this.
The signal to be observed is applied to the Y plates. It is attenuated if it is too large in amplitude. It is amplified if it is too small in amplitude. The time base generates a saw tooth. (see page on waveforms). The saw tooth is variable in frequency and amplitude. As the saw tooth voltage rises, it causes the spot to sweep from left to right, across the face of the CRT. When the saw tooth suddenly falls to zero, the spot flies back to the left of the screen ready for another sweep. This sweep and fly back usually happens so quickly that that the display appears as a straight line. So we have the spot being deflected horizontally by the time base, while the signal is deflecting it vertically, by means of the Y plates. The combination of forces produces a display which represents the input signal.
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Oscilloscopes Tutorial - Oscilloscope Circuits - Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
To display one cycle, the time base and signal frequencies must be the same. If the frequencies are slightly different, the display will drift sideways. To avoid this , the input signal is sampled by the trigger circuit and used to ensure that the time base runs at exactly the same frequency as the input signal.
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Power Supply Units Tutorial & Circuits - Power Supply - Power Supplies Block Diagram - Hobby Projects

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Power Supply Units Tutorial

Most electronic circuits need a DC supply such as a battery to power them. Since the mains supply is AC it has to be converted to DC to be useful in electronics. This is what a power supply does.
First the AC mains supply passes through an isolating switch and safety fuse before it enters the power supply unit. In most cases the high voltage mains supply is too high for the electronic circuitry. It is therefore stepped down to a lower value by means of a Transformer. The mains voltage can be stepped up where high DC voltages are required. From the transformer the AC voltage is fed to a rectifier circuit consisting of one or more diodes. The rectifier converts AC voltage to DC voltage. This DC is not steady as from a battery. It is pulsating. The pulsations are smoothed out by passing them through a smoothing circuit called a filter. In its simplest form the filter is a capacitor and resistor. Any remaining small variations can, if necessary, be removed by a regulator circuit which gives out a very steady voltage.
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Power Supply Units Tutorial & Circuits - Power Supply - Power Supplies Block Diagram - Hobby Projects
This regulator also removes any variations in the DC voltage output caused by the AC mains voltage changing in value. Regulators are available in the form of Integrated Circuits with only three connections.
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Monostable Circuit & Tutorials - Multivibrators Tutorial - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Monostable Tutorial
The monostable has only one permanent stable state. When triggered by an external pulse, it changes over to an unstable state for a time determined by a CR time constant. It then reverts to its stable state and waits for another trigger pulse. OPERATION At switch on, Tr1 is forward biased by R3. This turns Tr1 hard on, giving it a high collector current and a low collector voltage. This low collector voltage is cross connected to the base of Tr2, turning Tr2 off. This is the stable state. A negative pulse to the base of Tr1 turns Tr1 off.
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Monostable Circuit & Tutorials - Multivibrators Tutorial - Electronic Hobby Projects
The collector voltage of Tr1 goes high and turns Tr2 on. The circuit is now in the unstable state. C1 now charges from the supply rail via R3. Eventually the voltage on the left hand side of C1 will be high enough to turn Tr1 back on, which in turn switches Tr2 off. The circuit is now back in its stable state. The monostable can be used as a short duration timer or a pulse width stretcher.
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Schmitt / Schmit Trigger Tutorial - Electronic Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects - Tutorials
Schmitt Trigger - Electronic Tutorials

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Schmitt Trigger 1 Tutorial
In the top diagram, the input voltage increases from zero, along the bottom horizontal line. The output voltage remains at zero on the vertical line. However, when the input voltage reaches 1.7 volts, the output shoots up from zero to 5 volts. Reducing the input voltage, as shown in the top horizontal line does not cause the output to drop to zero immediately. This only happens when the input voltage is reduced to 0.9 volts. The input level at which the output increases to maximum, and the level at which it drops to zero are different. This is called HYSTERESIS.
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Schmitt / Schmit Trigger Tutorial - Electronic Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects - Tutorials
In the lower diagram Schmitt Trigger action is demonstrated in another manner. The black graph represents a noisy logic signal received from the moon. This is the input to the Schmitt Trigger. The green graph is the output signal. The output remains at zero until the input exceeds 1.7 volts. The output then shoots up to 5 volts and remains at 5 volts until the input drops to 0.9 volts. The output then drops to zero. An almost perfect output is recovered from a very noisy input.
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Schmitt Trigger Tutorials - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects - Tutorials
Schmitt Trigger - Electronic Tutorials

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Schmitt Trigger 2 Tutorial
With no signal in,Tr1 has no forward bias and is cut off. The collector voltage of Tr1 is high, turning Tr2 on. The emitter current of Tr2 flowing through R2 produces 1 volt across R2. Since the base of Tr1 is at zero volts, the base/emitter junction of Tr1 is reverse biased by 1 volt. The input signal has to exceed this voltage plus 0.6 volts (1+0.6 = 1.6 volts) to forward bias Tr1. INPUT GOES HIGH TO MAKE OUTPUT HIGH The input signal increases from zero. Once the input voltage exceeds 1.6 volts,Tr1 begins to conduct.
Schmitt Trigger Tutorials - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects - Tutorials
Its collector voltage starts to fall and the base voltage of Tr2 falls. The emitter current of Tr2 through falls, reducing the voltage across it. This further increases the conduction of Tr1, producing a cumulative effect. Tr1 comes on very rapidly and Tr2 goes off. Tr2 collector voltage goes high. INPUT GOES LOW TO MAKE OUTPUT LOW When the input voltage falls, it has to go below 0.6 volts before Tr1 collector current starts to fall. Again there is a cumulative action which rapidly turns Tr1 off and Tr2 on. Tr2 collector voltage falls. The difference in the values of Tr1 base TURN ON and TURN OFF voltages is known as HYSTERESIS. The Schmitt Trigger can be used to clean up noisy signals or to speed up slow rise and fall times of pulses.
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Reactance and Impedance in AC Circuits & Tutorials - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects

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Reactance and Impedance in AC Circuits Tutorial

Resistance in an AC Circuit Capacitive Reactance
Inductive Reactance
Impedance
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Resistance in an AC Circuit Tutorials - Resistance and Impedance in AC Circuit - Electronics Tutorial
Resistance and Impedance in AC Circuit Tutorials

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Resistance in an AC Circuit Tutorial
A resistor in an ac circuit behaves as it does in a dc one. It opposes the flow of current. The higher the resistance, the lower the current. The higher the voltage across the resistor, the higher the current through it. We can apply Ohm's Law. Voltage and current must both be rms or peak, not a mixture of the two.
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Inductive Reactance Circuit & Tutorials - Resistance and Impedance in AC Circuit - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Inductive Reactance Tutorial
The coil opposes the flow of ac current, as a resistor does in a dc circuit. This opposition is called inductive reactance, XL. It is measured in ohms. Ohm's Law can be applied, as in the top formula. The bottom formula shows how inductive reactance is calculated. f is the frequency of the applied voltage, and L is the value of the coil in Henries.
It can be seen from this formula that the value of XL goes up as the frequency increases. It also goes up if the value of the coil increases. This means that as the value of L or f increases, the opposition to the flow of ac current increases, and the lamp will glow less.
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Capacitive in an AC Circuit Tutorial - Resistance and Impedance in AC Circuit - Electronic Tutorials

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Capacitive in an AC Circuit Tutorial
The capacitor opposes the flow of ac current, as a resistor does in a dc circuit. This opposition is called capacitive reactance, Xc. It is measured in ohms. Ohm's Law can be applied, as in the top formula. The bottom formula shows how capacitive reactance is calculated. f is the frequency of the applied voltage, and C is the value of the capacitor in Farads. It can be seen from this formula that the value of Xc goes down as the frequency increases. It also goes down if the value of the capacitor increases. This means that as the value of C or f increases, the opposition to the flow of ac current decreases, and the lamp will glow brighter.
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Capacitive in an AC Circuit Tutorial - Resistance and Impedance in AC Circuit - Electronic Tutorials
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R, C and L in an AC Circuit Tutorial
The resistor, the capacitor and the coil all oppose the flow of ac current. Their combined opposition is called impedance, Z. Ohm's Law can be applied, as shown in the top formula. The higher the impedance, the lower the current. The resistor has resistance. The capacitor has capacitive reactance. The coil has inductive reactance. All of these values are measured in ohms.
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However, impedance is not calculated by adding these values. The bottom formula must be used. If you are familiar with Pythagoras, this is another application of it. When coupling one device to another, such as an amplifier to a loudspeaker, the output impedance of the amplifier and the input impedance of the speaker must be the same, to give optimum transfer of power from one to the other.
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Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Phasors and Resonance Tutorial

Phase and Phasors in AC Circuits Resistance in AC Circuits
Capacitance in AC Circuits
Inductance in AC Circuits
L, C and R in Series in AC Circuits
L, C and R in Parallel in AC Circuits
Series Resonance in AC Circuits
Parallel Resonance in AC Circuits
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Phasors Circuit Tutorials & Diagrams - PHASORS AND RESONANCE - Electronic Hobby Projects
Phasors and Resonance - Electronic Tutorials

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Phasors Tutorial
The generator at the power station which produces our AC mains rotates through 360 degrees to produce one cycle of the sine wave form which makes up the supply.
In the next diagram there are two sine waves. They are out of phase because they do not start from zero at the same time. To be in phase they must start at the same time. The waveform A starts before B and is LEADING by 90 degrees. Waveform B is LAGGING A by 90 degrees.
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The next left hand diagram, known as a PHASOR DIAGRAM, shows this in another way. The phasors are rotating anticlockwise as indicated by the arrowed circle. A is leading B by 90 degrees. The length of the phasors is determined by the amplitude of the voltages A and B. Since the voltages are of the same value then their phasors are of the same length. If voltage A was half the voltage of B then its phasor would be half the length of B. All this has nothing to do with "set your phasors on stun".
\ The voltages A and B cannot be added together directly to find the resulting voltage, because they are not in phase. The result of the two voltages can be found by completing the phasor diagram as shown on the right. The resulting voltage is slightly greater in amplitude than A or B, and leads B by 45 degrees and lags A by 45 degrees. Since the two voltages are 90 degrees apart, then the resultant can be found by using Pythagoras, as shown.
In Fig. 1 above, the two phasors are 180 degrees out of phase. The resultant voltage is found by subtracting B from A. The result is a voltage in phase with A but slightly smaller in amplitude. In Fig. 2 the two voltages are in phase and are added to find the result, which is in phase with A and slightly greater in amplitude. In Fig.3 a parallelogram must be constructed to find the resulting voltage.
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Capacitance in AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Capacitance in AC Circuits Tutorial
Here the ac current through the circuit leads the voltage by 90 degrees. Ohm's Law cannot be applied because current and voltage are not both at maximum at the same time. You need to find the capacitive reactance to be able to use Ohm's Law.
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L, C and R in Series in AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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L, C and R in Series in AC Circuits Tutorial
CIVIL This means that for C, I leads V. V leads I for L. Since all the components are in series, the same current flows through them all, as indicated by the horizontal phasor. Resistor voltage and current are in phase, so resistor voltage is shown also along this phasor. Inductor voltage leads the current by 90 degrees. Capacitor voltage lags the current by 90 degrees.
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L, C and R in Series in AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
TO FIND THE RESULTING VOLTAGE Since the voltages across C and L are 180 degrees out of phase, then the result of these two is one subtracted from the other. Inductor voltage minus capacitor voltage. This result can be combined with the resistor voltage, by using Pythagoras. The final result is the applied voltage across the circuit.
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L, C and R in Parallel, in AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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L, C and R in Parallel in AC Circuits Tutorial
Since all components are in parallel, the same voltage is across all of them. This is indicated by the horizontal phasor. Resistor current and voltage are in phase, so resistor current is also along this phasor. CIVIL tells us that capacitor current leads the voltage, and inductor current lags the voltage. Since the capacitor and inductor currents are 180 degrees out of phase, then subtracting one from the other gives us the resulting current for the two. Capacitor current minus inductor current.
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L, C and R in Parallel, in AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
To find the result of this current and the resistor current we use Pythagoras. The final result is the current taken from the supply.
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Series Resonance in AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Series Resonance in AC Circuits Tutorial
Since all three components are in series, the same current flows through them all. This is shown by the horizontal phasor. Since the resistor current and voltage are in phase, then resistor voltage is shown on the same phasor. CIVIL is a remembering aid. For a capacitor C, current I leads the voltage V by 90 degrees. For an inductor L, voltage V leads the current I by 90 degrees. If the voltage across the capacitor equals the voltage across the coil then, since they are 180 degrees out of
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Series Resonance in AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
phase, their effects will cancel out and we will be left with the effect of resistance only. Z=R The current and voltage in the circuit will be in phase. I = V/R All this happens when capacitive reactance equals inductive reactance. Since capacitive reactance falls as frequency increases, and inductive reactance falls as frequency decreases, then there must be a frequency at which they are equal. This is called the resonant frequency.
A series resonant circuit has a low impedance.
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Parallel Resonance in AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Parallel Resonance in AC Circuits Tutorial
The same voltage is across the three components, since they are in parallel. This is shown by the horizontal phasor. Since the current through the resistor is in phase with the applied voltage, then it is shown on the same phasor. Remembering CIVIL, capacitive current leads the voltage by 90 degrees, inductive current lags the voltage by 90 degrees. At resonance, the capacitor and inductor currents are equal and 180 degrees out of phase. They therefore cancel each other out, and we are left with the effect of resistance only.
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Parallel Resonance in AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
Since resistor voltage and current are in phase, the circuit voltage and current will be in phase.
A parallel resonant circuit has a high impedance. This is called the dynamic resistance. The formula is L/C*R
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Resistance in an AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Resistance in an AC circuits Tutorial
The ac current through a resistor is in phase with the voltage across it. When the voltage is zero, the current is zero. When the voltage is at a maximum, then the current is at its maximum. Ohm's Law can be applied, if current and voltage are both rms, or both peak.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/phasors_and_resonance/resistance_in_AC_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:00:57 PM]
Inductance in AC Circuits Tutorial - Phasors and Resonance Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Inductance in AC Circuits Tutorial
The current in the circuit lags the voltage by 90 degrees. Ohm's Law cannot be applied, since current and voltage do not peak at the same time. Inductive reactance must be calculated to be able to use Ohm's Law.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/phasors_and_resonance/inductance_in_AC_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:01:03 PM]
Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Bit Bytes - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Microprocessor Systems Tutorial

Bits, Bytes Etc. Buses
Microprocessor System Diagram
System Clock
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
6502 CPU
Microprocessor Architecture
Random Access Memory
Read Only Memory
Memory Map
Input and Output
Fetch / Execute
Instructions and Programs
Addressing Modes
Flow Chart Symbols
Typical Flow Chart
System Flags
Stack
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Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Bit Bytes - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Interrupts
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Bits - Bytes - Bits & Bytes Tutorial - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
Microprocessor Systems - Electronic Tutorials

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Bits, Bytes etc. Tutorial

A BIT, is a BINARY DIGIT. A bit can be a zero or a 1. A binary number made of eight bits, such as 11001010 is known as a BYTE. Four bits, such as 1101 is known as a NIBBLE (half a byte and a joke). Sixteen bits numbers are a WORD. Thirty two bits ones are a LONG WORD. Sixty four bits numbers are a VERY LONG WORD. These numbers can be stored in REGISTERS inside chips (integrated circuits). 1k in binary systems is 1024. These collections of bits can represent binary numbers. They can also represent decimal or other number systems. The ASCII system uses them to represent the letters of the alphabet and punctuation. The ASCII TABLE gives the binary equivalents of the alphabet. All this information is called DATA. Numbers in microprocessor systems are often expressed in hexadecimal. The microprocessor is also called the CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU). There are very many cpu's and one of the most common is the 6502.
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Microprocessor System Diagram Tutorials - Electronic Circuits Hobby Projects

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Microprocessor System Diagram Tutorial
The CPU can put a binary number on the address bus, to select an individual register in the ROM or ram or the I/O. The arrows on this bus show that addresses go one way only. Data at the selected address can be put on the data bus. The CPU can also put data on this bus which can be written into a register of ram or i/o. It is not possible to write data into ROM (read only memory). This is shown by the single arrow on the ROM data bus and double arrows on the other two. The control bus instructs the chips to do various things, such as when to read or write etc. The clock tells all the chips when to change what they are doing. Like the drill sergeant who shouts "LEFT, RIGHT, LEFT, RIGHT". The crystal control the speed of operation. In simple systems the crystal frequency is 1,000,000 Hz.
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Microprocessor System Diagram Tutorials - Electronic Circuits Hobby Projects
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Arithmetic Logic Unit Circuit & Tutorials - Microprocessor System Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Arithmetic / Logic Unit Tutorial
All arithmetic and logical instructions are carried out by the ALU. An eight bit instruction informs the ALU which operation it is to carry out.
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Arithmetic Logic Unit Circuit & Tutorials - Microprocessor System Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
One number to be manipulated comes from the accumulator, the other from memory or another register. The result is stored in the accumulator. Flags in the status register are set to indicate the result, such as negative etc.
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Microprocessor Architecture Circuit & Tutorials - Microprocessor Systems Tutorial - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Microprocessor Architecture Tutorial
Processor architecture indicates its internal construction. The 6502 processor has seven internal 8 bit registers and an ALU (arithmetic logic unit). The X and Y registers are called INDEX registers and are used in the manipulation of data. S is the stack register. It contains an address indicating where there is a temporary store for data called the STACK. PROGRAM COUNTER HIGH AND PROGRAM COUNTER LOW together form a 16 bit register, which contains the address of the next instruction to be executed. A is the ACCUMULATOR. All data to be manipulated is placed in this register and worked upon. P is the PROCESSOR STATUS REGISTER. It contains several one bit FLAGS. These contain a one or a zero to indicate that something has happened during manipulation of data.
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Microprocessor Architecture Circuit & Tutorials - Microprocessor Systems Tutorial - Electronic Hobby Projects
For example, one of the flags is set if the result of a calculation is zero. Another is set if the result is negative. By looking at these flags the CPU is able to make decisions. This is why it is so clever. The ALU is not a register. It is discussed on another page.
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Read Only Memory (ROM) Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor System Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Read Only Memory (ROM) Tutorial
Memory chips are simply a collection of registers , each with its own address. Data, in the form of 0's and 1's, is stored in the registers. ROM chips can be read from, but not written to. They are non volatile, which means that they retain their contents after power is removed. Most ROMs are programmed during manufacture of the chips. Others, PROGRAMABLE ROMS, PROMS, can have their contents programmed in after manufacture. The 2716 ROM shown above is an EPROM. This is an erasable prom, where if you make a mistake, you can erase the contents by shining ultra-violet
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Read Only Memory (ROM) Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor System Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
light through a window in the chip. Some chips are ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE and are known as EEPROMS.
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Input and Output Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Input and Output Tutorial
A microprocessor system is pointless unless it can communicate with the outside world. It does this through an INTERFACE which is usually a plug or socket. The CPU communicates with this interface via an INPUT/OUTPUT PORT chip. These chips are called VERSATILE INTERFACE ADAPTORS or UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTERS etc. Ports have their own registers with addresses, and the CPU can write data to, or read data from, these registers. If the system is controlling a set of traffic lights, then the CPU can write data to the registers, to switch the lights in the correct sequence.
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Input and Output Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
It can also read data that is provided to the port by sensors buried in the road. This means that it can make decisions according to the amount of traffic and switch the lights accordingly. Since the system is digital and the outside world is mostly analogue, digital to analogue converters are required when providing an output, such as one to control the temperature of an oven. An analogue to digital converter is required if the system is to read an analogue device, such as a thermometer.
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Instructions and Programs Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Instructions and Programs Tutorial

Instructions are represented by binary numbers called operational codes, or OPCODES. They are frequently written in hexadecimal. Different CPU's have different instructions. To make them easier to remember they are given names called mnemonics. Examples are ADD STA LDA TAX add to the contents of the accumulator. store the contents of the accumulator. load into the accumulator. transfer the contents of the accumulator to register X.
A program is a list of instructions, usually written using mnemonics. Here is the sequence of events for writing programs. Define the problem. Produce an algorithm (a list of instructions, written in everyday language). Produce a flow chart. Write the program using mnemonics. Assemble into hex opcodes. (an assembler is a program which does this). Test by running the program. DEBUG IT !!
Below is a short program address 0200 0202 0204 label here operator LDA ADC JMP operand label FF 01 opcode A9 FF 69 01 4C 00 02
here
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Instructions and Programs Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
Labels can be used instead of numbers, as a temporary measure, and replaced by the number later
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Flow Chart Symbols Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Flow Chart Symbols Tutorial
When planning software, one of the stages is to produce a flow chart. The shape of the box indicates its function. Further data is given as text inside the box.

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Flow Chart Symbols Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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System Flags - MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS - Hobby Projects

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System Flags
The 6502 CPU contains a status register and each individual bit is a FLAG. A flag indicates the result of the previous operation. N result is negative V result too big, causing an overflow B set by software BRK command D in decimal mode I an interrupt has occurred Z result zero C carry The flags are tested by the CPU and, depending on their state, determine which part of the program the CPU will jump to. This is how computers are able to make decisions.
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Interrupts Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Interrupts Tutorial
The microprocessor system may be measuring temperatures in the Sahara desert. Once a year it receives a radio signal telling it to stop measuring temperatures and send all last year's data to base. This is an INTERRUPT. The CPU completes it current instruction. It then pushes any data it wishes to save onto the stack.
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Interrupts Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
It then jumps to a routine which services the interrupt. Once the interrupt routine is completed, it pulls the saved data from the stack and carries on measuring temperatures. There are two pins on the CPU which, when taken low, cause a hardware interrupt. IRQ can be sensed or ignored depending the value of the interrupt flag in the status register. NMI cannot be ignored.
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Buses Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Buses Tutorial
A bus is a collection of wires. Diagram A is a four bit bus. Zeros and ones can be put on the bus, 0 volts for zero and +5 volts to represent a one. The smallest number that can be put on a four bit bus is 0000. The largest is 1111 which is 15 in decimal and F in hex. Therefore sixteen different numbers can be placed on this bus, 0000 being the lowest and 1111 the highest. Rather than draw four wires, we use the representation shown in diagram B. Many micoprocessor systems use a eight bit data bus. The smallest number that can be placed on it is 00000000. The largest number is 11111111 which is equivalent to 255 in decimal. Therefore 256 different numbers can be placed on this bus. 255 in decimal is FF in hex.
A sixteen bit bus is shown in diagram C.
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Buses Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
The smallest number we can put on this bus is 0000000000000000. The largest number is 1111111111111111 which is 65535 in decimal. Therefore 65536 different numbers can be put on this bus. 65535 in decimal is FFFF in hex. All the registers in the memory chips have their own individual addresses, like house numbers in a street. By putting its address, in binary, on an address bus we can select any individual register. Address buses are commonly 16 bits, so we can select any one of 65536 registers.
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System Clock Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systesms Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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System Clock Tutorial
The clock is a square wave generator whose frequency is controlled by a crystal. In a typical control system it oscillates at 1MHz (1 million times a second) and controls the speed at which the system operates. The 6502 CPU has two clock signals, phase 1 and phase 2. The clock control the times at which operations such as fetch etc, take place.
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6502 CPU Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systesms - Electronic Hobby Projects

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6502 CPU Tutorial
The 6502 CPU has a 16 bit address bus and an 8 bit data bus. It is powered by a 5 volt supply. Interrupt requests tell the CPU to stop processing its present program and jump to another. The reset pin is taken low to initialize the CPU when it is first powered on. The read/write pin is taken low when writing to memory, and high when reading from it.
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6502 CPU Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systesms - Electronic Hobby Projects
The 6502 has eight addressing modes telling the CPU where data is located.
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Random Access Memory Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor System Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Random Access Memory (RAM) Tutorial
RAM means random access memory. A better name would be read/write memory. Ram is VOLATILE, meaning that when you switch off, the data it contains is lost. There are two main types of ram, static and dynamic. Static ram uses flip-flops to store bits, and so consumes current whether they are storing a 1 or a 0. Dynamic ram uses capacitors to store charges and use less power. However, these stored charges leak away and have to be continually REFRESHED which makes the circuitry more complicated. The 4118 is an 8 bit x1k static ram having an 8 bit data bus, D0-D7.
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Random Access Memory Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor System Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
Data can be written to, or read from memory, depending the state of the WE pin. There may be several memory chips, so only one is selected at a time by taking the CS pin low.
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Memory Map Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor System Tutorial - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Memory Map Tutorial
The memory map shows how addresses have been allocated for memory and any other devices connected to the address bus. Here ram has been given the lowest 48k of addresses and ROM the highest 16k. Each area of memory can be subdivides into pages of 256 addresses. Page zero occupies addresses 0000 to 255 in decimal or 0000 to 00FF in hex.
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Memory Map Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor System Tutorial - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Fetch / Execute Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Fetch / Execute Tutorial

The fetch/execute cycle is the process of fetching an instruction from memory, decoding it and then executing it. The program counter in the CPU contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched. The instruction is represented by a binary number, called an opcode. Data (called the operand), for the instruction to work on, is at the address following that at which the instruction is stored. If the opcode is ADD and is stored at address 10011000, then the data, eg. 10, will be stored at 10011001. The following actions are taken during a fetch/execute cycle to fetch the opcode and operand. Fetch opcode (read memory). Increment program counter. Fetch operand (read memory). Increment program counter. Execute instruction.
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Addressing Modes Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor System Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Addressing Modes Tutorial

When running a program, the CPU firsts loads an instruction. It then processes data using this instruction. Addressing modes tell the CPU where to find the data. The 6502 has several addressing modes. A sample is given below. IMMEDIATE addressing. In the program, the data follows the instruction. ADD 99 Add 99 to the contents of the accumulator. ABSOLUTE addressing. In the program, the 16 bit address of the data follows the instruction. STA 1243 Store the contents of the accumulator at address 1243. ZERO PAGE addressing. In the program, the instruction is followed by an 8 bit address. This means that only addresses 0-255 (in page zero) can be used. CMP 230 Compare the contents of the accumulator with the contents of address 0230. Other addressing modes are IMPLIED RELATIVE ACCUMULATOR INDEXED INDIRECT
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Addressing Modes Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor System Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Flow Chart for 1 Min. Timer Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor System Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Flow Chart for 1 Min. Timer Tutorial
A register, COUNT, is set to zero.
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Flow Chart for 1 Min. Timer Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor System Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
The contents of COUNT are displayed. There is a delay of one second. The contents of COUNT are incremented by 1. The contents of COUNT are examined. If the contents are less than 60 then they are displayed, then there is a delay of 1 second and then COUNT is incremented by 1. This repeats until the contents of COUNT are 60 When the contents of COUNT are 60 then COUNT is reset to zero and the program starts from the beginning again.
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Stack Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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The Stack Tutorial
The stack is a temporary store for data. The CPU may PUSH important data onto the stack, while it is processing other data. When it finishes that task, it PULLS the saved data off the stack. Its like a pile of plates. The bottom plate is the first bit of data that was pushed onto the stack. The top plate is the last data to be pushed. The top plate is pulled first and the bottom plate is the last data to be pulled. It is a LAST IN, FIRST OUT stack. In the diagrams, X is the first to be pushed, then Y and lastly A. The CPU goes away to process other data.
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Stack Tutorial & Circuits - Microprocessor Systems Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
Upon completion of that task it returns to pull the saved data. First A is pulled, then Y and lastly X. The instruction for pushing data is PHA. Only data in the accumulator can be pushed onto the stack. Other data can be pushed if it is transferred to the accumulator first. The instruction for pulling data from the stack is PLA. Data on the stack is transferred to the accumulator. The 6502 stack consists of 256 bytes and occupies page 1, addresses 256 to 511.
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Combination Logic Tutorial & Circuits - Gates Tutorials - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Combination Logic Tutorial

Truth Tables for Logic Gates Diode Logic
Diode Transistor Logic
Transistor Transistor Logic
An Intruder Alarm
Coffee Machine
Making Gates Using NANDs
Making Gates Using NORs
Recording Circuit Levels
Traffic Lights
Boolean Expressions
Low Level Activated Gates
DE Morgan's Theorem
Applying De Morgan
The Half Adder
The Full Adder
3 Bit Adder
Encoders
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Combination Logic Tutorial & Circuits - Gates Tutorials - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Decoders
The 7447a Decoder
Tri-State Logic
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Truth Tables for Logic Gates Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
Combination Logic - Electronic Tutorials

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Truth Tables for Logic Gates Tutorial
In case you have forgotten them, here are the truth tables for the various gates. If you still have problems with them, go back to Electronics for Beginners and revise them.
<<<< Back to Combination Logic Tutorial
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Diode Transistor Logic Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Diode Transistor Logic Tutorial

The "pull down" resistors hold the cathodes of the diodes low, making the diodes forward biased. The output at the anodes is held low, Tr1 base is low and its collector high. The base of Tr2 is high and its collector low. A and B and C must all go high together, to reverse bias the diodes, and make the base of Tr1 high. The collector of Tr1 goes low, together with the base of TR2. The collector of Tr2 goes high. The output has gone high because A and B and C have gone high.
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Diode Transistor Logic Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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An Intruder Alarm Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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An Intruder Alarm Tutorial
This is a simple application of OR gates. If a door OR a window Or the fire alarm is activated then the alarm sounds.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/combination_logic/an_intruder_alarm.html [1/17/2007 5:02:28 PM]
Making Gates using NAND Tutorial & Circuits - Combinational Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Making Gates using NANDs Tutorial

When designing logic circuits, engineers often need to make a gate from other types of gates that they have available. Here is how he does it with NAND gates. Draw truth tables, to check that it is so.
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Making Gates using NAND Tutorial & Circuits - Combinational Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Making Gates using NOR Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Making Gates using NORs Tutorial

When designing logic circuits, engineers often need to make a gate from other types of gates that they have available. Here is how he does it with NOR gates. Draw truth tables to show that it is so.
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Making Gates using NOR Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Recording Circuit Levels Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Recording Circuit Levels Tutorial

When testing digital circuits, it helps if you know what the logic levels should be in all parts of the circuit under no fault conditions. This applies to all combinations of input signals. If a fault appears in the circuit then checking the levels will indicate the location of the fault. Making a table, as shown, provides a useful reference.
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Recording Circuit Levels Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Boolean Expressions Tutorial, Circuits & Diagrams - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Boolean Expressions Tutorial
The left hand shows the normal truth table. In the right hand table, letters have been substituted, including whether they are high or low. In the diagrams below the states at various points are represented by Boolean expressions instead of logic levels.
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Boolean Expressions Tutorial, Circuits & Diagrams - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
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De Morgan's Theorem Tutorial - Circuits - Symbols - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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De Morgan's Theorem Tutorial

De Morgan says that the first two gates have the same properties. He says the same for the next two. The equations can be expanded to include three or more inputs, A B C etc.
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De Morgan's Theorem Tutorial - Circuits - Symbols - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Applying De Morgan Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Applying De Morgan Tutorial

We get from A to B, by changing AND shapes to OR ones, and putting new "bubbles" and removing old ones. To get from B to C, we slide the "bubbles" on the right hand gates along the leads. To get from C to D, we remove the left hand gates because they are redundant. Their outputs go low when activated. Their inputs are taken low to activate the gates. The outputs follow the inputs. Replace the gates with a piece of wire.
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Applying De Morgan Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Half Adder Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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The Half Adder Tutorial
This adds two 1 bit numbers. The table shows the outputs. When A and B are both 0, the sum is 0. When one is 0 and the other is 1 then the sum is 1. When both are 1 then the sum is 0 and carry output is 1.
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3 Bit Adder Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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3 Bit Adder Tutorial

The least significant bits (those on the right) are 0 and 1, giving a sum of 1 with no carry. There is no carry in from a previous stage. The next bits are 1 and 1 with no carry in, giving a sum of 0 and a carry of 1. The most significant bits are both 1 with a carry in of 1. This gives a sum of 1 and a carry of 1. The result of adding 110 to 111 is 1101
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3 Bit Adder Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Decoders Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Decoders Tutorial
Decoding is the recovery of previously encoded data. In the diagram, the push buttons ENCODE decimal to binary. The gates DECODE the binary and turn on the decimal indicators. Gate 1 recognises when the least significant bit is high and the adjacent bit is low. The inverter turns the low into a high, so that gate 1 has two high inputs.
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Decoders Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Tri State Logic Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Tri-State Logic Tutorial
With standard logic gates , the output is either HIGH or LOW. With tri-state logic there is a third possible condition, the high impedance state, where the output is disconnected from the line. This is useful where several gates are connected to a line. Only one is enabled and can go high or low. The others are disconnected.
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Tri State Logic Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Diode Logic Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Diode Logic Tutorial

In the AND circuit, the cathodes are held low by the "pull down" resistors. The diodes are forward biased and the output is held low. If two of the diodes are taken high to reverse bias them, the remaining diode still holds the output low. A and B and C must all be taken high to make the output go high.
In the OR circuit, both anodes and cathodes of the diodes are held low, and the output is low. If A or B or C is taken high, then the associated diode is forward biased and the output goes high.

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Diode Logic Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Transistor Transistor Logic Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Transistor Transistor Logic Tutorial
If the emitters of Tr1 are open circuit as shown, then its base/collector junction is forward biased. Tr2 will be turned on, with its collector low and its emitter high. Tr3 will be off and Tr4 on. The output will be low, about 0.6 volts. If all emitters are taken high, it is the same as them being open circuit, and the output stays low.
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Transistor Transistor Logic Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
If one input is taken low then Tr1 behave like a normal transistor with a reverse biased base/collector junction. The base of Tr2 is no longer forward biased by this junction, and is turned off. Tr2 collector goes high and its emitter low. Tr3 comes on and Tr4 goes off. The output goes high to about 3.5 volts. A and B and C must all be high to make the output go low (a nand gate). Tr3 and Tr4 are in a "totem pole" configuration. They can be considered as two switches, when one is on the other is off.
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Coffee Machine Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Coffee Machine Tutorial
If the water is hot AND money paid AND the cup is present then the output of the first gate will go high. Depending upon the position of the switch, either the upper or lower output gate will go high, turning on the correct valve. This is a simple circuit which can be expanded to provide milk and to count the money, give change etc.
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Traffic Lights Tutorial Diagram & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Traffic Lights Tutorial

Here is an exercise in combinational logic. Feel free to use it.
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Traffic Lights Tutorial Diagram & Circuits - Combination Logic Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Low Level Activated Gates Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Low Level Activated Gates Tutorial
A "bubble" on the output of a NAND indicates that the gate output goes low when the inputs are activated. Bubbles on inputs mean that these inputs go low to activate the gate. In the low activated AND shown above, both inputs must go low to make the output go high. In the low activated OR below, A or B going low makes the output go high. In the low activated NOR circuit, A or B going low makes the output go low. A long bar above the output indicates that the output goes low when the gate is activated. The short bars indicate that those inputs must go low to activate the gate.
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Low Level Activated Gates Tutorial & Circuits - Combination Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Full Adder Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Combination Logic - Hobby Projects

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The Full Adder Tutorial
The full adder is made with two half adders. A CARRY OUT from a previous addition can be added to the bits A and B by means of the CARRY IN. Draw a truth table, with A, B and CARRY IN as inputs, and SUM and CARRY OUT as outputs. There is a more detailed description of operation on the page A 3 BIT ADDER.
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Full Adder Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Combination Logic - Hobby Projects
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Encoders Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Combination Logic - Hobby Projects

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Encoders Tutorial
Encoding means converting one form of data to another type. Here we are converting decimal to binary. When the 1 button is pushed, D1 is forward biased and the least significant bit goes high. D4 is reverse biased and blocks the + 5 volts from the other lines. When the 2 button is pushed, D2 conducts and takes the middle bit high. D3 again blocks the + 5 volts. When button 3 is pushed, D3 and D4 conduct and take the two lower bits high. With three lines you can have the binary numbers 000 to111 (decimal 0 to 7) encoded.

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Encoders Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Combination Logic - Hobby Projects
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7447a Decoder Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Combination Logic - Hobby Projects

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The 7447a Decoder Tutorial

The assignment below is a demonstration of decoders and displays. The next step is to add a 7490 counter to the inputs.
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7447a Decoder Tutorial & Circuits - Electronic Combination Logic - Hobby Projects
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Flip Flop Tutorial & Circuits - All about Flip Flops - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Flip-Flop Tutorial
A Transistor R-S Flip-Flop NOR Gate Flip-Flop
Switch Debouncing
High Activated R-S Flip-Flop
Low Activated Flip-Flop
Clocked R-S Flip-Flop
Clocked D Type Flip-Flop
Edge Triggered Flip-Flops
Toggle Flip-Flop
Master/Slave D Type Flip-Flop
J-K Master Flip-Flops
J-K With Set and Preset
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/flip_flop.html [1/17/2007 5:04:02 PM]
Transistor RS Flip Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
FLIP-FLOP - Electronic Tutorials

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A Transistor RS Flip Flop Tutorial
This is a type of bistable multivibrator, with two stable states. Revising transistor behaviour :When a transistor base is connected to zero volts, it is cut off and its collector voltage rises to the supply voltage. See red figures for TR1, and blue for TR2. When the base is joined to the supply voltage via a low value resistor, the transistor is turned on, and becomes saturated. Its collector volts drops to a very low value. See the blue values for TR1 and red for TR2. If SET is taken low (zero volts) thenTR1 is turned off, and its collector voltage turns TR2 on. Q is high and Q bar is low. If SET is now removed from the zero volt rail, the two transistors will remain in this state.
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Transistor RS Flip Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
To make the flip-flop change state, RESET must now be taken low. Tr2 will now be off and Tr1 on. Q will be low and Q bar high. The flip-flop will rest in this state until SET is again taken low again. This circuit is known as a SR flip-flop.
<<<< Back to Flip-Flop Tutorial
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Switch Debouncing Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Switch Debouncing Tutorial
When a mechanical power switch is operated, the power is not available instantly. The switch contacts bounce, giving a series of pulses, as shown in the graph. The circuit may see these as a series of logic pulses and behave incorrectly. The circuit shown prevents this. If we revise the SET/RESET flip-flop, we will recall that once Q has been pulsed high by the SET input, further pulsing produces no change at Q. Therefore Q only recognises the first pulse from the bouncing switch and ignores any others. Similarly, when Q is taken low by taking RESET high, only the first pulse is recognised.
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Switch Debouncing Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Low Activated Flip-Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Low Activated Flip-Flop Tutorial
SET and RESET are LOW activated inputs. When SET is pulsed LOW, Q goes HIGH and bar Q goes LOW. If RESET is now pulsed LOW, then Q goes LOW and bar Q goes HIGH.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/flip_flop/low_activated_flip-flop.html [1/17/2007 5:04:13 PM]
Clocked D Type Flip-Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Clocked D Type Flip-Flop Tutorial
The D type flip-flop has only one input (D for Data) apart from the clock. The INDETERMINATE state is avoided with this flip-flop. When the clock goes high, D (a 0 or a 1) is transferred to Q. When the clock goes low, Q remains unchanged. Q stores the data until the clock goes high again, when new data may be available.
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Clocked D Type Flip-Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
At A, clock and data are high. Q goes high and stays high until B. At B, clock is high and data is low. Q goes low and stays low until C. At C, clock and data are both high. Q goes high and stays high until E. Q does not change during clock pulse D, because clock and data are still both high. At E, data is low, so Q goes low. At F, data is high so Q goes high.
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Toggle Flip-Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Toggle Flip-Flop Tutorial
This flip-flop toggles (Q changes state) on the negative going edge of the clock pulse. T acts as an ENABLE / INHIBIT control. Q will only toggle on the negative edge of the clock pulse, when T is high. Below is shown a D type flip-flop connected as a toggle type. On each clock pulse positive going edge, Q will go to the state bar Q was before the clock pulse arrived. Remember that bar Q is the opposite level to Q. Therefore Q will toggle.
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Toggle Flip-Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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JK Master Flip-Flops Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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JK Master Flip-Flops Tutorial
The J-K flip-flop can be wired to behave as most other types of flip-flop. If J is high and K is low, Q will go high on the negative going edge of the clock pulse. If K is high and J is low, Q will go low on the negative going edge of the clock pulse. If J and K are both low, Q will not change. If J and K are both high, the output toggles on the negative going edge of the clock pulse.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/flip_flop/JK_master_flip-flops.html [1/17/2007 5:04:23 PM]
NOR Gate Flip-Flop Tutorial & CIrcuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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NOR Gate Flip-Flop Tutorial
Here, one input of each gate is held LOW by "pull down" resistors. The other input is cross-coupled to the output of the other gate. Initially, as shown in diagram A, gate 2 has two LOW inputs, so its output is HIGH. This HIGH output is one input of gate 1, so the output of gate 1 is LOW. When the SET input of gate 2 is momentarily pulsed HIGH, the output of gate 2 goes LOW. This means that both inputs of gate 1 are LOW, so its output is HIGH, which is coupled to an input of gate 2. Even though the pulse has finished, the output of gate 2 stays LOW because of this HIGH input. The gates are now in the state shown in diagram B. We say that the circuit has remembered or LATCHED and is in the SET state. If the SET is pulsed again, nothing happens, the circuit stays in the SET state.
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NOR Gate Flip-Flop Tutorial & CIrcuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
If the RESET on gate 1 is now pulsed HIGH, the output of gate 1 goes LOW. This is coupled to gate 2 which now has two LOW inputs, so its output goes HIGH. The gates have been RESET to their original states. If the RESET is pulsed again, nothing happens, the circuit stays in the RESET state. Note that when one output is HIGH, the other is LOW and vice-versa. If both inputs are taken LOW simultaneously, then there is no change; both inputs are already LOW. If both inputs are taken HIGH simultaneously, then the result is INDETERMINATE and is to be avoided. A similar circuit can be constructed using nand gates and pull up resistors. The inputs are pulsed low to change states.
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High Activated RS Flip-Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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High Activated R-S Flip-Flop Tutorial
This is how HIGH activated S-R flip-flops appear on circuit diagrams. When set is taken HIGH, Q goes HIGH and bar Q goes LOW. If RESET is now take HIGH, Q goes LOW and bar Q goes HIGH
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/flip_flop/high_activated_R-S_flip-flop.html [1/17/2007 5:04:28 PM]
Clocked R-S Flip-Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Clocked R-S Flip-Flop Tutorial
To ensure that flip-flops change in synchronism with other parts of the circuit, they are not allowed to change state until they receive a CLOCK PULSE. SET and RESET cannot affect the outputs unless the clock pulse is high. In the TIMING DIAGRAM below, at A, SET is HIGH but the CLOCK is LOW, so there is no change in the outputs. At B, SET is still HIGH, and CLOCK is HIGH. Therefore Q goes HIGH. At C, the CLOCK is HIGH and RESET has gone HIGH. Therefore Q goes LOW. At D, the CLOCK is HIGH but SET is LOW. There is no change in output levels. At E, CLOCK and SET are both HIGH. Q goes HIGH.
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Clocked R-S Flip-Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Edge Triggered Flip-Flops Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Edge Triggered Flip-Flops Tutorial
We looked at the clocked D type flip-flop previously. Q follows D while the clock is high. If the data at D changes during the clock pulse, then Q will change. This may be undesirable. With the edge triggered flip-flop, Q will only follow D during the instant of the clock edge. Either clock pulse edge may be used, positive going (rising) or negative going (falling). The symbol above is for a rising edge clock.
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Edge Triggered Flip-Flops Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
The timing diagram shows the rising edges of the clock pulses. At edge A, data is low, and even though there is a positive pulse during the clock period, Q stays low. At edge B, data is high and Q goes goes high. At edge C, data is still high and Q stays high. At edge D, data is still high and Q stays high. During clock pulse D, data goes low for a period, but Q stays high. At edge E, data has gone low and Q goes low. Data goes high for a period during clock pulse E, but Q stays low. At edge F, data is still low and Q stays low.
Below is a negative edge clocked flip-flop.
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Master / Slave D Type Flip-Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Master / Slave D Type Flip-Flop Tutorial

A couple of definitions :RIPPLE THROUGH. An input changes level during the clock period, and the change appears at the output. PROPAGATION DELAY. The time between applying a signal to an input, and the resulting change in the output. These can give problems in logic circuits. The master/slave flip-flop overcomes them. It consists of two rising edge triggered D type flip-flops. The clock of the slave is fed via an inverter so that the falling edge of the origonal clock pulse becomes a rising edge. The slave clock pulse is an inverted version of the clock pulse shown in the lower diagram. The flip-flops are triggered at different levels of the clock pulse edge. When data is to be entered, the slave is isolated from the master, so that changes at the input do not appear at the output. Data on D is passed to Q of the master. The master is then isolated from the D input. Data, from the Q of the master, is passed to Q of the slave.
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Master / Slave D Type Flip-Flop Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
t1.
Slave isolated from Master.
t2. Master connected to D input. t3. Master isolated from D input. t4. Master Q connected Slave D.
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JK with Set and Preset Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects

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JK with Set and Preset Tutorial
The J and K inputs are said to be SYNCHRONOUS with the clock pulse. Their effect on the outputs occurs during the negative edge of the clock pulse. The preset and clear are independent of the clock pulse and are ASYNCHRONOUS inputs. With preset low and clear high, Q is set high. With preset high and clear low, Q is set low.
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JK with Set and Preset Tutorial & Circuits - Flip Flop Tutorials - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Sequential Logic Tutorials - Counters - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects

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Sequential Logic Tutorial

Asynchronous Up Counters Asynchronous Down Counters
Synchronous Counters
Dividers
The Decade Counter
The 7490 Counter/Divider
The SISO Shift Register
The SIPO Shift Register
The PISO Shift Register
The PIPO Shift Register
Digital to Analogue Conversion
Analogue to Digital Conversion
Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
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Asynchronous Up Counters Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Hobby Projects
Sequential Logic - Electronic Tutorials

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Asynchronous Up Counters Tutorial
Note that the J and K inputs are taken high so that the flip-flops toggle on the clock pulses. The Q output of each flip-flop changes state on the negative going edge of the clock input pulse. Looking at the diagram below the count starts with ABCD all low, giving a count of 0000. After clock pulse 1, the least significant bit, A is high, 0001. After pulse 2, A is low and B is high, 0010, equivalent to decimal 2. After 12 pulses, A and B are low and C and D are high, 1100, equivalent to decimal 12. On clock pulse 16 the counter resets to 0000. The count can be set to 0000 by pulsing the Reset line low. The flip-flops cannot change state until the preceding one has done so. This means gives rise to a delay in the the system due to the propagation delay of each stage.
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Asynchronous Up Counters Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Hobby Projects
This causes a RIPPLE THROUGH effect.
<<<< Back to Sequential Logic Tutorial
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Asynchronous Down Counters Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Asynchronous Down Counters Tutorial
The flip-flop outputs change state on the positive going edges of the clock input pulses. Looking at the diagram below, at the start on the left, ABCD are all high, 1111, equivalent to decimal 15. After clock pulse 1, A has gone low giving 1110, the equivalent of decimal 14. After clock pulse 2, the count is 1101, decimal 13. After 8 pulses the count is 0111, decimal 7. After 15 pulses the count will be 0000. On the next pulse the counter will indicate 1111. 15-8 = 7
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Asynchronous Down Counters Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Analogue to Digital Conversion Tutorial & Circuits - SEQUENTIAL LOGIC - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Analogue to Digital Conversion Tutorial
At the start, the inverting input of the comparator is low and its output high. The AND gate is enabled. Clock pulses appear at the output of the gate and are counted by the UP counter when the counter is reset to zero. As the count increases, the ramp output voltage of the D/A converter rises. When the ramp voltage and the analogue voltage are the same, the output of the comparator goes low. This inhibits the AND gate and the count stops. The 4 bit number at the output, is the binary equivalent of the analogue input voltage. This process repeated continually.
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Analogue to Digital Conversion Tutorial & Circuits - SEQUENTIAL LOGIC - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Synchronous Counters Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Synchronous Counters Tutorial
To overcome the "ripple through" effects of asynchronous counters, synchronous types are used. All the flip-flops are clocked simultaneously, and change state at the same time. Bear in mind, that when J and K are both low, a flip-flop will not change state, upon the arrival of a clock pulse. When J and K are both high, then Q will toggle upon the arrival of a clock pulse. The two AND gates are decoders, which recognise the state of the A, B and C outputs. J and K of flip-flop 1 are tied high and it will always toggle on a clock pulse. Flip-flop 3 cannot change state unless AND 1 output is high (A and B high).
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Synchronous Counters Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
Flip-flop 4 cannot change state unless A, B and C are all high, making the output of AND 2 high. At the start, all outputs can be set to zero by means of the CLEAR line. On the first clock pulse, A goes high, since J and K of flip-flop 1 are both tied high. The first and second flip-flops are now set to toggle on the next clock pulse. On the second clock pulse, any flip-flops with J and K high will toggle. So A goes low and B goes high. On the third clock pulse, A goes high and B stays high. This means that J and K of flip-flop 3 are high. On the fourth clock pulse, A and B go low and C goes high. Flip-flop 4 can only toggle when A, B and C are all high. This will be on the eighth clock pulse, when D goes high and A, B and C go low.
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Decade Counter Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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The Decade Counter Tutorial
A decade counter counts from 0 to 9 and then resets to zero. The counter output can be set to zero by pulsing the reset line low. The count then increments on each clock pulse until it reaches 1001 (decimal 9). When it increments to 1010 (decimal 10) both inputs of the NAND gate go high. The result is that the NAND output goes low, and resets the counter to zero. D going low can be a CARRY OUT signal, indicating that there has been a count of ten.
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Decade Counter Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
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SISO Shift Register Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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The SISO Shift Register Tutorial
The diagram shows four flip-flops connected to form a SERIAL IN, SERIAL OUT shift register. Upon the arrival of a clock pulse, data at the D input of each flip-flop is transferred to its Q output. At the start, the contents of the register can be set to zero by means of the CLEAR line. If a 1 is applied to the input of the first flip-flop, then upon the arrival of the first clock pulse, this 1 is transferred to the output of flip-flop 1 (input of flip-flop 2). After four clock pulses this 1 will be at the output of flip-flop 4. In this manner, a four bit number can be stored in the register. After four more clock pulses, this data will be shifted out of the register.
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SISO Shift Register Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
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PISO Shift Register Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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The PISO Shift Register Tutorial
With the PARALLEL IN/SERIAL OUT shift register, four bits are shifted into the register simultaneously, in parallel. They are then clocked out, one after the other, in serial form.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/sequential_logic/the_piso_shift_register.html [1/17/2007 5:05:21 PM]
SIPO Shift Register Tutorial & Circuits - SEQUENTIAL LOGIC - Electronic Hobby Projects

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The SIPO Shift Register Tutorial
Data is fed into the SERIAL IN/PARALLEL OUT shift register bit by bit, in the same way as for the SISO shift register. However the four bits are all shifted out simultaneously, in parallel, as one word.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/sequential_logic/the_sipo_shift_register.html [1/17/2007 5:05:23 PM]
PIPO Shift Register Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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The PIPO Shift Register Tutorial
The PARALLEL IN/PARALLEL OUT shift register is loaded with four bits simultaneously, in parallel.. They are also clocked out simultaneously, in parallel.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/sequential_logic/the_pipo_shift_register.html [1/17/2007 5:05:29 PM]
Digital to Analogue Conversion Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Digital to Analogue Conversion Tutorial
The 4 bit D to A converter consists of four resistors, whose values are in the ratios shown in the left hand diagram above. They can go high or low, as shown in the right diagram.
The voltage out is determined by which of A B C D are high and which are low.
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Digital to Analogue Conversion Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
The resistors are usually not "hard wired" high or low as shown, but taken high or low by signal voltages.
The digital signals at A B C D can be between 0000 and 1111, which gives 16 steps, suitable for a volume control etc. If finer resolution is required, then 8 bits can give 256 steps.
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Multiplexers and Demultiplexers Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Multiplexers and Demultiplexers Tutorial
Muliplexing enables several signals to be sent over the same channel simultaneously. In the top diagram, the Multiplexer rotary switch samples each channel in turn, and connects it to the link. The Demultiplexer switch connects each listener in turn, to the link. As long as the two switches are rotated in synchronism, Listener 1 will only hear Talker 1, etc. The minimum sample rate need only be twice the highest frequency of a talker signal, according to Nyquist. In practice, electronic switches are used. A synchronising signal is required to keep talkers and listeners in step.
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Multiplexers and Demultiplexers Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Dividers Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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Dividers Tutorial
For every two pulses in, a toggle flip-flop gives one pulse out. It divides by two. For 800 pulses in, the flip-flop will give 400 out. In the circuit above, each stage divides by two, giving a total division of sixteen. For an input frequency of 16 kHz, the output frequency will be 1 kHz.
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Dividers Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
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The 7490 Counter / Divider Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects

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The 7490 Counter / Divider Tutorial
The 7490 is a ripple through counter. It contains a divide-by-two counter and a divide-by -five counter. These can be connected in various ways to give other divisions.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/sequential_logic/the_7490_counter_divider.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:05:44 PM]
The 7490 Counter / Divider Tutorial & Circuits - Sequential Logic - Electronic Hobby Projects
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/sequential_logic/the_7490_counter_divider.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:05:44 PM]
ASCII Table - ASCII character - ASCII format - Circuits - Hobby Projects
ASCII Table
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Web
Hobbyprojects.com
ASCII Table - I
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/ascii-table/ascii-table.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:05:50 PM]
ASCII Table - ASCII character - ASCII format - Circuits - Hobby Projects
ASCII Table - II
Back to Intermediate Electronics
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/ascii-table/ascii-table.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:05:50 PM]
16 Function Scientific Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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16 Function Scientific Calculator

One more calculator for use with higher math functions with extended capabilities. One of the advantages of this calculator is a simple input format even for the most complicated scientific formulas. This program works best for math, algebra, calculus, geometry, physics and engineering students and even their teachers. For example, you can enter 10pi instead of "10*pi". For complex numbers, you can use the following format "1+2i". For percentages - "number + %". The other important feature of HiDigit is its high precision - up to 15 decimals for scientific calculations. The program features an impressive number of built-in formulas, functions, constants and coefficients. Importantly, the users can customize all of them or add their own variables. Also, the history of all actions is kept, so the users can come back and undo/redo any action at any time. Being a serious calculating software, it is extremely simple in use. No special computer skills or knowledge are required. The interface is straightforward and very easy to navigate through. The compact size of the calculator does not hinder the performance. To the contrary, the program can even be used by the multiple users simultaneously.
Scientific calculator
0 C =
Degrees
sin asin exp log ln sqrt cos acos 7 4 1 0 tan
Radians
sinh asinh 9 6 3 +/-
Gradients
cosh acosh + * / ^ 1/x pi e tanh atanh
atan 8 5 2 .
<<< Back to Calculators
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/16_function_scientific_calculator.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:05:53 PM]
16 Function Scientific Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters
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5 Function Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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5 Function Calculator
Here is a really simple JavaScript calculator - with just 5 functions! (Add, subtract, multiply, divide, and power) This example can help you see how JavaScript evaluates math functions! Check it out!
12 + x / ^ 3
= 0
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/5_function_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:05:55 PM]
555 Timer - Frequency and Duty Cycle Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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555 Timer - Frequency and Duty Cycle Calculator

Enter values for R1, R2, and C and press the calculate button to solve for positive time interval (T1) and negative time interval (T2). For example, a 10K resistor (R1) and 100K (R2) and 0.1 uF capacitor will produce output time intervals of 7.62 mS positive (T1) and 6.93 mS negative (T2). The frequency will be about 70 Hz. R1 should be greater than 1K and C should be greater than .0005 uF. Scroll down page for basic 555 information (pinout and two basic circuits). R1 (K Ohms) R2 (K Ohms) C (Microfarads)
Calculate
T1 (Milliseconds) T2 (Milliseconds) Frequency (Kilohertz)

Reset
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/555_timer_frequency_duty_cycle.html (1 of 6) [1/17/2007 5:05:58 PM]
The 555 Timer

First introduced by the Signetics Corporation as the SE555/NE555 about 1971. Pin connections and functions: (See schematic below for basic circuits) Pin 1 (Ground) - The ground (or common) pin is the most-negative supply potential of the device, which is normally connected to circuit common when operated from positive supply voltages. - This pin is the input which causes the output to go high and the timing cycle. Triggering occurs when the trigger input moves from a voltage above 2/3 of the supply voltage to a voltage below 1/3 of the supply. For example using a 12 volt supply, the trigger input voltage must start from above 8 volts and move down to a voltage below 4 volts to begin the timing cycle. The action is level sensitive and the trigger voltage may move very slowly. To avoid retriggering, the trigger voltage must return to a voltage above 1/3 of the supply before the end of the timing cycle in the monostable mode. Trigger input current is about 0.5 microamps. Pin 3 (Output) - The output pin of the 555 moves to a high level of 1.7 volts less than the supply voltage when the timing cycle begins. The output returns to a low level near 0 at the end of the cycle. Maximum current from the output at either low or high levels is approximately 200 mA. - A low logic level on this pin resets the timer and returns the ouput to a low state. It is normally connected to the + supply line if not used. - This pin allows changing the triggering and threshold voltages by applying an external voltage. When the timer is operating in the astable or oscillating mode, this input could be used to alter or frequency modulate the output. If not in use, it is recommended installing a small capacitor from pin 5 to ground to avoid possible false or erratic triggering from noise effects.
Pin 2 (Trigger) begin
Pin 4 (Reset):
Pin 5 (Control)
Pin 6 (Threshold) - Pin 6 is used to reset the latch and cause the output to go low.
Reset occurs when the voltage on this pin moves from a voltage below 1/3 of the supply to a voltage above 2/3 of the supply. The action is level sensitive and can move slowly similar to the trigger voltage. Pin 7 (Discharge) - This pin is an open collector output which is in phase with the main output on pin 3 and has similar current sinking capability. Pin 8 (V +) - This is the positive supply voltage terminal of the 555 timer IC. Supply-voltage operating range is +4.5 volts (minimum) to +16 volts (maximum).
The pin connections for the 556 which is a dual 555 timer (2 in one package) are shown in table below. For example, the two outputs for the two timers of the 556 are on pins 5 and 9 which correspond to the output pin 3 of the 555. 555 556 timer #1 timer #2 ------------------------------------------------------Ground 1 7 7 Trigger 2 6 8 Output 3 5 9 Reset 4 4 10 Control 5 3 11 Threshold 6 2 12 Discharge 7 1 13 + Power Vcc 8 14 14 ------------------------------------------------------The schematics below show the two basic circuits for the 555 timer.
Below is a pictorial view of the 555 timer wired as a LED flasher and powered with a 9 volt battery. The LED will turn on during time T1 and off during time T2.
The 555 circuit below is a flashing bicycle light powered with three C or D cells (4.5 volts). The two flashlight lamps will alternately flash at a approximate 1.5 second cycle rate. Using a 4.7K resistor for R1 and a 100K resistor for R2 and a 4.7uF capacitor, the time intervals for the two lamps are 341 milliseconds (T1, upper lamp) and 326 milliseconds (T2 lower lamp). The lamps are driven by transistors to provide additional current beyond the 200 mA limit of the 555 timer. A 2N2905 PNP and a 2N3053 NPN could be used for lamps requiring 500 mA or less. For additional current, a TIP29 NPN and TIP30 PNP could be used up to 1 amp. A PR3 is a 4.5 volt, 500 mA flashlight bulb. Two diodes are placed in series with the PNP
transistor base so that the lower lamp turns off when the 555 output goes high during the T1 time interval. The high output level of the 555 timer is 1.7 volts less than the supply voltage. Adding the two diodes increases the forward voltage required for the PNP transistor to about 2.1 volts so that the 1.7 volt difference from supply to the output is not enough to turn on the transistor. You can also use an LED in place of the two diodes as shown in the lower schematic.
40 LED Bicycle Light

The 555 circuit below is a flashing bicycle light powered with four C,D or AA cells (6 volts). Two sets of 20 LEDs will alternately flash at approximately 4.7 cycles per second using RC values shown (4.7K for R1, 150K for R2 and a 1uF capacitor). Time intervals for the two lamps are about 107 milliseconds (T1, upper LEDs) and 104 milliseconds (T2 lower LEDs). Two transistors are used to provide additional current beyond the 200 mA limit of the 555 timer. A single LED is placed in series with the base of the PNP transistor so that the lower 20 LEDs turn off when the 555 output goes high during the T1 time interval. The high output level of the 555 timer is 1.7 volts less than the supply voltage. Adding the LED increases the forward voltage required for the PNP transistor to about 2.7 volts so that the 1.7 volt difference from supply to the output is insufficient to turn on the transistor. Each LED is supplied with about 20 mA of current for a total of 220 mA. The circuit should work with additional LEDs up to about 40 for each group, or 81 total. The circuit will also work with fewer LEDs so it could be assembled and tested with just 5 LEDs (two groups of two plus one) before adding the others.
8051 Microcontroller Peripheral Timing Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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8051 Microcontroller Peripheral Timing Calculator

This calculator is designed to give critical timing values for the 8051 microcontroller's timer 0 and timer 1. Enter the microcontroller clock rate in megahertz and the desired run-time duration in milliseconds of the timer. Click on Calculate. The calculated rates and values are only the run-time of the timer; the general formula is also given. No attempt at calculation of the overhead is made for stopping, starting or loading and reloading of the timers since that time is negligible. 12-clock parts are conventional 8051 derivatives using 12 machine cycles to execute one instruction cycle. Newer but similar devices often are 6-clock parts and instruction cycle time is reduced by 50 percent. They only need 6 machine cycles to execute one instruction cycle.
Designation Required Data Entry Microcontroller Clock Frequency Desired Timer Run-Time (DRT)
Calculate 12 10 Clear Values
Value
Megahertz (mhz) Milliseconds (mSec)
Calculated Results Timing Task Single Timer TIC Duration 8-bit Timer Counter Maximum RunTime Standard 12-Clock Parts
Uncalculated
Enhanced 6-Clock Parts

Uncalculated
Time In uSec
1 / (mhz/12)
Uncalculated
1 / (mhz/6)
Uncalculated
TIC12 * 256 / 1000
TIC6 * 256 / 1000
mSec
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/8051_microcontroller_peripheral_timing_calculator.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:06:03 PM]
8051 Microcontroller Peripheral Timing Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters
16-bit Timer Counter Maximum RunTime 8-Bit DRT Reload Value 16-Bit DRT Reload Value
Uncalculated
Uncalculated
TIC12 * 65536 / 1000

Uncalculated
TIC6 * 65536 / 1000

Uncalculated
mSec
256 - (DRT / TIC12 * 1000)

Uncalculated
256 - (DRT / TIC6 * 1000)

Uncalculated
mSec
65536 - (DRT / TIC12 * 1000) 65536 - (DRT / TIC6 * 1000)
mSec
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/8051_microcontroller_peripheral_timing_calculator.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:06:03 PM]
AD / Advertisement Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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AD / Advertisement Calculator
Selling ad banners has just got easier! Just enter two fields of the three fields of information, such as the total cost, CPM (cost per thousand impressions), and exposures (number of ads shown), and the calculator will solve the last field for you.
Cost: CPM: Exposures:

Solve reset
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/ad-calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:05 PM]
AD / Advertisement Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Adjusted Cost Based Calculator

Computes the average cost base (or cost per share) for a series of stock or mutual fund purchases. When a sale is entered, the capital gain (or loss) is calculated.
Adjusted Cost Base Calculator # of Units Cost per Unit Transaction Type Bought Sold
Add This Transaction
Total Units Total Cost Adjusted Base Cost Gain or Loss
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/adjusted_cost_base_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:08 PM]
Advanced Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Advanced Calculator
This is a very comprehensive JavaScript calculator. Although the source code can get quite confusing, it works.
0 7 4 1 0 8 5 2 . 9 6 3 C +/+ * = / CE
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/advanced_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:11 PM]
Airflow Calculator - Online Automotive Calculators - Conversions - Converters
Online Automotive Calculator & Conversion

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Air Flow Calculator Convert Airflow From An Alternate Depression

This calculator requires the use of Javascript enabled and capable browsers. Enter the current depression (venturi) and anticipated depression sizes. Click on Calculate. The value will be returned in Cubic Feet Per Minute. To do another, click the Clear Values button and then enter a new value. Calculated accuracy of current Javascript enabled browsers is generally 16 places.
Enter Current Depression Size Enter Alternate Depression Size Enter Air Flow In CFM At Current Depression
Calculate CFM Clear All Values About
Air Flow In CFM At Alternative Depression
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/airflow_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:13 PM]
Age / Birth Date - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Age / Birth Date Calculator

Just enter the birthday you wish to track and JavaScript will display the person's age, down to the second. Displays your age along with the day you were born
Enter your date of birth Month Date Year Hours 00

AM Calculate
Your age will be displayed here
You have been living for: In months: In weeks: In days: In hours: In minutes: In seconds: In Milliseconds: Your next birthday will be in:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/age_calculator.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:06:15 PM]
Age / Birth Date - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/age_calculator.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:06:15 PM]
Airport Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Airport Calculator
This useful JavaScript calculator will tell you the degrees, Nautical Miles, Statute Miles, and Kilometers between your originating and destination airports. It's got a built-in database of over 150 of the most traveled airports! Very neat! I've given a copy to everyone I know who fly often
Airport Calculator
From: To:
Originating Airport Destination Airport Calculate Distances
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/airport_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:18 PM]
Area Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Area Calculator
A simple calculator to determine the area of a square, triangle, rectangle, circle or sphere.
Find the area of a ...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/area_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:20 PM]
EZ Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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EZ Calculator
This calculator has basic functions (add, subtract, multiply, divide).
* 7 4 1
/ 8 5 2
9 6 3
C 0 = +
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/ez_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:23 PM]
Factors Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Factors Calculator
Use this online calculator to find out if a number entered is odd or even and the factors of that number.
0 Calculate
Results
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/factors_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:28 PM]
Fahrenheit to Celsius Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Fahrenheit to Celsius Calculator

This Calculators will convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, all you have to do is fill in the prompts and the conversion will appear in an alert box!
Convert F to C Enter F
convert
Value in C
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/fahrenheit_to_celsius_converter.html [1/17/2007 5:06:32 PM]
Fibonacci Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Fibonacci Calculator
This calculator Displays the Fibonacci Sequence of Numbers as entered by the user. Warning: This is very processor intensive, do not enter a large number.
Computations:
Compute Reset
Sequence:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/fibonacci_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:34 PM]
Field Depth Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Field Depth Calculator

For all you photography enthusiasts out there, this calculator makes it a breeze to determine the field depth and amount that will be in focus in a photograph. Includes other measurements such as nearest and furthest points of focus, too.
Depth of Field Calculator Negative Format Lens focal length Selected aperture Subject distance (Meters)
35 mm 17 mm F 1.4
Calculate.
Hyperfocal distance for this lens/aperture combination. Near limit of acceptable sharpness. Far limit of acceptable sharpness. Total depth of field.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/field_depth_calculator.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:06:38 PM]
Field Depth Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/field_depth_calculator.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:06:38 PM]
Functional Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Functional Calculator
Provides all the basic functions, including finding the square root. A small but powerful calculator
1 5 9 * sqrt
2 6 0 /
3 7 . -
4 8 C +
Calculate
Info:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/functional_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:40 PM]
Gasoline Usage Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Gasoline Usage Calculator

Trying to keep track of gasoline expenses? This calculator calculates how many miles you are getting per gallon - per day and per year. It also calculates the amount spent per year and how much CO2 your car is producing.
Gasoline Usage Calculator

Miles Traveled: Cost of Gas: $ Gallons of Gas: Days Between Fill-Ups:
Calculate Clear
Results
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/gasoline_usage_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:43 PM]
GCD / LCM Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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GCD / LCM Calculator

This calculator can quickly determine the Greatest Common Factor and Least Common Multiplier between two or three numbers.
First Number: Second Number:
Third Number (not required):

Find GCF and LCM
Greatest Common Factor (GCF): Least Common Multiplier (LCM):
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/GCD_LCM_Calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:45 PM]
GPA Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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GPA Calculator
This is a very useful script to figure out your class GPA. Just enter the letter grade for each class.
Grade Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7 Class 8

Calculate
Credits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/gpa_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:47 PM]
Graphing Function Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Graphing Function Calculator

Enter the X-Y coordinates for a function and this script will give you the graphing formulas, including Formula, Slope, Y-intercept, Parallel and Perpendicular lines. Easy!
Enter coordinate values:
X1: Y1: X2: Y2: Formula: Slope: Y-Intercept: Parallel Line Formula: Perpendicular Line Formula:
Get Results
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/graphing_function_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:49 PM]
Greatest Common Factor Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Greatest Common Factor Calculator

Find the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of a group of two or three numbers.
First Number: Second Number: Third Number: If you only want to do two numbers, leave the Third Box empty.
Find GCF
is the Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/greatest_common_factor_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:51 PM]
Group Work Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Group Work Calculator

Ever had to work with another person to complete a task? This calculator will tell you how long it would take two people to complete the task if you know how long it would take each person to complete the task individually. Neat!
Person one can do the job in Person two can do the same job in Together, they can do the job in
Solve!
hours. hours. hours.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/group_work_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:06:53 PM]
Area Calculator 2 - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Area Calculator 2
This can tell you the square units of a square, rectangle, parallelogram, or a triangle.
Find the area of a: square rectangle parallelogram triangle The base is: The height is:
calculate
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/area_calculator_2.html [1/17/2007 5:06:55 PM]
Armor Penetration Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Armor Penetration Calculator

This can can help you figure armor penetration.
Gun Type
Range
500 1000
Penetration
Angle
Compute 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/armor_penetration_calculator.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:06:58 PM]
Armor Penetration Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters
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Astrological / Astrology Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Astrological / Astrology Calculator

A handy calculator that will calculate both your Western and Chinese birth Signs. Enter the day, month, and year of your birth - or your date's - and instantly figure out if you (or they) are a Gemini born in the Year of the Ox, or a Year of the Rabbit/Cat Aquarius. The calculator will also return customizable funny messages if the user inputs an impossible date (ie, February 30 or December 32).
Year Month Day Sun Sign: Chinese Sign:
Birth Year Select Birth Month Day Calculate
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/astrological_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:00 PM]
Atmospheric Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters Resource

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Atmospheric Calculator Atmosphere Conversions

This converter requires the use of Javascript enabled and capable browsers. In the fields below, enter any displayed atmospheric data for conversion. Then click on the Convert actuator in order to process your request. You may clear all fields and the totals by clicking on the Clear Values actuator.
Select Designation Value System
English
Metric
Input Values
Altitude Speed
0.0 1.0 ft ft/sec ft
Reference Length 1.0

Convert Clear Values
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/atmospheric_conversions.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:07:03 PM]
Atmospheric Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters Resource
Conversion Result Values

Temperature Density Pressure Speed of Sound Viscosity Mach Number Dynamic Pressure Critical Cp Vacuum Cp Reynolds Number Laminar Cf Turbulent Cf This information is accurate to the best of our knowledge, though we cannot guarantee it. Use it at your own risk. A (?) designation after a value in the unit designation window indicates a non-verifiable value, a close approximation.
lb/ft^2 R sl/ft^3 lb/ft^2 ft/sec lb sec/ft^2
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/atmospheric_conversions.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:07:03 PM]
Bandwidth Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Bandwidth Calculator
Confused about the various units used to calculate bandwidth, and their equivalent in another unit? Use this bandwidth calculator to instantly figure it out! Just enter a number, select the unit of input, and this script shows its equivalent in the four standard units of bandwidth (Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes, and Gigabytes).
1024
Bytes
Calculate
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/bandwidth_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:06 PM]
Basic Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Basic Calculator
This is a very simple calculator. Just click the numbers and the operators and use the "=" button to calculate! This is a neat example of the LIMITLESS
1 4 7 c
2 5 8 0
3 6 9 =
+ x /
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/basic_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:10 PM]
Beats per Minute (BPM) counter for DJs - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Beat Calculator
A manual Beats per Minute (BPM) counter for DJs. Counts the beats-per-minute of a song by tapping a key or the mouse to the beat of a song. Simply click on the page to start the time then tap any key to the beat. Cool!
AVERAGE BPM ONCLICK BPM TIMING HITS Click on the page to start the bpm counter Press a key or click your mouse to measure beats.
RESET You may also the counter. Netscape 4.x+ and MSIE 4.x+ compatible.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/beat_counter.html [1/17/2007 5:07:13 PM]
Best Price Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Best Price Calculator

Calculates the total cost of an order based on the number of items you want to order. As the total number increases, the cost per item decreases. Neat!
Single unit license License for 2 to 4 units License for 5 to 9 units License for 10 to 24 units License for 25 to 49 units License for 50 to 99 units License for 100 to 199 units License for 200 or more units
$19.95 $17.50 $16.00 $13.00 $10.00 $8.00 $6.00 $4.00
Units: 1
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/best_price_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:16 PM]
Bi-Directional Resistance Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Bi-Directional Resistance Calculator

Calculates resistance from colors and colors from resistance, each with image-based output. Both color and numeric interfaces function as input and output.
resistance calculator
black black black gold
5%
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/bi-directional_resistance_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:21 PM]
Binary Converter Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Binary Converter Calculator

Computers read and store the decimal numbers we see everyday (1, 5, 10, 100, etc.) as binary numbers, a number of just 1's and 0's. All that you do is enter the decimal number and the script will output the binary equivalent! It is a binary converter!
to base 2
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/binary_converter.html [1/17/2007 5:07:25 PM]
Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) Calculator

Calculates an individual's blood alcohol content based on the quantity of beverages consumed, the alcohol percentage in each drink, the person's weight, and the time spent consuming the drink.
q
q q
FLUID OUNCES CONSUMED (Beer ~ 12 oz. Wine Glass ~ 4 oz. 1 Shot ~ 1.5 oz) YOUR WEIGHT (Lbs) ALCOHOL PERCENTAGE IN BEVERAGE (Beer ~ 4-4.5% Wine ~ 15-20% 1 Shot ~ 30-50%) HOURS CONSUMING DRINK
Fluid Ounces Consumed Your Weight (Lbs)
Percent Alcohol Hours Consuming Drink

Calculate Your BAC
BAC Percentage BAC Analysis
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/bac_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:28 PM]
Body Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Body Calculator
Refresh your page. It analyzses a persons information (sex, height, weight) and responds with a comment message.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/body_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:31 PM]
Body Mass Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Body Mass Calculator

Just enter your height and your weight, and JavaScript can use a formula created by the Panel on Energy, Obesity, and Body Weight Standards to figure out your Body Mass Index. This index classifies you into one of several categories, from underweight to desirable to obese.
Weight: Height: Ft.
lbs. In.
Calculate BMI
Body Mass Index According to the Panel on Energy, Obesity, and Body Weight Standards published by American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, your category is:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/body_mass_index_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:33 PM]
Bubble Sort Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Bubble Sort Calculator

Sorts using the Bubble Sort method. Simply enter a list of numbers into the text box and click sort. Enter numbers here:
4,2,5,1,7,8,9,3,6,3,6,2,9,8,5,2,6,7,3,4,5,6,8,1,9,4,3,6,2,5,8,4
The sorted numbers are:
Sort!
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/bubble_sort.html [1/17/2007 5:07:38 PM]
Calculator for Easter Sunday - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Calculator for Easter Sunday

Figure out when Easter Sunday will be in a given year. The timing of the holiday depends on the full moon.
Calculator for Easter Sunday

Enter the year you wish to find the day that Easter falls on. Then click the calculate button. Year:
Calculate
Date:
Clear Print
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/calculator_for_easter_sunday.html [1/17/2007 5:07:41 PM]
Calorie Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Calorie Calculator
Find out how many many calories you have burned.
Your Weight
Miles run
Calories burned
Calculate
Reset
Comments
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/calorie_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:42 PM]
Celsius to Fahrenheit Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Celsius to Fahrenheit Calculator

This Calculators will convert Celsius to Fahrenheit , all you have to do is fill in the prompts and the conversion will appear in an alert box!
Convert C to F Enter C
convert
Value in F
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/celsius_to_fahrenheit.html [1/17/2007 5:07:45 PM]
Celsius to Kelvin Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Celsius to Kelvin Calculator

This Calculators will convert Celsius to Kelvin , all you have to do is fill in the prompts and the conversion will appear in an alert box!
Convert C to K
Enter C
convert
Value in K
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/celsius_to_kelvin.html [1/17/2007 5:07:46 PM]
Chmod Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Chmod Calculator
Use this calculator to configure the correct permission settings for your CGI files. Chmod
Permission Owner Group Other Read Write Execute
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/chmod_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:49 PM]
Circle Solver Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Circle Solver Calculator

Can't remember the formulas for the other two parts of a circle (area, diameter, or circumference) when you only know one? To the rescue is Circle Solver. Enter the circle area, diameter, or circumference and it will solve for the other two! Great!
Area: Diameter: Circumference:
0 0 0
Solve Others Solve Others Solve Others
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/circle_solver.html [1/17/2007 5:07:52 PM]
Circumference Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Circumference Calculator
This calculator can help you figure the circumference of a circle when you enter the radius.
Calculate Circumference
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/circumference_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:54 PM]
Compound Interest Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Compound Interest Calculator

Use this calculator to calculate compound interest. Warns about doubtful data. Revised! The script now has a better handling of "doubtful" data and the code has been further streamlined.
COMPOUND INTEREST
Principal Rate Years Amount Interest
Calculate Clear
Months 1 = .08 2 = .17 3 = .25 4 = .33 5 = .42 6 = .50 7 = .58 8 = .67 9 = .75 10 = .83 11 = .92
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/compound_interest_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:07:57 PM]
High Tech Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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High Tech Calculator

This calculator can do everything! Besides the basic functions: add, subtract, multiply, and divide. It can take the reciprocal, cos, sin, and tan of a number, square root, and has special square and cube buttons. Also does any power of a number you want, and looks great at the same time.
^ 1 ( 4 ) 7 8 9 5 6 2 3 +
Cos
sqrt
Sin
1/x
Tan
x2
Rnd
0 Pi
+/-
x3
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/high_tech_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:00 PM]
How Long Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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How Long Calculator

Find how long in years and days between today and any date past or future. How long since Elvis died? How long till Christmas? Will not accept invalid dates such as February 30. Assumes the usual Gregorian calendar in common use. IE only.
Time Until or Since

Figure out how long in years and days between Today and any Other Date. [Usual Gregorian calendar assumed Century years are leap years only if divisible by 400.] Enter a date Day, Month and Year in numbers: (January=01, ... December=12) dd mm yyyy
Calculate How Long
Clear
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/how_long_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:03 PM]
JRM Calculain Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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JRM Calculain Calculator

This is a great calculator script that has many functions. It calculates and has many different conversions available. Works in MS IE and Opera.
Calculator
Enter an arithmetic expression:
Instructions and examples
Result: 0 Enter an expression to copy:

*166.386 0
Memory:
Paste
A as C Temperature is to B is to D
M+M-MRMC Calculate Clear
Rule of three
Fahrenheit is equal to CelciUs
Measures conversion
1 Length 2 Surface 3 Weight 4 Capacity 5 Volume 6 Other
Copy factor to expression
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/jrm_calculain_calculator.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:08:05 PM]
JRM Calculain Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters
Instructions and examples (Use arrow-up to return to Calculator)
Add: +, Subtract: -, Multiply: *, Divide: /, Remainder: %. Precedence: (), *, /, %, +, -. Decimal: . point Expression: (1+2.5+3)*5-(7/3) Result: 30.1666... 6 * 9 % 7 Result: 5 6 * (9 % 7) Result: 12 If expression is selected: clear it with a new entry, modify it with arrow-left or right. Use Alt+underlined-key to move in document, and Tab or Shift+Tab for next or previous. You can use the numeric keyboard, with Shift key for its arrows. For Fahrenheit-Celcius conversion when you enter any of the two (go with Alt+F or Alt+U) the other one equivalence is shown. For measures conversions select the type with Alt+1...6 and open the box with Alt+Down-arrow. Select the desired conversion with down-arrow or up-arrow and pulse Alt+o directly, which will make the factor (multiply by) to be copied in the expression line, for the addition to the right of it of the quantity for which the equivalence is to be calculated. --------Square root: Math.sqrt(x) Math.sqrt(144) Result:12 Raise x to power y: Math.pow(x,y) PI constant: (3.14159...): Math.PI (4/3)*Math.PI*Math.pow(radius,3) Result: sphere volume, with given radius. Natural logarithm of x: Math.log(x) Sine of x: Math.sin(x) Cosine of x: Math.cos(x) Tangent of x: Math.tan(x) Arcsine of x: Math.asin(x) Arcosine of x: Math.acos(x) Arctangent of x: Math.atan(x) <<< Back to Calculators
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/jrm_calculain_calculator.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:08:05 PM]
JS Handy Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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JS Handy Calculator
This is a calculator with handy basic functions for use on your site. This calculator has better controls to avoid unwanted reactions to unusual button pressing.
+/-
M+
CE
M-
MC
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/js_handy_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:08 PM]
Kelvin to Celsius Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Kelvin to Celsius Calculator

This Calculators will convert Kelvin to Celsius, all you have to do is fill in the prompts and the conversion will appear in an alert box!
Convert K to C
Enter K
convert
Value in C
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/kelvin_to_celsius.html [1/17/2007 5:08:10 PM]
Kinetic Energy Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Kinetic Energy Calculator

This calculator solves any of three variables in a Kinetic Energy equation using this script. Simply enter two of the three values and submit to find the value of the third variable. Neat!
KINETIC ENERGY (joules)
MASS (kg)
VELOCITY (m/s)
Find Mass
Find Velocity
Find KE
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/kinetic_energy_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:13 PM]
Loan Calculator - Put Inputs Here - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Loan Calculator Loan Calculator - Put Inputs Here

Years: 30 Annual Tax: 1000 Interest: 8.0 Annual Insur: 300 Loan Amount: 100000
Calculate Results
Results
Monthly Prin + Int Monthly Tax Monthly Ins Total Payment
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/loan_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:15 PM]
Metric Body Mass Index BMI Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Metric Body Mass Index BMI Calculator

Use this script to calculate your BMI (Body Mass Index). Measurements are computed using the metric system. A perfect addition for a health Web site.
Weight (in Kilos) BMI
Calculate
Height (in Centimeters)

Clear Form
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/metric_bmi_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:17 PM]
Miles Per Gallon Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Miles Per Gallon Calculator

Computes the miles per gallon of your car via the miles traveled and the number of gallons used. Also, if you enter the cost per gallon and how many miles you drive a day, it will estimate your monthly and yearly gas expenses.
Miles Driven: Gallons of Gas: Cost per Gallon: Miles per Day:
Calculates To....
mi. gal $
~ $ $
Mi. per Gal. per month per year

Reset
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/miles_per_gallon_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:20 PM]
Number of Primes Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Number of Primes Calculator

This script implements the seive of Erasttenes. It finds all the prime numbers up to one determined value.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/number_of_primes_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:23 PM]
Parabolic Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Parabolic Calculator
Enter a parabolic equation, like 5x^2 + 18x + 27 and this calculator will determine all the vital information about the graph. And, a rough graph of the curve is available.
Parabolic Calculator
X2+
x-top 0-points y-top
X+
crd disc. show e.g.
do all
x-top y-top Coord. Discriminant neg zero pt. pos zero pt.
reset
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/parabolic_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:29 PM]
Paint / Painter Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Paint / Painter Calculator

This calculator can be used by painters to find out how much paint is needed to cover a given area. The calculator also has an advanced feature that will take the total of the width and height of doors and windows and subtract that measurement from the total area.
Walls Wall 1 Width: Wall 1 Height: Wall 2 Width: Wall 2 Height: Wall 3 Width: Wall 3 Height: Wall 4 Width: Wall 4 Height: Doors Door 1 Width: Door 1 Height: Door 2 Width: Door 2 Height: Windows Window 1 Width: Window 1 Height: Window 2 Width:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/paint_painter_calculator.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:08:33 PM]
ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft.
ft. ft. ft. ft.
ft. ft. ft.
Paint / Painter Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters
Window 2 Height: Area covered by one can of paint Can covers:

Calculate
ft.
sq. ft.
Calculated Area DO NOT EDIT BELOW Wall 1 Area: Wall 2 Area: Wall 3 Area: Wall 4 Area: sq. ft. sq. ft. sq. ft. sq. ft.
Total Area without windows and doors substituted Total Area: sq. ft.
Total Area with windows and doors substituted Total Area: sq. ft.
How many cans of paint will be needed. Number of cans:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/paint_painter_calculator.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:08:33 PM]
Percent Calculate Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Percent Calculate Calculator

Don't waste another minute dealing with percent problems. This calculator will solve both of these for you, just enter the values! What a time-saver!
What is
% of
Answer: Or...
Calculate
is what percent of
? Answer:
Calculate
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/percent_calculate_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:35 PM]
Percent Increase Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Percent Increase Calculator

Enter two numbers and this calculator will help you determine the percent of increase. This is a perfectly simple example of using a JavaScript return function. Check it out!
Enter the two numbers to determine the percent of increase:
Solve
to
The percentage of increase is
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/percent_increase_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:37 PM]
Polygon Angle Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Polygon Angle Calculator

Figure out the number of sides, measure of each exterior angle, and the measure of the interior angle of any polygon. Simply enter one of the three pieces of information!
The sum of the measures of the angles of a convex polygon with n sides is (n - 2)180.
Sides on the polygon: Measure of each exterior angle: Measure of each interior angle:
Find Find Find
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/polygon_angle_finder_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:41 PM]
Prime Number Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Prime Number Calculator

Enter a number and this Calculator can instantly tell you if it is a prime number or not.
Prime Number Calculator

Please enter a number:
Calculate
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/prime_number_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:43 PM]
Prime Number Tester / Factorizing Machine - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Prime Number Tester / Factorizing Machine Calculator

This calculator calculates whether or not a number is prime and break it into its prime factors. Also includes a loading bar for large numbers.
Factorising Machine / Prime Number Tester

100 Factorise
Enter a natural number to be factorised.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/prime_number_tester_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:49 PM]
Pythagorean Theorem Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Pythagorean Theorem Calculator

Enter a parabolic equation, like 5x^2 + 18x + 27 and this calculator will determine all the vital information about the graph. And, a rough graph of the curve is available.
The Pythagorean Theorem

( a2 + b2 = c2 )
2
=
Solve
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/pythagorean_theorem_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:08:57 PM]
Cosine Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Cosine Calculator
Enter the adjacent and hypotenuse angle values and this calculator will solve the cosine angle for you. Neat! Adjacent Angle Hypotenuse Angle Cosine Angle
Calculate!
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/cosine_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:09:02 PM]
Credit Card Payoff Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Credit Card Payoff Calculator

Calculate the monthly payment or number of months to pay off a credit card debt using the remaining balance and interest rate.
What will it take to pay off my credit card?

Enter your credit card balance: $ Enter the credit card's interest rate: Enter payment amount per month: $ or Enter desired months until debt free:
Calculate
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/credit_card_payoff_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:09:07 PM]
Date Difference Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Date Difference Calculator

Enter two dates (including the time!) and this calculator will display the number of weeks, days, hours, minutes, and seconds between the two. The seconds field is optional, too. For an example, try entering your birth date and compare it to today's date.
First Date:
Date: Time:
(MM/DD/YYYY format) (HH:MM:SS format) (MM/DD/YYYY format) (HH:MM:SS format)
Second Date:
Date: Time:
Calculate Difference!
Date Difference:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/date_difference_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:09:12 PM]
Day of Week Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Day of Week Calculator

Calculate what day of the week a given date was. It works for leap years and also tells you whether the date is in the past future or today.
Day 1
Month January
Year
Get Date Info
Day of the week
Time
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/day_of_week_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:09:17 PM]
Distance Speed Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Distance Speed Calculator

Calculate the time, distance, or speed given any two of the pieces of information. Convenient!
Time from Distance and Speed Enter distance value and unit: 1 Enter speed value and units: 1 Time is: Hours Minutes
Calculate Metres Metres per Second
Seconds
Distance from Speed and Time Enter speed value and units: 1 Enter time: 0 Hours 0
Metres per Second
Minutes 0
Metres
Seconds
Distance is (select unit before calculating):

Calculate
Speed from Distance and Time
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/distance_speed_time.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:09:22 PM]
Distance Speed Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters
Enter distance value and unit: 1 Enter time: 0 Hours 0 Minutes 0
Metres
Seconds
Metres per Second
Speed is (select units before calculating): 1

Calculate
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/distance_speed_time.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:09:22 PM]
Download Speed Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Download Speed Calculator

This calculator will help you estimate how long it will take to download a file at any of a number of modem speeds. Check it out!
File Size? If your modem is a .... 9.6 Kb 14.4 Kb 28.8 Kb 56 Kb ISDN (64 Kb) ISDN (128 Kb)
KB
MB
It will take you .... Hours Minutes Seconds
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/download_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:09:29 PM]
Driving Distance Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Driving Distance Calculator

Use this online calculator to estimate the driving distance between U.S. cities.
Driving Distances between Selected USA Cities Starting City Instructions: Select starting city at left, destination at right. Or, if you are feeling particularly contrary today, vice versa. Then click below.
Get Distance
Destination City
Miles
Kilometers
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/driving_distance_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:09:32 PM]
Elapsed Time Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Elapsed Time Calculator

This calculator computes and displays the elapsed time between "Start" and "Finish" button clicks.
Start
Finish
Elapsed time:
seconds
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/elapsed_time_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:09:37 PM]
Expression Solver Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Expression Solver Calculator

Just enter a math expression (with +, -, *, and / signs) and this calculator will evaluate the expression for you.
Enter a math expression and click "Calculate" !
Equation
Result
Calculate!
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/expression_solver_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:09:43 PM]
Quadratic Equation Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Quadratic Equation Calculator

Solves quadratic equations for inputted coefficients. Answers can be either real or complex. Awesome!
x2+ x1= x2=
x+
=0
Solve
Reset
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/quadratic_equation_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:09:49 PM]
RT60 Acoustic Reverb Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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RT60 Acoustic Reverb Calculator

This calculator is designed to give the RT60 delay value for the room you describe in the area below. Area acoustics is a factor that all in the music business have to learn to accept and work to our own advantage. In the studio, knowledge might allow you to take advantage to get some particular sound you wish to highlight. In live sound, acoustics can be a problem without the knowledge of why they react as they do. Either way we all should know and learn something about acoustics. In the early 1920s, an early experimenter in room and area acoustics, Wallace Sabine derived the formula which is used by this calculator, and is the foundation for all acoustic studies and calculations. RT60 is an acoustical measurement used to calculate reverb time decay. RT60 is in reality the measurement of time it takes a given audio signal to fall -60db (decibels). The formula is RT60 = k*(V/Sa). In this formula, k is a constant that equals 0.161 when the units of measurement are metric (in meters for our use) and 0.049 when units are expressed in feet. Measurements are to the closest whole meter or foot for most purposes, though you may enter decimal values. (You MUST remain uniform in values of feet or meters throughout.) Sa is the total surface absorption of a room expressed in Sabins, named after the creator. It is a sum of all the surface areas in the room multiplied by their respective absorption coefficients. The absorption coefficients express the absorption factor (characteristics) of materials at given frequencies. The figures used in this calculator come from the Table Of Absorption Coefficients for various materials, published by the National Department of Measurements, concerning area acoustics. This same table is used by virtually every building materials manufacturer for product information. In this calculator, enter the measurements of the room. Make sure you specify the units as feet or meters. Then select the wall and interior materials that are appropriate, as well as the quantity. Select the sound frequency as best possible. Click on Calculate for the results. You may click on Clear Values to start over.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/RT60_acoustic_reverb_calculator.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:09:56 PM]
RT60 Acoustic Reverb Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters
RT60 Calculator Required Data Entry Width Walls Length Construction Material Deflection Material Front
Sheetrock Glass, windows 0 0 Sheetrock Glass, windows 0 0 Sheetrock Glass, windows 0 0 Sheetrock Glass, windows 0 0 Concrete, painted Glass, windows 0 0 Wood floor Carpet on concrete 0
Height
feet
meters
Windows, Doors And Other Surfaces Size

0
Quantity x
0
Back
Left
Right
Ceiling
Floor
125 Hz
250 Hz
500 Hz
1000 Hz
2000 Hz
4000 Hz
Calculated Results Estimated Probable RT60 value of this room is 0 Probable best case RT60 value of this room is 0 Probable worst case RT60 value of this room is 0
Calculate Clear Values
seconds. seconds. seconds.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/RT60_acoustic_reverb_calculator.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:09:56 PM]
Room Size Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Room Size Calculator

Use this calculator to find the approximate room size you'll need depending on your room setup and arrangement.
Number of people or exhibition booths

Calculate Reset
Room Size Required

Banquet 60" round tables 72" round tables Theater Seating 18" desks School Room 30" desks Reception Trade Show 8'x10' booths 10'x10' booths
Sq. Ft.
Sq. Ft.
Sq. Ft.
Sq. Ft.
Sq. Ft.
Sq. Ft.
Sq. Ft.
Sq. Ft.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/room_size_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:10:01 PM]
Saving Estimator Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Saving Estimator Calculator

Enter how much you can afford to save each month, how long you can save this amount, and the interest rate you can get on your savings and this script will display your total savings.
Total invested each month: Number of months/years to aquire sum: Interest rate on savings:
Months
How much will I have?
Total : 0.00
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/saving_estimator_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:10:07 PM]
Sine Angle Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Sine Angle Calculator

Enter the opposite and hypotenuse angle values and this calculator will solve the sine angle for you.
Opposite Angle Hypotenuse Angle Sine Angle
Calculate!
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/sine_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:10:18 PM]
Stock Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Stock Calculator
Deciding when to buy and sell stocks is difficult enough - figuring the profit or loss from that trade shouldn't have to be. Just enter the number of shares, your purchase price, your selling price, and the commission fees for the trade and this script instantly figures your resulting profit or loss after commission fees.
Shares Symbol Purchase Price Sell Price Buy commission Sell Commission
Calculate Trade
* *
Purchased For Sold For Result
* Remember to convert fractions to decimals!
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/stock_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:10:27 PM]
Tangent Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Tangent Calculator
Enter the opposite and adjacent angle values and JavaScript will solve the tangent angle for you. Opposite Angle Adjacent Angle Tangent Angle
Calculate!
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/tangent_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:10:31 PM]
Wavelength Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Wavelength Calculator
Assists ham radio operators in converting a frequency to its wavelength in feet or inches. Other uses include acoustic measurement and adjustment, microphone placement, room tuning, and speaker positioning.
MHz WL = ft. (or
1/2 WL 1/4 WL
inches.)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/wavelength_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:10:33 PM]
Wind Chill Calculator - Online Calculators - Conversions - Converters

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Wind Chill Calculator

Wind Chill is a mysterious and often misunderstood phenomenon. This script describes what the wind chill factor really is and offers a form to calculate the wind chill factor when given the air temperature and wind speed. Wind Speed (MPH) = Air Temperature (F) =
Calculate Wind Chill
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/calculators/wind_chill_calculator.html [1/17/2007 5:10:36 PM]
DC to AC Circuits and Inverter Circuits

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/DC_to_AC_Converters.html [1/17/2007 5:10:38 PM]
DC to AC Power Supplies - Electronic Circuits

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/DC_to_AC_Power_Supplies.html [1/17/2007 5:10:42 PM]
DC to DC Converters - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/DC_to_DC_Converters.html (1 of 6) [1/17/2007 5:10:54 PM]
DC to DC Power Suppliers & Converters

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/DC_to_DC_Power_Supplies.html (1 of 6) [1/17/2007 5:11:01 PM]
Data Logginng - Acquisition Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Data Logginng / Acquisition Circuits

1 Wire Barometer: 8 Bit Analog to Digital Converter (ADC): Accelerometer Schematic: AD Converter With Tracking / Samplehold: ADC 0804LCN 8bit A/D Converter: ADCx RS232 Interface Schematic: Addressable ADC: Air Flow Detector #1: Air Flow Detector #2: Analog input Section Based on AD9220: Analog to Digital Converter With Switching Preamplifier: Brain Wave Machine: Centronics Port DA Converters & Lowpass Filter: Clockless Analog to Digital Converter: Differential Capacitance Measurement for Tilt Meter: Digital Compass Schematic: Digital PC Oscilloscope: Digital thermometer: Digital Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter (PIC16F876): Experimental Laser Data Link: Geiger Counter: LCD Thermometer: Lie Detector: Lie Detector: Logarithmic A/D Encoder: Low Cost A/D Converter: Low Flow Rate Thermal Flowmeter: Low resolution BCD Analog to Digital Converter: Magnetometer: Network of RS485 temperature Sensors: One Wire Barometer: Pressure SensorBased Altimeter Circuit: Self Made Data Logger : Serial Port A/Dconverter: Simple Flash A/D Converter: Simple Lie Detector: Strain gauge Sensor: Temperature Data Logger: Thermostat Node Schematic: Ultrasonic Range & Imager: Ultrasonic Range Finder Circuit: uModem 4+4/8 Channel A/D Board:
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Data Logginng - Acquisition Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Universal Flight Controllers / Data Logger: Water Level Sensor: Webbased thermometer Project: Wireless Liquid Level Sensing for Restaurant Applications: Wireless Weather Station:
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Decibel Meter Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Decibel Meter Circuits

Audio VU Meter: Precision Audio MilliVoltmeter: Measures10mV to50Volt RMS in eight ranges Simply connect to your Avo-meter set @50A range Sound Level Meter: Understanding Peak Reading Meters: includes1-example circuit diagram
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Decibel_Meter.html [1/17/2007 5:11:10 PM]
Decoder Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Decoder Circuits
ADC to PC interface transfers data in nibbles : 12/09/99 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 uses a Centronics printer port to interface an eight-channel, 8-bit ADC to a PC. The circuit cuts the cost of addressing and decoder circuitry and saves one expansion slot for interfacing. The design uses three of the subport... LFSR provides encryption: 09/13/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / LFSRs (linear-feedback shift registers) find extensive use in cryptography. For example, the cryptographic algorithms in the GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) mobile-phone system rely on the use of LFSRs. An LFSR comprises a register containing a sequence of bits and a feedback function. . Manchester co decoder fits into 32 macrocell PLD: 01/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / Manchester encoding is common, and this scheme erases the dc-spectrum component present in an NRZ signal in baseband transmissions. An important application is in Ethernet-interface adapters, in which several kinds of media-attachment units interfac... Microcontroller visualizes hex code: 04/27/00 EDN-Design Ideas / In C systems, information exchanges usually use the hexadecimal 1-2-4-8 format; output data also appear in this format. Reading the hex code is not a problem; several LEDs connected to the output lines can display the answer. The problem arises when you w... Rotary encoder mates with digital potentiometer: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In developing electronic systems, designers look for products or ideas that may benefit from the better performance, smaller size, lower cost, and improved reliability that an IC can offer. Toward that end, the digital potentiometer emerged as an alternative to its mechanical counterpart, the mechanical potentiometer... Sequential channel selector simplifies software: 01/04/01 EDN-Design Ideas / An efficient but powerful circuit is useful for a variety of applications with limited I/O and for which you want to use one input to sequentially select a different output channel ( Figure 1 ). When the software changes the state of only one input,... Simple phototimer controls load: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In industrial and home applications, the need sometimes exists for a device that, after activation by some physical effect, such as light, temperature, or sound, switches a load on for a predetermined time. The load, such as a lamp, motor, solenoid, or heater, usually derives its power from the ac line. . Single printer port pin acts as an encoder output: 06/07/01 EDN-Design Ideas / ( Encoders and decoders are common elements in alarm, remote-control, and measurement systems. However, most of these devices require many I/O lines when under microprocessor or PC control. For example, the HT-12E encoder has eight address pins, four... Use your printer port as a high current ammeter: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / With a few inexpensive components and INT1Ch, you can turn the printer port of your PC into a highcurrent ammeter.... You've got mail: 08/19/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Many e-mail programs provide a "beep" or a pop-up message box signaling the user that a new e-mail message has arrived. If the you are too far from the computer to hear the audible signal or if the monitor is turned off, then you miss the new-mail a...
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Decoder Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
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Time Delay Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Time Delay Circuits

555 time Delay Circuit: Butterworth filter has adjustable group delay: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The Sallen-Key realization of a 5.25-MHz, three-pole Butterworth filter has a gain of 2V/V and can drive 75O back-terminated coax with an overall gain of 1 (Figure 1). Used to reconstruct component-video (Y, Pb, Pr) and RGB signals, this filter has an insertion loss greater than 20 db at 13.5 MHz and greater than 40 db at 27 MHz (Figure 2).. Delay line has wide duty cycle range: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Today's digital delay lines can process pulses no shorter than their delay times, and that restriction confines the devices to applications in which the duty cycle remains near 50%. A limited range of available delays (2 to 100 nsec per tap) further limits their use. Longer delay is available with one-shot multivibrators of standard digitallogic families, but those devices do not retain duty-c.... Delay Line implements Clock Doubler: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Delay line upgrades vintage scope: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Vintage triggered-sweep oscilloscopes find use in many applications. However, they have no internal delay line, so they can't display the pulse that triggers the sweep. Moreover, early laboratory scopes contain delay lines having insufficient delay to display such pulses during a uniform portion of the sweep. . Delay Simulator Debugs Communications Equipment: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Feedback circuit eliminates CCD driver delay mismatch : 09/18/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In a CCD (charge-coupled device), packets of charges shift across the array. The transistor array, also called a bucket-brigade shift register, receives drive from a dual-phase clock signal. Dual-phase clock signals comprise two synchronized clock signals that are 180 out of phase. High peak-output-current CCD drivers can buffer the logic-level clock signals and turn them into highvoltag...... Low Voltage, High Current Time Delay Circuit: Power Off Time Delay Relay Circuit: Relay Delay Circuit: Smooth Tone Clickless CW Sidetone Generator: time delay circuit: Time delay relay reduces inrush current: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A transformer switching onto a line can sometimes cause a circuit breaker to trip or a fuse to blow. This phenomenon occurs even if the transformer presents no load, such as when the secondary is open. The problem arises because of the heavy magnetizing inrush current in the transformer. The amplitude of the current depends on the instant on the ac waveform at which the transformer become... . Time Delay Relay: Windshield Wiper Delay:
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Time Delay Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
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Demodulator Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Demodulator Circuits
Circuit yields accurate absolute values: 07/05/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 delivers the absolute value of the input signal with an accuracy better than 10 ppm of the full-scale range. The circuit has low zero-crossing error. You can use it as an asynchronous demodulator, as a source for logarithmic amplifiers, or simply as a demonstration of the wonders of feedback.. Clock recovery scheme suits low SNR systems: 06/05/00 EDN-Design Ideas / A clock-recovery architecture can operate with NRZ digital signals, even at low SNRs. A clock-recovery subsystem is based on a PLL comprising a phase comparator, a loop filter, and a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).... Demodulator Schematic/Design: Inverted bipolar transistor doubles as a signal clamp: 06/07/01EDN-Design Ideas / A number of circuits, such as level detectors and AM demodulators, benefit from a rectifier with a low offset voltage. Silicon diodes have an offset of approximately 0.6V and do not work well in low-level circuitry. A Schottky diode is a bit better... Inverted bipolar transistor doubles as a signal clamp: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / A number of circuits, such as level detectors and AM demodulators, benefit from a rectifier with a low offset voltage.... Novel method detects lock in Costas loops: 06/22/00 EDN-Design Ideas / In the well-established lock-detection scheme for conventional PLLs, the VCO or VCXO local oscillator splits the output into 0 and 90 signals ( Figure 1 ). The incoming IF signal mixes with the 0 and 90 signals to perform phase locking and lock detection,... QPSK Demodulator Is Good Match For Low Cost Modulator: 04/14/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This demodulator is suitable for the quadrature phaseshift keying (QPSK) modulator previously published by the same author, "Novel Low-Cost QPSK Modulator Needs No Adjustments" (electronic design, Sept. 16, 2002, p. 92). Also based on... Self modifying code extends addressing mode: 12/17/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Selfmodifying code extends addressing mode. VHDL procedure dynamically opens a file . Configure buck converter for boost operation. Circuit eases three-phase monitoring. PLL forms simple MSK demodulator. C makes inexpensive sine-wave generator. 74... Simple BER meter is easy to build: 03/02/00 EDN-Design Ideas / A bit-error-rate (BER) tester is a basic tool for digital-communications measurements. Although many commercial BER testers are available, you can easily design and build an inexpensive version. The scheme in Figure 1 has performance similar to that of a... Single sideband demodulator covers the HF band: 07/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 complements a previous Design Idea ( Reference 1 ). The modulator used a phasing network to split a low-frequency (audio) signal into inphase and quadrature (orthogonal) components. The phasing network has an advantage over... Single sideband demodulator covers the HF band: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 complements a previous Design Idea (" SSB modulator covers HF band ," EDN , Sept 30, 1999, pg 122). The modulator employs a phasing network to split a low-frequency audio signal into in-phase and quadrature (orthogonal) compo...
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Demodulator Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Spread spectrum method identifies audio path: 04/13/00 EDN-Design Ideas / An unusual method of audio spread spectrum can identify the audio path that's currently in use through a consumer-electronic device. The design in Figure 1a uses an injected audio spread-spectrum tag signal because a listener does not notice the low... Click here for Other Circuits
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Detectors - Sensors - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Sensors / Detectors
q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q
Accelerations Air Flow Automotive Capacitance Current Distance Frequency Gas Human Motion Human Proximity Human Touch Humidity Light Liquid Magnetic Sensors Metal Microwave Moisture/Water Motion Sensor Peak Detectors Phase Detectors Position Pressure Proximity Radar Radiation Resistance RF (Radio Frequency) Rotation Seismic Solar Energy Smoke Temperature Vibration Voltage Water/Moisture
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Detectors.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:11:28 PM]
Detectors - Sensors - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects

q
Wind Speed
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Dew Point Meters - Sensors & Detectors - Electronic Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Humidity Detectors

741 Based Light Sensor: CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay Circuitry for inexpensive Relative Humidity Measurement: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Dual Comparators Stabilize Proximity Detector: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Infrared Body heat Detector: Low cost relative humidity transmitter uses single logic IC: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The low-cost percentage-relative-humidity radio transmitter in Figure 1 operates in a coldstorage warehouse for vegetable storage at temperatures of 1 to 5 C. It is generally difficult to collect such data from a low-temperature area with high humidity and low illumination. The transmitter design is simple: It uses a readily available, capacitor-type percentage-relativehumidity se... . Measure humidity and temperature on one TTL line: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / By combining the responses of an Analog Devices (www.analog.com) AD590 temperature sensor and a Humirel (www.humirel.com) HS1101 humidity sensor, you can generate a single TTLlevel signal containing information from both sensors (Figure 1). This design uses a 74HC123 monostable multivibrator, IC1, to form a free-running oscillator. . Remote humidity sensor needs no battery: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Using ac-line power sources and batteries for remote humidity sensors is undesirable because these sources can be troublesome if you mount them in inaccessible points, such as smokestacks, cold-storage chambers, or darkrooms, where maintenance is difficult and inconvenient. Figure 1 shows a simple way to remove the power source from the humidity-sensor circuit. . Signal Conditioning Precisely indicates Humidity: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Uses Optical Fiber To Send RelativeHumidity Data : 04/01/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / The circuit shown in the figure measures relative humidity in air at the low temperatures found in applications like cold storage of food items and greenhouses. Instead of using electrical signal cables that... Tiny Dew Sensor: Transmitter senses triple relative humidity figures: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a triple, relative-humidity sensor and radio transmitter. Sensors 1 and 2 form two gated oscillators with natural frequencies of 10 and 5 kHz, respectively, at relative humidity of 50%. The gated oscillators use variable resistances R2 and R3, respectively. Together, these two oscillators generate FSK-modulated outputs at output of IC1B, Pin 6..
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Dew%20Point%20Meters.html [1/17/2007 5:11:33 PM]
Amplifier Circuits - Differential - Electronic Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: Differential

Difference amplifier uses digital potentiometers: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need to measure a small signal in the presence of a large commonmode signal. Traditional instrumentation amplifiers that use two or three op amps in their internal structure find common use in these applications. The circuit in Figure 1 presents an alternative approach that is useful when low cost and low drift are important, but when you don't need high precision.. Differential Amp Drives highspeed ADC: 06/21/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Differential amp needs no power source: 05/02/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A truedifferential, power-source-free, high-input-impedance amplifier with bipolar output would present distinct advantages in remote devices. Such an amplifier, with its bipolar output, would be a better choice than a unipolar, 4- to 20-mA device. It would also improve on common-mode performance. In Figure 1, a Maxim MAX319 analog switch, IC2, feeds the power from the coaxial signal cable to .... Fully Differential Input Voltage Amplifier : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Click here for Other Circuits
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Differentiator Circuits - Electronic Circuits & Projects
Differentiator Circuits
Passive Differentiator tops Active Designs: 04/28/94 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Differentiator_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:11:47 PM]
Digital Circuits - Electronic Projects - Hobby Circuits
Digital / Logic Circuits

C implements Pushbutton Light Dimmers: 06/18/98 EDN-Design Ideas 10 Tricks for Interfacing to the PIC16C508: 101 AT Keyboard to ASCII Decoder using 68HC705J1MCU: 101 AT Keyboard to ASCII Decoder: The Host to Keyboard Protocol is initiated by taking the KBD data line low. However to prevent the keyboard from sending data at the same Time that you attempt to send the keyboard data, it is common to take the KBD Clock line low for more than 60us. This is more than one bit length. Then the KBD data line is taken low, while the KBD clock line is released. 12C508 Smart Lock: The base sends a data sequence (the password) which is recognized by the key. The key checks the sequence and -if it recognizes it -sends to the base another data sequence, as an answer to the password. At the Time when the base gets a correct answer (which means that the key has been introduced), the relay is put into action, and it can command a number of consumers. 15 Step Digital Power Supply: 2 Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy : 07/08/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872... 2 Transistors Form Bidirectional Level Translator: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Illustrates a translation from5 to3V, but it can accommodate almost any other voltage levels, provided the logic-low levels are equal (usually0V), translation from1 to100-Volt are possible although slow. 2 Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84: 24 Bit RGB Video Digitizer: designed for use as the front end of a digital video processor 68HC11 Function Generator: 68HC11 Instruction halts External RC Clock: 04/27/95 EDN-Design Ideas 68HC11 Stepper Motor Control: 68HC11 Synthesizes Accurate Sine Wave: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas About PIC Microcontrollers: AFSK 1200 Modem Based on PIC16C620: Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Analog to Digital Conversion Notes for PIC Processor: Array Logic Provides High Speed Multiplication: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas AT89C2051 / 4051 Driving Dot LED: AT89C2051 / 4051 Easy Downloader: AT89C2051 / 4051connecting Dumb Terminal: AT89C2051 / 4051scanning 7 Segment Display & Keypad:
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AT89C2051 / 4051Stepper Motor Interface: AT89C2051 Digital Thermometer & Clock: AT89C2051 Line Follower Robot: AT89C2051 Night Light Saver: AT89C2051 Real Time Controller: AT89C2051 Serial Coms to LED Driver: AT89C51 / 52 / 55 Easy Downloader: Atmel 8051 Flash Based Microcontroller Programmer: Atmel 89C Series Flash Microcontroller Programmer: AVR microcontroller makes improved motor controller: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a novel method of reading the pulse train using an Atmel (www.atmel.com) AVR processor, from a typical radio-controlled receiver, and to determine the velocity of a motor. To capture the pulse train from a typical receiver, you need an external interrupt that triggers based on a rising and a falling edge.. Basic Stamp Computer Eases Prototyping hassles: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas Build a PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: Build Logic Gates using Discrete Parts: C 52 EVB Robot Controller: Casio QV 200 Digital Camera Cable: Lose your cable? Build it yourself and save $29. Fits many QV models. Circuit Controls Two LEDs With One Microcontroller Port Pin : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Microcontroller port pins can typically be driven either high or low, or else be put into an "input" or high-impedance state. This circuit uses the three states to drive two separate LEDs with one port pin. This can be very useful when there are no... Circuit Converts Between TTL & Shifted ECL: 08/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit forms industrial grade digital potentiometer: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Both ac and dc motors in modern industrial systems often receive their control from PLCs (programmable-logic controllers) in a control room safely away from the process. If an operator must manually set the motor speed while observing the proc. Circuit provides watchdog for microcontrollers: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The watchdog circuit in Figure 1 uses a single NAND Schmitt-trigger IC. The circuit is more cost-effective than dedicated, commercially available watchdog ICs. The circuit generates an active-high reset signal upon power-up and remains in a low state as long as the control input receives pulses. Whenever the pulsing at the control input stops, whether the circuit is in a high or a low state, th.... Circuit transmits ARINC 429 data: 07/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The ARINC (Aeronautical Radio Inc) 429 specification defines the air transport industry's hardware and protocol standards for the transfer of digital data between avionics systems. Circuitry that can implement elements of the 429 spec is often an essential part of control and sensor electronics intended for the aviation environment.. Clock Divider Circuit: Clock Doubling Circuit (500KHz) for CMOS Logic: Exclusive OR gate Closed Caption Decoder: This is a closed-caption decoder with serial output, based on a PIC16C71, an lantec EL4581C sync separator, and an LM393 dual comparator (for data slicing with automatic threshold). Combination Lock (PIC16F84): Connecting LED to PIC Micro I/O Pins: Connecting PIC12C508 8 to 93AA46 Serial Eprom: Controller Provides Multiple Alarm Driver Formats: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas Correlator Works in Presence of Noise: 02/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Clippedsignal Correlator outperforms any resistor-capacitor clipped-signal Correlator, and the circuit has no race paths Difference amplifier uses digital potentiometers: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need to measure a small signal in the presence of a large common-mode signal. Traditional instrumentation amplifiers that use two or three op amps in their internal structure find common use in these applications. The circuit in Figure 1 presents an alternative approach that is useful when low cost and low drift are important, but when you don't need high precision..
Digisound Ring Modulator: Digisound VCDO Parts Lists / Layout: Digital / Standard Phone Line Tester: make sure that the line is suitable for modem use and your PCMCIA does not damage if you plug it in Digital Automatic Gain Control (AGC): Digital Camera Interface: (PDF) project shows how a CMOS Camera On a Chip image sensor can be interfaced to an XSA-100 Board through an I2C bus. The pixel data is buffered in the XSA-100 SDRAM and is then uploaded through the parallel port to be displayed on a PC. Digital Combination Lock: Digital Compass Schematic: Digital current source is nonvolatile: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digitally programmable current sources that feature automatic trimming and retain the setting despite power-down cycles are useful in applications such as RF- and lasercommunications drivers. The circuit in Figure 1, for example, is particularly suited for setting the drive current for the optical pump in widely tunable VCSELs (verticalcavity surface-emitting lasers). . Digital Delay Unit for Surround Sound: Digital Echo: Digital Filter Makes Simple Spike Eliminator: 04/10/97 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Frequency Counter: Digital Knobs: Digital Mains Voltage Indicator: Digital PC Oscilloscope: Digital PLL Synthesis: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Digital Position Encoder Does Away With ADC: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Pot Adjusts LCD's Contrast: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit. Digital Pot Corrects for System Drift: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Potentiometer Autonulls OpAmp: 10/22/98 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Potentiometer Controls LCD Bias: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Potentiometer Controls Phase Shift: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Digital potentiometer programs and stabilizes voltage reference: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The potentiometer portion of a mixed-signal, digitally programmable potentiometer adds variability to an analog circuit, and its digital controls provide programmability. You can use a digital potentiometer in two ways in an analog circuit. You can use it as a two-terminal variable resistance, or rheostat, or as a three-terminal resistive divider.. Digital Pressure Gauge: Digital Quality Microphone Pre Ampl. Using the Model 425 OPAMP : Digital signal controls sine generator: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit of Figure 1 produces an accurate, variable-frequency sine wave for use as a generalpurpose reference signal. It includes an eighth-order elliptic, switched-capacitor lowpass filter, IC3, which uses a 100-kHz square-wave clock signal that microcontroller IC2 generates. (Any other convenient square-wave source is also acceptable... Digital Signal Processor (DSP) for Radio Communications: Digital Signals Produce Pure Sine Waves: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Speed Control for RC Car: DC motor PWM controller that takes the1ms to2ms pulse from the RC receiver and converts it into a PWM train at1Khz Digital Step Km Counter Max.: Pedometer has a range of 9.950 meters with2digits. Slip it in pants pocket for walking and jogging Digital Stereo Potentiometer: in PDF format, text in Finnish Digital Storage Oscilloscope Adapter Mk #3: Digital Storage Oscilloscope : Digital Switching System: Digital Sync tip Clamping: 10/08/98 EDN-Design Idea / Digital sync-tip Clamping allows an ac-coupled ADC to digitize analog video without restoring the horizontal Timing. A new approach to video signal conditioning. Digital Tachometer Avoids Analog Vices: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital thermometer:
Digital Timer has Independent On / Off Periods: 03/28/96 EDN-Design Ideas Digital to Analog Centronics D / a & Filter: Digital Video Processor: Digital Video TBC / Standards Converter: This project is a Time base corrector/standards converter. There is only a partial project description available. Digital Volt Meter With Video Output: Digital Volt Meter: DIGITAL VOLTMETER: This is just a schematic view of a digital voltmeter all components and values are listed. Digital volume control has log taper: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers provide a compact and convenient way to attenuate audioamplifier signals. However, most such potentiometers suffer from at least one flaw: a nonlogarithmic step increment. To avoid this problem, a user must usually step. Digital Volume Control: based on DS1669 Digital Pot IC Digital Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter (PIC16F876): Digitally Adjust Regulator's Output Using a JFET Interface : 04/29/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Often, electronic systems are guaranteed to operate with any supply voltage, within a given VCC range. Testing these circuits requires a regulated voltage supply that can be automatically incremented, from a minimum to a certain maximum.... Digitally Control Gain over a 40 DB Range: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / digitally control an amplifiers gain over a 40-dB range gain Resolution of1.25 dB Digitally Controlled Phase Shift: Altering the phase response of a signal without changing its amplitude characteristics is commonly performed using an all pass filter. This circuit implementation is well suited to using digital potentiometers as the controlling element. Exclusive Or Gate Applications: Generate Video Signals: in real-time using a PIC16F84 High Efficiency Halogen Bike Light Dimmer: This circuit uses a PIC16F84 microcontroller with some software to control20-Watt12V DC halogen lamp High Performance FM Receiver for Audio & Digital: Interfacing thePIC16C508: Key reading circuit saves I/O pins: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Some microcontroller applications usually use too many I/O pins to read keys or onboard switches; in many cases, few pins remain available for other uses. Some alternative ways to read keys yield more free pins. First, consider some ways to effect key reading. Table 1 presents a comparison of four methods with references to circuit configurations (figures 1, 2, 3, and 4) Logic Family Voltage Translation: how to translate between TTL, 74xx, CMOS, ECL, PECL, Low Voltage TTL, LVTTL, etc. Logic offers complementary switch control: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The complementary-switch controller in Figure 1 uses a few inverter gates to provide drive signals for the complementary switches. Complementary-switch configurations find widespread use in synchronous-rectification circuits, charge pumps, full-bridge control circuits, and other circuits. The circuit in Figure 1 provides not only a complementary drive signal but also a deadtime delay ... . Logic Probe: Low Cost Digital Thermometer Uses SingleChip Microcontroller : 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The ... Low Voltage Interface Circuits Translate 1.8 to 5V: 11/05/98 EDN-Design Ideas Low Voltage Reset operates Below 2.7V: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Make a DAC with a microcontroller's PWM timer: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Many embedded-microcontroller applications require generation of analog signals. An integrated or stand-alone DAC fills the role. However, you can often use PWM signals for generating the required analog signals. You can use PWM signals to create both dc and ac analog signals. This Design Idea shows how to use a PWM timer to simultaneously create a sinusoid, a ramp, and a dc voltage..
Make noise with a PIC : 08/07/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Building a stable noise generator for audio-frequency purposes requires only a few components. The circuit in Figure 1 relies on linear-feedback shift registers and some simple software. An eight-pin Microchip (www.microchip.com) PIC12C508 controller (IC2) with a short program generates pseudorandom noise at its output pin, GP0.... Methods Link ECL & PECL: 03/02/95 EDN-Design Ideas Microcontroller becomes multifunctional: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A microcontroller, by default, can execute only one program at a time. What do you do if, in a given project, you need to perform more than one operation at a time? Add more microcontrollers to the design? In certain cases it's unnecessary. Consider a real-life situation (Figure 1). The microcontroller constantly generates on its Pulse output pin a sequence of pulses with 25-msec duration... . Microcontroller Emulates Numerically Controlled Oscillator : 02/21/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Microcontrollers commonly add intelligence or digital functions to products, but they can also provide a variety of analog signals. This circuits uses an18-pin PIC16C54 microcontroller, combined with an inexpensive, 8-bit DAC and a simple lowpass filter. Microcontroller Interface for 5KWatt Microwave oven: Microcontroller Makes Effective Frequency Counter: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Microcontroller MultiChannel Light Dimmer: The project is a microprocessorcontrolled multiple channel lighting dimmer, that could be used in theatrical and other applications. The device will accept input from a wide range of interfaces: RS232 input, DMX512 (theatrical lighting standard) or RS485, or a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI). The device will control a number of lamps by using some form of AC power control. The firmware in the microcontroller will handle all functions, from decoding the protocol on either of the input interfaces through to Timing the firing of power triacs for the output. Microcontroller Watches, Controls AC Power: 06/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas -- circuit allows an isolated microcontroller to both sense and control ac power to an externally plugged-in device Microprocessor RS232 Reset: MiniLOGGER V1.0: Mk1 PC Based EPROM Programmer: Mk2 PC Based EPROM Programmer: Multi Chip Programmer: Multimedia Electronic Crib: microcontroller based light controller which generates sequence of day-night with light fading, optional serial control interface, based on 87C51 One Microcontroller Serves Multiple External Interrupts: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Pedometer: PIC 5x7 Display: PIC Based Keyboard Emulator: PIC Based Motor Controller: PIC Based Web Server: PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: PIC Logic Probe With Pulser: PIC Programmer: to download programs into PIC microprocessors. PIC Tetris Game: PIC12C508 Night Light Saver: PIC16C84 VT 52 Emulator for Linux: PIC16F84 Based Morse Code Reader: PIC16F84 Debugging Terminal: PIC16F84 Line Following Robot: PIC16F84 Miniature Real Time Controller: PIC16F84 Programmer #2: PIC16F84 Programmer: PIC16F84 Serial I / O Expander With PicBasic: PIC16F84 Ultrasonic Range Finder Project: PICADC a Free, PIC Based "intelligent" a / D Converter:
PICDIM Application Note: This is a lamp dimmer design based on PIC12C508 microcontroller. Picxie 2 8x8 Animated LED Signboard: PIXpand: Precision Amplifier With Digital Control: Precision Attenuator With Digital Control: Precision Digital AC Power Controller: Programmable Clock Oscillator: PIC-Tock video clock using a PIC16C61 Programmable Logic Controller: Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diode-stabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diode-stabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Programmer Software for Lattice GDS chips.: Random Bit Sequence Generator: Read Temperature With One Digital Output and One Digital Input : 03/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Before the MAX6629/30/31/32 series of temperature sensors were available, all digital-output temperature sensors were I2C (alternatively called SMBus) sensors that had to be written to for addressing, before they were read. Prior SPI... Replace An External Gate With a Resistor : 08/17/98 EDN-Design Ideas Rotary encoder mates with digital potentiometer: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In developing electronic systems, designers look for products or ideas that may benefit from the better performance, smaller size, lower cost, and improved reliability that an IC can offer. Toward that end, the digital potentiometer emerged as an alternative to its mechanical counterpart, the mechanical potentiometer... RS485 Version of the SAB80C535 Microcontrollerboard: Scenix (and PIC) Programmer: Serial Comms to LED Driver: Simple Circuit "feeds" CMOS Devices: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Logic Probe uses Bicolor LED: 03/13/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Logic Reduces EMI: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Simple Low Cost Digital Code Lock: Speaking Clock using PIC & ISD Device: SpeClo was designed and built to be used by the blind. Its purpose is to provide a relatively easy way for ascertaining the Time of day by whistling, and can be configured to speak English or German! Speaking Doorbell: SpeDoB was designed and built to gain experience with the PIC microcontroller. This doorbell uses a speech recorder integrated circuit (ISD series) to play back3 pre-recorded "theres someone knocking on the door" messages. Its a very easy and simple project to build, ideal for beginners! ST6 Microcontroller & TrIACs on Mains: includes dimmer circuit example Talking YODProject (PIC16C84): Temperature Controlled Based on AT89CX051: Temperature Sensitive Oscillator: Temperature controlled based on AT89CX051 Ten Tricks for Interfacing to thePIC16C508: Thermistors and a Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hotwire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive... Thermoelectric Controller (scriptable Thermometer):
Time tag impulses with zero crossing circuit: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A "constant-fraction discriminator" usually performs the time-tagging of impulsive events, which have a peaking time of the signal amplitude. The implementation of this technique requires a delay in the input signal of approximately the same amount as the signal's rise time. You can attain this delay by using a coaxial cable of an appropriate length. . Trigger a TTL circuit from ECL levels: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / ECL circuits typically have relatively small logic spans of approximately 800 mV. Because of the small span, to drive TTL circuits from ECL levels normally entails the use of level converters, such as the MC10125, or comparators. Such circuits are relatively power-hungry and expensive. However, they are sometimes simply unnecessary. Two Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy : 04/29/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872... Two Transistors Form Bidirectional Level Translator: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Illustrates a translation from5 to3V, but it can accommodate almost any other voltage levels, provided the logic-low levels are equal (usually0V), translation from1 to100-Volt are possible although slow. Two Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84: Use Four External Interrupts Through One 8051 Input : 05/13/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The 8051-compatible microcontrollers are equipped with up to two inputs that may be used as general-purpose interrupts. A simple way to increase the number of interrupt inputs is shown in the figure. The... Very Basic Logic Circuits:
Digital Readout Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Digital Readout Circuits

P Displays 10 Bit Data on Three Leds: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas 7 Segment LED Counter: 72 LED Clock: 9 Second Digital Readout Timer: Car Message Display: Circuit Thermally Compensates LCD Contrast Bias: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Easily Display Bit Map Images on Small graphic LCDs: 11/19/98 EDN-Design Ideas Interfacing 16x2 Character LCD to Parallel Port: LCD Interface Saves C I / O Pins: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas LED Sign: uses two LED arrays to form a 7 X 10 matrix. It produces moving messages or animations stored in an EPROM. PIC 5x7 Display: Picxie 2 8x8 Animated LED Signboard: Simple LCD Interface Takes Two Wires: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Switch Configures Bare Bones, 2 Digit Display: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas TeleTEXT Devices: Time / Date / Message Video Overlay Generator!: video text overlay circuit VCG01 PAL / NTSC Video Clock / Message Generator: Video text overlay circuit
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Digital_Readouts.html [1/17/2007 5:12:01 PM]
Digital to Analog (D / A) Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Converters: Digital to Analog (D / A) Circuits

2 DAC Circuit adds & subtracts: 009/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas Applying the New CMOS MicRO DACs: National Semiconductor Application Notes,09 Apr1996 Cascode Circuit lessens DAC Degradation: 02/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Centronics Port D / A Converters & Lowpass Filter: Circuit Applications of Multiplying CMOS D to a Converters: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 CMOS D / A Converters Match Most Microprocessors: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 Control Applications of CMOS DACs: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 D / A Converter ASIC uses stochastic Logic: 10/24/96 EDN-Design Ideas DAC & P implement hardware window Generator: 03/31/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital to Analog Centronics D / A & Filter: Multiphase DAC modifies R 2R ladder: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas New MicRO DAC Product Line for Microprocessor Systems: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Reduce Thermal Transients in R 2R ladders: 03/28/96 EDN-Design Ideas Technique Increases Low Cost DAC's Resolution: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas Twin DAC's Produce True Bi-Polar Operation: 08/18/94 EDN-Design Ideas Two DAC Circuit adds & subtracts: 009/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas Zero Power A / D Converter uses Printer Port: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Digital_to_Analog_(DA)_Converters.html [1/17/2007 5:12:04 PM]
Dimmers Circuits - Light Dimmer - Electronic Circuits
Light Dimmers
C implements Pushbutton Light Dimmers: 06/18/98 EDN-Design Ideas 12 Volt Lamp Dimmer: dimming d1-by controlling the duty cycle of a astable555 Timer oscillator 120 Volt AC Lamp Dimmer (full Wave SCR) : 2 Wire DC Lamp Dimmer Replaces Rheostats: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Lowcost DC lamp dimmer that can control more than100W of incandescent panel lighting from12V DC, originally designed for use in commercial trucks 8 Bit Digital Light Intensity Controller : Basic Incandescent Light Dimmer Circuits : Circuit optimizes Phototransistor Bandwidth : 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas Dimmer Circuit for Normal Light Bulbs : Dimmer Switch : This dimmer switch is suitable for230-Volt incandescent lamps with a total power of up to300-Watts. The circuit is wired in series with the lamp so it can directly replace the wall switch. Dimmer/ Motor Speed Control: Dome Lamp Dimmer: Efficiently dim the cars dome or map light (low voltage light), PDF file Dome Light Dimmer for Cars : Usually when the car door is closed, the dome light just goes OFF. With this circuit, you can have our dome light fade slowly in brightness and finally go OFF. Dome Light Dimmer using Mic4680 Switching Regulator: simple circuit which outputs +5-Volt Dome Light Dwell Extender / Dimmer : allows you to dim your dome light and keeps the dome light of your automobile on after you close the door Electric Power Controller: suitable as dimmer for100-Volt lamp up to1200W Electronic Transformer Dims halogen Lamp: 05/11/00 EDN-Design Ideas / (several circuits in PDF) Switched-mode power supply for a halogen lamp, commonly known as an electronic transformer, is a clever and simple device which can be enhanced with dimming control Experimental Cross Fader: ideas to modify simple rotary light dimmers to make a cross-fader Halogen Light Dimmer Provides infinite Control: 03/16/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Dimmer works to inject a constant current into the halogen lamp and to regulate that current using pulse-width modulation (PWM) / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest according to a potentiometer-controlled input, or a0 to5V signal High Efficiency Halogen Bike Light Dimmer: This circuit uses a PIC16F84 microcontroller with some software to control20-Watt12V DC halogen lamp Lamp Dimmer #1: Lantern Flasher/Dimmer: Light Dimmer #1: dims220-Volt light Light Dimmer Circuit With 0 to 10 Volt Input: This is a simple dimmer circuit that can be controlled with0 -10 VDC. It is designed for110-Volt AC.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Dimmer_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:12:08 PM]
Dimmers Circuits - Light Dimmer - Electronic Circuits
Low Voltage Light Dimmer: A light dimmer is a means of controlling the "brightness" level of a lamp, in this application we will use a555 Timer to control the brightness level of a low voltage incandescent bulb of up to 60-Watts. For the light dimmer to work the555 Timer is configured as a "variable cycle", astable oscillator running some where around300 Hz. Microcontroller MultiChannel Light Dimmer: The project is a microprocessorcontrolled multiple channel lighting dimmer, that could be used in theatrical and other applications. The device will accept input from a wide range of interfaces: RS232 input, DMX512 (theatrical lighting standard) or RS485, or a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI). The device will control a number of lamps by using some form of AC power control. The firmware in the microcontroller will handle all functions, from decoding the protocol on either of the input interfaces through to Timing the firing of power triacs for the output. Neon Dimmer: idea how to dim neon lights PICDIM Application Note: This is a lamp dimmer design based on PIC12C508 microcontroller. PWM Motor / Light Controller Variations: diagrams are for12V operation and there are high side (common ground) and low side (common +12V) versions Smart 12 Volt Light Dimmer: This automatic dimmer will control up to50-Watts worth of halogen lamps in order to maintain a consistent light level in a room. Document is in PDF format. Special Effects From a "Six Pack": Four channel Sequencer to Analog Dimmers and idea how to couple relay to the circuit ST6 Microcontroller & TrIACs on Mains: includes dimmer circuit example TRIAC Light Dimmer #2: TRIAC Light Dimmer #3: TRIAC Light Dimmer: dim115-Volt lights up to about350-Watt Two Wire DC Lamp Dimmer Replaces Rheostats: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Low-cost DC lamp dimmer that can control more than100W of incandescent panel lighting from12V DC, originally designed for use in commercial trucks Varying Brightness AC Lamp: SCR is used to slowly vary the intensity of a120 volt light bulb by controlling the Time that the AC line voltage is applied to the lamp during each half cycle Velleman K8003 DC Controlled Dimmer Kit: This is a0-10-Volt DC controlled dimmer module. Putting many this kind of modules inside on case makes a multi channel light dimmer. This circuit works from220V,110-Volt and24V. The Maximum current this circuit can control is3.5A.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Dimmer_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:12:08 PM]
Direction Finder Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Direction Finder Circuits

80M ARDF Direction Finder: Compass Sensor: Digital Compass Schematic: Direction Finder System: Phase Shift Radio Direction Finder:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Direction_FinderCircuits.html [1/17/2007 5:12:12 PM]
Discriminator Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Discriminator Circuits
Absolute value circuit delivers high bandwidth: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Most absolute-value circuits have limited bandwidth and high component count, and they require several matched resistors. The circuit in Figure 1 uses three fewer components than most absolute-value circuits require, and only two of the resistors must have 1% tolerance to obtain 1% accuracy. This circuit's output voltage is an accurate representation of the absolute value of the input signal,.... Applications of the LM392 Comparator OpAmp IC: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Comparator provides stable hysteresis: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Comparator uses Signal Dependent Hysteresis: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Comparators Form 3 to 5 Volt or 5 to 3 Volt Translator / Tranceiver: 09/02/96 EDNDesign Ideas Comparing the High Speed Comparators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Feb-1999 Design an efficient reset circuit: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / When you work with microprocessors, you must ensure that when the power-supply voltage fluctuates to the minimum permissible level, VL, that the processor's ALU continues to operate normally. Also, when you switch on the power supply, the ALU must operate normally when the supply voltage equals or exceeds a certain high level, VH... Design low duty cycle timer circuits: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Designing astable circuits using the industry-standard 555 timer is a straightforward process when duty cycles are 50% or greater. However, you must overcome the many pitfalls of low-duty-cycle circuits to arrive at a desired result. Using only ideal components eases the design, but the components themselves are hard to obtain.. Electronic fuse emulates fast or slow blow fuses: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / The electronic-fuse circuit in Figure 1 combines the properties of a current transducer and a solid-state relay to disconnect low power at preset levels. Using this circuit lets you avoid the bother of stocking and replacing fusible links. The circu... Expanded scale indicator revisited: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The visualization aid that a previous Design Idea describes allows only the expansion of the upper end of the scale (Reference 1). But what can you do if, according to your project requirements, you need to expand the middle region of the scale? Figure 1a illustrates the challenge. A voltmeter comprises a 100-A dc meter and a series resistor Fast Voltage Comparators With Low Input Current: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Light Sensor With Hysteresis: LM139 / LM239 / LM339 a Quad of Independently Functioning Comparators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Feb-1999 Low Voltage Alarm: NE555 Low Voltage Battery Disconnect Circuit Microvolt Comparator: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Discriminator_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:12:19 PM]
Discriminator Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Missing codes tester checks 16 bit ADC in 7 sec: 06/10/99 EDN-Design Ideas / As the resolution of ADCs increases from 12 to 16 bits and higher, the difficulty in testing the"no- missing-codes"specification grows proportionately. To fully guarantee no missing codes for a 16-bit ADC requires testing all 2 16-1 possible output... Missing Pulse Detector (Basic): Precision IC Comparator Runs From Plus 5 Volt Logic Supply: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Synchronized Window Comparator Eliminates Error: 05/11/95 EDN-Design Ideas Two buttons provide safe start: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a safety interlock that checks the actuation of two pushbuttons before enabling a relay. When you push both buttons, the circuit actuates the relay. At that point, you can release one of the switches without the relay'... Voltage Comparator Forms Pulse Demodulator: 11/19/98 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Comparator Switch:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Discriminator_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:12:19 PM]
Display Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Display Circuits
P Displays 10 Bit Data on Three Leds: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas 2 Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84: 7 Segment LED Counter: 72 LED Clock: 9 Second Digital Readout Timer: Bar graph display: Big LED Clock: Caller ID / DTMF Audio Decoder: Caller ID Circuits: information and circuits for different systems used USA and Finland Caller ID Decoder Part 1: Caller ID Display Service: Caller ID decoder based on 68HC11, text in French Caller ID: Car Message Display: CaMeD was designed and built to be used in an automobile. Its purpose is to display various symbols/messages to the car driver traveling behind you. It uses1024 LEDs to form a32 x32 matrix display. A total of12 symbols/messages can be displayed,4 of them being user-definable by using a visual basic utility tool connected to the rs232 port of a PC. Circuit controls brightness of multiple displays: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / I recently needed to control nine seven-segment displays for a microcontroller's serial port. The complication I faced was the need to provide a continuous brightness adjustment for all the digitsfrom completely dark to fully bright. I couldn't easily use the obvious solution of a string of 74HC595 serial-to-parallel converters driving the segments through series resistors, because I wou.... Circuit Thermally Compensates LCD Contrast Bias: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Easily Display Bit Map Images on Small graphic LCDs: 11/19/98 EDN-Design Ideas Electronic Lock: Embedded processor directly drives LCD: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Driving a bare LCD does not necessarily require specialized interface circuitry or peripherals. This Design Idea describes an alternative drive scheme, which you can easily implement using the general-purpose outputs of a microcontroller. Many embedded-system applications need to interact with a user by displaying simple numeric or alphanumeric character Excel offers painless LCD initialization: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / To display a font or a symbol on an LCD, you need to convert the desired character into numerical data. Creating the data for an entire font set requires specialized tools; even with these tools, the task can be daunting. Alternatively, you ca. Flashing Christmas LED Display: GPS LCD Display Project: Graphic LCD Interface: Interfacing 16x2 CharacterLCD to Parallel Port: LCD Interface Saves C I / O Pins: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas LCD Serial Terminal: has RS-232 serial in/out, up to 20 programmable keys, Character LCD up to 2x40, 5 auxiliary inputs, 6 auxiliary outputs.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Display_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:12:27 PM]
Display Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
LCD Thermometer: LED Barograph Driver: LED driver displays standing wave ratio: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit LED Sign: uses two LED arrays to form a 7 X 10 matrix. It produces moving messages or animations stored in an EPROM. MAX924 Bar graph Level gauge: Nixie Tube Clock: PIC 5x7 Display: Picxie 2 8x8 Animated LED Signboard: Seven segment LCD uses two wire interface : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / You can connect seven-segment LCDs using only a two-wire interface (Figure 1). The two-wire interface may be at the field-effect, direct-drive LCD or at a serial interface (such as I2C) that uses an eight-pin microcontroller. The design in Figure 1 uses an Atmel (www.atmel.com) ATtiny12 microcontroller, IC1.... Simple LCD Interface Takes Two Wires: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Solar Car Display Controller Schematic: Switch Configures Bare Bones, Two Digit Display: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas TeleTEXT Devices: Time / Date / Message Video Overlay Generator!: video text overlay circuit Tone Display System: This device gives visual feedback of which note you're playing, so you can set up the note before bringing up the volume to sound it. It features a 40-LED display, for over three octaves of range at any given time. Furthermore, a three-position switch extends the range by two octaves, for a total usable range of over five octaves. Two Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Display_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:12:27 PM]
Distance Monitors - Sensor & Detectors - Electronic Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Distance Monitors

IR distance ranger covers 1 to 20 cm: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Commercially available IR distance rangers typically handle a 3- to 30-in. detection distance. Many times, it is necessary to determine smaller distances. The circuit in Figure 1 is useful for measuring small distances to reflective surfaces. Its measurement range is from less than 1 cm to approximately 20 cm for a flat, white surface. .
PIC16F84 Ultrasonic Range Finder Project: Ultrasonic Rangefinder:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Distance_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:12:30 PM]
Frequency Divider Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Frequency Divider Circuits

Amplifiers perform precision divide by 2 circuit: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The classic implementation of a voltage-halving circuit uses two equal-value resistors. Using 1% resistors provides a divider output with 2% accuracy. For most applications, this performance is cost-effective and more than adequate. However, when you need extreme precision, this approach requires correspondingly accurate resistors and can become expensive... Divide By 1 1/2 Circuit: Frequency Doubler operates on Triangle Waves: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Unusual Frequency Dividers:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Divider_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:12:32 PM]
Door Bell Circuits - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Door Bell Circuits

3 Tone Gong: Suitable for use as a door bell 12 Volt DC Electronic Door Chime: Birdie Doorbell Ringer: Ding Dong Bell: Doorbell for the Deaf: Doorbell with Counter: Remote Doorbell Indicator: Speaking Doorbell: SpeDoB was designed and built to gain experience with the PIC microcontroller. This doorbell uses a speech recorder integrated circuit (ISD series) to play back 3 pre-recorded "there's someone knocking on the door" messages. It's a very easy and simple project to build, ideal for beginners! Two Tone Generator: This two-tone generator includes 3 ICs - NE555 Astable Multivibrators. You can vary the duration of each tone by changing the 10k resistor or 100MF capacitor at IC1 or changing resistors and capacitors at IC1/2 for higher or lower tone. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Doorbell_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:12:35 PM]
Driver Circuits - Electronic Projects - Hobby Circuits
Driver Circuits
0 to 24 DB Gain Amplifier & Balanced Line Driver: 12 DB Amplifier & High Current Line Driver With DC Servo: 20 DB Amplifier & High Current Balanced Line Driver: Amplifier, Audio Distribution: 3-channel Audio Distribution Amp Applying Modern Clock Drivers to MOS Memories: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 Audio / Video Distribution Amplifier: has3 outputs from1-input Balanced Audio Input Circuit: Balanced Line Driver & Receiver: Balanced Line Inputs / Outputs for Silicon Graphics Workstations: balancing using transformers Balanced Line Technology: information article and example circuits for both input and output Circuit Adapts Differential Input to Drive Coax: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Uses an HFA1100 or HFA1105 to convert a balanced input signal to a single-ended output signal, uses positive feedback to characteristic-impedance matching while increasing the available output swing, as compared with using a simple series termination resistor Circuit makes universal VCSEL driver: 07/10/03 EDN-Design Ideas / VCSELs (vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers) are commercially available infrared semiconductor lasers with ??850 nm. Short-cavity-length, high-quality Bragg mirrors impart properties to VCSELs that differ from those that earlier FabreyPerot lasers impart. The emission characteristicsoptical power, P?, versus diode currentshows threshold and operating currents .... Diode Laser Driver: Driver for Multiple VGMonitors: Glow Plug Driver for Model Engines: H Bridge: drives DC motors forward and backward. High Speed, Low Skew RS 422 Drivers & Receivers Solve Critical System Timing Problems: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 Highside Driver Feeds IGBTs and MOSFETs: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. IC Forms Differential Line Driver / Receiver: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas / you can use the HFA1212 dual video buffer to implement differential line drivers and receivers with a minimum of external components Laser diode driver circuit : LED driver combines high speed, precision : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Applications such as turbidity measurement and densitometry require cleanly pulsed light sources with stable amplitudes. The LED driver in Figure 1 illuminates retinal neurons in a biological experiment that has similar requirements. For a given LED at a given current, the intensity is stable, so switching a stable current is a simple and effective way to obtain the needed function....
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Driver_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:12:40 PM]
Driver Circuits - Electronic Projects - Hobby Circuits
LED driver delivers constant luminosity: 06/12/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is similar in principle to that of a previous Design Idea (Reference 1) but offers improved, more reproducible performance. The output current is almost constant over an input-voltage range of 1.2 to 1.5V and is insensitive to variations of transistor gain. Transistors Q1 and Q2 form an astable flip-flop.... LED driver displays standing wave ratio: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Level Shifter Follows Negative Output: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Line Driver Economically Synthesizes Impedance: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Line-driver circuit uses a second op amp to synthesize the output impedance rather than inserting a power-hungry resistor in series with the op amps output Long Lines Driver: high current output configuration is ideal for use as a Transformerless long lines driver Low Power RS232C Driver & Receiver in CMOS: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 MOSFET serves as ultrafast plate driver: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a 20-MHz square wave across a set of highly capacitive ion-deflection plates in an experimental instrument. To get the required deflection, the plate voltage must be 20 to 30V, much higher voltage than conventional logic or driver families can provide. To minimize artifacts, the rise and fall times must be very fast, with a minimum of overshoot and ringing.. NTSC Video Amplifier: splits1-video input to3 outputs PIN Diode Drivers: National Semiconductor Application Notes,02 Mar1999 Protect MOSFET Driver From Reverse Battery Connection: 03/17/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / It's vital that MOSFET power-switch drivers be protected from a reverse-battery connection. A small rectifier diode can shield against reversed batteries. But that approach is generally unacceptable for systems whose battery life is crucial. For a 6-V... RS232C Line Driver IC Drives Power MOSFETs: 10/24/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Easy to effect an interface between power MOSFETs and TTL circuits Sensor Electronic Tracker With H Bridge Drive: Servo Pulse to PWM: converter connects an H-Bridge to radio control receivers or robotic circuits. Video Distribution Amplifier: This is a useful circuit for amplifying and distribution of video signals. This circuit takes normal composite video signal and outputs it to up to3-monitors. Video Signal Amplifier: take the video signals from your VCR and will amplify them sufficiently to drive up to3 monitors
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/Driver_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:12:40 PM]
Duel Tone Multi Frequency Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Duel Tone Multi Frequency Circuits

DTMF Coder Makes Low Cost Sine Wave Generator: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas DTMF Generation With 3.58 MHz Crystal: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published05-Aug-1995 DTMF Generator / Decoder: tutorial with example circuit diagrams DTMF Products for you: DTMF decoder can be powered from a 9V battery or from your parallel printer, schematic and windows demo program, design by Schmidt Technologies DTMF Proximity Detector: DTMF Tone Decoder: hears touch tones and displays them as telephone numbers. Dual Tone Multiple Frequency DTMF: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published04-Nov-1995 Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/D/DTMF_(Dual_Tone_Multi_Frequency)_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:12:42 PM]
Game Circuits - Electronic Projects - Science Hobby
Game Circuits
1 watt Morse transmitter : 3 Input First Response Monitor: Big Mouth: Bingo!!! (on your TV): Circuit improves on first event detection: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuits in Figure 1 and Figure 2 exhibit certain advantages over the circuit shown in the Design Idea in EDN , "Circuit detects first event," May 3, 2001, pg 89. The nplayer first-event-detection circuit offers several improvements: It has fewer passive components. It needs only n diodes instead of (n2+n)/2 for three or more players.. Combinational Conjuring Trick: Conjuring Trick: Connecting Sega 3D Glasses to a PC Serial Port: Electronic Coin tosser: Electronic Craps Game: Electronic dice: Electronic fish lure : Electronic Jam: Electronic Scoring Game: Fastest Finger First Indicator: GameBoy Camera Parallel Port Interface: GameBoy Cart Programmer: GameBoy LCD Schematic: GameBoy MBC1 Circuit Equivalent: GameBoy Power & Cartridge Schematic: GameBoy ROM+RAM+MBC1 Cart Schematic: GameBoy Schematic: Games: the first game show timer was modified for better performance Magic Wand: Memory Game: MeGaM is based upon the early 80s "simple-Simon" game. The opponent (microcontroller) slowly builds up a random LED sequence, which the player has to repeat step-by-step by pressing the corresponding push buttons. Number Guessing Game: PIC Tetris Game: Pine Racecar Victory Judge: PowerGlove Interface: Quiz Game Circuit: Slot Car T Volt Chronograph: Super GameBoy Schematic: Three Input First Response Monitor: Video Pong: a video game with software generated video signal, based on PIC16F84
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/G/Game_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:12:51 PM]
Game Circuits - Electronic Projects - Science Hobby
Video Tetris: a video game with software generated video signal, based on PIC16F84
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/G/Game_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:12:51 PM]
Gas Detectors - Vapor Detectors - Electronic Circuits
Sensors / Detectors -Vapor / Gas Detectors

Breath Alcohol Tester: Controls the car's ignition system
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/G/Gas_Detectors.html [1/17/2007 5:12:56 PM]
Gate Array Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Gate Array Circuits

14, 0, 1828, 88, 14, 0, 1828, 68 Bitmap 14, 0, 1828, 71, 14, 0, 1828, 68 Bitmap 14, 0, 1828, 88, 14, 0, 1828, 68 Bitmap 14, 0, 1828, 71, 14, 0, 1828, 68 Bitmap 16 Bit RISC Processor: (PDF) with five pipeline stages. The instruction set implements ALU, immediate, load, store, and branch instructions. Audio FIR Filter: on an XSV-800 Board demonstrates three different types of filters low pass, band pass and high pass. Audio Project: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) Audio Volume Indicator: (PDF) uses an XS40 Board and XStend Board to display the volume of an audio input on a barograph LED. Calculator: (PDF) uses the 8051 microcontroller and FPGA on the XS40 Board to build a simple calculator. CPLD Interface files: for the XSV Board projects (Univ. of Queensland) Digital Camera Interface: (PDF) project shows how a CMOS Camera On a Chip image sensor can be interfaced to an XSA-100 Board through an I2C bus. The pixel data is buffered in the XSA-100 SDRAM and is then uploaded through the parallel port to be displayed on a PC. Introduction to XSV Board Designs: done by the University of Queensland Jbits XHWIF Interface: for the XS40-005XL Board. Jbits XHWIF Interface: for the XSV-100 Board. Loadable LED register: (PDF) showing the interaction between the microcontroller and the CPLD or FPGA on the XS Board. PC / XS Transfer: (PDF) A circuit and C code for bidirectional transfer of data between an XS40 Board and a PC. PC to SRAM Interface: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) PS / 2 Interface: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) Reconfigurable Coprocessor for Redundant Radix-4 Arithmetic: project implements four arithmetic and four logic operations using a fast parallel multiplication scheme. The coprocessor is hosted in an XS40 Board that interfaces to a PC through the parallel port. RISC P implements fast FIR Filter: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit RISC Controller Backs Frequency Counter : 12/09/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Frequency measurement, often vital to design engineers, is the driving force behind this idea. Here, an AVR RISC controller-based circuit can measure the frequency of digital signals. It employs the PC as a user interface and sends the measurement... SDRAM Controller Module: (PDF) for the XSA-50 and XSA-100 Board that makes the SDRAM look like a simple static RAM. SRAM Interface: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) Stereo Loopback Circuit: (PDF) that accepts a digitized stereo signal from the ADC of the XStend Board codec and loops the signal back to the codec DAC stage for output as a stereo signal.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/G/Gate_Arrays.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:13:00 PM]
Gate Array Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
USB macro: (PDF) that combines a complete USB transaction layer with an 8051 microcontroller core and a functional block that implements the application-specific functions. This macro was developed and is supported by Trenz Electronics for use with an XSV Board. Using an SZV Board xChecker Interface: Zess Corporation / Application Notes / configures the CPLD on the XSV Board so the By checker interface is enabled. VGA Generator: (PDF) that displays an image in the XS Board RAM on a VGA monitor. VGA out: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) VHDL IP Stack: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) Video In: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) Walking Bit Circuit: (PDF) shifts a1 through a register mapped to the 7-segment LED. This design shows the interactions between the XC4000 FPGA and the 8031 microcontroller on the XS40 Board. XSA Board Parallel Port Interface: (PDF) that is programmed into the CPLD. XSA Flash Designs: (PDF) that manage the programming of the Flash and the configuration of the SpartanII FPGA upon power-up. XSA PIII Cable Interface: (PDF) that configures the CPLD so it emulates a Xilinx Parallel Cable III interface. This allows you to use the WebPACK programming tools through the simple XESS downloading cable. XStend Board Design examples: (PDF) showing use of buttons/switches, keyboard interface, and VGA port. XSV Board Parallel Port Interface: (PDF) that is programmed into the CPLD. XSV Flash Designs: (PDF) that manage the programming of the Flash and the configuration of the Virtex FPGA upon power-up. XSV PIII Cable Interface: (PDF) that configures the CPLD so it emulates a Xilinx Parallel Cable III interface. This allows you to use the Foundation programming tools through the simple XESS downloading cable. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/G/Gate_Arrays.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:13:00 PM]
Geiger Counter Monitors - Electronic Circuits
Geiger Counter Monitors

Geiger Counter: Geiger counters!: High Voltage Generator for Flash & Geiger Tubes: Simple Geiger Detector uses Neon Glow Lamp : 03/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In these times of increased terrorist threats, the possibility of some type of nuclear incident exists. By using a few simple components, it's possible to build a low-cost Geiger detector. Detecting a radiation requires a special Geiger tube. But... Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/G/Geiger_Counter_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:13:03 PM]
Geophones Circuits - Seismic Monitors - Electronic Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Seismic Monitors, Geophones

Deer Repellent #1: seismic sensor Deer Repellent #2: Here is a simple sensor, which can detect the seismic vibrations caused by a person or large animal walking nearby. A representative application for the sensor is a deer repellent for the vegetable garden. When a deer steps near the sensor a loud buzzer or beeper sounds for a few seconds startling the would-be vegetable thief away. Feedback Circuit: Filter Circuit for the Earthworm Seismic Data Acquisition System: Low Cost Feedback Circuit Boosts Efficiency: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Low Cost Seismometer: Optoelectronic Horizontal VBB Seismometer (Figures): Seismic Detector: The piezoelectric element of a kitchen gas lighter is used in this simple, yet effective seismic detector. ShacklefordGundersen Seismometer Sensor Electronics:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/G/Geophone_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:13:06 PM]
Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI) - Electronic Circuits - GFI Circuit Resource
Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI)

Broken Bulb safety trip: 12/14/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A classic safety requirement involves disconnecting the ac mains supply from a light bulb should the glass envelope become broken. Although the filament can draw a much higher than normal current upon exposure to air prior to burning out, this cant. . . G.F.C.I.: A Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) is a device to protect against electric shock should someone come in contact with a live (Hot) wire and a path to ground which would result in a current through his/her body. The GFCI operates by sensing the difference between the currents in the Hot and Neutral conductors. Under normal conditions, these should be equal. However, if someone touches the Hot and a Ground such as a plumbing fixture or they are standing in water, these currents will not be equal as the path is to Ground - a ground fault - and not to the Neutral. This might occur if a short circuit developed inside an ungrounded appliance or if someone was working on a live circuit and accidentally touched a live wire. Ground Fault Interrupter: Ground Fault Interrupter: National Semiconductor Application Note MP1851 June 1992 Ground Fault Interupter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/G/ground_fault_interrupter_gfi.html [1/17/2007 5:13:09 PM]
Ground Current Monitors

Transmitter accurately transfers voltage input: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / When you connect remote sensors to a central process controller, a simple, robust, and commonly used interface is the 4 to 20-mA loop. The advantages of this current loop include the simplicity of just two twisted wires that share both power and signal, the loop's high noise immunity in harsh environments, and the de facto loop standard within the process-control industry... Voltage Reference improves JFET: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit The common JFET current-source in Figure 1a has average output impedance and depends heavily on the JFET's V P and I DSS variations. These manufacturing variations limit the initial accuracy of the current setpoint that the circuit can obtain with a... Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/G/Ground_Current_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:13:12 PM]
Bugs (Electronic) & Detectors - Electronic Hobby Circuits
Bugs (Electronic) & Detectors

Bug Detector #1: Bug Detector #2: FM Radio Bug: FM Radio Telephone Bug: Simple Phone Tap: Surveillance Transmitter Detector: This circuit can be used to "sweep" an area or room and will indicate if a surveillance device is operative. The problem in making a suitable a detector is to get its sensitivity just right, Too much sensitivity and it will respond to radio broadcasts, too little, and nothing will be heard. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/E/Electronic_Bugs_&_Detectors.html [1/17/2007 5:13:15 PM]
Electronic Locks Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Electronic Locks Circuits

12C508 Smart Lock: The base sends a data sequence (the password) which is recognized by the key. The key checks the sequence and -if it recognizes it -sends to the base another data sequence, as an answer to the password. At the Time when the base gets a correct answer (which means that the key has been introduced), the relay is put into action, and it can command a number of consumers. Combination Lock (PIC16F84): Combination Lock (Simple Version): Combination Lock: This circuit is very basic to build. To open a the lock which is connected to the K1 Load. you must press each momentary switch in the correct sequence. The sequence used in this circuit is S1,S2,S3,S4. If any of the other switches are pressed the circuit will reset and you will need to start over. Depending on how you wire the switches, you can use any4 switch combination Digital Combination Lock: Digital Entry Lock: Electronic Card Lock System: Electronic Door Codelock: Electronic Lock: Enhanced Alarm Keypad: Simple Code Lock: Simple Electronic Lock Uses Single Transistor Circuit: 05/26/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Building on the recent Design Brief theme of one-pin keypads, this design uses only one analog microcontroller (MCU) input to scan numerous keys, plus one resistor per key and another resistor and capacitor. The circuit is simply a crude... Simple Low Cost Digital Code Lock: Single Button Lock Provides High Security: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/E/Electronic_Locks.html [1/17/2007 5:13:19 PM]
Electric Fence Circuits - Electric Fence Circuit Resource - Electronic Circuits
Electric Fence Circuits

Construct a Solar-Powered Varmint Zapper: Nuts & Volts Magazine Construction Project - October 1996 Electric Fence: Several circuits included, scroll down to find this one. MOSFET Current Mode Resonant Coil Driver: The schematic was made long after the circuit was built and perfected. Sorry. That means I cannot guarantee that it is free of errors. However, the schematic was compared to the original as best as I could. ERRATTA: 1. The resistor network at pins 6 and 7 of the LM555 is incorrect. Instead of a fixed 200k and a 500k pot in parallel, it should be the 200k fixed in parallel with a 500k pot and the resulting two in series with a 1k fixed. Thus the 200k fixed established the maximum duty cycle, and the 1k pot establishes the minimum duty cycle. You could try eliminating the 1K, but you might damage the LM555.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/E/electric_fence_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:13:22 PM]
Emergency Light Circuits - Electronic Hobby Science Projects
Emergency Light Circuits

Darkness monitor : Emergency Backup Lamp: Failed Power Light: turns on small low voltage lighting when mains power disappears
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/E/Emergency_Light_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:13:24 PM]
Encoder Circuits - Electronic Science Hobby Projects
Encoder Circuits
Optical encoder controls range switch : 10/8/98 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/E/Encoder_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:13:26 PM]
ECG Monitor using PIC Microcontroller - Electronic Circuits
ECG Monitor using PIC Microcontroller

http://www.mccord.plus.com/downloads.htm
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/E/ecg_monitor_using_pic_microcontroller.html [1/17/2007 5:13:29 PM]
FAX Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Science Hobby Projects
FAX Circuits
Fax saver cuts wear, tear, and power: 1/8/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Less than $20 to cut wear and tear on your fax machine while saving power, circuit intercepts the incoming ring signal and powers up the fax machine in time to receive the fax and then turns off the fax machine after a predetermined time and awaits the next incoming fax
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/FAX_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:13:35 PM]
FET Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
FET Circuits
Circuit improves on bias for GaAs FETs: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / It's important to properly sequence the bias applied to an RF/microwave GaAs FET or a MMIC (monolithic-microwave-IC) amplifier. These devices are extremely sensitive to drain and gate voltage levels as well as to the order in which these biases turn on and off. A GaAs-FET amplifier that uses two bias voltages-a negative supply, VGG, on its gate and a positive supply, VDD, on its dra... . Circuit reduces negative voltage stresses on control IC: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In a synchronous, buck switching power supply, the two FETS and the output inductor meet at the phase node (Figure 1). The phase node often connects directly to the control IC. The voltage on this node swings from the input voltage to some voltage lower than ground. If the voltage goes too far below ground, the ESD structures or other circuitry within the control IC can become forward-bia... . CMOS Linear Applications: National Semiconductor AppNote #88 FET Dip Meter: Circuits uses the Lambda Negative Resistance Circuit FET Preamp Cable: Forward Converters Drive Power MOSFETs At up to 500kHz: 06/09/94 EDN-Design Ideas Gate drive method extends supply's input range: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Industrial and telecom applications often require a nonisolated, low-voltage supply from a high-voltage input. IC manufacturers have responded to that need with the application of high-voltage processes and offer control ICs that work to 50V and higher. That voltage is sometimes insufficient, and you need further design techniques to extend the input voltage... IC maintains uniform bias for GaAs MESFETs: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The gate-turn-on threshold voltage for GaAs MESFETs (gallium-arsenide metalsemiconductor field-effect transistors) varies considerably from part to part, even within a given lot. That behavior makes biasing difficult, especially if you want to design the device into a high-volume product. To overcome this drawback, you can introduce a current sensor that monitors the bias current and provides .... Improve FET based gain control: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / One problemwith standard FET gain-control circuits is increased noise when you use the FET as a part of a resistive attenuator in series with an op amp. This configuration attenuates the signal before amplification; hence, it requires much higher gain bandwidth and better noise performance from the op amp. . Low Cost MOSFET Quashes Power Resistor: 06/09/94 EDN-Design Ideas Micro Spy With FETs: MOSFET Beats Murphy's Law: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas MOSFET Circuit UPS Regulator's Output Current: 02/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Use a current mirror and a power MOSFET to increase the output-current capability of an IC-voltage regulator MOSFET Current Sensing: Method of mirror current sensing a MOSFET MOSFET Power Amplifiers: A discussion of the benefits of the lateral MOSFET output devices used in todays High Power audio amplifiers MOSFET PowerAmp: DIY high power MOSFET amplifier200 Wrms 8 ohms -350 Wrms4 ohms
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/FET_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:13:40 PM]
FET Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
MOSFET Replaces Switch #1: 01/20/94 EDN-Design Ideas / By using a cheap, readily available MOSFET, you can use a single-pole switch to turn a bipolar power supply on and off without consuming extra power. In Fig1, the switch simply controls the MOSFET gate, which switches on the negative supply. Resistor R, which can be several megohms, is not necessary if the 6V rails are permanently connected to a load, such as an op-amp circuit. Because the MOSFETs RDS(ON) is a fraction of an ohm, power loss is minimal, and the circuit suits moderateconsumption, battery-operated circuitry MOSFET Replaces Switch #2: 02/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas / You can use a singlepole switch to turn a bipolar power supply on and off without consuming extra power MOSFET serves as ultrafast plate driver: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a 20-MHz square wave across a set of highly capacitive ion-deflection plates in an experimental instrument. To get the required deflection, the plate voltage must be 20 to 30V, much higher voltage than conventional logic or driver families can provide. To minimize artifacts, the rise and fall times must be very fast, with a minimum of overshoot and ringing.. MOSFET switch provides efficient AC / DC conversion: 02/17/00 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Detects Current Pulses: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The pulse detector provides a visible indication of positive and negative current pulses. The pulses amplitudes can vary from20 to150 mA. The pulses durations can range from10 to40 msec, and their repetition rate can span40 to180 pulses/minute. Simple Isolated Supply Design Suits FixedDCVoltage Systems : 12/23/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Most high-voltage systems that include lowvoltage ICs must inject isolated supplies into their setups. The design and implementation of these supplies is usually quite involved. However, a simple approach is possible for systems in which the... Single FET Controls LED Array: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Static Electricity / Negative Ion Detector: This circuit relies upon the extra high input impedance of a FET, and also demonstrates the gate terminals sensitivity to changes in voltage.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/FET_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:13:40 PM]
Fiber Optic Circuits - Electronic Hobby Science Projects
Fiber Optic Circuits

Experimental Data Transmitter for Fiber optics: Experimental Fiber Optic Receiver: Fiber Optic Voice Communications: Fibroptic transmitter : Point to Point Fiber Optic Links: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug1995 Remote Switch uses No Power Fiber Optic Link: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Sensor Derives Power From Laser over Fiber: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Simple CATV Upstream Fiber Optic Receiver Uses DC Pilot AGC: 01/20/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Upstream fiber links in a community antenna television (CATV) system are usually among the most difficult elements of the network to align properly. Set-top boxes and cable modems employ "long-loop" automatic gain control (AGC) (in other words,... Simple Circuit Uses Optical Fiber To Send Relative Humidity Data : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit shown in the figure measures relative humidity in air at the low temperatures found in applications like cold storage of food items and greenhouses. Instead of using electrical signal cables that... Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Fiber_Optic_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:13:43 PM]
Field Strength Meters - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Field Strength Meters

Field Strength Meter #1: Field Strength Meter #2: Field Strength Meter #3: Simple Field Strength Meter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Field_Strength_Meters.html [1/17/2007 5:13:47 PM]
Flasher & Blinkers - Light Flashing Circuits
Flasher & Blinkers / Light Flashing Circuits

1.3 Volt IC Flasher, Oscillator, Trigger or Alarm: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 1.5 Volt LED Flashers #1: four circuits with description 10 Channel LED Sequencer: based on4017 10 LED Sequencer: in PDF format, text in Finnish 10 Stage Light Sequencer: flashes10 low voltage bulbs, operates at10-25-Volt voltage, in PDF format, text in Finnish 12 Stage Neon Sequencer (NE 2 / NE 51): uses small power 70-Volt neon bulbs 12 Volt Color organ and Reverb unit: 12 Volt Strobe Circuit: this circuit uses12V DC instead od mains AC. This is very good idea if you dont want to mess with direct mains voltage connected circuit or you want to run the Strobe from batteries. 120 Volt AC Lamp Chaser using Solid State Relays: This circuit is similar to the LED clock using12 neon indicator lamps instead of LEDs. It operates from2 high capacity ni-cad cells (2.5 volts) which keep it going for a couple weeks. High voltage (70 volts) for the neon lamps is obtained from a small switching power supply using a 74HC14 Schmitt trigger Squarewave oscillator, high voltage switching transistor, and10 mH high Q inductor. Most any small PNP transistors can be used that have a C/E voltage rating of 80 or more. 12v car lamp flasher: 16 Stage BiDirectional LED Sequencer: 2 LED Flasher: simple two transistor circuit which blinks two LEDs 2 Transistor LED Flasher #1: 2 Transistor LED Flasher #2: 2 Wire Lamp Flasher: Ideal to operate3 to24 Volt DC existing on-Circuit lamps LED operation is also possible 220 Volt AC Light Flasher: flashes1-light bulb at adjustable speed, in PDF format, text in Finnish 220 Volts Flashing Lamps: Especially designed for Christmas tree lamps to replace old thermally-activated switches 3 Way Blinking LEDs : 3rd Brake Light Pulser: 40 LED Bicycle Light (555 Timer 6 Volt): 9v neon flasher: Adjustable Flashing LED: Adjustable Strobe Light: 120-Volt mains power source, up to20 Hz flash rate Alternating LED Blinker uses Four Parts: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas /Grand Prize Winner1998 Alternating LED Flasher uses Minimal Parts: 11/20/97 EDN-Design Ideas / A pair of alternating flashing LEDs makes an excellent visual alarm, this alternating LED flasher is based on one LED with built-in flashing function and two transistors driving the other normal LED Alternating LEDs Flasher: Automatic Grade Crossing Flasher Circuit: Back & Forth Flasher: for16 LEDs Basic LM3909 LED Flasher: runs from1.5-Volt battery
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Flashers_and_Blinkers.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 5:13:54 PM]
Beat Tracking Strobe: project description using AT90S8515 microcontroller and some electronics Bicycle Back Safety Light: Flashing13 LED unit,3V supply Also suitable for jogger/walkers Bicycle Safety Lights: Blinking lights: Christmas Light Flasher: Color Organ #1: make different colored bulbs light at different frequencies of music, connects to speaker outputs Color Organ #2: one lamp color organ Dancing LEDs : A LED sequencer, following the rhythm of music or speech 9 Volt Batteryoperated portable unit Disco Lights: software and hardware for controlling disco lights from your PC Disco Style Strobe Light: low power, works on110VAC Dual Alternating Flashing Light: Dual Flashing Headlights: To simulate a Gyralite (dual flashing headlights) requires 5 volt power supply too. Dual Tandem Flashing Light: Emergency Strobe Flasher Generates 250V: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Expandable 16 Stage LED Sequencer: Fantastic Atom Expander: "exploding atom" effect using 98 LEDs Flash Slave Trigger: Flash slaves are used when you need to supplement one flash unit with one or several more. This slave trigger simply triggers those other units. It does this by "seeing" the first flash (using a phototransistor) and triggering the other flashes a few microseconds later. The sensitivity of the circuit is adjustable to compensate for ambient light or dimmer than usual master flashes. Flasher Circuit : LED Flasher, suitable for Christmas Lights Flasher Ideas: Files containes several circuits: LED flasher, silent metronome, low battery indicator, high voltage generator Flashing Beacon: Flashing Christmas LED Display: Flashing Flashlight : Flashing lights: for a roadwork warning and a train shop sign. Flashing Neon Christmas Lights: Flashing Neons (NE 2 / NE 51): one, two or3-neon indicator bulbs can be made to flash in sequence Flashing Pin: Modify a flashing pin for your rolling stock or locomotives Flashing railroad crossings: two versions Flashing railroad crossings: two versions Flashing Rear End Device For DCC Systems: Flashing Road Baricade : Fleapower flasher draws less than 50 A: 01/23/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Some applications require a circuit to indicate that a battery's voltage has fallen below a certain value. However, if you don't frequently check the indicator, the low-battery indicator itself can easily discharge the battery. The circuit in Figure 1 indicates when the battery voltage has dropped below a preset value... Flickering Fire Effect: This simple circuit uses four low-Wattage colored bulbs and four fluorescent lamp starters to make nice flickering flame effect. Flip Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.: Grantronics Projects Christmas Tree: flashes LEDs mounted to Christmas tree shape PCB, kit from kitsrus.com Hacking the Kodak Max Single Flash Camera Into a Self Repeating Strobe: this approach is recommended mainly for homebrewing a strobe that is powered by a single1.5 volt battery. If you can use a higher supply voltage, there are better ways to do this. Headlight Flasher: How to Make Chase Lights: This example shows3 track chase lights built from3-Christmas light sets and1-light chaser controller ICL7660 LED Flasher: Inexpensive LED Drives Flash & Beep Circuit: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Knight Rider Lights Project: for 6 LEDs Lantern Flasher / Dimmer:
Lantern Flasher/Dimmer: LED Chaser: simple10 LED chaser LED Flasher & TRAC Pulser Work off AC Line: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas LED Flasher indicates Low Battery Condition: 01/02/97 EDN Design Ideas LED Flasher, TwoTransistor: LED Flasher: built using two transistors and some other components LED flasher-a : LED flasher-b: LED or Lamp Flasher: Minimum parts counting. Designed for3V battery operation LED or Lamp Pulser: Astonishing effect4.5 Volt supply LED Pulser With Audible Output: LED Sign: uses two LED arrays to form a 7 X 10 matrix. It produces moving messages or animations stored in an EPROM. LED Stroboscope: This simple LED Stroboscope circuit which I designed, maintains constant brightness of the LED at all frequencies. This is accomplished by duty-cycle and pulse width control. It is useful for measuring the speed of motors. It can easily be calibrated using a watch so you dont need a frequency counter. LEDs Flasher, Alternately: Classic astable multivibrator using2 transistors. Transistor is not critical. Try these:2N4401,2N2222, NTE123A, NTE123AP, NTE159, TUP/TUN and those in your junk box, you may find that most of them will work. Light Sequenced Candelabra: Line Powered Flashers: Great for Christmas lights, etc. Low Power LED Flasher: based on LM3909 Mains Operated Christmas Star: McMurtrie's Self Powered Flashing LED: circuit which uses a LED as solar panel to charge a capacitor which flashes a LED, the LED will blink when the circuit is placed in bright light Mini Pocket Strobe Circuit: works from two1.5-Volt AA batteries, based on modified camera flash unit Mini Strobe Light using LED: adjustable for flash rates between40 Hz and166 Hz, based on555 Timer Miniature Strobe Light: Multimedia Electronic Crib: microcontroller based light controller which generates sequence of day-night with light fading, optional serial control interface, based on 87C51 Multivibrator LED Flasher: Neon Lamp Flasher Box Nocturnal Animals Whisker: A low-rate flashing lamp drives away undesired visitors Automatic on-off operation PC Parallel Port Output Capabilities: includes instructions how to connect a relay to PC parallel port Power line outage flashes red alert: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This Design Idea expands on a circuit in a previous one to configure a power-outage detector with a flashing alarm (Figure 1, Reference 1). The circuit plugs into a mains outlet and uses trickle-charged nickel-cadmium batteries. The green-LED monitors the presence of line voltage. The BZV55C4V3 zener diode, D1 protects the batteries against overvoltage.. Ringing Phone Light Flasher: when the ph1-rings, lights connected to circuit flash Sequential LED Flasher: for10 LEDs Simple Flashing Light: A simple flashing light circuit Simpler Flashing Light: An even simpler flashing light circuit Simplest Flashing Light: The simplest flashing light circuit in the world Solid Stateher has Short Circuit Protection: 1/16/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Switches an inductive or resistive grounded load using a bootstrapped n-channel power MOSFET and features shortcircuit, reverse-polarity, and transient-input-voltage-spike protection, operates from18 to30-Volt DC, and the circuit can handle as much as approximately10A with proper heat sinking of the FET Special Effects From a "Six Pack": Four channel Sequencer to Analog Dimmers and idea how to couple relay to the circuit Strobe Controller: Simple controller for professional stroboscopes, adjust the flash rate in1.15 Hz range Third Brake Light Pulser: Three Way Blinking LEDs :
Traffic Light Control Circuit (74145): This page features a very basic traffic light circuit that is built around the TTL family 74145 -1 of10 Decoder. The circuit is designed to drive light emitting diodes that are connected in a common anode arrangement. Traffic Light Controller: controls on3 LED traffic light sequence Two LED Flasher: simple two transistor circuit which blinks two LEDs Two Transistor LED Flasher #1: Two Transistor LED Flasher #2: Two Wire Lamp Flasher: Ideal to operate3 to24 Volt DC existing on-Circuit lamps LED operation is also possible Typical Strobe Light Trigger Circuit: Variable Intensity Variable Frequency Strobe: Visual Metronome: White LED driver touts high efficiency: 06/12/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit White LED Flashlight: Xenon Flash & Strobe Page: Xenon Strobe Light #1: Xenon Strobe Light #2: works from115-Volt AC line
Bistable Multivibrator - Flip Flop Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Bistable Multivibrator or Flip/Flop Circuits

CMOS Toggle Flip Flop With Relay(CD4013): Discrete BiStable Flip Flop: Discrete Set / Reset Flip Flop: Flip-Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.: Gated Oscillator Emulates a Flip Flop: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas MonoStable Flip Flops (One Shot): Soft On / Off Switch: Modern electronic equipment incorporate "push-to-on-pushto-off" switches that do not make the clicking noise as with old equipment. An example of this is the power button on a ATX computer cabinet. Here is a circuit that does the same. It can be used to turn on/off any electronic/electrical equipment that operates on any range of voltages. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone Line Based Audio Muting & Light on Circuit: FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone Line Based Audio Muting & Light On Circuit: The circuit would automatically light a bulb on arrival of a telephone ring and simultaneously mute the music system/TV audio for the duration the telephone handset is off-hook. Lighting of the bulb would not only indicate an incoming call but also help in locating the telephone during darkness. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Flip_flop_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:13:59 PM]
Flyback Circuits - Electronic Hobby - Science Projects
Flyback Circuits
10 to 30K Volt Flyback Power Supply: Flyback Circuit Provides Isolated Power Conversion: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Ignition Coil / Flyback Transformer Based High Voltage Generators: This page gives my thoughts on how to use a car ignition coil or Flyback transformer as a high voltage generator. The objective is to produce as high a voltage as possible, with as high a power throughput as possible. Output Adjustable Flyback Converter: Single Transistor Flyback Driver:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Flyback_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:14:02 PM]
Fluid Level Monitors - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Fluid Level Monitors

Fluid Level Detector #1: Fluid Level Detector #2: Circuit is built around2-input NAND Schmitt trigger gates N1 and N2. Gate N1 is configured as an oscillator operating at around1 kHz frequency. Sonar like method detects fluid level: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Figure 1 illustrates a simple, cost-effective method of measuring the height of fluid in a column by using ultrasonic waves. Two piezoelectric transducers generate and listen to the ultrasonic acoustical wave. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Fluid_Level_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:14:06 PM]
Fluorescent Light Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Fluorescent Light Circuits

12 Volt DC Fluorescent Lamp Driver: This fluorescent lamp driver uses a normal120 to 6V step-down transformer in reverse to step12V to about350-Volt to drive a lamp without the need to warm the filaments. 40 Watt Fluorescent Lamp Inverter: This40W fluorescent lamp inverter allows you to run40W fluorescent tubes from any12V source capable of delivering3A. Black Light: Dual MonoStable Drives Quasiresonant Inverter: 02/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Circuit to power a fluorescent lamp from12V Electronic Ballasts using the Cost Saving IR215X: application note AN-995 from International Rectifier Electronic Fluorescent Lamp Ballast: International Rectifier application note in PDF format Fluorescent Ballast: Design uses Passive PFC and Crest Factor Control. Also available in PDF format Fluorescent Desk Lamp: This circuit will power a 6 inch4-Watt fluorescent tube off a12 volt supply, consuming300 mA. It may also be powered by a suitably rated universal AC/DC adapter. Fluorescent Lamps, Ballasts, & Fixtures: Half bridge Inverter has Variable Frequency: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas High-Efficiency Inverter Drives Compact Fluorescent : 08/19/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / The inverter circuit shown is designed to drive a 7-W, four-pin compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) from a 12-V dc power supply. The main features of this inverter circuit include direct-drive capability, preheat for improved startup, high efficiency, and... Low Cost Converter Drives Fluorescent Tubes: 03/31/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Cost Fluorescent Lighting System: lighting system suitable for videography Powering Fluorescent Lamps from Low Voltage DC!: inverter circuits Preheat Starter for Electronic ballast: 10/04/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps use various techniques to turn on the bulbs. The design usually involves a compromise between turn-on voltage and lamp life because the two are inversely related. One way to reach a reasonable compromise is to initially allow a momentary inrush current to warm the filaments, followed by a series of interrupted short circuits across the lamp that generate the required high voltage to trigger the fluorescent. With a preheated filament, the necessary strike potential reduces to half. Switching Regulator Controls CCFT: 02/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas / You can control the current in a cold-cathode fluorescent tube (CCFT) and, hence, its brightness with a switching-regulator IC Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Fluorescent_Lamp_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:14:12 PM]
Fluorescent Light Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Frequency Modulation (FM) Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Frequency Modulation (FM) Circuits

2 Transistor FM Transmitters: AM / FM / SW Active Antenna: This circuit shows an active antenna that can be used for AM, FM, and shortwave SW. On the shortwave band this active antenna is comparable to a20 to30 foot wire antenna. This circuit uses receivers that use untuned wire antennas, such as inexpensive units and car radios. L1 can be selected for the application Basic FM Radio Transmitters: FM Beacon Transmitter (88 108 MHz): This circuit will transmit a continuous audio tone on the FM broadcast band (88-108 MHz) which could used for remote control or security purposes. Circuit draws about30 mA from a 6-9 volt battery and can be received to about100 yards. FM Booster: FM Broadcast Audio Transmitter : Monophonic FM band transmitter for home use. FM Radio Bug: FM Radio Telephone Bug: FM Radio Telephone Transmitter: FM Radio Transmitter #1: FM Radio Transmitter #3: FM Radio Transmitter #4: FM transmitter : High Performance FM Receiver for Audio & Digital: Improved FM Stereo Modulator: Long Range FM Transmitter: Low Power FM Transmitter: Micro Spy With FETs: Micro Spy With TTL: Micro Spy With USW: MicroPower FM Broadcasting Circuits: Miniature FM Transmitter #1: Miniature FM Transmitter #2: Miniature FM Transmitter #3: Miniature FM Transmitters #4: MPF102 FM Receiver: PLL FM Transmitter: Small FM Transmitter: Two Transistor FM Transmitters: Waveform Generator Demodulates FM Signals: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Click here for Other Circuits
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Frequency Modulation (FM) Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Freespace - Light Beam Communication Circuits
Freespace or Light Beam Communication Circuits

Light Beam Receiver for Laser Pistols: SINGLE IC FORMS SENSITIVE MODULATED LIGHT RECEIVER (15) (4069rvr1) The circuit uses a very inexpensive C-MOS IC that is connected to a small photodiode. Using an unique inductive feedback network, the circuit provides high sensitivity under high ambient light conditions. It is a great circuit when you want to extend the range of an optical remote control transmitter. 40KHz LIGHT RECEIVER IS IMMUNE TO AMBIENT LIGHT (16) (40krvr1) If you want even more sensitivity than the above circuit, try this design. When used with a one centimeter square photodiode, you can achieve a range of several hundred feet with a standard TV or VCR remote control module. 1uS LIGHT PULSE RECEIVER PLUS POST AMP (27) (500krvr3) This circuit is designed to detect very weak light pulses lasting 1uS. It uses a tuned LC feedback network to provide high sensitivity while giving high ambient light immunity. A post voltage amplifier is included with a gain of about X20. The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver section of Dave Johnson's Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. (this link is off-site) 1uS LIGHT PULSE DISCRIMINATOR PLUS F TO V CONVERTER (28) (1usdes1) This circuit is designed to detect the narrow 1uS pulses produced by the above amplifier circuit. The clean logic type pulses produced by the discriminator are then sent to a frequency to voltage converter. The circuit is designed to process a pulse frequency of 10KHz that is frequency modulated by voice audio signals. The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver circuit section of Dave Johnson's Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. VOLTAGE TO FREQUENCY CONVERTER + 1uS LED PULSE DRIVER (34) (voicex2) This circuit receives the signal from the above amplifier and launches powerful 1uS infrared light pulses from a low cost LED that are frequency modulated by the audio information. The 10KHz center frequency of the pulse stream is low enough so a standard infrared LED can emit ten times more light than conventional long pulse techniques. The circuit is described in more detail in the transmitter section of Dave Johnson's Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. (this link is off-site)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Freespace_Communications.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 5:14:25 PM]
40KHz TV-VCR LIGHT SOURCE REPEATER (35) (40kvcr) This circuit is designed to be placed directly in front of a standard TV or VCR remote. The exiting light pulses produced by the circuit match the pulses from the remote but are about 10 times more powerful. Using the device, the remote can operate a TV or VCR over three times the normal distance. MICRO POWER 40KHz BURST LASER DIODE DRIVER (36) (40klrl) Some laser tag or simulated combat games can use this circuit to send short bursts of modulated laser light at the opponent's vest, equipped with a matching light receiver. The circuit operates from three 1.5v cells (4.5v) that should provide enough energy for about 200,000 shots. 9v POWERED XENON PHOTOFLASH CONTROLLER (42) (xenflsl) This 9v battery powered circuit is designed for remote control flash needs. A charge control circuit turns off the high voltage generator when the photoflash capacitor is fully charged. A neon lamp is included to indicate when the system is ready to flash. SIMPLE NITROGEN SPARK GENERATOR (43) (spark4) Nitrogen or air sparks are very powerful light sources that produce flashes that last only a few nanoseconds. This line powered circuit generates a continuous series of very small sparks across electrodes with a 0.05 inch gap. LINE POWERED XENON FLASH TRANSMITTER (44) (xen2xtr) This line powered xenon flash circuit drives a small camera type flash tube. It has an optical isolator to allow the flash to be safely triggered from some remote device. A flash rate of 2Hz is possible with the circuit. 20MHz VCSEL 3mW LASER TEST CIRCUIT (58) (20mhzlsr) This circuit takes advantage of some new vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) that dont require light output control circuits. The circuit shows how to drive the device from a single high speed CMOS IC. The circuit can easily be modified to transmit signals from kilohertz to about 50MHz. 40KHz MODULATED LIGHT DETECTOR (59) (40krvr2) This circuit uses a unique cascode amplifier circuit to convert the current from a PIN photo diode to a current without any feedback network. It is very stable and very sensitive. The circuit shown has the potential for a conversion factor of 10 volts per microwatt at 900nm. I included a simple JFET post-amplifier with a gain of about 20. 40KHz LASER BURST DETECTOR (60) (40krvr3) This circuit was originally designed to detect weak flashed of laser light bounced off of a fabric video projection screen. It was used as part of a firearm training system. It generates a 100mS output pulse whenever it detects a 3ms to 5ms laser burst, modulated at 40KHz. It is very sensitive and could be modified for long range laser communications. 10MHz TO 20MHz LASER LIGHT DETECTOR (61) (20mrvr2) This circuit was originally designed to detect laser light pulses for an optical Ethernet communications system. It has good ambient light immunity. PULSED LED TEST CIRCUIT (63) (testled) This circuit is designed to test visible and infrared LEDs in pulsed mode operations. It can drive the LED with peak currents in excess of 10 amps. A light detector nearby can monitor the response time and intensity of the LED under test. FET INPUT HIGH SPEED LIGHT DETECTOR (69) (fetamp0) This circuit is yet another design that converts current from a PIN photo diode to a voltage. It has a bandwidth that extends beyond 50MHz.
AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH RECEIVER (70) (airmon0) I designed this circuit many years ago to monitor the quality of a mile long column of air for future optical communications experiments. The transmitter system (circuit 72 below) uses a powerful xenon flash in conjunction with a large 12 inch fresnel lens at the transmitter end and a matching 12 inch lens with a PIN photo diode at the receiver. The receiver system was connected to a weather station and a computer to collect the changes in intensity of the light flashes under different weather conditions. It has the potential for a 30+ mile range. I have also used this system to conduct cloud bounce experiments. AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH RECEIVER (71) (airmon1) This is page two of the receiver circuit above. AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH TRANSMITTER (72) (airmon2) This is the matching transmitter for the above receiver. The transmitter launches powerful 1000-watt light pulses that last about 20 microseconds. 5W FLUORESCENT LAMP INTENSITY MODULATOR (75) (5wlamp) The circuit was designed to experiment with using small fluorescent lamps as a broad pattern source of modulated light. The circuit hits the small lamp with narrow 1us pulses at a rate of 10KHz. Each pulse launches about 10 watts of visible light. The lamp starting method is a bit crude but the circuit does work. LASER/LED LIGHT OUTPUT INTENSITY METER (80) (laserpwr) This circuit uses a large 1cm X 1cm silicon PIN photo diode and a transimpedance amplifier to measure the light power output of infrared and visible LEDs and laser diodes. It can be modified to produce almost any milliwatts to volts scale factor. It can be connected to either a multi-meter or an oscilloscope. LIGHT DETECTORS WITH AMIBIENT LIGHT COMPENSATION (83) (40krvr4) These circuits were taken from a few application notes on infrared remote control devices. They use a current compensation method to separate the modulated light pulses from ambient light. They appear to have limited bandwidth and may only work at the 30KHz to 50KHz frequencies often used by TV and VCR remotes. I have not yet tested the circuits. OPTICAL RFID TEST CIRCUIT (87) (opiddemo) I designed this test the concept of using light techniques to send identification data instead of RF. A more detailed discussion on this scheme can be found in the Imagineered new products section. WIDE BAND ZERO CROSS DETECTOR (109) (zerocross1) This circuit was designed to convert a low amplitude 40KHz signal into a clean square wave signal. It will work with inputs as small as 5mv peak to peak or as large as 3 volts peak to peak. The input frequency can range from a few kilohertz to about 150KHz. 40KHZ LED TEST SIGNAL GENERATOR (111) (40khzref2) This 40KHz crystal controlled oscillator circuit drives an infrared LED with powerful 40ma pulses. The circuit can be used to test optical communications circuits, designed to receive 40KHz modulated light signals. XENON LAMP FLASH DETECTOR (112) (xenonflsdet1) This circuit uses a small 2.5mm square photo diode in conjunction with a 100mH coil to detect the short light flashes from a xenon lamp. The coil makes the circuit immune to normal room lights. Its 10mv sensitivity can detect light flashes from a range of over 100 feet. Reflections from a rooms walls and ceiling is usually enough to trigger the circuit. The entire circuit draws only 3 microamps from a 6 to 9 volt battery.
30KHZ LIGHT RECEIVER AMP (121) (30khzamp1) This circuit uses NPN darlington transistor to amplify the signal produced from short light flashes, as detected by a PIN photo diode. The circuit draws only about 330uA from a 6v battery. 40KHZ LIGHT RECEIVER AMP (122) (40khzamp1) This circuit is similar to number 121 but provides more gain and operates up to 40KHz. However it draws more power supply current.
Freezer Alarm Circuits - Electronic Hobby Science Projects
Freezer Alarm Circuits

Cold Activated Switch: Freezer Door Alarm: Frost Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Freezer_Alarm.html [1/17/2007 5:14:26 PM]
Frequency Converters Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Frequency Converters Circuits

555 Makes handy Voltagetotime Converter: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. 900MHz Down Converter Consumes Little Power: 06/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas Analog Tachometer for Gasoline Engines: Circuit Converts Pulse Width to Voltage #2: 10/28/99 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit is optimized for a positive-going pulse width of1 to2 msec, repeating at intervals of approximately17 msec. The output produces a voltage of0.95V for a1msec pulse to2.25V for a2-msec pulse. Circuit converts pulse width to voltage: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 converts pulse information to a clean dc voltage by the end of a single incoming pulse. In another technique, an RC filter can convert a PWM signal to an averaged dc voltage, but this method is slow in responding. Converting lowduty-cycle pulse information is slower yet. . Diode Frequency Doublers: Frequency Doubler operates on Triangle Waves: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Multiplier Improves Line Readings: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency to Voltage Converter uses Sample & Hold to Improve Response & Ripple: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Frequency Tripler Using the CA3028: Gyrator Circuit: The gyrator principle uses the effect that the value of input capacitance at the base of a transitor is effectively multiplied by the current gain of the transistor. HCMOS Gates Make Frequency Multipliers: Hear Amateurs on your FM Radio!: LF to HF Converter: LM2907 Tachometer / Speed Switch Building Block Applications: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 New Phase Locked Loops: Non Powered Ring Modulator Circuit: Short Wave Converter for Scanners: Two Diode Odd Order Multiplier: Volt / F Converter ICs Handle Frequency to Voltage Needs: 09/28/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Frequency_Converters.html [1/17/2007 5:14:29 PM]
Frequency Counters Circuits - Electronic Science Projects
Frequency Counters
50 MHz Frequency Counter, Voltage Meter & SWR / PWR Indicator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Frequency_Counters.html [1/17/2007 5:14:30 PM]
Frequency Divider Circuits - Electronic Hobby Science Projects
Frequency Divider Circuits

Amplifiers perform precision divide by 2 circuit: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The classic implementation of a voltage-halving circuit uses two equal-value resistors. Using 1% resistors provides a divider output with 2% accuracy. For most applications, this performance is cost-effective and more than adequate. However, when you need extreme precision, this approach requires correspondingly accurate resistors and can become expensive... Divide By 1 1/2 Circuit: Frequency Doubler operates on Triangle Waves: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Unusual Frequency Dividers:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Frequency_Divider_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:14:33 PM]
Frequency Doubler Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Frequency Doubler Circuits

Diode Frequency Doublers: Frequency Doubler operates on Triangle Waves: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Frequency_Doublers.html [1/17/2007 5:14:36 PM]
Frequency Meters Monitors - Electronic Hobby Projects
Sensors / Detectors: Frequency Meters Monitors

Frequency Comparator Draws 8 A: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Comparator has Status Output: 12/26/02 EDN-Design Ideas / The original application for the circuit was to check the number of revolutions of an engine with only one LED as an indicator. The measurement of the number of revolutions usually involves sensors with a frequency output proportional to the number of revolutions. Frequency Divider Adapts to I / O Conditions: 09/29/94 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Window Comparator has hysteresis: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Low Flow Rate Thermal Flowmeter: Make a Simple PCbased Frequency Meter: 04/29/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Frequency_Meters_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:14:39 PM]
Frequency Multiplier Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Frequency Multiplier Circuits

Frequency Tripler Using the CA3028: Gyrator Circuit: The gyrator principle uses the effect that the value of input capacitance at the base of a transistor is effectively multiplied by the current gain of the transistor. HCMOS Gates Make Frequency Multipliers: Q Multiplier: Two Diode Odd-Order Multiplier:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Frequency_Multipliers.html [1/17/2007 5:14:43 PM]
Frequency Shift (FSK) Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Frequency Shift (FSK) Circuits

68HC11 Function Generator: Circuit makes simple FSK modulator: 10/11/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The need for a compact telemetry system poses a challenge for designing a small, light, lowcomponent-count system. Interfacing serial data from the microprocessor is also difficult because most low-cost RF transmitters do not accept dc levels at the input. Commercial FSK (frequency-shift-keying) modulators are bulky and need many passive components. . Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Frequency_Shift_(FSK)_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:14:47 PM]
Frequency Synthesizer Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Frequency Synthesizer Circuits

Low-cost, programmable oscillator operates at 2 GHz: 5/11/00 EDN-Design Ideas / All wireless communication systems need a local oscillator. Figure 1 shows a lowcost PLL circuit for the 2-GHz band for such applications as industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) and satellite personal-communication systems (S-PCS). The central...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Frequency_Synthesizer_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:14:54 PM]
Frequency to Voltage Converters - Electronic Circuits
Converters: Frequency to Voltage

555 makes handy voltage-to-time converter: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Analog Tachometer for Gasoline Engines: Circuit Converts Pulse Width to Voltage #1: 10/25/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit Converts Pulse Width to Voltage #2: 10/28/99 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit is optimized for a positive-going pulse width of1 to2 msec, repeating at intervals of approximately17 msec. The output produces a voltage of0.95V for a1msec pulse to2.25V for a2-msec pulse. Frequency to Voltage Converter uses Sample & Hold to Improve Response & Ripple: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 LM2907 Tachometer / Speed Switch Building Block Applications: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 New Phase Locked Loops: Stereo Compressor: V / F Converter ICs Handle Frequency to Voltage Needs: 09/28/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Frequency_to_Voltage_Converters.html [1/17/2007 5:14:59 PM]
Freezer Alarm Circuits - Frost Freeze Alarm - Electronic Circuits
Freezer Alarm Circuits

Cold Activated Switch: Freezer Door Alarm: Frost Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Frost_Freeze_Alarm.html [1/17/2007 5:15:03 PM]
Function Generator Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Function Generator Circuits

68HC11 Function Generator: Function Generator #2: Function Generator: Low Cost Function Generator: This low-cost function generator, based on the Maxim MAX038 high-frequency waveform generator, produces sine, triangle, and square waves from under 1 Hz to over 20 MHz (See figure Below). The frequency, amplitude, and offset of all output waveforms are adjustable, as is the duty cycle of the square wave. Timers generate Variable Sweep Frequencies: 8/1/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/F/Function_Generators.html [1/17/2007 5:15:09 PM]
Indicator Circuits - Electronic Hobby Science Projects & Circuits
Indicator Circuits
12 Volt Lead Acid Battery Monitor: This simple circuit makes it possible to monitor the charging process to a higher level. 50 MHz Frequency Counter, Voltage Meter & SWR / PWR Indicator: Audio Level Indicator: Audio Amplifier output relay delay Audio Volume Indicator: (PDF) uses an XS40 Board and XStend Board to display the volume of an audio input on a barograph LED. Battery Charge Indicator: Battery Chargers indicates Rate of Charge: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas / A single LED indicates whether the battery Chargers s delivering a trickle charge or a fast charge, circuit designed to charge2-14 cells Battery condition indicator12v : Battery Equal Charge Indicator: Battery Monitor Emulates Auto Dashboard: 07/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Blown Fuse Indicator: Car indicator alarm: Circuit forms low frequency circulator: 10/11/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The electronic circulator made its debut ten years ago (Reference 1). It functioned at VHF as a three-port unit using a Comlinear (now part of National Semiconductor, www.nsc.com) CLC 406 operational amplifier. The circuit in Figure 1 extends the circulator's performance to four-port operation at low frequencies, using the readily available 941 (equivalent to the ubiquitous 741) and LM3... Cut Phone Line Detector #2: CW zero Beat indicator: Data Multiplexer Adds Cursor to LED Display Driver: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Mains Voltage Indicator: Doorbell for the Deaf: Expanded scale indicator revisited: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The visualization aid that a previous Design Idea describes allows only the expansion of the upper end of the scale (Reference 1). But what can you do if, according to your project requirements, you need to expand the middle region of the scale? Figure 1a illustrates the challenge. A voltmeter comprises a 100-A dc meter and a series resistor Fastest Finger First Indicator: Free Line Indicator Stops Interruptions: 12/07/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest A simple circuit lights an LED, which indicates whether the line is free (Figure1a) / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest. Batteries are unnecessary; the phone line powers the circuit, and an accumulator saves energy for an "in use" indication. Fuse Monitor / Alarm: a simple way to see if a fuse has blown without removing it from its holder Headlight On Reminder With Light: High / Low indicator: Hot Water Tank Indicator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/I/Indicator_Circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:15:14 PM]
Indicator has "electronic lens" : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The method for implementing an extended-scale meter described in an earlier Design Idea had a conceptual error: The meter impedance must change continuously, not discretely as expressed (Reference 1). You could achieve the desired result by using a digital potentiometer controlled by an input voltage via an appropriate interface.... Indicator has Expanded Scale: 02/21/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest LED Flasher indicates Low Battery Condition: 01/02/97 EDN Design Ideas Line Status Indicator: NiCd Battery Discharger / Capacity Indicator: OpAmp Rectifier Signals Input State: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Park Aid: 3-LEDs signal bumper-barrier distance Infrared operation, indoor use Phone Busy Indicator: simple busy indicator, does not meet regulations of many countries because this circuit draws excessive continuous current from the ph1-line even when not active and this can cause problems with Telephone system Phone in Indicator: Phone In Use Indicator: Phone In Use Light: Phone in use: Phone Off Hook Indicator: Phone Off Hook Indicator: Phone Rang Indicator Light: phone Rang' indicator Light: Power Amplifier Clipping Indicator: Remote Doorbell Indicator: Safety Indicator Lights: SILs was designed and built for a colleague at work. He needed a device to control the indicator lights on his motorcycle. The idea was to turn all lamps on during driving, but switch over to normal operation when the indicator was needed. He wanted this device because his motorcycle was fairly broad and was worried that passing cars wouldnt notice, especially in the dark! Simple Circuit Detects Current Pulses: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas Simple circuit forms peak/clipping indicator: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple peak detector in Figure 1 is the result of a need for a single-5V-supply, level/clipping indicator for a multimedia-PC sound system. The design is unique in that it detects both stereo channels on a single peak-hold capacitor. All the adjustments in the circuit simultaneously apply to both left and right stereo inputs. . Single LED indicates Two Power States: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Uses a single bicolor LED to indicate both power-on and blown-fuse conditions Status Indicator Flags Five Discharge States: 01/20/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit actually indicates five conditions of the battery. A steady glow assures the user that the battery is strong and healthy. A2-Hz brief flicker off indicates that the battery is starting to show age. A more insistent,50%,5-Hz flashing is a warning to have a spare battery on hand. A brief flicker on at2 Hz is the batterys last gasp. And, when the LED is continuously off, its Time to replace the battery. Telephone Headgear: A compact, inexpensive and low component count telecom headset can be constructed using two readily available transistors and a few other electronic components. Since the circuit draws very little current, it is ideal for parallel operation with electronic Telephone set. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone In Use LED Indicator: Telephone in use Light: Water Level Alarm: Water Level Controller: Water Level Indicator With Alarm:
Infrared Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects & Circuits
Infrared Circuits
555 Timer 40khz Infrared Oscillator: 555 timer 40khz IR Oscillator: Build An Infrared Night Scope: Cheap 40KHz Clock: Computerized Infrared Remote: control your stereo, TV and VCR from Windows, includes schematic and software Convert Hauppauge Infrared Remote Control to IRMAN: How to modify Hauppauge Infrared remote control receiver to work as IRMAN compatible remote control receiver. The text is in Finnish. Day and Night Infrared Detection: Decoding IR Remote Controls: Digibox Interface: Fire Stick infrared Remote Control: General Purpose Infrared Receiver: Implementing Infrared Object Detection: Infra Red Remote Transponder: Infra Red Switch: Infrared / Ultrasonic Beacon: Infrared Active Motion Detector: An ambient-light-ignoring infrared active motion detector Infrared Alarm: This circuits consist of two parts, the first part will transmit a signal, and the second part will detect that signal and trigger a relay.To adjust the circuit, hold down S1 while pointing LED1 at the receiver. Adjust R6 until you hear the relay click. You can increase range by using a high output LED for LED1. Bright light will stop the receiver from responding to the transmitter. Infrared Body Heat Detector: Infrared Circuits for Remote Control: Infrared Cordless Headphone: Infrared Detector: Infrared Detector: This circuit is a simple Infrared detector for testing Infrared remote controllers. The circuit is based on1-phototransistor which receives the Infrared beam. The NPN transistor works as an amplifier which feeds current to the led. Infrared Gate Detector: Infrared Gate for Door: Infrared Head Phones: Using this low-cost project one can reproduce audio from TV without disturbing others. In place of a pair of wires, it uses invisible infrared light to transmit audio signals from TV to headphones. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Infrared Laser Light Detector: Infrared Level Detector: Useful for liquids level detection and proximity devices Up to50 cm. range, optional relay operation Infrared Logic Probe: Infrared Night Scope:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/I/Infrared_Circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:15:18 PM]
Infrared Receiver: (Amplitude Modulated IR) Infrared Relay With Relay Output: Infrared Remote Control #2: simple circuit which controls one relay output Infrared Remote Control Extender: Infrared Remote Control Repeater: Infrared Remote Control Shutter Release System: Infrared Remote Control Tester #1: measures the relative intensities of different Infrared light sources Infrared Remote Control Tester: Infrared Remote Home Control: Software Remocon Con for Windows98able to fire remote control signal through built in infrared port (IrDA) that is of notebook personal computer standard equipment Infrared Remote Jammer: Infrared Remote Transponder: Infrared Repeater: Infrared Switch: Infrared to Light Converter: This circuit converts infrared light into sound. Modulated Infrared light, like that ROM remote controls, Infrared received by the phototransistor and is amplified by the LM386 IC. Infrared Toy Car Motor Controller: enables on/off remote switching of battery operated toy cars. Infrared Transmitter / Decoder: Infrared Transmitter / Detector: Infrared Transmitter and Receiver Schematic Diagrams: Infrared Transmitter Circuit: Infrared Transmitter for Audio: (Amplitude Modulated IR) Infrared Transmitter for Locomotives: IR Detector / Emitter: IR Detector for Robotics: IR Detector: IR Detector: IR Link: IR Link: A basic Imfra Red Link for audio communication for distances upto 3 metres IR Receiver (Amplitude Modulated IR): IR Remote Control Extender Circuit (Mark 2): IR Remote Control Extender Circuit (Mark 3): IR Remote Control Extender: IR Remote Control jammer: IR Remote Control tester: IR Remote Switch: IR 'slotted Switch' Sensor: IR Transmitter for Audio (Amplitude Modulated IR): iRDto TTL Interface: LCD + IR Circuit Schematic: Linux Infrared Remote Control (LIRC): Long Range Infrared Remote: by Boondog Automation, gives 8-20 ft of wireless control Micro Based PIR to IR Remote Converter: Minimizing SUN's Noise in IR Reception: PC Infrared Remote Control #1: PC IR Remote Control: Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor: Remote Control for Sony a / Volt Equipment: PIC based remote controller for Infrared and wired Control-S bus Remote Controlled a Volt Switch: Infrared Controlled AV Switch with S-Video, Composite Video, and Audio Remote Controlled Lamp Dimmer: Here is a complete design project from Biltronix that allows you to use an off the shelf remote to control the brightness of the lights.
Serial Infrared Remote Controller: a simple, cheap device that can be connected to any serial port to control most components that have infrared remote controls, includes schematics for receiver and transmitter Serial Port Controller infrared Transmitter (PIC16F628): Simple infrared Remote Control: Stable 40KHz Clock: Stereo IR Audio Receiver: Synthetic Inductor for Filters and Oscillators Is IR Controlled : 12/23/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Almost all semiconductor products are sensitive to light, but this feature has been especially optimized for photodetectors (photodiodes and phototransistors). These are employed to sense or measure radiant energy in all industrial, consumer, and... Telephone Call Meter using Calculator & COB: In this circuit, a simple calculator, in conjunction with a COB (chip-on-board) from an analogue quartz clock, is used to make a Telephone call meter. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Temperature measurement scheme uses IR sensor and sigma delta ADC: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many noncontact temperature-measurement systems use infrared sensors, such as thermopiles, which can detect small amounts of heat radiation. Biomedical thermometers that measure the temperature of an ear or a temple use noncontact temperature measurement, as do automotive-HVAC systems that adjust temperature zones based on the body temperature of passengers... Temperature Measurement Scheme uses IR Sensor and Sigmadelta ADC: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Universal Infrared Controller for a PC: This simple circuit allows you to record any Infrared remote control signal on your PC, and then play it back. This is particularly useful if you want to control appliances such as TVs, VCRs, CDs etc. from your computer. The device simply connects to the parallel port of your PC. You can also use this circuit to analyze the waveform from any Infrared remote control. This circuit was originally published in Electronics Australia, September1998 Very Stable 40khz Generator: Wireless IR headphone Receiver: Wireless IR headphone Transmitter:
Instruments Circuits - Tester Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Testers / Instruments Circuits

1.2GHz Frequency Counter: 1.5 AMP Shunt Ammeter Circuit: circuit converts a 0-15Volt voltmeter to a 1.5Amp ammeter 12 Volt Battery Capacity Tester: This circuits makes the amp-hour test simple and cheap. The amp-hour reading obtained should be accurate to within10% if the load resistor (lamp) is properly calibrated. 120 MHz Frequency Counter: 16 Bit AD Converter W / RS232 Interface: 2 Tone Audio Oscillator (use for SSB Tests): 220 Volt Live Wire in Wall Scanner 2: 220 Volt Live Wire in Wall Scanner: This circuit senses power lines behind walls 220 Volt Wiring Detector: 25 k Volt Generator Tests Insulation: 06/04/98 EDN-Design Ideas 3 Channel Spectrum Analyzer: This3 channel15 LED spectrum analyzer can be used as an addition to any audio amp project. It produces fantastic displays on3LED bars that can be individually adjusted for any particular frequency range. 4 Channel DSO for oscilloscope: 50 MHz Frequency Counter, Voltage Meter & SWR / PWR Indicator: 50 MHz Frequency Counter, Voltage Meter & SWR/PWR indicator: 555 Go / No Go Tester: 555 Timer IC Tester: 741 Based Light Sensor: CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay AC Line Current Detector: AC Millivoltmeter: AC/DC LED Indicator: Accelerometer Schematic: AdjuStable Continuity Tester: Adjustment Free Inclinometer operates on 2.7V: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas ADXL202 Accelerometer to C Volt Output: The Air Whammy is a simple dual control voltage generator that uses a 2 axis accellerometer as the source. The whole circuit fits into a small project box (approximately 65x40mm), and is powered from a 12V AC plugpack. Air Pressure: Circuit uses a NPP301 pressure sensor. Range of this sensor is1bar (15psi). It will output40mV at normal air pressure and3x overload doesnt damage the device. Altimeter: Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Analog LED Bar VU Meter: built around discrete components
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/I/Instruments.html (1 of 10) [1/17/2007 5:15:42 PM]
Arbitrary Waveform Generator: Audible Circuit Tracer: Audible Continuity Tester: Audio Frequency Meter: Audio LED VU Meter: built around discrete components Audio MilliVoltmeter: Audio Test Oscillator: Audio test Station: Battery Equal Charge Indicator: Battery Pack Discharger: Battery Tester for 1.5 & 9V: Beeper to Find Short Circuits: Build a Magnetic Field Immunity Tester: Build your own bypass capacitor tester: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Most circuits use bypass capacitors and can deliver substandard performance if the capacitors have poor pulse characteristics. Few if any articles cover how to test bypass capacitors for pulse characteristics. The circuit in Figure 1 tests these characteristics. It charges the capacitor under test through 100 kU for approximately 1 msec and then discharges it through 10U for a... . Cable Tester is Fast & Cheap: 09/24/98 EDN-Design Ideas Calibrate scope jitter using a transmission line loop: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital-clock-period jitter is the variation in the period of a clock cycle compared with a nominal (average of many cycles) clock period. To accurately measure period jitter using an oscilloscope, you must subtract the oscilloscope jitter fro. Calibration Technique uses Sound: 09/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas Capacitance Meter: Cell Cycler Sorting Sires Superior Batteries: 06/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Adapts Signals for Visual Perception: 10/12/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit measures currents in dc servo motor: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple circuit design in Figure 1 lets you measure all components of a current flowing in a dc servo motor. The rectified output of the circuit uses ground as a reference, so you can measure the output by using a single-ended A/D converter. The current-sense resistor, R1, has a value of 0. . Circuit Measures Small Currents Referenced to High Voltage Rails: 01/07/02 EDNDesign Ideas / / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Circuit Monitors Multiple Contact Closures: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Monitors Pump On/Off Times To Ensure Safe Operation : Electronic Design Ideas for Design / In a septic-tank-based sewage system, waste water and toilet wastes from, say, a residence drain into the first compartment of a twocompartment septic tank. A grating between the compartments allows just liquid waste to drain into the second... Circuit Provides Accurate RTD Measurements: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit Tests Power Outage Susceptibility: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Circuitry for inexpensive Relative Humidity Measurement: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Connection Tester: Constant Voltage Load Tests Battery Chargers: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Construction of Low Resistance Shunts: Continuity Tester, Latching: Awesome tester!- at least in the designers opinion! Continuity Tester, Smart: Continuity Tester: Convert your DMM to a pH meter: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / It's often necessary to know the acidity of a solution to control a process. Even inexpensive pH meters can be relatively costly, and many of the inexpensive models have no output that you can readily connect to a computer interface. A simple solution to this problem is to attach a pH probe to a high-impedance input of an op amp and read the output with a digital voltmeter (Figure 1).. Create your Own Meter: Curious C Beeper:
Current Sense Amplifier Handles High Voltages: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas Current Sense IC Prevents Overcurrent Damage: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas Cut Phone Line Detector #1: Can be used to alarm security system DC Millivolt Meter: Deflection Amplifier for oscilloscopes: Delay Simulator Debugs Communications Equipment: 10/27/95 EDN-Design Ideas Design makes handy audible circuit tracer: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit tracer in Figure 1 is a handy tool for finding connectivity paths on a pc board. Because the sense voltage you use to measure the path is lower than a transistor's VBE voltage, you can use the design in circuits containing semiconductor elements without affecting the measurement. The tracer's output takes the form of audio tones Differential Scope Probe Delivers 6GHz Bandwidth to the Screen: 02/20/03 EDNDesign Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Digital / Standard Phone Line Tester: make sure that the line is suitable for modem use and your PCMCIA does not damage if you plug it in Digital Frequency Counter: Digital PC Oscilloscope: Digital Pressure Gauge: Digital Volt Meter With Video Output: Digital Volt Meter: DIGITAL VOLTMETER: This is just a schematic view of a digital voltmeter all components and values are listed. Diode & LED Tester: Dip Oscillator for HF: Distortion Analyzer: Distortion Measurement Circuit: DMM Measures Light Level #1: 07/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas DMM Measures Light Level #2: 08/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas DSPbased Wireless Analyzer Targets 2.5 and 3G Networks: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Electric Field & Leakage Detector: Electromagnetic Field Detector: This circuit is sensitive to low frequency electromagnetic radiation and will detect for example hidden wiring or the field that encompasses a transformer. Pickup is by a radial type inductor, used as a probe which responds well to low frequency changing magnetic and electric fields. Ordinary headphones are used to for detection. The field that surrounds a transformer is heard as a50 or 60Hz buzz. Electromagnetic Field Probe With Meter: Electronic Construction Level: Electroscope: Eliminate thermoelectric EMF in low ohm measurements: 06/13/2002 EDN Design Ideas / When two different-metal conductors connect together in a loop and one of the junctions is at a higher temperature than the other, an electrical current flows through the loop. The magnitude of this current depends on the type of metals involved and the temperature differential of the junctions. When you open such a loop, a thermoelectric voltage appears across the open ends.. EMF Field Probe: ESD Gun : ESR Meter: Ethernet 10Base T Simulator Jig yields Zero Emissions: 10/22/98 EDN-Design Ideas Expanded scale indicator revisited: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The visualization aid that a previous Design Idea describes allows only the expansion of the upper end of the scale (Reference 1). But what can you do if, according to your project requirements, you need to expand the middle region of the scale? Figure 1a illustrates the challenge. A voltmeter comprises a 100-A dc meter and a series resistor
Expanded Scale Voltmeter uses Just Two Parts: 01/20/1994 EDN Design Ideas / The expanded voltmeter doesnt require trimpots to obtain usable accuracy or require the tedious selection of Zener diodes. This circuit consists of only two parts and a5V meter. The circuit is completely linear and requires no calibration except the rare mechanical zeroing of the meter. By using a split voltage reference system with floating output, the zero point of the voltage supplied to the meter equals the absolute sum of the two references. Femto Capacitance Meter: This meter measures into the low femtofarad area. Measuring in the femto area allows the smallest capacitors to be measured with precision. Such capacitors are commonly used to compensate for input and stray capacitance in amplifiers. Field Strength Meter #1: Field Strength Meter #2: Field Strength Meter #3: Fluxmeter to DVM input: Four Channel Oscilloscope Adapter: Frequency & Capacitance Meter: Frequency Comparator Draws 8 A: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Comparator has Status Output: 12/26/02 EDN-Design Ideas / The original application for the circuit was to check the number of revolutions of an engine with only one LED as an indicator. The measurement of the number of revolutions usually involves sensors with a frequency output proportional to the number of revolutions. Frequency Comparator: Frequency Counter Module: Frequency Doubler operates on Triangle Waves: 09/29/94 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Measurements using PC: Frequency Window Comparator has hysteresis: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Full Featured Transistor Tester: Function Generator: Function Generator: Grid Dip Meter: High / Low indicator: High Side Current Sensor has Period Output #2: Maxim APP 1084: May 31, 2002 High side current sensor has period output: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You use high-side current monitoring in many battery-powered products that require accurate monitoring of load current, charger current, or both. In applications for nonportable designs, high-side-current monitoring serves as a power-supply watchdog that can flag a failure in downstream devices. . High side current sensor monitors negative rail: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / All dedicated current-sense amplifiers provide high-side sensing on a positive supply, but you can adapt such circuits for monitoring a negative supply (Figure 1). The positive-supply pin, V+, connects to the system's positive supply, and the ground pin, GND, connects to the negative supply, VEE. That arrangement monitors the negative supply and provides a positive output voltage for the extern.. HighVoltage Monitor Features High Accuracy : 08/1902 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many applications call for measuring ac lines or high dc voltages. One common technique uses a large voltage divider followed by a buffer. Another employs an inverting attenuator. The problems associated with both methods stem from uneven power... Improve Voltage Readings By Doubling a DVM's Scale : 04/29/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The ubiquitous, and now inexpensive, 1999-digit digital panel meter or digital voltage meter (DVM) module is a very useful addition to the range of test and display gear currently available. It's accurate, robust, and easily scaled for ranges from... In Circuit Electrolytic Tester: Inclinometer:
Indicator features expanded scale: 02/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Test equipment for a production line should be user-friendly (read "idiot-proof") and should offer minimal test time. In many cases, the test fixture must give an operator only one answer: pass or fail. Usually, two indicators assume this role: green for pass and red for fail. In most applications, a sensor transforms the tested parameter to a voltage; the test fixture must measure this v... . Indicator has Expanded Scale: 02/21/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Inductance meter : for 0.5 uH to 50 uh RF inductors, displays on digital voltmeter Inductance Meter: Inductive Pickup: simple device for detecting audio-frequency electromagnetic signals, such as those emanating from a loudspeaker, or its cable Infrared Remote Control Tester #1: measures the relative intensities of different Infrared light sources Infrared Remote Control Tester: Integrator Forms Picoammeter: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas Ion Detector: Isolated, 12bit, 8 Channel, a / D Converter With PC Interface & 0.1% Accuracy: LCD Frequency Counter (PIC16F84): LED Audio VU Meter: logarithmic scale with3 dB steps, based in LM3915 IC LEDBarograph Driver: Light Meter: Light Pollution Meter : LED brightness control circuit and a multimeter to compare light levels to LED level. Light Sensor Adapter for Oscilloscope: Lightening Detector: Line Output / Flyback Transformer tester: Linearized RF Detector: Live Power Line Detector: Load Pulser Tests Supply's Transient Response: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Load Simulator Maintains Constant Power: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Logic Analyzer: Logic ChipTester: Logic Probe #1: Logic Probe #2: with probe Logic Probe #3: with probe, CMOS Logic Probe With Pulse, CMOS: Logic Probe With Pulse: Low cost anemometer fights dust: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / As higher levels of power dissipation underscore the need for cooling, more and more fans are finding their way into small electronic enclosures. The dust that fans pull into these enclosures can, however, cause major problems for high-reliability systems. By coating heat sinks and electrically charged components, the dust acts as a blanket that raises the effective thermal impedance betw... . Low Cost Dot/bar Generator: Low cost relative humidity transmitter uses single logic IC: 11/08/2001 EDN Design Ideas / The low-cost percentage-relative-humidity radio transmitter in Figure 1 operates in a cold-storage warehouse for vegetable storage at temperatures of 1 to 5 C. It is generally difficult to collect such data from a lowtemperature area with high humidity and low illumination. The transmitter design is simple: It uses a readily available, capacitor-type percentage-relative-humidity se... . Low Tech DCC Meters: Machine Vibration Activates Hour Meter: 01/16/97 EDN-Design Ideas Magnetometer: Make a Simple PC based Frequency Meter: 04/29/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Making Differential Probes: for sensing audio signal voltages across devices that are not ground referenced
Measure humidity and temperature on one TTL line: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / By combining the responses of an Analog Devices (www.analog.com) AD590 temperature sensor and a Humirel (www.humirel.com) HS1101 humidity sensor, you can generate a single TTL-level signal containing information from both sensors (Figure 1). This design uses a 74HC123 monostable multivibrator, IC1, to form a free-running oscillator. . Measure Inductance With DC Superimposed: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas Measure open circuited cables using a multimeter: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use a multimeter with capacitance-measurement capability to measure the length of wire or cable to an open circuit. The capacitance of a pair of wires (or a wire to a shield) is directly proportional to the length of the wire. If you know th. Measuring RF Voltages with a VOM: Method simplifies testing high Q devices: 02/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The design of low-phase-noise oscillators requires careful attention to resonator unloaded Q. In the construction of a low-phase-noise, high-frequency oscillator, the goal is to achieve an unloaded-Q figure greater than 400 in a reasonable package. Also, you need to monitor the effect of the package and pc-board arrangement. . Micro Ohm Meter: Micro Volt Probe: Microphone Circuit Test Oscillator: 440 Hz Tone generator for testing XLR microph1lines Microphone Polarity Tester: MIDI Tester: Milli Ohm Adapter: MilliGauss Meter: Mini DDS (Direct Digital Synthesis): Mini DDS (direct Digital Synthesizer): Modified Scope Probe Tests SurfaceMount Assemblies: 09/25/97 EDN-Design Ideas MOSFET Current Sensing: Method of mirror current sensing a MOSFET MOSFET tester: Multi Wire Cable Tester: Multicore Cable Tracer: NiCd Battery Discharger / Capacity Indicator: Off Line Telephone Tester: Here is a circuit of an off-line Telephone tester which does not require any Telephone line for testing a Telephone instrument. The circuit is so simple that it can be easily assembled even by a novice having very little knowledge of electronics. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. OpAmp Design & Test Board: Owens Bridge Inductance Measurement Device: Paralleling RMS Converters Speeds Settling.: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas PC Based Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSOA): PC Based Digital Storage Oscilloscope Mk3: PC hardware Monitor Reports the Weather: 01/18/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest PCB maximum trace current: PCB VSWR Bridge: pH Meter #1: pH Meter #2: pH Meter With Calibration: Phantom Power Battery Test Circuit: LED will light when battery is over42 volts PIC Logic Probe With Pulser:
Picoammeter Circuit With Four Ranges: This circuit uses a CA3420 BiMOS op amp to form a picoammeter with4 ranges. The exceptionally low input current (typically0.2pA) makes the CA3420 highly suited for use in a picoammeter circuit. Input transient protection is provided by the1 megohm resistor in series with the input. The10 megohm resistor connected to pin2 decouples the potentially high input capacitance often associated with lower current circuits and reduces the tendency for the circuit to oscillate under these conditions. The10k potentiometer is used for null offset. Pink Noise Generator for Audio Testing: Pink Noise Generator: Polarity Detector: Polarity Sensing Continuity tester: Power Factor Meter: Pre Distortion Techniques: Tape Linearizer and a Distortion Analyzer Precision Audio Frequency Peak Detection Probe : for use with a digital voltmeter Precision Audio MilliVoltmeter: Measures10mV to50Volt RMS in eight ranges Simply connect to your Avo-meter set @50A range Pulse Generator & Signal Tracer: Dual-purpose test-instrument Very simple Circuitry,1.5 Volt Battery-operated Pulse Generator Verifies Test Setups: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Verifying the rise-time limit of wideband test-equipment setups is a difficult task. In particular, you must often know the "end-to-end" rise time of an oscilloscope/probe combination to ensure measurement integrity. Fig1s circuit provides an 800-psec pulse having rise and fall times shorter than250 psec. The pulses amplitude is10V, and the circuits source impedance is50 Ohm. Pulse Reading Logic Probe: Ramp Generator: RCM710 Electronic Scale: Remote Control using Telephone: Here is a tele-remote circuit which enables switching "on" and "off" of appliances through Telephone lines. The circuit described here can be used to switch up to nine appliances (corresponding to the digits1 through 9 of DTMF the Telephone key-pad). The Telephone can be used to switch on or switch off the appliances also while being used for normal conversation. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Remote Field Strength Meter: Remote humidity sensor needs no battery: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Using ac-line power sources and batteries for remote humidity sensors is undesirable because these sources can be troublesome if you mount them in inaccessible points, such as smokestacks, cold-storage chambers, or darkrooms, where maintenance is difficult and inconvenient. Figure 1 shows a simple way to remove the power source from the humidity-sensor circuit. . Resistance tester: Resistor Decade Box: RF Power Meter for the QRPer: Ring Oscillator Measures Cable Length: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas RJ45 Cable Tester: RMS to DC Converter is Accurate & Stable: 09/14/95 EDN-Design Ideas Scope Probe Measures High Frequencies: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Self Heated Transistor Digitizes Airflow: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Self Oscillating Amplifier for Distortion Testing: allows the home constructor to make quite accurate measurements, without having to spend a lot of money on a low distortion oscillator Self Powered Fast Battery Tester: Tests1.5 to15 Volt cells2-LED display, no power supply required Sensitive RF Voltmeter: Short Circuit Beeper: Short Circuit Finder uses Few Parts: 11/05/98 EDN-Design Ideas Signal Conditioning Precisely indicates Humidity: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Signal Generator for Signal Tracer: Signal Injector: Signal Tracer / Injector:
Simple 6 Digit 40MHz Frequency Counter Module: Simple BER meter is easy to build: 03/02/00 EDN-Design Ideas / A bit-error-rate (BER) tester is a basic tool for digital-communications measurements. Although many commercial BER testers are available, you can easily design and build an inexpensive version. The scheme in Figure 1 has performance similar to that of a... Simple Circuit Measures VI Phase Displacement : 08/19/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / This circuit provides different ways to measure the currentvoltage phase displacement of a line-powered ac load. The classic approach for sensing an ac load's current requires a transformer or sensing resistor. The transformer may be expensive,... Simple circuit provides high side current sensing: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Simple Circuit Provides Timebase Calibration: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Uses Optical Fiber To Send RelativeHumidity Data : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit shown in the figure measures relative humidity in air at the low temperatures found in applications like cold storage of food items and greenhouses. Instead of using electrical signal cables that... Simple emulator speeds testing : 09/25/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Designing and testing embedded hardware can be frustrating if you have to rely on somebody else's perhaps-unready firmware to test your hardware. Often, hardware is ready for testing before debugging and system firm-ware are available from software developers. Microprocessor emulators are solutions but are often expensive, hard to use, and sometimes inappropriate for use by hardware developers,...... Simple ESD gun Tests IC: 09/12/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Field Strength Meter: Simple Logic Probe uses Bicolor LED: 03/13/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Technique Measures Small Capacitance: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple tester checks LCDs: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Manufacturers of electronic equipment use LCDs for calculators, watches, mini-videogames, and pagers, for example. In comparison with LED-based displays, which consume power on the order of tens of milliwatts, an LCD consumes only a few microwatts. The LCD thus saves power by a factor of approximately 1000.. Simple, LowCost Capacitor Matcher Replaces Expensive Lab : 11/11/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Matching several capacitors, without needing a really precise value, can be accomplished with a "high-tech" laboratory capacitance meter. But this is cumbersome and overkill, and not everyone has one. This simple circuit matches, compares, and even... Solar Current Meter: Sound Level Meter: Strain Gauge Sensor: Synthetic Isolators: great for checking the SWR of antennas, amplifiers, mixers, etc. TDR Reflectometer: Telephone Test Circuit With Audio Mixer: get Telephone audio to mixer or send audio to Telephone Temperature Compensated PH Meter: Temperature Monitor: TempSentry Temperature Sensor Technical Info & Schematics: Test Batteries Without a Voltmeter: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / This circuit an easy approach to testing batteries without exiting the voltmeter. The battery holders in sizes AAA, AA, C, and D make this tester so much faster than a voltmeter. Test Plug: Three Channel Spectrum Analyzer: This Three channel15 LED spectrum analyzer can be used as an addition to any audio amp project. It produces fantastic displays on3-LED bars that can be individually adjusted for any particular frequency range. Three Level Audio Power Indicator: Battery-operated Three LED display that connect it to loudspeaker output Time and Frequency Circuits: Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR):
Time Domain Reflectometer: Time tag impulses with zero crossing circuit: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A "constant-fraction discriminator" usually performs the time-tagging of impulsive events, which have a peaking time of the signal amplitude. The implementation of this technique requires a delay in the input signal of approximately the same amount as the signal's rise time. You can attain this delay by using a coaxial cable of an appropriate length. . Tonal Voltmeter gives Audible indication of Voltage Level: Trace voltage current curves on your PC: 10/11/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Some years ago, one of the fundamental electronic instruments was the laboratory curve tracer. A CRT display would sweep out terminal behavior (current versus voltage) from which you could derive mathematical models. Classic presentations of diodes, transistors, and other devices enlightened designers about linear and nonlinear operation. . Track multisite temperatures on your PC: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The low-cost circuit in Figure 1 allows you to track four remote temperatures with thermistor sensors through the parallel port on your PC. This four-zone thermometer instrument has a temperature range of -40 to +90 C and a resolution of better than 1 C. You can calibrate its accuracy to within 1 C over a 0 to 50 C span and within 3 C over a -40 to +90 ... . Transistor & FVCs Make Linear Anemometer: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas Transistor Spot Checker: Transistor tester fits into your pocket: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / It can be helpful to rapidly and easily determine the polarity (npn or pnp) and function of a transistor. The pocket-transistor tester in Figure 1 is ideal for quickly testing without regard to such parameters as gain and frequency response. You connect the transistor, or device under test, between the collectors, T, of an astable multivibrator. Transistor Trio Makes Vector Anemometer: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Transmission line tests 1 kW device using only 100W: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A 13.56-MHz, ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical)-band RF-measurement device had the test requirement of a 50-hour, 1-kW burn-in. The device under test needed to be simultaneously stressed at an RF potential and RF current equivalent to 1 kW, but the only spare RF source at hand was a 100W RF generator... Transmitter accurately transfers voltage input: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / When you connect remote sensors to a central process controller, a simple, robust, and commonly used interface is the 4 to 20-mA loop. The advantages of this current loop include the simplicity of just two twisted wires that share both power and signal, the loop's high noise immunity in harsh environments, and the de facto loop standard within the process-control industry... Tri Waveform Generator: Triangle and Squarewave Generator: True RMS Detector: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 TTL Pulse Reading Logic Probe: Two Sensors Measure Three Line Currents: 09/01/95 EDN-Design Ideas Two Tone Audio Oscillator (use for SSB Tests): Ultra Simple Voltage Probe: Understanding Peak Reading Meters: includes1-example circuit diagram UTP Cable tested: V/I Curve Tracer: Versatile power supply load uses light bulbs: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Improvising loads for bench-testing and designing power supplies is often a frustrating and sometimes hazardous experience. When you push large power resistors to their limit, they tend to burn benches and melt solder connections. Many electronic loads are on the market but are usually expensive and of laboratory-type precision and often represent overkill for the average designer. . Versatile Zener Diode Tester: Voltage Probe: Voltage Reference improves JFET: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit The common JFET current-source in Figure 1a has average output impedance and depends heavily on the JFET's V P and I DSS variations. These manufacturing variations limit the initial accuracy of the current setpoint that the circuit can obtain with a...
Voltmeter: VU & PPM Audio Metering: circuits using analog needle meters VU Meter Amplifier: VU Meter: 5 led VU meter, in PDF format, includes circuit board, text in Finnish VU Stereo Meter: will indicate the volume level of the audio going to your speakers by lighting up LEDs, based on LM3915 IC Weighting Filter: Wire Tracer Transmitter: Wireless Weather Monitoring Station: XR2206 Function Generator: Zener Diode Tester:
Instrumentation Amplifier Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Instrumentation Amplifier Circuits

Composite Instrumentation Amp Extends CMRR Frequency Range 10 Times : 02/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Instrumentation amplifiers are the building blocks commonly used in industrial, medical, and military systems. The primary benefit of such a component is its ability to reject common-mode signals while amplifying a differential-input... Engineer's Assistant: Frequency Counter: Inclinometer: Inductance Meter: Instrumentation amp makes noninverting integrator: 09/19/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Figure 1a shows the classic implementation of an integrator. The circuit has two properties that may be undesirable in same applications: It necessarily inverts, and it requires a split-supply or midsupply reference. Figure 1b shows an implementation of an integrator that uses an LT1789 instrumentation amplifier.. Instrumentation Amp Swings Rail to Rail: 03/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas / You can combine an instrumentation amplifier and an inexpensive CMOS op amp to get the better of two worlds: the precision of a bipolar instrumentation amp and the5V single-supply operation of the CMOS op amp. The characteristics of such a circuit depend first on the instrumentation amp you use. The INA131 delivers50-V max voltage offset,0.25-V/C max offset drift, and100-dB min common-mode rejection. Next, how close the output swings to the power supplys rail depends on which rail-to-rail op amp you use. A Texas Instruments TL2272, for example, swings outputs to within100 mV of the rails. Instrumentation Amplifier : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Instrumentation Amplifier has 290 MHz Gain Bandwidth Product : 05/12/94 EDNDesign Ideas / very high frequency instrumentation amplifier based on videodifference amplifier Instrumentation Amplifiers : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun1996 Isolated, 12bit, 8 Channel, a / D Converter With PC Interface & 0.1% Accuracy: OpAmp Doubles As Instrumentation Amp: 09/15/94 EDN-Design Ideas Reflectometer: Simple PH Meter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/I/Instrumentation_Amplifiers.html [1/17/2007 5:15:46 PM]
Intercom Circuits - Audio Circuits - Electronic Hobby Centre
Audio Circuits: Intercom Circuits

2 Line Intercom Cum Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: 2 Line Intercom With Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: The circuit presented here can be used for connecting two telephones in parallel and also as a2-line intercom. Creating your Own Telephone Ne2 Rk: you can easily create your own intercom system using two telephones, a 9-volt battery (or some other simple power supply) and a300-ohm resistor Door Phone Intercom: Doorphone Intercom: Head set Intercom : High Quality Intercom: IFB Intercom : Intercom Preamp: a convenient way of making an intercom is to use a loudspeaker as a microph1Intercom: Low Cost Transistorised Intercom: Old Phones As An Intercom: Old Telephones As Intercom: Party line Intercom : Remote Control using Telephone: Here is a tele-remote circuit which enables switching "on" and "off" of appliances through Telephone lines. The circuit described here can be used to switch up to nine appliances (corresponding to the digits1 through 9 of DTMF the Telephone key-pad). The Telephone can be used to switch on or switch off the appliances also while being used for normal conversation. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Two Line Intercom Cum Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: Two Line Intercom With Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: The circuit presented here can be used for connecting two telephones in parallel and also as a2-line intercom. Using the Comrex Hotline or Vector on a Dry Pair: how to use simple pair of wires with no voltage, ringing signals to interconnect normal Telephone line devices Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/I/Intercom_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:15:53 PM]
Computer Interfaces Circuits - Electronic Resource Centre
Computer Interfaces Circuits

C Reprograms Audio DAC Via Serial Interface: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. 10 Base T Solutions Network Interface Adapter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28 Jun1996 12Bit ADC Interface: 18 bit ADC uses PC's serial port: 09/27/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A PC usually requires a plug-in ADC card to process analog signals. However, with the circuitry in Figure 1, a PC can communicate with an 18-bit ADC through its serial port. The port provides both positive and negative power supplies as well as control signals. IC1 is an 18-bit MAX132 ADC with a serial interface. 2 Channel, Port Powered RS232 to RS 422 Converter: information on commercial product, datasheet includes full circuit diagram 2 Transistor Circuit Replaces IC #1: 02/07/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Jim Hagermans article Linear Technologys recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally. 2 Transistor Circuit Replaces IC #2: 02/07/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Linear Technologys recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally. 24 Bit Parallel Port Interface With 8255 for Commodore Computer: 24 Line Parallel Interface for the PC : 4 Channel 8 Bit Analog to Digital Converter for PC: 8254 Timer & Counter Board: 9 to 9 Pin (Female) Null Modem Cable: AC Switching With TrIAC From TTL: ADCx RS232 Interface Schematic: Add CAD functions to Microsoft Office: 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Microsoft Word has excellent drawing capabilities. You could use it effectively to perform some CAD tasks, such as schematic entry. Word is by far the most popular text processor on the market, and it would seem desirable for technical writers to be able to create a single integrated document file combining both text and graphics in an editable format. . Add current boost to a USB charger: 09/19/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The popular USB interface can charge a portable device while transferring data. But for high-capacity batteries, the 500-mA output current of USB hosts and powered hubs greatly extends the charging time. (Unpowered USB hubs supply no more than 100 mA.) Thus, a system that accepts charging power from an ac adapter as well as the USB port is more convenient.. Add Speech Encoding/Decoding to your Design: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/I/Interface_Circuits.html (1 of 10) [1/17/2007 5:16:16 PM]
Add voice command to virtual instrumentation: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Debates still persist in the engineering community about the relative merits of analog and digital controls of instrumentation. Meanwhile, a revolutionary new type of controlvoice-command controlis gaining acceptance in many application areas (Reference 1). This Design Idea focuses on the practical implementation of the Voice Commander voice-command interface in a virtual-instrume.... Add voice commands to your CAD system: 05/02/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The first time I activated the Language Bar (Speech Tools) in my Microsoft Word 2002 and started dictating this Design Idea, the on-screen title displayed "cat" instead of "CAD." By using the "Add/Delete Words" feature, I've trained the system to recognize the "CAD" acronym. This was my first experience with the MOSR (Microsoft Office Speech Recognition) tool, which is part of the latest Micros.... Adding Second joystick to PC joystick Interface: Analog Signal Acquisition for PC Printer Port: AVR DMX 512 Dongle for PC's: simple interface between DMX-512 equipments and personal computer that is connected to computer parallel port, can transmit256 channels and receive128 channels DMX data simultaneously AVR microcontroller makes improved motor controller: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a novel method of reading the pulse train using an Atmel (www.atmel.com) AVR processor, from a typical radio-controlled receiver, and to determine the velocity of a motor. To capture the pulse train from a typical receiver, you need an external interrupt that triggers based on a rising and a falling edge.. Build Logic Gates using Discrete Parts: Build your own joysticks: Casio Organizer Interface: CCD Video Capture Camera Circuit on Request: Centronics Port DA Converters & Lowpass Filter: Circuit Adapts Differential Input to Drive Coax: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Uses an HFA1100 or HFA1105 to convert a balanced input signal to a single-ended output signal, uses positive feedback to characteristic-impedance matching while increasing the available output swing, as compared with using a simple series termination resistor Circuit Eavesdrops on RS232C Lines: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Protects Computer's Input: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Translates TTY Current Loop to RS232C: 08/03/98 EDN Design Ideas / Provides signal translation between a passive current-loop (TTY) interface and a duplex RS-232C ports Commonly used RS232 Serial Port Cables: Computer Controlled Model Train Set: Computer Microphone: adapting electret microphone to soundcards with dynamic microphone inputs Computerize your Room / Home: Computerized Infrared Remote: control your stereo, TV and VCR from Windows, includes schematic and software Connect other Circuits to PC joystick Port: Connect Two CD ROM Drives to One Soundcard: Connecting Sega 3D Glasses to a PC Serial Port: Control 120VAC Relay With TTL: Convert Atari Style Joystick to PC Joystick Port: Convert Ataristyle joystick to PC joystick Port: Convert Hauppauge Infrared Remote Control to IRMAN: How to modify Hauppauge Infrared remote control receiver to work as IRMAN compatible remote control receiver. The text is in Finnish. Data Bus Monitor: Data Transmission Lines & Their Characteristics: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 Decoder Safely Drives Data Bus Buffer: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas
Design a visible optical link for RS 232C communications: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The design in Figure 1 is a visible optical link for those who need to see the transmitted data. An isolation figure of more than 5000V is a bonus. Tests of the system used the COM input of a data-acquisition system, as well as a standard PC's COM port. The MC1489 converts the RS-232C data to TTL signals... Differential to Single Ended Converter: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Digital to Analog Centronics D / a & Filter: Disco Lights: software and hardware for controlling disco lights from your PC Drawing Power From a PC Serial Port: This circuits derives fairly low power, (mA at5V) from a RS-232 serial connection. (NOTE: ASCII drawing) Drive Local Interconnect Network With PCType UART Device : 04/15/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A new single-wire serial communication system, called the Local Interconnect Network (LIN), is intended for electronic control units in vehicles (www.lin-subbus.org). Using a PC UART for LIN provides a convenient and low-cost solution for... Driving a N Channel FET From TTL: Meant as a quick n easy example of how to switch high current12V dc from TTL. Driving a Relay With a CPU: Electrical Equipment Control using PC: Embedded processor directly drives LCD: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Driving a bare LCD does not necessarily require specialized interface circuitry or peripherals. This Design Idea describes an alternative drive scheme, which you can easily implement using the general-purpose outputs of a microcontroller. Many embedded-system applications need to interact with a user by displaying simple numeric or alphanumeric character Emissions killers Trap Common Mode Currents: 03/03/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Unshielded twisted-pair cable that is transformer-coupled to a digital system can easily act as a radiating antenna because of common-mode currents induced by unwanted stray coupling from the digital portions of the system Encoder and PC make complete motor control system: 12/12/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This Design Idea combines a simple ISA-bus-resident interface circuit; a garden-variety PC; a high-resolution optical shaft encoder; and a PWM-controlled, 0.05-hp, brushed, permanent-magnet dc motor to make a high-precision and highpower motion-control system. The system sequences the precise rotation of an evacuated steel bell jar several feet in diameter, such as those used in molecularbeam.... Encrypted routines impede hackers, protect licenses: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The use of public-key-encrypted algorithms within licensed applications can prevent hackers from cracking the licensed algorithms. Moreover, you can use them to disable licensed features that a user doesn't purchase. Licensing schemes eventually arrive at some critical decision point at which an algorithm decides whether the user is entitled to run that application. Envelope follower combines fast response, low ripple: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Envelope followers extract amplitude information from complex audio waveforms. The resulting dc voltage often drives nonlinear stages, such as voltagecontrolled amplifiers or filters. You must make a careful trade-off between the speed of response to a rapidly changing input signal and the amount of ripple in the dc output that you can tolerate.. Envelope Tracker quells jitter: 07/07/94 EDN-Design Ideas EPROM Emulator: EPROM Prog / Emul PSU: EPROM Programmer Mk1: EPROM Programmer Mk2: Ethernet / Cheapernet Physical Layer Made Easy With DP8391 / 92: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 Excel Formula Calculates Standard 1%Resistor Values : 01/21/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The Excel cell formula below calculates the nearest standard 1%-resistor value without using a lookup table or macro. Type or electronically paste the text below into any cell (other than A1). The formula will calculate the nearest 1%-resistor for the...
Fake Joystick Circuit: This simple circuit can be used to make the computer to think that there is a real joystick connected to joystick port. This adapter might be useful in some special computer testing applications when you dont have real joystick available. ASCII drawing. Fax to Modem Interface: Filtering PC Bus Power: Four Channel 8 Bit Analog to Digital Converter for PC: Frame Grabber W / Parallel Port Interface: GameBoy Camera Parallel Port Interface: General Purpose 48 Bit ISParallel I / O Card: Get Power Out of PC Parallel Port: An article which includes circuits, shares how to us a parallel port to connect to a very wide selection of devices like software protection dongles, removable disks, modems, network adapters, printer sharing units, parallel port extenders, soundcards, electronic telecard readers and many circuits. Getting Power From Serial Port: Group Delay Equalizer has Gain More than One: 10/12/95 EDN-Design Ideas Hints and kinks for USB decoding: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The USB is a serial data-transmission system that uses cables to connect peripheral equipment to PCs. All new computers have two or more USB receptacles, and the predictions are that they will replace most of the legacy receptacles on older PCs. The 1.0 and 1.1 standards for USB were for 1.5 and 12 Mbps at low- and full-speed rates, respectively. How to get Power From PC to your Circuits: Hyperbaric FallTime Viscometer Is PCBased : 10/28/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The measurement of the viscosity of solutions is an integral element in analytical chemistry and chemical manufacturing. It has particular value in designing and controlling the processes of polymerization, an essential step in the production of... IC Adds Full Duplex RS485 Operation: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Simple RS485 repeater provides full-duplex communications with only tow ICs IDE hard Disk Interface for Amiga 500: Infrared Computer Controlled Infrared Device: Infrared Interface With Windows CD Software: use infrared technology to remotely control a CD-ROM drive with an audio CD Infrared Remote Control Of your PC Is Easy!: simple device that connected to the computer serial-port enables the reception of infrared codes emitted from any commercial remote control unit and with a little Windows program the computer learns to recognize sequences and simulates key pressing or executes a program Infrared Remote Control Repeater: Infrared Remote Home Control: software Remocon Con for Windows98 able to fire remote control signal through built in infrared port (IrDA) that is of notebook personal computer standard equipment Interface 20Bit SigmaDelta ADCs Through a PC's Parallel Port : 03/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In most sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) applications, the serial data transfer occurs through a serial port. A microcontroller configures the serial port as required Interface a serial 12 bit ADC to a PC: 07/10/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Over the years, IC manufacturers have devised various ways of effecting interfaces and paying special attention to reducing the number of ICs' interface-I/O pins. The MAX187 is one such device, a 12-bit A/D converter. You can create an interface to this ADC using serial data communications techniques.... Interface Connects ISBus to P: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Interfacing 16x2 Character: LCD to parallel port Interfacing Microphones to Computer Sound Cards: IS48 I / O Digital Card: ComInt was designed and built for a colleague at work. He needed a device with a large number of I/Os to control his Gameboy device from the PC. A simple circuit using only4 ICs proved to be a good solution. It uses two 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface chips and provides48 I/O signals, each being software programmable. ISBus Provides Access to Serial Peripherals: 02/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas Isolated Full Duplex RS232C Interface:
Isolated RS232 for PIC16F84: Joystick Interface Projects: Joystick Interfaces: analogue interfaces for joysticks for motor controllers Joystick Port As General Purpose Input: Key Reading Circuit Saves I/O Pins: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit LAN Switch Eliminates Redundant PHY Chip: 03/31/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Advances in notebook technology create a thirst for new features and increased functionality, culminating in greater cost and shrinking space. One solution to the cost/space issues is to use a wide-bandwidth analog local-area network (LAN) switch that... Laptop Computer Serial Port Power Booster: Line Driver Economically Synthesizes Impedance: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Line-driver circuit uses a second op amp to synthesize the output impedance rather than inserting a power-hungry resistor in series with the op amps output Linux Infrared Remote Control (LIRC): Lookup Table Facilitates Bit Flipping: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Low Power Ethernet With the CMOS DP83910 Serial Network Interface: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Aug1995 Low Power RS232C Driver & Receiver in CMOS: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 Low Voltage Powers ParallelPort Interface : 06/24/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / For portable-sensing and data- acquisition applications, a laptop computer and its parallel port (LPT) make good bedfellows. Yet in the effort to extend battery life, many microprocessors and entire systems operate with logic levels down to 1.8 V. The... Mains Manager: Maintain precise timing with PC's speaker logic: 07/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Precise timing control is paramount in data acquisition and analysis and especially in digital-signal processing. The easiest way of maintaining timing control in a PC is to use delay loops. The disadvantage of this implementation is that the delay loop's elapsed time depends on the system's operating frequency Make Eight Channel Measurements through An LPT Port: 06/13/02 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit represents a simple and cost-effective way to obtain eightchannel analog-signal acquisition through a PCs LPT port. IC1, a12-bit, serialoutput MAX187 ADC, operates from a single5V supply and accepts analog inputs of0 to5V. Make eight channel measurements through an LPT port: 06/13/2002 EDN Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 represents a simple and cost-effective way to obtain eight-channel analog-signal acquisition through a PC's LPT port. IC1, a 12bit, serial-output MAX187 ADC, operates from a single 5V supply and accepts analog inputs of 0 to 5V. IC2, an eight-channel MAX338 analog multiplexer, also operates from a single 5V supply.. Microcontroller Interface for 5KW Microwave oven: Microprocessor RS232 Reset: MIDI Controlled Switches: can drive up to128 individual relays, solenoids, motors, etc. with a MIDI note-on and note-off messages More Accurate PC / AT Clock: Nixie Tube Clock NES to Atari 2600 Controller Interface: Novel idea implements low cost keyboard: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many applications that use a microcontroller also use a keyboard. If your application uses a relatively powerful microcontroller, you can use several free I/O pins or an unused input with an ADC to effect an easy keyboard connection. But, if the microcontroller in your system has too few free I/O pins and no on-chip ADC, you can be in trouble... Null Printer Adapters: Parallel Port Central: information on using PC parallel port for I/O and Windows drivers for that, useful for your own circuit interfacing
Parallel port controls arbitrary waveform generator: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use the parallel port of your PC and a few additional components to generate a powerful, easy-to-use arbitrary-waveform generator. By using a Visual Basic program with the circuit in Figure 1, you can generate any waveform (for example, sinusoid, triangle, amplitude- or frequency-modulated, or exponential decay) by simply entering its characteristic equation.. Parallel port provides high resolution temperature sensing: 10/03/2002 EDN Design Ideas / High-resolution temperature sensing at low cost is possible using only one chip attached to the PC's parallel port (Figure 1). The Dallas Semiconductor (www.dalsemi.com) DS1722 digital thermometer allows measurement resolution as fine as 0.0625C in digital form and with linear response. The accuracy specification is only 2C, but you can improve this figure by careful calibration.. PBUS, Multi Drop RS422 / 485 type Ne2 Rk for Interconnecting PIC Nodes: PC / XS Transfer: (PDF) A circuit and C code for bidirectional transfer of data between an XS40 Board and a PC. PC and LongBaseline Chronography Measure Ballistic Parameters Acoustically : 07/22/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Ballistics is an ancient art PC Based 7 Segment Rolling Display: PC Based Biofeedback Monitor: PC based configurable filter uses no digital potentiometers: 01/23/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Modern instrumentation requires digital control signals. These signals come from a central microprocessor or, in modern context, the popular parallel or serial PC ports. In recent times, digital potentiometers have eliminated the hassles from this interface for the analog section. Designers can replace the resistors of the analog design with digital potentiometers, thus providing the necessary ..... PC Based Configurable Filter uses No Digital Potentiometers: 01/23/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit -- Modern instrumentation requires digital control signals. These signals come from a central microprocessor or, in modern context, the popular parallel or serial PC ports. In recent Times, digital potentiometers have eliminated the hassles from this interface for the analog section. PC Based Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSOA): PC Based Digital Storage Oscilloscope Mk3: PC Based EFI Programmer: PC Based Lighting Control: short pointer to each of the available commercial PC based lighting console systems PC Based Lighting Control: short pointer to each of the available commercial PC based lighting console systems PC Based Oscilloscope: PC board layout eases high speed transmission: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / As digital techniques move to higher speeds, designers become aware of the need to treat pc-board traces as RF transmission lines. In these lines, you strive to hold the line impedance, Z0, to a constant value-typically, 50U-and to terminate the line with the same impedance. Data families such as ECL, PECL, and LVDS send data over a pair of traces known as a balanced tra... . PC configurable RLC resonator yields single output filter : 08/07/03 EDN-Design Ideas / This Design Idea presents a versatile filter circuit for low-powerconsumption instrumentation that you can program from your PC using the parallel port. The circuit uses analog switches and latches instead of digital potentiometers for the digital control (figures 1 and 2). By running simple software code on the PC, you can configure a single robust design to work as a lowpass, highpass, or b...... PC Controlled Current Source Supplies 100V, 1A, 16Bit Pulses : 04/29/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The current source shown in the figure is designed to support toroidal-cavity nuclear-magnetic-resonance electrophoresis (TCNMRE) measurements of molecular electrical mobility in chemical samples. To do so,... PC Controls inexpensive Waveform Generator: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas PC Controls Light Dimmer: 08/19/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Circuit design idea from EDN Magazine to control one light dimming from PC PC hardware Monitor Reports the Weather: 01/18/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest -
PC Infrared Remote Control #1: PC Infrared Remote Control #1: PC IR Remote Control: PC Monitors twoway RS232 Transmission: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. PC Mouse Implementation using CoP800: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published05-Aug-1995 PC Mouse Implementation using CoP800: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published05-Aug-1995 PC Parallel Port Output Capabilities: includes instructions how to connect a relay to PC parallel port PC SmartCard Reader: PC Speaker Volume Control Circuit: PC Thermometer: PC to SRAM Interface: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) PC's IRQ7 and INT1Ch measure currents, charges: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit PIC Based Keyboard Emulator: PIC Project #1 RS232 to I2C Interface: PIC16F84 Debugging Terminal: Port Interface: Post Tray Email Service: PoTrES is a small stand-alone 8-bit embedded system capable of sending emails to several recipients on an Ethernet network (corporate intranet, world-wide internet). It uses a minimal TCP/IP implementation consisting of several network protocols. Practical Limits of RS485: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 Preprocessor for rotary encoder uses PAL: 08/02/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Rotary encoders usually provide quadrature pulses that indicate both the amount of rotation and the direction (Figure 1). A microcontroller can calculate the rotation direction and keep track of angular movement. Many microcontrollers' interrupt inputs, such as those on the Zilog Z86C90, can detect only a falling edge.. Printer port activates CMOS switches: 05/02/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The costeffective design in Figure 1 provides control for CMOS switches without the need for an external power supply. Analog switches such as those in the MAX4663 are ideal for use in low-distortion applications. They are preferable to electromechanical relays in automatic test equipment or other applications in which you need current switching.. Printer Sharer: Program Predicts VSWRmismatch RF uncertainties: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. PSX Controller to PC MIDI Converter: Rounding Off' a Square Wave: RS232 / 485 Converter has Automatic Flow Control: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / RS-485 communications can provide longer range and better noise immunity than RS-232, as well as multidrop capability. Because it does not have separate transmit and receive lines, RS-485 requires flow control. RS-232/485 converters often use one of the RS-232 handshaking lines to control direction, but several communicationssoftware packages do not support flow control. This circuit an RS-232/485 converter that uses the transmitted signal itself to control the flow. RS232 Port Monitor: RS232 Serial Port Buffer Circuit: RS232 to RS232 Port Powered Optical Isolator: Brochure with schematic in PDF format RS232C Circuit has Galvanic Isolation: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit -- You can obtain longer transmission distances with the RS-232C interface if you use galvanic isolation between the two linked terminals RS232C Handshake Lines Transfer Data Frames: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas RS232C Interface Meets Telecommunications Safety Specs: 09/28/95 EDN-Design Ideas / RS-232 isolation circuit RS232C Level Converter using Transistors:
RS232C Level Converter: RS232C Powers & Reads 8 Bit Switch Matrix: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas RS232C Serial Port Scans Remote Keypad: 12/04/97 EDN-Design Ideas RS485 Repeater Extends Standard's Reach: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas S Video to Composite Video Adapter: Schematic of a Standard PC Joystick: Screen Blanker: Sega 3D Glass Interfacing Circuits: Serial Data Multiplexer: Serial Infrared Remote Controller: a simple, cheap device that can be connected to any serial port to control most components that have infrared remote controls, includes schematics for receiver and transmitter Serial Isolated I / O Module: 8-Relay Module (mains rated - to250VAC), kit K108 from kitsrus.com Serial Port a / D Converter: Serial Port A/D : 12bits, no power, cheap! Serial Port Break Reset Circuit: Serial Port Controller infrared Transmitter (PIC16F628): Serial to ECP Interface: SerialPortPowered ADC Streams Data To PC : 01/07/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit shown in Figure 1 provides a simple, low-power means of digitizing analog signals and sending the data directly to a PC's serial port where it can easily be read, analyzed, and stored. The low... Simple FSK Modulator: Single C Pin Makes halfduplex RS232C: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Software makes full use of 8051's interrupt system: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The program in Listing 1 uses a pseudo-RETI instruction to provide a fivepriority-level interrupt system for the 8051P microcontroller. The interrupt-priority order, from high to low, is INT0 IT0 INT1 IT1 INTP. Before the pseudo-RETI instruction arrives in the IT0 or IT1 interrupt-service routine, the address of the first instruction, which is after the pseudo-RETI instruction, goes ba... . Software Provides Interrupt System for 8051: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Software reset uses IC I/O port: 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use the circuit in Figure 1 to allow the I2C or SMBus to control device resets in a system by using the PCA9554 I2 C I/O-port IC. Normally, a reset function takes an active-low signal. On power-up of the PCA9554, the IC sets all the I/O pins as inputs. The 4.7-kO pull-down resistor on each I/O ensures that all the active-low reset pins are initially in a low state during power-up.. Software snippet provides improved subset sum algorithm : 09/25/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The subset-sum problem is one of the most frequently occurring NP (nondeterministic, polynomial-time)-complete) problems. It asks whether a subset of numbers in a set of positive integers adds up exactly to a given value. A relaxed version of the problem tries to identify a subset of numbers that adds up to a maximum value no greater than a given value.... SONIC EISBus Master Ethernet Adapter: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Aug1995 Soundcard joystick Port Problem Solver: Switched Fabric Eliminates CPUbus Bottlenecks: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Synchronizing Controller Detects Baud Rate: 03/03/98 EDN-Design Ideas / A simple and inexpensive implementation using an eight-pin12C508 controller (Microchip Technology, Chandler, AZ) provides both bit-rate detection and a synchronous, appended-clock output from an asynchronous input-data stream T Volt RGB Signal Output From a SVGgraphics Card: To achieve a CCInfrared conform TV signal with50 Hz vertical interlaced refresh and15.625 kHz horizontal frequency on most SVGA cards its possible to re-program CRT Timing and generate output signals outside the normal specification range. Then some pretty simple hardware is needed for rest of the signal conversion. Take Power Out of PC RS232 Port: The Wire Between MultiIO Card and joystick Connector:
Thermocouple Interfaces to Serial Port: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Tricks improve on Excel LCD initialization: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A previous Design Idea on using Excel for LCD initialization relies on the user for cutting and pasting from Excel into an editor (Reference 1). It appears that it would take a minimum of six keystrokes or mouse strokes from one character to a. Tricks increase utility of parallel port: 09/27/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / In this simple application of the 68HC68 microcontroller's serial-I/O utility, the goal is to configure a simple circuit, driven by any LPT parallel-printer port, which you can use as a remote I/O for a PC. You can independently program each I/O line as either an input or an output. The protocol in this application is an SPI (MISO/MOSI/SCK) type, using synchronous serial communications. . TTL to RS232 Interfacing: Two Channel, Port Powered RS232 to RS 242 Converter: information on commercial product, datasheet includes full circuit diagram Two transistor circuit replaces IC #1: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Linear Technology's recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally, meaning that you can simultaneously and actively drive both sides. However, as is sometimes the case, you can replace a complicated circuit by a simple one without much loss of performance. . Two Transistor Circuit Replaces IC #2: Linear Technologys recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally Understanding Power Requirements in RS232 Applications: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 Universal Infrared Controller for a PC: This simple circuit allows you to record any Infrared remote control signal on your PC, and then play it back. This is particularly useful if you want to control appliances such as TVs, VCRs, CDs etc. from your computer. The device simply connects to the parallel port of your PC. You can also use this circuit to analyze the waveform from any Infrared remote control. This circuit was originally published in Electronics Australia, September1998 Use a PIC for automatic baud rate detection: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Automatic baud-rate detection is desirable in many applications. Microchip's (www.microchip.com) standard USART module that the company embeds in most of its PIC microcontrollers lends itself to a simple and easily implemented automatic baud-detection scheme. The PIC18FXX2 data sheet defines the following baud rate in bits per second: where X is the value for the baud-rate generator and FOSC .... Use power line for baud rate generation: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / One cost-saving measure associated with 8-bit embedded microcontrollers is to use a resistor-capacitor oscillator. These RC oscillators are inexpensive, but the trade-off is low stability with temperature and voltage. In many applications, the low cost of an RC oscillator is alluring, but the application requires a stable clock source for baud-rate generation or event timing.. Use Power Line for Baudrate Generation: 08/16/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this one Use printer port as programmable frequency generator: 10/11/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A simple and inexpensive circuit ( Figure 1 ) and a simple C program ( Listing 1 ) are all you need to turn your PC's printer port into a programmable frequency generator. Using a few low-cost and readily available components, the circuit occupies little space and is easily attachable to the printer port. . Use The PC's Parallel Port for Fast Data Acquisition and Control : 12/09/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many designers require that their PCs act as complete control systems without any internal hardware. For this function, users need at least one channel of analog data acquisition to monitor the controlled signal. They also require one digital output... Use time domain analysis of Zobel network: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A Zobel network is useful in making a reactive load appear as a pure resistance to a driving source prone to stability problems (Reference 1). A typical situation is an audio power amplifier driving a loudspeaker, modeled at first approximation as an inductance and a series resistor (Figure 1a). The addition of a series R2C network in parallel with the series R1L network forms a Zobel network .... Using the joystick Port As General Purpose input:
VC++ Program Converts Hex Strings To Integers : 12/09/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Binary numbers are seldom implemented in Visual C++ applications because C++ is considered a "high-level" language. Yet in communications systems, where information is transferred between two different devices through a network, using binary or... Velleman Universal Relay Card With 16 Relays: This page has information on Vellan kit which take computer input and controls up to16 relays. This page has full kit documentation including the circuit diagram. VGController for the ALTERUP1 Board: This page contains basic information describing the use of the VGA output port provided on the Altera UP1 Educational board. VHDL source code for a simple VGA controller ( VgaCon ) is provided. The purpose of VgaCon is to isolate the details of VGA signal generation from all the other modules in a design. VgaCon allows the pixel information to be written into its video memory using a very simple interface, while it is al1-responsible for generating the required signals for displaying the pixel information on a VGA monitor. VGConverter for Video Projectors & Fixed Frequency Monitors: VGGenerator: (PDF) that displays an image in the XS Board RAM on a VGA monitor. VGto T Volt Converter: Visual Basic MDAC Offset: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit VTG 01 PAL / NTSC Video Title Generator: Overlays text over Video screen, takes input from PC keyboard Where is the wiper?: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You enjoy significant advantages when using DPPs (digitally programmable potentiometers) with increment/decrement serial interfaces. Programming the serial interface is simple and fast, and you can adjust the potentiometer in real-time applications. The interface, however, provides no information about wiper position, and this information is important in some applications.. X Y Keypad uses C's Serial Port: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas XSBoard Parallel Port Interface: (PDF) that is programmed into the CPLD.
Inverter Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/I/Inverter_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:16:24 PM]
Ion Generation Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Ion Generation Circuits

Ion Detector: Negative ion Generator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/I/Ion_Generator_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:16:28 PM]
Hall Effect Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects & Circuits
Hall Effect Circuits

GMR sensors manage batteries: 09/02/99 EDN-Design Ideas / The past few decades have seen remarkable progress in magnetic-sensor technology. Early and current sensors exploit the Hall effect; more recent devices use an effect called giant magneto resistance (GMR). GMR sensors use semiconductor processing of materi... Method offers fail safe variable reluctance sensors: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Variable-reluctance sensors are preferred for industrial and automotive environments, because they sustain mechanical vibration and operation to 300 C. In most applications, they sense a steel target that is part of a rotating assembly. Because the unprocessed signal amplitude is proportional to target speed, a sensor whose signal-processing circuitry is designed for high speed cease... Monitor high side current without an external supply: 03/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / Typical high-side current-sensing circuits require a dc source that is 2.5 to 13V greater than the V+ high-bus voltage ( Figure 1 ). Generating this supply is painful in many situations. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/H/Hall_Effect_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:16:32 PM]
Hartley Oscillators - Hartley Oscillator Resource & Circuits
Oscillators : Hartley Oscillators

CK-3V FM Transmitter: Components of a simple bandpass filter: design and construction of radio frequency oscillators: Electronic Canary: This circuit is a modified hartley oscillator with a couple of extra components included. The transformer is a small audio transformer, type LT700. The primary is center tapped with an impedance of 1Kohms at 1KHz . The secondary has an impedance of 8 ohms. The inclusion of R1 and C1 give this oscillator its characteristic "chirp". As the 100u capacitor charges via the 4.7K resistor, R1 the bias for the transistor is cut off. This causes the oscillation to stop, the capacitor discharges through the base emitter circuit of the transistor and oscillations start again. Altering these components alters the frequency of the chirp. The chirp is also voltage dependent. When the push button switch is operated the 100u capacitor is charged. When its released, the oscillation decays and the chirp becomes faster. I.F. Amplifier: The I.F. transformer primary has 18 turns, the secondary winding has 4 turns. The capacitors across the IFT primaries are 82pF. The input/output transformer has 12 turns, tapped at 3 turns from ground. This transformer is wound on a ferrite core. The mosfets are 3SK45's. The diodes in the product detector are 1N34's. I use a six pole SSB filter from a scrap CB. The centre frequency is 7.8MHz. The -6db bandwidth is about 2.5KHz. Regarding Tapped Capacitor Impedance Transformation in LC Bandpass Filters: We often use a pair of capacitors to match impedances at the termination ends of LC bandpass filters. The circuit consists of a shunt capacitor at the termination followed by a series capacitor connecting to the high Z end of a parallel tuned circuit. Resonator BFO Circuit: This circuit was used to stop all the BFO drift. The circuit is extremely stable. Turn the receiver off, and then on at any time and temperature, the BFO frequency is exactly the same. series regulator with Q900 : This is a series regulator with Q900 being the control element, Q901 a driver, and Q902 an error amp. ZD900 forms the emitter reference voltage source. Since the generated high voltage and other voltages are linked by means of the magnetic field of T900, any change in H.V. will be reflected back to all of the other voltages. Sine Wave Oscillators: This oscillator gives a really beautiful sine wave, and is an excellent choice for a precision audio oscillator. Its characteristic feature is the RC network consisting of R and C in series with a parallel combination of R and C, as shown in the circuit diagram below. The resistors and capacitors can be different in value, but it is much simpler to take them equal, and nothing of value is lost.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/H/hartley_oscillators.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:16:37 PM]
Hartley Oscillators - Hartley Oscillator Resource & Circuits
VFO/Buffer: It's basically a standard Hartley oscillator, followed by Roy Lewallen's buffer (page 14.20 of the 2001 Handbook). Output is +7 dBm into 50 Ohms. Don't be tempted to add a gate diode, this circuit doesn't need it, and it will degrade the phase noise performance, according to Ulrich Rohde. It should be suitable for any frequency up to 10 MHz or more (depending on how good you are at making drift-free oscillators) and may be tuned with a suitable capacitor or varicap tuning diode. Was That Really A Wildlife Tag?: In wildlife management, very few tracking transmitters send some form of "station identification." Radio tags for birds and small mammals can't. These little devices must put out a signal to a ground range of a mile or so for up to a year or more, yet weight only a few grams, including battery. To do that, most of them consist of simple blocking or relaxation oscillators with only a few discrete components. You may hear the term "squegging oscillator" used to describe them. What I had to do to stabilize a VFO:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/H/hartley_oscillators.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:16:37 PM]
High Impedance Circuits - Amplifier Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: High Impedance Circuits

ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR (64) (efield1a) This schematic is the power supply and front-end sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail at Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. The system can detect human and animal motion by the electric fields they disturb.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/H/High_Impedance_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:16:39 PM]
High Gain Amplifier Circuits - Amplifier Electronic Circuit Resource
High Gain Amplifier Circuits

Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a singlechip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Circuit performs high-speed voltage-to-current, current-to-current conversion: 07/25/02 EDN Design Ideas - The circuit in Figure 1performs active voltage-tocurrent conversion or acts as a variable-gain current mirror with high precision and bandwidth. A typical application is testing high-speed ICs or other devices that have inputs designed to be driven from current-steering DACs to enable a modulated voltage source to control the devices.... LED driver delivers constant luminosity: 06/12/03 EDN Design Ideas The circuit in Figure 1 is similar in principle to that of a previous Design Idea (Reference 1) but offers improved, more reproducible performance. The output current is almost constant over an input-voltage range of 1.2 to 1.5V and is insensitive to variations of transistor gain. Transistors Q1 and Q2 form an astable flip-flop.... Network imitates thermocouples: 11/08/01 EDN Design Ideas Thermocouples find widespread use for temperature measurement in systems. During system design or testing, you must observe the system's response at different temperatures. However, it's inconvenient to heat a thermocouple every time you need to check a system's performance. You can use the simple trick of touching the thermocouple with a hot soldering iron, but this method provides only ... ... Positive feedback yields fast amplifier with precision dc offset: 04/01/04 EDN Design Ideas Some signal-processing applications require a high-speed, lownoise, dc-coupled amplifier that incorporates a precision dc-offset adjustment. Examples include oscilloscopes, in which the offset adjustment typically acts as a "position" control), ADC-input gain blocks, and scanning-ion-beam-microscopy deflection circuitry.... Transmitter accurately transfers voltage input: 05/15/03 EDN Design Ideas When you connect remote sensors to a central process Controller, a simple, robust, and commonly used interface is the 4- to 20-mA loop. The advantages of this current loop include the simplicity of just two twisted wires that share both power and signal, the loop's high noise immunity in harsh environments, and the de facto loop standard within the process-control industry.... Voltage-to-current converter drives white LEDs: 06/27/02 EDN Design Ideas You sometimes need to drive a white LED from one 1.5V battery. Unfortunately, the forward voltage of a white LED is 3 to 4V. So, you would need a dc/dc converter to drive the LED from one battery. Using the simple circuit in Figure 1, you can drive one white LED or two series-connected green LEDs, using only a few components....
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High Gain Amplifier Circuits - Amplifier Electronic Circuit Resource
Voltage-to-current converter makes a flexible current reference: 09/18/03 EDN Design Ideas -The voltage-to-current converter in Figure 1 can both source and sink current. The circuit is more flexible than some traditional current references that require different topologies for current sourcing and sinking. Also, you can easily adjust the value of the current reference by simply adjusting the circuit's input voltage....
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High Pass : Active Filters - Electronic Circuits
Active Filters: High Pass

Active 2nd Order Filters: Basic Introduction to Filters: application notes on active, passive and switched capacitor filters, document in PDF format Butterworth Filters: Chebyshe Volt / Butterworth Filters: Chebyshe Volt Bandpass Filter: Highpass Filters use Modified Equalelement Design: 05/24/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Click here for Other Circuits
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High Speed Frequency Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: High Speed Frequency Circuits / Wide Band Circuits

Build an adjustable high frequency notch filter: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Although you can obtain universal, resistor-programmable switched-capacitor filters that are configurable as notch filters, most cannot operate at bandwidths higher than 100 kHz. Further, the typically 16 Composite Amp Provides High Gain & Bandwidth: 04/28/94 EDN-Design Ideas Composite Amplifier Boosts Precision Of Programmable Voltage Source : 07/08/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Engineers often need dc voltage sources with very high precision and good resistive and/or capacitive load-driving capability for industrial applications. However, precision benchtop power supplies can be very expensive if high accuracy also is... HF Signal Generator: Wideband AGC has 60 DB Dynamic Input Range: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Wideband Filter Only Has Two Different Components : 01/21/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Wideband filters with bandwidths in excess of an octave can be created by cascading a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. In this design idea, nine-pole high-pass and low-pass filters have been constructed using a modified equal-element design. A... Wideband Filter uses image Parameters: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Wideband OpAmp Capable of MicroPower Operation : National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Oct-2001 Wideband, Low Noise Amplifier Drives 50 Ohm Loads: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/H/High_Speed_Frequency_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:16:52 PM]
High Voltage Generators - Power Supplies
Power Supplies: High Voltage Generators

0 to 300 Volt Adjustable Power Supply: This is a simple circuit that can provide an adjustable voltage source of0 to330 Volts. The supply is short-circuit proof: the current is limited to about100mA. 10 to 30K Volt Flyback Power Supply: 12 Volt Supply for He Ne Laser: 13.5K Volt Power Supply: 25 k Volt Generator Tests Insulation: 06/04/98 EDN-Design Ideas 4k Volt 5k Volt 2000VAC Power Supply: uses two microwave oven transformers APD Bias Circuit has Adjustable Output: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Auto Air Purifier H Volt Generator: operates from12V Bug Zapper #2: Circuit delivers high voltage swing from lower supplies: 12/12/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The need for higher voltage swings in applications such as test-andmeasurement instruments is constantly increasing, but the power supplies impose limitations on the operational amplifier rails make the high-voltage need a challenge for designers. How do you deliver high-voltage swings to a load without increasing the voltage levels of the power supplies of the operational amplifier? In other .. COCKCROFT and WALTON VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS: Here are some applications of the Cockroft-Walton voltage doubler circuit for generating high voltages from a low voltage AC source. The circuit is quite practical for generating thousands of volts (or more) or just a few volts at high current. Cockcroft Walton Diode Voltage Multipliers: this document describing some basic voltage multiplier circuit topologies, PDF file Compact 5 Volt HighCurrent Supply Uses One 1.25MHz Switcher : 09/16/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Disk drives, ADSL modems, notebook computers, and other data-acquisition circuits require high-current, 5-V power supplies with switching frequencies above 1.1 MHz to avoid interfering with noisesensitive circuitry. A very simple, compact, and... Easy Xenon DC to DC Converters!: Electronic Air Cleaner H Volt Generator : operates from mains voltage HeNe Laser Power Supply: High Power 12 Volt to 300 Volt Inverters for High Repeat Rate Medium Power Strobes: runs on12 V, at up to 6 A, and can fire the tubes at a rate of about 8-10 Times per second. High Voltage Adjustable Power Supplies: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 High Voltage Circuits: High Voltage Electronic Dazer: High Voltage Generator for Flash & Geiger Tubes: PDF file High Voltage Generator: This is a very simple ignition coil driver circuit that can probably be built with stuff from your junk box. Circuit examples work from230Volt AC and120-Volt AC.
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High Voltage Generators - Power Supplies
High Voltage High Current Power Supply: lots of power form microwave oven transformer How Van De Graaff Generators Work: Most of us have seen the device, known as a Van de Graaff generator that makes your hair stand on end. The device looks like a big aluminum ball mounted on a pedestal. Have you ever wondered what this device is, how it works, why it was invented, or how you might build1-yourself? Ignition Coil / Flyback Transformer Based High Voltage Generators: This page gives my thoughts on how to use a car ignition coil or Flyback transformer as a high voltage generator. The objective is to produce as high a voltage as possible, with as high a power throughput as possible. Ignition Coil Driver: This circuit takes +12V up to 6A and drives a car ignition coil. Both frequency and drive pulse width are adjustable in this circuit. Ignition Coil High Voltage Circuit: Ignition Coil High Voltage Generators: Jacob's Ladder: Jacob's Ladders #2: Kirlian Device Supply: Low Current, High Voltage Power Supply: Low Current, High Voltage Power Supply Negative ion Generator: Regulated Vacuum Tube Power Supply: outputs regulated250-300 VDC Single Transistor Flyback Driver: Super Cheap 1500 Volt Power Supply (small Laser Supply): Tesla Coil / H Volt Generator: Tesla Power Receiver: TESLCOIL: This is a very dangerous project so lots of caution must be exercised all components and values are listed and also a little bit of the circuit operation is in there also. Virtual zener circuit simplifies high voltage interface: 03/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / This design for a photonic switch needs more than approximately 70V at the cathode of a duo-lateral optical position-sensing device. This voltage gets speedy response at longer wavelengths, such as 980 nm. The circuit uses fast transimpedance amps, "floated" at 70V. Two "virtual-zener" circuits step down the high-voltage signals for subsequent processing in a ground-referred differentialamplif..... Click here for Other Circuits
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Hour Meters - Electronic Circuits - Science - Hobby Projects
Hour Meters
Machine Vibration activates Hour Meter: 11/6/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/H/Hour_Meters.html [1/17/2007 5:17:01 PM]
Holiday Circuits - Holiday Electronic Circuit Resource - Hobby Projects
Holiday Circuits
April Fools LEDs: Canary Sound Effect: Reverse engineered circuit diagram of a commercial Electronic Bird. This one was built into a plastic christmas ornament and runs off a 9V battery. Note that L1 is actually just an audio transformer with an unused secondary winding. (added 10/04) Christmas Light Flasher: Christmas Star: Color Organ Light : This circuit works REALLY well. Notice how it will fire even in complete silence. This provides a sort of automatic gain control. Flashing heart: The Circuit Diagram is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a 4047 lowpower monostable/astable multivibrator, IC1, used in the astable mode to provide the timing pulses to control the flash rate of the LEDs. To accomplish the astable mode, pins 4, 5, 6, and 14 are connected to +12VDC and pins 7, 8, 9, and 12 are connected to ground. Pins 1 and 3 are connected to C2 and pins 2 and 3 are connected to potentiometer R9. A fixed value resistor can be used in place of the potentiometer R9, if the flash rate does not need to be adjusted. These three pins make up the R-C timing circuit. Flickering Fire Light - LED or Bulb flicker shimmer randomly like candle flame or fire : This may well be the world's only discreet logic circuit to generate truely random output. It makes an excellent candle flicker light for your haloween pumpkin, and looks much more authentic than a shimmer light wherever a good a simulated flame effect is required. I do not gaurantee the accuracy or safety of any information herein. Grantronics Projects Christmas Tree: flashes LEDs mounted to Christmas tree shape PCB, kit from kitsrus.com Halloween Flashing-eyes Badge: Two-LEDs act as eyes following the rhythm of music or speech. 3V Battery-operated device suitable for pins or badges. Heart of LEDs: One of the requests we received after publication of the Christmas Star was "can you do different shapes?" Well, with Mothers Day coming up soon, we thought a heart would be appropriate. Now you can have something different to give to that special Mum or Grandmother. Or you may be able to redeem yourself if you forgot St Valentines Day! Either way, the Heart will certainly last a lot longer than the traditional bunch of flowers!. How to Make Chase Lights: This example shows3 track chase lights built from3Christmas light sets and1-light chaser controller Illuminate holiday destinations on a World map: LED Christmas lights : Simple 10 Stage Control Box: For those of you out there who don't want to dive into computer control of your Christmas display yet, here's a happy medium. It's a simple circuit that has up to 10 outputs available Simple scheme saves string-light situation: 12/16/04 - EDN on Components (added 1/05) As you enter the holiday season with strings of ac-line-powered lights hanging everywhere, do you ever wonder how bulb vendors overcame the frustrating problem of having an entire string go dark when just one of th
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Holiday Circuits - Holiday Electronic Circuit Resource - Hobby Projects
Simple tester checks Christmas-tree lights: 12/16/04 - EDN on Components (added 1/05) 1Why is it that you always test 48 bulbs before you find the bad one in a 50-light string? This simple circuit allows you to divide and conquer, greatly reducing the time it takes to find the bad bulb. Xmas Light Flasher:
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Human Motion Monitors - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Sensors / Detectors: Human Motion Monitors

ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR (64) (static1) This schematic is the power supply and front-end sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail at Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. (this link is off-site) The system can detect human and animal motion by the electric fields they disturb. ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR (65) (static2) This schematic is the motion discriminator alarm and battery monitor sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail a Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. (this link is off-site)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/H/Human_Motion_Detectors.html [1/17/2007 5:17:08 PM]
Human Proximity Detectors - Sensors - Detectors
Sensors / Detectors: Human Proximity Detectors

Dual Comparators Stabilize Proximity Detector: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Infrared Body heat Detector:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/H/Human_Proximity_Detectors.html [1/17/2007 5:17:11 PM]
Human Touch Detectors - Sensor & Detectors
Sensors / Detectors: Capacitance / Human Touch Switch Circuits

3 Way Touch Lamp: A three-way switch to control a lamp (off-dim-bright, etc.) uses an NE555 Timer to generate a1-second pulse, triggered by ambient ac fields that are picked up by the human body. Read also the circuit description. Alarm Touched Triggered: Capacitance Proximity Alarm: Fastest Finger First Indicator: Proximity Alarm: Three Way Touch Lamp: A three-way switch to control a lamp (off-dim-bright, etc.) uses an NE555 Timer to generate a1-second pulse, triggered by ambient ac fields that are picked up by the human body. Read also the circuit description. Touch Activated Alarm: Touch Switch #1: electronic device that enables us to control a circuit by simply touching a sensor Touch Switch #2: Touch Switch #3: Touch Switch #4: This is achieved using a jugfet, it is a very simple circuit and very effective to with a minimum component count working via a 1.5v cell. Touch Switches: Touch Triggered Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/H/Human_Touch_Detectors.html [1/17/2007 5:17:14 PM]
Humidity Detectors / Sensors / Monitors
Humidity Detectors / Sensors / Monitors

741 Based Light Sensor: CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay Circuitry for inexpensive Relative Humidity Measurement: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Dual Comparators Stabilize Proximity Detector: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Infrared Body heat Detector: Low cost relative humidity transmitter uses single logic IC: 11/08/2001 EDN Design Ideas / The low-cost percentage-relative-humidity radio transmitter in Figure 1 operates in a cold-storage warehouse for vegetable storage at temperatures of 1 to 5 C. It is generally difficult to collect such data from a lowtemperature area with high humidity and low illumination. The transmitter design is simple: It uses a readily available, capacitor-type percentage-relative-humidity se... . Measure humidity and temperature on one TTL line: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / By combining the responses of an Analog Devices (www.analog.com) AD590 temperature sensor and a Humirel (www.humirel.com) HS1101 humidity sensor, you can generate a single TTL-level signal containing information from both sensors (Figure 1). This design uses a 74HC123 monostable multivibrator, IC1, to form a free-running oscillator. . Remote humidity sensor needs no battery: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Using ac-line power sources and batteries for remote humidity sensors is undesirable because these sources can be troublesome if you mount them in inaccessible points, such as smokestacks, cold-storage chambers, or darkrooms, where maintenance is difficult and inconvenient. Figure 1 shows a simple way to remove the power source from the humidity-sensor circuit. . Signal Conditioning Precisely indicates Humidity: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Uses Optical Fiber To Send RelativeHumidity Data : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit shown in the figure measures relative humidity in air at the low temperatures found in applications like cold storage of food items and greenhouses. Instead of using electrical signal cables that... Tiny Dew Sensor: Transmitter senses triple relative humidity figures: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a triple, relative-humidity sensor and radio transmitter. Sensors 1 and 2 form two gated oscillators with natural frequencies of 10 and 5 kHz, respectively, at relative humidity of 50%. The gated oscillators use variable resistances R2 and R3, respectively. Together, these two oscillators generate FSK-modulated outputs at output of IC1B, Pin 6.. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/H/Humidity_Sensors_and_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:17:17 PM]
Joystick Circuits - Electronic Circuits - Joystick Circuit - Hobby Projects
Joystick Circuits
Adding Second joystick to PC joystick Interface: Build your own joysticks: Connect other Circuits to PC joystick Port: Convert Ataristyle joystick to PC joystick Port: Fake Joystick Circuit: This simple circuit can be used to make the computer to think that there is a real joystick connected to joystick port. This adapter might be useful in some special computer testing applications when you dont have real joystick available. ASCII drawing. Joystick Interface Projects: Joystick Interfaces: analogue interfaces for joysticks for motor controllers Joystick Port As General Purpose Input: Schematic of a Standard PC Joystick: Soundcard joystick Port Problem Solver: The Wire Between MultiIO Card and joystick Connector: Use PC joystick Port to Measure temperature and Light Levels: Using the joystick Port As General Purpose input:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/J/Joysticks.html [1/17/2007 5:17:22 PM]
Jacob's Ladder Circuits - Jacob's Ladder Circuit Resource - Jacob Ladder
Jacob's Ladder Circuits

Building a Jacob's Ladder: Jacob's Ladder: Jacob's Ladders #2:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/J/jacobs_ladder_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:17:26 PM]
Keypad Circuits - Electronic Projects - Science Resources
Keypad Circuits
C Provides Wireless Keypad Control: 10/08/98 EDN-Design Ideas 4 Bit P's a / D Converter Decodes Keypad's Inputs: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas 4 Digit Keypad: Alarm Control keypad: Decimal to BCD Convertor: This circuit will provide an output in Binary Coded Decimal from any of the input switches. The input switches may be expanded to 16 switches, providing a Hexadecimal to BCD conversion. Electronic Keypad: Four Digit Keypad: Key Reading Circuit Saves I/O Pins: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Keypad Encoder Commands Tape Transport: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas Keypad sequence activates relay: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits scroll to find this circuit Low Power Keypad Consumes only 100 NA : 01/24/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Often in the use of products with keypads, one or more keys become "stuck" or are being pressed. Low power keypad consumes only 100 nA: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Often in the use of products with keypads, one or more keys become "stuck" or are being pressed. For example, a cell phone in the bottom of a purse or in a hip pocket could have one or more of its keys inadvertently pressed and held down for a considerable period. Depending on the circuit design and implementation of the keypad interface, this condition could cause excess current to flow,... . Novel idea implements low cost keyboard: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many applications that use a microcontroller also use a keyboard. If your application uses a relatively powerful microcontroller, you can use several free I/O pins or an unused input with an ADC to effect an easy keyboard connection. But, if the microcontroller in your system has too few free I/O pins and no on-chip ADC, you can be in trouble... One Pin Keypad Features Low Component Count: 05/26/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / While current-shunt-monitor ICs like the INA168 can be connected to current-shunt resistors at supply voltages of up to 60 V, the circuit shown in the figure allows current sensing at even higher voltages.... OnePin Keypad Interface Conserves Battery Power : 11/11/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This idea builds on a previous IFD, "Connect Any Keypad With Any Microcontroller Using Only One Pin" (electronic design, May 1, 1998, p. 126), where a 555 timer connects a keypad switch matrix to a microprocessor. The timer converts a... PIC Based Keyboard Emulator: RS232C Serial Port Scans Remote Keypad: 12/04/97 EDN-Design Ideas Security Circuit Eschews Sophistication: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas X Y Keypad uses C's Serial Port: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas
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Keypad Circuits - Electronic Projects - Science Resources
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Ladder Network Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Ladder Network Circuits

DAC and op amp provide variable-control voltage: 12/06/01 EDN-Design Ideas / Early DACs contained standard R-2R ladder networks, and produced a negative output voltage. These early DACs, such as the MAX7837/7847 and the MAX523, require both positive and negative supply rails to accommodate their negative output. With t...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Ladder_Networks.html [1/17/2007 5:17:34 PM]
Lamp / Light Control Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Lamp / Light Control Circuits

C implements Pushbutton Light Dimmers: 06/18/98 EDN-Design Ideas 0 to 10 Volt Analog Control Protocol: 0 to 10 Volt Analog Control Protocol: 1.5 Volt LED Flashers: four circuits with description 10 Channel Follower for Austin Hotel: 10 Channel LED Sequencer: based on4017 10 Stage Light Sequencer: flashes10 low voltage bulbs, operates at10-25-Volt voltage, in PDF format, text in Finnish 12 Stage Neon Sequencer (NE 2 / NE 51): uses small power 70-Volt neon bulbs 12 Volt Color organ and Reverb unit: 12 Volt DC Fluorescent Lamp Driver: This fluorescent lamp driver uses a normal120 to 6V step-down transformer in reverse to step12V to about350-Volt to drive a lamp without the need to warm the filaments. 12 Volt Lamp Dimmer: dimming d1-by controlling the duty cycle of a astable555 Timer oscillator 12 Volt or 24 Volt DC Pulse Width Modulator: This circuit can be used as a light dimmer or DC motor speed controller. 12 Volt Strobe Circuit: this circuit uses12V DC instead od mains AC. This is very good idea if you dont want to mess with direct mains voltage connected circuit or you want to run the stroboscope from batteries. 120 VAC Lamp Chaser Using Solid State Relays: 120 Volt AC Lamp Chaser using Solid State Relays: This circuit is similar to the LED clock using12 neon indicator lamps instead of LEDs. It operates from2 high capacity ni-cad cells (2.5 volts) which keep it going for a couple weeks. High voltage (70 volts) for the neon lamps is obtained from a small switching power supply using a 74HC14 Schmitt trigger Squarewave oscillator, high voltage switching transistor, and10 mH high Q inductor. Most any small PNP transistors can be used that have a C/E voltage rating of 80 or more. 120 Volt AC Lamp Dimmer (full Wave SCR): 16 Stage BiDirectional LED Sequencer: 2 Transistor LED Flasher #2: 2 Wire DC Lamp Dimmer Replaces Rheostats: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Lowcost DC lamp dimmer that can control more than100W of incandescent panel lighting from12V DC, originally designed for use in commercial trucks 220 Volt Flashing Lights: Especially designed for Christmas tree lamps to replace old thermally-activated switches 3rd Brake Light Pulser: 4 Channel Dimmer Rack: 40 Watt Fluorescent Lamp Inverter: This40W fluorescent lamp inverter allows you to run40W fluorescent tubes from any12V source capable of delivering3A. 8 Bit Digital Firing Circuit: 8 Bit Digital Light Intensity Controller: Adjustable Strobe Light: 120-Volt mains power source, up to20 Hz flash rate
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Advance Power System Experimenters Kit: runs low voltage bulbs from mains using dimmer like method for reducing the voltage All Digital Circuit Fires TrIAC: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas / This digital circuit allows a P to control ac power precisely without using any digital-to-analog circuitry Analog Encoding: This schematic is a example of a analog board with0 -10 volt output. Audio Trigger Circuit for Lamp Chasers: works with almost any light sequencer circuit with clock input, better working beat sync than in many commercial light controllers Audio Trigger Circuit for Light Chasers: Auto Trigger Circuit for Light Chasers: Automated Crib Lights: Automatic Control Starts Loads Softly: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas Automatic Headlight Brightness Switch: Basic Infrared Light Train Detection: Basic Incandescent Light Dimmer Circuits: Bass Beat Extractor: an automatic gain control circuit followed by a low pass filter, converts the beat into a sharp pulse suitable for triggering the strobe or chaser Battery Powered Night Lamp: Ultra-Low current drawing1.5 Volt battery supply Beat Tracking Strobe: project description using AT90S8515 microcontroller and some electronics Bedside Lamp timer: Bells Ring Generator: 3-Circuit options Can be synchronized to Christmas tree flashing lights Bicycle Back Safety Light: Flashing13 LED unit,3V supply Also suitable for jogger/walkers Bicycle Safety Lights: Bike Lights Mk IV: Bike lights built using12V20W12 degree spread halogen globes. Black Light: Block Occupancy Detector Helper: Christmas Star: Circuit uses Simple LED for Near IR Light: 09/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas CMOS Gate implements Reverse Phase Control: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Color Organ #1: make different colored bulbs light at different frequencies of music, connects to speaker outputs Color Organ #2: one lamp color organ Color Organ #3: makes3 lights to blink and flash to music Constant Current White LED Flashlight: Constant Directional Lighting #1: Constant Directional Lighting #2: Constant Directional Lighting #3: Controller Provides Multimode Phase Control: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / 16C508 multichip controller, you can implement a phase controller that provides a two-key, indexed processor for ac power Courtesy Lamp: 15 seconds delayed switch-off for220-Volt AC lamp, a good idea for bedroom lamps Coutesy Lamp: Dancing LEDs: A LED sequencer, following the rhythm of music or speech 9 Volt Battery-operated portable unit Dark / Light Activated Relay: Dark Activated Switch or Porch Light Switch: Darkness monitor : Day and Night Infrared Detection: Dimmer Circuit for Normal Light Bulbs: Dimmer Switch: This dimmer switch is suitable for230-Volt incandescent lamps with a total power of up to300-Watts. The circuit is wired in series with the lamp so it can directly replace the wall switch. Disco Light Controller: Disco Lights: software and hardware for controlling disco lights from your PC
Disco Style Strobe Light: Disco Style Strobe Light: low power, works on110VAC Disco VU Lights: DMX Lighting and Special Effects: Dome Lamp Dimmer: Efficiently dim the cars dome or map light (low voltage light), PDF file Dome Light Dimmer for Cars: Usually when the car door is closed, the dome light just goes OFF. With this circuit, you can have our dome light fade slowly in brightness and finally go OFF. Dome Light Dimmer using Mic4680 Switching Regulator: simple circuit which outputs +5-Volt Dome Light Dwell Extender / Dimmer : allows you to dim your dome light and keeps the dome light of your automobile on after you close the door Dual Alternating Flashing Light: Dual MonoStable Drives Quasiresonant Inverter: 02/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Circuit to power a fluorescent lamp from12V Dual Tandem Flashing Light: Dual Tandem Flashing Light: A dual tandem flashing light circuit el Cheapo Lightning Effect: Plans to simple floodlight using an office rubbish bin made of metal and a "photoflood" bulb. Electric Power Controller: suitable as dimmer for100-Volt lamp up to1200W Electronic Ballasts using the Cost Saving IR215X: application note AN-995 from International Rectifier Electronic Candle V2: Electronic Candle: Electronic Fluorescent Lamp Ballast: International Rectifier application note in PDF format Electronic Light Intensity Control to Simulate Dusk & Dawn Conditions: Simulation of sunrise and sunset light conditions is achieved with an electronic light intensity control using DC- or AC-powered incandescent lamps. The duration of the sunrise and sunset is easily adjusted and the photoperiod is controlled with a standard24-h Timer. Electronic Night Light: Electronic Transformer Dims halogen Lamp: 05/11/00 EDN-Design Ideas / (jkj0 Switched-mode power supply for a halogen lamp, commonly known as an electronic transformer, is a clever and simple device which can be enhanced with dimming control Emergency Backup Lamp: Emergency Light & Alarm: Powered by2-AA NI-CD batteries Four switchable options Emergency Strobe Flasher Generates 250V: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Experimental Cross Fader: ideas to modify simple rotary light dimmers to make a cross-fader Fading LEDs: 2-strips of LEDs fading in a complementary manner 9 Volt Batteryoperated portable unit Fading Red Eyes: can be used to slowly illuminate and fade a pair of red LEDs Flashing Beacon: Flashing High Intensity LED 3rd Brake Light: This circuit to make a flashing3rd brake light assembly was designed to be easy to locate all the needed components and reasonably in expensive to build. Flashing Light Circuit #1: Flashing Light Circuit #2: Flashing Light Circuit #3: Flashing lights: for a roadwork warning and a train shop sign. Flashing Neon Christmas Lights: Flashing Neons (NE 2 / NE 51): one, two or3-neon indicator bulbs can be made to flash in sequence Flashing Neons (NE 51 / NE 2): Flickering Fire Effect: This simple circuit uses four low-Wattage colored bulbs and four fluorescent lamp starters to make nice flickering flame effect.
Fluorescent Ballast: Design uses Passive PFC and Crest Factor Control. Also available in PDF format Fluorescent Desk Lamp: This circuit will power a 6 inch4-Watt fluorescent tube off a12 volt supply, consuming300 mA. It may also be powered by a suitably rated universal AC/DC adapter. Fluorescent Lamps, Ballasts, & Fixtures: Fluorescent Light Dimmer: Four Channel Dimmer Rack: Garden Light Switch: Hacking the Kodak Max Single Flash Camera Into a Self Repeating Strobe: this approach is recommended mainly for homebrewing a strobe that is powered by a single1.5 volt battery. If you can use a higher supply voltage, there are better ways to do this. Half Bridge Inverter has Variable Frequency: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Hand Clap Lamp Control : High Efficiency Halogen Bike Light Dimmer: This circuit uses a PIC16F84 microcontroller with some software to control20-Watt12V DC halogen lamp HighEfficiency Inverter Drives Compact Fluorescent : 08/19/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / The inverter circuit shown is designed to drive a 7-W, four-pin compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) from a 12-V dc power supply. The main features of this inverter circuit include direct-drive capability, preheat for improved startup, high efficiency, and... IC Controlled Emergency Light With Charger: Idea for a Low Voltage Light Dimmer: A light dimmer is a means of controlling the "brightness" level of a lamp, in this application we will use a555 Timer to control the brightness level of a low voltage incandescent bulb of up to 60-Watts. For the light dimmer to work the555 Timer is configured as a "variable cycle", astable oscillator running some where around300 Hz. Lamp Dimmer #1: Lamp Flasher / Dimmer: Lamp Switch Delay: Lantern Flasher / Dimmer #1: Lantern Flasher / Dimmer #2: Add this circuit to an existing lantern or and your batteries will last much longer, PDF file Laser Pointer Train Detector: LED dimmer uses only two lines: 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1provides 32 steps of brightness control-from 0 to 100%-for a backlight or instrument panel, using just two general-purpose-microprocessor signals. In addition, the circuit requires little board space, because it uses only three SOT-23s and one Max package. . LED Headlamps : This article includes circuits of DC-DC LED drivers (click PICs for bigger ones) step downs to run LEDs on less than Battery Volts, Boost for above. LED Lamp Dimmer: LED Mood Light: LED Pilot Light (AC or DC): LED current is constant between 6 and 8 mA at5 to30Vdc LED7 Solar Tracker: Light / Dark Detector: Light a white LED from half a cell: 06/12/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Whether you use them as indicators or to provide illumination, LEDs are hard to beat in efficiency, reliability, and cost. White LEDs are rapidly gaining popularity as sources of illumination, as in LCD backlights, but with forward voltages typically ranging from 3 to 5V, operating them from a single cell presents obvious difficulties... Light Bulb Voltage Regulator : Light Chaser: Light Controlled Switch #1: switch that will be activated by light falling on a sensor Light Controlled Switch #2: output a control signal suitable for relay depending on the light level Light Dimmer #1: dims220-Volt light Light Dimmer Circuit With 0 to 10 Volt Input: This is a simple dimmer circuit that can be controlled with0 -10 VDC. It is designed for110-Volt AC.
Light Operated Switch: Originally published in Everyday Practical Electronics, December1995 Light Organ for Car: flashes3 low voltage lights, operates at10-25-Volt voltage, in PDF format, text in Finnish Light Processor 434 Piano Touch Panel: circuit diagram in PDF format, check also power supply circuit diagram Light Sequenced Candelabra: Light timer: LIGHT/DARK ACTIVATED RELAY: This is actually two circuits a light activated relay being the first and a dark activated relay being the second, once again all components and values are displayed in the gif image. Lighting System: how to inexpensive, portable lighting system that add a great deal of ambiance to the music performance, includes simple controller circuit Linear Constant Current LED Lamp Dimmer: This circuits drives24 white light LEDs with an adjustable constant current. Low Cost Converter Drives Fluorescent Tubes: 03/31/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Cost Fluorescent Lighting System: lighting system suitable for videography Low Voltage Light Dimmer: A light dimmer is a means of controlling the "brightness" level of a lamp, in this application we will use a555 Timer to control the brightness level of a low voltage incandescent bulb of up to 60-Watts. For the light dimmer to work the555 Timer is configured as a "variable cycle", astable oscillator running some where around300 Hz. LX 800 Lighting System: Magic Lamp: Old idea, newtwist. Microcontroller MultiChannel Light Dimmer: The project is a microprocessorcontrolled multiple channel lighting dimmer, that could be used in theatrical and other applications. The device will accept input from a wide range of interfaces: RS232 input, DMX512 (theatrical lighting standard) or RS485, or a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI). The device will control a number of lamps by using some form of AC power control. The firmware in the microcontroller will handle all functions, from decoding the protocol on either of the input interfaces through to Timing the firing of power triacs for the output. MIDI Controlled Switches: can drive up to128 individual relays, solenoids, motors, etc. with a MIDI note-on and note-off messages Mini Pocket Strobe Circuit: works from two1.5-Volt AA batteries, based on modified camera flash unit Mini Strobe Light using LED : adjustable for flash rates between40 Hz and166 Hz, based on555 Timer Mini Stroboscope: low power stroboscope that operates from220-Volt AC Miniature Strobe Light: Modulator 220 Volts: simple1-channel light organ for220-Volt AC Motorcycle turn Signal System: Multimedia Electronic Crib: microcontroller based light controller which generates sequence of day-night with light fading, optional serial control interface, based on 87C51 Neon Desk Lamp: Neon Dimmer: idea how to dim neon lights Neon Lamp Dimmer: Nocturnal Animals Whisker: A low-rate flashing lamp drives away undesired visitors Automatic on-off operation PC Based Lighting Control: short pointer to each of the available commercial PC based lighting console systems PC Controls Light Dimmer: 08/19/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Circuit design idea from EDN Magazine to control one light dimming from PC PC Parallel Port Output Capabilities: includes instructions how to connect a relay to PC parallel port PIC 16C63 Midi Controlled Light Dimmer: four channel dimmer controllable using MIDI interface, operates at110-Volt AC, design can be modified to use standard baud rates, and the RS-232 Electrical interface PIC Micro LED Projects: PIC12C508 Night Light Saver: PIC16F84 LED Chaser:
PIC16F873 Light Controller: Picxie 2 8x8 Animated LED Signboard: Powering Fluorescent Lamps From Low Voltage DC!: inverter circuits Preheat Starter for Electronic Ballast: 10/04/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps use various techniques to turn on the bulbs. The design usually involves a compromise between turn-on voltage and lamp life because the two are inversely related. One way to reach a reasonable compromise is to initially allow a momentary inrush current to warm the filaments, followed by a series of interrupted short circuits across the lamp that generate the required high voltage to trigger the fluorescent. With a preheated filament, the necessary strike potential reduces to half. PWM Motor / Light Controller Variations: diagrams are for12V operation and there are high side (common ground) and low side (common +12V) versions Remote Controlled Lamp Dimmer: Here is a complete design project from Biltronix that allows you to use an off the shelf remote to control the brightness of the lights. Remote Solar LED Light: RHINO8 EL Sequencer: Safety Indicator Lights: SILs was designed and built for a colleague at work. He needed a device to control the indicator lights on his motorcycle. The idea was to turn all lamps on during driving, but switch over to normal operation when the indicator was needed. He wanted this device because his motorcycle was fairly broad and was worried that passing cars wouldnt notice, especially in the dark! Sequencing Neons (NE 51 / NE 2): Sequential LED Flasher: for10 LEDs Simple Timer Exploits OpAmp Bias Current: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Simulate gyrating Headlight: Small Transformer Drives Large EL Panel: 03/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Smart 12 Volt Light Dimmer: Smart Ringing Phone Light: The circuit shown here is used to switch on a lamp when the Telephone rings, if the ambient light is insufficient. FAIR WARNING -THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Special Effects From a "Six Pack": Four channel Sequencer to Analog Dimmers and idea how to couple relay to the circuit ST6 Microcontroller & TrIACs on Mains: includes dimmer circuit example Strobe Controller: Simple controller for professional stroboscopes, adjust the flash rate in1.15 Hz range Strobe Light #1: Strobe Light #2: Switching Regulator Controls CCFT: 02/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas / You can control the current in a cold-cathode fluorescent tube (CCFT) and, hence, its brightness with a switching-regulator IC Switching Regulator turns Into Light Source: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Simple external feedback circuit transforms a switching regulator into a constant-intensity light source Telephone Controlled Night Light: When the telephone rings, or when the handset is lifted, the night light is turned on and remains on while the conversation takes place. When the handset is replaced in the cradle, the light remains on for about11 s. During standby conditions, the -28Vdc bias on the phone line maintains the output of U3 in a high state. When the ac ring signal is applied to the phone line, it is processed by the ring detector U1, producing a negative output pulse at pin2 for each ring. These pulses trigger U2, causing its output to become high and the discharge transistor to turn off. Third Brake Light Pulser: Touch Activated Lamp: Traffic Light Controller #1: This page features a very basic traffic light circuit that is built around the TTL family 74145 -1 of10 Decoder. The circuit is designed to drive light emitting diodes that are connected in a common anode arrangement. Traffic Light Controller #2: controls on3 LED traffic light sequence Triac Light Controller: TRIAC Light Dimmer #1: dim115-Volt lights up to about350-Watt
TRIAC Light Dimmer #2: TRIAC Light Dimmer #3: This little circuit can be used to dim lights up to about350Watts. It uses a simple, standard TRIAC circuit that, in my experience, generates very little heat. Please note that this circuit cannot be used with fluorescent lights. Trigger Circuit for Strobes: circuits which can be used for triggering stroboscopes from external signals Two Transistor LED Flasher #2: Two Wire DC Lamp Dimmer Replaces Rheostats: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Low-cost DC lamp dimmer that can control more than100W of incandescent panel lighting from12V DC, originally designed for use in commercial trucks Typical 120 Volt AC Dimmer Circuit: This is the type of common light dimmer widely available at hardware stores and home centers. The circuit is a basic model for light dimmer for120V AC voltages. This basic design can handle light bulbs at power range of around30W to few hundred watts (depends on construction). Typical Strobe Light Trigger Circuit: 555 based Timing circuit which triggers a SCR which controls the trigger transformer Using The LM555 Timer With Photocell Detectors: Variable Intensity Variable Frequency Strobe: Varying Brightness AC Lamp: SCR is used to slowly vary the intensity of a120 volt light bulb by controlling the Time that the AC line voltage is applied to the lamp during each half cycle Velleman K8003 DC Controlled Dimmer Kit: This is a0-10-Volt DC controlled dimmer module. Putting many this kind of modules inside on case makes a multi channel light dimmer. This circuit works from220V,110-Volt and24V. The Maximum current this circuit can control is3.5A. Visible Light Photo Detector Circuits (E+F): Welch Scientific Model 2153C Stroboscope: a schematic for a typical line operated variable rate stroboscope used for the visualization of moving parts as well as rotation speed or frequency determination of rotating or vibrating machinery Xenon Flash & Strobe Page: Xenon Strobe Light #1: Xenon Strobe Light #2: works from115-Volt AC line Xenon Strobe Light:
Laser Circuits - Electronic Circuits - School & College Projects
Laser Circuits
12 Volt Supply for He Ne Laser: Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply: Circuit provides laser diode control: 09/19/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Laser diodes are sensitive to ESD, rapid turn-on currents, and over voltage conditions. To address those problems, the simple laser-diode controller in Figure 1 has several functions. The first part of the circuit comprises an 8.2V zener diode, D1 that forms the heart of a constant-voltage source for the laser diode.. Diode Laser Driver: Diode Laser Power Supplies: Efficient Laser Supply: Experimental Laser Data Link: Fiber Optic Voice Communications: HeNe Laser Power Supply Schematics: HeNe Laser Power Supply: HeNe Laser Power Supply: HeNe Laser Transmitter / Receiver: Home Built Nitrogen Laser: Laser Barrier System Uses Tone Detection : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In a laser barrier system, the receiver circuit generally uses signal amplitude for detection purposes. This configuration yields a complex circuit with a number of components, including an amplifier, a filter, and a threshold detector. But you can... Laser Bug Circuit: Laser Communication System: This is a simple Laser communication system. It can transmit and receive signal from any audio device.Communication distance is few meters. All components are not critical. Transistor 2N2222 may be on the coolrib. Laser diode is from laser pointer Laser diode driver circuit : Laser Diode Driver Stabilizes Sensitivity Parameters: 11/05/98 EDN-Design Ideas Laser Diode Power Supply Circuits: Laser Diode Transmitter: Laser harp: Laser Light Show Pattern Generator: Laser Light Show: Laser Link Communicator: audio transmission up to few hundred meters LASER Listening Device: Laser Power Supply: Laser Telephone Receiver Circuit: Laser Torch Based Voice Transmitter & Receiver: LASER Transmitter / Receiver: Laser Transmitter Schematics: Laser Transmitter/receiver: Light Beam Receiver for Laser Pistols:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Laser_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:17:44 PM]
Laser Circuits - Electronic Circuits - School & College Projects
OPT201 Laser Receiver: OPT301 Laser Receiver: Pulsed Double heterostructure Laser Driver: RS 232 Laser Transceiver #1: RS 232 Laser Transceiver #2: Simple Laser Communicator #1: Simple Laser Communicator #2:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Laser_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:17:44 PM]
Latch Circuits - Electronic Hobby Circuits & Projects
Latch Circuits
Asynchronous Circuit Latches Safely: 04/28/94 EDN-Design Ideas Continuity Tester, Latching: Awesome tester! Eliminate Latching Current Limit In Power Supplies : 08/05/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Most modern power-supply control ICs offer built-in overcurrent or short-circuit protection. While some overcurrent-protection schemes are latching, others are nonlatching. When the overcurrent trip level is reached in a latching controller, the... Latching light detector is frugal with power and parts: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This idea demonstrates three uses for the humble LED. The circuit in Figure 1a forms a simple light detector that latches and turns on an LED when the ambient light exceeds a preset limit determined by potentiometer P1. LED D1 is both the indicator. Latching Regulator Prevents Deep Discharge: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Prevents Processor Latch Up: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Solid State Relay Saves Battery's Life: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas Transistor Latch improves on/off Circuitry: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Transistors offer thermal protection for controller: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / When a switch-mode power-supply controller, such as On Semiconductor's NCP1200, operates at a high ambient temperature, you should protect the entire power supply against lethal thermal runaway. The NCP1200 operates directly from the power mains without an auxiliary winding; therefore, the die in the IC dissipates power (Figure 1).. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Latch_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:17:47 PM]
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Circuits - Electronic Circuits
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Circuits

2 Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84: Embedded processor directly drives LCD: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Driving a bare LCD does not necessarily require specialized interface circuitry or peripherals. This Design Idea describes an alternative drive scheme, which you can easily implement using the general-purpose outputs of a microcontroller. Many embedded-system applications need to interact with a user by displaying simple numeric or alphanumeric character Excel offers painless LCD initialization: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / To display a font or a symbol on an LCD, you need to convert the desired character into numerical data. Creating the data for an entire font set requires specialized tools; even with these tools, the task can be daunting. Alternatively, you ca. GPS LCD Display Project: Graphic LCD Interface: LCD Serial Terminal: has RS-232 serial in/out, up to 20 programmable keys, Character LCD up to 2x40, 5 auxiliary inputs, 6 auxiliary outputs. LCD Thermometer: Seven segment LCD uses two wire interface : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / You can connect seven-segment LCDs using only a two-wire interface (Figure 1). The two-wire interface may be at the field-effect, direct-drive LCD or at a serial interface (such as I2C) that uses an eight-pin microcontroller. The design in Figure 1 uses an Atmel (www.atmel.com) ATtiny12 microcontroller, IC1.... Two Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/LCD_(Liquid_Crystal_Display)_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:17:50 PM]
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Circuits - Electronic Circuits
LED (Light Emitting Diodes) Circuits

1.5 Volt LED Flashers #1: four circuits with description 1.5v LED FLASHER: This is a very basic little circuit built around the LM3909 IC. A list of components and values is included. 10 Channel LED Sequencer: based on4017 10 LED Sequencer: in PDF format, text in Finnish 16 Stage BiDirectional LED Sequencer: 2 LED Flasher: simple2- transistor circuit which blinks2- LEDs 2 Transistor LED Flasher #1: 2 Transistor LED Flasher #2: 28 LED Clock Timer 72 LED Clock: programmable clock Timer circuit that uses individual LEDs to indicate hours and minutes 3 Way Blinking LEDs: 40 LED Bicycle Light (555 Timer 6 Volt): 7 Segment LED Counter: 72 LED Clock: 9 Second Digital Readout Timer #2: 9 Second LED Relay Timer #2: AC Line Powered LEDs: Adjustable Flashing Led: Alternating LED Blinker uses Four Parts: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas /Grand Prize Winner1998 Alternating LED Flasher uses Minimal Parts: 11/20/97 EDN-Design Ideas / A pair of alternating flashing LEDs makes an excellent visual alarm, this alternating LED flasher is based on one LED with built-in flashing function and two transistors driving the other normal LED Alternating LEDs Flasher: Mar-03 Analog LED Bar VU Meter: built around discrete components Astable Multivibrator 1: AT89C2051 / 4051 Driving Dot LED: Audio LED VU Meter: built around discrete components Back & Forth Flasher: for16 LEDs Basic LM3909 LED Flasher: runs from1.5-Volt battery Bicycle Back Safety Light: Flashing13 LED unit,3V supply Also suitable for jogger/walkers Bicycle Safety Lights: Big LED Clock: Buck IC boosts battery voltage for white LED: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Whitelight LEDs are finding their way into many markets that incandescent bulbs once served. Flashlights are among the newer applications in which reliability, ruggedness, and ability to control the power draw of the LEDs make these devices attractive. With incandescent bulbs, the power management for the device is a simple on-off switch....
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Car Message Display: CaMeD was designed and built to be used in an automobile. Its purpose is to display various symbols/messages to the car driver traveling behind you. It uses1024 LEDs to form a32 x32 matrix display. A total of12 symbols/messages can be displayed,4 of them being user-definable by using a visual basic utility tool connected to the rs232 port of a PC. Circuit Controls Two LEDs With One Microcontroller Port Pin : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Microcontroller port pins can typically be driven either high or low, or else be put into an "input" or high-impedance state. This circuit uses the three states to drive two separate LEDs with one port pin. This can be very useful when there are no... Circuit drives mixed types and quantities of LEDs: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Portable systems often use LEDs of different colors and in varying quantities of each color. Some examples are white for the display backlight, green for keypad illumination, and red for power. Typically, the LEDs derive power from at least two power supplies: one for "standard" LEDs (red and green) and one for white LEDs.. Circuit efficiently switches bipolar LED: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 represents one method to switch a bipolar, two-color LED using an SPDT mechanical switch or relay. This circuit wastes power and does not work properly if the power-supply voltage is not substantially more than the sum of the LEDs' forward voltages. The circuit is, therefore, marginal, to the point of being unusable, with a 5V supply and a red or green LED, which... . Connecting LED to PIC Micro I/O Pins: Constant Current White LED Flashlight: Create secondary colors from multicolored LEDs: 07/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / It is well-known that simultaneously mixing two primary-color light sources, such as red and green, creates a secondary color, such as yellow. This mixing process commonly occurs in tricolor LEDs. One disadvantage of this method of generating a yellow color is that the LED must use twice the current because both the red and the green LEDs must be on.... Dancing LEDs: A LED sequencer, following the rhythm of music or speech 9 Volt Battery-operated portable unit Diode & LED Tester: Dual Alternating Flashing Light: Dual Tandem Flashing Light: DualGate Inverter Oscillator Saves Power, Boosts LED Brightness : 06/24/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An LED's brightness is directly proportional to the current through it, which creates a challenge for low-voltage and batterypowered applications. But it's possible to increase an LED's brightness without increasing the system's power requirements.... Economical Circuit Drives White LEDs: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Expandable 16 Stage LED Sequencer: Fading LEDs: 2-strips of LEDs fading in a complementary manner 9 Volt Batteryoperated portable unit Fading Red Eyes: can be used to slowly illuminate and fade a pair of red LEDs Fantastic Atom Expander: "exploding atom" effect using 98 LEDs Fire Lights: LEDs shimmer randomly as though on fire. Circuit generates true random coin-toss output. Flasher Circuit : LED Flasher, suitable for Christmas Lights Flashing Christmas LED Display: Flashing High Intensity LED 3rd Brake Light: This circuit to make a flashing3rd brake light assembly was designed to be easy to locate all the needed components and reasonably in expensive to build. Get More than Three Colors From a Dot Matrix LED : 06/04/98 EDN-Design Ideas Grantronics Projects Christmas Tree : flashes LEDs mounted to Christmas tree shape PCB, kit from kitsrus.com Holiday Map Display: ICL7660 LED Flasher: Inexpensive LED Drives Flash & Beep Circuit: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Infrared LED Illuminator: LED Amplifier: LED Bar VU Meter:
LED Barograph Drive: LED Chaser: simple10 LED chaser LED Christmas lights : LED doubles as emitter and detector: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Every junction diode exhibits some degree of photosensitivity when it receives light comprising an appropriate range of wavelengths. The spectral response of a junction diode depends on a variety of factors, including material chemistry, junction depth, and packaging. The packaging of most devices aims to inhibit sensitivity to radiant flux to maintain the intended function of the de LED driver combines high speed, precision : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Applications such as turbidity measurement and densitometry require cleanly pulsed light sources with stable amplitudes. The LED driver in Figure 1 illuminates retinal neurons in a biological experiment that has similar requirements. For a given LED at a given current, the intensity is stable, so switching a stable current is a simple and effective way to obtain the needed function.... LED driver delivers constant luminosity: 06/12/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is similar in principle to that of a previous Design Idea (Reference 1) but offers improved, more reproducible performance. The output current is almost constant over an input-voltage range of 1.2 to 1.5V and is insensitive to variations of transistor gain. Transistors Q1 and Q2 form an astable flip-flop.... LED Driver Displays Standing Wave Radio: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit LED Flasher & TRAC Pulser Work off AC Line: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas LED Flasher indicates Low Battery Condition: 01/02/97 EDN Design Ideas LED Flasher, TwoTransistor: LED Flasher: built using two transistors and some other components LED flasher-a : LED flasher-b: LED Headlamps : This article includes circuits of DC-DC LED drivers (click PICs for bigger ones) step downs to run LEDs on less than Battery Volts, Boost for above. LED Light Dimmers uses only Two Lines: 03/21/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest -- This circuit provides32 steps of brightness control (from0 to100%) for a backlight or instrument panel, using just two general-purpose-microprocessor signals. Although the circuit shows the circuit driving white LEDs, the load could also be a dc motor or an incandescent lamp. The basis of the circuit is a modified Schmitttrigger relaxation oscillator controlled by MAX5160 digital potentiometer. LED Mood Light: this LED circuit makes a nice lamp that is low power, runs cool, and has a long lifetime, operates from12V, puts out a warm yellow shade of light, the color may be adjusted by changing the number of red or green LED strings LED or Lamp Flasher : Minimum parts counting. Designed for3V battery operation LED or Lamp Pulser : Astonishing effect4.5 Volt supply LED Pilot Light (AC or DC): LED current is constant between 6 and 8 mA at5 to30Vdc LED Pulser With Audible Output: LED Sign: uses two LED arrays to form a 7 X 10 matrix. It produces moving messages or animations stored in an EPROM. LED Stroboscope: This simple LED Stroboscope circuit which I designed, maintains constant brightness of the LED at all frequencies. This is accomplished by duty-cycle and pulse width control. It is useful for measuring the speed of motors. It can easily be calibrated using a watch so you dont need a frequency counter. LED Torch : A white LED torch that consumes just24 mW LED7 Solar Tracker: LEDs Flasher, Alternately: Classic astable multivibrator using2 transistors. Transistor is not critical. Try these:2N4401,2N2222, NTE123A, NTE123AP, NTE159, TUP/TUN and those in your junk box, you may find that most of them will work. Light a white LED from half a cell: 06/12/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Whether you use them as indicators or to provide illumination, LEDs are hard to beat in efficiency, reliability, and cost. White LEDs are rapidly gaining popularity as sources of illumination, as in LCD backlights, but with forward voltages typically ranging from 3 to 5V, operating them from a single cell presents obvious difficulties...
Light Pollution Meter : LED brightness control circuit and a multimeter to compare light levels to LED level. Linear Constant Current LED Lamp Dimmer: This circuits drives24 white light LEDs with an adjustable constant current. Low Power LED Flasher : based on LM3909 Mains Operated Christmas Star: McMurtrie's Self Powered Flashing LED : circuit which uses a LED as solar panel to charge a capacitor which flashes a LED, the LED will blink when the circuit is placed in bright light Park Aid: 3-LEDs signal bumper-barrier distance Infrared operation, indoor use PIC Micro LED Projects: PIC16F84 LED Chaser: Picxie 2 8x8 Animated LED Signboard: Propeller Clock: a few light emitting diodes spin, precisely controlled by a PIC microprocessor, giving the illusion of a larger array. Remote Solar LED Light: Reset Circuit Provides Snappy Action: 04/29/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Rugged LED Brake Lights : 14, 0, 4514, 272, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 272, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 136, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 187, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 187, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 187, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 289, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 289, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 187, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 187, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 187, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 408, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 408, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap 14, 0, 4514, 408, 14, 0, 4514, 64 Bitmap Sequential LED Flasher : for10 LEDs Serial Comms to LED Driver: Seven Component Regulated LED Lamp : Signal Processor Adds LED Display: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Logic Probe uses Bicolor LED: 03/13/98 EDN-Design Ideas Single cell lights any LED: 07/05/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 allows you to light any type of LED from a single cell whose voltage ranges from 1 to 1.5V. This range accommodates alkaline, carbon-zinc, NiCd, or NiMH single cells. The circuit's principal application is in LED-based flashlights, such as a red LED in an astronomer's flashlight, which doesn't interfere with night vision.. Single FET Controls 2nd LED Array in SwitchMode LED Backlight: Maxim APP1871: Feb03,2003 / A design in which the display is backlit (or frontlit) for extended periods needs an efficient circuit that drives the LEDs with a controlled current, and eliminates the wasted power associated with current-limiting resistors. A switch-mode boost design that regulates current instead of voltage accomplishes this purpose. Single FET Controls LED Array: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Single LED indicates Two Power States: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Uses a single bicolor LED to indicate both power-on and blown-fuse conditions Solar Charged LED Flashlight: Special Lighting : experiments with white LEDs Telephone In Use LED Indicator: Telephone in use Light: Three Way Blinking LEDs : Two LED Flasher: simple2- transistor circuit which blinks2- LEDs Two LEDs Perform Rudimentary Spectral Analysis: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas Two Signals Easily Control Tricolor LED: 09/14/95 EDN-Design Ideas Two Transistor LED Flasher #1: Two Transistor LED Flasher #2: Voltage to current converter drives white LEDs: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need to drive a white LED from one 1.5V battery. Unfortunately, the forward voltage of a white LED is 3 to 4V. So, you would need a dc/dc converter to drive the LED from one battery. Using the simple circuit in Figure 1, you can drive one white LED or two series-connected green LEDs, using only a few components..
White LED drive from 1.5V : Blocking oscillator based design allows LED + power supply to fit in #222 lamp base. White LED driver touts high efficiency: 06/12/03 EDN-Design Ideas / White LEDs, the most recent addition to the LCD backlight, find common use in providing backlight for color LCDs. Thanks to their size and white-light output, they appear in small, portable devices with color displays, such as PDAs and cellular phones. Like other LEDs, a white LED needs a constant-current sourcetypically, on the order of 15 to 20 mA... White LED Flashlight:
Audio Circuits - Level Tone and Balance Controls Circuits
Audio Circuits: Level, Tone and Balance Controls Circuits

2 Watt Amplifier 2: 3 Band Equaliser: 3 Band Equalizer: 300 Watt Subwoofer Power Amplifier: 45 Watt Single Chip Amplifier With Tone Controls: Active Subwoofer & Controller: Active Subwoofer: Audio Analyzer: Audio Graphic Equalizer: simple 7 band equalizer Audio Level Meter: Audio Output Level Meter: Audio Tone Control: Bass Amplifier: Battery Powered Stereo Balance Control Features Low Distortion : 06/23/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / low-power, low-distortion circuit that can be used to balance the left and right headphones or speakers in battery-powered automotive or computer applications. Better Volume Control: how to create a log pot that is better than the "real" thing Designing With the LMC835 Digital Controlled Graphic Equalizer: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Digital Delay Unit for Surround Sound: Digital volume control has log taper: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers provide a compact and convenient way to attenuate audioamplifier signals. However, most such potentiometers suffer from at least one flaw: a nonlogarithmic step increment. To avoid this problem, a user must usually step. Digital Volume Control: based on DS1669 Digital Pot IC Dual Channel Digital Volume Control:
Electronic level :
Graphic Equalizer #1: Graphic Equalizer #3: Improved PL tone Decoder: Inverted bipolar transistor doubles as a signal clamp: 06/07/01 EDN-Design Ideas / A number of circuits, such as level detectors and AM demodulators, benefit from a rectifier with a low offset voltage. Silicon diodes have an offset of approximately 0.6V and do not work well in low-level circuitry. A Schottky diode is a bit better... Mic Pre Pan Pot Circuit: Mono Audio Equalizer :
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Audio Circuits - Level Tone and Balance Controls Circuits
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Lie Detector Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects & Circuits
Lie Detector Circuits

Lie Detector: Lie Detector: Simple Lie Detector:
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Light Dimmers - Electronic Projects Circuits Diagrams
Light Dimmers
C implements Pushbutton Light Dimmers: 06/18/98 EDN-Design Ideas 12 Volt Lamp Dimmer: dimming d1-by controlling the duty cycle of a astable555 Timer oscillator 120 Volt AC Lamp Dimmer (full Wave SCR) : 2 Wire DC Lamp Dimmer Replaces Rheostats: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Lowcost DC lamp dimmer that can control more than100W of incandescent panel lighting from12V DC, originally designed for use in commercial trucks 8 Bit Digital Light Intensity Controller : Basic Incandescent Light Dimmer Circuits : Circuit optimizes Phototransistor Bandwidth : 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas Dimmer Circuit for Normal Light Bulbs : Dimmer Switch : This dimmer switch is suitable for230-Volt incandescent lamps with a total power of up to300-Watts. The circuit is wired in series with the lamp so it can directly replace the wall switch. Dimmer/ Motor Speed Control: Dome Lamp Dimmer: Efficiently dim the cars dome or map light (low voltage light), PDF file Dome Light Dimmer for Cars : Usually when the car door is closed, the dome light just goes OFF. With this circuit, you can have our dome light fade slowly in brightness and finally go OFF. Dome Light Dimmer using Mic4680 Switching Regulator: simple circuit which outputs +5-Volt Dome Light Dwell Extender / Dimmer : allows you to dim your dome light and keeps the dome light of your automobile on after you close the door Electric Power Controller: suitable as dimmer for100-Volt lamp up to1200W Electronic Transformer Dims halogen Lamp: 05/11/00 EDN-Design Ideas / (several circuits in PDF) Switched-mode power supply for a halogen lamp, commonly known as an electronic transformer, is a clever and simple device which can be enhanced with dimming control Experimental Cross Fader: ideas to modify simple rotary light dimmers to make a cross-fader Halogen Light Dimmer Provides infinite Control: 03/16/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Dimmer works to inject a constant current into the halogen lamp and to regulate that current using pulse-width modulation (PWM) / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest according to a potentiometer-controlled input, or a0 to5V signal High Efficiency Halogen Bike Light Dimmer: This circuit uses a PIC16F84 microcontroller with some software to control20-Watt12V DC halogen lamp Lamp Dimmer #1: Lantern Flasher/Dimmer: Light Dimmer #1: dims220-Volt light Light Dimmer Circuit With 0 to 10 Volt Input: This is a simple dimmer circuit that can be controlled with0 -10 VDC. It is designed for110-Volt AC.
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Light Dimmers - Electronic Projects Circuits Diagrams
Low Voltage Light Dimmer: A light dimmer is a means of controlling the "brightness" level of a lamp, in this application we will use a555 Timer to control the brightness level of a low voltage incandescent bulb of up to 60-Watts. For the light dimmer to work the555 Timer is configured as a "variable cycle", astable oscillator running some where around300 Hz. Microcontroller MultiChannel Light Dimmer: The project is a microprocessorcontrolled multiple channel lighting dimmer, that could be used in theatrical and other applications. The device will accept input from a wide range of interfaces: RS232 input, DMX512 (theatrical lighting standard) or RS485, or a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI). The device will control a number of lamps by using some form of AC power control. The firmware in the microcontroller will handle all functions, from decoding the protocol on either of the input interfaces through to Timing the firing of power triacs for the output. Neon Dimmer: idea how to dim neon lights PICDIM Application Note: This is a lamp dimmer design based on PIC12C508 microcontroller. PWM Motor / Light Controller Variations: diagrams are for12V operation and there are high side (common ground) and low side (common +12V) versions Smart 12 Volt Light Dimmer: This automatic dimmer will control up to50-Watts worth of halogen lamps in order to maintain a consistent light level in a room. Document is in PDF format. Special Effects From a "Six Pack": Four channel Sequencer to Analog Dimmers and idea how to couple relay to the circuit ST6 Microcontroller & TrIACs on Mains: includes dimmer circuit example TRIAC Light Dimmer #2: TRIAC Light Dimmer #3: TRIAC Light Dimmer: dim115-Volt lights up to about350-Watt Two Wire DC Lamp Dimmer Replaces Rheostats: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Low-cost DC lamp dimmer that can control more than100W of incandescent panel lighting from12V DC, originally designed for use in commercial trucks Varying Brightness AC Lamp: SCR is used to slowly vary the intensity of a120 volt light bulb by controlling the Time that the AC line voltage is applied to the lamp during each half cycle Velleman K8003 DC Controlled Dimmer Kit: This is a0-10-Volt DC controlled dimmer module. Putting many this kind of modules inside on case makes a multi channel light dimmer. This circuit works from220V,110-Volt and24V. The Maximum current this circuit can control is3.5A.
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Light Dependent Resistor Circuits - Photocell Circuits
Light Dependent Resistor Circuits Photocell Circuits

Dark / Light Activated Relay: Light Sensing RF Transmitter: Programmable Light Activated Relay: RF Transmitter, Light Sensing: Solar sun tracker :
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Light Detectors Optical Sensors - Sensors & Detectors
Sensors / Detectors: Light Detectors Optical Sensors

741 Based Light Sensor: CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay Basic Infrared Light Train Detection: Battery Powered Sensor Detects Dangerous U Volt Radiation: 12/08/94 EDNDesign Ideas Block Occupancy Detector Helper: Dark / Light Activated Relay: Dark Activated Switch or Porch Light Switch: Darkness monitor : Day and Night Infrared Detection: Demodulator Makes Low Cost Optical Tracker: 06/18/98 EDN-Design Ideas Infrared to Light Converter: This circuit converts infrared light into sound. Modulated Infrared light, like that ROM remote controls, Infrared received by the phototransistor and is amplified by the LM386 IC. Laser Pointer Train Detector: Latching light detector is frugal with power and parts: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This idea demonstrates three uses for the humble LED. The circuit in Figure 1a forms a simple light detector that latches and turns on an LED when the ambient light exceeds a preset limit determined by potentiometer P1. LED D1 is both the indicator. Light / Dark Detector: Light Detector #1: Light Detector #2: Light Direction Sensor: Light Intensity Sensor: Logarithmic amplifier uses the log caracteristic of PN (diode, transistor) to implement logarithmic function. The second transistor is used as refference and with the PTK resistor minimizes the dT/dV coeficient. Light Pollution Meter : LED brightness control circuit and a multimeter to compare light levels to LED level. Light Sensing RF Transmitter: Light Sensor Adapter for Oscilloscope: Light Sensor With Hysteresis: LIGHT/DARK ACTIVATED RELAY: This is actually two circuits a light activated relay being the first and a dark activated relay being the second, once again all components and values are displayed in the gif image. Matched Diode Pair Improves Performance Of Linear Optical Sensor : 05/27/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Hand-marked cards for applications like voting machines and meter readers often have dark marks, light marks, erasures, or dirt. Digital systems can't distinguish between an intended mark, dirt, or erasure because they have a single preset threshold....
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Light Detectors Optical Sensors - Sensors & Detectors
Optical sensor needs no tweaking: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The transfer gain of optical sensors spans a 16-to-1 ratio because of variations in the LED, phototransistor, ambient temperature, and optical path. The wide transfer-gain variation complicates output-resistor selection in dc-coupled circuits. You must size the output resistor to prevent high transfer gains from causing output-stage saturation, but low transfer gains yield low output-voltage sw.... Photodetector Sorts Objects: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Programmable Light Activated Relay: Pulsed Sensor Extends Battery Life: 01/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas RF Transmitter, Light Sensing: Solar sun tracker : Two LEDs Perform Rudimentary Spectral Analysis: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas U Volt Sensitive Photodetector: Using The LM555 Timer With Photocell Detectors: Visible Light Photo Detector Circuits (E+F):
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Light Flashers Circuits - Flasher & Blinkers Circuits - Flashing
Flasher & Blinkers / Light Flashing Circuits

1.3 Volt IC Flasher, Oscillator, Trigger or Alarm: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 1.5 Volt LED Flashers #1: four circuits with description 10 Channel LED Sequencer: based on4017 10 LED Sequencer: in PDF format, text in Finnish 10 Stage Light Sequencer: flashes10 low voltage bulbs, operates at10-25-Volt voltage, in PDF format, text in Finnish 12 Stage Neon Sequencer (NE 2 / NE 51): uses small power 70-Volt neon bulbs 12 Volt Color organ and Reverb unit: 12 Volt Strobe Circuit: this circuit uses12V DC instead od mains AC. This is very good idea if you dont want to mess with direct mains voltage connected circuit or you want to run the Strobe from batteries. 120 Volt AC Lamp Chaser using Solid State Relays: This circuit is similar to the LED clock using12 neon indicator lamps instead of LEDs. It operates from2 high capacity ni-cad cells (2.5 volts) which keep it going for a couple weeks. High voltage (70 volts) for the neon lamps is obtained from a small switching power supply using a 74HC14 Schmitt trigger Squarewave oscillator, high voltage switching transistor, and10 mH high Q inductor. Most any small PNP transistors can be used that have a C/E voltage rating of 80 or more. 12v car lamp flasher: 16 Stage BiDirectional LED Sequencer: 2 LED Flasher: simple two transistor circuit which blinks two LEDs 2 Transistor LED Flasher #1: 2 Transistor LED Flasher #2: 2 Wire Lamp Flasher: Ideal to operate3 to24 Volt DC existing on-Circuit lamps LED operation is also possible 220 Volt AC Light Flasher: flashes1-light bulb at adjustable speed, in PDF format, text in Finnish 220 Volts Flashing Lamps: Especially designed for Christmas tree lamps to replace old thermally-activated switches 3 Way Blinking LEDs : 3rd Brake Light Pulser: 40 LED Bicycle Light (555 Timer 6 Volt): 9v neon flasher: Adjustable Flashing LED: Adjustable Strobe Light: 120-Volt mains power source, up to20 Hz flash rate Alternating LED Blinker uses Four Parts: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Grand Prize Winner1998 Alternating LED Flasher uses Minimal Parts: 11/20/97 EDN-Design Ideas / A pair of alternating flashing LEDs makes an excellent visual alarm, this alternating LED flasher is based on one LED with built-in flashing function and two transistors driving the other normal LED Alternating LEDs Flasher: Mar-03 Automatic Grade Crossing Flasher Circuit:
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Back & Forth Flasher: for16 LEDs Basic LM3909 LED Flasher: runs from1.5-Volt battery Beat Tracking Strobe: project description using AT90S8515 microcontroller and some electronics Bicycle Back Safety Light: Flashing13 LED unit,3V supply Also suitable for jogger/walkers Bicycle Safety Lights: Blinking lights: Christmas Light Flasher: Mar-03 Color Organ #1: make different colored bulbs light at different frequencies of music, connects to speaker outputs Color Organ #2: one lamp color organ Dancing LEDs : A LED sequencer, following the rhythm of music or speech 9 Volt Battery-operated portable unit Disco Lights: software and hardware for controlling disco lights from your PC Disco Style Strobe Light: low power, works on110VAC Dual Alternating Flashing Light: Dual Flashing Headlights: To simulate a Gyralite (dual flashing headlights) requires 5 volt power supply too. Dual Tandem Flashing Light: Emergency Strobe Flasher Generates 250V: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Expandable 16 Stage LED Sequencer: Fantastic Atom Expander: "exploding atom" effect using 98 LEDs Flash Slave Trigger: Flash slaves are used when you need to supplement one flash unit with one or several more. This slave trigger simply triggers those other units. It does this by "seeing" the first flash (using a phototransistor) and triggering the other flashes a few microseconds later. The sensitivity of the circuit is adjustable to compensate for ambient light or dimmer than usual master flashes. Flasher Circuit : LED Flasher, suitable for Christmas Lights Flasher Ideas: Files containes several circuits: LED flasher, silent metronome, low battery indicator, high voltage generator Flashing Beacon: Flashing Christmas LED Display: Flashing Flashlight : Flashing lights: for a roadwork warning and a train shop sign. Flashing Neon Christmas Lights: Flashing Neons (NE 2 / NE 51): one, two or3-neon indicator bulbs can be made to flash in sequence Flashing Pin: Modify a flashing pin for your rolling stock or locomotives Flashing railroad crossings: two versions Flashing railroad crossings: two versions Flashing Rear End Device For DCC Systems: Flashing Road Baricade : Fleapower flasher draws less than 50 A: 01/23/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Some applications require a circuit to indicate that a battery's voltage has fallen below a certain value. However, if you don't frequently check the indicator, the low-battery indicator itself can easily discharge the battery. The circuit in Figure 1 indicates when the battery voltage has dropped below a preset value... Flickering Fire Effect: This simple circuit uses four low-Wattage colored bulbs and four fluorescent lamp starters to make nice flickering flame effect. Flip Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.: Grantronics Projects Christmas Tree: flashes LEDs mounted to Christmas tree shape PCB, kit from kitsrus.com Hacking the Kodak Max Single Flash Camera Into a Self Repeating Strobe: this approach is recommended mainly for homebrewing a strobe that is powered by a single1.5 volt battery. If you can use a higher supply voltage, there are better ways to do this. Headlight Flasher: How to Make Chase Lights: This example shows3 track chase lights built from3Christmas light sets and1-light chaser controller
ICL7660 LED Flasher: Inexpensive LED Drives Flash & Beep Circuit: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Knight Rider Lights Project: for 6 LEDs Lantern Flasher / Dimmer: Lantern Flasher/Dimmer: LED Chaser: simple10 LED chaser LED Flasher & TRAC Pulser Work off AC Line: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas LED Flasher indicates Low Battery Condition: 01/02/97 EDN Design Ideas LED Flasher, TwoTransistor: LED Flasher: built using two transistors and some other components LED flasher-a : LED flasher-b: LED or Lamp Flasher: Minimum parts counting. Designed for3V battery operation LED or Lamp Pulser: Astonishing effect4.5 Volt supply LED Pulser With Audible Output: LED Sign: uses two LED arrays to form a 7 X 10 matrix. It produces moving messages or animations stored in an EPROM. LED Stroboscope: This simple LED Stroboscope circuit which I designed, maintains constant brightness of the LED at all frequencies. This is accomplished by duty-cycle and pulse width control. It is useful for measuring the speed of motors. It can easily be calibrated using a watch so you dont need a frequency counter. LEDs Flasher, Alternately: Classic astable multivibrator using2 transistors. Transistor is not critical. Try these:2N4401,2N2222, NTE123A, NTE123AP, NTE159, TUP/TUN and those in your junk box, you may find that most of them will work. Light Sequenced Candelabra: Line Powered Flashers: Great for Christmas lights, etc. Low Power LED Flasher: based on LM3909 Mains Operated Christmas Star: McMurtrie's Self Powered Flashing LED: circuit which uses a LED as solar panel to charge a capacitor which flashes a LED, the LED will blink when the circuit is placed in bright light Mini Pocket Strobe Circuit: works from two1.5-Volt AA batteries, based on modified camera flash unit Mini Strobe Light using LED: adjustable for flash rates between40 Hz and166 Hz, based on555 Timer Miniature Strobe Light: Multimedia Electronic Crib: microcontroller based light controller which generates sequence of day-night with light fading, optional serial control interface, based on 87C51 Multivibrator LED Flasher: Neon Lamp Flasher Box Nocturnal Animals Whisker: A low-rate flashing lamp drives away undesired visitors Automatic on-off operation PC Parallel Port Output Capabilities: includes instructions how to connect a relay to PC parallel port Power line outage flashes red alert: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This Design Idea expands on a circuit in a previous one to configure a power-outage detector with a flashing alarm (Figure 1, Reference 1). The circuit plugs into a mains outlet and uses trickle-charged nickel-cadmium batteries. The green-LED monitors the presence of line voltage. The BZV55-C4V3 zener diode, D1 protects the batteries against overvoltage.. Ringing Phone Light Flasher: when the ph1-rings, lights connected to circuit flash Sequential LED Flasher: for10 LEDs Simple Flashing Light: A simple flashing light circuit Simpler Flashing Light: An even simpler flashing light circuit Simplest Flashing Light: The simplest flashing light circuit in the world
Solid Stateher has Short Circuit Protection: 1/16/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Switches an inductive or resistive grounded load using a bootstrapped n-channel power MOSFET and features short-circuit, reverse-polarity, and transient-input-voltagespike protection, operates from18 to30-Volt DC, and the circuit can handle as much as approximately10A with proper heat sinking of the FET Special Effects From a "Six Pack": Four channel Sequencer to Analog Dimmers and idea how to couple relay to the circuit Strobe Controller: Simple controller for professional stroboscopes, adjust the flash rate in1.15 Hz range Third Brake Light Pulser: Three Way Blinking LEDs : Traffic Light Control Circuit (74145): This page features a very basic traffic light circuit that is built around the TTL family 74145 -1 of10 Decoder. The circuit is designed to drive light emitting diodes that are connected in a common anode arrangement. Traffic Light Controller: controls on3 LED traffic light sequence Two LED Flasher: simple two transistor circuit which blinks two LEDs Two Transistor LED Flasher #1: Two Transistor LED Flasher #2: Two Wire Lamp Flasher: Ideal to operate3 to24 Volt DC existing on-Circuit lamps LED operation is also possible Typical Strobe Light Trigger Circuit: Variable Intensity Variable Frequency Strobe: Visual Metronome: White LED driver touts high efficiency: 06/12/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit White LED Flashlight: Xenon Flash & Strobe Page: Xenon Strobe Light #1: Xenon Strobe Light #2: works from115-Volt AC line
Freespace & Light Beam Communication Circuits
Freespace or Light Beam Communication Circuits

SINGLE IC FORMS SENSITIVE MODULATED LIGHT RECEIVER (15) (4069rvr1) The circuit uses a very inexpensive C-MOS IC that is connected to a small photodiode. Using an unique inductive feedback network, the circuit provides high sensitivity under high ambient light conditions. It is a great circuit when you want to extend the range of an optical remote control transmitter. 40KHz LIGHT RECEIVER IS IMMUNE TO AMBIENT LIGHT (16) (40krvr1) If you want even more sensitivity than the above circuit, try this design. When used with a one centimeter square photodiode, you can achieve a range of several hundred feet with a standard TV or VCR remote control module. 1uS LIGHT PULSE RECEIVER PLUS POST AMP (27) (500krvr3) This circuit is designed to detect very weak light pulses lasting 1uS. It uses a tuned LC feedback network to provide high sensitivity while giving high ambient light immunity. A post voltage amplifier is included with a gain of about X20. The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver section of Dave Johnson's Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. (this link is off-site) 1uS LIGHT PULSE DISCRIMINATOR PLUS F TO V CONVERTER (28) (1usdes1) This circuit is designed to detect the narrow 1uS pulses produced by the above amplifier circuit. The clean logic type pulses produced by the discriminator are then sent to a frequency to voltage converter. The circuit is designed to process a pulse frequency of 10KHz that is frequency modulated by voice audio signals. The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver circuit section of Dave Johnson's Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. VOLTAGE TO FREQUENCY CONVERTER + 1uS LED PULSE DRIVER (34) (voicex2) This circuit receives the signal from the above amplifier and launches powerful 1uS infrared light pulses from a low cost LED that are frequency modulated by the audio information. The 10KHz center frequency of the pulse stream is low enough so a standard infrared LED can emit ten times more light than conventional long pulse techniques. The circuit is described in more detail in the transmitter section of Dave Johnson's Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. (this link is off-site) 40KHz TV-VCR LIGHT SOURCE REPEATER (35) (40kvcr) This circuit is designed to be placed directly in front of a standard TV or VCR remote. The exiting light pulses produced by the circuit match the pulses from the remote but are about 10 times more powerful. Using the device, the remote can operate a TV or VCR over three times the normal distance.
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MICRO POWER 40KHz BURST LASER DIODE DRIVER (36) (40klrl) Some laser tag or simulated combat games can use this circuit to send short bursts of modulated laser light at the opponent's vest, equipped with a matching light receiver. The circuit operates from three 1.5v cells (4.5v) that should provide enough energy for about 200,000 shots. 9v POWERED XENON PHOTOFLASH CONTROLLER (42) (xenflsl) This 9v battery powered circuit is designed for remote control flash needs. A charge control circuit turns off the high voltage generator when the photoflash capacitor is fully charged. A neon lamp is included to indicate when the system is ready to flash. SIMPLE NITROGEN SPARK GENERATOR (43) (spark4) Nitrogen or air sparks are very powerful light sources that produce flashes that last only a few nanoseconds. This line powered circuit generates a continuous series of very small sparks across electrodes with a 0.05 inch gap. LINE POWERED XENON FLASH TRANSMITTER (44) (xen2xtr) This line powered xenon flash circuit drives a small camera type flash tube. It has an optical isolator to allow the flash to be safely triggered from some remote device. A flash rate of 2Hz is possible with the circuit. 20MHz VCSEL 3mW LASER TEST CIRCUIT (58) (20mhzlsr) This circuit takes advantage of some new vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL) that dont require light output control circuits. The circuit shows how to drive the device from a single high speed CMOS IC. The circuit can easily be modified to transmit signals from kilohertz to about 50MHz. 40KHz MODULATED LIGHT DETECTOR (59) (40krvr2) This circuit uses a unique cascode amplifier circuit to convert the current from a PIN photo diode to a current without any feedback network. It is very stable and very sensitive. The circuit shown has the potential for a conversion factor of 10 volts per microwatt at 900nm. I included a simple JFET post-amplifier with a gain of about 20. 40KHz LASER BURST DETECTOR (60) (40krvr3) This circuit was originally designed to detect weak flashed of laser light bounced off of a fabric video projection screen. It was used as part of a firearm training system. It generates a 100mS output pulse whenever it detects a 3ms to 5ms laser burst, modulated at 40KHz. It is very sensitive and could be modified for long range laser communications. 10MHz TO 20MHz LASER LIGHT DETECTOR (61) (20mrvr2) This circuit was originally designed to detect laser light pulses for an optical Ethernet communications system. It has good ambient light immunity. PULSED LED TEST CIRCUIT (63) (testled) This circuit is designed to test visible and infrared LEDs in pulsed mode operations. It can drive the LED with peak currents in excess of 10 amps. A light detector nearby can monitor the response time and intensity of the LED under test. FET INPUT HIGH SPEED LIGHT DETECTOR (69) (fetamp0) This circuit is yet another design that converts current from a PIN photo diode to a voltage. It has a bandwidth that extends beyond 50MHz.
AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH RECEIVER (70) (airmon0) I designed this circuit many years ago to monitor the quality of a mile long column of air for future optical communications experiments. The transmitter system (circuit 72 below) uses a powerful xenon flash in conjunction with a large 12 inch fresnel lens at the transmitter end and a matching 12 inch lens with a PIN photo diode at the receiver. The receiver system was connected to a weather station and a computer to collect the changes in intensity of the light flashes under different weather conditions. It has the potential for a 30+ mile range. I have also used this system to conduct cloud bounce experiments. AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH RECEIVER (71) (airmon1) This is page two of the receiver circuit above. AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH TRANSMITTER (72) (airmon2) This is the matching transmitter for the above receiver. The transmitter launches powerful 1000-watt light pulses that last about 20 microseconds. 5W FLUORESCENT LAMP INTENSITY MODULATOR (75) (5wlamp) The circuit was designed to experiment with using small fluorescent lamps as a broad pattern source of modulated light. The circuit hits the small lamp with narrow 1us pulses at a rate of 10KHz. Each pulse launches about 10 watts of visible light. The lamp starting method is a bit crude but the circuit does work. LASER/LED LIGHT OUTPUT INTENSITY METER (80) (laserpwr) This circuit uses a large 1cm X 1cm silicon PIN photo diode and a transimpedance amplifier to measure the light power output of infrared and visible LEDs and laser diodes. It can be modified to produce almost any milliwatts to volts scale factor. It can be connected to either a multi-meter or an oscilloscope. LIGHT DETECTORS WITH AMIBIENT LIGHT COMPENSATION (83) (40krvr4) These circuits were taken from a few application notes on infrared remote control devices. They use a current compensation method to separate the modulated light pulses from ambient light. They appear to have limited bandwidth and may only work at the 30KHz to 50KHz frequencies often used by TV and VCR remotes. I have not yet tested the circuits. OPTICAL RFID TEST CIRCUIT (87) (opiddemo) I designed this test the concept of using light techniques to send identification data instead of RF. A more detailed discussion on this scheme can be found in the Imagineered new products section. WIDE BAND ZERO CROSS DETECTOR (109) (zerocross1) This circuit was designed to convert a low amplitude 40KHz signal into a clean square wave signal. It will work with inputs as small as 5mv peak to peak or as large as 3 volts peak to peak. The input frequency can range from a few kilohertz to about 150KHz. 40KHZ LED TEST SIGNAL GENERATOR (111) (40khzref2) This 40KHz crystal controlled oscillator circuit drives an infrared LED with powerful 40ma pulses. The circuit can be used to test optical communications circuits, designed to receive 40KHz modulated light signals. XENON LAMP FLASH DETECTOR (112) (xenonflsdet1) This circuit uses a small 2.5mm square photo diode in conjunction with a 100mH coil to detect the short light flashes from a xenon lamp. The coil makes the circuit immune to normal room lights. Its 10mv sensitivity can detect light flashes from a range of over 100 feet. Reflections from a rooms walls and ceiling is usually enough to trigger the circuit. The entire circuit draws only 3 microamps from a 6 to 9 volt battery.
30KHZ LIGHT RECEIVER AMP (121) (30khzamp1) This circuit uses NPN darlington transistor to amplify the signal produced from short light flashes, as detected by a PIN photo diode. The circuit draws only about 330uA from a 6v battery. 40KHZ LIGHT RECEIVER AMP (122) (40khzamp1) This circuit is similar to number 121 but provides more gain and operates up to 40KHz. However it draws more power supply current.
Limiter Circuits - Electronic Science Projects Circuits Tutorials
Limiter Circuits
Circuit forms high frequency polarity clamp: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You need a negative signal clamp to protect an ADC against negative-going signals while measuring the positive pulse shape of the signal by digitizing the waveform. In other words, you must clamp negative signals at 0V. The circuit in Figure 1. Compressor using Photo Resistor: very basic circuit based on LED, LDR and OpAmp Designing a Limiter for Headphone Amplifiers: review of diode-based limiter design, HeadWize Eliminate Latching Current Limit In Power Supplies : 08/05/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Most modern power-supply control ICs offer built-in overcurrent or short-circuit protection. While some overcurrent-protection schemes are latching, others are nonlatching. When the overcurrent trip level is reached in a latching controller, the... Morgan Compressor / Limiter: Passive circuit limits inrush current: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You would normally limit the inrush current during start-up of a rectifier circuit with a capacitor output filter by using the circuit in Figure 1. You insert a high resistance in series with the ac input or the dc output of the rectifier and then short-circuit the resistance with a switch once the filter capacitor is sufficiently charged Stereo Broadcast Limiter: Circuit for the Ramsey FM10a/FM25 Transmitter Stereo Compressor:
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Limiting Amplifier Circuits - Amplifier Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: Limiting

Limiting Amplifier is Digitally Programmable: 06/04/98 EDN-Design Ideas Limiting Amplifier makes efficient A / D Converter Driver: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Limiting_Amplifiers.html [1/17/2007 5:18:32 PM]
Liquid Crystal Display LCD Circuits - Electronic Circuits
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Circuits

2 Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84: Embedded processor directly drives LCD: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Driving a bare LCD does not necessarily require specialized interface circuitry or peripherals. This Design Idea describes an alternative drive scheme, which you can easily implement using the general-purpose outputs of a microcontroller. Many embedded-system applications need to interact with a user by displaying simple numeric or alphanumeric character Excel offers painless LCD initialization: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / To display a font or a symbol on an LCD, you need to convert the desired character into numerical data. Creating the data for an entire font set requires specialized tools; even with these tools, the task can be daunting. Alternatively, you ca. GPS LCD Display Project: Graphic LCD Interface: LCD Serial Terminal: has RS-232 serial in/out, up to 20 programmable keys, Character LCD up to 2x40, 5 auxiliary inputs, 6 auxiliary outputs. LCD Thermometer: Seven segment LCD uses two wire interface : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / You can connect seven-segment LCDs using only a two-wire interface (Figure 1). The two-wire interface may be at the field-effect, direct-drive LCD or at a serial interface (such as I2C) that uses an eight-pin microcontroller. The design in Figure 1 uses an Atmel (www.atmel.com) ATtiny12 microcontroller, IC1.... Two Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84:
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Liquid Detectors - Sensors / Detectors
Sensors / Detectors: Liquid Detectors

12 Volt Toilet Tank Refiller: Adjustment Free Inclinometer operates on 2.7V: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas Fluid Level Detector: Water Level Sensor:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Liquid_Detectors_Sensors.html [1/17/2007 5:18:45 PM]
Fluid Level Monitors - Liquid Level Monitors / Sensors / Detectors
Fluid Level Monitors

Fluid Level Detector #1: Fluid Level Detector #2: Circuit is built around2-input NAND Schmitt trigger gates N1 and N2. Gate N1 is configured as an oscillator operating at around1 kHz frequency. Sonar like method detects fluid level: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Figure 1 illustrates a simple, cost-effective method of measuring the height of fluid in a column by using ultrasonic waves. Two piezoelectric transducers generate and listen to the ultrasonic acoustical wave. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Liquid_Level_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:18:47 PM]
Electronic Locks Circuits - Security Locks
Electronic Locks Circuits

12C508 Smart Lock: The base sends a data sequence (the password) which is recognized by the key. The key checks the sequence and -if it recognizes it -sends to the base another data sequence, as an answer to the password. At the Time when the base gets a correct answer (which means that the key has been introduced), the relay is put into action, and it can command a number of consumers. Combination Lock (PIC16F84): Combination Lock (Simple Version): Combination Lock: This circuit is very basic to build. To open a the lock which is connected to the K1 Load. you must press each momentary switch in the correct sequence. The sequence used in this circuit is S1,S2,S3,S4. If any of the other switches are pressed the circuit will reset and you will need to start over. Depending on how you wire the switches, you can use any4 switch combination Digital Combination Lock: Digital Entry Lock: Electronic Card Lock System: Electronic Door Codelock: Electronic Lock: Enhanced Alarm Keypad: Simple Code Lock: Simple Electronic Lock Uses Single Transistor Circuit: 05/26/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Building on the recent Design Brief theme of one-pin keypads, this design uses only one analog microcontroller (MCU) input to scan numerous keys, plus one resistor per key and another resistor and capacitor. The circuit is simply a crude... Simple Low Cost Digital Code Lock: Single Button Lock Provides High Security: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Lock_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:18:50 PM]
Logarithmic - Amplifier Circuits - Amplifiers
Amplifier Circuits: Logarithmic

Algorithm Extracts Roots of Decimal Numbers: 04/29/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Log amp uses capacitor charging law: 01/10/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The novel logarithmic amplifier in Figure 1 relies on the exponential charging characteristics of a simple RC circuit. The expression for the time, T, required for a capacitor, C, to reach a voltage (VIN-VK) from 0V, when charged through a resistor, R, with an applied voltage of VIN, is VIN-VK=VIN (1-e-T/RC), where VK is a fixed voltage. . Log Converters : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Logarithmic A/D Encoder: Logarithmic Amplifier: Logarithmic amplifier uses the log caracteristic of PN (diode, transistor) to implement logarithmic function. The second transistor is used as refference and with the PTK resistor minimizes the dT/dV coeficient. Model Fixed Point DSP Arithmetic in C: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit PIC C implements CRC16 Algorithm: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Primer on Binary Arithmetic Rounding: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Simple Algorithm Transforms Filter Coefficients: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Single Stage gives Logarithmic Gain Steps : 03/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas / By placing a variable component in the positive feedback loop of an op amp; you can vary the gain of the stage logarithmically with respect to a linear resistance or conductance Software Filter Boosts Signal Measurement Stability, Precision: 02/03/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Small or embedded systems often require a delicate measurement in the presence of high noise or interference. Without fancy filtering hardware, high-speed processing, or digital signal processing, it can be difficult to extract a stable signal of... Software snippet provides improved subset sum algorithm : 09/25/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The subset-sum problem is one of the most frequently occurring NP (nondeterministic, polynomial-time)-complete) problems. It asks whether a subset of numbers in a set of positive integers adds up exactly to a given value. A relaxed version of the problem tries to identify a subset of numbers that adds up to a maximum value no greater than a given value.... Theory & Applications of Logarithmic Amplifiers : National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Feb-1999
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Logarithmic - Amplifier Circuits - Amplifiers
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Logic Circuits - Digital Circuits
Digital / Logic Circuits

C implements Pushbutton Light Dimmers: 06/18/98 EDN-Design Ideas 10 Tricks for Interfacing to the PIC16C508: 101 AT Keyboard to ASCII Decoder using 68HC705J1MCU: 101 AT Keyboard to ASCII Decoder: The Host to Keyboard Protocol is initiated by taking the KBD data line low. However to prevent the keyboard from sending data at the same Time that you attempt to send the keyboard data, it is common to take the KBD Clock line low for more than 60us. This is more than one bit length. Then the KBD data line is taken low, while the KBD clock line is released. 12C508 Smart Lock: The base sends a data sequence (the password) which is recognized by the key. The key checks the sequence and -if it recognizes it -sends to the base another data sequence, as an answer to the password. At the Time when the base gets a correct answer (which means that the key has been introduced), the relay is put into action, and it can command a number of consumers. 15 Step Digital Power Supply: 2 Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy : 07/08/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872... 2 Transistors Form Bidirectional Level Translator: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Illustrates a translation from5 to3V, but it can accommodate almost any other voltage levels, provided the logic-low levels are equal (usually0V), translation from1 to100-Volt are possible although slow. 2 Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84: 24 Bit RGB Video Digitizer: designed for use as the front end of a digital video processor 68HC11 Function Generator: 68HC11 Instruction halts External RC Clock: 04/27/95 EDN-Design Ideas 68HC11 Stepper Motor Control: 68HC11 Synthesizes Accurate Sine Wave: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas About PIC Microcontrollers: AFSK 1200 Modem Based on PIC16C620: Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Analog to Digital Conversion Notes for PIC Processor: Array Logic Provides High Speed Multiplication: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas AT89C2051 / 4051 Driving Dot LED: AT89C2051 / 4051 Easy Downloader: AT89C2051 / 4051connecting Dumb Terminal: AT89C2051 / 4051scanning 7 Segment Display & Keypad:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Logic_Circuits.html (1 of 7) [1/17/2007 5:18:57 PM]
AT89C2051 / 4051Stepper Motor Interface: AT89C2051 Digital Thermometer & Clock: AT89C2051 Line Follower Robot: AT89C2051 Night Light Saver: AT89C2051 Real Time Controller: AT89C2051 Serial Coms to LED Driver: AT89C51 / 52 / 55 Easy Downloader: Atmel 8051 Flash Based Microcontroller Programmer: Atmel 89C Series Flash Microcontroller Programmer: AVR microcontroller makes improved motor controller: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a novel method of reading the pulse train using an Atmel (www.atmel.com) AVR processor, from a typical radio-controlled receiver, and to determine the velocity of a motor. To capture the pulse train from a typical receiver, you need an external interrupt that triggers based on a rising and a falling edge.. Basic Stamp Computer Eases Prototyping hassles: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas Build a PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: Build Logic Gates using Discrete Parts: C 52 EVB Robot Controller: Casio QV 200 Digital Camera Cable: Lose your cable? Build it yourself and save $29. Fits many QV models. Circuit Controls Two LEDs With One Microcontroller Port Pin : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Microcontroller port pins can typically be driven either high or low, or else be put into an "input" or high-impedance state. This circuit uses the three states to drive two separate LEDs with one port pin. This can be very useful when there are no... Circuit Converts Between TTL & Shifted ECL: 08/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit forms industrial grade digital potentiometer: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Both ac and dc motors in modern industrial systems often receive their control from PLCs (programmable-logic controllers) in a control room safely away from the process. If an operator must manually set the motor speed while observing the proc. Circuit provides watchdog for microcontrollers: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The watchdog circuit in Figure 1 uses a single NAND Schmitt-trigger IC. The circuit is more cost-effective than dedicated, commercially available watchdog ICs. The circuit generates an active-high reset signal upon power-up and remains in a low state as long as the control input receives pulses. Whenever the pulsing at the control input stops, whether the circuit is in a high or a low state, th.... Circuit transmits ARINC 429 data: 07/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The ARINC (Aeronautical Radio Inc) 429 specification defines the air transport industry's hardware and protocol standards for the transfer of digital data between avionics systems. Circuitry that can implement elements of the 429 spec is often an essential part of control and sensor electronics intended for the aviation environment.. Clock Divider Circuit: Clock Doubling Circuit (500KHz) for CMOS Logic: Exclusive OR gate Closed Caption Decoder: This is a closed-caption decoder with serial output, based on a PIC16C71, an lantec EL4581C sync separator, and an LM393 dual comparator (for data slicing with automatic threshold). Combination Lock (PIC16F84): Connecting LED to PIC Micro I/O Pins: Connecting PIC12C508 8 to 93AA46 Serial Eprom: Controller Provides Multiple Alarm Driver Formats: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas Correlator Works in Presence of Noise: 02/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Clippedsignal Correlator outperforms any resistor-capacitor clipped-signal Correlator, and the circuit has no race paths Difference amplifier uses digital potentiometers: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need to measure a small signal in the presence of a large common-mode signal. Traditional instrumentation amplifiers that use two or three op amps in their internal structure find common use in these applications. The circuit in Figure 1 presents an alternative approach that is useful when low cost and low drift are important, but when you don't need high precision..
Digisound Ring Modulator: Digisound VCDO Parts Lists / Layout: Digital / Standard Phone Line Tester: make sure that the line is suitable for modem use and your PCMCIA does not damage if you plug it in Digital Automatic Gain Control (AGC): Digital Camera Interface: (PDF) project shows how a CMOS Camera On a Chip image sensor can be interfaced to an XSA-100 Board through an I2C bus. The pixel data is buffered in the XSA-100 SDRAM and is then uploaded through the parallel port to be displayed on a PC. Digital Combination Lock: Digital Compass Schematic: Digital current source is nonvolatile: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digitally programmable current sources that feature automatic trimming and retain the setting despite power-down cycles are useful in applications such as RF- and lasercommunications drivers. The circuit in Figure 1, for example, is particularly suited for setting the drive current for the optical pump in widely tunable VCSELs (verticalcavity surface-emitting lasers). . Digital Delay Unit for Surround Sound: Digital Echo: Digital Filter Makes Simple Spike Eliminator: 04/10/97 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Frequency Counter: Digital Knobs: Digital Mains Voltage Indicator: Digital PC Oscilloscope: Digital PLL Synthesis: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Digital Position Encoder Does Away With ADC: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Pot Adjusts LCD's Contrast: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit. Digital Pot Corrects for System Drift: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Potentiometer Autonulls OpAmp: 10/22/98 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Potentiometer Controls LCD Bias: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Potentiometer Controls Phase Shift: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Digital potentiometer programs and stabilizes voltage reference: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The potentiometer portion of a mixed-signal, digitally programmable potentiometer adds variability to an analog circuit, and its digital controls provide programmability. You can use a digital potentiometer in two ways in an analog circuit. You can use it as a two-terminal variable resistance, or rheostat, or as a three-terminal resistive divider.. Digital Pressure Gauge: Digital Quality Microphone Pre Ampl. Using the Model 425 OPAMP : Digital signal controls sine generator: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit of Figure 1 produces an accurate, variable-frequency sine wave for use as a generalpurpose reference signal. It includes an eighth-order elliptic, switched-capacitor lowpass filter, IC3, which uses a 100-kHz square-wave clock signal that microcontroller IC2 generates. (Any other convenient square-wave source is also acceptable... Digital Signal Processor (DSP) for Radio Communications: Digital Signals Produce Pure Sine Waves: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Speed Control for RC Car: DC motor PWM controller that takes the1ms to2ms pulse from the RC receiver and converts it into a PWM train at1Khz Digital Step Km Counter Max.: Pedometer has a range of 9.950 meters with2digits. Slip it in pants pocket for walking and jogging Digital Stereo Potentiometer: in PDF format, text in Finnish Digital Storage Oscilloscope Adapter Mk #3: Digital Storage Oscilloscope : Digital Switching System: Digital Sync tip Clamping: 10/08/98 EDN-Design Idea / Digital sync-tip Clamping allows an ac-coupled ADC to digitize analog video without restoring the horizontal Timing. A new approach to video signal conditioning. Digital Tachometer Avoids Analog Vices: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital thermometer:
Digital Timer has Independent On / Off Periods: 03/28/96 EDN-Design Ideas Digital to Analog Centronics D / a & Filter: Digital Video Processor: Digital Video TBC / Standards Converter: This project is a Time base corrector/standards converter. There is only a partial project description available. Digital Volt Meter With Video Output: Digital Volt Meter: DIGITAL VOLTMETER: This is just a schematic view of a digital voltmeter all components and values are listed. Digital volume control has log taper: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers provide a compact and convenient way to attenuate audioamplifier signals. However, most such potentiometers suffer from at least one flaw: a nonlogarithmic step increment. To avoid this problem, a user must usually step. Digital Volume Control: based on DS1669 Digital Pot IC Digital Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter (PIC16F876): Digitally Adjust Regulator's Output Using a JFET Interface : 04/29/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Often, electronic systems are guaranteed to operate with any supply voltage, within a given VCC range. Testing these circuits requires a regulated voltage supply that can be automatically incremented, from a minimum to a certain maximum.... Digitally Control Gain over a 40 DB Range: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / digitally control an amplifiers gain over a 40-dB range gain Resolution of1.25 dB Digitally Controlled Phase Shift: Altering the phase response of a signal without changing its amplitude characteristics is commonly performed using an all pass filter. This circuit implementation is well suited to using digital potentiometers as the controlling element. Exclusive Or Gate Applications: Generate Video Signals: in real-time using a PIC16F84 High Efficiency Halogen Bike Light Dimmer: This circuit uses a PIC16F84 microcontroller with some software to control20-Watt12V DC halogen lamp High Performance FM Receiver for Audio & Digital: Interfacing thePIC16C508: Key reading circuit saves I/O pins: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Some microcontroller applications usually use too many I/O pins to read keys or onboard switches; in many cases, few pins remain available for other uses. Some alternative ways to read keys yield more free pins. First, consider some ways to effect key reading. Table 1 presents a comparison of four methods with references to circuit configurations (figures 1, 2, 3, and 4) Logic Family Voltage Translation: how to translate between TTL, 74xx, CMOS, ECL, PECL, Low Voltage TTL, LVTTL, etc. Logic offers complementary switch control: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The complementary-switch controller in Figure 1 uses a few inverter gates to provide drive signals for the complementary switches. Complementary-switch configurations find widespread use in synchronous-rectification circuits, charge pumps, full-bridge control circuits, and other circuits. The circuit in Figure 1 provides not only a complementary drive signal but also a deadtime delay ... . Logic Probe: Low Cost Digital Thermometer Uses SingleChip Microcontroller : 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The ... Low Voltage Interface Circuits Translate 1.8 to 5V: 11/05/98 EDN-Design Ideas Low Voltage Reset operates Below 2.7V: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Make a DAC with a microcontroller's PWM timer: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Many embedded-microcontroller applications require generation of analog signals. An integrated or stand-alone DAC fills the role. However, you can often use PWM signals for generating the required analog signals. You can use PWM signals to create both dc and ac analog signals. This Design Idea shows how to use a PWM timer to simultaneously create a sinusoid, a ramp, and a dc voltage..
Make noise with a PIC : 08/07/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Building a stable noise generator for audio-frequency purposes requires only a few components. The circuit in Figure 1 relies on linear-feedback shift registers and some simple software. An eight-pin Microchip (www.microchip.com) PIC12C508 controller (IC2) with a short program generates pseudorandom noise at its output pin, GP0.... Methods Link ECL & PECL: 03/02/95 EDN-Design Ideas Microcontroller becomes multifunctional: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A microcontroller, by default, can execute only one program at a time. What do you do if, in a given project, you need to perform more than one operation at a time? Add more microcontrollers to the design? In certain cases it's unnecessary. Consider a real-life situation (Figure 1). The microcontroller constantly generates on its Pulse output pin a sequence of pulses with 25-msec duration... . Microcontroller Emulates Numerically Controlled Oscillator : 02/21/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Microcontrollers commonly add intelligence or digital functions to products, but they can also provide a variety of analog signals. This circuits uses an18-pin PIC16C54 microcontroller, combined with an inexpensive, 8-bit DAC and a simple lowpass filter. Microcontroller Interface for 5KWatt Microwave oven: Microcontroller Makes Effective Frequency Counter: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Microcontroller MultiChannel Light Dimmer: The project is a microprocessorcontrolled multiple channel lighting dimmer, that could be used in theatrical and other applications. The device will accept input from a wide range of interfaces: RS232 input, DMX512 (theatrical lighting standard) or RS485, or a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI). The device will control a number of lamps by using some form of AC power control. The firmware in the microcontroller will handle all functions, from decoding the protocol on either of the input interfaces through to Timing the firing of power triacs for the output. Microcontroller Watches, Controls AC Power: 06/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas -- circuit allows an isolated microcontroller to both sense and control ac power to an externally plugged-in device Microprocessor RS232 Reset: MiniLOGGER V1.0: Mk1 PC Based EPROM Programmer: Mk2 PC Based EPROM Programmer: Multi Chip Programmer: Multimedia Electronic Crib: microcontroller based light controller which generates sequence of day-night with light fading, optional serial control interface, based on 87C51 One Microcontroller Serves Multiple External Interrupts: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Pedometer: PIC 5x7 Display: PIC Based Keyboard Emulator: PIC Based Motor Controller: PIC Based Web Server: PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: PIC Logic Probe With Pulser: PIC Programmer: to download programs into PIC microprocessors. PIC Tetris Game: PIC12C508 Night Light Saver: PIC16C84 VT 52 Emulator for Linux: PIC16F84 Based Morse Code Reader: PIC16F84 Debugging Terminal: PIC16F84 Line Following Robot: PIC16F84 Miniature Real Time Controller: PIC16F84 Programmer #2: PIC16F84 Programmer: PIC16F84 Serial I / O Expander With PicBasic: PIC16F84 Ultrasonic Range Finder Project: PICADC a Free, PIC Based "intelligent" a / D Converter:
PICDIM Application Note: This is a lamp dimmer design based on PIC12C508 microcontroller. Picxie 2 8x8 Animated LED Signboard: PIXpand: Precision Amplifier With Digital Control: Precision Attenuator With Digital Control: Precision Digital AC Power Controller: Programmable Clock Oscillator: PIC-Tock video clock using a PIC16C61 Programmable Logic Controller: Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diode-stabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diode-stabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Programmer Software for Lattice GDS chips.: Random Bit Sequence Generator: Read Temperature With One Digital Output and One Digital Input : 03/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Before the MAX6629/30/31/32 series of temperature sensors were available, all digital-output temperature sensors were I2C (alternatively called SMBus) sensors that had to be written to for addressing, before they were read. Prior SPI... Replace An External Gate With a Resistor : 08/17/98 EDN-Design Ideas Rotary encoder mates with digital potentiometer: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In developing electronic systems, designers look for products or ideas that may benefit from the better performance, smaller size, lower cost, and improved reliability that an IC can offer. Toward that end, the digital potentiometer emerged as an alternative to its mechanical counterpart, the mechanical potentiometer... RS485 Version of the SAB80C535 Microcontrollerboard: Scenix (and PIC) Programmer: Serial Comms to LED Driver: Simple Circuit "feeds" CMOS Devices: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Logic Probe uses Bicolor LED: 03/13/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Logic Reduces EMI: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Simple Low Cost Digital Code Lock: Speaking Clock using PIC & ISD Device: SpeClo was designed and built to be used by the blind. Its purpose is to provide a relatively easy way for ascertaining the Time of day by whistling, and can be configured to speak English or German! Speaking Doorbell: SpeDoB was designed and built to gain experience with the PIC microcontroller. This doorbell uses a speech recorder integrated circuit (ISD series) to play back3 pre-recorded "theres someone knocking on the door" messages. Its a very easy and simple project to build, ideal for beginners! ST6 Microcontroller & TrIACs on Mains: includes dimmer circuit example Talking YODProject (PIC16C84): Temperature Controlled Based on AT89CX051: Temperature Sensitive Oscillator: Temperature controlled based on AT89CX051 Ten Tricks for Interfacing to thePIC16C508: Thermistors and a Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hotwire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive... Thermoelectric Controller (scriptable Thermometer):
Time tag impulses with zero crossing circuit: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A "constant-fraction discriminator" usually performs the time-tagging of impulsive events, which have a peaking time of the signal amplitude. The implementation of this technique requires a delay in the input signal of approximately the same amount as the signal's rise time. You can attain this delay by using a coaxial cable of an appropriate length. . Trigger a TTL circuit from ECL levels: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / ECL circuits typically have relatively small logic spans of approximately 800 mV. Because of the small span, to drive TTL circuits from ECL levels normally entails the use of level converters, such as the MC10125, or comparators. Such circuits are relatively power-hungry and expensive. However, they are sometimes simply unnecessary. Two Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy : 04/29/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872... Two Transistors Form Bidirectional Level Translator: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Illustrates a translation from5 to3V, but it can accommodate almost any other voltage levels, provided the logic-low levels are equal (usually0V), translation from1 to100-Volt are possible although slow. Two Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84: Use Four External Interrupts Through One 8051 Input : 05/13/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The 8051-compatible microcontrollers are equipped with up to two inputs that may be used as general-purpose interrupts. A simple way to increase the number of interrupt inputs is shown in the figure. The... Very Basic Logic Circuits:
Low Noise Circuits - Amplifier Circuits - Amplifiers
Amplifier Circuits: Low Noise Circuits

Composite Amplifier Improves Noise : 08/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Noise Amplifier for Phase Noise Measurements: features less input noise than a 50 ohmresistor. Low Noise Balanced Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Low Noise Microphone Preamplifier: Low Noise Variable Gain Amplifier:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Low_Noise_Amplifiers.html [1/17/2007 5:19:00 PM]
Low Pass Active Filters - Filters - Electronic Circuits
Active Filters: Low Pass

Active 2nd Order Filters: Active Filter has Wideband Tuning Range: EDN-Design Ideas Adjustable Filter Provides Lowpass Response: EDN-Design Ideas PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Basic Introduction to Filters: application notes on active, passive and switched capacitor filters, document in PDF format Butterworth Filters: Chebyshe Volt / Butterworth Filters: Chebyshe Volt Bandpass Filter: DC Accurate, Active RC Lowpass Filter: Low Pass Active Filter: Lowpass filter discriminates step input from noise : EDN-Design Ideas / Numerous applications exist in industry, particularly with control systems, in which it is desirable to remove all but the lowest frequency components from a signal to effectively yield a dc voltage. This voltage may, for example, serve as a setpoint to a PID controller in a process-control or an HVAC application, in which the cable that is carrying the analog signal is exposed to a wide spectr...... Lowpass filter uses only two values: EDN - Design Ideas / In recent years, imageparameter design of LC filters has received new consideration (references 1 and 2). The composite lowpass filter uses interior constant-k full sections terminated by m-derived half-sections. For best passband response, you usually select m to equal 0.6. However, m=0.5 can still give useful filter performance while reducing the number of component values.. Single resistor tunes lowpass filter : EDN-Design Ideas / Any tunable, secondorder, active RC-filter section requires at least two thoroughly matched variable resistors. But the lowpass implementation in Figure 1 provides for wide-range cutoff-frequency control using only a single variable resistor, R. In addition to the resistor, this filter comprises an operational amplifier, IC2, which serves as a unitygain buffer; two capacitors, C1 and C2; ...... Single Supply Twin T Butterworth Low Pass Filter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/Active.html [1/17/2007 5:19:03 PM]
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) Circuits
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) Circuits

Filament transformer adjusts line voltage: 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The problem: I couldn't use my Heathkit oscilloscope in a house I lived in during the 1960s because my lab was too far from the power-line input to the house, and the line drop through the house was substantial. Depending on the time of day, the screen would shrink to perhaps half the normal display size....
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/L/LVDT_(Linear%20Variable%20Differential%20Transformer)_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:19:07 PM]
Electronic Noise / White / Pink Noise Generation Circuits
Noise / White / Pink Noise Generation Circuits

Memory Game: MeGaM is based upon the early 80s "simple-Simon" game. The opponent (microcontroller) slowly builds up a random LED sequence, which the player has to repeat step-by-step by pressing the corresponding push buttons. Noise Enhancer Adds Short Noise Pulses: 11/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Noise Generator: Pink Noise Generator #1: Pink Noise Generator #3: Power Supply Cuts Switching Noise In DDR Memory Systems : 11/11/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This design idea describes a unique, low-cost powersupply circuit for a double-data-rate (DDR) memory system. Conventional designs for DDR memories consist of a dual buck converter and a voltage reference. In contrast, this design replaces one buck... Pseudonoise Generator Doubles its Speed: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas Random Bit Sequence Generator: Scalable White Noise Generator #1: Scalable White Noise Generator #2: Single IC Forms Pseudorandomnoise Source: 03/21/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Tiny White Noise Generator: White and Pink (1/F) Noise Source: Wideband AGC Amplifier As a Differential Amplifier: National Semiconductor Application Notes,10-Apr-2000 Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/N/Noise_Generator_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:19:11 PM]
Noise Reduction Filters Circuit - Electronic Resource
Noise Reduction Filters

Make noise with a PIC : 08/07/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Building a stable noise generator for audio-frequency purposes requires only a few components. The circuit in Figure 1 relies on linear-feedback shift registers and some simple software. An eight-pin Microchip (www.microchip.com) PIC12C508 controller (IC2) with a short program generates pseudorandom noise at its output pin, GP0.... Memory Game: MeGaM is based upon the early 80s "simple-Simon" game. The opponent (microcontroller) slowly builds up a random LED sequence, which the player has to repeat step-by-step by pressing the corresponding push buttons. Noise Enhancer Adds Short Noise Pulses: 11/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Noise Generator: Pink Noise Generator #1: Pink Noise Generator #3: Power Supply Cuts Switching Noise In DDR Memory Systems : 11/11/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This design idea describes a unique, low-cost powersupply circuit for a double-data-rate (DDR) memory system. Conventional designs for DDR memories consist of a dual buck converter and a voltage reference. In contrast, this design replaces one buck... Pseudonoise Generator Doubles its Speed: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas Random Bit Sequence Generator: Scalable White Noise Generator #1: Scalable White Noise Generator #2: Single IC forms pseudorandom noise source: 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Trying to find a single IC noise source can be frustrating. National Semiconductor once made such a noise source for audio applications, but it's now hard to find. This situation leaves the designer with several choices, most of which involve using several ICs. You can take the analog approach of using a lot of gain to amplify diode-avalanche noise, or you can design a linear-feedback-shi... . Tiny White Noise Generator: White and Pink (1/F) Noise Source: Wideband AGC Amplifier As a Differential Amplifier: National Semiconductor Application Notes,10-Apr-2000
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/N/Noise_Reduction_Filters.html [1/17/2007 5:19:15 PM]
Electronic Filters Circuit - Active Filters - Notch Filter
Active Filters: Notch

29.85 MHZ Notch Filter Schematic: Adjustable 60Hz Filter: to filter out any HUM that may be picked up by a noisy power supply or long wire connection Adjustable Audio Notch Filter: Audio Notch Filter: Basic Introduction to Filters: application notes on active, passive and switched capacitor filters, document in PDF format Build an adjustable high frequency notch filter: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Although you can obtain universal, resistor-programmable switched-capacitor filters that are configurable as notch filters, most cannot operate at bandwidths higher than 100 kHz. Further, the typically 16 Closing the loop deepens notches: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Notch filters remove a single unwanted frequency from an input signal. They are also a vital component of pulse-shaping networks, such as time-averaging filters. You can tune a state-variable filter over a wide range by changing the time constants of its integrating amplifiers (references 1, 2, and 3). . CW Filters: Helical Resonator Notch Filter: High Q Notch Filter: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published28Jun-1996 Inversal Notch and Bandpass Filter: Notch Filter is DC Accurate: 03/02/95 EDN Design Ideas Notch Filter uses only Lowpass Filters: 04/10/97 EDN Design Ideas RC Notch Filter Twin T: The twin T notch filter can be used block an unwanted frequency or if placed around an op-amp as a bandpass filter. The notch frequency occurs where the capacitive reactance equals the resistance Xc=R and if the values are close, the attenuation can be very high and the notch frequency virtually eliminated. Single Supply Sallen Key Notch Filter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/N/Active.html [1/17/2007 5:19:18 PM]
Electronic Passive Filters - Notch Circuits - Hobby Projects
Passive Filters: Notch Circuits

Notch RC Notch Filter (Twin T):
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/N/Passive.html [1/17/2007 5:19:23 PM]
Sensors / Detectors - Magnetic Sensors
Sensors / Detectors: Magnetic Sensors

Electromagnetic Field Detector #1: Electromagnetic Field Detector #2: This circuit is sensitive to low frequency electromagnetic radiation and will detect for example hidden wiring or the field that encompasses a transformer. Pickup is by a radial type inductor, used as a probe which responds well to low frequency changing magnetic and electric fields. Ordinary headphones are used to for detection. The field that surrounds a transformer is heard as a50 or 60Hz buzz. Magnetic Gun: When optimally tuned, it will propel a small slug about 1.5 meters high, or 2.5 metres horizontally Magnetometer: Method offers Fail Safe Variable Reluctance Sensors: 11/27/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit MilliGauss Meter: RC Network Eliminates Precision Reference: 08/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas Two Diodes Change Demagnetizationsignal Polarity: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Magnetic_Sensors.html [1/17/2007 5:19:26 PM]
Math Functions - Cosine - Cube Root - Differentiator - Log - Square Root
Math Functions
q q q q q
Cosine Cube Root Differentiator Log Square Root
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Math_Functions.html [1/17/2007 5:19:29 PM]
Math Functions - Cosine - Electronic Circuits
Math Functions: Cosine

Circuit forms efficient cosine calculator: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 converts a 10V analog voltage representing an angle between MIN and MAX and emits a voltage equal to 10 cos . This circuit can have an accuracy of better than 1% over 120 or better than 0.2% over 90 . These figures represent an order-of-magnitude improvement over a Taylorseries estimate for the same range and for...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Cosine.html [1/17/2007 5:19:35 PM]
Math Functions - Cube Root - Electronic Circuits
Math Functions: Cube Root

Analog multipliers take cube roots: 4/10/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Cube_Root.html [1/17/2007 5:19:37 PM]
Digital Circuits - Differentiator Circuits - Science Projects
Differentiator Circuits
Passive Differentiator tops Active Designs: 04/28/94 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Differentiator.html [1/17/2007 5:19:39 PM]
Integrator Circuits - Integrator Electronic Circuit Resource
Integrator Circuits
Consider the "Deboo" Single-Supply Integrator: Maxim Application Note #DI392, July 2002 Consider The Deboo Integrator for Unipolar Noninverting Designs : 03/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The design of a standard inverting integrator is simple when bipolar supplies are available, but it's cumbersome with a unipolar supply. To allow adequate headroom for the output, the circuit must be biased away from ground, often at half the supply... Filter Design Using Integrator Blocks: Maxim Application Note727, January2001 Guider camera signal processing and bias voltages: Each signal processing channel features a well-known dual-slope integrator circuit topology, optimized in this case for fast-settling time. Integrator Circuit - Theory: Op Amp Circuits: Opamp Integrator: Opamp Integrator : Switched-Capacitor Integrator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/I/integrators.html [1/17/2007 5:19:44 PM]
Math Functions - Logarithmic Circuits - Electronic Projects
Math Functions: Logarithmic Circuits

Circuit Takes Square Root of Input Voltage: 11/20/97 EDN-Design Ideas Commutating Amp Performs Log Function: 02/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Log amp uses capacitor charging law: 01/10/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The novel logarithmic amplifier in Figure 1 relies on the exponential charging characteristics of a simple RC circuit. The expression for the time, T, required for a capacitor, C, to reach a voltage (VIN-VK) from 0V, when charged through a resistor, R, with an applied voltage of VIN, is VIN-VK=VIN (1-e-T/RC), where VK is a fixed voltage. . Logarithmic Amplifier: Logarithmic amplifier uses the log caracteristic of PN (diode, transistor) to implement logarithmic function. The second transistor is used as refference and with the PTK resistor minimizes the dT/dV coeficient. Model Fixed Point DSP Arithmetic in C: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Primer on Binary Arithmetic Rounding: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Reference stabilizes exponential current: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / In an antilog converter, the difference between the base voltages of two transistors sets the ratio of their collector currents: The use of matched transistors balances the first-order temperature coefficient but leaves a temperature-dependent gain term, q/kT. Classic antilog circuits use a thermistor in the drive circuitry to correct this temperature dependency. . Software Filter Boosts Signal Measurement Stability, Precision: 02/03/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Small or embedded systems often require a delicate measurement in the presence of high noise or interference. Without fancy filtering hardware, high-speed processing, or digital signal processing, it can be difficult to extract a stable signal of... Square Root Function Improves Thermostat: 09/30/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Perhaps the most elementary rule of control-loop design theory is that feedbackloop performance is fundamentally linked to the careful choiceand stabilityof loop gain. Insufficient loop gain leads to poor setpoint accuracy. Too much gain can induce feedback instabilities, such as overshoot, ringing, and, ultimately, oscillation. Therefore, the greater the accuracy you expect from a control system, the more critical maintaining near-optimal loop gain becomes. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Log.html [1/17/2007 5:19:46 PM]
Electronic Square Root Math Functions - Hobby Projects
Math Functions: Square Root

Circuit takes square Root of Input Voltage: 11/20/97 EDN-Design Ideas Square Root Function Improves Thermostat: 9/30/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Perhaps the most elementary rule of control-loop design theory is that feedback-loop performance is fundamentally linked to the careful choiceand stabilityof loop gain. Insufficient loop gain leads to poor setpoint accuracy. Too much gain can induce feedback instabilities, such as overshoot, ringing, and, ultimately, oscillation. Therefore, the greater the accuracy you expect from a control system, the more critical maintaining near-optimal loop gain becomes. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Square_Root.html [1/17/2007 5:19:48 PM]
Medical Electronics / Biomedical Circuits - Hobby Projects
Medical Electronics / Biomedical Circuits

ECG Amplifier #1: ECG Amplifier #2: ECG Project Page: EEG Preamp, Anti Alias Filter and isolation Circuit: EKG/EEG Circuit: Electronic Auto Stethoscope: Electronic stethoscope: Electronic Stethoscope: ESP SIM (Sound Impairment Monitor): Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Schematic: Heart Rate Monitor: Heartbeat Monitor: Heartbeat Transducer: Inexpensive XRay Machine #1: Inexpensive XRay Machine #2: Lie Detector: Lie Detector: Muscular Bio Stimulator: Particularly suitable for cellulites treatment3V battery supply, portable set Pain Field Generator: PC Based Biofeedback Monitor: PC Thermometer: Pedometer: Radiation Dosage Rate Meter: Radiation Dosage Rate Meter: Accurately measure and display RADS/MIN with this circuit and a V meter! Respiration System: Self Contained Electromyograph (EMG): Simple Lie Detector: Simple Lie Detector: Sleeping Aid : Based on electromagnetic-field radiation Place it under the pillowBuilt-in Timer Snore Alarm Electronic Device: Tan Timer: Six Timing positions suited to different skin types Timing affected by sunlight intensity Vital Signs Monitor Consumes Less than 50 A: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Medical_Electronics_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:19:51 PM]
Medical Electronics / Biomedical Circuits - Hobby Projects
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Sensors / Detectors - Metal Detectors - Electronic Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Metal Detectors

BFO Metal Detector: Metal Detector #1: Metal Detector #2: Metal Detector #3: Metal Detector #4: Metal Detector uses Single IC: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Metal Detector: Twin Loop Treasure Seeker:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Metal_Detectors.html [1/17/2007 5:19:53 PM]
Metronomes Circuits - Electronic Hobby - Science Projects
Metronomes Circuits
Circuit emulates mechanical metronome: 8/19/99 EDN-Design Ideas produces timing signals with a sound like that of a mechanical metronome. IC1 is a 555 timer that oscillates at approximately 3200 Hz. The two 3-kW resistors and the 0.047-F capacitor set the frequency. IC2 divides the frequency of IC1's output by 2. IC2 produces a square wave with an exact 50% duty cycle. Electronic Metronome Circuit: Mini metronome:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Metronomes.html [1/17/2007 5:19:54 PM]
Microphone Circuits - Eelectronic Hobby - Science Projects
Microphone Circuits
2 Wire Remote Microphone Amplifier: uses special amplifier module from Op-Amp Labs AM Oscillator for Wireless Microphones: Balanced Low Noise Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Basic FM Radio Transmitters: Binaural MICs: Boundary Layer Dish Microphone: ideas for a directional microph1-assembly Computer Microphone: Condenser Mic Audio Amplifier: Condenser Microphone hookup: Constant Power "PAN" Control: Circuit for Microphone for Microphone Audio Mixing Digital Quality Microphone Pre Ampl. Using the Model 425 OPAMP : DIY Microphone for Sony MD R35 Minidisc Recorder: simple electret microphone Dual JT MB C Microphone Combining Circuit: connect two microphones to1microph1-input Dual Microphones Separate Voice From Noise: 06/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Dynamic Microphone Amplifier: Dynamic Microphone to Electret Microphone Input: ECM Mic Preamplifier: Electret Mic Apps: an electret MIC is the best value for money omni directional microphone you can buy for 90% of microphone application Electret Microphone Connection: how to connect electret microphone Electret Microphone Powering: Interfacing Microphones to Computer Sound Cards: line Level Signal to Microphone Input Adapter: Low Noise Balanced Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Making a Rugged, Connectorized Microphone From a Panasonic Microphone Capsule: Micro Spy With FETs: Micro Spy With TTL: Micro Spy With USW: Microphone Amplifier: Microphone Circuit Test Oscillator: Microphone Mixer: Designed for3-dynamic microphones Microphone Phantom Power Supply: Microphone Polarity Tester: Microphone Preamp: Microphone Preamp: Very simple two transistor circuit microphone Preamplifier:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Microphone_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:19:57 PM]
Microphone Circuits - Eelectronic Hobby - Science Projects
Microphone uses "phantom power": 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The electret microphone capsule is similar to those commonly used in telephones, cassette recorders, and computers. The element functions as a capacitor with a fixed trapped charge. Sound pressure moves a diaphragm, producing variations in the capacitance. This action produces an ac-output voltage with an extremely high source impedance. . Mike Pads & Other Small Gadgets: Includes Active Direct Box circuit Miniature FM Transmitter #1: Miniature FM Transmitter #2: Miniature FM Transmitter #3: Miniature FM Transmitters #4: Modification of Panasonic Backelectret Capacitor Microphone (WM GOAT DigiKey P9967 ND): This drawing describes the conventional hookup and option where FET is connected as source follower with3 wires to preamp. MS 2 Mic Splitter: Send signal from1-microph1-to two mixers, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format MS 82P Microphone Splitter With Phantom Power Buss: 8 channel microph1-splitter that can inject phantom power to microphone, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format Mustage Microphone Preamp: Parabolic dish mic amplifier : Perimeter Monitor: Using a single cable such as speaker wire or doorbell cable, this circuit can be remotely positioned, for example, at the bottom of a garden or garage, and used to detect all sound in that area. The cable can be buried in a hosepipe or duct and is concealed out of sight. The mic is an ordinary dynamic mic insert and should be housed in a waterproof enclosure with the rest of the circuit. Portable Microphone Preamplifier: High headroom input circuitry. 9V Battery powered. Preamplifier Computer Microphone: adapting electret microphone to soundcards with dynamic microphone inputs Preamplifier for Microphone or guitar use: suitable for guitar or microphone use. Radio Shack Pressure Zone Microphone (PZM) Modifications: Rane MS 1b Microphone Preamplifier Circuit Diagram: This is a circuit diagram of a commercial high quality balanced microph1-preamplifier. This document is in PDF format. Solid State Microphone Preamp: Sony C 37Condenser Microphone: information with circuit diagram Speaker Microphone: circuit that allows you to use a cheap loudspeaker as a poor microph1 Theory & Construction of Mic "Splitters": Two wire Remote Microphone Amplifier : Two Wire Remote Microphone Amplifier: uses special amplifier module from OpAmp Labs Underwater Microphone: Vacuum Tube Microphone Preamp / Direct Box Project: from January1997 EQ Column, includes phantom power supply Voice Over Circuit: Switches automatically from sound source to microph1-when enough sound comes in from microphone. Wireless Microphone #1: Wireless Microphone Transmitter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Microphone_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:19:57 PM]
Micro Power Circuits - Electronic Hobby - Science Projects
Micro Power Circuits

Fleapower flasher draws less than 50 A: 01/23/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Some applications require a circuit to indicate that a battery's voltage has fallen below a certain value. However, if you don't frequently check the indicator, the low-battery indicator itself can easily discharge the battery. The circuit in Figure 1 indicates when the battery voltage has dropped below a preset value... FleaPower Oscillator Consumes only 1 A: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Low battery indicator uses fleapower : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / It is always desirable to use a low-battery indicator that consumes as little power as possible. For a 9V, 450-mAhr alkaline battery, a 50-A low-battery indicator can by itself run the battery down in a little more than a year. Battery-powered devices that need to run continuously for a long time require battery indicators that consume minimal power.... Micropower AM band radio station: MicroPower Pulse Width Modulator: Motor controller uses fleapower : 09/25/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A simple, permanentmagnet dc motor is an essential element in a variety of products, such as toys, servo mechanisms, valve actuators, robots, and automotive electronics. In many of these applications, the motor must rotate in a given direction until the mechanism reaches the end of travel, at which point the motor must automatically stop... Reset generator uses "fleapower": 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / When a processorcontrolled device must operate reliably, designers often choose to periodically reset the processor rather than rely on a watchdog configuration. In low-power systems, this periodic-reset circuit can consume a large part of the system's current budget or may fail to operate at low voltages.. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Micro_Power_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:19:59 PM]
Microprocessor Circuits - Microcontroller - Electronic Projects
Microprocessor Circuits
C implements Pushbutton Light Dimmers: 06/18/98 EDN-Design Ideas 10 Tricks for Interfacing to the PIC16C508: 101 AT Keyboard to ASCII Decoder: The Host to Keyboard Protocol is initiated by taking the KBD data line low. However to prevent the keyboard from sending data at the same Time that you attempt to send the keyboard data, it is common to take the KBD Clock line low for more than 60us. This is more than one bit length. Then the KBD data line is taken low, while the KBD clock line is released. 12C508 Smart Lock: The base sends a data sequence (the password) which is recognized by the key. The key checks the sequence and -if it recognizes it -sends to the base another data sequence, as an answer to the password. At the Time when the base gets a correct answer (which means that the key has been introduced), the relay is put into action, and it can command a number of consumers. 2 Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84: 27c801 EPROM Programmer Project: 40+ MHz 5 Digit Frequency Counter With An AVR 2313: 50 MHz Frequency Counter, Voltage Meter & SWR/PWR indicator: 68HC11 Based RDS Decoder: 68HC11 Function Generator: 68HC11 Instruction halts External RC Clock: 04/27/95 EDN-Design Ideas 68HC11 Stepper Motor Control: 68HC11 Stepper Motor Control: 68HC11 Synthesizes Accurate Sine Wave: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas 8051 Development System Circuit Board: 8051 Development System Circuit Board: 8088 Maximum Mode SBC: About PIC Microcontrollers: AC Lamp Dimmer for Basic Stamp: AC Vias Can Improve Decoupling: 04/28/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Good decoupling is nearly always essential in a world of mixed-signal designs that exhibit increasing speed, performance, and component density. There are cases, though, where proper decoupling is absolutely critical if the circuit is to deliver its.. Acceleration Monitor using ADXL202 and AVR AFSK 1200 Modem Based on PIC16C620: Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Analog to Digital Conversion Notes for PIC Processor: AT89C2051 / 4051 Driving Dot LED: AT89C2051 / 4051 Easy Downloader: AT89C2051 / 4051connecting Dumb Terminal: AT89C2051 / 4051scanning 7 Segment Display & Keypad:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Microprocessor_Circuits.html (1 of 7) [1/17/2007 5:20:04 PM]
AT89C2051 / 4051Stepper Motor Interface: AT89C2051 Digital Thermometer & Clock: AT89C2051 Line Follower Robot: AT89C2051 Night Light Saver: AT89C2051 Real Time Controller: AT89C2051 Serial Coms to LED Driver: AT89C51 / 52 / 55 Easy Downloader: AT90S8515 Experimenter Board: Atmel 8051 Flash Based Microcontroller Programmer: Atmel 89C Series Flash Microcontroller Programmer: Atmel AVR Programmer: AVR Based Serial Port IR Receiver: AVR Beacon Super Keyer: AVR Digital Voltmeter: AVR Frequency Counter: AVR microcontroller makes improved motor controller: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a novel method of reading the pulse train using an Atmel (www.atmel.com) AVR processor, from a typical radio-controlled receiver, and to determine the velocity of a motor. To capture the pulse train from a typical receiver, you need an external interrupt that triggers based on a rising and a falling edge.. AVR Signal Generator: Basic Stamp Computer Eases Prototyping hassles: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas Basic Stamp Interface Circuits: Basic Stamp Lightning Activity Monitor: BASIC Stamp Thermoelectric Cooler: Build a PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: C 52 EVB Robot Controller: Circuit Controls Two LEDs With One Microcontroller Port Pin : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design /Microcontroller port pins can typically be driven either high or low, or else be put into an "input" or high-impedance state. This circuit uses the three states to drive two separate LEDs with one port pin. This can be very useful when there are no... Circuit provides watchdog for microcontrollers: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The watchdog circuit in Figure 1 uses a single NAND Schmitt-trigger IC. The circuit is more cost-effective than dedicated, commercially available watchdog ICs. The circuit generates an active-high reset signal upon power-up and remains in a low state as long as the control input receives pulses. Whenever the pulsing at the control input stops, whether the circuit is in a high or a low state, th.... Closed Caption Decoder: This is a closed-caption decoder with serial output, based on a PIC16C71, an lantec EL4581C sync separator, and an LM393 dual comparator (for data slicing with automatic threshold). Combination Lock (PIC16F84): Connecting LED to PIC Micro I/O Pins: Connecting PIC12C508 8 to 93AA46 Serial Eprom: Controller Provides Multiple Alarm Driver Formats: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas Digital signal controls sine generator: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit of Figure 1 produces an accurate, variable-frequency sine wave for use as a generalpurpose reference signal. It includes an eighth-order elliptic, switched-capacitor lowpass filter, IC3, which uses a 100-kHz square-wave clock signal that microcontroller IC2 generates. (Any other convenient square-wave source is also acceptable... DS1820 Arbiter V2.00 Schematic: DS1820 Temperature Sensor Readout Unit: Dual PIC16C84 Prototype Board: Electronic Door Codelock With PIC16F84: Electronic Door Codelock: Embedded System to Send E Mails (small TCP/IP Stack): EZ80 Single Board Computer Schematic (Z80): Freign Vocabulary Recollector: FSK Modem With PIC16C84:
Galvanic Decoupling of I2C Bus: Generate Video Signals: in real-time using a PIC16F84 Generate Video Signals: Giant Money Counter (PIC16F876): GPS LCD Display Project: GPS Repeater: Graphic LCD Interface: High Efficiency Halogen Bike Light Dimmer: This circuit uses a PIC16F84 microcontroller with some software to control20-Watt12V DC halogen lamp IC16F876 Datalogger: Infra/radio Remote Control Transmitter/receiver With PIC: Interfacing DRAM to AT90S8515: Interfacing Piezo Elements to a Microcontroller: Interfacing S 7800to PIC16F877: Interfacing thePIC16C508: JDM Programmer: KD7LMO Micro Beacon (PIC18F252): Key reading circuit saves I/O pins: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Some microcontroller applications usually use too many I/O pins to read keys or onboard switches; in many cases, few pins remain available for other uses. Some alternative ways to read keys yield more free pins. First, consider some ways to effect key reading. Table 1 presents a comparison of four methods with references to circuit configurations (figures 1, 2, 3, and 4) Kodak DC 20 Camera Interface (PIC12C509): Kodak DC 20 Camera Interface (PIC16F84): LCD Serial Terminal: LCD to PIC16C54 Schematic: Low Cost Digital Thermometer Uses SingleChip Microcontroller : 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The ... Low Voltage Reset operates Below 2.7V: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Mains Clock Controller using AT89C2051: Make a DAC with a microcontroller's PWM timer: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Many embedded-microcontroller applications require generation of analog signals. An integrated or stand-alone DAC fills the role. However, you can often use PWM signals for generating the required analog signals. You can use PWM signals to create both dc and ac analog signals. This Design Idea shows how to use a PWM timer to simultaneously create a sinusoid, a ramp, and a dc voltage.. Make noise with a PIC : 08/07/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Building a stable noise generator for audio-frequency purposes requires only a few components. The circuit in Figure 1 relies on linear-feedback shift registers and some simple software. An eight-pin Microchip (www.microchip.com) PIC12C508 controller (IC2) with a short program generates pseudorandom noise at its output pin, GP0.... Microchip PIC ICD (in Circuit Debugger): Microchip PIC ICSP implementation: Microcontroller Becomes Multifunctional: 10/25/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Microcontroller directs supply sequencing and control: 05/29/03 EDN-Design Ideas / With the proliferation of dual-voltage architectures and multiprocessor boards, even simple applications can require several processor voltage rails. With each processor having its own power-up and down requirements, power-rail sequencing and control can become a complex task. The challenge for powersupply designers is to consider each processor's timing and voltage requirements and assimilat....
Microcontroller discerns addresses in RS 485 systems: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / One of the many benefits of using the RS-485 data-interface system, unlike the RS-232 system, is its ability to implement multidrop networks. Such networks usually carry 9-bit data words, in which the ninth (parity) bit identifies each word as address or data. When using small microcontrollers without a hardware UART, such as IC1 in Figure 1, designers must decide whether to add an exte... . Microcontroller emulates numerically controlled oscillator: 02/21/2002 EDN Design Ideas / Microcontrollers commonly add intelligence or digital functions to products, but they can also provide a variety of analog signals. An 18-pin PIC 16C54 microcontroller, combined with an inexpensive, 8-bit DAC and a simple lowpass filter, can generate sine waves from dc to approximately 50 kHz with a tuning resolution of 24 bits. . Microcontroller emulates numerically controlled oscillator: 02/21/2002 EDN Design Ideas / Microcontrollers commonly add intelligence or digital functions to products, but they can also provide a variety of analog signals. An 18-pin PIC 16C54 microcontroller, combined with an inexpensive, 8-bit DAC and a simple lowpass filter, can generate sine waves from dc to approximately 50 kHz with a tuning resolution of 24 bits. . Microcontroller Interface for 5KWatt Microwave oven: Microcontroller Makes Effective Frequency Counter: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Microcontroller Multi Channel Light Dimmer: Microcontroller MultiChannel Light Dimmer: The project is a microprocessorcontrolled multiple channel lighting dimmer, that could be used in theatrical and other applications. The device will accept input from a wide range of interfaces: RS232 input, DMX512 (theatrical lighting standard) or RS485, or a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI). The device will control a number of lamps by using some form of AC power control. The firmware in the microcontroller will handle all functions, from decoding the protocol on either of the input interfaces through to Timing the firing of power triacs for the output. Microcontroller provides SRAM battery backup: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / To maintain content in the event of power loss, many designs that include SRAM require a dedicated device that can automatically switch from a standard power supply to battery operation. Microcontrollers seldom find use in power-switching applications. Because microcontrollers typically operate from the primary power supply, they stop execution if that supply drops, thereby making it impossible.... Microcontroller selects minimum/maximum value: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Microcontroller-based systems for measurement, sensor-data processing, or control, sometimes require you to determine a maximum or minimum data value. For example, in an object-detection system, such as a radar or sonar system, the microcontrolle. Microcontroller Sensor and Actuator Interfaces: Microcontroller Watches, Controls AC Power: 06/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas circuit allows an isolated microcontroller to both sense and control ac power to an externally plugged-in device Microprocessor RS 232 Reset: Microprocessor RS232 Reset: MiniLOGGER V1.0: Mk2 PC Based EPROM Programmer: MMC to PIC16F876 Circuit Diagram: Multi Chip Programmer: Multimedia Electronic Crib: microcontroller based light controller which generates sequence of day-night with light fading, optional serial control interface, based on 87C51 Network Time Protocol AVR Clock: Night Light Saver (PIC12C508): Nixie Clock (PIC16F876): No Parts PIC Micro Programmer: One Microcontroller Serves Multiple External Interrupts: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Optical Sensor using PIC12C508:
PIC 18 Programmer (PIC18F458, PIC18F452, PIC18C252, PIC16C745, PIC18F6620, PIC18F6720): PIC 5x7 Display: PIC Based Keyboard Emulator: PIC Based Motor Controller: PIC Based Packet Radio Encoder: PIC Based Robot: PIC Based Web Server: PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: PIC Demo Board: PIC ICD: PIC LCD and Keypad Driver: PIC Logic Probe With Pulser: PIC Micro LED Projects: PIC Micro Multiple Servo Motor Interface: PIC Micro Programmer: PIC Microcontroller Servo Motor Interface: PIC Programmer 2: PIC Programmer for Serial Port: PIC Programmer: to download programs into PIC microprocessors. PIC Programmers for Parallel Port: PIC Project #1 RS232 to I2C Interface: PIC Tetris Game: PIC Tock Video Clock: PIC X1 Schematic (PIC16F877): PIC12C508 Night Light Saver: PIC12C508 Phase Controller for 2kW heater: PIC12C509 Gym Timer: PIC12C509 Logic gate Replacement for Nitrogen Filler: PIC16C505 IR / Wireless Remote Control: PIC16C63 MIDI Controlled Light Dimmer: PIC16C84 VT 52 Emulator for Linux: PIC16C84 VT 52 Emulator for Linux: PIC16F84 Based Morse Code Reader: PIC16F84 Countdown timer: PIC16F84 CW Decoder: PIC16F84 Debugging Terminal: PIC16F84 LED Chaser: PIC16F84 Line Following Robot: PIC16F84 Line Following Robot: PIC16F84 Miniature Real Time Controller: PIC16F84 Programmer #2: PIC16F84 Programmer: PIC16F84 Pulse Monitor With Date/time Output (ZIP): PIC16F84 Serial I / O Expander With PicBasic: PIC16F84 Sound Controlled Christmas Lights: PIC16F84 Stepper Motor Controller: PIC16F84 tone Generator (6 Bit): PIC16F84 tone Generator With Source Code: PIC16F84 tone Generator: PIC16F84 TrIAC / IGBT Brightness Phase Controller: PIC16F84 Ultrasonic Range Finder Project: PIC16F84 Web Server: PIC16F873 Digital Clock: PIC16F873 Remote Display: PIC16F873 ultrasonic Range Meter: PIC16F877 Programmer and Development System:
PIC16F877 to IDE Interface: PIC18 Schematic: PIC18F252 Bootloader Schematics: PICADC a Free, PIC Based "intelligent" a / D Converter: PicCon Hidden Radio Transmitter Controller: PICDIM Application Note: This is a lamp dimmer design based on PIC12C508 microcontroller. PicoWeb V5.1 (AT90S8515) tiny Web Server: Picxie 2 8x8 Animated LED Signboard: PIXpand: POCSAG Encoder/decoder: Programmable Clock Oscillator: PIC-Tock video clock using a PIC16C61 Programmer for the 68HC705C8 MicroController: Programmer PIC16F84,12C50x and EEPROM 24Cxx: Propellor Clock (PIC16F84): RDS Encoder Digital Part: Record and Play Fast 1 Bit Sound on a PIC Micro: Remote Control Encoder/decoder With PIC16C620 & PIC12C508: Remote Control for Raymarine ST4000 Autopilot: Rotating Sprocket Wheel Generator (PIC16F84): RS 485 RPT Schematic: RS485 Like Multi Drop Bus With half Duplex Serial Protocol: RS485 Version of the SAB80C535 Microcontrollerboard: ScanMate Audio Activated Recorded: Scenix (and PIC) Programmer: Ser Key 10 Key Serial Keypad Encoder: Serial Comms to LED Driver: Serial Port Break Reset Circuit: Serial to Parallel Converter using the AT89C2051: Speaking Clock using PIC & ISD Device: SpeClo was designed and built to be used by the blind. Its purpose is to provide a relatively easy way for ascertaining the Time of day by whistling, and can be configured to speak English or German! Speaking Doorbell: SpeDoB was designed and built to gain experience with the PIC microcontroller. This doorbell uses a speech recorder integrated circuit (ISD series) to play back3 pre-recorded "theres someone knocking on the door" messages. Its a very easy and simple project to build, ideal for beginners! Speech Recognition using HM2007: ST6 Microcontroller & TrIACs on Mains: includes dimmer circuit example ST6 Microcontroller & TrIACs on Mains: includes dimmer circuit example Talking PIC Based on SP0256: Talking YODProject (PIC16C84): Temperature Controlled Based on AT89CX051: Temperature Monitor/controller: AVR 2313 / DS1621: Temperature Sensitive Oscillator: Temperature controlled based on AT89CX051 Ten Tricks for Interfacing to thePIC16C508: Thermistors and a Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hotwire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive... Thermistors and a Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hotwire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive... Thermoelectric Controller (scriptable Thermometer): Tony Nixons Pocket Programmer (PIC): Two Wire LCD Interface using PIC16CF84:
Use Four External Interrupts Through One 8051 Input : 05/13/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The 8051-compatible microcontrollers are equipped with up to two inputs that may be used as general-purpose interrupts. A simple way to increase the number of interrupt inputs is shown in the figure. The... Using An I2C Serial EEPROM With a Basic Stamp 2: Victoria TaFE Programmer (based on AT89C2051): Voice Recording and Message Retrieval System: Way Small Web Server: Weighscale: Wisp628 ISP Microchip PIC Programmer: World's Smallest PIC Programmer: WWWpic2 a Web Server in a PIC: Zilog Z80 thermostat Embedded Web Server:
Amplifiers Detectors Microwave Radar Circuits

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Microwave_Amplifiers.html [1/17/2007 5:20:06 PM]
Microwave Amplifiers Detectors - Radar Circuits - Electronics

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Microwave_Detectors.html [1/17/2007 5:20:08 PM]
Millivolt Meter Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects - Science
Millivolt Meter Circuits

DC Millivolt Meter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Millivolt_Meters.html [1/17/2007 5:20:11 PM]
Milliamp Meter Circuits - Milliamp Meters - Electronic Hobby Projects - Science
Milliamp Meter Circuits

AC voltmeters and ammeters: Simple circuit serves as milliohm meter: 04/15/04 EDN Design Ideas - When I was recently debugging a design, I discovered that a short circuit existed from a ground plane to a power plane. I did not have access to a milliohm meter or an equivalent tester for locating this type of short circuit. So, I logged onto the Internet to find an easily constructible milliohm meter....
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/milliamp_meters.html [1/17/2007 5:20:15 PM]
Miscellaneous Electronic Circuits - Digital - Science Projects
Miscellaneous Circuits
$5 junkbox Circuit Determines Phase Sequence : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas 4 to 20 mloop needs no external power source: 09/13/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple circuit in Figure 1 uses a low-current-drain MAX4073H amplifier to sense the current flowing through a 4- to 20-mA loop. The circuit senses the current through a 1O resistor with a fixed gain of 100 and uses no battery or dc power supply. The low current drain of the amplifier (0. . 48 input16 output crosspoint IC eliminates the need for multiplexer amps: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Crosspoint switches are ideal for use in videosecurity systems, which accept multiple camera inputs while providing playback and multiple loop-through to multiple monitors. To provide video loop-through or monitor outputs, these systems often require additional multiplexer amplifiers that can drive standard video loads... Analog Encoding: Convert switches and sensors into DMX signals. Uses are found in Haunted houses, stage plays, themed events, holiday light animations, anytime you want to control DMX compatible equipment. Fog machines and strobe lights can be independly controlled be remote switches or sensors. Audio Signal Source: Autoreferencing circuit nulls out sensor errors: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The autoreferencing circuit in Figure 1 nulls out the error of a sensor, such as a pressure transducer, at its reference level-for example, at ambient pressure. The circuit is an analog-digital-feedback control system that uses a digitally programmable potentiometer to provide the variability. . CEMF (counterelectromotive Force) Charger: The CEMF charger uses the CEMF (counterelectromotive force) from an inductor to charge a capacitor to high voltages from a low voltage source. Circuit avoids metastability: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Consider a computer system that has a host processor connected to a remote-I/O subsystem (Figure 1). The host clock treats the I/O system, which is located far from the main hardware, as a slave. Because of the transmitters, receivers, remote-system logic, and cable length, the data the host receives has a dramatic latency. Circuit Disconnects Load From Lowvoltage Supply: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Circuit Forms gammaphoton Detector: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Circuit gang programs EEPROMs over I 2 C bus: 09/13/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / You use the fully controlled circuit in Figure 1 to parallel-program two-wire serial EEPROMs via the I2C bus. Gang programmers must address all memory devices during a write operation. To verify the memory contents, however, the system must address only one memory at a time during read operations. . Circuit improves further on first event detector: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuits in Figure 1have certain advantages over those in a previous Design Idea (Reference 1). The first-event detector with autoreset (Figure 1a) consists of N sets of monostable multivibrators, using 4001 logic circuits with LEDs attached. After any player (1 through N) presses a pushbutton, the corresponding monostable multivibrator switches on, and its associated LED
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Miscellaneous_Circuits.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 5:20:22 PM]
Circuit produces variable frequency, duty cycle: 07/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / This Design Idea shows a simple, low-cost circuit that produces a highly accurate variable-frequency and variable-duty-cycle output (Figure 1). Further, the duty cycle and frequency are independent of each other (excluding 0 and 100% duty cycle). The method derives its accuracy and stability from the fact that the output is based on a crystal oscillator and divisions of the oscillator's frequency.... Circuit provides leading edge blanking: 05/29/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In isolated switch-mode power supplies using peak-current-mode control, generally the current-sense resistor senses the current on the primary side of the power converter. Figure 1 shows a typical circuit, in which R2 is the current-sense resistor that monitors the current. The current-sense signal goes to the input of the PWM comparatorin this case, the PWM comparator's input (ISENS..... Circuit translates I 2 C voltages: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This Design Idea explores level-shifting an IC bus from 5V/ground (positive domain) to ground/25V (negative domain). In multisupply systems, you sometimes face a situation in which digital information stored in logic circuits running from 5V to ground needs conversion to analog signals referenced to a negative supply.. COCKCROFT and WALTON VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS: Here are some applications of the Cockroft-Walton voltage doubler circuit for generating high voltages from a low voltage AC source. The circuit is quite practical for generating thousands of volts (or more) or just a few volts at high current. Combinational Conjuring Trick: Conjuring Trick: Consider The "Deboo" Integrator for Unipolar Noninverting Designs : 03/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The design of a standard inverting integrator is simple when bipolar supplies are available, but it's cumbersome with a unipolar supply. To allow adequate headroom for the output, the circuit must be biased away from ground, often at half the supply... Converter ignores Power Supply Variations: 01/05/95 EDN-Design Ideas DEER REPELLENT: Here is a simple sensor, which can detect the seismic vibrations caused by a person or large animal walking nearby. A representative application for the sensor is a deer repellent for the vegetable garden. When a deer steps near the sensor a loud buzzer or beeper sounds for a few seconds startling the would-be vegetable thief away. Deer Repellent: seismic sensor Diodes improve inverter Efficiency: 04/29/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Door/Window Sensor Resists Tampering: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Doorbell for the Deaf: Ease Capacitor ESL/ESR Measurement With MercuryWetted Relay : 11/25/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Capacitor discharge circuits are used extensively in fast pulse generation. In such applications, the capacitor's stray inductance (or equivalent series inductance) and series resistance play an important role in determining performance of the... Electric Discharge Tubes: Electromagnetic Field Detector: This circuit is sensitive to low frequency electromagnetic radiation and will detect for example hidden wiring or the field that encompasses a transformer. Pickup is by a radial type inductor, used as a probe which responds well to low frequency changing magnetic and electric fields. Ordinary headphones are used to for detection. The field that surrounds a transformer is heard as a 50 or 60Hz buzz. Electronic Coin tosser: Electronic fish lure : Electronic Fish Lure: Electronic Jam: Electronic 'snap': First Response Monitor Fast Compact Routine Interfaces EEPROM to C : 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Flash Memory Anticipates Architecture Transformation: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Foreign Vocabulator Recollector: It was designed especially to learn German and Russian words, in a random multiple-choice format.
Frequency Dependant Negative Resistor (Using OpAmps): Frequency source feeds entire lab: 01/23/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Plumbing a laboratory with a standard frequency makes a lot of sense if the lab uses multiple frequency counters, spectrum analyzers, and other frequency-dependent test equipment. Rather than spending time keeping all of the instruments' oscillators in calibration or buying expensive, high-precision oscillators, you can use the circuit in Figure 1 to distribute a single calibrated frequency sou..... FUN CIRCUITS: This pdf document consist of 5 individual circuits to have fun with some of the titles include smell a vision, the dripper and remote control blocker well worth a look. Gag Circuits: magic lamp, dripper (improved!, remote control jammer Get more power with a boosted triode: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Even though 6L6 beam-power tubes have been around for 66 years, they are still quite popular for use in electric-guitar amplifiers, and its cousin, the 6CA7 (EL34) power pentode, is a favorite among audiophiles. The developers of these tubes designed them for pentode-mode operation, and they deliver maximum audio power in this mode... Get more power with a boosted triode: 06/12/03 EDN-Design Ideas / This Design Idea is a reprint of an earlier one that contained errors in graphics (Reference 1). Even though 6L6 beam-power tubes have been around for 66 years, they are still quite popular for use in electric-guitar amplifiers, and its cousin, the 6CA7 (EL34) power pentode, is a favorite among audiophiles... Hardware Accelerator Targets Cosimulation: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit HeNe & Solid State Laser Power Supplies & Notes (similar to Above): Hierarchical Priority Encoder: High side driver has fault protection: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / High-side drivers find common use in driving grounded solenoid coils and other loads. Shortcircuit protection for such drivers is essential for avoiding damage from wiring faults and other causes. Polymer fuses are generally too slow, and discrete currentlimiting circuits are large and cumbersome. The circuit in Figure 1 uses a small, low-dropout linear regulator as a high-side switch and p.... Hot Swap Structure offers Improved Redundancy: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit -- For redundancy purposes, a number of power supplies, using ORing diodes, can work into the same load. During maintenance, when you can remove any power supply, the minimum possible power perturbation at the load is desirable. Hot Water Tank Indicator: IC maintains uniform bias for GaAs MESFETs: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The gate-turn-on threshold voltage for GaAs MESFETs (gallium-arsenide metalsemiconductor field-effect transistors) varies considerably from part to part, even within a given lot. That behavior makes biasing difficult, especially if you want to design the device into a high-volume product. To overcome this drawback, you can introduce a current sensor that monitors the bias current and provides .... InductanceSubstitution Circuit Uses Variable Coils : 01/07/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / When prototyping RF circuits, computer simulation or de-sign programs can potentially yield the wrong component values. These errors are caused by the omission of capacitances or inductances originating from the board layout or other considerations.... Inexpensive XRay Machine #1: Invisible Broken Wire Detector: Jacob's Ladder, How to Make One : Jacob's Ladder: Laser Communication System: This is a simple Laser communication system. It can transmit and receive signal from any audio device.Communication distance is few meters. All components are not critical. Transistor 2N2222 may be on the coolrib. Laser diode is from laser pointer Laser Printer Prototypes PC Board Artwork: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas LC Filter Design: LED Torch: Lightening Detector: Magic Lamp: Old idea, newtwist. Magic Wand:
Magnetic Gun: When optimally tuned, it will propel a small slug about 1.5 metres high, or 2.5 metres horizontally Magnetic Levitation Circuit: Mega phone circuit 9v: Multilayer capacitor doubles as varactor: 03/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The main purpose for building the circuit in Figure 1 is to study the idiosyncrasies of X5R, Z5U, and Y5V multilayer ceramic capacitors. The circuit is also an inexpensive VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator) with only five components. Many types of ceramic capacitors for surface-mount placement are on the market... Negative Resistance Increases inductor's Q: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas NEGATIVE SUPPLY FROM SINGLE POSITIVE SUPPLY: Op amps are very useful. But one of their major drawbacks is the requirement of a dual supply. This circuit solves the problem to a certain extent. It provides a negative voltage from a single positive supply. Neon Desk Lamp: PC Board Layout Eases High Speed Transmission: 11/08/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Pedometer: Perimeter Monitor: Using a single cable such as speaker wire or doorbell cable, this circuit can be remotely positioned, for example, at the bottom of a garden or garage, and used to detect all sound in that area. The cable can be buried in a hosepipe or duct and is concealed out of sight. The mic is an ordinary dynamic mic insert and should be housed in a waterproof enclosure with the rest of the circuit. Portable CD Player Kit: The hardware consists of a normal tape cassette fitted with a stereo cassette head. The heads signals are provided by a standard CD player. The power supply consists of an adjustable regulator connected to the cars cigarette lighter connector. Pot Plant Power: All plants carry an electric charge relative to the ground. This charge is more or less constant regardless of the size of the plant - a kind of background voltage" in nature. This electric charge suffuses the entire plant, from its roots to its leaves and fruit. It was measured between a chrome-plated pin inserted into the plant (the positive terminal) and an iron spike driven into the ground (the negative terminal). Power circuit terminates DDR DRAMs: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / DDR (double-data-rate) SDRAMs find use in high-speed memory systems in workstations and servers. The memory ICs operate with 1.8 or 2.5V supply voltages and require a reference voltage equal to half the supply voltage (VREF=VDD/2). In addition, the logic outputs terminate with a resistor to the termination voltage, VTT, which equals and tracks VREF.. PreWarped Drive Signal Reduces Actuator Hysteresis Error : 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many displacement transducers exhibit hysteresis in their response to drive signals. To observe this behavior, drive the actuator with a triangle wave while measuring the actuator response with a linear position transducer. Then, display the command... Quiz Game Circuit: Refrigerator Door Alarm: RISC P implements fast FIR filter: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Routine automates pattern/sequence detection: 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Sequence detection is a common operation in many communication and security systems. Some good examples are HDLC-flag identification and signature analysis. As the complexity of the system increases, designing circuitry for sequence detection becomes tedious and laborious. Using the software tool in this Design Idea, you can generate HDL code in VHDL or Verilog formats for both Mealy and Moore .... Routine yields fast bit reversing for DSP algorithms: 09/13/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / If you need efficient real-time performance in DSP applications, you need an efficient bit-reversing routine. For several FFT programs, data permutation can take 10 to 50% of the computation time, depending on the input-data dimensions and length. The idea behind bit reversing is to shuffle the data by flipping the address bits around the middle of the address length so that if the data l... . RTTY Terminal unit: Rules of thumb Aid in timeconstant Analysis: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas
Several Nuclear Physics Related Circuits: Simple FIFO provides data width conversion: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Many designs require FIFO elastic buffers to form a bridge between subsystems with different clock rates and access requirements. However, in some applications, you need FIFO buffers for data conversion. One example is the case in which you need t Simple PIC16F84 Programmer: Simple Technique Generates Precise HART Waveforms : 07/22/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Designed to complement conventional 4- to 20-mA analog signaling, the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) protocol supports two-way digital communications for process measurement and control devices. The protocol uses frequency-shift keying... Single Phase Electronic Starter: Singlesideband Demodulator Covers the HF Band: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Solar Cell Nicad Charger: Soldering Technique Reduces PC Board Damage: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Spectrum Analyzer & Equalizer Designs: for audio frequencies, article first appeared in the February1982 issue of Recording-engineer/producer magazine Speller Effect Sign Display: SSB AF Filter: StateVariable Oscillator Suits Ratiometric Capacitive Sensors : 09/30/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Often, it's necessary for a sensor system to compute the ratio of two capacitors. Doing so re-duces the transducer's sensitivity to dielectric errors from such factors as temperature. Furthermore, dual sensors are typically used to double the... Static Electricity / Negative Ion Detector: This circuit relies upon the extra high input impedance of a FET, and also demonstrates the gate terminals sensitivity to changes in voltage. Stud Sensor Automatic : Supply uses AC to Generate 5V, Power on Reset : 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The need often arises for a low-cost logic supply for powering microcontrollers and related circuitry in "white-goods" products, such as industrial controllers and sensors. These applications usually include 24 or 115V ac or higher levels of ac voltage for conversion to 3.3 or 5V dc. The simplest approach to generating lowcurrent logic-supply levels is to apply the rectified and T Volt Remote Control Blocker: this PDF file includes also some other funny circuits Tandem hookups Enhance utility of DC / DC units: 01/02/97 EDN-Design Ideas Tele Scope: Temperature Monitor: Transconductance amp gives oscillator reciprocal response: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a variation on the familiar integrator/comparator triangle-wave oscillator, which you typically implement with two op amps. An integrator and a comparator connect in a positive-feedback loop; the comparator drives the integrator and vice versa. A fixed amount of hysteresis exists in the comparator, producing a triangle wave at the integrator's output... Ultrasonic Dog Whistle: Voice Storage Chips Talk to Each other: 11/05/98 EDN-Design Ideas Whistle Detector: It uses digital techniques to measure and decode the input signal to detect a whistle, all using a 8-pin PIC device and a handful of analog components. This project is ideal for beginners wanting to try their hand a PIC programming!
Mixers Circuits - Electronic Resource - Science Hobby Projects
Mixers Circuits
2 Line Output Combiner: Convert consumer equipment stereo signal to mono or combine audio signal from two different equipments to1-input 4 INPUT MIXER: This is a very simple 4 input audio mixer using op amps, potentiometers resistors, decoupling caps on the inputs and the whole unit has a balanced output good little circuit. 56K RF Modem: 6 Input Mixer: 3 line inputs and3 mic inputs 900Mhz 9600bps Link: Advanced Mixer Design: good article on large audio mixer design, read also Noise & Headroom in Mixers Audio Mixer: Ever Amplifier Bridging: a design for a simple add-on bridging adapter for stereo power amplifiers FET Audio Mixer: High Quality Sound Mixer: very ambitious and expected to be very expensive mixer project, modular design line Mixer: mix two line level sources to1-signal, includes separate volume controls for both signals, passive circuit Microphone Mixer: Designed for3-dynamic microphones Stereo Mixer : Can mix four separate audio inputs to mono or stereo output signal Two Line Output Combiner: Convert consumer equipment stereo signal to mono or combine audio signal from two different equipments to1-input Unbalanced Mute Circuit for Audio Mixing Channels: application note in PDF format Voice Over Circuit: Switches automatically from sound source to microph1-when enough sound comes in from microphone. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Mixer_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:20:27 PM]
Model Circuits - Model Circuit Resource - Hobby & Science Projects
Model Circuits
Alf: The Robotic Matchbox car: Capacitor Discharge Switch Machine Power Supplies (E+F): CLONEPAC memory module for Futaba 8UAF/8UAP: The Futaba 8UAF or 8UAP radio control transmitter has an optional memory module, the DP-16K CAMPac module, that doubles the model storage capacity (to 16 models from 8) and allows you to save programs or transfer programs to another transmitter. The module can be purchased for about $90-$100 from hobby suppliers. Computer Controlled Model Train Set: Deluxe Charge Rate Limiter for Small Capacity NiCad Batteries: Downed Model Locator: Downed Model Locator II: Engine code tester: Furby reverse-engineered circuit: Glow Plug Driver for Model Engines: H Bridge Direct Current Motor Control Circuits: High Current Crossing Light Flasher (LM556): Incline Railway Control Circuit: Infra Red Switch: Infrared gate (door entry alarm): Infrared Remote Control: Infrared Switch using any infrared remote Control: Infrared Toy Car Motor Controller: Infrared Transmitter for Locomotives: Joy Stick Controlled Modernized Toy Throttle: Laser Pointer Train Detector: Launch Controller for multiple rockets: LED traffic lights: Low Power Crossing Light Flashers (LM556) (E+F): Low Tech DCC Meters: Low-cost IR data link Controls model train: 03/22/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / For low-speed local data transfer, its tough to beat the simplicity of an IR link, which is so common in TV remote controls. This circuit idea combines a transmitter/receiver pair with low-cost. . . Model rocket launch Controller: Model Rocket With Video Camera: Model Train Diesel & Horn Sound Module: Multi Launcher for Model Rockets: Multi Rocket Launcher: Not As Simple Signals:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/model_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:20:32 PM]
Model Circuits - Model Circuit Resource - Hobby & Science Projects
One IC 2 Tones Siren Double Tone Police Sound Single Tone Old Ambulance Sound: This circuit is intended for children fun, and is suitable to be installed on bicycles, battery powered cars and motorcycles, but also in models and other games. With SW1 positioned as shown in the circuit diagram it reproduces the typical dual tone sound of Police or Fire-brigade cars, by the oscillation of IC1A and IC1B gates. One ounce rocket ejection timer: One-IC two-tones Siren: This circuit is intended for children fun, and is suitable to be installed on bicycles, battery powered cars and motorcycles, but also in models and other games. With SW1 positioned as shown in the circuit diagram it reproduces the typical dual tone sound of Police or Fire-brigade cars, by the oscillation of IC1A and IC1B gates. Optoisolator Block Occupancy Detector: Pad launch Controller for model rockets: Phase Shift Radio Direction Finder: PIC Based rocket altimeter: Pine Racecar Victory Judge: Pinewood Derby logic: Plane Locator Beeper: Plane Locator Beeper #2: Here is another device to help you locate your downed R/C sailplane in the bushes and weeds. Similar to the other design, this circuit plugs into a spare servo socket on your receiver, and it is a pulse omission detector. The alarm sounds when pulses originating from your transmitter are no longer being received--turn off your transmitter to turn on the alarm and help you find your plane. This circuit is simpler than the other design, is much easier to build, but is not quite as specific. While the other design tests for a specific frequency of pulses, this design is less picky, and may not work quite as well in areas with more radio frequency background noise.. Precision Digital Altimeter: The current concept incorporates a wireless transmitter and receiver and is thought to be used for remote controlled airplanes or appliances with two seperate parts. In other words, we have one dedicated transmitter (acquisition, filtering) and one dedicated receiver part (user-interface, look-up table, calibration, storage), capable of being connected together with any physical layer, e.g. wired, wireless, infrared. If you want to build a standalone altimeter/variometer just for hiking or mountaineering, this setup can obviously be simplified by omitting the wireless components.. Signal Breaking module: Traffic Light Control Circuit (74145): Traffic Light Controller: controls on3 LED traffic light sequence Train Electrical system 1: H0 and N Train Electrical system 2: for three coaches, H0 and N. Train Electrical system 3: Railcar Electrical system
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/model_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:20:32 PM]
Electronic Resources - Model Train Circuits - Science Projects
Model Train Circuits

1.5 Volt Power Supply 2: A hefty 1.5 volt DC power supply to power four or more 1.5 volt bulbs 1.5 Volt Power Supply: A 1.5 volt DC power supply 18 Volt PSU for Radio Controlled Throttles: 5 Times Around Circuit for Layout Animation: 5 Volt Power Supply: A 5 volts DC power supply to power the Gyralite above 6 Aspect - Searchlight Signal Driver (LM555): A 3 Amp, Three Terminal Regulator Type Throttle (E+F): A coach electrical system: Athearn Locomotive Modication: Audible Train Approach Warning: Automatic Grade Crossing Flasher Circuit: Automatic Incline Railway System: Automatic Reversing Circuit - Inexpensive System (2002): Automatic Reversing Circuit - MkI (1997): Automatic Reversing Circuit - MkII and MkIII Schematics: Automatic Reversing Circuit - MkIV and PCB (2000): Automatic Station Stop Circuit: Blinking lights: Capacitor Discharge -Switch Machine Power Supplies (E+F): Computer Controlled Model Train Set: Constant Directional Lighting #2: Constant Directional Lighting #3: Constant Directional Lighting 2: A 2 diode + 2 rectifier constant directional lighting circuit Constant Directional Lighting: A 6 diode constant directional lighting circuit Current Measurement For DCC Systems: DCC Waveforms and Voltages For DCC Systems: Diode Matrix Systems For Stall-Motor Switch Machines: Dual Alternating Flashing Light: A dual alternating flashing light circuit Dual Flashing Headlights: To simulate a Gyralite (dual flashing headlights) requires 5 volt power supply too. Dual Tandem Flashing Light: A dual tandem flashing light circuit Engine code tester: F1-F4 functions tester: Flashing lights: Flashing Pin: Flashing railroad crossings: Flashing Rear-End Device For DCC Systems General Purpose Block Occupancy Detector: Block occupancy detector designed for general purpose use on systems where the polarity of the power to the model train track is reversible.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Model_Train_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:20:39 PM]
Electronic Resources - Model Train Circuits - Science Projects
H Bridge Direct Current Motor Control Circuits: High Current Crossing Light Flasher (LM556): Joy Stick Controlled - Modernized Toy Throttle: Laser Pointer Train Detector: Low Power Crossing Light Flashers (LM556) (E+F): Low Tech DCC Meters: Non-directional Constant Light 2: A non-directional constant light circuit for "can" type motors Non-directional Constant Lighting: A single-rectifier, non-directional constant lighting circuit Not As Simple Signals: Optoisolator Block Occupancy Detector: Rail Crossing Diamond Protection: Route Control For Stall-Motor Switch Machines: Silicon Controlled Rectifier Type Throttles: Simple Flashing Light: A simple flashing light circuit Simple Signal Circuits: Simple Train Detector: A fairly simple train detector using ambient light and a photocell Simpler Flashing Light: An even simpler flashing light circuit Simplest Flashing Light: The simplest flashing light circuit in the world Sound control decoder: a sound system built from an electronic greeting card. Stall-Motor Switch Machine - Automatic Reversing Loop Circuit: Stall-Motor Switch Machine Circuits: Stall-Motor Switch Machine Drivers (LM556): The Magic Engine: a DIY-project: extract from the book. Toggle Switch Control Of Twin Coil Switch Machines: Traffic Light Control Circuit (74145): Train Detector with Infrared LED: A moderately complex train detector using an infrared LED and detector Train Electrical system 1: H0 and N Train Electrical system 2: for three coaches, H0 and N. Train Electrical system 3: Railcar Electrical system Turnout Anti-Derail Protection: Twin Coil Switch Machine - Automatic Reversing Loop Circuits: Two Wire Throttle Control System: Various Transistor Throttle Circuits: Visible Light Photo Detector Circuits (E+F): Voltage Doubler Input- DCC Only Block Occupancy Detector:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Model_Train_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:20:39 PM]
Model Airplane Circuits - Model Airplane Circuit Resource - Science & Hobby Projects
Model Airplane Circuits

Downed Model Locator: Downed Model Locator II: Launch Controller for multiple rockets: Model rocket launch Controller: Model Rocket With Video Camera: Multi Launcher for Model Rockets: Multi Rocket Launcher: One ounce rocket ejection timer: Pad launch Controller for model rockets: Phase Shift Radio Direction Finder: PIC Based rocket altimeter: Plane Locator Beeper: Plane Locator Beeper #2: Here is another device to help you locate your downed R/C sailplane in the bushes and weeds. Similar to the other design, this circuit plugs into a spare servo socket on your receiver, and it is a pulse omission detector. The alarm sounds when pulses originating from your transmitter are no longer being received--turn off your transmitter to turn on the alarm and help you find your plane. This circuit is simpler than the other design, is much easier to build, but is not quite as specific. While the other design tests for a specific frequency of pulses, this design is less picky, and may not work quite as well in areas with more radio frequency background noise. Precision Digital Altimeter: The current concept incorporates a wireless transmitter and receiver and is thought to be used for remote controlled airplanes or appliances with two separate parts. In other words, we have one dedicated transmitter (acquisition, filtering) and one dedicated receiver part (user-interface, look-up table, calibration, storage), capable of being connected together with any physical layer, e.g. wired, wireless, infrared. If you want to build a standalone altimeter/variometer just for hiking or mountaineering, this setup can obviously be simplified by omitting the wireless components.. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/model_airplane_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:20:43 PM]
Electronic Resources - Science Projects - Hobby Circuits
Modem Circuits
56K RF Modem: 900Mhz 9600bps Link:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Modem_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:20:45 PM]
Modulators Circuits - Electronic Science - Hobby Projects
Modulators Circuits
12 Volt or 24 Volt DC Pulse Width Modulator: This circuit can be used as a light dimmer or DC motor speed controller. 2 Transistor FM Transmitters: 3 Watt FM Transmitter: 68HC11 Function Generator: Active clamp/reset PWM IC becomes more versatile: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The UCC3580 (www.ti.com), IC1 in Figure 1, is an active-clamp/reset-PWM IC that has all the requisites of a power-supply IC except for current limit. You can use the shutdown pin (16) for this purpose (see the UCC3580 data sheet). But when the shutdown pin activates, the soft-start capacitor normally connected to Pin 15 discharges, and the converter starts again, resulting in hiccup mode... Add on AM Modulator has High Bandwidth: 09/11/98 EDN-Design Ideas AM / FM / SW Active Antenna: This circuit shows an active antenna that can be used for AM, FM, and shortwave SW. On the shortwave band this active antenna is comparable to a20 to30 foot wire antenna. This circuit uses receivers that use untuned wire antennas, such as inexpensive units and car radios. L1 can be selected for the application AM Receiver: AM Transmitter: Basic FM Radio Transmitters: Circuit makes simple FSK modulator: 10/11/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The need for a compact telemetry system poses a challenge for designing a small, light, lowcomponent-count system. Interfacing serial data from the microprocessor is also difficult because most low-cost RF transmitters do not accept dc levels at the input. Commercial FSK (frequency-shift-keying) modulators are bulky and need many passive components. . Circuit sequences supplies for FPGAs: 01/23/03 EDN-Design Ideas / System designers must consider the timing and voltage differences between core and I/O power supplies (in other words, power-supply sequencing) during power-up and power-down. The possibility of a latch-up failure or excessive current draw exists when power-supply sequencing does not occur properly. The trigger for latch-up may occur if power supplies apply different potentials to the core and ..... Class B Series Modulator: Current Amp Provides Frequency Modulation: 12/04/97 EDN-Design Ideas DC to Pulse Width Modulator: This control circuit is suitable for the accurate control of DC motors, lighting levels, small heaters as well as other applications. The circuit converts a DC voltage into a series of pulses, such that the pulse duration is directly proportional to the value of the DC voltage. This circuit can operate with 835VDC and control up to 6.5A current. The control voltage is adjustable (can be tuned for0-10-Volt DC). Digital Potentiometer Controls Phase Shift: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Digitally Controlled Phase Shift: Altering the phase response of a signal without changing its amplitude characteristics is commonly performed using an all pass filter. This circuit implementation is well suited to using digital potentiometers as the controlling element.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Modulator_Circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:20:53 PM]
Dual Voltage Controlled Filter with Modulator: Dual Voltage Controlled Oscillator with Modulator: Eight Channel Eight Bit PWM Controller: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug-1995 FM Beacon Transmitter (88 108 MHz): This circuit will transmit a continuous audio tone on the FM broadcast band (88-108 MHz) which could used for remote control or security purposes. Circuit draws about30 mA from a 6-9 volt battery and can be received to about100 yards. FM Radio Bug: FM Radio Telephone Bug: FM Radio Telephone Transmitter: FM Radio Transmitter #1: FM Radio Transmitter: FM transmitter : FPGMakes Simple FIFO: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Improved FM Stereo Modulator: Improved frequency modulator uses "negatron": 07/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can improve a capacitive-sensor circuit with a modulator and an RF transmitter (Reference 1) by modifying the modulator portion to obtain better accuracy. More improvements result from adding a "negatron" circuit, a configuration that uses equivalent negative capacitance. Reference 2 gives some insight into the uses of negative impedance.. KD2BD AT Volt AM Video Modulator: video signal processing circuit that allows adjustment of video gain, video bias, sync and sync level Limiting Amplifier Forms AM Modulator: 12/07/95 EDN-Design Ideas Linear, MicroPower Pulse Width Modulator: Low Cost Audio Video Modulator & Transmitter: project report in PDF format Low Power FM Transmitter: Micro Power AM Broadcast Transmitters: In this circuit, a 74HC14 hex Schmitt trigger inverter is used as a square wave oscillator to drive a small signal transistor in a Class C amplifier configuration. The oscillator frequency can be either fixed by a crystal or made adjustable VFO with a capacitor/resistor combination. Micro Spy With FETs: Micro Spy With TTL: Micro Spy With USW: MicroPower FM Broadcasting Circuits: MicroPower Pulse Width Modulator: Miniature FM Transmitter #1: Miniature FM Transmitter #2: Miniature FM Transmitter #3: Miniature FM Transmitters #4: Modulator Draws just 5 MAt 2.7V: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Modulator's Design Cuts FPGA's Gate Count: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The pulse-width modulator (PWM) macro in Fig1 requires only half as much logic as a conventional2-counter design. With the help of extra logic, a synchronous, loadable up/down counter can encode information in the duty cycle of a constantfrequency, constant-amplitude signal. MPF102 FM Receiver: Non Powered Ring Modulator Circuit: Novel LowCost QPSK Modulator Needs No Adjustments : 09/16/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Eliminating software adjustments in circuits based on digital logic improves robustness and reduces cost for small-production-run series. This circuit is a cost-improved version of classical QPSK modulator designs. Based on common CMOS logic, it needs... PCB Drill Controller: The speed controller in this article overcomes this problem by raising the voltage to the drill as the load is increased. The unit uses a basic Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) regulator to reduce the power dissipation. Phase Shift Radio Direction Finder: Phase Shifter Yields Slope Polarity Detection: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Phase Shifter:
PLD Adds PWM SoftStart Function To Switching Power Supplies: 07/08/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Switching converters sometimes use softstart circuitry to reduce the large in-rush current that occurs when they first turn on. By employing a PLD, soft start can be added to power-supply controllers that don't natively support this function, but... Provide 4 to 20 MPWM Control: 09/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Are useful when you use4- to20-mA current-loop signals to control a PWM signal Provide 4to 20mPWM Control: 09/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Are useful when you use4- to20-mA current-loop signals to control a PWM signal Pulse Width Modulation DC Motor Control: controls the motor speed by driving the motor with short pulses Pulse Width Modulators: generating PWM waveform is extremely simple with the circuits shown in this page Pulse Width to Voltage Converter: PWM Circuit uses one OpAmp: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / circuit delivers a rectangular signal with duty cycle varying between0 and100% in response to an input signal varying from0 to5V dc PWM Controller: 555 Timer based PWM motor control project for electric fan or other DC motor PWM Motor / Light Controller Variations: diagrams are for12V operation and there are high side (common ground) and low side (common +12V) versions PWM Speed Control: includes theory and some example circuits PWM Watchdog Circuit Ensures upper Bounds: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple AM Radio Receiver & Amplifier: Simple Circuit Provides Efficient PWM: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Simple PWM ADC is Surprisingly Accurate: 06/09/94 EDN-Design Ideas Simple PWM Signal Generator Suits Backlight LCD Applications : 04/15/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In LCD backlight applications, a dc-to-ac inverter drives cold-cathode fluorescent lamps. The inverter's input comes from the display's power supply. Currently, it spans from 12 to 18 V. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) dimming, or digital dimming, can... Small FM Transmitter: Stereo Ducker: T Volt Modulator: This circuit uses an MC1373 to form a TV video modulator Three Watt FM Transmitter: Transistor pair lowers PWM IC's start up current: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Two Transistor FM Transmitters: Variations on the PWM DC Motor Speed Control: VHF / UHF T Volt Modulator: Elektor January1985 Voltage Controlled Mixer with Modulator: Waveform Generator Demodulates FM Signals: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
Sensors / Detectors: Water / Moisture Sensors - Electronic Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Water / Moisture Sensors

12 Volt Sump Pump Control: 12 Volt Toilet Tank Refiller: Digital Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter (PIC16F876): Hot Water Tank Indicator: Moisture Alarm: Plant Moisture Monitor: Rain Detector: Rain Detector: Shower Stopper: Simple Emergency Sump Pump Control: Sump Pump Control for12V DC Bilge Pump Water Activated Relay: Water Level Alarm: Water Level Sensor:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Moisture_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:20:56 PM]
One Shot / Monostable Circuits - Electronic Hobby Resource
One Shot / Monostable Circuits

555 One Shot: Basic555 MonoStable Multivibrator 555 Timer MonoStable Circuit using Pushbutton: Astable Multivibrator 1: Astable Multivibrator 2: Basic 555 Monostable: Circuit forms adjustable bipolar clamp: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The easy way to clamp a signal to a given value is to use two zener diodes, connected backto-back. This method has several disadvantages. The accuracy of the clamping depends on the tolerance of the zener diodes, and the clamping is not adjustable, except by changing diodes. The circuit in Figure 1 is a bipolar clamper with a range of 1 to 10V, with the clamping level a fun... . Controller IC and one shot form resonant controller: 11/28/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Resonant power supplies are popular because of high efficiency, low noise, and compactness. You can implement a resonant buck or boost converter using a single switch. The regulation of the output in such a converter derives from using a constant on or off time and a variable frequency. The UC1864 controller IC (Texas Instruments, www.. Discrete Set / Reset Flip Flop: Dual One Shot Makes Rising and Falling Edge Detector: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas /PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Experimental Data Transmitter for Fiber optics: MonoStable Flip Flops (One Shot): Monostable Makes Low Cost F/ Volt Converter: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Monostable Multivibrator: NE555 Basic Monostable: One shot provides frequency discrimination: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / You use a frequency discriminator to compare one signal frequency with another one. A functional feature, retriggering, of a monostable, one-shot 74xx123 multivibrator can yield frequency discrimination. Figure 1 shows a frequency discriminator that determines the relation of input-pulse frequency to a reference frequency.... One Shot Remembers Input Pulse Width: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas OneShot Timing Improves Microprocessor Reset Circuit : 10/28/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many microprocessor-based products require a manualreset capability that allows the user, test technician, or external circuitry to reboot the system without a full power-down/power-up cycle. To simplify the necessary timing and system interface,... Repeating One Shot yields Clean, StablePulses: 12/08/94 EDN-Design Ideas Repeating oneshot yields Clean, Stable Pulses: 12/08/94 EDN-Design Ideas Slow OpAmp Makes Fast Multivibrator: 01/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Monostable.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:21:01 PM]
One Shot / Monostable Circuits - Electronic Hobby Resource
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Monostable.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:21:01 PM]
Electronic Science Resource - Morse Code Circuits
Morse Code Circuits

2 Way Morse Practice Set: The system consists of a pair of Morse practice oscillators connected by a piece of 2-conductor cable 30 Meter QRP Transmitter for Morse Code: Code Practice Oscillator: CW Beacon Keyer: Morse Adaptor for your VHF / UHF FM Rig: Morse Code Beacon Keyer: Morse Code Practice Keyer #1: Morse Code Practice Keyer #2: PIC16F84 Based Morse Code Reader: RF Actuated CW Monitor: Smooth Tone Clickless CW SideTone Generator: Two Way Morse Practice Set: The system consists of a pair of Morse practice oscillators connected by a piece of2-conductor cable Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Morse-Code_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:21:05 PM]
MOSFET Circuits - Electronic Hobby Resource
MOSFET Circuits
Low Cost MOSFET Quashes Power Resistor: 06/09/94 EDN-Design Ideas MOSFET Beats Murphy's Law: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas MOSFET Circuit UPS Regulator's Output Current: 02/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Use a current mirror and a power MOSFET to increase the output-current capability of an IC-voltage regulator MOSFET Current Sensing: Method of mirror current sensing a MOSFET MOSFET Power Amp: DIY high power MOSFET amplifier200 Wrms 8 ohms -350 Wrms4 ohms MOSFET Power Amplifiers: A discussion of the benefits of the lateral MOSFET output devices used in todays High Power audio amplifiers MOSFET PowerAmp: DIY high power MOSFET amplifier200 Wrms 8 ohms -350 Wrms4 ohms MOSFET Replaces Switch #1: 01/20/94 EDN-Design Ideas / By using a cheap, readily available MOSFET, you can use a single-pole switch to turn a bipolar power supply on and off without consuming extra power. In Fig1, the switch simply controls the MOSFET gate, which switches on the negative supply. Resistor R, which can be several megohms, is not necessary if the 6V rails are permanently connected to a load, such as an op-amp circuit. Because the MOSFETs RDS (ON) is a fraction of an ohm, power loss is minimal, and the circuit suits moderateconsumption, battery-operated circuitry MOSFET Replaces Switch #2: 02/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas / You can use a singlepole switch to turn a bipolar power supply on and off without consuming extra power MOSFET serves as ultrafast plate driver: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a 20-MHz square wave across a set of highly capacitive ion-deflection plates in an experimental instrument. To get the required deflection, the plate voltage must be 20 to 30V, much higher voltage than conventional logic or driver families can provide. To minimize artifacts, the rise and fall times must be very fast, with a minimum of overshoot and ringing.. MOSFET switch provides efficient AC / DC conversion: 02/17/00 EDN-Design Ideas / MOSFET tester: MOSFETs reduce crosstalk effects on analog switches: 05/29/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Some cost-effective analog multiplexer/demultiplexer ICs, such as the CD4053 and CD4066, find frequent use as signal distributors. These digitally controlled analog switches have low on-resistance. However, with all channels in the same package, crosstalk can be annoying and unavoidable. Figure 1 provides a cost-effective and viable method of solving this problem.... Simple Circuit Detects Current Pulses: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The pulse detector provides a visible indication of positive and negative current pulses. The pulses amplitudes can vary from20 to150 mA. The pulses durations can range from10 to40 msec, and their repetition rate can span40 to180 pulses/minute.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/MOSFET_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:21:12 PM]
MOSFET Circuits - Electronic Hobby Resource
Simple Isolated Supply Design Suits FixedDCVoltage Systems : 12/23/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Most high-voltage systems that include lowvoltage ICs must inject isolated supplies into their setups. The design and implementation of these supplies is usually quite involved. However, a simple approach is possible for systems in which the...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/MOSFET_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:21:12 PM]
Electronic Sensors - Detectors - Motion Sensors
Sensors / Detectors: Motion Sensors

Infrared Active Motion Detector: An ambient-light-ignoring infrared active motion detector Passive Infrared Pyroelectric Infrared Motion Sensor: Ultrasonic Motion Detector: Ultrasonic Remote Control & Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Motion_Sensor.html [1/17/2007 5:21:15 PM]
Electronic Motor Control Circuits - Hobby Projects Resource
Motor Control Circuits

12 Volt or 24 Volt DC Pulse Width Modulator: : This circuit can be used as a light dimmer or DC motor speed controller. 12 Volt Sump Pump Control: 220 Volt Motor Speed Control: can be used for controlling the RPM of a ball mill and star rolling machine motors, or electric drills 230 Volt AC Motor Controller: controls speed of230-Volt AC universal motor, in PDF format, text in Finnish 68HC11 Stepper Motor Control: AC Motor Driver Features PC Programmability : 08/05/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A simple PC-programmable ac motor driver is easily implemented using one FIFO, simple logic, and power drivers. Figure 1 shows the basic block diagram of the circuit. It generates three sinusoidal voltage... AC Motor Speed Controller: AT89C2051 / 4051Stepper Motor Interface: Boost Converter Controls 12 Volt Fan From 5 Volt Supply: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Temperature-controlled PWM boost converter allows operation of a12V brushless dc fan from a5V supply Circuit Controls Isolated 12 Volt Stepper Motor: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Allows full direction and step control of a12V, four-phase stepper motor from a5V, TTL/CMOS-compatible logic controller Circuit Controls Slew for Stepper Drive: 08/19/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Slewing control for stepper motors that you use in sophisticated applications, such as monochromator movements in optical experiments Circuit Forms DC Motor Switch With Brake: 01/10/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Controlling a small dc motor without speed control sounds like a trivial task; a switch or a relay should suffice. However, several problems accompany this approach. Circuit Generates Analog Fan Speed Control: Maxim-IC Appnote #1125 / This circuit delivers a continuous and linear fan-control voltage that is proportional to temperature. Circuit generates fan speed control: 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Fan noise is becoming a significant issue as electronic equipment increasingly enters the office and the home. Noise is proportional to fan speed, and the airflow hence, fan speed necessary for cooling is less at low ambient temperatures. Because ambient temperature is lower than the upper design point most of the time, a fan can run slower, making it easier on the ears. Circuit generates fan speed control: 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Fan noise is becoming a significant issue as electronic equipment increasingly enters the office and the home. Noise is proportional to fan speed, and the airflow hence, fan speed necessary for cooling is less at low ambient temperatures. Because ambient temperature is lower than the upper design point most of the time, a fan can run slower, making it easier on the ears.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Motor_Controls.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 5:21:19 PM]
Circuit protects system from overheating: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The two-chip circuit in Figure 1 provides fan control and overtemperature warning and shutdown signals to protect systems from excessive heat. The circuit monitors the temperature of the pc board and the die temperature of a CPU, an FPGA, or another IC with an on-chip temperature-sensing transistor. . Circuit provides bidirectional, variable speed motor control: 05/16/2002 EDN Design Ideas / During the development of systems that include small motors, a simple, bidirectional motor controller with speed adjustment may be helpful. Figure 1 shows such a controller. The circuit uses everyday components whose tolerances and ratings are unimportant as long as they sustain the required voltage, current, and power.. Circuit provides Class D motor control: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Class D audio amplifiers provide a dual benefit for battery-powered portable devices. They enhance battery life, and they produce much less power dissipation than do their linear cousins. Those features make Class D amplifiers ideal candidates for controlling speed and direction in small electric motors.... Computer Controller for DC Motors: This circuit is easy to build and use and it can control two DC motors of any current or voltage rating, depending on the rating of the relays. The circuit also provides two shaft encoders for positional feedback to the computer. DC Motor Reversing Circuit: DC Push Button Motor Control Circuit: Digital Speed Control for RC Car: DC motor PWM controller that takes the1ms to2ms pulse from the RC receiver and converts it into a PWM train at1Khz Dimmer/ Motor Speed Control: DIY Wavemaker: controls two electric water pumps Fan Controller Adapts to System Temperature: 09/25/97 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit adjusts a fans speed according to temperature. H Bridge Direct Current Motor Control Circuits: H Bridge Motor Control: general introduction to H bridges H Bridge Switch for Small Motors: simple switch circuit for reversing and stopping a motor without any control of speed increasing the High Speed Torque of BiPolar Stepper Motors: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug-1995 Inexpensive Logic Controls Stepper Motor: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Infrared Toy Car Motor Controller: Load Measurement On DC Motor Needs No Sensing Transformer : 04/15/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / When absolute precision isn't an issue, engineers can select PWM control and back-EMF (BEMF) sensing for a dc motor's speed control. The motor must also be protected from overload. Typical solutions use a current-sensing transformer, or sensing... Low Voltage DC Motor Speed Controller: Make a Simple Ramp Generator for Stepper Motors : 04/04/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Stepper motors are synchronous motors that step at the pulse rate of the driving signal. For the motor to move quickly, the stepping rate must be fast. Make a simple ramp generator for stepper motors: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Stepper motors are synchronous motors that step at the pulse rate of the driving signal. For the motor to move quickly, the stepping rate must be fast. However, because of motor and load inertia, the motor often cannot go from 0 rpm to the desired number of revolutions per minute in one step. Therefore, most stepper motors receive their drive from a pulse chain that starts out slowly and ... . Mini Drill Variable Power Supply: MOSFET switch provides efficient AC / DC conversion: 02/17/00 EDN-Design Ideas Motor control scheme yields four positions with two outputs: 02/07/2002 EDN Design Ideas / Figure 1 showshow to position a mechanical device into four discrete positions but with only two free outputs and one free input from the control system. The position depends on a set of cams and four corresponding limit switches. The 24V-dc motor comes with a worm gear. Darlington transistors Q3 to Q6 and resistors R7 to R12 form an H-bridge that drives the dc motor, M.
Motor Controller operates Without Tachometer Feedback: 12/09/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / This circuit uses a back-EMF for motor speed controlling to make a voltage controlled motor speed controller Motor controller uses fleapower : 09/25/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A simple, permanent-magnet dc motor is an essential element in a variety of products, such as toys, servo mechanisms, valve actuators, robots, and automotive electronics. In many of these applications, the motor must rotate in a given direction until the mechanism reaches the end of travel, at which point the motor must automatically stop... MOTOR DIRECTION CONTROLLER: This circuit can control a small DC motor, like the one in a tape recorder. Motor Speed Control: allows you to control the speed of an AC motor, for example an electric drill, designed for115-Volt AC OptoCoupled Gate Detects Motor Operation: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas PCB Drill Controller: The speed controller in this article overcomes this problem by raising the voltage to the drill as the load is increased. The unit uses a basic Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) regulator to reduce the power dissipation. Position Detectors Provide Motorcontrol Logic: 05/24/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Power Line Appliance Controller: Programmable Source Powers DC MicroMotors: 03/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / A simple, economic, compact, and tricky way of using the LM723 as a programmable voltage source to drive dc micromotors which can set the output to a value of200 mV to 6V Pulse Width Modulation DC Motor Control: controls the motor speed by driving the motor with short pulses PWM Controller: 555 Timer based PWM motor control project for electric fan or other DC motor PWM DC Motor Speed Control: PWM Motor / Light Controller Variations: diagrams are for12V operation and there are high side (common ground) and low side (common +12V) versions PWM Speed Control: includes theory and some example circuits Rotary Controller Positions Stepping Motor: 08/03/95 EDN-Design Ideas Serial Servo Motor Controller: Simple Emergency Sump Pump Control: Sump Pump Control for12V DC Bilge Pump SIMPLE STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER: This circuit can be used to control a unipolar stepper motor, which has four coils SN754410 Dual Motor Driver Board: Speed Control Handles Isolated 48 Volt Fans : 08/05/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Chips are available to monitor and control ventilation fans. But less common are fan controllers for telecom applications. Such fans must operate in electrically isolated environments with a supply voltage in the 36- to 72-V range. For example, the... Stepper Motor Controller #1: Stepper Motor Controller #2: Uses the CPLD and 8031 microcontroller on the XS95 Board to control the rotational speed and direction of a stepper motor. (This project is in Spanish.) Stepper Motor Driver : 74194 Inexpensive stepper motor driver that could be used to power slow speed projects on the layout or other hobby applications Stepper Motor Experiment: Stepper Motor Positioner: System monitors multiple temperatures, controls fan speed: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Controlled NiCad Charger: Temperature Regulator: Thermo Cooling Fan: fan controller, which controls fan based on temperature Three Phase Motor Driver Prevents Stalls: 01/05/95 EDN-Design Ideas Two Components Drive Stepper Motor: 01/19/95 EDN-Design Ideas Using a Light Dimmer IC for AC Motor Speed Control: This circuit example uses LS7231 Light Dimmer IC
Variations on the PWM DC Motor Speed Control:
Mouse Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects - Science Resource
Mouse Circuits
PC Mouse Implementation Using COP800 : National Semiconductor Application Notes first published 05-Aug-1995
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Mouse_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:21:24 PM]
Multiplexer Circuits / Scanner Circuits - Electronic Resources
Multiplexer Circuits / Scanner Circuits

Analog multiplexers help Test ISA bus IRQs & DRQs: 12/07/95 EDN-Design Ideas Astable Multivibrator #1: Astable Multivibrator #2: Cancel Multiplexed DAC's Output Error, And Add A Sign Bit : 06/10/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In some applications, like dataloggers, it's desirable to have many multiplexed analog outputs. As only a single output is active at once, a voltage-output digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and an analog multiplexer can do this. You can use this kind... CMOS Toggle Flip Flop with Relay(CD4013): Data multiplexer adds cursor to LED Display Driver: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas Discrete BiStable Flip Flop: Discrete Set / Reset Flip Flop: Independently Vary A Multivibrator's Duty Cycle And Frequency : 10/28/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / When testing the response of many pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) systems, there's a need to independently vary a multivibrator's frequency and duty cycle. Such systems include dc motors, ultrasonic hydrophones, and piezo-ceramic transducers. The ... Low Cost RS232C multiplexer serves as multiport Adapter: 03/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Mains Operated Christmas Star: Maximum Voltage sorter uses Analog multiplexers: 09/29/94 EDN-Design Ideas Multiplexer Amplifiers form large, multiplane multiplexer structures: 12/26/02 EDNDesign Ideas / The variety of video sources available to a home-video-switching system has grown from a few composite inputs to many multisignal sources. These sources include cable, HDTV, satellite dishes, VCR, DVD, video games in broadcast, and multi-PC or graphic KVM (keyboard-video-mouse) applications. Multiplexer creates mixed signal Scope Input: 01/16/97 EDN-Design Ideas ScanMate Audio Activated recorded: your (Radio) scanner buddy! Serial Data Multiplexer: Single Coax Carries Video, Power, & Channel Select Signals: Soft On / Off Switch: Modern electronic equipment incorporates "push-to-on-pushto-off" switches that do not make the clicking noise as with old equipment. An example of this is the power button on an ATX computer cabinet. Here is a circuit that does the same. It can be used to turn on/off any electronic/electrical equipment that operates on any range of voltages. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Multiplexers.html [1/17/2007 5:21:28 PM]
Multivibrator Circuits - Electronic Multivibrator Resource
Multivibrator Circuits
Astable Multivibrator 1: Astable Multivibrator 2: CMOS Toggle Flip Flop With Relay(CD4013): Discrete BiStable Flip Flop: Discrete Set / Reset Flip Flop: Fast Rise time Multivibrator: Flip-Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.: Gated Oscillator Emulates a Flip Flop: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Independently Vary a Multivibrator's Duty Cycle and Frequency : 10/28/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / When testing the response of many pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) systems, there's a need to independently vary a multivibrator's frequency and duty cycle. Such systems include dc motors, ultrasonic hydrophones, and piezo-ceramic transducers. The ... Mains Operated Christmas Star: Monostable Multivibrator: Soft On / Off Switch: Modern electronic equipment incorporates "push-to-on-pushto-off" switches that do not make the clicking noise as with old equipment. An example of this is the power button on an ATX computer cabinet. Here is a circuit that does the same. It can be used to turn on/off any electronic/electrical equipment that operates on any range of voltages. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Stable Multivibrator (IC): Stable Multivibrator (Transistor):
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Multivibrator_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:21:31 PM]
Musical Circuits - Electronic Hobby and Science Projects
Musical Circuits
8 Note Tune Player: Circuit plays 8 note tunes at any speed Analog Music Zone Guitar Effects Schematics: guitar effects, compressors Analog Synth Electronics Music D.I.Y..: Audible Metronome: Bias Circuits: Birdie Doorbell Ringer: Book PC MP3 Player: A small computer running Linux with 12 volt power supply and wired remote control makes a great sound system for a car. Cat SRM I: Color Organ #3: makes3 lights to blink and flash to music Digitally Controlled Phase Shift: Altering the phase response of a signal without changing its amplitude characteristics is commonly performed using an all pass filter. This circuit implementation is well suited to using digital potentiometers as the controlling element. Electronic Canary: Electronic Fish Lure: Electronic Metronome: Electronic Whistle: Fender Champ Replica: Fender Preamp With Horizontal Tube Mounting: Guitar Amp Circuit: Guitar Reverb Circuit: Improving a Guitar: information on rewiring an electric guitar Infrared Theremin Musical Instrument: Keyboard Scanned 8 tone Generator: Laser harp: Music On Hold for Telephones: Musical Touch Bell: Musical Tone Generator: One Transistor Theremin: Phone "Hold" With Music: Polyphonic Piano: Spring Reverb unit: Tone Display System: This device gives visual feedback of which note you're playing, so you can set up the note before bringing up the volume to sound it. It features a 40-LED display, for over three octaves of range at any given time. Furthermore, a three-position switch extends the range by two octaves, for a total usable range of over five octaves. Transistor Organ: Various tube Crossover Circuits: Voltage Controlled Panner Circuit: VOX AC30 Guitar Amplifier Simulator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Musical_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:21:38 PM]
Musical Circuits - Electronic Hobby and Science Projects
Yet Another Mobile MP3 Player: This is an earlier player using a conventional PC motherboard, so the power supply I designed is quite compatible.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/M/Musical_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:21:38 PM]
One Shot - Monostable Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
One Shot / Monostable Circuits

555 One Shot: Basic555 MonoStable Multivibrator 555 Timer MonoStable Circuit using Pushbutton: Astable Multivibrator 1: Astable Multivibrator 2: Basic 555 Monostable: Circuit forms adjustable bipolar clamp: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The easy way to clamp a signal to a given value is to use two zener diodes, connected backto-back. This method has several disadvantages. The accuracy of the clamping depends on the tolerance of the zener diodes, and the clamping is not adjustable, except by changing diodes. The circuit in Figure 1 is a bipolar clamper with a range of 1 to 10V, with the clamping level a fun... . Controller IC and one shot form resonant controller: 11/28/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Resonant power supplies are popular because of high efficiency, low noise, and compactness. You can implement a resonant buck or boost converter using a single switch. The regulation of the output in such a converter derives from using a constant on or off time and a variable frequency. The UC1864 controller IC (Texas Instruments, www.. Discrete Set / Reset Flip Flop: Dual One Shot Makes Rising and Falling Edge Detector: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Experimental Data Transmitter for Fiber optics: MonoStable Flip Flops (One Shot): Monostable Makes Low Cost F/ Volt Converter: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Monostable Multivibrator: NE555 Basic Monostable: One shot provides frequency discrimination: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / You use a frequency discriminator to compare one signal frequency with another one. A functional feature, retriggering, of a monostable, one-shot 74xx123 multivibrator can yield frequency discrimination. Figure 1 shows a frequency discriminator that determines the relation of input-pulse frequency to a reference frequency.... One Shot Remembers Input Pulse Width: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas OneShot Timing Improves Microprocessor Reset Circuit : 10/28/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many microprocessor-based products require a manualreset capability that allows the user, test technician, or external circuitry to reboot the system without a full power-down/power-up cycle. To simplify the necessary timing and system interface,... Repeating One Shot yields Clean, StablePulses: 12/08/94 EDN-Design Ideas Repeating oneshot yields Clean, Stable Pulses: 12/08/94 EDN-Design Ideas Slow OpAmp Makes Fast Multivibrator: 01/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas
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One Shot - Monostable Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
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Operational Amplifier Circuit - Electronic Hobby Project Circuits
Amplifier Circuits: Operational

1 in/4 out Audio Distribution Amplifier : 2 wire Remote Microphone Amplifier : 25 Hz Peaking Amplifier : 30Hz to 90Hz Adj P.A. Driver : 4 in/1 out Summing Power Amplifier : 4.5 H. Magnetic P.B. Head Preamplifier : 44 Audio Dist. Ampl. Circuit : 60 to 100KHz Adj. Tape Bias Oscillator : AC and op amp provide variable control voltage: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Early DACs contained standard R-2R ladder networks, and produced a negative output voltage. These early DACs, such as the MAX7837/7847 and the MAX523, require both positive and negative supply rails to accommodate their negative output. With the transition to single-supply ICs, however, many modern DACs operate with a single supply rail and an inverted R-2R ladder network. . ACN (Active Combining Network) : Application Guide for OpAmps: Bitmap Bitmap National Semiconductor Application Notes, 04-Nov-1995 Applications of the LM392 Comparator OpAmp IC: National Semiconductor Application Notes, 04-Nov-1995 Applying a New Precision OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 Applying Dual & Quad FET OpAmps : National Semiconductor Application Notes,10May-1996 Audio Level Meter Amplifier : Basic OpAmp Circuits: Bootstrapping allows single rail op amp to provide 0V output: 02/06/03 EDNDesign Ideas / Many single-supply-powered applications require amplifier-output swings within 1 mVor even submillivoltsof ground. Amplifier-output-saturation limitations normally preclude such operation. Figure 1's power-supply bootstrapping scheme achieves the desired characteristics with minimal parts count Bridging Line Amplifier : Circuit Provides Inverting / Noninverting Gain: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Provides Linear Volt to I Conversion: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Constant current Amplifier : Constant current Power Amplifier : Current Feedback Amplifiers : National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug1995 DAC & OpAmp Provide Variable Control Voltage: 12/06/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
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DAC and op amp provide variable control voltage: 12/06/01 EDN-Design Ideas / Early DACs contained standard R-2R ladder networks, and produced a negative output voltage. These early DACs, such as the MAX7837/7847 and the MAX523, require both positive and negative supply rails to accommodate their negative output. With t... Designing An OpAmp Headphone Amplifier: many circuit examples Designing With a New Super Fast Dual Norton Amplifier : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Designing With OpAmp: Audio design has for many years relied on a very small number of Op-Amp types. The TL072 and the5532, numbers that will be immediately familiar to anyone involved in audio electronics, have dominated the small-signal scene for many years. There are however other Op-Amps, some of which can be very useful, and a selected range is covered here. Digital Quality Microphone Pre Ampl. Using the Model 425 OPAMP : Dual OpAmp Doubles Output Current: 09/12/96 EDN-Design Ideas Dual Polarity Amplifier has Digital Control: 09/12/96 EDN-Design Ideas Feedback & Amplification #1: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas Feedback Network Silences OpAmp Resistor Noise: 09/12/96 EDN-Design Ideas Feedforward Compensation Speeds OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Film Optical Record Amplifier w/ Noise Reduction Circuit : FM Radio Transmitters With OpAmp : Frequency Dependant Negative Resistor (Using OpAmps): Head set Intercom : I Feedback Amplifier Puts Parasites to Work: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas IC OpAmp Beats FETs on Input Current : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 IFB Intercom : Ignore Input Range Limits in Wideband OpAmp: 07/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Inductors 6mH to 1600mH : LH0024 & LH0032 High Speed OpAmp Applications : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Linear power driver works from single supply: 07/25/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / (added 10/03) In low-power, single-supply analog applications, it is often desirable to maintain precise control of voltages much greater than the positivesupply rail. The circuit in Figure 1 allows you to amplify the input voltage, VIN, by a factor, A, which resistors R1 and R2 set. The output voltage, VOUT, equals AVIN, where A=R2/(R1+R2).. LM118 OpAmp Slews 70 Volt / Microsecond : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 LM3900New Current Differencing Quad of Plus or Minus Input Amplifiers: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 LM6361 / LM6364 / LM6365 Fast OpAmps: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 / Offer High Speed at Low Power Consumption Low Distortion Wideband Power OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Low Noise Precision OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun1996 Low Power Op Amp Audio Amp (Intercom): Main Principles of Amplifier Wiring : How to wire operational amplifier MicroPower using the LM4250 Programmable OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Monolithic OpAmp the Universal Linear Component : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Monolithic Power OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,01-May-1998 Multi track Recording System : Negative Resistor Cancels opamp Load: 05/24/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. New OpAmp Ideas : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995
Noninverting op amp circuit has simple gain formula: 11/28/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Basic textbooks describe inverting and noninverting amplifiers based on operational amplifiers. These amplifiers have different gain equations. Whereas in the inverting configuration, the gain is the ratio of the feedback and input resistances, in the noninverting amplifier, the gain ratio has an added term.. Op Amp improves Power Supply's Regulation: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Op amp linearizes attenuator control response: 07/25/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Professional-audio equipment commonly uses Analog Devices' (www.analog.com) high-performance, quad-voltage-controlled SSM2164 attenuator. The control response is -30 dB/V, with 0V producing unity gain. Attenuation increases as the applied control voltage increases in the positive direction. The circuit in Figure 1 extends the range of applications for this versatile chip by providing a simple.... Op amp linearizes response of FET VCA: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Fets find common use in VCAs (voltage-controlled amplifiers) and attenuators, in which the FET serves as a variable resistance. A control voltage applied to the gate sets the channel resistance and overall circuit gain. You frequently need to select individual FETs because of wide spreads in FET characteristics.. OpAmp Basics: OpAmp Booster Designs : National Semiconductor Application Notes,09-Apr-1996 OpAmp Circuit Collection : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 OpAmp Design & Test Board: OpAmp Doubles As Instrumentation Amp: 09/15/94 EDN-Design Ideas OpAmp Linearizes Attenuator Control Response: 07/25/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Professional-audio equipment commonly uses Analog Devices (www.analog.com) high-performance, quad-voltage-controlled SSM2164 attenuator. The control response is -30 dB/V, with0V producing unity gain. OpAmp Linearizes Response of FET VCA: 09/05/02 EDN-Design Ideas / Fets find common use in VCAs (voltage-controlled amplifiers) and attenuators, in which the FET serves as a variable resistance. A control voltage applied to the gate sets the channel resistance and overall circuit gain. OpAmp Makes Precise 9 Volt Battery Splitter: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Alkaline 9V batteries are ideal for many portable, handheld applications, this circuit generates a bipolar supply of5V and -2.3 to -4V using a precision5V reference and one op amp as a supply splitter OpAmp Oscillators Simplify RF Designs: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas OpAmp Radio: OpAmp Rectifier Signals Input State: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Optical Magnetic Projection Booth System: Party line Intercom : Phonograph Disc Playback Preamplifier : Phonograph Disc Record Amplifier : Piecewise Linear Amplifier Eschews Diodes: 10/12/95 EDN-Design Ideas Portable Mixer for Nagra Recorder : PWM Circuit uses one OpAmp: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / circuit delivers a rectangular signal with duty cycle varying between0 and100% in response to an input signal varying from0 to5V dc Railtorail op Amp Provides Biasing in RF Amp: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. RF oscillator uses current feedback op amp: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A current-feedback amplifier is a well-known component with many uses. Its basic block diagram shows that its input stage is a voltage followerin practice, a symmetrical emitter follower (Figure 1). The configuration samples the output current, converts it to voltage across a large impedance, and amplifies it to the output using a high-power, low-output-impedance amplifier.. Simple Op Amp Radio: Simple Timer Exploits OpAmp Bias Current: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Single NiCd Cell Drives OpAmp: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Single Polarity Powe Supply Circuit for 400 series Amplifiers : Slow OpAmp Makes Fast Multivibrator: 01/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas SwOpAmp Makes Square Wave Generator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas TO 3 Case Low Power Amplifier :
Topics on using the LM6181New Current Feedback Amplifier : National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug-1995 Transformerless Microphone Preamplifier : Tutorial on Applying OpAmps to RF Applications : National Semiconductor Application Notes,02-Apr-1999 Two OpAmps Make Fast Full Wave Rectifier: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Two wire Remote Microphone Amplifier : Use the LM158 / LM258 / LM358 Dual, Single Supply OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 V 44 Video Distribution Amplifier Schematic : Versatile ShiftKeying Generator Uses CurrentFeedback Amplifiers : 06/24/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Digital information often must travel through analog channels in applications like satellite communication, digital cellular phones, digital microwave communication, and others. This transmission is made possible by the sinusoidal signal-modulation... Video multiplexer uses high speed op amps : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Video multiplexers route video from several sources to a single channel. Low-end consumer products use CMOS analog switches and multiplexers, such as the 4066 and 4051. Unfortunately, these devices have a series on-resistance that ranges from approximately 100O to 1 kO, a resistance that is not constant with video level and that appears in series with the signal.... Wideband OpAmp Capable of MicroPower Operation : National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Oct-2001 Working With High Impedance OpAmps : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995
Opacity Circuits - Opacity Circuit Resource - Opacity Electronic Meters etc
Opacity Circuits
Opacity Meter: File contains several circuits, scroll to find this one
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Optical Fiber Circuits - Electronic Hobby - Science Projects
Optical Fiber Circuits

Experimental Data Transmitter for Fiber optics: Experimental Fiber Optic Receiver: Fiber Optic Voice Communications: Fibroptic transmitter : Point to Point Fiber Optic Links: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug1995 Remote Switch uses No Power Fiber Optic Link: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Sensor Derives Power From Laser over Fiber: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Simple CATV Upstream Fiber Optic Receiver Uses DC Pilot AGC: 01/20/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Upstream fiber links in a community antenna television (CATV) system are usually among the most difficult elements of the network to align properly. Set-top boxes and cable modems employ "long-loop" automatic gain control (AGC) (in other words,... Simple Circuit Uses Optical Fiber To Send RelativeHumidity Data : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit shown in the figure measures relative humidity in air at the low temperatures found in applications like cold storage of food items and greenhouses. Instead of using electrical signal cables that... Click here for Other Circuits
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Optic Circuits
Circuit controls intensity of reflex optical sights: 02/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A popular category of aiming/pointing aids is the reflex, or "red-dot," sight. This system finds use in such diverse applications as astronomy, archery, and shooting. In the reflex sight, light from an internal source-typically a high-intensity red LEDreflects from a curved, transparent optical (reflex) element through which you view the target. . Design a visible optical link for RS 232C communications: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The design in Figure 1 is a visible optical link for those who need to see the transmitted data. An isolation figure of more than 5000V is a bonus. Tests of the system used the COM input of a data-acquisition system, as well as a standard PC's COM port. The MC1489 converts the RS-232C data to TTL signals... Experimental Data Transmitter for Fiber optics: Experimental Fiber Optic Receiver: Fibroptic transmitter : LED Lamp Dimmer: Optoelectronics Circuit Suite: Point to Point Fiber Optic Links: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug1995 Remote Switch uses No Power Fiber Optic Link: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Sensor Derives Power From Laser over Fiber: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Simple CATV Upstream Fiber Optic Receiver Uses DC Pilot AGC: 01/20/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Upstream fiber links in a community antenna television (CATV) system are usually among the most difficult elements of the network to align properly. Set-top boxes and cable modems employ "long-loop" automatic gain control (AGC) (in other words,... U Volt Sensitive Photodetector:
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Optical Sensors - Electronic Circuits - Science Hobby Projects

741 Based Light Sensor: CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay Basic Infrared Light Train Detection: Battery Powered Sensor Detects Dangerous U Volt Radiation: 12/08/94 EDNDesign Ideas Block Occupancy Detector Helper: Dark / Light Activated Relay: Dark Activated Switch or Porch Light Switch: Darkness monitor : Day and Night Infrared Detection: Demodulator Makes Low Cost Optical Tracker: 06/18/98 EDN-Design Ideas Infrared to Light Converter: This circuit converts infrared light into sound. Modulated Infrared light, like that ROM remote controls, Infrared received by the phototransistor and is amplified by the LM386 IC. Laser Pointer Train Detector: Latching light detector is frugal with power and parts: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This idea demonstrates three uses for the humble LED. The circuit in Figure 1a forms a simple light detector that latches and turns on an LED when the ambient light exceeds a preset limit determined by potentiometer P1. LED D1 is both the indicator. Light / Dark Detector: Light Detector #1: Light Detector #2: Light Direction Sensor: Light Intensity Sensor: Logarithmic amplifier uses the log caracteristic of PN (diode, transistor) to implement logarithmic function. The second transistor is used as refference and with the PTK resistor minimizes the dT/dV coeficient. Light Pollution Meter : LED brightness control circuit and a multimeter to compare light levels to LED level. Light Sensing RF Transmitter: Light Sensor Adapter for Oscilloscope: Light Sensor With Hysteresis: LIGHT/DARK ACTIVATED RELAY: This is actually two circuits a light activated relay being the first and a dark activated relay being the second, once again all components and values are displayed in the gif image. Matched Diode Pair Improves Performance Of Linear Optical Sensor : 05/27/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Hand-marked cards for applications like voting machines and meter readers often have dark marks, light marks, erasures, or dirt. Digital systems can't distinguish between an intended mark, dirt, or erasure because they have a single preset threshold....
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Optical Sensors - Electronic Circuits - Science Hobby Projects
Optical sensor needs no tweaking: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The transfer gain of optical sensors spans a 16-to-1 ratio because of variations in the LED, phototransistor, ambient temperature, and optical path. The wide transfer-gain variation complicates output-resistor selection in dc-coupled circuits. You must size the output resistor to prevent high transfer gains from causing output-stage saturation, but low transfer gains yield low output-voltage sw.... Photodetector Sorts Objects: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Programmable Light Activated Relay: Pulsed Sensor Extends Battery Life: 01/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas RF Transmitter, Light Sensing: Solar sun tracker : Two LEDs Perform Rudimentary Spectral Analysis: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas U Volt Sensitive Photodetector: Using The LM555 Timer With Photocell Detectors: Visible Light Photo Detector Circuits (E+F):
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Opto Isolator Couplers Circuits - Electronic Resource
Opto-Isolator Couplers Circuits

Analog Opto Isolator: Battery Powered Amplifier has Optical Isolation: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit compensates optocoupler temperature coefficient: 11/22/2001 EDN Design Ideas / When using an optocoupler in a linear application, you should consider its gain drift with temperature. Traditional single- and dual-transistoroutput devices have a notable gain drift with temperature. In recent years, some temperature-compensated optocouplers have appeared. However, another option is to use two optocouplers or a dual optocoupler with appropriate feedback to make the dri... . Circuit Protects Computer's Input: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Widens octocoupler's Response to 1 MHz: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas Drive High Voltage Varactor Diodes From just 5V: 03/27/97 EDN-Design Ideas / How to connect two International Rectifier (El Segundo, CA) PVI1050s photovoltaicisolator ICs in series to provide a20-Volt tuning drive for the varactor diode Light Powers Isolation Amplifier: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit OptoCoupled Gate Detects Motor Operation: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Optocoupler isolates Shift Registers: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Optocoupler simplifies power line monitoring: 01/10/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The use of a linear optocoupler and a capacitor-based power supply yields a simple, yet precise power-line-monitoring system. The circuit in Figure 1 converts the 110V-ac power-line voltage to an ac output voltage centered at 2.5V, covering 0 to 5V. The circuit isolates the output signal from the power line. . Optocouplers are handy for motor drive: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Figure 1a shows a latching circuit based on an optocoupler, IC1. If the off switch remains closed, pressing the on switch powers the LED in the optocoupler. Thus, the transistor in IC1 turns on. You can now release the on switch, and the transistor remains on. You must adapt the current-limiting resistor, R, to the power-supply voltage and the optocoupler's characteristics.. Optoisolator Block Occupancy Detector: RS232 to RS232 Port Powered Optical Isolator: Brochure with schematic in PDF format RS232C Circuit has Galvanic Isolation: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit. T Volt / Radio Antenna Cable Galvanic Isolator: Temperature Sensor uses I2C isolator: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas
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Opto Isolator Couplers Circuits - Electronic Resource
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Oscilloscope Circuits - Electronic Resource - Science Hobby Projects
Oscilloscope Circuits
Calibrate scope jitter using a transmission line loop: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital-clock-period jitter is the variation in the period of a clock cycle compared with a nominal (average of many cycles) clock period. To accurately measure period jitter using an oscilloscope, you must subtract the oscilloscope jitter fro. CrossTrigger Two Oscilloscopes To Create a DelayedSweep Display : 06/10/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many oscilloscopes lack a delayed-sweep function. Plus, because typical users only occasionally require this function, simpler, more adaptable methods are worthwhile. Cross-triggering two standard oscilloscopes produces both main and delayed-sweep... Deflection Amplifier for oscilloscopes: Delay line upgrades vintage scope: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Vintage triggered-sweep oscilloscopes find use in many applications. However, they have no internal delay line, so they can't display the pulse that triggers the sweep. Moreover, early laboratory scopes contain delay lines having insufficient delay to display such pulses during a uniform portion of the sweep. . Delay Simulator Debugs Communications Equipment: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital PC Oscilloscope: Digital Storage Oscilloscope Adapter Mk #3: Digital Storage Oscilloscope : DSO Triggering Scheme is Cheap & Efficient: 05/07/98 EDN-Design Ideas Four Channel Digital Storage Enhancement for An Oscilloscope: Light Sensor Adapter for Oscilloscope: Modified Scope Probe Tests SurfaceMount Assemblies: 09/25/97 EDN-Design Ideas Multiplexer Creates Mixed Signal Scope Input: 01/16/97 EDN-Design Ideas NTSC Synchronization Separator: Stable Triggering of Oscilloscope Video Waveform Displays Have you been frustrated by video waveforms which are difficult to display on your oscilloscope? Do you have to readjust the trigger level every Time the scene changes? This article describes a simple circuit that will allow a triggered sweep oscilloscope to provide the most important capability of a video waveform monitor, a stable display of the video waveform. PC Based Oscilloscope: Scope Probe Measures High Frequencies: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Under Sampling Extends utility of Digital Scopes: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas Use a Trick to Count Scope Events: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
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Oscilloscope Circuits - Electronic Resource - Science Hobby Projects
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Oscillators - Audio - Astable - Colpits - Crystal - RF - Sine wave - Square wave - Wein bridge
Oscillators
q q q q
Audio Astable Colpits Crystal
q q q q
RF Sine wave Square wave Wein bridge
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Astable Oscillator Circuits - Electronic Resource Projects
Oscillators: Astable Circuits

Astable Multivibrator 1: Astable Multivibrator 2: Flip-Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.:
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Audio Oscillators Circuits - Oscillators - Electronic Hobby Projects
Oscillators: Audio
2 Tone Audio Oscillator (use for SSB Tests): 2 Tone Train Horn: Audio Oscillators: CMOS IC Audio oscillator: Transistor Organ: Two Tone Audio Oscillator (use for SSB Tests): Two Tone Train Horn:
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Colpits Oscillator Circuit - Electronic Resources - Hobby Projects
Oscillators: Colpits
4 Transistor Transmitter: Colpitts 1 to 20 MHz Crystal Oscillator: Four Transistor Tracking Transmitter:
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Crystal Oscillator Circuits - Electronics Hobby Circuit
Oscillators: Crystal
1 Second Time Base From Crystal Osc.: 50 to 150 MHz Overtone Oscillator: CMOS oscillator: Colpitts 1 to 20 MHz Crystal Oscillator: Crystal 32.768KHz CMOS Oscillator: Crystal Controlled Time Base Generator: Crystal Controlled Time-Base Generator Crystal Oscillator overcomes typical Drawbacks: 08/17/98 EDN-Design Ideas Crystal oscillator: Low Distortion Crystal Oscillator : One Second Time Base From Crystal Osc.: Study of the Crystal Oscillator for CMOS CoPS: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 Tiny Crystal Oscillator #1: Tiny Crystal Oscillator #2: High-stability gate oscillator uses two, 5-pin SOT packaged devices Wide Swing Variable Crystal Oscillator
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Radio Frequency Oscillator - RF Oscillators - Electronic Circuits
Oscillators: RF (Radio Frequency)

2MHz RF Oscillator: Basic RF Oscillator #1: OpAmp Oscillators Simplify RF Designs: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator, 2MHz.: RF oscillator uses current feedback op amp: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A current-feedback amplifier is a well-known component with many uses. Its basic block diagram shows that its input stage is a voltage followerin practice, a symmetrical emitter follower (Figure 1). The configuration samples the output current, converts it to voltage across a large impedance, and amplifies it to the output using a high-power, low-output-impedance amplifier.. UHF Oscillator:
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Pierce Oscillator Circuits - Pierce Oscillators - Electronic Circuits
Pierce Oscillator Circuits : Oscillators

Clock Reference Guidelines of ICS Clock Generator: Integrated Circuit Systems Clock Generation Application Note AN04 Components of a simple bandpass filter: Crystal Considerations with Dallas Real-Time Clocks (RTCs): Maxim Application Note #58 Crystal Oscillator: Chrontel Application Note-06 Crystal Oscillator: Pericom Semiconductor Application Note # 083 CX Minature Crystals Circuits: Euro QuartzCX-6V-SM CX-1SM Crystal 530kHz to2.1MHz: Statek Application Notes Design Guidelines for QuartzCrystal Oscillators: Statek Technical Note 30 EP93xx RTC Oscillator Circuit: Cirrus Logic Application Note-265 Rev1 FET Circuits Applications: National Semiconductor Application Note 32, February 1970 HCMOS Crystal Oscillator: Fairchild Semiconductor Application Note 340, May 1983 Oscillator Terms & Application Notes: ILSI AmericaAppendix G Pierce Crystal Oscillator Design: The Pierce oscillator ... is essentially a common emitter amplifier with a tuned circuit for a collector load and a quartz crystal as a feedback element. In order to determine whether the Barkhausen criteria is satisfied, loop gain must be determined at the frequency of oscillation. This is accomplished by drawing the AC equivalent circuit of the Pierce Oscillator. Pierce-gate Oscillator Crystal load calculator: RF Design - Design Tips, July 2004 Understanding Quartz Crystal: M-Tron Engineering Notes Use of the CMOS Unbuffered Inverter in Oscillator Circuit: Texas Instrument Application ReportSZZA043 January 2004
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Sine Wave Oscillator - Oscillators - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Oscillators: Sine Wave

2MHz RF Oscillator: 4 Transistor Transmitter: 68HC11 Synthesizes Accurate Sine Wave: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas Amplitude Stable Oscillator has Low Distortion, Low Cost: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Audio Test Oscillator: Basic RF Oscillator #1: BatteryPowered Sine Generator Covers 100 Hz To 10 kHz : 05/27/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / We needed a handheld, battery-powered signal generator with a sine-wave output that was continuously adjustable from 100 Hz to 10 kHz. For such a wide frequency range, we selected a function-generator type of oscillator, which requires a... Crystal Filter yields Pure Sine Wave: 06/98 Intersol Application Note # AN9815 Current Feedback Amp yields Simple Oscillator: 06/08/95 EDN-Design Ideas Digital signal controls sine generator: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit of Figure 1 produces an accurate, variable-frequency sine wave for use as a generalpurpose reference signal. It includes an eighth-order elliptic, switched-capacitor lowpass filter, IC3, which uses a 100-kHz square-wave clock signal that microcontroller IC2 generates. (Any other convenient square-wave source is also acceptable... Digital Signal Processor (DSP) for Radio Communications: Digital Signals Produce Pure Sine Waves: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas DTMF Coder Makes Low Cost Sine Wave Generator: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas Easily Tuned Sine Wave Oscillators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28Jun-1996 Few Extra Components Stabilize Oscillator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Four Transistor Tracking Transmitter: Gates Provide Low Cost Sine Wave Generator: 08/15/97 EDN-Design Ideas LC Oscillator has 1% THD: 03/31/94 EDN-Design Ideas LM3900 Sine Wave oscillator: Low Distortion Oscillator Starts Fast: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Distortion, Amplitude Stable Sine Wave Oscillator: Low Frequency Sine Wave Generator: The two circuits below illustrate generating low frequency sine waves by shifting the phase of the signal through an RC network so that oscillation occurs where the total phase shift is360 degrees. Microphone Circuit Test Oscillator: 440 Hz Tone generator for testing XLR microph1lines Negatrons Enrich Filter, Oscillator Designs: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas OpAmp Oscillators Simplify RF Designs: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator Lowers Distortion & Phase Noise: 08/18/94 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator, 2MHz.:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/O/Sine_wave.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:22:52 PM]
Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diode-stabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Self Oscillating Amplifier for Distortion Testing: allows the home constructor to make quite accurate measurements, without having to spend a lot of money on a low distortion oscillator Simple Circuit Generates Clean Sine Waves: 06/19/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Compensation Extends Oscillator's Range: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Sinewave Generator: Sine Wave Generation Techniques: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 Sine Wave Generator With Crystal Accuracy: Sine Wave Generator: Sine Wave Generator: Sine Wave oscillator: Sine/Cosine Wave oscillator: Square Wave to Sine Circuit: The Wien bridge oscillator is reborn: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In 1940, William Hewlett and David Packard launched a product from a garage. The product was a Wien-bridge oscillator. It consisted of a single-pole highpass filter in series with a single-pole lowpass filter. To keep the gain constant, the circuit used an incandescent pilot light to provide AGC (automatic gain control) Twin T Audio Sine Wave Oscillator: Two Transistor Sine Wave Oscillator: Two Transistor Sine Wave Oscillator: UHF Oscillator: Variable Gain Stage uses Voltage Output DAC: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Controls Sine Wave Frequency: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas Wein Bridge Oscillator is Reborn: 06/13/02 EDN-Design Ideas / In1940, William Hewlett and David Packard launched a product from a garage. product was a Wienbridge oscillator. It consisted of a single-pole highpass filter in series with a singlepole lowpass filter. Wein Bridge Oscillator keeps THD Below One PPM: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The Wien-bridge sine-wave oscillator uses a light bulb to stabilize its amplitude. The circuit doesn't have a light bulb; it sports several enhancements that lower its distortion and generate a test signal pure enough for testing modern op amps and high-resolution A/D converters. Wein Bridge Oscillator: Wein Bridge Theremin:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/O/Sine_wave.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:22:52 PM]
Square Wave Oscillator - Oscillators - Electronic Resource
Oscillators: Square Wave

10 Hz to 10 Khz VCO With Square and Triangle Wave: Convert periodic waveforms to square waves: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Converting periodic waveforms to square waves is an integral part of extracting a clock signal from data, creating waveform generators, and making timing-pulse generators. Any square-wave-conversion circuit is more valuable when the square wave's duty cycle is variable and controllable. Figure 1 shows a circuit that has these attributes and can drive several TTL-compatible loads.. FleaPower Oscillator Consumes only 1 A: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Gated Oscillator Emulates a Flip Flop: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Harmonic oscillator: Oscillator turns on Instantly, off Synchronously: 05/23/96 EDN-Design Ideas Rounding Off' a Square Wave: Square wave modulator has variable frequency and pulse width: 08/08/2002 EDN Design Ideas / A few years ago, I worked at a disk-drive company. We had a plating facility that required square waves to drive the high-voltage plating operation. The challenge was that the square wave's pulse width had to be variable, along with the duty cycle. Also, the amplitude of the pulses had to be adjustable.. Square Wave Oscillator #1: Square Wave oscillator #2: SwOpAmp Makes Square Wave Generator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Tiny Programmable Oscillator With 5Khz to 20 MHz Span: Not only does this circuit take up very little board space but it can be controlled with only3-signals from a microprocessor. The MAX5160 is a200K digital pot with32 taps. To move up to the next tap, set UP/DOWN high and pulse INCREMENT low. To move down, set UP/DOWN low before pulsing INCREMENT. The LTC1799 is a programmable oscillator from Linear Technology. Voltage Controlled Triangle / Square Generator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/O/Square_wave.html [1/17/2007 5:22:56 PM]
Triangle Oscillator - Oscillators - Electronic Resource Centre
Oscillators: Triangle
10 Hz to 10 Khz VCO With Square and Triangle Wave: Transconductance amp gives oscillator reciprocal response: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a variation on the familiar integrator/comparator triangle-wave oscillator, which you typically implement with two op amps. An integrator and a comparator connect in a positive-feedback loop; the comparator drives the integrator and vice versa. A fixed amount of hysteresis exists in the comparator, producing a triangle wave at the integrator's output... Triangle Wave oscillator: Voltage Controlled Triangle / Square Generator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/O/Triangle_wave.html [1/17/2007 5:23:00 PM]
Voltage Controlled Oscillator - Oscillators - Electronic Resources
Oscillators: Voltage Controlled

200Mhz to 400Mhz Voltage Controlled Oscillator: 90 MHz voltage controlled oscillator : A controllable source of RF for experiments on the FM Broadcast frequencies. CMOS Inverter VCO tunes octave to UHF: 11/19/98 EDN-Design Ideas Inverters form three phase VCO: 08/02/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need an inexpensive VCO that can produce evenly spaced three-phase outputs over a wide frequency range. You could use tracking all-phase filters with only one oscillator, but this technique is difficult to implement and offers limited range. Other methods, such as using a DSP, are feasible, but they're complex and expensive.. Inverting Latches Make Simple VCO: 06/19/97 EDN-Design Ideas Programmable Clock Oscillator: voltage controller oscillator that was designed as a wide range oscillator to generate clock pulses for a stepper motor drive system, frequency could be varied over1,000,000:1 Voltage Controlled Filter and oscillator: Voltage Controlled Panner: Voltage Controlled Panner: Voltage Controlled Triangle / Square Generator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/O/Voltage_Controlled.html [1/17/2007 5:23:03 PM]
Wein Bridge Oscillator - Oscillator - Electronic Resource Centre
Oscillators: Wein Bridge

Audio Test Oscillator: Few Extra Components Stabilize Oscillator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diode-stabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Sine Wave Generator: The Wien bridge oscillator is reborn: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In 1940, William Hewlett and David Packard launched a product from a garage. The product was a Wien-bridge oscillator. It consisted of a single-pole highpass filter in series with a single-pole lowpass filter. To keep the gain constant, the circuit used an incandescent pilot light to provide AGC (automatic gain control) Wein Bridge Oscillator is Reborn: 06/13/02 EDN-Design Ideas / In1940, William Hewlett and David Packard launched a product from a garage. product was a Wienbridge oscillator. It consisted of a single-pole highpass filter in series with a singlepole lowpass filter. Wein Bridge Oscillator keeps THD Below One PPM: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The Wien-bridge sine-wave oscillator uses a light bulb to stabilize its amplitude. The circuit doesn't have a light bulb; it sports several enhancements that lower its distortion and generate a test signal pure enough for testing modern op amps and high-resolution A/D converters. Wein Bridge Oscillator: Wein Bridge Theremin:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/O/Wein_bridge.html [1/17/2007 5:23:08 PM]
Public Address Circuits - PA Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Public Address (PA) Circuits

Direct Injection Box for Recording & PA Systems:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/PA(Public%20Address)Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:23:15 PM]
Passive Infrared Circuits - Passive - IR Detector - Free Electronic Hobby Projects Resource
Passive Infrared Circuits

IR Detector: IR detector:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Passive_Infrared_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:23:21 PM]
Passive Filter Circuits - Band pass Filter - Crystal Filter - High pass Filter - Notch Filter
Passive Filter Circuits

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Band-pass Crystal High-pass Notch
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Passive_Filters.html [1/17/2007 5:23:24 PM]
Basic Electronic Circuits - Passive Filters - Band Pass Circuits
Passive Filters: Band Pass Circuits

Wideband Filter Only Has Two Different Components : 01/21/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Wideband filters with bandwidths in excess of an octave can be created by cascading a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. In this design idea, nine-pole high-pass and low-pass filters have been constructed using a modified equal-element design. A... Wideband filter uses image parameters: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Band-pass.html [1/17/2007 5:23:27 PM]
Passive Filters Notch Circuits - Filters - Electronic Projects
Passive Filters: Notch Circuits

Notch RC Notch Filter (Twin T):
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Notch.html [1/17/2007 5:23:30 PM]
High Pass Filter - Electronic Circuits Schematics - Science Projects
High Pass Filter

Transformer Improves High-Pass Filter Performance: 09/03/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The low-frequency LC performance of a highpass filter is strongly affected by the quality of the filter components. Typically, the inductor is the component that deviates most significantly from the ideal. The first-order inductor. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/High-pass.html [1/17/2007 5:23:33 PM]
PDA Circuits - PDA Circuit Resource - PDA Electronic Projects & Circuits
PDA Circuits
MIDI interface for Palm computers: MIDI interface for Palm cradle: Wireless local network for PalmPilot (large PDF): PalmPilot audio interface: PalmPilot connector pinouts: PalmPilot cradle to modem adapter: PalmPilot memory schematics: PalmPilot serial port interface: PalmPilot turbo Boost guage interface:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/pda_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:23:40 PM]
Pedometers Circuits - Pedometer Circuit Resource - Pedometer Electronic Circuits
Pedometers
Digital Step Km Counter Max.: Pedometer has a range of 9.950 meters with2digits. Slip it in pants pocket for walking and jogging Pedometer: Pedometer has a range of 9.950 meters with2-digits. Slip it in pants pocket for walking and jogging Power-Saving Pedometer Also Measures Speed : 07/19/04 Electronic Design Design Briefs / A pedometer is a device that counts the number of steps taken by a person and calculates the distance traveled by multiplying the number of steps by the length of the step. Here's a design solution for building a pedometer using the AVR MCU.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/pedometers.html [1/17/2007 5:23:42 PM]
Sensors / Detectors - Peak Detectors - Electronic Resource
Sensors / Detectors: Peak Detectors

Add Programmable Gain To a Peak Detector : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / If your system's signal processing requirements in-clude peak detection and amplification, consider a simple circuit that will satisfy both needs and save hardware. The single-supply circuit shown in the ... Analog Switch Cuts Peak Detector Reset Time: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas Audio Peak Reading Meters: Dual Polarity Peak Detector operates From Single Supply: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas Fast Amplifiers Simplify AC Measurement: 05/09/96 EDN-Design Ideas Fast Audio Peak Limiter: Peak Detector Lowers Frequency Dependent Errors: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Peak Detector Maximizes CCD Sensor Range: 08/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Peak Detector: Peak Reading Audio Level Meter: indicates peak audio response on an analogue meter, similar to a tape recorder recording level meter Peak to Peak Monitor uses No OpAmps: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Sampling peak detector has shutdown feature: 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You face a serious problem in using a slow ADC with a fast peak detector. The circuit in Figure 1 allows a slow ADC to measure a fast, sampled signal peak. The 100-MHz peak detector for ultrasonic-pulse sampling uses a fast MAX4231 amplifier from Maxim (www.maxim-ic.com). This amplifier has a shutdown feature that facilitates power savings without losing the sampled information.. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Peak_Detectors.html [1/17/2007 5:23:46 PM]
Period to Voltage Converters - Electronic Circuits Resource
Period to Voltage Converters

555 Makes handy Voltage-to-Time Converter: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit Converts Pulse Width to Voltage #2: 10/28/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. --- The circuit is optimized for a positive-going pulse width of1 to2 msec, repeating at intervals of approximately17 msec. The output produces a voltage of0.95V for a1-msec pulse to2.25V for a2-msec pulse. Circuit Converts Pulse Width to Voltage: 10/25/01 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit converts pulse information to a clean dc voltage by the end of a single incoming pulse. In another technique, an RC filter can convert a PWM signal to an averaged dc voltage, but this method is slow in responding. Converting low-duty-cycle pulse information is slower yet.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Period_to_Voltage_Converter.html [1/17/2007 5:23:50 PM]
Pest Control Circuits - Electronic Hobby Resource Projects
Pest Control Circuits

Bug Zapper #1: Bug Zapper #2: DEER REPELLENT: Here is a simple sensor, which can detect the seismic vibrations caused by a person or large animal walking nearby. A representative application for the sensor is a deer repellent for the vegetable garden. When a deer steps near the sensor a loud buzzer or beeper sounds for a few seconds startling the would-be vegetable thief away. Deer Repellent: seismic sensor Insect Repellant:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Pest_Control_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:23:55 PM]
Phase Sensors & Detectors - Electronic - Electical - Electric
Phase Sensors & Detectors

Simple Phase Meter operates to 10 MHz: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Phase_detector.html [1/17/2007 5:24:01 PM]
Phased Locked Loop Circuits - PLL Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Phased Locked Loop (PLL) Circuits

Clock Recovery PLL Fits Into Single PLD: 11/23/95 EDN-Design Ideas Digital PLL Synthesis: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Frequency Synthesizer: Low-cost, programmable oscillator operates at 2 GHz: 5/11/00 EDN-Design Ideas / All wireless communication systems need a local oscillator. Figure 1 shows a lowcost PLL circuit for the 2-GHz band for such applications as industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) and satellite personal-communication systems (S-PCS). The central... New Phase Locked Loops: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov1995 Have advantages as frequency to voltage converters & more Phase Locked Loop Based Clock Generators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Phase Locked Loop IC As a Communication System Building Block: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Phased Lock Loop Schematic: PLL Synthesizing oscillator (1): PLL Synthesizing oscillator (2): PLL Synthesizing oscillator (3): Unlocked PLL Retains Locked Frequency: 07/20/95 EDN-Design Ideas Visual CW Zero Beating Aid:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/PhaseLockedLoop%20(PPL)Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:24:05 PM]
Phase Shift Keying Circuits - PKS - Circuits - Electronic Resource
Phase Shift Keying (PKS) Circuits

Digital Potentiometer Controls Phase Shift: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Digitally Controlled Phase Shift: Altering the phase response of a signal without changing its amplitude characteristics is commonly performed using an all pass filter. This circuit implementation is well suited to using digital potentiometers as the controlling element. Phase Shift Radio Direction Finder: Phase Shifter Yields Slope Polarity Detection: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Phase Shifter: Scheme Extends DDS Phaseshift Resolution: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Phase_Shifting_Keying_(PSK)_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:24:08 PM]
Phase Modulation Circuits - PM Circuits - Electronic Hobby Resource
Phase Modulation (PM) Circuits

Robust, low-cost continuous phase FSK modulator: 01/12/98 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / (added 9/04) In bandpass data transmission, one common way to design low-cost frequency-shift-keying (FSK) analog modulators is to use two independent oscillators that have outputs switched according to the binary input wave to be modulated. While this approach is. . . ST6 - UNIVERSAL MOTOR CONTROL EVALUATION BOARD: The UMC01EVAL Evaluation Board is designed for a very low-cost phase control system based on the 8-bit ST62T00C microcontroller. It can be used to control a universal motor powered by a 230 V / 50 Hz mains supply. (added 3/05) Variable-capacitance diode phase modulator: 10/01/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / (added 9/04) This circuit varies the phase between two squarewaves through at least 180. This capability finds application in fixed-frequency, phase shift, resonant-mode converters. ICs such as the UC3875 usually only work up to about 500 kHz, whereas this. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Phase_Modulation_(PM)_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:24:11 PM]
Photocell Circuits - Light Dependent Resistor Circuits - Electronic Resources
Light Dependent Resistor Circuits Photocell Circuits

Dark / Light Activated Relay: Light Sensing RF Transmitter: Programmable Light Activated Relay: RF Transmitter, Light Sensing: Solar sun tracker :
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Photo_Cell_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:24:15 PM]
Photoelectric Circuits - Electronic Digital Circuits - Hobby Resource
Photoelectric Circuits
741 Based Light Sensor CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay Fairly simple train detector using ambient light and a photocell : Train Detector using ambient light and a photocell Infrared train detector:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Photoelectric_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:24:18 PM]
Photo Flash Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects Digital Circuits
Photo Flash Circuits

12 Volt Strobe Circuit: this circuit uses12V DC instead od mains AC. This is very good idea if you dont want to mess with direct mains voltage connected circuit or you want to run the Strobe from batteries. Adjustable Strobe Light: 120-Volt mains power source, up to20 Hz flash rate
Beat Tracking Strobe: project description using AT90S8515 microcontroller and some electronics Disco Style Strobe Light: low power, works on110VAC Easy Xenon DC to DC Converters!: Emergency Strobe Flasher Generates 250V: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Flash Slave Trigger: Flash slaves are used when you need to supplement1-flash unit with1-or several more. This slave trigger simply triggers those other units. It does this by "seeing" the first flash (using a phototransistor) and triggering the other flashes a few microseconds later. The sensitivity of the circuit is adjustable to compensate for ambient light or dimmer than usual master flashes. Hacking the Kodak Max Single Flash Camera Into a Self Repeating Strobe: this approach is recommended mainly for homebrewing a strobe that is powered by a single1.5 volt battery. If you can use a higher supply voltage, there are better ways to do this. Mini Pocket Strobe Circuit: works from two1.5-Volt AA batteries, based on modified camera flash unit Mini Strobe Light using LED: adjustable for flash rates between40 Hz and166 Hz, based on555 Timer Miniature Strobe Light: Photo Flash Charger Minimizes Parts Count: 10/22/98 EDN-Design Ideas Pulsed Double heterostructure Laser Driver: Slave Flash Trigger Circuit: Strobe Controller: Simple controller for professional stroboscopes, adjust the flash rate in1.15 Hz range Strobe Light: Trigger Circuit for Strobes: circuits which can be used for triggering stroboscopes from external signals Variable Intensity Variable Frequency Strobe: Welch Scientific Model 2153C Stroboscope: a schematic for a typical line operated variable rate Strobe used for the visualization of moving parts as well as rotation speed or frequency determination of rotating or vibrating machinery White LED Flashlight: Xenon Flash & Strobe Page: Xenon Strobe Light #1: Xenon Strobe Light 3:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Photo-Flash_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:24:24 PM]
Photo Flash Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects Digital Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Photo-Flash_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:24:24 PM]
Photography Circuits - Camera Circuits - Electronic Encyclopedia
Photography Circuits
741 Based Light Sensor: CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay Casio QV 200 Digital Camera Cable: Lose your cable? Build it yourself and save $29. Fits many QV models. Infrared Remote Control Shutter Release System: Infrared Train Detector: Kirlian Device Supply: Lightning Activated Camera Shutter Trigger: Simple Train Detector: Train Detector using ambient light and a photocell
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Photography_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:24:29 PM]
Solar Cell Circuits / Photovoltaic Circuits / Digital Electronic Resource
Solar Cell Circuits / Photovoltaic Circuits

12 Volt Toilet Tank Refiller: 1381 Solar Engine: AA Battery Solar Charger: AA Battery Solar Charger: This almost trivial circuit may be used to charge a pair of AA or AAA sized cells in the sun. I have used it to keep my Palm Pilot and walkman radio running perpetually. This is an unregulated charger, proper charging is achieved by placing the unit in the sun for a known amount of Time, this Time varies according to the battery type. Battery Low Voltage Beeper: D1 Solar Engine: FLED Solar Engine: LED Mood Light: LED7 Solar Tracker: Light Sensing RF Transmitter: Low Power LED Volt Meter: PM1 Solar Engine: Portable Solar Battery Charger: Programmable Light Activated Relay: Remote Solar LED Light: RF Transmitter, Light Sensing: SCC2 1012 / 24 Volt Solar Charge Controller: Self Powered Solar Box Furnace: Sensor Electronic Tracker With H Bridge Drive: Sensor Electronic Tracker With Simple Solar Charge Controller: Seven Component Regulated LED Lamp: Shunt Battery Charger Provides 1Continuous Current: 11/20/97 EDN Design Ideas / a shunt method is Preferable than series regulation in Solar Powered Systems Solar Car Array Controller Schematic: Solar Car Battery Monitor Schematic: Solar Car Brake Controller Schematic: Solar Car Display Controller Schematic: Solar Car Electrical Design and Circuit index: Solar Car Main Controller Schematic: Solar Cell Converter offers Positive Start up: 08/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Solar Cell NiCd Charger: Solar Cells implement Low Cost Illuminator: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas Solar Charge Controller: Solar Charged LED Flashlight: Solar Charged LED Utility Light: Solar Charger for Lead Acid Batteries: Solar lead acid charger, with battery voltage monitor, for12V battery Solar Current Meter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Photovoltaic_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:24:32 PM]
Solar Cell Circuits / Photovoltaic Circuits / Digital Electronic Resource
Solar Panel Charge Controller / Low Voltage Disconnect Circuit: Solar Panel Charge Controller / Low Voltage Disconnect Circuit: Lead acid charger, with battery voltage monitor, power comes from solar panels Solar Panel Current Meter: Solar Power Recharge: Solar Power Supply: Solar Powered +5 & +3.3 Power Supply: Solar Powered Dock Lamp Flasher: Solar Robots: Solar Step Down Regulator: Solar Tracker: Solar Tracking Control System: SPC2 612 Volt Solar Power Center: Sun Tracking Circuit for Solar Arrrays: Using The LM555 Timer With Photocell Detectors: Variations on the PWM DC Motor Speed Control: Visible Light Photo Detector Circuits (E+F): Zener Based Solar Engine:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Photovoltaic_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:24:32 PM]
Piezoelectric Circuits - Knock Alarm - Piezo Device - Remote Control
Piezoelectric Circuits
Knock Alarm: Piezo device generates buzz, beep, or chime : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas Remote Switch uses no Power Fiber Optic Link: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Shock Sensor Circuit prevents Data Corruption: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Piezoelectric_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:24:35 PM]
Pink White Noise Generation Circuits - Memory Game - Noise Generator
Noise / White / Pink Noise Generation Circuits

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Pink_Noise_Generator_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:24:39 PM]
Position Detectors - Autozero a position sensing detector - Bias Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Position Detectors

Autozero a position-sensing detector: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Bias Circuits: Biasing Corrects Position Sensing Photodiode: 07/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Position Encoder Does Away With ADC: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas Position Detectors Provide Motorcontrol Logic: 05/24/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Position Sensor Exploits Faraday's Law: 05/12/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design Consider two resistors, R1 (1 kO) and R2 (3 kO), connected in parallel (Fig. 1a). According to Faraday's Law, a time-varying magnetic field H, increasing linearly with time, induces a Rotary Controller Positions Stepping Motor: 08/03/95 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Phase Meter operates to 10 MHz: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas Subzero a Position Sensing Detector: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Position_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:24:44 PM]
Potentiometer Circuits - Electronic Resource - Hobby Projects
Potentiometer Circuits
Add gain to an absolute value amplifier: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The absolute-value amplifier is a basic building block in test-and-measurement and signal-processing applications. The addition of a DPP (digitally programmable potentiometer) adds another dimension, G (gain), to this key circuit. Because the gain is programmable, you can use the circuit as an absolute-value amplifier (G<1) or an absolute-value attenuator (G>1) Circuit forms industrial grade digital potentiometer: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Both ac and dc motors in modern industrial systems often receive their control from PLCs (programmable-logic controllers) in a control room safely away from the process. If an operator must manually set the motor speed while observing the proc. CMOS IC Makes Low Cost Digital Potentiometer: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Convert voltage to potentiometer wiper setting: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1converts an analog input voltage, VIN, to a proportional wiper setting of a DPP (digitally programmable potentiometer). The potentiometer's wiper setting, which varies from position 0 through 31, corresponds to the input voltage, which varies from 0 to 1V dc. The CAT5114, IC5, is a 32-tap potentiometer with an increment/decrement interface.. DC Power Wire Also Carries Clock or Data: 03/13/98 EDN-Design Ideas / High-side current-sense amplifier, IC1, offers a simple method of combining low-speed clocks or other signals with dc power in cables between subsystems Difference amplifier uses digital potentiometers: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need to measure a small signal in the presence of a large commonmode signal. Traditional instrumentation amplifiers that use two or three op amps in their internal structure find common use in these applications. The circuit in Figure 1 presents an alternative approach that is useful when low cost and low drift are important, but when you don't need high precision.. Digital Pot Adjusts LCD's Contrast: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit. Digital Pot Corrects for System Drift: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Potentiometer Controls LCD Bias: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Potentiometer Controls Phase Shift: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Digital potentiometer programs and stabilizes voltage reference: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The potentiometer portion of a mixed-signal, digitally programmable potentiometer adds variability to an analog circuit, and its digital controls provide programmability. You can use a digital potentiometer in two ways in an analog circuit. You can use it as a two-terminal variable resistance, or rheostat, or as a three-terminal resistive divider.. Digital Stereo Potentiometer: in PDF format, text in Finnish Digital volume control has log taper: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers provide a compact and convenient way to attenuate audioamplifier signals. However, most such potentiometers suffer from at least one flaw: a nonlogarithmic step increment. To avoid this problem, a user must usually step. Digital Volume Control: based on DS1669 Digital Pot IC
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Potentiometer_Circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:24:51 PM]
Digitally Controlled Phase Shift: Altering the phase response of a signal without changing its amplitude characteristics is commonly performed using an all pass filter. This circuit implementation is well suited to using digital potentiometers as the controlling element. Electronic potentiometer system has pushbutton interface: 09/26/2002 EDN Design Ideas / As systems grow smaller, it becomes increasingly attractive to replace mechanical potentiometers with electronic potentiometers, which are smaller and less expensive silicon equivalents. A common interface for such devices comprises a Chip-Select, Increment and, Up/ line. CS activates the device and, on a rising edge of steps the wiper in a direction that the U/ pin indicates.. Inexpensive Relays Form Digital Potentiometer: 03/13/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Build a digitally controllable isolated potentiometer that can tolerate voltages up to 60-Volt dc LED Light Dimmers uses only Two Lines: 03/21/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest -- This circuit provides32 steps of brightness control (from0 to100%) for a backlight or instrument panel, using just two general-purpose-microprocessor signals. Although the circuit shows the circuit driving white LEDs, the load could also be a dc motor or an incandescent lamp. The basis of the circuit is a modified Schmitttrigger relaxation oscillator controlled by MAX5160 digital potentiometer. Linear Potentiometer implements Logarithmic Gain Control: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Trimmer potentiometers are ubiquitous components and are available in a variety of packages, Resolutions, and temperature stabilities but none of these potentiometers implements anything but the usual linear function of resistance vs. shaft position as useful in many audio applications Negative Resistance Nulls Potentiometer's Wiper Resistance : 02/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / While almost always called "potentiometers" (which are technically defined as three-terminal variable voltage dividers), many "pots" actually end up being used as variable resistors (rheostats) instead. When used as a variable resistor, all... Network Forms Digital to Impedance Converter: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas One amplifier has two gain figures: 09/19/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The singlesupply circuit in Figure 1 is an inverting amplifier with two outputsone for positive output voltages, VOUT(POS), and the other for negative output voltages, VOUT(NEG). Steering diodes D1 and D2 split the amplifier, IC1, output into the two output polarities relative to the 2.. PIC NiCd Battery Charger: Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diode-stabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diode-stabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Pushbutton Switch Controls Power Supply & C: 11/19/98 EDN-Design Ideas Rotary encoder mates with digital potentiometer: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In developing electronic systems, designers look for products or ideas that may benefit from the better performance, smaller size, lower cost, and improved reliability that an IC can offer. Toward that end, the digital potentiometer emerged as an alternative to its mechanical counterpart, the mechanical potentiometer... Single switch controls digital potentiometer: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The control of electronic potentiometers in most today's applications comes from controller-generated signals. However, a significant number of applications exist that require adjustments using manual, front-panel controls. The circuit in Figure 1 uses one IC, one switch, and 10 discrete components. .
Single switch controls digital potentiometer: 09/19/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This Design Idea is an evolution and simplification of another (Figure 1, Reference 1). Replacing the three inverted-input NOR gates with their logical equivalents, positive-input NAND gates, makes these three gate symbols consistent with the fourth, which was drawn as a positive-input NAND gate. The 74HC132's data sheet describes the device as a quad, two-input NAND gate with hysteresis.. Soft Start Circuit for Power Amps: Tack a Log Taper onto a Digital Potentiometer: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / idea to convert linear digital potentiometer to a logarithmic digital potentiometer Tiny Programmable Oscillator With 5Khz to 20Mhz Span: By merging a digital potentiometer with an oscillator chip, we can make a very small programmable oscillator (1 uMAX and1 SOT23 package). Not only does this circuit take up very little board space but it can be controlled with only three signals from a microprocessor. Use Rotary Potentiometer To Drive Solid State Volume Control: 01/20/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This design idea details how a standard volume control can be replaced by its solid-state equivalent. Digital potentiometers are often advertised as replacements for rotary volume controls. To simulate these controls, many circuits employ up/down... Voltage Regulator goes Digital: 11/24/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Power consumption and failing batteries are key issues in battery-operated applications. Features in the new generation of series voltage regulators address these concerns. For example, National Semiconductors LP2951 MicroPower voltage regulator provides a logic-level output signal indicating a low regulated output voltage; the IC also has a logic-level input to shut down the regulator to conserve power. Where is the wiper?: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You enjoy significant advantages when using DPPs (digitally programmable potentiometers) with increment/decrement serial interfaces. Programming the serial interface is simple and fast, and you can adjust the potentiometer in real-time applications. The interface, however, provides no information about wiper position, and this information is important in some applications.. Click here for Other Circuits
Power Amplifiers Audio Circuits - Electronic Hobby Science Projects
Power Amplifiers Audio Circuits

1.5 Volt AF Amplifier: A small single battery cell AF amplifier able to drive a low impedance 8W load up to15mW, built using discrete transistors 1.5 Watt Audio Amplifier: 10 Watt Amplifier: 10 Watt Power Amplifier: Simple Class A Amplifiers 100 Watt Guitar Amplifier #2: 100 Watt Guitar Amplifier Mk2: 100 Watt RMS Amplifier: This is a100-Watt basic power amp that was designed to be (relatively) easy to build at a reasonable cost. It has better performance (read: musical quality) than the standard STK module amps that are used in practically every mass market stereo receiver manufactured today. When I originally built this thing, it was because I needed a100 WPC amp and didnt want to spend any money. So I designed around parts I had in the shop. 120 Watt Power Amplifier #1: Text is not English 16 Watt Amplifier: 2 Channel Power Amplifier: The2-Channel Power Amplifier based on NTE1606. The circuit is powered by a12V,10-Amp power supply. The power of the output channels is4 W connected to 8-ohm loudspeakers 2 Transistor Audio Amplifier: 2 Watt Amplifier 1: 2 Watt Amplifier 2: 20 Watt / Channel Stereo Power Amplifier: 20 Watt Class a Power Amplifier: 20 Watt GaAaFET Power on 2.3 GHz: 20 Watt Power Amplifier: Designed to be used as car amplifier 200 Watt Amplifier: 22 Watt Audio Amplifier: Simple stereo amplifier based on TDA1554 220 Watt Power Amplifier: This is a building plan for an audio amplifier with2 x220Watt output power. Text is in Finnish. 2304 and 3456 MHz Power Amplifiers: 25 Watt Audio Amplifier: 25 Watt MOSFET Amplifier: High Quality simple unit. No need for a Preamplifier 250 Watt Stereo Power Amplifier: 3 Transistor Audio Amp (50 Milliwatt ): Here is a little audio amplifier similar to what you might find in a small transistor radio. 30 Watt Power Amplifier: Ultra-Low distortion30-Wattpower amp 300 Watt Subwoofer Power Amplifier: 4 Watt Amplifier: 50 Watt Amplifier: 50MHz Assistant (Preamp & Power Amp.): 55 Watt (Originally 75W) Power Amplifier: 60 Watt Into 8 Ohms Power Amplifier: A simple amp to build, uses commonly available parts and is stable and reliable
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75 Watt Power Amplifier: AKSA is a highly refined push pull solid state stereo amplifier of 75-Wattper channel 8 Watt Amplifier: 8 Watt Audio Amp Based on LM383: 80 Watt Amplifier #1: 80 Watt Amplifier 2: Uses the LM12 chip Active Subwoofer & Controller: Active Subwoofer: ALL FET MC Phono Preamp: Phono preamp with54 and 64 dB gain and RIAA accuracy is better than0.2dB, from Borbely Audio Audio Amp Output Power Limiter: Audio Amp: Audio Amplifier Output Relay Delay: Balanced Low Noise Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks BiDirectional 2.4 GHz One Watt Amplifier: BiDirectional 900Mhz One Watt Amplifier: Bridging Adapter for Power Amplifiers: Brystom Power Amplifiers Circuit Diagrams: Circuit combines power supply and audio amplifier: 12/20/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Class D Audio Power Amplifiers: 01/04/01 EDN-Design Ideas / Class D amplifiers are much more efficient than other Classical amplifiers, but their high efficiency comes at the expense of increased noise and distortion. You can assess the frequency- and Time-domain characteristics of a Class D amplifier, including the output filter, using online simulations. Class T Digital Audio Amplifier Evaluation Board: This application note describes a digital amplifier, which operates from13.5-Volt power source and outputs up to20W poor channel power. The application note is in PDF format. Uses a Digital Power Processing Technology EB TA2020 from Tripath Technology. Computer Microphone: adapting electret microphone to soundcards with dynamic microphone inputs Crest Audio LT Series LT100, LT1500 & LT2000 Schematic Set: A commercial Class D Amplifier, complete schematics in PDF format. Death of Zen (DoZ) a New Class a Power Amp: Direct Injection Box for Recording & PA Systems: el Cheapo a Really Simple Power Amplifier: HeadBanger Headphone Amp: Headphone Amplifier #1: Headphone Amplifier #2: Headphone Amplifier #3: Headphone Monitor Amp: Hi Fi Class D Audio Power Amplifier: The purpose of this site is to share a pulsewidth modulating Class D audio power amplifier design with the world, in order to involve people that have an interest in this kind of technology. This is in effect an "open source project", i.e. the design is open and free, and those that have the interest and ability, are encouraged to feed back back into the project. Hi Fi Headphone Amplifier: Hi Fi PC Speaker System: Hi Fi Preamplifier: High Performance Audio Applications of the LM833: RIAA Phono preamplifier stages and active crossover ne2-rks Hiraga Le Classe a 20 Watt: HJ 4P Professional Headphone Distribution Box: drives up to4 headphones from a single amplifier, has volume control and mono switch, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format HJ 6 Standard Headphone Distribution Box: drives up to 6 headphones from a single amplifier, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format Hybrid Amplifier using a 5687 Tube & Magnatec PowerMOSFETs:
Kumisa Mk. II Headphone Amp: DIY headph1-amplifier project using AD844 and some special transistors Leach Amp 120 Watt Power Amplifier: Latest update of the "Low Tim Amplifier", Claimed to be a very good sounding design Leach SuperAmp: 270-Watt Double Barreled Amplifier published in Audio magazine Lidstrm Improved ZEN I Class a FET Amplifier: LM383 12 Volt Amplifier: Low Noise Balanced Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Low Noise Version of High Level Output Stage in 1031: PDF file Low Power Audio Amplifier Based on LM386: Lowlevel Audio Amp: Microphone Phantom Power Supply: MOSFET Power Amp: DIY high power MOSFET amplifier200 Wrms 8 ohms -350 Wrms4 ohms MS Stereo Decoder: MS Stereo Microphone: One Watt 2.3 GHz RF Amplifier Using a MRF2001: Personal Stereo Audio Amp: Portable Headphone Amplifier: 3V Battery powered High Performance unit Portable Microphone Preamplifier: High headroom input circuitry. 9V Battery powered. Power Amplifier Clipping Indicator: Power Follower: Less wasted power than true Class A but not as good sound PushPull Class a 2A3 Stereo Amp: Quadraphonic Amplifier: This is a four channel amplifier ideally suited for use with quadraphonic equipment such as a Sound Blaster Live card. RIAA Equalized Stereo Phono Preamp: Simple Amplifier: Single Chip 50 Watt / 8 Ohm Power Amplifier: Uses LM3876 HiFi amplifier IC from National Semiconductor Single Ended Class A2 SV81110 Stereo Amp: Small Amplifier Circuit: Uses many amplifier ICs, from feWatt-Watts to200-Watt SoftStart Circuit for Power Amps: Spatial Distortion Reduction Headphone Amp: Speaker Microphone: Stereo Line Driver: Power Amp Stereo Line Driver Stereo Tube Amplifier: Subwoofer Equalizer: The Linkwitz transform circuit is a hugely flexible way to equalize the bottom end of a sealed loudspeaker enclosure. A speaker that is corrected using this method is flat from below resonance to the upper limit of the selected driver. The low frequency roll off point is determined by the parameters of the transform circuit. Should the enclosure size be too small and cause a lump in the response before roll off, this is also corrected. A conventional active crossover network is then used to divide the subwoofer signal from the main channel signals. Note that there is also a separate spreadsheet calculator available for calculating component values for different situations not handled by the original circuit. Subwoofer Filter: 12 dB/octave low pass filter for subwoofer, includes subsonic filter TDA2030 8 Watt Amplifier: ThermoFan To Keep Your Amp Cool: Three Transistor Audio Amp (50 Milliwatt ): Here is a little audio amplifier similar to what you might find in a small transistor radio. Tube Amplifiers: Tube Buffer for CD Player: Two Channel Power Amplifier: The2-Channel Power Amplifier based on NTE1606. The circuit is powered by a12V,10-Amp power supply. The power of the output channels is4 W connected to 8-ohm loudspeakers Two Transistor Audio Amplifier: Two Watt Amplifier:
Underwater Microphone: Voltage Controlled Amplifier: Weighting Filter for Audio Measurements:
Power Control Electronic Circuits - Schematic Science Projects
Power Control Circuits

Automatic Control Starts Loads Softly: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas Automatic Power off Circuit Saves Battery: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Build a UPS for USB devices: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Portable systems often include circuitry that derives power from an external source, such as USB. When the system disconnects from the USB supply, a battery takes over and supplies current via a dc/dc converter. A diode-OR connection (Figure 1. Circuit Automates Switch over Between Battery & Source: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas CMOS Gate implements Reverse Phase Control: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Cockcroft Walton Multiplier: Controller Provides Constant Power DC Load: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Isolated Driver Forms Solid State Circuit Breaker: 03/03/98 EDN-Design Ideas / This circuit allows standard TTL logic levels to safely drive a high-power dc load, circuit provides also overcurrent circuit breaker functionality Load Switcher Draws only 6 A: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas Microcontroller Watches, Controls AC Power: 06/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas / circuit allows an isolated microcontroller to both sense and control ac power to an externally plugged-in device Novel Circuit Controls AC Power: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Power source is insensitive to load changes: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / For the heating and cooling elements common in industrial systems, resistance is not a fixed quantity. These elements include such devices as positive-temperaturecoefficient heaters and thermoelectric coolers. Their resistance can change more than 100% during operation, and the result is a change in power dissipation for elements receiving drive from a fixed voltage or current source. . Pushbutton Switch Controls Power Supply & C: 09/25/97 EDN-Design Ideas Short dc power line pulses afford remote control: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / If you face the challenge of adding a second, independently controlled light source to an existing ceiling lamp controlled by a wall switch, you may find that stringing a second power line is impossible. First, you can replace the wall switch by the circuit in Figure 1. Pushing the on switch S1 or S2 for approximately 1 sec inserts the 12V zener diodes D1 or D2 in series with the ... . Smart Switch Cuts Transformer turnon Current : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas Soft Start Circuit for Power Amps: Soft start controller is gentle on loads: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The control circuit in Figure 1 senses a given load and automatically soft-starts the load by synchronously adjusting the power to that load. You can also manually adjust the power delivered to the load by controlling the phase angle of the line voltage across the load. The phase-angle adjustment for every ac half cycle covers 0 to 180 . .
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Power Control Electronic Circuits - Schematic Science Projects
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Power Failure Alarms - Soft Start Circuit for Power Amps
Power Failure Alarms

Soft Start Circuit for Power Amps:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Power_Failure_Alarm.html [1/17/2007 5:25:12 PM]
Power FET Circuits - Field Effect Transistor - Electronic Resource
Power FET Circuits

Gate drive method extends supply's input range: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Industrial and telecom applications often require a nonisolated, low-voltage supply from a high-voltage input. IC manufacturers have responded to that need with the application of high-voltage processes and offer control ICs that work to 50V and higher. That voltage is sometimes insufficient, and you need further design techniques to extend the input voltage...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Power_FET_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:25:17 PM]
Power Line Circuits - Digital measures Power Factor - Electronic Resource
Power Line Circuits

220 Voltlive wire-in-wall scanner : This circuit senses power lines behind walls 3-digit DVM IC measures Power factor: 4/28/1994 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Power_Line_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:25:21 PM]
Power Meter Monitors - Easy to Build Electronic AC Power Meter
Power Meters/Monitors
50 MHz Assistant: Advanced VHF Power Meter: Easy To Build AC Power Meter: 05/12/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / If your goal is to save on electricity, you must first measure the ac current flowing through your appliances. The formula for power is the product of the ac line voltage and the measured current. Presented here is a demonstration of how to build an... Make a Low Cost Benchtop Power Meter: 09/11/98 EDN-Design Ideas Optocoupler simplifies power line monitoring: 01/10/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The use of a linear optocoupler and a capacitor-based power supply yields a simple, yet precise power-line-monitoring system. The circuit in Figure 1 converts the 110V-ac power-line voltage to an ac output voltage centered at 2.5V, covering 0 to 5V. The circuit isolates the output signal from the power line. . Power meter is 1% accurate: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Power meters provide an early warning of thermal overload by monitoring power consumption in high-reliability systems. Power monitoring is especially suitable for motor controllers, industrial heating systems, and other systems in which the load voltage and current are both variable. The power meter/controller in Figure 1 uses the principle that power is the product of voltage and current.. RF Power Meter for the QRPer: RF Power Meter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Power_Meters_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:25:25 PM]
AC to AC - AC to DC - DC to Power Meters -Monitors - AC - DC to DC - High Voltage - Switchmode - UPS - Variable
Power Meters/Monitors
q q q q
AC to AC AC to DC DC to AC DC to DC
q q q q
High Voltage Switchmode UPS Variable
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Power_Supplies.html [1/17/2007 5:25:37 PM]
Free Electronic Circuits - Power Supplies - AC to AC - Converters

Everything you wanted to know about wideband, low-frequency transformers: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. External Isolation Transformer Box: designed for Mackie and other Mixers Eliminates RFI Problems Grounding & Shielding: describes basic audio transformer uses like balanced in/out and signal splitters High CMRR Balanced Interface: Uses for Crystal18 or20 Bit A/D Converters. This is a PDF file High Output Line Driver for Single Ended Power Supply: PDF file IC Mic Preamp uses Jensen Twin Servo topology: Interconnection of Balanced & Unbalanced Equipment: 4 page booklet in PDF format Internal Modification to Mic Inputs of the Mackie 1604 Mixer Eliminates RFI Problems: adding transformer isolation increases common mode rejection and eliminates RF interference, PDF document Isolation Transformer Passes millihertz Signals: EDN-Design Ideas IT 4 Four Channel Isolation Transformer unit: audio signal isolation transformer, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format IT one inline 600 / 600 Ohm Line Transformer: audio signal isolation transformer, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format Jensen Direct Box Transformers: data sheets have example circuit diagrams Jensen Transformers Application Schematics: includes many microphone preamplifier related JP 11P 1 Input Transformer Improvement for Electronically balanced Input: JS 11SPP 6M 600 Ohm Line Isolator with Line termination Switch: for used with long 600 ohm lines that need termination JS 11SSP 6M 150 Ohm Line to 600 Ohm Load application: isolation transformer with impedance conversion JT 10B D Used in Line Level 2 Way Splitter / Isolator: active line level splitter circuit with input and output isolation JT 10KB D & JT 6110K B "Pro" to "Consumer" Interfaces: from +4dBu balanced output to -10dbV consumer equipment input JT 10KB D & JT DB E Provide "J Box" Consumer to Studio Interfaces: from -10dBV unbalanced to150 ohm balanced microphone level -45dBu signal and from +4dBu balanced signal to -10dBV unbalanced signal JT 10KB D Isolates & Converts Speaker Drive to Line Level: JT 11 BM High Level Differential IC Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 11 BM High Level High Current Differential Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 11 DM Basic Hum Stopper Transformer Isolation Box: simple isolator for 600 ohm balanced audio lines JT 11 DM Converts Unbalanced Output to Balanced:
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JT 11 FL Isolates & Converts Guitar Amp Speaker Out to Line Output: JT 11 FL provides Isolated Line Output from Guitar Amplifier: JT 11 YZPC in Unbalanced Long Line Driver / Isolator: JT 11B 1 + "Phantom" Buffer Provide Balanced Guitar Output: JT 11P 1 as "Phase Splitter" with Symmetrical Outputs: JT 11P 1 Balanced Tube Line Input Stage: JT 11P 1 Conversion of Unbalanced Input to Balanced: JT 11P 1 in 2 Way Passive "Guitar Splitter": from one guitar to2- guitar amplifiers JT 11P 1 in 4 Way Active "Guitar Splitter": from one guitar to up to4 guitar amplifiers JT 11P 1 Unbalanced Automotive or Consumer Application: isolation transformer box for unbalanced consumer audio line signals JT 11P 1 used as Unbalanced Polarity Inverter: passive transformer based audio signal inverter circuit JT 11SSP 6M 600 Ohm Line Isolation Application: isolation transformer for 600 ohm balanced audio line JT 11SSP 6M as Input Transformer for Crystal CS5367 A / D Converter: transformer balanced passive input circuit for CS5367 A/D converter, PDF file JT 11SSP 6M Bi-Directional Lo Z Long Line Application: this circuit isolated and impedance matches less than100 ohm source to long cable line and that to over10 kohm input JT 11SSP 6M Passive Stereo Matrix for M S Mic Technique: JT 11SSP 6M Universal Patchbay Isolation Application: for use with professional low impedance sources and high impedance loads JT 123 BL High Level Low Impedance Differential Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 123 S Line Driver with Feedback Around the Transformer: JT 13K6 C in Simple 1 IC Stage Mic Preamp: 15KB PDF JT 16 A Improves Performance of SSM2017 Mic Preamp IC: JT 6110K B at Input Stage for Crystal a to D Converters: high performance transformer balanced input stage for Crystal A/D converters, PDF file JT 6110K B Isolates "70 Volt" Line & Converts to Line Level: JT DB E "Direct Box" for very High Level Signals: takes high level line signal and outputs balanced microphone level signal JT DB E Converts Consumer Stereo Inputs to Mono Balanced Mic Output: JT DB E Full featured "Direct Box" Application Schematic: JT DB E Standard Musical instrument or Synthesizer "Direct Box": JT MB C "Real" Mic Inputs & Phantom Power for Sony DAT: JT MB C in Low Noise, High Isolation Line Receiver for Low Z Sources: JT MB C Isolates both Mic & Line Inputs of inexpensive Mixer: JT MB C Mic Input Isolation for Mackie Mixers: JT MB C Used to "Phantom" Power the Realistic PZM Mic: JT MB D Converts 600 Ohm Unbalanced Mic to 150 Ohm Balanced Mic Line: JT MB D Passive Stereo Matrix for M S Mic Technique: Method sets voltage in multiple-output converters: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Mixed Feedback Drive for Audio Output Transformers: Technical paper from Lundahl Transformers in PDF format Power Supplies & Transformers: Basic structures of power supplies Power Supplies and Regulators: new low power discrete switcher Step Down Rectifier makes a Simple DC Power Supply: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas - A simple and useful nonisolated rectifier features voltage step-down operation, acceptable Class A line-current harmonics, inherent short-circuit protection, and, optionally, a regulated output Theory & Construction of Mic "Splitters": 5 page booklet in PDF format Transformer Coupled Splitter: Active amplified transformer isolated signal splitter that enables hum-free connection of1-guitar to more than1-amp as well as having a direct output Transformers for Audio Interfacing: Discussion on using audio transformers in equipment interconnections, read also Line-level transformers in High-End Audio
Free Electronic Circuits - Power Supplies- AC to DC Converters Linear / Inverters

12 Volt to 9 Volt DC Converter: Car Converter for12 Volt to 9V 2 Watt Switching Power Supply: from 6V to14V 5 Volt DC From RS232 Signals: The circuit of Figure1 produces a semi-regulated5Volt output from an RS-232 port. Unlike a PC-mouse supply or comparable that rely on the modem-control signals DTR and RTS, this one operates with a3-wire port GND, Rx, and TX, and obtains power only from the TX line. The output currentabout 8mA-is sufficient for CMOS microcontrollers and other low-power . 6 to 12 Volt Converter: This circuit can provide up to 800mA of12V power from a 6V supply. The circuit is simple, about 75% efficient and quite useful. Circuit offers improved active rectification: EDN-Design Ideas / Rectifiers convert ac signals to dc. You can combine a diode and a load resistor to create a half-wave rectifier, provided that the amplitude of the ac source is much larger than the forward drop of the diode (typically 0.6V). Unfortunately, you can't use this method to rectify signals that are smaller than a diode drop... DC to DC Converter: will produce a 85-Volt voltage from +3V, usable for low power applications Fast Rectifier Circumvents Input Level Effects: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas Full Wave Rectifier uses Current Feedback Amps: 03/27/97 EDN-Design Ideas Full Wave Rectifier uses Current Feedback Amps: 07/20/95 EDN-Design Ideas High Speed Rectifier uses No Diodes: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas Method provides self timing for synchronous rectifiers: 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Synchronous rectifiers are MOSFETs, driven in such a way as to perform a rectifying function. They often take the place of diodes in the output-rectification stage of switching power converters, because of their lower on-state power loss. In power circuits, synchronous rectifiers are often complicated to use because of timing issues.. One 9 Volt Battery gives +18, +25, +33V: This circuit is based on MAX1044 is a charge pump converter. OpAmp Rectifier Signals Input State: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Output Adjustable Flyback Converter: Precision AC / DC Converters: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun1996 Precision Rectifier is Glitch Free to 1 MHz: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas Precision Rectifier Reduces Ripples: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Step Down Rectifier Makes a Simple DC Power Supply: EDN-Design Ideas - A simple and useful nonisolated rectifier features voltage step-down operation, acceptable Class A line-current harmonics, inherent short-circuit protection, and, optionally, a regulated output
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/AC_to_DC.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:25:50 PM]
Free Electronic Circuits - Power Supplies- AC to DC Converters Linear / Inverters
Transformerless Mains Power Supply: This power supply does not really excel in power efficiency, but it is the cheapest and most compact solution for a small power supply. Note that the low voltage output is directly connected to the mains; it cannot be used when the low voltage part can be touched. With the component values of the schematic, the circuit can supply12V /15mA max. Transformerless Power Supply: True RMS Detector: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Two OpAmps Make Fast Full Wave Rectifier: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Two Watt Switching Power Supply: from 6V to14V Unregulated Power Supply:
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Electric Circuit - Converters - DC to AC Circuits and Inverter Circuits - DC to AC Power Supplies

12 Volt Automotive Inverter : This circuit will allow you to operate small devices like laptop computers inside your automobile without an expensive automobile power supply. The circuit takes advantage of the fact that power transformers are linear devices and can be used to step up as well as step down. 12 Volt DC to 120 Volt AC Inverter: this inverter should solve that problem. It takes12 VDC and steps it up to120 VAC. The-Wattage depends on which transistors you use for Q1 and Q2, as well as how "big" a transformer you use for T1. The inverter can be constructed to supply anywhere from1 to1000 (1 KW)Watts. DC to AC Inverter: Digital to Analog Centronics D / A & Filter:
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Electronic Devices and Circuits - Power Supplies - DC to DC Switch Mode
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Switcher IC hikes Battery Charger's Efficiency: 06/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Switching Converter uses Planar Magnetics: 11/07/96 EDN Design Ideas Switching regulator forms constant current source: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Many applications require current sources rather than voltage sources. When you need a high-current source, using a linear regulator is inadvisable, because of the high power dissipation in the series resistor. To solve the wastedpower problem, you can use a switch-mode regulator. The circuit of Figure 1 uses IC1, an LM2576 adjustable regulator.. Switching Regulator Output goes Below VREF: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Synchronized Regulator Produces Coherent Noise: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Synchronous buck circuit produces negative voltage: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many electronic systems require both positive and negative voltages to operate properly. Generating an efficient, low-voltage positive output from a higher voltage input typically entails the use of a synchronous buck regulator. But when generating a negative output voltage from a positive input voltage, you'd typically use a flyback topology, especially at higher output currents... System Oriented DC to DC Conversion Techniques: National Semiconductor Application Notes,01 May1998 Three Input Supply Powers 3.3 Volt Portables: 10/26/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest-- Single ended primary inductance Converter accepts input voltages ranging from3 to more than 6V and produces a regulated3.3V,200 mA Output Tiny Tiny Inverter Design: little efficient circuit that runs off of3V, and charges up a little1 uf250-Volt cap all the way up in about30 seconds Transformer Buys Lower Shutdown Current: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Transformerless Supply Fits CaT Volt Applications: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Coaxial CATV systems derive their power from a 60-Hz square wave that shares the center conductor with the television channels this circuit generates10 mA at5V DC from it Transistor Pair Lowers PWM IC's Start up Current: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Transistors tame perfidious leakage inductance: 09/27/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / In flyback converters that use primary regulation, the loose coupling between the power secondary and the primary auxiliary windings often results in poor crossregulation. This situation arises mainly from the leakage inductance but also comes from the level of the primary clamp voltage. Figure 1 shows a typical application schematic using On Semiconductor's (www. . Two ACells Power Step Down Regulator: 10/26/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Two Cores Marry, Make Swinging Choke: 10/26/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Universal High Resistance Voltmeter: Use a 555 timer as a switch mode power supply: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Most switch-mode power supplies rely on a PWM (pulse-width-modulated) output that is controlled via voltage feedback. A 555-timer IC can inexpensively perform PWM. The circuit in Figure 1 shows how to turn a 555 PWM circuit into an switchmode power supply with only one simple equation. The design uses two 555s Use the LM158 / LM258 / LM358 Dual, Single Supply OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,14 May2001 Wallcube DC / DC Converter is 85% Efficient: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Ubiquitous12V wall cube generates an unregulated dc voltage of 8 to18V, depending on line voltage and load, this circuit generates a regulated5V400 mA from it very efficiently
High Voltage Power Supplies Generators - Easy Electronic Circuits
Power Supplies: High Voltage Generators

0 to 300 Volt Adjustable Power Supply: This is a simple circuit that can provide an adjustable voltage source of0 to330 Volts. The supply is short-circuit proof: the current is limited to about100mA. 10 to 30K Volt Flyback Power Supply: 12 Volt Supply for He Ne Laser: 13.5K Volt Power Supply: 25 k Volt Generator Tests Insulation: 06/04/98 EDN-Design Ideas 4k Volt 5k Volt 2000VAC Power Supply: uses two microwave oven transformers APD Bias Circuit has Adjustable Output: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Circuit delivers high voltage swing from lower supplies: 12/12/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The need for higher voltage swings in applications such as test-andmeasurement instruments is constantly increasing, but the power supplies impose limitations on the operational amplifier rails make the high-voltage need a challenge for designers. How do you deliver high-voltage swings to a load without increasing the voltage levels of the power supplies of the operational amplifier? In other .. COCKCROFT and WALTON VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS: Here are some applications of the Cockroft-Walton voltage doubler circuit for generating high voltages from a low voltage AC source. The circuit is quite practical for generating thousands of volts (or more) or just a few volts at high current. Cockcroft Walton Diode Voltage Multipliers: this document describing some basic voltage multiplier circuit topologies, PDF file Compact 5 Volt HighCurrent Supply Uses One 1.25MHz Switcher : 09/16/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Disk drives, ADSL modems, notebook computers, and other data-acquisition circuits require high-current, 5-V power supplies with switching frequencies above 1.1 MHz to avoid interfering with noisesensitive circuitry. A very simple, compact, and... Easy Xenon DC to DC Converters!: HeNe Laser Power Supply: High Voltage Adjustable Power Supplies: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 High Voltage Circuits: High Voltage Electronic Dazer: High Voltage Generator for Flash & Geiger Tubes: PDF file High Voltage Generator: This is a very simple ignition coil driver circuit that can probably be built with stuff from your junk box. Circuit examples work from230Volt AC and120-Volt AC. High Voltage High Current Power Supply: lots of power form microwave oven transformer How Van De Graaff Generators Work: Most of us have seen the device, known as a Van de Graaff generator that makes your hair stand on end. The device looks like a big aluminum ball mounted on a pedestal. Have you ever wondered what this device is, how it works, why it was invented, or how you might build1-yourself?
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/High_Voltage.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:26:26 PM]
High Voltage Power Supplies Generators - Easy Electronic Circuits
Ignition Coil / Flyback Transformer Based High Voltage Generators: This page gives my thoughts on how to use a car ignition coil or Flyback transformer as a high voltage generator. The objective is to produce as high a voltage as possible, with as high a power throughput as possible. Ignition Coil Driver: This circuit takes +12V up to 6A and drives a car ignition coil. Both frequency and drive pulse width are adjustable in this circuit. Ignition Coil High Voltage Circuit: Ignition Coil High Voltage Generators: Jacob's Ladder: Jacob's Ladders #2: Kirlian Device Supply: Low Current, High Voltage Power Supply: Low Current, High Voltage Power Supply Single Transistor Flyback Driver: Super Cheap 1500 Volt Power Supply (small Laser Supply): Tesla Coil / H Volt Generator: Tesla Power Receiver: TESLCOIL: This is a very dangerous project so lots of caution must be exercised all components and values are listed and also a little bit of the circuit operation is in there also. Virtual zener circuit simplifies high voltage interface: 03/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / This design for a photonic switch needs more than approximately 70V at the cathode of a duo-lateral optical position-sensing device. This voltage gets speedy response at longer wavelengths, such as 980 nm. The circuit uses fast transimpedance amps, "floated" at 70V. Two "virtual-zener" circuits step down the high-voltage signals for subsequent processing in a ground-referred differentialamplif.....
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/High_Voltage.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:26:26 PM]
Low Voltage Drop / Power Supplies Variable - Electronic Circuits
Power Supplies: Variable / Low Voltage Drop

0 to 24 Volt 4Adjustable Power Supply #1: 0-24V4A adjustable power supply, text in Finnish 1.2 to 25 Volt DC At 4Power Supply Schematic: built using discrete transistors and 741 OpAmp, read circuit description 1Variable Regulated Power Supply: 230 Volt Dimmer: FAIR WARNING - THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UPS Adjustable power supply : Adjustable Power Supply using LM317: voltage regulator for1.2V to35-Volt output voltages and up to1A load Adjustable Power Supply: well filtered variable1.2-30 volts at5 amps using LM338K Constant Current Battery Charger: Design An Adaptable Power Supply For XENPAK: 03/17/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / XENPAK is a multisource agreement (MSA) for a 10-Gbit transceiver package. As part of the XENPAK MSA, each XENPAK module requires input power from an adaptable power supply (APS) that resides on a backplane. ... Lantern Flasher / Dimmer: LM317 Adjustable Power Supply: LM317 Regulator With Pass Transistor: LM317 Variable Power Supply: LM317 Variable Voltage Regulator: Low Drop Regulator (postscript File): Low Voltage, High Current Time Delay Circuit: Self Switching Power Supply: Variable 3 to 24 Volt / 3 Amp Power Supply: regulated power supply can be adjusted from3 to25 volts and is current limited Variable Dual Lab Power Supply: can supply from +/-1.2V up to about +/-25V, will current limit at around 800mA Variable load tests voltage sources: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 serves as a variable, current-sink load for testing voltage sources. You use digital commands to set the load current of the device under test over a wide range, independently of the device under test's output voltage. Variable Power Supply, 1 30 Volt@ 1.5A: 1.2 volts to30 volts at1.5 amps Variable Power Supply: based on versatile L200 voltage regulator, independent voltage (3-15V) and current (10mA-2A) limits Variable Regulator Output: 0 28 volts at3 amps Variable Voltage & Current Power Supply: Varying Brightness AC Lamp: SCR is used to slowly vary the intensity of a120 volt light bulb by controlling the Time that the AC line voltage is applied to the lamp during each half cycle
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Low_Voltage_Drop.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:26:32 PM]
Low Voltage Drop / Power Supplies Variable - Electronic Circuits
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Quadraphonic Circuits - Quadraphonic Schematics - Electronic Hobby Projects
Electronic Circuits - Quadraphonic

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Beginners Advanced Microprocessor Microcontroller 22 CD connection: 303 circuit: 33 CD input conversion: 33 circuit: 405 circuit: 405 mods: Allpass Network shifts Signals 90: 4/27/95 EDN-Design Ideas AM2 circuit: Control 22 circuit: Digital Delay Unit for Surround Sound: Equivalent transistors: Equivalent valves: FM3 Mods: Jones plug pin-out: Quad 50E adaptors: Quad 50E circuit: Quad II circuit: Quad spares suppliers: Quadraphonic Amplifier: This is a four-channel amplifier ideally suited for use with quadraphonic equipment such as a Sound Blaster Live card. Surround Sound Decoder: This surround-sound decoder is based on the "Hafler" principle, first discovered by David Hafler sometime in the early 1970s. The original idea was to connect a pair of speakers Surround Sound Mk1: Surround Sound Mk2: Valve codes: Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Quadraphonic Schematics
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http://www.hobbyprojects.com/Q/quadraphonic_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:26:45 PM]
Quadraphonic Circuits - Quadraphonic Schematics - Electronic Hobby Projects
Click here for >>>> Electronic Tutorials
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Quadrature Detector Circuit - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Electronic Circuits - Quadrature Detectors

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Beginners Advanced Microprocessor Microcontroller Allpass Network Shifts Signals 90: 04/27/95 EDN-Design Ideas Adjustable Phase quadrature Generator: Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Quadrature Detectors Schematic
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http://www.hobbyprojects.com/Q/quadrature_detectors.html [1/17/2007 5:26:50 PM]
Radar Circuit, Amplifiers, Detectors, Microwave, Electronic Circuits

Build your own cable radar: 10/01/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A time domain reflectometer (TDR) is a handy but rather expensive instrument, and isnt commonly found on every bench. I used to rent them, but after having paid large bills for several years, I decided to make my own. I saved a bundle and was able to. . . Digital Radar Speedometer: Economy radar detector : This circuit uses a 1458 dual op-amp to form a radar detector. C1 is the detector of the radar signal. The first op-amp forms a currentto-voltage converter and the second op-amp buffers the output to drive the piezo transducer. R5 sets the switching threshold of the second op-amp; normally it is adjusted so that the circuit barely triggers on background noise, then it's backed off a bit. The response of the circuit may be tuned by adjusting the length of the leads on C1. For typical road-radar systems, the input capacitor's leads should be about 0.5 to 0.6 inches long. Radar Detector #2: Radar Detector #3: "Radio-Electronics" Magazine, Jul,86 issue (C) Copyright Gernsback Publications, Inc.,1986 Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/radar_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:26:53 PM]
Radar Detector Circuit - Digital Radar Speedometer - Electronic Circuits

Build your own cable radar: 10/01/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A time domain reflectometer (TDR) is a handy but rather expensive instrument, and isnt commonly found on every bench. I used to rent them, but after having paid large bills for several years, I decided to make my own. I saved a bundle and was able to. . . Digital Radar Speedometer: Economy radar detector : This circuit uses a 1458 dual op-amp to form a radar detector. C1 is the detector of the radar signal. The first op-amp forms a current-tovoltage converter and the second op-amp buffers the output to drive the piezo transducer. R5 sets the switching threshold of the second op-amp; normally it is adjusted so that the circuit barely triggers on background noise, then it's backed off a bit. The response of the circuit may be tuned by adjusting the length of the leads on C1. For typical road-radar systems, the input capacitor's leads should be about 0.5 to 0.6 inches long. Radar Detector #2: Radar Detector #3: "Radio-Electronics" Magazine, Jul,86 issue (C) Copyright Gernsback Publications, Inc.,1986 Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/radar_detectors.html [1/17/2007 5:26:58 PM]
Radiation Detector, Sensor & Monitor - Radiation Electronic Circuits
Radiation Detectors, Sensors & Monitors

Geiger Counter: Geiger counters!: High Voltage Generator for Flash & Geiger Tubes: very low battery current, PDF file Radiation Dosage Rate Meter: Accurately measure and display RADS/MIN with this circuit and a V meter! Simple Geiger Detector uses Neon Glow Lamp : 03/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In these times of increased terrorist threats, the possibility of some type of nuclear incident exists. By using a few simple components, it's possible to build a low-cost Geiger detector. Detecting a radiation requires a special Geiger tube. But.. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/radiation_detectors_monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:27:02 PM]
Radio Control Electronic Circuits - Crystal Radio - RC Circuit
Radio Control Circuits / Products

CorvetteRadios - We Repair GM Delco Bose Am/Fm Cassette CD Radios 2 Transistor Amplifier: 4W FM Transmitter: Crystal Radio With Amplifier: Crystal Radio: One Transistor FM Transmitter: Pulse Width to Voltage Converter: R / C Circuit: Radio Control Electric Switch: Two Transistor Amplifier:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/radio_control_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:27:06 PM]
Radio Frequency Identification Devices Circuits - RFID Circuit
Radio Frequency Identification Devices Circuits RFID

OPTICAL RFID TEST CIRCUIT (87) (opiddemo) I designed this test the concept of using light techniques to send identification data instead of RF. A more detailed discussion on this scheme can be found in the Imagine red new products section. CMOS INVERTER 125KHz LC OSCILLATOR (116) (125kpowerosc4) This circuit uses a single CMOS inverter to form a series resonant LD oscillator. The values shown set the oscillation at about 125KHz but other frequencies are possible by changing the main LC values CMOS INVERTERS FORM 125KHZ OSCILLATOR (117) (125kpowerosc3) This circuit is similar to schematic number 116 but inverts the LC components so the inductor is grounded. Two inverters are needed to produce the needed oscillation. Again, the values shown set the frequency at 125KHz but can be changed to produce other frequencies. CMOS NAND GATE FORMS GATED 125KHZ OSCILLATOR (118) (125kpowerosc5) This circuit is similar to schematic number 116 but uses a NAND gate as an inverter. The gate allows the oscillator to be gated on and off. Again, the values shown set the frequency at 125KHz but can be changed to produce other frequencies. MEDIUM POWER 125KHZ OSCILLATOR (119) (125kpowerosc0) This circuit is similar to number 117 but adds more invertors in parallel to deliver more power. The values shown are for 125KHz. MEDIUM POWER 125KHZ OSCILLATOR (120) (125kpowerosc2) This circuit is similar to number 119 but adds even more inverters in parallel to deliver yet more power. The values shown are for 125KHz.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/radio_frequency_identification_devices_(rifd).html [1/17/2007 5:27:08 PM]
Rain Detector Circuit - Electronic Circuits - Rain Detectors
Rain Detector Circuits

Rain Detector #1: Rain Detector #2:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rain_detector.html [1/17/2007 5:27:11 PM]
Receiver Circuits - Receivers - Electronic Receiver Circuit Resource
Receiver Circuits
$10 Receiver has Microvolt Sensitivity: 08/18/94 EDN-Design Ideas 136 kHz Direct Conversion Receiver: 2 Transistor Audio Amplifier: 30m Direct Conversion Receiver: 4 Band Double Tuned Preselector: 4.5 10Mhz Superheterodyne RCVR: 40 Meter Direct Conversion Receiver: 40m Direct Conversion Receiver: 42 Mc Band to 88 Mc Band (retrofit Converter) Project: 49MHz Walkie Talkie: 50 MHz Assistant: 50 MHz to 146 MHz Converter: 80 Meter CW ARDF Receiver: 80M ARDF Direction Finder: 80m Direct Conversion Receiver #1: 80m Direct Conversion Receiver #2: Add a signal strength display to an FM receiver IC: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The Philips (www.semiconductors.philips.com) TDA7000 integrates a monaural FM-radio receiver from the antenna connection to the audio output. External components include one tunable LC circuit for the local oscillator, a few capacitors, two resistors, and a potentiometer to control the variable-capacitancediode tuning.. Aircraft Receiver: AM BCB Radio Receiver: AM Broadcast Band Regenerative Receiver: AM Radio Preamplifier: AM Receiver for Aircraft Communications: AM Receiver: Bipolar Regenerative Receiver: Build your own Superheterodyne Receiver: 08/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Build your own VLF Receiver: Car Radio tunes the Amateur Bands: Crystal Radio #2: RF Receivers & Receiver Circuits Crystal Radio Crystal Radio 3: Crystal Set that Requires No Antenna: CW Receiver 40 / 80 Meter CW Receiver: Economy Short Wave Radio: Experimental Fiber Optic Receiver: Four Band Double Tuned Preselector: General Purpose Infrared Receiver: Hear Amateurs on your FM Radio!: HeNe Laser Transmitter / Receiver:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/receiver_circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:27:15 PM]
High Performance FM Receiver for Audio & Digital: High Speed, Low Skew RS 422 Drivers & Receivers Solve Critical System Timing Problems: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 IC Forms Differential Line Driver / Receiver: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas / you can use the HFA1212 dual video buffer to implement differential line drivers and receivers with a minimum of external components Induction Receiver: formonitoring audio magnetic fields. Infra / Radio Remote Control Transmitter / Receiver: Infrared Receiver for Sony Remotes: receive signals from a standard Sony remote control and send the code bytes(2) received to an RS-232 port, based on PIC16C84 Infrared Receiver: (Amplitude Modulated IR) Infrared Transmitter and Receiver Schematic Diagrams: IR Receiver (Amplitude Modulated IR): KD7LMO Micro Beacon (PIC18F252): Laser Telephone Receiver Circuit: LASER Transmitter / Receiver: Laser Transmitter Schematics: Light Beam Receiver for Laser Pistols: Low Power RS232C Driver & Receiver in CMOS: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05 Oct1998 MPF102 FM Receiver: MPF102 Receiver: One Transistor Regenerative Receiver: OpAmp Radio: OPT201 Laser Receiver: OPT301 Laser Receiver: Popcorn Direct Conversion Receiver: Q Multiplying Loop Antenna: RC Receiver hosts two independent Switches: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Receiver Building Blocks: Reflex Receivers: Regenerative Receivers: Regenerative Shortwave Receiver: RF Front End for Triple Conversion GPS Receiver: RX3302 Receiver Module Schematic: Several Receiver Circuits: Simple AM Radio Receiver & Amplifier: Simple CATV Upstream Fiber Optic Receiver Uses DC Pilot AGC: 01/20/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Upstream fiber links in a community antenna television (CATV) system are usually among the most difficult elements of the network to align properly. Set-top boxes and cable modems employ "long-loop" automatic gain control (AGC) (in other words,... Simple Circuit Detects Current Pulses: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The pulse detector provides a visible indication of positive and negative current pulses. The pulses amplitudes can vary from20 to150 mA. The pulses durations can range from10 to40 msec, and their repetition rate can span40 to180 pulses/minute. Simple Superhet Receiver: Single Chip Builds Tiny Aircraft Receiver: 09/25/97 EDN-Design Ideas SOP Direct Conversion Receiver: SOP Receiver: Stereo IR Audio Receiver: Super 80 ultra Simple SSB Receiver for 3.5 MHz: Superregenerative 27MHz Receiver #1: Superregenerative 27MHz Receiver #2: Supreg 27Mhz Receiver: SW Receiver using the ZN415: Synthesized HF Receiver: Talking Receiver: TDA7000 Receiver:
Tesla Power Receiver: The Amazing All Band Receiver: The MRX 40 Mini Receiver: Two Transistor Audio Amplifier: Ultrasonic Sound Receiver: Wireless IR headphone Receiver: ZN414 AM Receiver: ZN414 Receivers:
High Speed Rectifier Circuits - Electronic Rectifier Circuit Resource
Rectifier Circuits
Circuit offers improved active rectification: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Rectifiers convert ac signals to dc. You can combine a diode and a load resistor to create a half-wave rectifier, provided that the amplitude of the ac source is much larger than the forward drop of the diode (typically 0.6V). Unfortunately, you can't use this method to rectify signals that are smaller than a diode drop... Fast Rectifier Circumvents Input Level Effects: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas Full Wave Rectifier uses Current Feedback Amps #1: 03/27/97 EDN-Design Ideas Full Wave Rectifier uses Current Feedback Amps #2: 07/20/95 EDN-Design Ideas High Speed Rectifier uses No Diodes: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas Method provides self timing for synchronous rectifiers: 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Synchronous rectifiers are MOSFETs, driven in such a way as to perform a rectifying function. They often take the place of diodes in the output-rectification stage of switching power converters, because of their lower on-state power loss. In power circuits, synchronous rectifiers are often complicated to use because of timing issues.. OpAmp Rectifier Signals Input State: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Precision Rectifier is Glitch Free to 1 MHz: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas Precision Rectifier Reduces Ripples: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Two OpAmps Make Fast Full Wave Rectifier: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rectifier_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:27:17 PM]
Electronic Reference Circuit - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Reference Circuits
1.2 Volt Reference: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Add an auxiliary voltage to a buck regulator: 10/31/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You often need more than one regulated output voltage in a system. A frequently used and reasonably simple way to create this auxiliary output voltage is to add a second winding to the output inductor, creating a coupled inductor or a transformer, followed by a diode to rectify (peak-detect) this output voltage.. Buck boost regulator suits battery operation : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A buck/boost converter can step a voltage up or down. Such a converter is appropriate for battery-powered applications. One application derives a regulated 14.1V at 1A from 12V solar panels with 9 to 18V variation. In this type of battery application, efficiency is an important factor; hence, this design uses an inexpensive synchronous-rectifier-based MC33166/7 circuit.... Buck regulator operates without a dedicated clock : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Most switching regulators rely on a dedicated clock oscillator to determine the switching frequency of operation. A dedicated oscillator circuit within the power controller usually generates the clock signal. A class of hysteretic switching regulators can actually operate at a relatively fixed frequency without a clock, even with changing input-line and output-loading conditions.... Buck Regulator Terminates Fast Data Buses: 07/20/95 EDN-Design Ideas Buck Regulator uses Step up Controller: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Measures Small Current in DC Servo Motor: 12/07/01 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Measures Small Currents Referenced To HighVoltage Rails : 01/07/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Designs that need to measure small signals riding on high-voltage power rails suggest the use of isolation devices. However, a high-common-mode-voltage instrumentation amplifier used with a rail-to-rail input and output amplifier can recover the... Circuit provides reference for multiple ADCs: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The achievable accuracy for systems with multiple ADCs depends directly on the reference voltages applied to the ADCs. Medical-ultrasound-imaging systems, for example, commonly include a large number of ADCs in the system's beam-former electronics, with the ADCs usually organized in groups of 16, 24, 32, and so on. . Circuit provides reference for multiple ADCs: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The achievable accuracy for systems with multiple ADCs depends directly on the reference voltages applied to the ADCs. Medical-ultrasound-imaging systems, for example, commonly include a large number of ADCs in the system's beam-former electronics, with the ADCs usually organized in groups of 16, 24, 32, and so on. . Digital potentiometer programs and stabilizes voltage reference: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The potentiometer portion of a mixed-signal, digitally programmable potentiometer adds variability to an analog circuit, and its digital controls provide programmability. You can use a digital potentiometer in two ways in an analog circuit. You can use it as a two-terminal variable resistance, or rheostat, or as a three-terminal resistive divider.. For Just Pennies, Boost Current From Negatimve Linear Regulator : 11/25/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Adding four components to a negative linear regulator (U1 in the figure) increases the load current by 60%. The additional pass transistor and associated resistors cost less than $0.17 in 1000-unit...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/reference_circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:27:26 PM]
Get buck boost performance from a boost regulator: 07/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The SEPIC (single-ended, primary-inductance-converter) topology is generally a good choice for voltage regulators that must produce an on output voltage that falls in the middle of the input-voltage range, such as a 5V output from a 2.7 to 6V input, The topology has some disadvantages, however. The efficiency of a SEPIC circuit fares worse than that of buck and boost regulators, and SEPIC desig.... IC Voltage Reference has 1 Ppm Per Degree Drift: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Linear Brief 41 Precision Reference Uses Only Ten Microamperes: National Semiconductor Application Notes,02-Mar-1999 Measurement Circuit Features High CommonMode Rejection : 07/22/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Modern measurement systems often operate with single 5-V power supplies, yet their input signals may have large common-mode voltages that exceed the supply by tens or hundreds of volts. Also, unless the converter is driven differentially, the noise on... Micropower Voltage Reference: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun1996 Obtain higher voltage from a buck regulator: 05/29/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Several semiconductor vendors'current-mode buck controllers have input-voltage ranges of 30 to 36V but have output-voltage ranges from the reference voltage to approximately 6V. This output-voltage constraint arises from the common-modevoltage limitation of the current-sense amplifier. In real-world applications, the power-supply designer must be able to generate high output voltage for printe...... Positive regulator makes dual negative output converter: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas /Some systems, such as optical networks, require more than one negative voltage. A common procedure is to boost the main negative supply of 5V to 10V and then reduce it with a linear regulator to 9V. The 5V itself comes from a positive supply, typically 5 or 12V. Independently creating each of the two negative voltages requires the use of two switching-regulator ICs... Positive regulator makes negative dc/dc converter: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Power-supply designers can choose from a plethora of available positive buck regulators that can also serve as negative boost dc/dc converters. Some buck regulators have a negative-feedback reference voltage expressly for this purpose, but ICs that have positive-reference feedback voltages far outnumber these negative-feedback regula Reference stabilizes exponential current: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / In an antilog converter, the difference between the base voltages of two transistors sets the ratio of their collector currents: The use of matched transistors balances the first-order temperature coefficient but leaves a temperature-dependent gain term, q/kT. Classic antilog circuits use a thermistor in the drive circuitry to correct this temperature dependency. . References for a / D Converters: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov1995 Regulator Makes Dual Tracking Reference: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Regulator has one Active Part: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Supply delivers pin programmable multiple references: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In the circuit of Figure 1, the REF01, IC1, is a buried-zener-diode-based, precision 10V reference that features minimal noise and drift over temperature. The circuit provides not only the 10V output of the REF01, but also a 5V output that a REF02 reference would deliver. In addition, the circuit provides 5 V 10V, and an unbalanced dual reference, the sum of whose voltages is precisely 10V... Supply saves Circuits from lax Predecessors: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Two Acels Power Step Down Regulator: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Ultra Low Drop Linear Regulator: Voltage Reference improves JFET: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Click here for Other Circuits
Regulated Power Supply Circuit - Power Supply Circuits - Electronic Resource
Regulated Power Supply Circuits

Finesse Regulator Noise: Hot swap structure offers improved redundancy: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / For redundancy purposes, a number of power supplies, using ORing diodes, can work into the same load. During maintenance, when you can remove any power supply, the minimum possible power perturbation at the load is desirable. To compensate for the voltage drop across the ORing diodes, you must connect the power-supply feedback lines after the diodes, at the load... Click here for Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/regulated_power_supply_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:27:28 PM]
Regulator Circuits - Electronic Regulator Circuit Resource
Regulator Circuits
Add an auxiliary voltage to a buck regulator: 10/31/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You often need more than one regulated output voltage in a system. A frequently used and reasonably simple way to create this auxiliary output voltage is to add a second winding to the output inductor, creating a coupled inductor or a transformer, followed by a diode to rectify (peak-detect) this output voltage.. Buck boost regulator suits battery operation : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A buck/boost converter can step a voltage up or down. Such a converter is appropriate for battery-powered applications. One application derives a regulated 14.1V at 1A from 12V solar panels with 9 to 18V variation. In this type of battery application, efficiency is an important factor; hence, this design uses an inexpensive synchronous-rectifier-based MC33166/7 circuit.... Buck regulator operates without a dedicated clock : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Most switching regulators rely on a dedicated clock oscillator to determine the switching frequency of operation. A dedicated oscillator circuit within the power controller usually generates the clock signal. A class of hysteretic switching regulators can actually operate at a relatively fixed frequency without a clock, even with changing input-line and output-loading conditions.... Buck Regulator Terminates Fast Data Buses: 07/20/95 EDN-Design Ideas Buck Regulator uses Step up Controller: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Buck/Boost Charge Pump Regulator Powers White LEDs From a Wide 1.6 Volt to 5.5 Volt Input: Maxim Application Note #1021 Finesse Regulator Noise: For Just Pennies, Boost Current From Negatimve Linear Regulator : 11/25/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Adding four components to a negative linear regulator (U1 in the figure) increases the load current by 60%. The additional pass transistor and associated resistors cost less than $0.17 in 1000-unit... Get buck boost performance from a boost regulator: 07/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The SEPIC (single-ended, primary-inductance-converter) topology is generally a good choice for voltage regulators that must produce an on output voltage that falls in the middle of the input-voltage range, such as a 5V output from a 2.7 to 6V input, The topology has some disadvantages, however. The efficiency of a SEPIC circuit fares worse than that of buck and boost regulators, and SEPIC desig.... Obtain higher voltage from a buck regulator: 05/29/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Several semiconductor vendors'current-mode buck controllers have input-voltage ranges of 30 to 36V but have output-voltage ranges from the reference voltage to approximately 6V. This output-voltage constraint arises from the common-modevoltage limitation of the current-sense amplifier. In real-world applications, the power-supply designer must be able to generate high output voltage for printe...... Positive regulator makes dual negative output converter: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Some systems, such as optical networks, require more than one negative voltage. A common procedure is to boost the main negative supply of 5V to 10V and then reduce it with a linear regulator to 9V. The 5V itself comes from a positive supply, typically 5 or 12V. Independently creating each of the two negative voltages requires the use of two switching-regulator ICs...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/regulator_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:27:31 PM]
Regulator Circuits - Electronic Regulator Circuit Resource
Positive regulator makes negative dc/dc converter: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Power-supply designers can choose from a plethora of available positive buck regulators that can also serve as negative boost dc/dc converters. Some buck regulators have a negative-feedback reference voltage expressly for this purpose, but ICs that have positive-reference feedback voltages far outnumber these negative-feedback regula Simple Regulator has one Active Part: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Supply Saves Circuits From Lax Predecessors: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Two ACels Power Step Down Regulator: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Ultra Low Drop Linear Regulator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/regulator_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:27:31 PM]
Relay Circuits - Electronic Relay Circuit Centre - Relay Resource
Relay Circuits
2 Lead Solid State Breaker Resets Itself: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas / Simple dc circuit breaker can protect a power supply from the ever-present screwdriver or even isolate a satellites dual power system from a short circuit in one subsystem 555 Timer MonoStable Circuit using Pushbutton: 741 Based Light Sensor: CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay 9 Second LED Relay Timer: Alternating On / Off Control: Analog switch lowers relay power consumption: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Designers often use relays as electrically controlled switches. Unlike transistors, their switch contacts are electrically isolated from the control input. However, the power dissipation in a relay coil may render the device unattractive in batterypowered applications. You can lower this dissipation by adding an analog switch that allows the relay to operate at a lower voltage (Figure 1). . CMOS Toggle Flip Flop With Relay(CD4013): Control 120 Volt AC Relay With TTL: Controlling Relays With Logic Voltages: Countdown timer With Relay: Dark / Light Activated Relay: Electronic Relay: medium power complementary transistor pai will switch on and off a load up to3A12V Electronic Thermostat Relay Circuit: Flip Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.: KD2BD Video Operated Relay : turns on relay if there is video signal present in the input Key Reading Circuit saves I/O Pins: 03/05/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Latching Relay Driver: Light / Dark Detector: Load Sensing Automatic Switch: apply power to the entire audio system by turning on1-item, simple circuit Modular Relay System: Programmable Light Activated Relay: Relay Circuits use Reverse hysteresis: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas Relay Delay Circuit: Remote Control turns Battery On & Off: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas SCR Phase Control yields Solid State Switch: 03/15/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / SCRs (siliconcontrolled rectifiers), or thyristors, have higher current and voltage ratings, lower conduction losses, and more robustness than triacs. For these reasons, SCRs are better suited to high-power applications. This is high power dimmer circuit for115V AC. Simple Circuit Drives Latching Relays: 02/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Solenoid Driver Reduces Power & Cost: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Solenoid Starter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/relay_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:27:36 PM]
Relay Circuits - Electronic Relay Circuit Centre - Relay Resource
Solid State Relay Saves Battery's Life: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas Switch Intelligently Controls Current: 03/30/00 EDN-Design Ideas / This circuit can intelligently control ac or dc current when connected in series with a load Time delay relay reduces inrush current: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A transformer switching onto a line can sometimes cause a circuit breaker to trip or a fuse to blow. This phenomenon occurs even if the transformer presents no load, such as when the secondary is open. The problem arises because of the heavy magnetizing inrush current in the transformer. The amplitude of the current depends on the instant on the ac waveform at which the transformer become... . Time Delay Relay: Transformer Driver Controls BiDirectional Switch: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas / You can use a transformer-driver IC to simply control a MOSFET on/off switch Transistor Relay Driver: Two Lead Solid State Breaker Resets itself: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas / Simple dc circuit breaker can protect a power supply from the ever-present screwdriver or even isolate a satellites dual power system from a short circuit in one subsystem Video Activated Relay: Water Activated Relay:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/relay_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:27:36 PM]
Remote Control Circuits - Electronic Remote Circuit Centre
Remote Control Circuits

2 Line Intercom Plus a Telephone Changeover Switch: The circuit presented here can be used for connecting two telephones in parallel and also as a2-line intercom. FAIR WARNING THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. 2 wire Remote Microphone Amplifier : 300 MHz AM, RF Remote Control System: Clap Remote: Combination Controlled, Fully Customizable RF Remote Control: Computerized Infrared Remote: control your stereo, TV and VCR from Windows, includes schematic and software Decoding Infrared Remote Controls: Fire Stick infrared Remote Control: Four Way Remote Control uses Series Transmission: 01/18/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Four channel remote controller system which uses433 MHz band Infra / Radio Remote Control Transmitter / Receiver: Infrared Computer Controlled Infrared Device: Infrared Interface With Windows CD Software: use infrared technology to remotely control a CD-ROM drive with an audio CD Infrared Receiver for Sony Remotes: receive signals from a standard Sony remote control and send the code bytes(2) received to an RS-232 port, based on PIC16C84 Infrared Remote Control #1: will allow you to turn on any piece of equipment that operates on115 volts AC Infrared Remote Control #2: simple circuit which controls one relay output Infrared Remote Control Extender: Infrared Remote Control Of your PC Is Easy!: simple device that connected to the computer serial-port enables the reception of infrared codes emitted from any commercial remote control unit and with a little Windows program the computer learns to recognize sequences and simulates key pressing or executes a program Infrared Remote Control Shutter Release System: Infrared Remote Control Tester #1: measures the relative intensities of different Infrared light sources Infrared Remote Control Tester: Infrared Remote Home Control: able to fire remote control signal through built in infrared port (IrDA) that is of notebook personal computer standard equipment Infrared Remote Jammer: Infrared Switch: IR Remote Switch: Long Range Infrared Remote: by Boondog Automation, gives 8-20 ft of wireless control Measure temperature in remote locations: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit PC Infrared Remote Control #1: PIC16C505 IR / Wireless Remote Control:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/remote_control_circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:27:39 PM]
Remote Charging Circuit uses Three Wire Sensing: 05/25/95 EDN Design Ideas / Remote voltage sensing usually uses a four wire sensing System, this System works with three Wires Remote Control Encoder/decoder With PIC16C620 & PIC12C508: Remote Control for Sony a / Volt Equipment: PIC based remote controller for Infrared and wired Control-S bus Remote Control Lighting: Remote Control turns Battery On & Off: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas Remote Control using Telephone: Here is a tele-remote circuit which enables switching "on" and "off" of appliances through Telephone lines. The circuit described here can be used to switch up to nine appliances (corresponding to the digits1 through 9 of DTMF the Telephone key-pad). The Telephone can be used to switch on or switch off the appliances also while being used for normal conversation. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Remote Controlled a Volt Switch: Infrared Controlled AV Switch with S-Video, Composite Video, and Audio Remote Controlled Lamp Dimmer: Here is a complete design project from Biltronix that allows you to use an off the shelf remote to control the brightness of the lights. Remote Doorbell Indicator: Remote Extender Mk1: This project allows one to take the video recorder and satellite receiver remote controls upstairs Remote Extender Mk2: This project allows you to take the video recorder and satellite receiver remote controls upstairs, and operate the equipment from there. There is no additional cabling to install, the signal being carried along the existing coaxial aerial cable linking the two rooms Remote humidity sensor needs no battery: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Using ac-line power sources and batteries for remote humidity sensors is undesirable because these sources can be troublesome if you mount them in inaccessible points, such as smokestacks, cold-storage chambers, or darkrooms, where maintenance is difficult and inconvenient. Figure 1 shows a simple way to remove the power source from the humidity-sensor circuit. . Remote Solar LED Light: Remote Switch uses No Power Fiber Optic Link: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Remote temp Sensor Needs No Power Supply: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas Remote ThreeWire RTDs Can Multiplex Accurately To Measurement System : 12/23/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / To maintain accuracy when multiplexing several three-wire resistive temperature detectors (RTDs) to a measurement system, multiplexer error voltages must be eliminated. These voltages are produced by the RTD excitation current flowing through the on... RF Remote Control System: Serial Infrared Remote Controller: a simple, cheap device that can be connected to any serial port to control most components that have infrared remote controls, includes schematics for receiver and transmitter Short dc power line pulses afford remote control: 10/25/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / If you face the challenge of adding a second, independently controlled light source to an existing ceiling lamp controlled by a wall switch, you may find that stringing a second power line is impossible. First, you can replace the wall switch by the circuit in Figure 1. Pushing the on switch S1 or S2 for approximately 1 sec inserts the 12V zener diodes D1 or D2 in series with the ... . Silent Telephone Alert: Simple Sensitive Remote Control Tester: T V Remote Control Blocker: This file includes also some other funny circuits TeleRemote Control: Two Line Intercom Plus a Telephone Changeover Switch: The circuit presented here can be used for connecting two telephones in parallel and also as a2-line intercom. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Two wire Remote Microphone Amplifier : Ultimate Screen Saver:
Universal Infrared Controller for a PC: This simple circuit allows you to record any Infrared remote control signal on your PC, and then play it back. This is particularly useful if you want to control appliances such as TVs, VCRs, CDs etc. from your computer. The device simply connects to the parallel port of your PC. You can also use this circuit to analyze the waveform from any Infrared remote control. This circuit was originally published in Electronics Australia, September1998 Universal Infrared Remote Control: Infrared remote based on Atmel 89C2051
Resistance Meters Detectors / Sensor - Resistance Detectors & Sensors
Sensors / Detectors: Resistance Meters

Grounded resistor tunes oscillator: 05/29/03 EDN-Design Ideas / To vary the frequency of any sine-wave oscillator, you should use a pair of ganged variable resistors, and you should thoroughly match their characteristics over the entire variation range to satisfy the oscillator's balancing conditions. This restriction leads to problems in the tuning range and high cost, thereby limiting the range of applications.... Optimize linear sensor resolution: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A wide variety of sensors and transducers of physical phenomena work via the mechanism of variable resistance. These devices sense temperature, light, pressure, humidity, conductivity, and force, for example. Such sensors measure the physical parameter of interest by reading out the inherent parameter-sensitive resistance or conductance. Resistance tester:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/resistance_meters.html [1/17/2007 5:27:42 PM]
RF - Radio Frequency Amplifier Circuits - RF Amplifier Circuit Resource
RF - Radio Frequency Amplifier Circuits:

500W HF Linear Amplifier: 60 Watt RF Amplifier: Soild state RF power amplifier using IRF840. Simple and easy to construct. IRF840 can handle a maximum power output of 125 Watts. Broadcast-Band RF Amplifier: Generic VHF Power Amplifier: RF Sniffer : Simple Wireless Radio Data Link: UHF T Volt Preamplifier:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rf_radio_frequency_amplifiers.html [1/17/2007 5:27:47 PM]
RF Radio Frequency Converters - Electronic Receiver Circuits
RF Radio Frequency Converters

2M 20M Transverter: 42 Mc Band to 88 Mc Band (retrofit converters): 50 MHz to 146 MHz Converter: 50 to 150 MHz Overtone Oscillator: 50MHz Converter: Receiving Converters 88 108 Mc to AM broadcast band: Receiving Converters 88 108 to Television:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rf_radio_frequency_converters.html [1/17/2007 5:27:50 PM]
RF Radio Frequency Mixer Circuit - CMOS RF PLL Synthesizer Circuits
RF Radio Frequency Mixers

CMOS RF PLL Synthesizer: Crystal Radio Circuits including Diode Performance Comparison: DSBSC (Double Side Band Supressed Carrier): The MCI496P (6,7) is a low cost integrated circuit that will generate a DSBSC (Double Side Band Supressed Carrier) signal at the fundamental frequency through six meters (4). To enhance bandwidth, balance, gain and impedance matching, two 2N5486 FET's (2) are used in grounded gate (cascade) configuration with 100 microH inductors in the drain circuits. GPS (L1) Jammer: Improved CMOS RF PLL Synthesizer:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rf_radio_frequency_mixers.html [1/17/2007 5:27:54 PM]
RF Radio Frequency Oscillators Circuit - Frequency Oscillator Circuits
RF Radio Frequency Oscillators

2MHz RF Oscillator: Basic RF Oscillator #1: OpAmp Oscillators Simplify RF Designs: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator, 2MHz.: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads RF oscillator uses current feedback op amp: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A current-feedback amplifier is a well-known component with many uses. Its basic block diagram shows that its input stage is a voltage followerin practice, a symmetrical emitter follower (Figure 1). The configuration samples the output current, converts it to voltage across a large impedance, and amplifies it to the output using a high-power, low-output-impedance amplifier.. UHF Oscillator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rf_radio_frequency_oscillators.html [1/17/2007 5:27:58 PM]
RF Radio Frequency Receivers - Frequency Receiver Circuits - Electronic Circuit
RF Radio Frequency Receivers

1 Transistor FM Receiver: 136 kHz Direct Conversion Receiver: 2 Transistor Audio Amplifier: 30m Direct Conversion Receiver: 4 Band Double Tuned Preselector: 4.5 10Mhz Superheterodyne RCVR: 40m Direct Conversion Receiver: 42 Mc Band to 88 Mc Band (retrofit Converter) Project: 49MHz Walkie Talkie: 50 MHz to 146 MHz Converter: 80 Meter CW ARDF Receiver: 80M ARDF Direction Finder: 80m Direct Conversion Receiver: 80m Direct Conversion Receiver: AM Broadcast Band Active Antenna: AM Broadcast Band Regenerative Receiver: AM Radio: AM Radio Preamplifier: AM Radio Preamplifier: AM Receiver: Bipolar Regenerative Receiver: Build your own Superheterodyne Receiver: 08/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Car Radio tunes theAmateur Bands: Compact L Match ATU for Portable use: Crystal Radio #2: RF Receivers & Receiver Circuits Crystal Radio Crystal Radio 3: Crystal Set that Requires No Antenna: Crystal-Controlled Time-Base Generator: CW Receiver 40 / 80 Meter CW Receiver: CW zero Beat indicator: Economoy Short Wave Radio: Four Band Double Tuned Preselector: One Transistor FM Receiver: One Transistor Regenerative Receiver: OpAmp Radio: Phase Shift Radio Direction Finder: Popcorn Direct Conversion Receiver: Q Multiplying Loop Antenna: Receiver Building Blocks: RF Front End for Triple Conversion GPS Receiver: RX3302 Receiver Module Schematic: Several Receiver Circuits:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rf_radio_frequency_receivers.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:28:01 PM]
RF Radio Frequency Receivers - Frequency Receiver Circuits - Electronic Circuit
Short wave radio : Simple Circuit Detects Current Pulses: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The pulse detector provides a visible indication of positive and negative current pulses. The pulses amplitudes can vary from20 to150 mA. The pulses durations can range from10 to40 msec, and their repetition rate can span40 to180 pulses/minute. Single Chip Builds Tiny Aircraft Receiver: 09/25/97 EDN-Design Ideas SOP Direct Conversion Receiver: SOP Receiver: Super 80 ultra Simple SSB Receiver for 3.5 MHz: Superhet Receiver: This idea presents a simple circuit for a superhet radio receiver that can be built up in sections, with each section tested before assembly. The receiver circuitry as presented here can be built for less than $50. Superregenerative 27MHz Receiver: Superregenerative 27MHz Receiver: Supreg 27Mhz Receiver: SW Receiver using the ZN415: SWatt RF Preamplifier: Synthesized HF Receiver: Talking Receiver: TBA120 Narrowband FM Receiver: TDA7000 Receiver: The MRX 40 Mini Receiver: Toroidal Coil RF Shortwave Receiver: Two Band Radio: Two Transistor Audio Amplifier: ZN414 AM Receiver: ZN414 Receivers:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rf_radio_frequency_receivers.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:28:01 PM]
RF Radio Frequency Transmitter Circuits - RF Transmitter Electronic Circuit
RF Radio Frequency Transmitter Circuits

1.5 Volt Tracking Transmitter: 10W HF Linear Amplifier: 2 Transistor FM Transmitters: 2 Valve 40m CW Transmitter: 222 MHz Transverter: 2N2222 40 Meter CW / DSB Tranceiver: 3 Watt FM Transmitter: 30 Meter QRP Transmitter for Morse Code: 3W HF QRP Linear Amplifier: 4 Transistor Tracking Transmitter: 4 Transistor Transmitter: 49MHz Walkie Talkie: 500mW HF Linear Amplifier: 56K RF Modem: 80 Meter DSB Transmitter: 807 and 1625 Valves: data on vacuum tubes 807 and 1625 used in ham radio transmitters. Describes various pin voltages and different operation modes. AM / FM / SW Active Antenna: This circuit shows an active antenna that can be used for AM, FM, and shortwave SW. On the shortwave band this active antenna is comparable to a20 to30 foot wire antenna. This circuit uses receivers that use untuned wire antennas, such as inexpensive units and car radios. L1 can be selected for the application AM Transmitter: AT Volt Repeater Controllers: Basic FM Radio Transmitters: Basic RF Oscillator #1: Basic RF Transmitter for PIR Sensors: Battery operated FM rebroadcast transmitter : Gives you 10 to 20 meters range and runs for months on a single penlight cell. Building a Simple LF Exciter: Compact 20 14 MHz Direct Conversion Receiver: Design of Brookdale AT Volt Repeater System Exciter: uses a pair of Hamtronics model TA4512-watt narrow-band FM voice transmitters to develop video and audio carriers on439.250 MHz and443.750 MHz Easy 2 Meter Transmitter: This project is a simple transmitter using only one crystal and will cover 145.00 to 146.00 MHz. The crystal is a 44.9333 MHz crystal for 145.500 receive, as used in the Trio (Kenwood) 2200, PYE, Motorolla, Tait equipment, to name but four. The frequency of the crystal is not critical as almost any other xtal for the 2-meter band will function FM Band Monaural Transmitter: FM Radio Transmitter: FM Radio Transmitter #1: Four Transistor Tracking Transmitter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rf_radio_frequency_tansmitters.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:28:04 PM]
RF Radio Frequency Transmitter Circuits - RF Transmitter Electronic Circuit
Hear Amateurs on your FM Radio!: Light Sensing RF Transmitter: Micro Power FM Broadcasting Circuits: One Pot to Control Two Channels: Phasing SSB Exciter: RF Transmitter, Light Sensing: Simplest RF Transmitter: Small FM Transmitter: T Volt Transmitter: T Volt Transmitter: allows you to send video to any television in the house, Poptronix kit circuit Telephone Transmitter: Three Watt FM Transmitter: Two Transistor FM Transmitters: Two Valve 40m CW Transmitter: VHF / UHF T Volt Modulator: Elektor January1985 VHF FM Transmitter: VHF Transmitter: Video / Audio Wireless Transmitter: circuit diagram and project description Video emitter uses battery power: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The block diagram in Figure 1 shows how to make a cable-free, direct-video system. The system allows users to walk from booth to booth at an exhibition to interview people and to display the interviews in real time on three screens at key locations. You can use the small and simple system each time you need to capture image and sound on the run. . Video to RF Modulator: This circuit is a RF modulator which can be used for modeling of video signal. Wireless Microphone #1: Wireless Microphone Transmitter: WLW 500KW Transmitter Schematic:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rf_radio_frequency_tansmitters.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:28:04 PM]
RMS Root Mean Square Circuits - RMS to DC Converters Circuit Resource
RMS - Root Mean Square Circuits

Circuit measures true rms and average value: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 measures both the true-rms value and the rectified average value of an ac signal. This design uses two low-cost ICs in SOIC packages and consumes only 180 A of quiescent current. Operating from a single 5V supply, the circuit has an input dynamic range of less than 30 mV to greater than 3V rms.. Extend RMS-To-DC Converter's Range: 09/05/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This Idea For Design was originally published July 12, 1990. Comparator hysteresis can extend the dynamic range of ac signal measurement by auto ranging an rms-to-dc converter. A. . . Linear-RMS Phase Control Improves Thyristor-Based Thermostat: 03/05/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Precision temperature control circuits for small thermal loads like oscillator crystals and voltage references tend to be fairly easy to design. This is because simple, well-behaved, linear-output drivers running from regulated dc supplies are often. . . Paralleling RMS Converters Speeds Settling.: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas RMS to DC Converter: RMS to DC Converter is Accurate & Stable: 09/14/95 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rms_root_mean_square_meters.html [1/17/2007 5:28:07 PM]
Robot Circuits - Robotic Circuit Resource - Electronic Hobby Projects
Robot / Robotic Circuits

AT89C2051 Line Follower Robot: C 52 EVB Robot Controller: Mobile Robot: PIC16F84 Line Following Robot: RF Modem Robotics Project: Servo Pulse to Dual H Bridge: interface performs vital control functions needed for propulsion and steering of a fighting robot. The AI-A-1 Robot: I am creating a Robot using a Radio Shack project box.
The Millipede: Me and a friend are both trying to build a millipede. Because of obvious reasons, the millipede is NOT going to have 1000 feet!!! Instead, it's going to have 16 pager motors as feet. It will also have 3 Micro Motors to ''bend'' towards light, and a backup sensor. Tiny Robot: Robotic Resources : You can find here all robotics relates resources, Robotics Tutorials, Robotics Programming. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/robot_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:28:09 PM]
Rocket Circuits - Electronic Rocket Circuit Project Resource
Rocket Circuits
Multi Launcher for Model Rockets:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rocket_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:28:12 PM]
Digital Rotation Monitor, Sensor, Detector - Electronic Sensors & Detectors
Rotation Monitors / Sensors / Detectors

Digital Tachometer avoids Analog Vices: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas Optical Tachometer provides Bi-Directional Info: 5/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Measures Diesels rotations per minute: 3/4/99 EDN-Design Ideas Tachometer Demodulator has fast Response Time: 12/7/95 EDN-Design Ideas Wireless Auto Tachometer:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rotation_monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:28:18 PM]
Tachometers, Revolutions Per Minute - RPM Circuits - Electronic Circuit Projects
Tachometers / Revolutions Per Minute - RPM Circuits

Analog Tachometer for Gasoline Engines: Available-light phototachometer simplifies outdoor remote sensing: 01/25/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Tachometry, the measurement of the speed of rotating objects, is a common enough application that has many practical but few noteworthy solutions. Some of these jobs, however, have quirky aspects. . . Digital Tachometer Avoids Analog Vices: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas / (requires a password) Optical Tachometer Provides BiDirectional Info: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas / (requires a password) Simple Circuit Measures Diesel's Rotations Per Minute: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. (have to obtain a password first) Speed Limit Alarm: Tachometer Demodulator has Fast Response Time: 12/07/95 EDN-Design Ideas / (requires a password) Wireless Auto Tachometer:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/R/rpm_revolutions_per_minute_monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:28:21 PM]
Switch Mode Power Supplies - DC to DC - Electronic Converters

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Switchmode.html (1 of 7) [1/17/2007 5:28:26 PM]
Switcher IC hikes Battery Charger's Efficiency: 06/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Switching Converter uses Planar Magnetics: 11/07/96 EDN Design Ideas Switching regulator forms constant current source: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Many applications require current sources rather than voltage sources. When you need a high-current source, using a linear regulator is inadvisable, because of the high power dissipation in the series resistor. To solve the wastedpower problem, you can use a switch-mode regulator. The circuit of Figure 1 uses IC1, an LM2576 adjustable regulator.. Switching Regulator Output goes Below VREF: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Synchronized Regulator Produces Coherent Noise: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Synchronous buck circuit produces negative voltage: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many electronic systems require both positive and negative voltages to operate properly. Generating an efficient, low-voltage positive output from a higher voltage input typically entails the use of a synchronous buck regulator. But when generating a negative output voltage from a positive input voltage, you'd typically use a flyback topology, especially at higher output currents... System Oriented DC to DC Conversion Techniques: National Semiconductor Application Notes,01 May1998 Three Input Supply Powers 3.3 Volt Portables: 10/26/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest-- Single ended primary inductance Converter accepts input voltages ranging from3 to more than 6V and produces a regulated3.3V,200 mA Output Tiny Tiny Inverter Design: little efficient circuit that runs off of3V, and charges up a little1 uf250-Volt cap all the way up in about30 seconds Transformer Buys Lower Shutdown Current: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Transformerless Supply Fits CaT Volt Applications: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Coaxial CATV systems derive their power from a 60-Hz square wave that shares the center conductor with the television channels this circuit generates10 mA at5V DC from it Transistor Pair Lowers PWM IC's Start up Current: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Transistors tame perfidious leakage inductance: 09/27/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / In flyback converters that use primary regulation, the loose coupling between the power secondary and the primary auxiliary windings often results in poor crossregulation. This situation arises mainly from the leakage inductance but also comes from the level of the primary clamp voltage. Figure 1 shows a typical application schematic using On Semiconductor's (www. . Two ACells Power Step Down Regulator: 10/26/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Two Cores Marry, Make Swinging Choke: 10/26/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Universal High Resistance Voltmeter: Use a 555 timer as a switch mode power supply: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Most switch-mode power supplies rely on a PWM (pulse-width-modulated) output that is controlled via voltage feedback. A 555-timer IC can inexpensively perform PWM. The circuit in Figure 1 shows how to turn a 555 PWM circuit into an switchmode power supply with only one simple equation. The design uses two 555s Use the LM158 / LM258 / LM358 Dual, Single Supply OpAmp : National Semiconductor Application Notes,14 May2001 Wallcube DC / DC Converter is 85% Efficient: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Ubiquitous12V wall cube generates an unregulated dc voltage of 8 to18V, depending on line voltage and load, this circuit generates a regulated5V400 mA from it very efficiently
Power Supplies - Basic UPS - UPS Devices - Electronic Circuits
Power Supplies: UPS

Basic UPS: Build a UPS for USB devices: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Portable systems often include circuitry that derives power from an external source, such as USB. When the system disconnects from the USB supply, a battery takes over and supplies current via a dc/dc converter. A diode-OR connection
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/UPS.html [1/17/2007 5:28:28 PM]
Variable Power Supplies - Low Voltage Drop - Electronic Power Supplies
Power Supplies: Variable / Low Voltage Drop

0 to 24 Volt 4Adjustable Power Supply #1: 0-24V4A adjustable power supply, text in Finnish 1.2 to 25 Volt DC At 4Power Supply Schematic: built using discrete transistors and 741 OpAmp, read circuit description 1Variable Regulated Power Supply: 230 Volt Dimmer: FAIR WARNING - THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UPS Adjustable power supply : Adjustable Power Supply using LM317: voltage regulator for1.2V to35-Volt output voltages and up to1A load Adjustable Power Supply: well filtered variable1.2-30 volts at5 amps using LM338K Constant Current Battery Charger: Design An Adaptable Power Supply For XENPAK: 03/17/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / XENPAK is a multisource agreement (MSA) for a 10-Gbit transceiver package. As part of the XENPAK MSA, each XENPAK module requires input power from an adaptable power supply (APS) that resides on a backplane. ... Lantern Flasher / Dimmer: LM317 Adjustable Power Supply: LM317 Regulator With Pass Transistor: LM317 Variable Power Supply: LM317 Variable Voltage Regulator: Low Drop Regulator (postscript File): Low Voltage, High Current Time Delay Circuit: Self Switching Power Supply: Variable 3 to 24 Volt / 3 Amp Power Supply: regulated power supply can be adjusted from3 to25 volts and is current limited Variable Dual Lab Power Supply: can supply from +/-1.2V up to about +/-25V, will current limit at around 800mA Variable load tests voltage sources: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 serves as a variable, current-sink load for testing voltage sources. You use digital commands to set the load current of the device under test over a wide range, independently of the device under test's output voltage. Variable Power Supply, 1 30 Volt@ 1.5A: 1.2 volts to30 volts at1.5 amps Variable Power Supply: based on versatile L200 voltage regulator, independent voltage (3-15V) and current (10mA-2A) limits Variable Regulator Output: 0 28 volts at3 amps Variable Voltage & Current Power Supply: Varying Brightness AC Lamp: SCR is used to slowly vary the intensity of a120 volt light bulb by controlling the Time that the AC line voltage is applied to the lamp during each half cycle Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Variable.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:28:31 PM]
Variable Power Supplies - Low Voltage Drop - Electronic Power Supplies
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Variable.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:28:31 PM]
Preamplifiers Audio Circuits - Audio Preamplifier - Amplifiers
Preamplifiers Audio Circuits

4.5 H. Magnetic P.B. Head Preamplifier : 50MHz Assistant (Preamp & Power Amp.): ALL FET MC Phono Preamp: Phono preamp with54 and 64 dB gain and RIAA accuracy is better than0.2dB, from Borbely Audio Audio Preamp: Audio Preamplifier #1: Audio Preamplifier #2: Balanced Low Noise Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Balanced Microphone Preamp: Band 2 Preamplifier: Car Preamplifier & Artificial Earth: Computer Microphone: adapting electret microphone to soundcards with dynamic microphone inputs Crown IC150Preamplifier: Digital Quality Microphone Pre Ampl. Using the Model 425 OPAMP : Dynamic Microphone Preamp : ECM Mic Preamplifier: Electret Mic Amplifier: FET Preamp Cable: FM Band Preamplifier: Hi Fi Preamplifier: HiFi Preamplifier: High Performance Audio Applications of the LM833: RIAA Phono preamplifier stages and active crossover ne2-rks LM358 Preamp: Low impedance Microphone Amplifier #1: Low impedance Microphone Amplifier #2: Low Noise Balanced Microphone Preamp: very low noise, close to the theoretical minimum, high hum rejection and variable gain with a single rotary pot, similar to that used in many professional grade mixing desks Low Noise Microphone Preamplifier: Masthead Preamp: Microphone Amplifier: Microphone Preamp: Very simple two transistor circuit microphone Preamplifier: Minimalist Discrete HiFi Preamp: Mono PreAmplifier : Mustage Microphone Preamp: MW Preamplifier: The tuning voltage is variable from 1 to 12 volts and is designed to cover the medium waveband from about 550Khz to 1650Khz. Phono Preamp (valve): tube design
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Preamplifiers.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:28:35 PM]
Preamplifiers Audio Circuits - Audio Preamplifier - Amplifiers
Phono Preamps for All: a collection of Phono preamps and equalization circuits,1-of which is sure to meet your requirements Phonograph Disc Playback Preamplifier : Preamplifier for Microphone or guitar use: suitable for guitar or microphone use. RIAAudio Preamp: RIAPhono Amplifier: SIMPLE AUDIO PREAMP: This easy to build circuit provides good gain to weak audio signals. Use it in the front end of a RF oscillator to make an RF transmitter that is very sensitive to sound. Simple Stereo Electret Microphone Preamplifier: Single IC Audio Preamplifier: Solid State Microphone Preamp: Sound Blaster Microphone Preamplifier: Standard Microphone Preamplifier Input Circuitry: PDF file Stereo Tape Head Preamplifier for PC Sound Card: SWatt RF Preamplifier: Taos Amp Solid State Mic Preamp: simple Transformerless microph1-preamp, includes circuit board design Transformerless Microphone Preamplifier : Transistor Audio Preamplifier: Tube Microphone Preamp: Vacuum Tube Microphone Preamp:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Preamplifiers.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:28:35 PM]
Pressure Detectors Sensors - Air Pressure - Altimeter - Sensors & Detectors
Sensors / Detectors: Pressure Detectors

Air Pressure: Circuit uses a NPP301 pressure sensor. Range of this sensor is1bar15psi. It will output40mV at normal air pressure and3x overload doesn't damage the device. Altimeter: Circuit adds programmability to sensor amplifier: 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The pressure-sensor amplifier circuit of Figure 1 offers a number of advantages over the traditional approach using the classic three-op-amp instrumentation amplifier. The circuit can operate from a single supply and uses only two op amps and 1% resistors. If the reference voltage, VREF, is 0V, the transducer gain for the circuit is to ensure equal gain for the two ground-referenced volt... . Pressure Gauge Responds Linearly to Altitude: 03/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas Use RS232C Port to Measure Pressure: 08/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Pressure_Sensors.html [1/17/2007 5:28:37 PM]
Probe Circuits - Electronic Logic Probe - PIC Logic Probe with Pulser - Probes
Logic Probe Circuits

Differential scope probe delivers 6-GHz bandwidth to the screen: 02/20/03 EDNDesign Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Electromagnetic Field Probe with Meter: EMF Field Probe: Logic Probe #1: Logic Probe with Pulse, CMOS: Logic Probe with Pulse: Making Differential Probes: For sensing audio signal voltages across devices that are not ground referenced Modified Scope Probe Tests Surface-Mount assemblies: 09/25/97 EDN-Design Ideas PIC Logic Probe with Pulser: Pulse Reading Logic Probe: Scope Probe Measures High Frequencies: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Logic Probe uses Bicolor LED: 03/13/98 EDN-Design Ideas TTL Pulse Reading Logic Probe: Ultra Simple Voltage Probe:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Probe_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:28:40 PM]
Protection Circuits - Safety Circuits - Electronic Thermal Protections
Safety / Protection Circuits

Advanced Polarity Protection With MOSFETs: Advanced Power Switching and Polarity Protection for Effects Amplifier Thermal Protection: Audio Amp Output Power Limiter: Audio Level Control Device: compressor circuit based on LED and photodiode Battery Discharge Monitor: BatteryProtection Circuit Allows Surges: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Circuit monitors two lithium-ion batteries and protects both of them against Overcharging, Overdischarging, and undervoltage Circuit Breaker has Programmable Delay: 01/16/97 EDN-Design Ideas / This circuit provides overload and short-circuit protection to a5V power-supply output Circuit Detects & Disconnects Overvoltages: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Ensures Safety in Poweron operation: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Circuit folds back current during fault conditions: 11/28/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use monolithic linear regulators at currents lower than 5A for most applications. Most manufacturers of these devices integrate current-limiting and thermal shutdown to prevent damage during fault conditions. For currents greater than 5A, most linear supplies use controllers that allow the user to select the pass element to handle different current requirements Circuit guards Against Battery Reversal: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Prevents Deep Discharge of Batteries: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas / To avoid the deep discharge that can destroy or shorten the life of a rechargeable battery, you must disconnect its load before the discharge is complete Circuit Protects Against AC Line Disturbances: 07/29/98 EDN-Design Ideas / operates by switching off the power supply upon detection of undervoltage or overvoltage conditions Circuit Protects Battery From Overdischarge: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / In some applications, it is undesirable to Overdischarge the battery, because it could irreversibly reduce the batterys capacity and the number of discharge/charge cycles. This circuit protects a single NiMH (nickel-metal-hydride) cell by disconnecting the load from the battery when it gets discharged enough. Circuit protects bus from 5V swings: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 automatically detects voltage and protects a bus, such as a 3.3Vlimited PCI bus, from 5V signal-level swings. You can also use the circuit to determine bus-voltage swings within one bus-cycle for setting appropriate termination voltages of protection diodes or termination resistors.. Circuit Protects Computer's Input: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Protects FPGAs From killer Spikes : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit protects system from overheating: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The two-chip circuit in Figure 1 provides fan control and overtemperature warning and shutdown signals to protect systems from excessive heat. The circuit monitors the temperature of the pc board and the die temperature of a CPU, an FPGA, or another IC with an on-chip temperature-sensing transistor. .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Protection_Circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:28:44 PM]
Circuit Provides Flexible gain Ranges: 06/21/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Current Limiter Provides Latch up Signal: 01/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Currentlimiting circuit both signals a latch-up condition and prevents latch-up-induced overcurrent destruction of a CMOS IC or group of ICs DC Fault Protection Circuit for Audio Amplifiers: Circuit ideas how to replace traditional CD protection relays with MOSFETs Dual comparator thermally protects lithium ion battery : 09/18/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Most manufacturers recommend that you don't change lithium-ion batteries at temperatures lower than 0C or higher than 50C. You can monitor both thresholds by adding a thermistor and dual (window) comparator to a lithiumion battery charger (Figure 1). Set the low-temperature trip point at 2.... Electronic Fuse Emulates Fast or Slow Blow Fuses: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / The electronicfuse circuit in this article combines the properties of a current transducer and a solid-state relay to disconnect low power at preset levels. Using this circuit lets you avoid the bother of stocking and replacing fusible links. Electronic Fuzing: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug-1995 High side driver has fault protection: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / High-side drivers find common use in driving grounded solenoid coils and other loads. Shortcircuit protection for such drivers is essential for avoiding damage from wiring faults and other causes. Polymer fuses are generally too slow, and discrete currentlimiting circuits are large and cumbersome. The circuit in Figure 1 uses a small, low-dropout linear regulator as a high-side switch and p.... High Voltage Circuit Breaker Protects to 26V: 09/11/98 EDN-Design Ideas Isolated Driver Forms Solid State Circuit Breaker: 03/03/98 EDN-Design Ideas Logic PSU With Overvoltage Protection: 5 volt regulated power supply for TTL and 74LS series integrated circuits, includes output Overvoltage fault protection Loudspeaker Protection & Muting: MOSFET Beats Murphy's Law: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas Open collector output provides fail safe operation : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / It is common practice to use digital open-collector outputs for control units in industrial applications. Using these outputs, you can switch loads, such as relays, lamps, solenoids, and heaters. One possible problem inherent to this type of output stage is a short circuit from the output to the supply voltage (often, 24V).... Overload & Reverse Current Circuitry Protects Battery & Load: 03/01/96 EDNDesign Ideas Overvoltage Protection for LM317: Overvoltage Protection: describes crowbar technique that provides a useful defense for fast Over voltage spikes and transients that could cause damage to more sensitive components Polarity protector out performs Schottky diodes: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The polarity-protection circuit in Figure 1 is a high-performance alternative to the usual series diode (often Schottky). The circuit incurs a much lower voltage drop than even the best Schottky diode. The circuit uses MOSFET devices because of their low on-resistance. For the transistors in this design, the combined onresistance is 0... Power line outage flashes red alert: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This Design Idea expands on a circuit in a previous one to configure a power-outage detector with a flashing alarm (Figure 1, Reference 1). The circuit plugs into a mains outlet and uses trickle-charged nickel-cadmium batteries. The green-LED monitors the presence of line voltage. The BZV55-C4V3 zener diode, D1 protects the batteries against overvoltage.. POWER SUPPLY FAILURE ALARM: This circuit employs an electrolytic capacitor to store adequate charge, to feed power to the alarm circuit, which sounds an alarm for a reasonable duration when the supply fails. Protection Circuit Covers a Wide Range: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Protection for your Electrical Appliances: The simple circuit given here switches off the mains supply to the load as soon as the power trips. The supply can be resumed only by manual intervention. Thus, the supply may be switched on only after it has stabilised. RS232 Overvoltage Protection Circuits:
Safety device uses GMR sensor: 07/10/03 EDN-Design Ideas / This Design Idea presents a differential safety device to prevent risks arising from current leakages in household applications. The proposed circuit uses a new method for differential current sensing (Figure 1). The method entails the use of Helmholtz coils and a magnetic sensor based on the GMR (giant-magnetoresistive) effect.... Spark gaps Provide ESD Protection: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Speaker Protector: Supervisory IC Protects System Against Overvoltage Conditions : 05/13/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Careful design limits overvoltage on the supply input of integrated circuits, and avoids compromising an IC's specifications. Overvoltage damage can cause an immediate failure, or accelerate an early-life reliability failure. Older technology CMOS... Thermal switches provide circuit disconnect : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A single temperature sensor can provide an interrupt to a microcontroller when the measured temperature goes out of range. You need multiple temperature sensors when you have to monitor more than one hot spot. A microcontroller implements the proper protective action when one of the temperature monitors detects an overtemperature condition.... Transistors offer thermal protection for controller: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / When a switch-mode power-supply controller, such as On Semiconductor's NCP1200, operates at a high ambient temperature, you should protect the entire power supply against lethal thermal runaway. The NCP1200 operates directly from the power mains without an auxiliary winding; therefore, the die in the IC dissipates power (Figure 1).. Two buttons provide safe start: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / - This circuit provides a safety interlock that checks the actuation of two pushbuttons before enabling a relay. When you push both buttons, the circuit actuates the relay. At that point, you can release one of the switches without the relays switching off. The circuit was intended to lock out the engine of an underwater propulsion unit.
Proximity Detectors Circuits - DTMF - Dual Comparator - Optical
Sensors / Detectors: Proximity Detectors Circuits

DTMF Proximity Detector: Dual Comparator: forms temperature-compensated proximity Detector Dual Comparators Stabilize Proximity Detector: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Magnetic Proximity Switch: Optical Proximity Detector: A "reflector" isolator (A) detects the presence of an object by bouncing light off of it. This technique is useful in circuits that detect when an object is close enough to the sensor (B). Proximity Alarm #2: Proximity Alarm #3: RS232C Link Monitors Animal Activity: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Proximity_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:28:46 PM]
Public Address Circuits - Direct Injection Box for Recording & PA Systems
Public Address (PA) Circuits

Direct Injection Box for Recording & PA Systems:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Public_Address_(PA)_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:28:48 PM]
Pulse Generators - Flip Flop Relay - CMOS Toggle - Gate Oscillator
Pulse Generators
CMOS Toggle Flip Flop With Relay(CD4013): Discrete BiStable Flip Flop: Discrete Set / Reset Flip Flop: FAST, High Current Pulser: Flip-Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.: Gated Oscillator Emulates a Flip Flop: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Load Pulser Tests Supply's Transient Response: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas MonoStable Flip Flops (One Shot): Occasional Pulse Circuit: Pulse Generator Verifies Test Setups: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Pulse Generator, 555: Pulse Generator: Pulse Stretcher Increases ECL Gate Gains: 01/20/94 EDN-Design Ideas / stretches the output pulses of an ECL comparator by operating the ECL line receivers with unusually large pulldown resistors to the -15V supply. The large load resistance maximizes the gains of the emitter-follower output stages and speeds up the rising edges. At the same Time, the low pulldown current, together with the input and wiring capacitances, slows the falling edges. These actions stretch the positive pulses by approximately2 nsec/stage. Pulse Width Adjuster Reverses Servo Motor: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Pulse Width Trimmer Outdoes One Shots: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Pulsed Sensor Extends Battery Life: 01/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas Soft On / Off Switch: Modern electronic equipment incorporates "push-to-on-pushto-off" switches that do not make the clicking noise as with old equipment. An example of this is the power button on an ATX computer cabinet. Here is a circuit that does the same. It can be used to turn on/off any electronic/electrical equipment that operates on any range of voltages. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Time Domain Reflectometer:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Pulse_Generator.html [1/17/2007 5:28:54 PM]
Pulse Width Modulators (PWM) Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Pulse Width Modulators (PWM)

Active clamp/reset PWM IC becomes more versatile: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The UCC3580 (www.ti.com), IC1 in Figure 1, is an active-clamp/reset-PWM IC that has all the requisites of a power-supply IC except for current limit. You can use the shutdown pin (16) for this purpose (see the UCC3580 data sheet). But when the shutdown pin activates, the soft-start capacitor normally connected to Pin 15 discharges, and the converter starts again, resulting in hiccup mode... Cheap PWM IC Makes Synchronous Gate Driver: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit. Circuit sequences supplies for FPGAs: 01/23/03 EDN-Design Ideas / System designers must consider the timing and voltage differences between core and I/O power supplies (in other words, power-supply sequencing) during power-up and power-down. The possibility of a latch-up failure or excessive current draw exists when power-supply sequencing does not occur properly. The trigger for latch-up may occur if power supplies apply different potentials to the core and ..... DC to Pulse Width Modulator: This control circuit is suitable for the accurate control of DC motors, lighting levels, small heaters as well as other applications. The circuit converts a DC voltage into a series of pulses, such that the pulse duration is directly proportional to the value of the DC voltage. This circuit can operate with 835VDC and control up to 6.5A current. The control voltage is adjustable (can be tuned for0-10-Volt DC). Eight Channel Eight Bit PWM Controller: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug-1995 Linear, MicroPower Pulse Width Modulator: MicroPower Pulse Width Modulator: Modulator's Design Cuts FPGA's Gate Count: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The pulse-width modulator (PWM) macro in Fig1 requires only half as much logic as a conventional2-counter design. With the help of extra logic, a synchronous, loadable up/down counter can encode information in the duty cycle of a constantfrequency, constant-amplitude signal. One Shot Remembers Input Pulse Width: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas PCB Drill Controller: The speed controller in this article overcomes this problem by raising the voltage to the drill as the load is increased. The unit uses a basic Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) regulator to reduce the power dissipation. PLD Adds PWM SoftStart Function To Switching Power Supplies : 07/08/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Switching converters sometimes use softstart circuitry to reduce the large in-rush current that occurs when they first turn on. By employing a PLD, soft start can be added to power-supply controllers that don't natively support this function, but... PLD code creates PWM generators: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The PLD (programmable-logic-device) code in Listing 1 creates arbitrary-resolution, pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) generators. PWM generators are useful as low-bandwidth D/A converters in hardware of microprocessor-based systems. When you pass it through a simple RC lowpass filter, a PWM waveform becomes a voltage that's approximately equal to the PWM duty cycle times the supply voltage.. Provide 4 to 20 MPWM Control: 09/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Are useful when you use4- to20-mA current-loop signals to control a PWM signal
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Pulse_Width_Modulation_(PWM)_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:28:58 PM]
Pulse Width Modulators (PWM) Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Pulse Width Modulation DC Motor Control: controls the motor speed by driving the motor with short pulses Pulse Width Modulators: generating PWM waveform is extremely simple with the circuits shown in this page Pulse Width to Voltage Converter: PWM Circuit uses one OpAmp: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / circuit delivers a rectangular signal with duty cycle varying between0 and100% in response to an input signal varying from0 to5V dc PWM Controller: 555 Timer based PWM motor control project for electric fan or other DC motor PWM DC Motor Speed Control: PWM Motor / Light Controller Variations: diagrams are for12V operation and there are high side (common ground) and low side (common +12V) versions PWM Speed Control: includes theory and some example circuits PWM Watchdog Circuit Ensures upper Bounds: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Provides Efficient PWM: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Simple PWM ADC is Surprisingly Accurate: 06/09/94 EDN-Design Ideas Simple PWM Signal Generator Suits Backlight LCD Applications : 04/15/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In LCD backlight applications, a dc-to-ac inverter drives cold-cathode fluorescent lamps. The inverter's input comes from the display's power supply. Currently, it spans from 12 to 18 V. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) dimming, or digital dimming, can... Transistor pair lowers PWM IC's start up current: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Variations on the PWM DC Motor Speed Control:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Pulse_Width_Modulation_(PWM)_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:28:58 PM]
Push Pull Circuits - Electronic Hobby Science Project Resource
Push Pull Circuits

300V PEAK TO PEAK SIGNAL GENERATOR (54) (300vpp) This circuit converts a square wave signal to a +-150 volt output signal with fast 100nS rise and fall times. N-CH AND P-CH TRANSISTORS FORM PUSH-PULL DRIVER (66) (pushpul) This circuit can produce high speed output signals with fast rise and full times. The unique change pump action allows the voltage of the upper P-ch device to range from millivolts to hundreds of volts. The output current is only limited by the rating of the transistors. I have used this circuit beyond 2MHz. 175KHz INDUCTIVE PULSE TRANSMITTER (73) (175khzx) This circuit is discussed in more detain in the Experimenters Journal. The transmitters six-inch diameter coil launches powerful magnetic 175KHz ring pulses that can be detected by the circuit below. SQUARE WAVE DRIVER HAS FLEXIBLE OUTPUTS (88) (flexdri3) This circuit can produce an output signal ranging from DC to 100KHz. It can source a voltage ranging from 1v to 30v. It can sink a voltage ranging from zero volts to 30v. It can drive up to 200ma of current and can even be switched to a floating tristate output.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/P/Push-Pull_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:29:00 PM]
Safety Thermal Protection Circuit - Battery Discharge Monitor - Electronic Circuits
Safety / Protection Circuits

Additional RFI Protection for Line Input Circuits: 8KB PDF Advanced Polarity Protection With MOSFETs: Advanced Power Switching and Polarity Protection for Effects Amplifier Thermal Protection: Audio Amp Output Power Limiter: Audio Level Control Device: compressor circuit based on LED and photodiode Battery Discharge Monitor: BatteryProtection Circuit Allows Surges: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Circuit monitors two lithium-ion batteries and protects both of them against Overcharging, Overdischarging, and undervoltage Circuit Breaker has Programmable Delay: 01/16/97 EDN-Design Ideas / This circuit provides overload and short-circuit protection to a5V power-supply output Circuit Detects & Disconnects Overvoltages: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Ensures Safety in Poweron operation: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Circuit folds back current during fault conditions: 11/28/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use monolithic linear regulators at currents lower than 5A for most applications. Most manufacturers of these devices integrate current-limiting and thermal shutdown to prevent damage during fault conditions. For currents greater than 5A, most linear supplies use controllers that allow the user to select the pass element to handle different current requirements Circuit guards Against Battery Reversal: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Prevents Deep Discharge of Batteries: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas / To avoid the deep discharge that can destroy or shorten the life of a rechargeable battery, you must disconnect its load before the discharge is complete Circuit Protects Against AC Line Disturbances: 07/29/98 EDN-Design Ideas / operates by switching off the power supply upon detection of undervoltage or overvoltage conditions Circuit Protects Battery From Overdischarge: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / In some applications, it is undesirable to Overdischarge the battery, because it could irreversibly reduce the batterys capacity and the number of discharge/charge cycles. This circuit protects a single NiMH (nickel-metal-hydride) cell by disconnecting the load from the battery when it gets discharged enough. Circuit protects bus from 5V swings: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 automatically detects voltage and protects a bus, such as a 3.3Vlimited PCI bus, from 5V signal-level swings. You can also use the circuit to determine bus-voltage swings within one bus-cycle for setting appropriate termination voltages of protection diodes or termination resistors.. Circuit Protects Computer's Input: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Protects FPGAs From killer Spikes : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Safety_Circuits.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 5:29:04 PM]
Circuit protects system from overheating: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The two-chip circuit in Figure 1 provides fan control and over temperature warning and shutdown signals to protect systems from excessive heat. The circuit monitors the temperature of the pc board and the die temperature of a CPU, an FPGA, or another IC with an on-chip temperature-sensing transistor. . Circuit Provides Flexible gain Ranges: 06/21/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Current Limiter Provides Latch up Signal: 01/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Currentlimiting circuit both signals a latch-up condition and prevents latch-up-induced over current destruction of a CMOS IC or group of ICs DC Fault Protection Circuit for Audio Amplifiers: Circuit ideas how to replace traditional CD protection relays with MOSFETs Dual comparator thermally protects lithium ion battery : 09/18/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Most manufacturers recommend that you don't change lithium-ion batteries at temperatures lower than 0C or higher than 50C. You can monitor both thresholds by adding a thermistor and dual (window) comparator to a lithiumion battery charger (Figure 1). Set the low-temperature trip point at 2.... Electronic Fuse Emulates Fast or Slow Blow Fuses: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / The electronicfuse circuit in this article combines the properties of a current transducer and a solid-state relay to disconnect low power at preset levels. Using this circuit lets you avoid the bother of stocking and replacing fusible links. Electronic Fuzing: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug-1995 Electronic Security System: Handy Circuit Gives Systems Flexible Fault Protection: 08/04/03 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Many applications must include a capability to automatically disconnect power from an operating circuit. Such applications include thermal shutdown of high-voltage power supplies in radar and X-ray systems, shutdown to limit inrush current during. . . High side driver has fault protection: 09/05/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / High-side drivers find common use in driving grounded solenoid coils and other loads. Shortcircuit protection for such drivers is essential for avoiding damage from wiring faults and other causes. Polymer fuses are generally too slow, and discrete currentlimiting circuits are large and cumbersome. The circuit in Figure 1 uses a small, low-dropout linear regulator as a high-side switch and p.... High Voltage Circuit Breaker Protects to 26V: 09/11/98 EDN-Design Ideas Home Appliance Protector: Hot-Swap Controller Makes Adjustable Circuit Breaker: 11/10/03 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Medium- and high-voltage systems that range from 9 to 72 V often require one or more of the following circuit capabilities: hot-swap control, circuit-breaker fault protection, and inrush current limiting. Without R4, the circuit shown in . House Security System: IC Controlled Emergency Light With Charger: Isolated Driver Forms Solid State Circuit Breaker: 03/03/98 EDN-Design Ideas Logic PSU With Overvoltage Protection: 5 volt regulated power supply for TTL and 74LS series integrated circuits, includes output Overvoltage fault protection Loudspeaker Protection & Muting: MOSFET Beats Murphy's Law: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas Open collector output provides fail safe operation : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / It is common practice to use digital open-collector outputs for control units in industrial applications. Using these outputs, you can switch loads, such as relays, lamps, solenoids, and heaters. One possible problem inherent to this type of output stage is a short circuit from the output to the supply voltage (often, 24V).... Over-/Under-Voltage Protection of Electrical Appliances: Overload & Reverse Current Circuitry Protects Battery & Load: 03/01/96 EDNDesign Ideas Overvoltage Protection: describes crowbar technique that provides a useful defense for fast Over voltage spikes and transients that could cause damage to more sensitive components Overvoltage Protection for LM317:
Overvoltage-tolerant quad buffer used as voltage level shifter: 02/23/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The LCX standard logic product family was designed with overvoltage-tolerant inputs and outputs, enabling users to easily interface LVTTL and 5-V TTL buses. Because the LCX outputs are overvoltagetolerant when disabled, system designers can take. . . Polarity protector out performs Schottky diodes: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The polarity-protection circuit in Figure 1 is a high-performance alternative to the usual series diode (often Schottky). The circuit incurs a much lower voltage drop than even the best Schottky diode. The circuit uses MOSFET devices because of their low on-resistance. For the transistors in this design, the combined onresistance is 0... Power line outage flashes red alert: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / This Design Idea expands on a circuit in a previous one to configure a power-outage detector with a flashing alarm (Figure 1, Reference 1). The circuit plugs into a mains outlet and uses trickle-charged nickel-cadmium batteries. The green-LED monitors the presence of line voltage. The BZV55-C4V3 zener diode, D1 protects the batteries against overvoltage.. Power Supply Failure Alarm: POWER SUPPLY FAILURE ALARM: This circuit employs an electrolytic capacitor to store adequate charge, to feed power to the alarm circuit, which sounds an alarm for a reasonable duration when the supply fails. Protection Circuit Covers a Wide Range: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas Protection for your Electrical Appliances: The simple circuit given here switches off the mains supply to the load as soon as the power trips. The supply can be resumed only by manual intervention. Thus, the supply may be switched on only after it has stabilised. RS232 Overvoltage Protection Circuits: Safety device uses GMR sensor: 07/10/03 EDN-Design Ideas / This Design Idea presents a differential safety device to prevent risks arising from current leakages in household applications. The proposed circuit uses a new method for differential current sensing (Figure 1). The method entails the use of Helmholtz coils and a magnetic sensor based on the GMR (giant-magnetoresistive) effect.... Spark gaps Provide ESD Protection: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Speaker Protector: Supervisory IC Protects System Against Overvoltage Conditions: 05/13/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Careful design limits overvoltage on the supply input of integrated circuits, and avoids compromising an IC's specifications. Overvoltage damage can cause an immediate failure, or accelerate an early-life reliability failure. Older technology CMOS... Thermal switches provide circuit disconnect : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A single temperature sensor can provide an interrupt to a microcontroller when the measured temperature goes out of range. You need multiple temperature sensors when you have to monitor more than one hot spot. A microcontroller implements the proper protective action when one of the temperature monitors detects an overtemperature condition.... Transistors offer thermal protection for controller: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / When a switch-mode power-supply controller, such as On Semiconductor's NCP1200, operates at a high ambient temperature, you should protect the entire power supply against lethal thermal runaway. The NCP1200 operates directly from the power mains without an auxiliary winding; therefore, the die in the IC dissipates power (Figure 1).. Two buttons provide safe start: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / This circuit provides a safety interlock that checks the actuation of two pushbuttons before enabling a relay. When you push both buttons, the circuit actuates the relay. At that point, you can release one of the switches without the relays switching off. The circuit was intended to lock out the engine of an underwater propulsion unit.
Electronic Sample and Hold Circuits - Circuit Improves on Temperature Measurement
Sample and Hold Circuits

Calibrate scope jitter using a transmission line loop: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital-clock-period jitter is the variation in the period of a clock cycle compared with a nominal (average of many cycles) clock period. To accurately measure period jitter using an oscilloscope, you must subtract the oscilloscope jitter fro. Circuit improves on temperature measurement: 05/02/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / When current pulses with a stable IHIGH/ILOW ratio modulate a semiconductor junction, the ensuing voltage difference (for example, ?VBE for a bipolar transistor) is a linear function of the absolute (Kelvin) temperature, T. You can use this truism to make accurate temperature measurements. Technical literature has thoroughly covered the relationship (references 1 to 4) and has numerou.... Infinite Hold Circuit Zeros Out Long Term Drift: 03/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Voltage Rail to Rail Sample & Hold: NCO technique helps C produce clean analog signals: 04/15/99 EDN-Design Ideas / NCO technique helps C produce clean analog signals. C generates musical sounds. Continuity buzzer is frugal with power. Stereo jack adds no-cost power/logic control. S/H circuit minimizes aperture.... Precision T / H Amplifier uses 3.3 Volt Supply: 06/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas RF transmitter uses AMI encoding: 11/24/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Although alternate-mark-inversion (AMI) encoding is well-suited for direct-conversion FM transmission, designers often overlook the technique. AMI, a three-phase, synchronous-encoding technique, uses bipolar pulses to represent logic ones and no signal to... Sampling peak detector has shutdown feature: 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You face a serious problem in using a slow ADC with a fast peak detector. The circuit in Figure 1 allows a slow ADC to measure a fast, sampled signal peak. The 100-MHz peak detector for ultrasonic-pulse sampling uses a fast MAX4231 amplifier from Maxim (www.maxim-ic.com). This amplifier has a shutdown feature that facilitates power savings without losing the sampled information..
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sample_and_Hold_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:29:08 PM]
Sawtooth Generator Circuit - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Sawtooth Generator Circuits

DDS device produces sawtooth waveform: 07/10/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Ramp or sawtooth waveforms are useful for a broad range of applications, including automatic-test equipment, benchtest equipment, and actuator control. Discrete components typically set the waveform frequency. Unfortunately, drift in these component values over time and temperature limits the accuracy of the output frequency... Sawtooth Generator Spans a 70 DB Range: 07/07/94 EDN-Design Ideas Sawtooth Wave oscillator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sawtooth_Generator_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:29:12 PM]
Scanner Circuit - Multiplexer Circuit - Electronic Resource Circuits
Multiplexer Circuits / Scanner Circuits

Analog multiplexers help Test ISA bus IRQs & DRQs: 12/07/95 EDN-Design Ideas Astable Multivibrator #1: Astable Multivibrator #2: Cancel Multiplexed DAC's Output Error, And Add A Sign Bit : 06/10/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In some applications, like dataloggers, it's desirable to have many multiplexed analog outputs. As only a single output is active at once, a voltage-output digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and an analog multiplexer can do this. You can use this kind... CMOS Toggle Flip Flop with Relay(CD4013): Data multiplexer adds cursor to LED Display Driver: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas Discrete BiStable Flip Flop: Discrete Set / Reset Flip Flop: Independently Vary A Multivibrator's Duty Cycle And Frequency : 10/28/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / When testing the response of many pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) systems, there's a need to independently vary a multivibrator's frequency and duty cycle. Such systems include dc motors, ultrasonic hydrophones, and piezo-ceramic transducers. The ... Low Cost RS232C multiplexer serves as multiport Adapter: 03/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Mains Operated Christmas Star: Maximum Voltage sorter uses Analog multiplexers: 09/29/94 EDN-Design Ideas Multiplexer Amplifiers form large, multiplane multiplexer structures: 12/26/02 EDNDesign Ideas / The variety of video sources available to a home-video-switching system has grown from a few composite inputs to many multisignal sources. These sources include cable, HDTV, satellite dishes, VCR, DVD, video games in broadcast, and multi-PC or graphic KVM (keyboard-video-mouse) applications. Multiplexer creates mixed signal Scope Input: 01/16/97 EDN-Design Ideas ScanMate Audio Activated recorded: your (Radio) scanner buddy! Serial Data Multiplexer: Single Coax Carries Video, Power, & Channel Select Signals: Soft On / Off Switch: Modern electronic equipment incorporates "push-to-on-pushto-off" switches that do not make the clicking noise as with old equipment. An example of this is the power button on an ATX computer cabinet. Here is a circuit that does the same. It can be used to turn on/off any electronic/electrical equipment that operates on any range of voltages. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Scanner_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:29:20 PM]
Schmitt Trigger Circuit - Schmitt Trigger Circuits - Electronic Resources
Schmitt Trigger Circuits

DPP adds versatility to VFC: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The basic VFC (voltage-to-frequency converter) in Figure 1 comprises an integrator (IC1) and a Schmitt-trigger circuit (IC2). The integrator converts the dc input voltage, VIN , to a linear voltage ramp, and the Schmitt trigger sets the limits of the integrator's output voltage. Feedback around both circuits provides the condition for oscillation.. Oscillator Extends Schmitt Triggers' Reach: 01/19/95 EDN-Design Ideas Programmable Schmitt Triggers Are Digitally Controlled : 03/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / (added 8/03) The circuit in Figure 1 is a single-supply version of a programmable Schmitt trigger, or a comparator with hysteresis. A comparator, A1, and a digitally programmable potentiometer (DPP1) are used for the... Resistor network extends Schmitt trigger's reach: 09/13/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 shows a familiar technique for converting a lowlevel analog signal to digital form. Resistors R1 and R2 set the quiescent dc level at the Schmitt inverter's input to a value roughly equal to the midpoint of the hysteresis band. Capacitor C1 removes dc content from VIN, such that the Schmitt trigger's input signal, VI, centers itself on the midhysteresis level. . Schmitt Trigger has Dynamic threshold: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Schmitt_Trigger.html [1/17/2007 5:29:24 PM]
Silicon Controlled Rectifier Circuits - SCR - Electronic Circuit Resource
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) Circuits

MINIATURE ISOLATED AC/DC POWER SUPPLY (3) (acdc1) This circuit uses a novel approach to produce a fully isolated and regulated 5 volts @30ma from the 120vac power line. It uses two tiny SCRs that alternately discharge two capacitors through a miniature high frequency transformer. The voltage spikes produced through the transformer are rectified, filtered and regulated. A very common 8-ohm audio impedance matching transformer can be used for the transformer. Published in EDN, Feb. 17, 1992 LOW POWER 12,000-VOLT POWER SUPPLY (55) (12kv) If you need about 12,000 volts DC for an ion generator this circuit might be the ticket. It draws power from the 120vac power line but it uses a small 6KV camera flash trigger coil. The output signal is isolated from the power line. Although the circuit can only deliver about 5uA of current it can produce dangerous shocks, so be careful. CIRCUIT PROTECTS FROM BATTERY POLARITY REVERSAL (114) (revbat) This simple circuit can protect a sensitive electronic circuit from an accidental connection of a battery with a reversed polarity. The N-channel FET connects the electronic device to the battery only when the polarity is correct. The circuit shown was designed for a device powered from a single 1.5 volts button cell battery. However, the circuit will operate with higher voltages as well.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/SCR_(Silicon%20Controlled%20Rectifier)_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:29:28 PM]
Electronic Security / Burglar Circuits - Alarms & Locks - Digital Combination Lock
Burglar / Security Circuits

12C508 Smart Lock: The base sends a data sequence (the password) which is recognized by the key. The key checks the sequence and -if it recognizes it -sends to the base another data sequence, as an answer to the password. At the Time when the base gets a correct answer (which means that the key has been introduced), the relay is put into action, and it can command a number of consumers. 4 Digit Keypad: 5 Zone Alarm Circuit: A Basic RF Transmitter for PIR Sensors: Active IR Motion Detector: Alarm Control keypad: Almost Ultrasonic Motion Sensor: Anti Theft Motorcycle Alarm: Anti Theft Security for Car Audios: Automatic Entry Control System: Combination Lock (PIC16F84): Combination Lock: This circuit is very basic to build. To open a the lock which is connected to the K1 Load. you must press each momentary switch in the correct sequence. The sequence used in this circuit is S1,S2,S3,S4. If any of the other switches are pressed the circuit will reset and you will need to start over. Depending on how you wire the switches, you can use any4 switch combination Cut Phone Line Detector #1: Can be used to alarm security system Digital Combination Lock: Digital Entry Lock: Door/window sensor resists tampering: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Electronic Card Lock System: Electronic Door Codelock: Electronic Lock: Enhanced Alarm Keypad: Fridge Door Alarm: Gate Alarm Circuit: Home Security Project: Infrared gate for Door: Intruder Radio Alert System: Low Power RFID Transponder: Luggage Security System: Miniature Loop Alarm: Modular Burglar Alarm: Moisture Alarm: Motorcycle Alarm: Novel Buzzer:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Security_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:29:31 PM]
Electronic Security / Burglar Circuits - Alarms & Locks - Digital Combination Lock
Oscillating output improves system security: 02/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many electronic-control systems have digital outputs that use transistors. One method of improving the security in these outputs is to use an oscillating signal to represent a logic-high state instead of a fixed voltage level (Figure 1). This type of signal, a dynamic variable, can drive the circuit shown in Figure 2... Passive Infrared Pyroelectric Infrared Motion Sensor: Perimeter Monitor: Using a single cable such as speaker wire or doorbell cable, this circuit can be remotely positioned, for example, at the bottom of a garden or garage, and used to detect all sound in that area. The cable can be buried in a hosepipe or duct and is concealed out of sight. The mic is an ordinary dynamic mic insert and should be housed in a waterproof enclosure with the rest of the circuit. Personal Silent Alarm System: PIR Motion Detector: Proximity Alarm: Proximity Switch: Pyroelectric Infrared Motion Sensor: RF Alarm: Simple Alarm System: Simple Electronic Lock Uses Single-Transistor Circuit: 05/26/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Building on the recent Design Brief theme of one-pin keypads, this design uses only one analog microcontroller (MCU) input to scan numerous keys, plus one resistor per key and another resistor and capacitor. The circuit is simply a crude... Single Button Lock Provides High Security: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Single Zone Alarm: TinyTwo Zone Alarm: Touch Activated Alarm: Touch Activated Switch: Toxic Gas Detector: Ultrasonic Motion Detector: Ultrasonic Remote Control & Alarm: Wire Loop Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Security_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:29:31 PM]
Sensors / Detectors: Seismic Monitors, Geophones - Cheap Projects
Sensors / Detectors: Seismic Monitors, Geophones

Deer Repellent #1: seismic sensor Deer Repellent #2: Here is a simple sensor, which can detect the seismic vibrations caused by a person or large animal walking nearby. A representative application for the sensor is a deer repellent for the vegetable garden. When a deer steps near the sensor a loud buzzer or beeper sounds for a few seconds startling the would-be vegetable thief away. Feedback Circuit: Low Cost Feedback Circuit Boosts Efficiency: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Low Cost Seismometer: Optoelectronic Horizontal VBB Seismometer (Figures): Seismic Detector: The piezoelectric element of a kitchen gas lighter is used in this simple, yet effective seismic detector. ShacklefordGundersen Seismometer Sensor Electronics:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Seismic_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:29:34 PM]
Electronic Sensors Detectors - Wide Range of Sensor & Detector
Sensors / Detectors
Electronic Circuits
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Accelerations Air Flow Automotive Capacitance Current Distance Frequency Gas Human Motion
Phase Detectors Position Pressure Proximity Radar Radiation Resistance RF - Radio Frequency Rotation Seismic Solar Energy Smoke Temperature Vibration Voltage
Tutorials
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Human Proximity
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Human Touch
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Humidity
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Light
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Metal
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sensors_Detectors.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:29:37 PM]
Electronic Sensors Detectors - Wide Range of Sensor & Detector

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Microwave Moisture / Water Motion Sensor Peak Detectors
Water / Moisture Wind Speed
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sensors_Detectors.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:29:37 PM]
Acceleration Monitors - Sensors / Detectors - Accelerometer Schematic
Sensors / Detectors: Acceleration Monitors

Accelerometer Schematic: ADXL202 Accelerometer to C Volt Output: The Air Whammy is a simple dual control voltage generator that uses a 2 axis accellerometer as the source. The whole circuit fits into a small project box (approximately 65x40mm), and is powered from a 12V AC plugpack. Switched-capacitor IC controls feedback loop: 02/17/00 EDN-Design Ideas / You can implement a simple control loop with a constant setpoint over a wide range of control by using a switched-capacitor filter. The circuit controls motor speed over 1 to 200 Hz or 60 to 12,000 rpm. In Figure 1 , a National LMF40CIWM four-pole lowpass...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Accelerations.html [1/17/2007 5:29:40 PM]
Air Flow Detectors / Monitors - Air Speed Indicator Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Air Flow Detectors

Air Flow Detector #1: This simple circuit uses an incandescent lamp to detect airflow. With the filament exposed to air, a constant current source is used to slightly heat the filament. As it is heated, the resistance increases. As air flows over the filament it cools down, thus lowering its resistance. A comparator is used to detect this difference and light an LED. With a few changes, the circuit can be connected to a meter or ADC to provide an estimation on the amount of airflow. Air Flow Detector #2: Airflow Monitor Protects Components: 09/28/95 EDN-Design Ideas Electronic air flow detector: Linear pitot-tube air-speed indicator: 06/09/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Among the many methods used for measuring air speed, one approach excels in applications related to aerodynamics and wind power: the Pitot-tube impact-pressure air-speed indicator. The so-called impact or stagnation pressure exerted by airflow. . . Low-Power Solid-State Airflow Detector: 01/22/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Explicit airflow detection is essential in many applications. High power-density electronics are liable to overheat and self-destruct when coolingfan failures go unnoticed. Heating and air-conditioning systems often incorporate multipoint. . . Low-power thermal airspeed sensor: 05/25/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Among the techniques available to measure airspeed, thermal anemometry has the virtues of simplicity and easy miniaturization. Such anemometers use the relationship between airspeed and power dissipated by a heated sensor known as Kings Law. One good. . . Series-Connected Transistors Use Differential Heating To Sense Airflow: 05/07/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Among the methods available for airflow measurement, thermal flow meters enjoy the virtues of simplicity. They also offer simple construction, low cost, and superior sensitivity to low flow rates (less than 1000 fpm). All thermal anemometers make. . . Simple Circuit Detects Airflow: 12/04/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Moving air provides a better conductive path and cooling method for hot components than stagnant air. Therefore, airflow is a critical parameter in systems where heat build-up is a concern. The circuit shown is unique because it wasnt designed to.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Air_Flow.html [1/17/2007 5:29:43 PM]
Automotive Sensors & Detectors Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Sensors / Detectors: Automotive Circuits

12 Volt Automotive Inverter : This circuit will allow you to operate small devices like laptop computers inside your automobile without an expensive automobile power supply. The circuit takes advantage of the fact that power transformers are linear devices and can be used to step up as well as step down. 12 Volt to 9 Volt DC Converter: Car Converter for12 Volt to 9V 12v car lamp flasher: 20 Watt Power Amplifier: Designed to be used as car amplifier 3rd Brake Light Pulser: 5301 Wideband Fuel Mixture Display: 80188XL Engine Tachometer: Adaptive Windscreen Wiper Control: Alternator Signal Detector: Analog Tachometer for Gasoline Engines: Automatic Dual Output Display: Automatic Headlight Brightness Switch: Automatic Heat Detector: Automatic Speed Controller for Fans & Coolers: Automotive Alarm System: Automotive AntiLock Brake Control Driver: Automotive link uses single wire: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In the automotive industry, in which the goal is to produce cars with simpler, lighter wiring looms, any interface that uses just one wire instead of two offers a distinct advantage. The circuit in Figure 1 implements a bidirectional link using a single wire, with the car's chassis or ground conductor providing a negative return path... Automotive Multiplex Wiring: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published05-Oct-1998 BMW Motorcycle Side Stand Protection Mod: BMW R Series Motorcycle Regulator Schematic: Breath Alcohol Tester: Controls the cars ignition system Capacitor Discharge Ignition Circuit: Car Battery Charger: quickly and easily charge most any lead acid battery, automatically turns charging off when ready Car Clock: CaClo was designed and built to be used in an automobile. It uses pure discrete logic ICs (4000 series) and a4-digit LCD display with backlight, plus a few SMD ICs for the LCD driver. Car indicator alarm: Car Interval Wiper: CaWip was designed and built to be used in an automobile. Both the front and rear wipers can be controlled separately using six interval settings. Its a fairly old design, thats why theres no PIC microcontroller in sight! Car Message Display: CaMeD was designed and built to be used in an automobile. Its purpose is to display various symbols/messages to the car driver traveling behind you. It uses1024 LEDs to form a32 x32 matrix display. A total of12 symbols/messages can be displayed,4 of them being user-definable by using a visual basic utility tool connected to the rs232 port of a PC.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Automotive.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:29:48 PM]
Car NiCd Charger: This circuit provides up to20-Volt output from a regular13.2V automotive battery, to enable constant current charging of NiCd battery packs up to15 cells @1.2V (18V total). Cigarette Lighter 9 Volt Adapter: Combination Lock for Car Liftgate: Dome Light Dimmer for Cars : Usually when the car door is closed, the dome light just goes OFF. With this circuit, you can have our dome light fade slowly in brightness and finally go OFF. Dome Light Dimmer using Mic4680 Switching Regulator: simple circuit which outputs +5-Volt Dome Light Dwell Extender / Dimmer : allows you to dim your dome light and keeps the dome light of your automobile on after you close the door Engine Control unit Schematics: FCD (Fuel Cut Defencer): Flashing High Intensity LED 3rd Brake Light: This circuit to make a flashing3rd brake light assembly was designed to be easy to locate all the needed components and reasonably in expensive to build. Fuel Injector Pulse Width Monitor: Grand Cherokee Off Highway Lights: Headlight On Reminder With Light: Headlight Reminder: Integrate Fuel Pump Wire Security Cut Off With a Turbo Timer: Interface Between GM's 5 Volt 8192 Baud ALDL Data Stream and a PC Serial Port: LED Headlamps : This article includes circuits of DC-DC LED drivers (click PICs for bigger ones) step downs to run LEDs on less than Battery Volts, Boost for above. Lighting Third Brake Light: Motorcycle turn Signal System: Oxygen Sensors: When they go bad your automobile runs poorly, learn about them and build a substitute for diagnostics or off-road use. Park Aid: 3-LEDs signal bumper-barrier distance Infrared operation, indoor use Parking Sonar: Portable CD Player Adapter for Car: Road Ice Alarm: Rush Converter for the Car: Safety Indicator Lights: SILs was designed and built for a colleague at work. He needed a device to control the indicator lights on his motorcycle. The idea was to turn all lamps on during driving, but switch over to normal operation when the indicator was needed. He wanted this device because his motorcycle was fairly broad and was worried that passing cars wouldnt notice, especially in the dark! Simple Car Battery Charger: Simple Car Preamplifier and Artificial Earth: Solar Car Array Controller Schematic: Solar Car Battery Monitor Schematic: Solar Car Brake Controller Schematic: Solar Car Display Controller Schematic: Solar Car Electrical Design and Circuit index: Solar Car Main Controller Schematic: Third Brake Light Pulser: Timer Car Interval Wiper: Turn Signal Alarm: Ultrasonic Parking Sonar: Wide Band Fuel Mixture Display: Windshield Wiper Delay: Wiper Speed Controller: Wireless Auto Tachometer: WWV Converter for the Car:
Capacitance Sensors & Detectors - Capacitance Meter - Electronic Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Capacitance Sensors

Audio Acquires the write touch: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Capacitance Meter #1: Capacitance Meter #2: Capacitive Sensor likes Parasitics: 09/24/98 EDN-Design Ideas Dual Comparators Stabilize Proximity Detector: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Femto Capacitance Meter: This meter measures into the low femtofarad area. Measuring in the femto area allows the smallest capacitors to be measured with precision. Such capacitors are commonly used to compensate for input and stray capacitance in amplifiers. Measure open circuited cables using a multimeter: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use a multimeter with capacitance-measurement capability to measure the length of wire or cable to an open circuit. The capacitance of a pair of wires (or a wire to a shield) is directly proportional to the length of the wire. If you know th. Negative Impedance Improves Capacitive Sensors: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas RS232C Link Monitors Animal Activity: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas Sense Small Capacitance Changes Over A Wide Range : 09/20/04 Electronic Design Design Briefs / With this simple circuit connected to a serial port, small capacitance deviations on the order of 0.01 pF can be easily sensed over a wide range of several hundred picofarads (see the figure Solve low frequency cutoff problems in capacitive sensors: 11/28/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / One of the first problems a capacitive-sensor analog designer must face is the low-frequency cutoff. Theoretically, you must fulfill just one simple requirement: a sufficiently large input resistance of the preamplifier's first stage. In practice, however, many problems lurk behind the seemingly straightforward design rules.. Touch Activated Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Capacitance.html [1/17/2007 5:29:50 PM]
Current Monitors & Detectors - Amp Meters and Instruments - Electronic Circuits

AC Line Current Detector: Active feedback IC serves as current sensing instrumentation amplifier: 07/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / High-speed current sensing presents a designer with some significant challenges. Most techniques for sensing current involve measuring the differential voltage the current produces as it flows through a sense element, such as a resistor or a Hall-effect device. The differential voltage across the sense element is generally small and is often riding on a common-mode voltage that is considerably ..... Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Circuit Breaker Monitors Leakage Current: 06/21/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit measures currents in dc servo motor: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple circuit design in Figure 1 lets you measure all components of a current flowing in a dc servo motor. The rectified output of the circuit uses ground as a reference, so you can measure the output by using a single-ended A/D converter. The current-sense resistor, R1, has a value of 0. . Circuit Measures Small Current in DC Servo Motor: 12/07/01 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Senses High Side Current: 03/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / (One of several circuits in PDF) The accurate, high-side, current-sense circuit does not use a dedicated, isolated supply voltage, as some other schemes do. Current Sense Amplifier Handles High Voltages: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas Current Sense IC Prevents Overcurrent Damage: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas Current sensing scheme improves PFC on/off sequences: 06/27/2002 EDN Design Ideas / PFC (power-factor-correction) preconverters typically use the stepup, or boost, configuration, because this type of converter is relatively easy to implement (Figure 1). However, this topology requires the output voltage to be higher than the input voltage. When this condition is not the casefor example, with on/off sequences or under load conditionssome inrush current flows thro.... CurrentSensing for Crossbars: Maxim APP 391: Mar 01, 2001 / Current sharing between DC/DC converter modules enables several modules to be paralleled. In recent years, tight tolerances for current sharing have made discrete current-sense circuit designs a formidable challenge. This application note describes a low-cost, space-saving and accurate current sensing and sharing scheme using MAX4372. High Side Current Sensor has Period Output 1: Maxim APP 1084: May 31, 2002 High Side Current Sensor has Period Output 2: 03/07/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Current.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:29:53 PM]
Current Monitors & Detectors - Amp Meters and Instruments - Electronic Circuits
High side current sensor monitors negative rail: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / All dedicated current-sense amplifiers provide high-side sensing on a positive supply, but you can adapt such circuits for monitoring a negative supply (Figure 1). The positive-supply pin, V+, connects to the system's positive supply, and the ground pin, GND, connects to the negative supply, VEE. That arrangement monitors the negative supply and provides a positive output voltage for the extern.. HighAccuracy CurrentSense Amplifier Enables Current Sensing and Current Sharing: Maxim APP 391: Mar 01, 2001 / Current sharing between DC/DC converter modules enables several modules to be paralleled. In recent years, tight tolerances for current sharing have made discrete current-sense circuit designs a formidable challenge. This application note describes a low-cost, space-saving and accurate current sensing and sharing scheme using MAX4372. Integrator Forms Picoammeter: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas MOSFET Current Sensing: Method of mirror current sensing a MOSFET Simple circuit provides high side current sensing: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Solar Current Meter: Transmitter accurately transfers voltage input: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / When you connect remote sensors to a central process controller, a simple, robust, and commonly used interface is the 4 to 20-mA loop. The advantages of this current loop include the simplicity of just two twisted wires that share both power and signal, the loop's high noise immunity in harsh environments, and the de facto loop standard within the process-control industry... Two Sensors Measure Three Line Currents: 09/01/95 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Reference improves JFET: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit The common JFET current-source in Figure 1a has average output impedance and depends heavily on the JFET's V P and I DSS variations. These manufacturing variations limit the initial accuracy of the current setpoint that the circuit can obtain with a...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Current.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:29:53 PM]
Conductivity Sensors & Detectors - Conductivity Electronic Science Circuits & Hobby Projects
Conductivity Sensors & Detectors

Salt-Taster: Detects the amount of salt contained in liquid foods
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/conductivity.html [1/17/2007 5:29:56 PM]
Distance Monitors Sensors / Detectors - Ultrasonic Range finder - IR distance detector
Distance Monitors Sensors / Detectors

IR distance ranger covers 1 to 20 cm: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Commercially available IR distance rangers typically handle a 3- to 30-in. detection distance. Many times, it is necessary to determine smaller distances. The circuit in Figure 1 is useful for measuring small distances to reflective surfaces. Its measurement range is from less than 1 cm to approximately 20 cm for a flat, white surface. . PIC16F84 Ultrasonic Range Finder Project:
Ultrasonic Rangefinder:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Distance.html [1/17/2007 5:29:59 PM]
Frequency Monitor Sensors Detectors - Frequency Comparator - Dividers
Frequency Monitor Sensors / Detectors:

Frequency Comparator Draws 8 A: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Comparator has Status Output: 12/26/02 EDN-Design Ideas / The original application for the circuit was to check the number of revolutions of an engine with only one LED as an indicator. The measurement of the number of revolutions usually involves sensors with a frequency output proportional to the number of revolutions. Frequency Divider Adapts to I / O Conditions: 09/29/94 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Window Comparator has hysteresis: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Low Flow Rate Thermal Flowmeter: Make a Simple PCbased Frequency Meter: 04/29/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Frequency.html [1/17/2007 5:30:01 PM]
Flame Monitors / Sensors / Detectors - Flame Sensor & Detector Circuits
Flame Monitors / Sensors / Detectors

Flame Sensor: Op Amp, Comparator & Reference IC provides miscropower monitoring capability: Linear Technology Design Notes 190 Quick Detection of Flame: Hamamatsu Flame Sensor, UFTron R2868
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/flame.html [1/17/2007 5:30:06 PM]
Gas / Vapor Detectors - Sensors / Detectors - Electronic Circuits
Gas / Vapor Detectors - Sensors / Detectors

Breath Alcohol Tester: Controls the car's ignition system Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Gas.html [1/17/2007 5:30:09 PM]
Human Motion Monitors Sensors & Detectors - Electronic Circuits
Human Motion Monitors Sensors & Detectors

ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR (64) (static1) This schematic is the power supply and front-end sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail at Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. (this link is offsite) The system can detect human and animal motion by the electric fields they disturb. ELECTRIC FIELD DISTURBANCE MONITOR (65) (static2) This schematic is the motion discriminator alarm and battery monitor sections of the field monitor that is discussed in more detail a Electric Field Disturbance Monitor. (this link is off-site)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Human_Motion.html [1/17/2007 5:30:14 PM]
Human Proximity Detectors Sensors - Infrared Body Heat Detector
Sensors / Detectors: Human Proximity Detectors

Dual Comparators Stabilize Proximity Detector: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Infrared Body heat Detector:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Human_Proximity.html [1/17/2007 5:30:17 PM]
Touch Switch Circuits - Capacitance Switch - Detectors & Sensors
Sensors / Detectors: Capacitance / Touch Switch Circuits

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Human_Touch.html [1/17/2007 5:30:20 PM]
Humidity Detectors & Sensors - 741 Based Light Sensors - Electronic Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Humidity Detectors

741 Based Light Sensor: CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay Circuitry for inexpensive Relative Humidity Measurement: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Dual Comparators Stabilize Proximity Detector: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Infrared Body heat Detector: Low cost relative humidity transmitter uses single logic IC: 11/08/2001 EDN Design Ideas / The low-cost percentage-relative-humidity radio transmitter in Figure 1 operates in a cold-storage warehouse for vegetable storage at temperatures of 1 to 5 C. It is generally difficult to collect such data from a lowtemperature area with high humidity and low illumination. The transmitter design is simple: It uses a readily available, capacitor-type percentage-relative-humidity se... . Measure humidity and temperature on one TTL line: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / By combining the responses of an Analog Devices (www.analog.com) AD590 temperature sensor and a Humirel (www.humirel.com) HS1101 humidity sensor, you can generate a single TTL-level signal containing information from both sensors (Figure 1). This design uses a 74HC123 monostable multivibrator, IC1, to form a free-running oscillator. . Remote humidity sensor needs no battery: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Using ac-line power sources and batteries for remote humidity sensors is undesirable because these sources can be troublesome if you mount them in inaccessible points, such as smokestacks, cold-storage chambers, or darkrooms, where maintenance is difficult and inconvenient. Figure 1 shows a simple way to remove the power source from the humidity-sensor circuit. . Signal Conditioning Precisely indicates Humidity: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Uses Optical Fiber To Send RelativeHumidity Data : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit shown in the figure measures relative humidity in air at the low temperatures found in applications like cold storage of food items and greenhouses. Instead of using electrical signal cables that... Tiny Dew Sensor: Transmitter senses triple relative humidity figures: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a triple, relative-humidity sensor and radio transmitter. Sensors 1 and 2 form two gated oscillators with natural frequencies of 10 and 5 kHz, respectively, at relative humidity of 50%. The gated oscillators use variable resistances R2 and R3, respectively. Together, these two oscillators generate FSK-modulated outputs at output of IC1B, Pin 6..
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Humidity Detectors & Sensors - 741 Based Light Sensors - Electronic Circuits
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Light Detectors Optical Sensors - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects

300V PEAK TO PEAK SIGNAL GENERATOR (54) (300vpp) This circuit converts a square wave signal to a +-150 volt output signal with fast 100nS rise and fall times. N-CH AND P-CH TRANSISTORS FORM PUSH-PULL DRIVER (66) (pushpul) This circuit can produce high speed output signals with fast rise and full times. The unique change pump action allows the voltage of the upper P-ch device to range from millivolts to hundreds of volts. The output current is only limited by the rating of the transistors. I have used this circuit beyond 2MHz. 175KHz INDUCTIVE PULSE TRANSMITTER (73) (175khzx) This circuit is discussed in more detain in the Experimenters Journal. The transmitters six-inch diameter coil launches powerful magnetic 175KHz ring pulses that can be detected by the circuit below. SQUARE WAVE DRIVER HAS FLEXIBLE OUTPUTS (88) (flexdri3) This circuit can produce an output signal ranging from DC to 100KHz. It can source a voltage ranging from 1v to 30v. It can sink a voltage ranging from zero volts to 30v. It can drive up to 200ma of current and can even be switched to a floating tristate output.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Light.html [1/17/2007 5:30:29 PM]
Liquid Detectors - Fluid Level Detector - Water Level Sensor - Electronic Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Liquid Detectors

12 Volt Toilet Tank Refiller: Adjustment Free Inclinometer operates on 2.7V: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas Fluid Level Detector: Water Level Sensor: Water-Level Sensor Uses Hysteresis: 08/21/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A low-voltage electronic circuit that senses upper and lower water levels is often used for alarms and sump-pump activation. Since an electronic sensor has no moving mechanical parts, it eliminates problems with corrosion and wear and tear. The. . Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Liquid.html [1/17/2007 5:30:32 PM]
Magnetic Sensors Sensors & Detectors - Magnetometer - Electronic Circuits
Magnetic Sensors Sensors & Detectors

Electromagnetic field detector: Electromagnetic Field Detector #1: Electromagnetic Field Detector #2: This circuit is sensitive to low frequency electromagnetic radiation and will detect for example hidden wiring or the field that encompasses a transformer. Pickup is by a radial type inductor, used as a probe which responds well to low frequency changing magnetic and electric fields. Ordinary headphones are used to for detection. The field that surrounds a transformer is heard as a50 or 60Hz buzz. Geomagnetic field detector: Magnetic Gun: When optimally tuned, it will propel a small slug about 1.5 metres high, or 2.5 metres horizontally Magnetometer: Method offers Fail Safe Variable Reluctance Sensors: 11/27/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit MilliGauss Meter: RC Network Eliminates Precision Reference: 08/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Creates Magnetic-Card Lock: 11/08/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This is a simple but interesting circuit to make a magnetic card lock. Using this lock system, shown in the figure, you can open a door, switch on a. . . Two Diodes Change Demagnetizationsignal Polarity: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circui Links to Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Magnetic.html [1/17/2007 5:30:35 PM]
Metal Detector & Sensor - Electronic Circuit - Hobby Projects
Metal Detectors & Sensors

BFO Metal Detector: Metal Detector #1: Metal Detector #2: Metal Detector #3: Metal Detector uses Single IC: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Metal Detector: Twin Loop Treasure Seeker: Metal Detector #4: Twinloop Metal Detector:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Metal.html [1/17/2007 5:30:39 PM]
Microwave Detector - Amplifier - Radar Circuit - Electronic Circuits
Microwave Detectors - Amplifiers - Radar Circuits

Build your own cable radar: 10/01/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A time domain reflectometer (TDR) is a handy but rather expensive instrument, and isnt commonly found on every bench. I used to rent them, but after having paid large bills for several years, I decided to make my own. I saved a bundle and was able to. . . Digital Radar Speedometer: Economy radar detector : This circuit uses a 1458 dual op-amp to form a radar detector. C1 is the detector of the radar signal. The first op-amp forms a current-tovoltage converter and the second op-amp buffers the output to drive the piezo transducer. R5 sets the switching threshold of the second op-amp; normally it is adjusted so that the circuit barely triggers on background noise, then it's backed off a bit. The response of the circuit may be tuned by adjusting the length of the leads on C1. For typical road-radar systems, the input capacitor's leads should be about 0.5 to 0.6 inches long. Radar Detector #2: Radar Detector #3: "Radio-Electronics" Magazine, Jul,86 issue (C) Copyright Gernsback Publications, Inc.,1986 Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Microwave.html [1/17/2007 5:30:42 PM]
Water / Moisture Sensor & Detector - Electronic Circuits - Circuit
Water / Moisture Sensors & Detectors

12 Volt Sump Pump Control: 12 Volt Toilet Tank Refiller: Digital Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter (PIC16F876): Hot Water Tank Indicator: Moisture Alarm: Plant Moisture Monitor: Plants Watering Watcher: Varying brightness LED signals the necessity to water a plant. Very Low consumption,3V powered Circuit Plants Watering Watcher 1: Plants Watering Watcher 2: Rain Detector: Rain Detector: Shower Stopper: Simple Emergency Sump Pump Control: Sump Pump Control for12V DC Bilge Pump Water Activated Relay: Water Level Alarm: Water Level Sensor: Water-Level Sensor Uses Hysteresis: 08/21/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A low-voltage electronic circuit that senses upper and lower water levels is often used for alarms and sump-pump activation. Since an electronic sensor has no moving mechanical parts, it eliminates problems with corrosion and wear and tear. The. . . Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Moisture_Water.html [1/17/2007 5:30:46 PM]
Motion Sensor & Detector - Ultrasonic Remote Control & Alarm Circuits
Motion Sensors & Detectors

Infrared Active Motion Detector: An ambient-light-ignoring infrared active motion detector Passive Infrared Pyroelectric Infrared Motion Sensor: Ultrasonic Motion Detector: Ultrasonic Remote Control & Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Motion.html [1/17/2007 5:30:48 PM]
Sensors / Detectors - Peak Detectors - Electronic Science Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Peak Detectors

Add Programmable Gain To a Peak Detector : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / If your system's signal processing requirements in-clude peak detection and amplification, consider a simple circuit that will satisfy both needs and save hardware. The single-supply circuit shown in the ... Analog Switch Cuts Peak Detector Reset Time: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas Audio Peak Reading Meters: Dual Polarity Peak Detector operates From Single Supply: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas Fast Amplifiers Simplify AC Measurement: 05/09/96 EDN-Design Ideas Peak Detector: Peak Detector Lowers Frequency Dependent Errors: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Peak Detector Maximizes CCD Sensor Range: 08/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Peak Reading Audio Level Meter: indicates peak audio response on an analogue meter, similar to a tape recorder recording level meter Peak to Peak Monitor uses No OpAmps: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Fast Audio Peak Limiter: Inexpensive Peak Detector Features Droopless Operation: 05/15/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Most peak detectors employ a rectifier and a sampleandhold circuit, which is prone to output droop. In an alternative approach, shown in the figure, a 5-bit digital potentiometer with servo loop is used to. . . Precision Peak Detector: Sampling peak detector has shutdown feature: 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You face a serious problem in using a slow ADC with a fast peak detector. The circuit in Figure 1 allows a slow ADC to measure a fast, sampled signal peak. The 100-MHz peak detector for ultrasonic-pulse sampling uses a fast MAX4231 amplifier from Maxim (www.maxim-ic.com). This amplifier has a shutdown feature that facilitates power savings without losing the sampled information.. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Peak.html [1/17/2007 5:30:52 PM]
Phase Detector & Sensor - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects Circuit
Sensors / Detectors: Phase Detectors

Automatic phase detector for digital communications: 09/02/97 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Digital communications equipment based on coherent detection need receivers that can generate a carrier synchronized signal from a suppressed carrier transmission. For example, in a two-phase carrier receiver such as BPSK, a common solution is to use. . . Simple Phase Meter operates to 10 MHz: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Phase.html [1/17/2007 5:30:54 PM]
Position Detector & Sensor - Electronic Resource Circuits - Hobby Projects Circuit
Position Detectors / Sensors

Autozero a position sensing detector: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Bias Circuits: Biasing Corrects Position Sensing Photodiode: 07/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Position Encoder Does Away With ADC: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas Park Aid: 3-LEDs signal bumper-barrier distance Infrared operation, indoor use Position Detectors Provide Motorcontrol Logic: 05/24/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Position Sensor Exploits Faraday's Law: 05/12/03 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Consider two resistors, R1 (1 k) and R2 (3 k), connected in parallel (Fig. 1a). According to Faraday's Law, a time-varying magnetic field H, increasing linearly with time, induces a. . . Rotary Controller Positions Stepping Motor: 08/03/95 EDN-Design Ideas Subzero a Position Sensing Detector: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Position.html [1/17/2007 5:30:57 PM]
Electronic Pressure Detector & Sensor - Circuits - Projects - Resources
Electronic Pressure Detectors & Sensors

Air Pressure: Circuit uses a NPP301 pressure sensor. Range of this sensor is1bar15psi. It will output40mV at normal air pressure and3x overload doesnt damage the device. Altimeter: Circuit adds programmability to sensor amplifier: 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The pressure-sensor amplifier circuit of Figure 1 offers a number of advantages over the traditional approach using the classic three-op-amp instrumentation amplifier. The circuit can operate from a single supply and uses only two op amps and 1% resistors. If the reference voltage, VREF, is 0V, the transducer gain for the circuit isTo ensure equal gain for the two ground-referenced volt... . Fluid solution for water-tank pressure sensing: 06/09/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Liquid sensors require a media-compatible, solid-state pressure sensor. The pressure range of the sensor depends on the height of the column or tank of fluid that must be sensed. Described here is a way to sense water height in a tank or column using. . . Pressure Gauge Responds Linearly to Altitude: 03/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas Use Accelerometers For Vibration Measurement And Control: 01/10/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Recent advances in microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS) have made high-performance, high-accuracy, low-cost accelerometers available on a single monolithic IC. Accelerometers are used for acceleration and tilt measurements, vibration control,. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Pressure.html [1/17/2007 5:30:59 PM]
Electronic Proximity Detector & Sensors - Electronics Resource Circuits
Proximity Detector & Sensors

DTMF Proximity Detector: Dual Comparator: forms temperature-compensated proximity Detector Dual Comparators Stabilize Proximity Detector: 02/16/98 EDN-Design Ideas Magnetic Proximity Switch: Optical Proximity Detector: A "reflector" isolator (A) detects the presence of an object by bouncing light off of it. This technique is useful in circuits that detect when an object is close enough to the sensor (B). Proximity Alarm #2: Proximity Alarm #3: RS232C Link Monitors Animal Activity: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Proximity.html [1/17/2007 5:31:02 PM]
Electronic Radar Circuits - Amplifier, Detector, Microwave - Electronics Circuit

Build your own cable radar: 10/01/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A time domain reflect meter (TDR) is a handy but rather expensive instrument, and isnt commonly found on every bench. I used to rent them, but after having paid large bills for several years, I decided to make my own. I saved a bundle and was able to. .. Digital Radar Speedometer: Economy radar detector : This circuit uses a 1458 dual op-amp to form a radar detector. C1 is the detector of the radar signal. The first op-amp forms a current-tovoltage converter and the second op-amp buffers the output to drive the piezo transducer. R5 sets the switching threshold of the second op-amp; normally it is adjusted so that the circuit barely triggers on background noise, then it's backed off a bit. The response of the circuit may be tuned by adjusting the length of the leads on C1. For typical road-radar systems, the input capacitor's leads should be about 0.5 to 0.6 inches long. Radar Detector #2: Radar Detector #3: "Radio-Electronics" Magazine, Jul,86 issue (C) Copyright Gernsback Publications, Inc.,1986 Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Radar.html [1/17/2007 5:31:05 PM]
Radiation Monitor Sensor & Detector - Electronic Circuits - Circuit Resource
Radiation Monitors Sensors & Detectors

Geiger Counter: Geiger counters!: High Voltage Generator for Flash & Geiger Tubes: very low battery current, PDF file Radiation Dosage Rate Meter: Accurately measure and display RADS/MIN with this circuit and a V meter! Simple Geiger Detector uses neon Glow Lamp: 03/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In these times of increased terrorist threats, the possibility of some type of nuclear incident exists. By using a few simple components, it's possible to build a lowcost Geiger detector. Detecting radiation requires a special Geiger tube. But. . . Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Radiation.html [1/17/2007 5:31:07 PM]
Resistance Meter Sensor / Detector - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Resistance Meter - Sensors / Detectors

Grounded resistor tunes oscillator: 05/29/03 EDN-Design Ideas / To vary the frequency of any sine-wave oscillator, you should use a pair of ganged variable resistors, and you should thoroughly match their characteristics over the entire variation range to satisfy the oscillator's balancing conditions. This restriction leads to problems in the tuning range and high cost, thereby limiting the range of applications.... Optimize linear sensor resolution: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A wide variety of sensors and transducers of physical phenomena work via the mechanism of variable resistance. These devices sense temperature, light, pressure, humidity, conductivity, and force, for example. Such sensors measure the physical parameter of interest by reading out the inherent parameter-sensitive resistance or conductance. Resistance tester:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Resistance.html [1/17/2007 5:31:10 PM]
RF Radio Frequency Detector / Sensor - Electronic Circuits Resource
Sensors / Detectors: RF (Radio Frequency) Detectors

10.7MHz FM Detector: Cellular Phone Helper #1: activates a variety of devices when your cellular ph1is in use, PDF file Cellular Phone Helper #2: Linearized RF Detector: Make a truly linear RF power detector: 09/19/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Modern high-performance transmitters require accurate monitoring of RF power, because most cellular standards depend on strict power- transmission levels to maintain an effective network. Regulation of transmitted-signal strength also lets you build lower cost systems. Figure 1 shows a waveform-independent circuit that provides a linear measurement of RF power.. R / C Switch: This circuit is a so-called "Radio Controlled Electronic Switch". It can be used to switch on/off anything electrical, whatever it is. Here are a couple of examples: navigation lights, landing gear, sound systems, Glowplug driver, bomb release, parachute, search lights, gyros, and so on. This circuits connects to a RC car controller servo output. RF Actuated CW Monitor: RF Design Hint Increases Transmit Signal Rejection In Telephone Hybrids: 11/20/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Every telephone signal port used to transmit and receive voice or modulated data from a modem employs a hybrid (duplexer) circuit. Such circuits are used to separate the transmit and receive signals. Theyre also needed to reject the local. . . RF Detector : RF Dummy Load: make this simple RF Dummy Load for off-air testing of your radio transmitter. RF Power Meter for the QRPer: RF Sniffer : RF Sniffer <.5 to >500 MHz: RF Spectrum Analyzer: Surveillance Transmitter Detector: This circuit can be used to "sweep" an area or room and will indicate if a surveillance device is operative. The problem in making a suitable a detector is to get its sensitivity just right, Too much sensitivity and it will respond to radio broadcasts, too little, and nothing will be heard. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/RF_(Radio%20Frequency).html [1/17/2007 5:31:14 PM]
Rotation Monitor - Sensors / Detector - Electronic Resource Circuits
Rotation Monitor - Sensors / Detectors

Almost-accurate rotation center: 05/13/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Most motion-control applications typically employ an optical disk or Hall-effect device in order to accurately count the number of times that a motor shaft rotates. While the following circuit lacks the accuracy of both the optical disk and. . . Available-light phototachometer simplifies outdoor remote sensing: 01/25/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Tachometry, the measurement of the speed of rotating objects, is a common enough application that has many practical but few noteworthy solutions. Some of these jobs, however, have quirky aspects. . . Digital Tachometer Avoids Analog Vices: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas Optical Tachometer Provides BiDirectional Info: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Measures Diesel's Rotations Per Minute: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Speed Limit Alarm: Tachometer Demodulator has Fast Response Time: 12/07/95 EDN-Design Ideas Wireless Auto Tachometer:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Rotation.html [1/17/2007 5:31:16 PM]
Seismic Monitor, Geophones Sensor / Detector - Electronic Circuits
Seismic Monitors, Geophones Sensors / Detectors

Deer Repellent #1: seismic sensor Deer Repellent #2: Here is a simple sensor, which can detect the seismic vibrations caused by a person or large animal walking nearby. A representative application for the sensor is a deer repellent for the vegetable garden. When a deer steps near the sensor a loud buzzer or beeper sounds for a few seconds startling the would-be vegetable thief away. Feedback Circuit: Low Cost Feedback Circuit Boosts Efficiency: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Low Cost Seismometer: Optoelectronic Horizontal VBB Seismometer (Figures): Seismic Detector: The piezoelectric element of a kitchen gas lighter is used in this simple, yet effective seismic detector. ShacklefordGundersen Seismometer Sensor Electronics:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Seismic.html [1/17/2007 5:31:22 PM]
Solar Energy Monitor / Detectors - Sensors Electronic Circuit - Circuits
Solar Energy Monitor Circuits

Solar Current Meter: Solar Panel Charge Controller / Low Voltage Disconnect Circuit: Lead acid charger, with battery voltage monitor, power comes from solar panels Solar sun tracker :
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Solar_Energy.html [1/17/2007 5:31:24 PM]
Smoke Detectors & Sensor - Gamma Photon Detector - Electronic Circuits
Smoke Detectors & Sensors

Circuit forms gamma photon detector: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit of Figure 1 includes a PIN photodiode that detects individual photons of gamma radiation. The reverse bias on the photodiode sometimes creates a depletion region. When such a photon strikes this depletion region, a small amount of charge develops. This charge is proportional to the photon's energy...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Smoke.html [1/17/2007 5:31:28 PM]
Temperature Sensor & Detector - Electronic Sensors & Detectors
Sensors / Detectors: Temperature Sensors

1-Wire Technology Simplifies Humidity And Temperature Measurement: 12/18/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A new 1-Wire technology component, the DS2438 Smart Battery Monitor provides several functions. Developed by Dallas Semiconductor, this device offers a unique 64- bit serial number, an internal temperature sensor, and an A/D that measures both the. . . 2 Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy : 07/08/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872... 4-To-20-mA Loop Powers Temperature Sensor: 05/07/01 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Using an analog temperature sensor, an op amp, a transistor, and a low-dropout linear regulator, this circuit provides a 4-to-20-mA output over a 3.75- to 28-V compliance range (see the figure).. . . Accelerometer Output gives Temperature Info: 11/19/98 EDN-Design Ideas ADC's Reference Improves RTD Measurements: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas AT89C2051 Digital Thermometer & Clock: BASIC Stamp Thermoelectric Cooler: Build A Digital Temp Monitor: 04/03/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This Idea for Design was originally published Dec. 2, 1993. The AD590 proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) device combined with an autoranging digital multimeter (DMM), such as Fluke's Model 77, can make a stable digital. . . Circuit Linearizes, Converts Thermistor Data: 12/07/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit provides cold junction compensation: 11/28/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The accuracy of any circuit or system that uses a thermocouple to determine the temperature of a process is limited by the accuracy of the method used to perform cold-junction compensation. In a thermocouple measurement, two wires of dissimilar metal join together at the "hot," or measurement, junction.. Digital Remote Thermometer: Remote sensor sends data via mains supply Temperature range:00.0 to 99.9 C DS1820 Temperature Sensor Readout Unit: IC Diodes help Deduce Junction Temperature: 07/07/94 EDN-Design Ideas IC removes nonlinear temperature effects : 09/25/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A common technique for removing nonlinear temperature-related effects from a dc voltage is to incorporate a temperature sensor that a microprocessor samples via an A/D converter. The processor determinesby mathematical calculation or a temperature-indexed look-up tablethe amount of adjustment is necessary at a given temperature and delivers the resulting value via a D/A converter.... IC Temperature Sensor Provides Thermocouple ColdJunction Compensation: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Interfacing A Single-Wire Temperature-Sensor IC To A PC: 07/24/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Over the years, vendors have introduced a large assortment of temperature-measuring semiconductor devices with varying interfacing techniques. One of the latest of these, Maxims MAX6577, can measure temperature over a range of 40C to. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Temperature.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 5:31:34 PM]
LCD Thermometer: LM34 / LM35 Precision Monolithic Temperature Sensors: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Low Cost Digital Thermometer Uses SingleChip Microcontroller : 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The ... Low Cost Digital Thermometer Uses SingleChip Microcontroller : 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The ... Low-Cost Digital Thermometer Uses Single-Chip Microcontroller: 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The . . . Measure humidity and temperature on one TTL line: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / By combining the responses of an Analog Devices (www.analog.com) AD590 temperature sensor and a Humirel (www.humirel.com) HS1101 humidity sensor, you can generate a single TTL-level signal containing information from both sensors (Figure 1). This design uses a 74HC123 monostable multivibrator, IC1, to form a free-running oscillator. . Measure temperature in remote locations: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Micropower Thermometer: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun1996 Miniature temperature monitors drive 3-speed fan controller: 02/22/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Combining a switch-mode dc-dc controller with two low-cost temperature monitor ICs produces a three-speed fan controller (see the figure). This useful. . . Monitor Your PC's CPU Core Temperature: 09/05/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This circuit can be used to determine the core temperature of your PCs CPU and display it on a monitor (Fig. 1). Installing such a circuit can help to ensure that your systems cooling is. . . Network imitates thermocouples: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Thermocouples find widespread use for temperature measurement in systems. During system design or testing, you must observe the system's response at different temperatures. However, it's inconvenient to heat a thermocouple every time you need to check a system's performance. You can use the simple trick of touching the thermocouple with a hot soldering iron, but this method provides only ... . Network of RS-485 smart temperature sensors: 08/23/99 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / The system described here implements a smart temperaturesensor network. In this particular application, each of the intelligent network nodes is equipped with two temperature. . . Oscillators Convert Temperature to Time: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas Parallel port provides high resolution temperature sensing: 10/03/2002 EDN Design Ideas / High-resolution temperature sensing at low cost is possible using only one chip attached to the PC's parallel port (Figure 1). The Dallas Semiconductor (www.dalsemi.com) DS1722 digital thermometer allows measurement resolution as fine as 0.0625C in digital form and with linear response. The accuracy specification is only 2C, but you can improve this figure by careful calibration.. PC Thermometer: Precision Thermometer Linearizes, Digitally Calibrates Platinum RTDs: 05/29/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Among temperature transducers, the platinum resistance temperature detector (PRTD) is generally accepted as the gold standard. PRTDs are available with interchangeability accuracies as tight as 0.1C over operational ranges extending from. . .
Precision Thermostat Uses TBH And AC Feed-Forward Compensation: 03/19/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Precision temperature control with relatively high-power heaters driven directly from unregulated "120-V" ac lines is an efficient, inexpensive way to manage large thermal loads. A number of annoying complications can render this straightforward. . . Protect Digital Temperature Sensor In Noisy Environments : 06/21/04 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Using digital temperature-sensing methods in a noisy environment is difficult, if not downright impossible. Noise is easily coupled into the temperature-sensing circuit and can result in a large temperature error. In fact, a very noisy environment can... Read Temperature With One Digital Output and One Digital Input : 03/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Before the MAX6629/30/31/32 series of temperature sensors were available, all digital-output temperature sensors were I2C (alternatively called SMBus) sensors that had to be written to for addressing, before they were read. Prior SPI... Remote temp Sensor Needs No Power Supply: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas Self-Heated Transistor Thermo-stats Individual Components: 02/09/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An unavoidable fact of life is that all parameters of all electronic components drift with temperature. Even the best voltage references, op amps, crystal oscillators, etc., have non-zero temperature coefficients. These effects can be handled by. . . Sense junction temperatures without calibration: 05/13/98 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Transistors can be used as a low-cost temperature sensors. Sensing temperature with a silicon junction often exploits the fact that the forward voltage drop has a temperature coefficient of 2.2 mV/C. The problem with this method is that. . . Sensing Method Increases Thermal Response Time: 1/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas Shower Stopper: Simple design equations for thermoelectric coolers: 02/23/98 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) are versatile temperature control devices. Theyre best thought of as solid-state heat pumps in which the direction and rate of heat flow can be manipulated by controlling the magnitude and polarity of the TEC drive. . . Simplify Isolated Temperature Sensing With Single-Wire Sensors: 06/26/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Galvanic isolation of sensors, such as temperature sensors, is required since these sensors are often mounted in "mechanically inconvenient" locations. "Mechanically inconvenient" often implies an electrically noisy environment, an environment where. . . Single Supply Circuit Linearizes RTDs: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas Single-Gate VHF Temperature Transmitter Runs On 3.6 V: 12/03/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This design idea illustrates what may be the simplest and smallest temperature transmitter in the VHF 50- to 100-MHz range. As seen in the figure, the design employs an ON SEMI single-gate IC (NL27WZ14). The. . . Take Back Half: A Novel Integrating Temperature-Control Algorithm: 12/04/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / According to Linear Technologys Jim Williams, The unfortunate relationship between servo systems and oscillators is very apparent in thermal control systems. (Linear Applications Handbook, 1990). High-performance temperature control is. . . Take-Back-Half HVAC Thermostat Is Precise And Energy-Efficient: 07/09/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Implementing tight control of environmental temperature is essential in many critical areas. For instance, it's necessary when research laboratories house sensitive instrumentation and for manufacturing facilities involved in high-precision. . . Temperature Compensated PH Meter: Temperature Controlled Based on AT89CX051: Temperature measurement scheme uses IR sensor and sigma delta ADC: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many noncontact temperature-measurement systems use infrared sensors, such as thermopiles, which can detect small amounts of heat radiation. Biomedical thermometers that measure the temperature of an ear or a temple use noncontact temperature measurement, as do automotive-HVAC systems that adjust temperature zones based on the body temperature of passengers...
Temperature Measurement Scheme uses IR Sensor and Sigmadelta ADC: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Temperature Monitor: Temperature Regulator #2: Temperature Sensor Circuit Provides Dual Slope Output : 01/21/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The excellent linearity of integrated-circuit temperature sensors makes them ideal for direct analog compensation of the thermally induced errors inherent in many circuits. For example, a negativesloped temperature sensor could compensate for an... Temperature Sensor Doesn't Discharge Battery: 08/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Sensor uses I2C isolator: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Strip-Chart Recorder Uses Parallel Port: 03/01/04 Electronic Design Design Briefs / A simple, inexpensive method for building a temperature stripchart recorder involves a parallel port that communicates with four TMP121 IC temperature sensors (Fig. 1). The sensors communicate via the. . . Temperature-Compensated LCD Bias Supply Uses A Single Control IC: 06/08/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many applications require a simple method for getting multiple outputs from the power supply. One way to achieve this goal is by using charge pumps. The schematic shown in Figure 1 is an LCD bias. . . Temperature-Sensor Circuit Provides Dual-Slope Output: 01/21/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The excellent linearity of integrated-circuit temperature sensors makes them ideal for direct analog compensation of the thermally induced errors inherent in many circuits. For example, a negativesloped temperature sensor could compensate for an. . . TempSentry Temperature Sensor Technical Info & Schematics: Thermistors and a Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hotwire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thinfilm platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive... Thermocouple Interfaces to Serial Port: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Thermocouple thermometer features a 1-mV/F output: 10/18/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An inexpensive, battery-powered, cold-junctioncompensated, thermocouple thermometer with an output of 1 mV/F can be constructed using type-K thermocouple wire. Because type-K thermocouple. . . Thermoelectric Controller (scriptable Thermometer): Thermostat For High-Altitude Atmospheric Sampler is Fault-Tolerant: 11/19/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Among the many measures of good circuit design (e.g., cost, performance, and efficiency), none is more important than reliability. Usually, adequate expected reliability can be achieved by simply sticking to conservative design rules and good. . . Thermostat Node Schematic: Three Channel Spectrum Analyzer: Transistor Forms RS232C Digital Thermometer: 05/09/96 EDN-Design Ideas Transistors offer thermal protection for controller: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / When a switch-mode power-supply controller, such as On Semiconductor's NCP1200, operates at a high ambient temperature, you should protect the entire power supply against lethal thermal runaway. The NCP1200 operates directly from the power mains without an auxiliary winding; therefore, the die in the IC dissipates power (Figure 1).. Two Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy : 07/08/0Two Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872... Two-Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy: 07/08/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872. . . Universal Programmable Remote: USB Link Neatly Measures temperature: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit UV Sensitive Photodetector :
Varactor diode stabilizes temperature for FM quadrature demodulator: 06/09/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A quadrature detector is used to demodulate frequency shift keying (FSK) and other types of FM signals. The MC13156 shown is an FM subsystem integrated circuit that downconverts the RF to a 10.7-MHz intermediate frequency (IF), amplification, and. . . Webbased thermometer Project: VBE-Based Cold-Junction Compensator For Thermocouples: 11/06/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The familiar thermocouple (TC) is probably the oldest species of electronic temperature sensor extant. TCs consist merely of two dissimilar conductors joined at the temperature measuring point. Theyre simple to fabricate and look (at first glance) Click here for Other Circuits
Vibration Monitor Sensor Detector - Monitors Sensors & Detectors Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Vibration Monitors

Machine Vibration Activates Hour Meter: 01/16/97 EDN-Design Ideas (Dave Johnsons design) Shock Sensor Circuit Prevents Data Corruption: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas Use Accelerometers For Vibration Measurement And Control: 01/10/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Recent advances in microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS) have made high-performance, high-accuracy, low-cost accelerometers available on a single monolithic IC. Accelerometers are used for acceleration and tilt measurements, vibration control,. . . Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Vibration.html [1/17/2007 5:31:37 PM]
Voltage Monitors - Battery - Cigarette - Sensors & Detectors Circuit
Sensors / Detectors: Voltage Monitors

Battery Monitor Draws 8 or Less: 04/13/95 EDN-Design Ideas Battery Monitor Emulates Auto Dashboard: 07/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Cigarette Lighter 9 Volt Adapter: Circuit Detects & Disconnects Overvoltages: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Detects total OnTime: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit. Circuit Measures Microvolts In The Presence Of Volts : 08/23/04 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Sometimes, it's necessary to make microvolt measurements in the presence of volts. For example, the need arose to measure the thermoelectric potentials in an RTD circuit in which the 10 V applied to selfheat the RTD made measuring such tiny).... Circuit Provides 1.5V, 7Bus Termination: 09/14/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit safely applies power to ICs: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Supervisory circuits normally monitor a microprocessor's supply voltage, asserting reset to the IC during power-up, power-down, and brownout. In this way, the circuit ensures that the supply voltage is stable before the microprocessor boots, thus preventing code-execution errors. Many analog and digital ICs also need a well-behaved startup of their supply to avoid latch-up and logic-stat... . Clamping Circuit Dissipates Minimal Power: 03/30/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / This circuits is a quasilinear regulator Cockcroft Walton Diode Voltage Multipliers: this document describing some basic voltage multiplier circuit topologies, PDF file Comparator Detects Failed Telecomm Supplies: 06/22/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Detects when telecomm power supplys48V output drops below its nominal value, uses an isolated comparator to monitor two48V telecomm supplies (of either polarity) / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Comparator Features Symmetrical Thresholds: 03/06/00 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / The comparator often is the simplest bridge between analog and digital worlds, but crossing this bridge isn't as simple as might be thought. Keep in mind, we are leaving the analog world with an indefinite number of states and entering into a vastly. . . Contactless AC Mains Voltage Detector: DC Power Supply: simple circuit based on 78xx fixed voltage regulator IC, those ICs are available for some fixed voltages between5 and24V Generate Dual Voltages That Track By Percentage Of Range: 06/09/03 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Consider the need to vary two voltages, V1 and V2, by an equal percentage of their ranges (V1MAX - V1MIN) and (V2MAX - V2MIN), with V1MAX, V1MIN, V2MAX, and V2MIN. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Voltage.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:31:42 PM]
Voltage Monitors - Battery - Cigarette - Sensors & Detectors Circuit
Internal Oven Provides Voltage Reference Less Than 1-ppm/C Drift: 04/03/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / When precision voltage-reference requirements demand less than 1-ppm/C temperature drift, the designer can choose to use expensive components (off-the-shelf modules) or build a custom oven enclosure. This second choice is common among. . . Latching Regulator Prevents Deep Discharge: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Low Voltage Alarm: NE555 Low Voltage Battery Disconnect Circuit Low-voltage oscillator features increased spectral purity: 11/02/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A common problem in crystal sinusoidal oscillators is the excitation of unwanted modes of the quartz crystal that degrade the spectral purity of the oscillator. This problem is significant in overtone crystals, particularly if the oscillator is. . . Low-Voltage Series Reference Draws Only 2.4 A: 08/20/01 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / For systems with miniscule power budgets, implementing a lowpower voltage reference involves many compromises. One design option is the lowvoltage shunt reference. Available since the birth of the bandgap cell, this device traditionally operates. . . Maximum Voltage Sorter uses Analog Multiplexers: 09/29/94 EDN-Design Ideas OpAmp Rectifier Signals Input State: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Detects Voltage over Ranges: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Disconnects Load From Battery: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Solid State Relay Saves Battery's Life: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas Status Indicator Flags Five Discharge States: 01/20/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit actually indicates five conditions of the battery. A steady glow assures the user that the battery is strong and healthy. A2-Hz brief flicker off indicates that the battery is starting to show age. A more insistent,50%,5-Hz flashing is a warning to have a spare battery on hand. A brief flicker on at2 Hz is the battery's last gasp. And, when the LED is continuously off, its Time to replace the battery. Supervisory IC Makes Simple Line Monitor: 03/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas NE555 Low Voltage Battery Disconnect Circuit: Ultimate Battery Low Voltage Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Voltage.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:31:42 PM]
Plants Water / Moisture Sensors - Rain Detector Circuits - Shower Stopper

12 Volt Sump Pump Control: 12 Volt Toilet Tank Refiller: Digital Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter (PIC16F876): Hot Water Tank Indicator: Moisture Alarm: Plant Moisture Monitor: Plants Watering Watcher: Varying brightness LED signals the necessity to water a plant. Very Low consumption,3V powered Circuit Plants Watering Watcher 1: Plants Watering Watcher 2: Rain Detector: Rain Detector: Shower Stopper: Simple Emergency Sump Pump Control: Sump Pump Control for12V DC Bilge Pump Water Activated Relay: Water Level Alarm: Water Level Sensor: Water-Level Sensor Uses Hysteresis: 08/21/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A low-voltage electronic circuit that senses upper and lower water levels is often used for alarms and sump-pump activation. Since an electronic sensor has no moving mechanical parts, it eliminates problems with corrosion and wear and tear. The Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Water_Moisture.html [1/17/2007 5:31:45 PM]
Wind Speed Direction Monitor - Anemometer Circuits - Electronic Circuit

Low cost anemometer fights dust: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / As higher levels of power dissipation underscore the need for cooling, more and more fans are finding their way into small electronic enclosures. The dust that fans pull into these enclosures can, however, cause major problems for high-reliability systems. By coating heat sinks and electrically charged components, the dust acts as a blanket that raises the effective thermal impedance betw... . Self Heated Transistor Digitizes Airflow: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Thermistors And A Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design: 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hot-wire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive. . . Thermistors and a Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hot-wire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive... Transistor & FVCs Make Linear Anemometer: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Wind_Speed.html [1/17/2007 5:31:48 PM]
Servo Circuits - Electronic Circuit Resource - Hobby Projects
Servo Circuits
0 to 10 Volt Control for RC Servos: Circuit measures currents in dc servo motor: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple circuit design in Figure 1 lets you measure all components of a current flowing in a dc servo motor. The rectified output of the circuit uses ground as a reference, so you can measure the output by using a single-ended A/D converter. The current-sense resistor, R1, has a value of 0. . Serial Servo Motor Controller: Servo Slew Rate Control: A circuit that limits the rate of change of a signal; a feature of this design is that the positive and negative rates can be different. Servo-motor acceleration control via armature current integration: 03/09/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Whenever the speed of a dc servo motor must be controlled with absolute accuracy, theres no substitute for tachometer-based feedback combined with a fullblown servo loop. But in other applications, adequate steady-state precision and sometimes. . Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Servo_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:31:51 PM]
Shunt Regulator Circuits - Electronic Circuit Resource - Hobby Projects
Shunt Regulator Circuits

Extend Voltage Range Of Current-Shunt Monitor: 05/26/03 Electronic Design Design Briefs / While current-shunt-monitor ICs like the INA168 can be connected to current-shunt resistors at supply voltages of up to 60 V, the circuit shown in the figure allows current sensing at even higher voltages.. . . High-Current, Low-Voltage Shunt Regulator: 02/07/00 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / This design idea describes a high-current (up to 8 A) shuntregulator built around the TLV431 low-voltage, adjustable, precision shuntregulator IC. Special attention was paid to implementing this design as a "twoterminal" circuit block, greatly. . . High-voltage adjustable shunt regulator: 09/15/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Occasionally, the need arises for a variable shunt regulator capable of high-voltage operation. At high voltages, multiple transistors in series overcome safe-operating area (SOA) limitations much more effectively than parallel configurations.. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Shunt_Regulators.html [1/17/2007 5:31:53 PM]
Signal Adder Circuits - Signal Adders Circuit Resource - Electronic Circuits
Signal Adders Circuits

High-Speed Noninverting Summing Amplifier Operates To 220 MHz: 10/29/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The schematic in Figure 1 is a common summing amplifier with multiple inputs and one single-ended output. It is a variation of a standard inverting amplifier. Point X is a virtual ground and is referred to. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/signal_adders.html [1/17/2007 5:31:56 PM]
Signal Generators - Electronic Generators - Circuits Resource
Signal Generators
10 octave Audio Generator Speeds Tests: 07/07/94 EDN-Design Ideas 1KHz Sine Wave Generator: Simple circuitry, Low distortion, battery operated Variable, Low impedance output up to1V RMS 3 to 12 MHz Signal Generator: 555 Tone Generator 8 Ohm Speaker: 68HC11 Function Generator: Bus Request Signal Generates Logic Waveforms: 06/20/96 EDN-Design Ideas Chaos Generator: Convert periodic waveforms to square waves: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Converting periodic waveforms to square waves is an integral part of extracting a clock signal from data, creating waveform generators, and making timing-pulse generators. Any square-wave-conversion circuit is more valuable when the square wave's duty cycle is variable and controllable. Figure 1 shows a circuit that has these attributes and can drive several TTL-compatible loads.. DCC Waveforms and Voltages For DCC Systems: DDS and converter form signal generator: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many applications require low-frequency signal generators that can deliver highperformance, high-resolution signals. This Design Idea presents a circuit that generates frequencies of 0 to 1 MHz. Sinusoidal, triangular, and square-wave outputs are available. You can achieve frequency resolution of better than 0... DDS device produces sawtooth waveform: 07/10/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Ramp or sawtooth waveforms are useful for a broad range of applications, including automatic-test equipment, benchtest equipment, and actuator control. Discrete components typically set the waveform frequency. Unfortunately, drift in these component values over time and temperature limits the accuracy of the output frequency... DDS using AD9835: Digital Signal Processor (DSP) for Radio Communications: FIFO Makes Cheap Waveform Generator: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Generator, 555IC: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads Function Generator: Function Generator #2: Generate CID / CIDCW Analog Signals: 10/22/98 EDN-Design Ideas Generator Features Programmable Duty Cycle: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas HF Signal Generator: Improved PL Tone Decoder: linkwitz Cosine Burst Generator: part of speaker measurement set described in the construction article Low Cost Function Generator: Low Distortion, Amplitude Stable Sine Wave Oscillator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Signal_Generators.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:32:01 PM]
Low Frequency Sine Wave Generator: The two circuits below illustrate generating low frequency sine waves by shifting the phase of the signal through an RC network so that oscillation occurs where the total phase shift is360 degrees. Make a simple ramp generator for stepper motors: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Stepper motors are synchronous motors that step at the pulse rate of the driving signal. For the motor to move quickly, the stepping rate must be fast. However, because of motor and load inertia, the motor often cannot go from 0 rpm to the desired number of revolutions per minute in one step. Therefore, most stepper motors receive their drive from a pulse chain that starts out slowly and ... . Microphone Circuit Test Oscillator: 440 Hz Tone generator for testing XLR microph1-lines MonoStable Flip Flops (One Shot): Musical Tone Generator: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads Occasional Pulse Circuit: PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: Precision Waveform Converter uses Sawtooth Wave: 03/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Programmable Ramp Generator has 14 Bit Linearity: 09/12/96 EDN-Design Ideas Pulse Stretcher Increases ECL Gate Gains: 01/20/94 EDN-Design Ideas / stretches the output pulses of an ECL comparator by operating the ECL line receivers with unusually large pulldown resistors to the -15V supply. The large load resistance maximizes the gains of the emitter-follower output stages and speeds up the rising edges. At the same Time, the low pulldown current, together with the input and wiring capacitances, slows the falling edges. These actions stretch the positive pulses by approximately2 nsec/stage. RF oscillator uses current feedback op amp: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A current-feedback amplifier is a well-known component with many uses. Its basic block diagram shows that its input stage is a voltage followerin practice, a symmetrical emitter follower (Figure 1). The configuration samples the output current, converts it to voltage across a large impedance, and amplifies it to the output using a high-power, low-output-impedance amplifier.. RF Signal Generator: Sawtooth Generator Spans a 70 DB Range: 07/07/94 EDN-Design Ideas Scheme yields Frequency Locked Triangle Waves: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Self Oscillating Amplifier for Distortion Testing: allows the home constructor to make quite accurate measurements, without having to spend a lot of money on a low distortion oscillator Signal Frequency Beat Frequency Oscillator: Signal Generator for Signal Tracer: Signal Processor Adds LED Display: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Technique Generates Precise HART Waveforms : 07/22/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Designed to complement conventional 4- to 20-mA analog signaling, the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) protocol supports two-way digital communications for process measurement and control devices. The protocol uses frequency-shift keying... Sine Wave Generator With Crystal Accuracy: Smooth Tone Clickless CW SideTone Generator: This circuit is about as good as it gets for generating Morse code tones. It may be used as a code practice oscillator, a Tone generator for a keyer, or a SideTone oscillator for a transmitter. Square wave modulator has variable frequency and pulse width: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A few years ago, I worked at a disk-drive company. We had a plating facility that required square waves to drive the high-voltage plating operation. The challenge was that the square wave's pulse width had to be variable, along with the duty cycle. Also, the amplitude of the pulses had to be adjustable.. Square Wave Oscillator: Square Wave to Sine Circuit: Summer Linearizes Ramp & Triangle Generators: 12/08/94 EDN-Design Ideas SwOpAmp Makes Square Wave Generator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas
Test Pattern Generator: Testcard Generator: Timers Generate Variable Sweep Frequencies: 08/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Tiny Programmable Oscillator Operates From 5 kHz To 20 MHz: 08/06/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / By merging a digital potentiometer with an oscillator chip, a very small programmable oscillator (1 MAX and one SOT-23 package) can be realized. In addition to consuming very little board space, the circuit requires only three signals from a. . . Transconductance amp gives oscillator reciprocal response: 04/17/03 EDNDesign Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a variation on the familiar integrator/comparator triangle-wave oscillator, which you typically implement with two op amps. An integrator and a comparator connect in a positive-feedback loop; the comparator drives the integrator and vice versa. A fixed amount of hysteresis exists in the comparator, producing a triangle wave at the integrator's output... Tri Waveform Generator: Triangle & Square Wave Generator: Triangle / Square wave Generator: Triangle Waveform Generator: Triangle/square-wave oscillator serves dual purpose: 11/22/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In conventional triangular-wave oscillators, hysteresis from positive feedback in the Schmitt trigger determines the voltage levels and amplitude of the triangular waves. With this topology, its. . . Video Generators: many test picture generation circuits WiFi Can Antenna:
Sine to Square Wave Converter Circuits - Electronic Circuits Resource
Converters: Sine to Square Wave

Current Feedback Amps Square up Fast Signals: 06/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas CurrentFeedback Op Amps Save Power In Photodiode Apps : 09/30/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Current-feedback amplifiers offer high bandwidth with minimal power-supply current draw. However, they're rarely used as transimpedance amplifiers in photodiode applications due to the high current noise of their inverting inputs. The ... Self Powered Sine to Square Wave Converter: Converts sine to square waves without a power-source Useful as a test instrument for audio purposes Square Wave to Sine Circuit: Square Wave to Sine Converter: Time tag impulses with zero crossing circuit: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A "constant-fraction discriminator" usually performs the timetagging of impulsive events, which have a peaking time of the signal amplitude. The implementation of this technique requires a delay in the input signal of approximately the same amount as the signal's rise time. You can attain this delay by using a coaxial cable of an appropriate length. . Unique discrete zero-crossing detector: 04/05/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A zero-crossing detector delivers an output pulse that synchronizes other circuitry to the transitions through zero volts of a sinusodial source for both polarity excursions. This detector, which. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sine_to_Square_Wave_Converters.html [1/17/2007 5:32:04 PM]
LASER Transmitter / Receiver - IR Transmitter Receiver Switch Circuits
T/R (Transmitter / Receiver) Switch Circuits

Infra / Radio Remote Control Transmitter / Receiver: Infra/radio Remote Control Transmitter/receiver With PIC: Infrared Transmitter and Receiver Schematic Diagrams: LASER Transmitter / Receiver: Laser Transmitter Schematics:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/tr_transmitter_receiver_switch_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:32:08 PM]
Tachometer RPM Circuits - Tachometers - Electronic Circuit Projects
Tachometers / RPM Circuits

Analog Tachometer for Gasoline Engines: Available-light phototachometer simplifies outdoor remote sensing: 01/25/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Tachometry, the measurement of the speed of rotating objects, is a common enough application that has many practical but few noteworthy solutions. Some of these jobs, however, have quirky aspects. . . Digital Tachometer Avoids Analog Vices: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas / (requires a password) Optical Tachometer Provides BiDirectional Info: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas / (requires a password) Simple Circuit Measures Diesel's Rotations Per Minute: 03/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. (have to obtain a password first) Speed Limit Alarm: Tachometer Demodulator has Fast Response Time: 12/07/95 EDN-Design Ideas / (requires a password) Tachometer Measures Very Low Frequencies : 08/23/04 Electronic Design Design Briefs / The circuit shown in the figure is a three-digit tachometer that lets you measure low-frequency events recurring at intervals of 0.235 to 15 seconds--that is, from 4 to 255 rpm. Thus, it's suitable for... ).... Wireless Auto Tachometer:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/tachometer_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:32:10 PM]
Telemetry Circuits - Telementry Electroinc Circuit Resource
Telemetry Circuits
Circuit Makes Simple FSK Modulator : 10/11/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/telemetry_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:32:15 PM]
Telephone Circuits - Telephone Circuit - Caller ID Circuits - Telephones
Telephone Circuits
2 Line Intercom Cum Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: 2 Line Intercom With Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: The circuit presented here can be used for connecting two telephones in parallel and also as a2-line intercom. 56K RF Modem: 8 Line Intercommunication using 89c51: 9 Line Telephone Sharer: This circuit is able to handle nine independent telephones (using a single Telephone line pair) located at nine different locations, say, up to a distance of100m from each other, for receiving and making outgoing calls, while maintaining conversation secrecy. This circuit is useful when a single Telephone line is to be shared by more members residing in different rooms/apartments. 900Mhz 9600bps Link: 9-Line Telephone Sharer: Caller ID: Caller ID / DTMF Audio Decoder: Caller ID Circuits: information and circuits for different systems used USA and Finland Caller ID Decoder: Caller ID Decoder Part 1: Caller ID Decoder Part 2: Caller ID Display Service: Caller ID decoder based on 68HC11, text in French Cell-Phone-Controlled Audio/Video Mute Switch: Chip recorder customizes phone ringer: 07/25/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Companies usually purchase one type of telephone for all employees, which is understandable, especially if they obtain a discount for buying in quantity. One ringer sound for everyone can pose a problem, though, if the sound of a ringing phone makes a dozen people pause and look at their telephones. Equally annoying is the absence of a visual message indicator.. Circuit Detects When A Shared Telephone Line Is In Use: 01/08/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit shown can detect when a shared telephone line is in use (see the figure). This is particularly useful when an automated device wishes to place an outgoing call without disturbing an. . . Circuit Provides Ground-Start Supervision For Phone Switching: 11/20/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Ground start is the primary analog signaling method used between telephone switches such as the central office (CO) and a private branch exchange (PBX). It offers a way to indicate on-hook and off-hook conditions in a voice network. Theres one. . . Circuit Provides Message on Disabled Phone Line: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / This circuits plays a prerecorded message into any phone on the line when its receiver goes off-hook Circuit Translates a Law to Law: 05/07/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Two common methods exist to command voice for transmission through a PCM channel Circuit Vocalizes Telephone Number: 02/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/telephone_circuits.html (1 of 7) [1/17/2007 5:32:22 PM]
Clip extracts signal from phone line: 07/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Using a capacitive-coupled clip, you can pick up the signal from a twisted-pair or wire telephone line or from other unshielded analog lines without piercing the insulation. No line test can detect the clip's presence, and it leaves no evidence of having been attached. It needs no ground return. You can fasten the small, insulated pickup plates to the opposing jaws of an alligator clip Contactless Ringer for Telephones: Cordless Phone Backup: Creating your Own Telephone Ne2 Rk: you can easily create your own intercom system using two telephones, a 9-volt battery (or some other simple power supply) and a300-ohm resistor Cut Phone Line Detector: Cut Phone Line Detector #1: Can be used to alarm security system Cut Phone Line Detector #2: DC / DC Converter operates From Phone Line: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas Detect Loop-Reverse Battery Conditions On A Telephone Line: 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Equipment connected to the public switched-telephone network (PSTN) sometimes needs to detect polarity reversals of the battery feed. One common application is the Direct-Inward-Dialing (DID) service that uses what is termed as "loop-reverse battery. . . Detecting a Telephone Ring: Digisound Ring Modulator: Digital / Standard Phone Line Tester: make sure that the line is suitable for modem use and your PCMCIA does not damage if you plug it in Doorphone Intercom: DSL Filter (phone-line): DTMF Coder Makes Low Cost Sine Wave Generator: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas DTMF Decoder / Logger: DTMF Generation With 3.58 MHz Crystal: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published05-Aug-1995 DTMF Products for you: DTMF decoder can be powered from a 9V battery or from your parallel printer, schematic and windows demo program, design by Schmidt Technologies DTMF Proximity Detector: DTMF Receiver IC MT8870 Tester: DTMF Tone Decoder: hears touch tones and displays them as telephone numbers. Dual Tone Multiple Frequency DTMF: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published04-Nov-1995 Electronic Dazer: ELF Telephone Audio Pickup: FM Radio Telephone Bug: FM Radio Telephone Transmitter: FM Telephone Bug: Free Line Indicator Stops Interruptions: 12/07/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest A simple circuit lights an LED, which indicates whether the line is free (Figure1a) / PDF contains multiple circuits scroll to find the one of interest. Batteries are unnecessary; the phone line powers the circuit, and an accumulator saves energy for an "in use" indication. Generate CID / CIDCW Analog Signals: 12/07/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / A high-speed P can generate CID (caller-ID) / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest and CIDCW (caller-ID-on-call- waiting) / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest analog signals at1200 baud FSK between the first and second20-Hz ring of an incoming call Hold Function for Telephone: Home Made PBX / PABX: Infrared Head Phones: Using this low-cost project1-can reproduce audio from TV without disturbing others. In place of a pair of wires, it uses invisible infrared light to transmit audio signals from TV to headphones. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Interface Cables for Various Cell Phones:
Isolated Telephone Interface: This circuit allows you to record audio from a Telephone line into a tape recorder or computer soundcard. Most of the parts for this circuit can be scrounged from an old modem, with some work, it is possible to rewire the modem circuitry and use the old modem case. Laser Telephone Receiver Circuit: Line Status Indicator: Link Telephone Intercom-DTMF Version: Low Cost PCO Billing Meter: Mobile Cellphone Charger: Mobile Phone Battery Charger: Multipurpose Circuit for Telephones: This add-on device for telephones can be connected in parallel to the telephone instrument. The circuit provides audio-visual indication of on-hook, off-hook, and ringing modes. It can also be used to connect the telephone to a cid (caller identification device) through a relay and also to indicate tapping or misuse of telephone lines by sounding a buzzer. Music On Hold for Telephones: NCDS Interface Schematic for Nokia 3110, 8110, 8110i: Noise Reduction (Filter) Circuit: Nokia 3210 MBUS Interface: Nokia 5190 / 6190 Data Cable: Off Hook Phone Line Supplies 150 MW: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas Off Line Telephone Tester: Here is a circuit of an off-line Telephone tester which does not require any Telephone line for testing a Telephone instrument. The circuit is so simple that it can be easily assembled even by a novice having very little knowledge of electronics. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Old Phones As An Intercom: Parallel Telephone With Secrecy and Call Prevention: Parallel Telephones With Secrecy: Parallel Telephones With Secrecy: This system will enable the incoming ring to be heard at both the ends. The DPDT switch, installed with each of the parallel telephones, connects you to the line in one position of the switch and disconnects you in the other position of the switch. At any one Time, only one telephone is connected to the line. To receive a call at an end where the instrument is not connected to the line, you just have to flip the toggle switch at your end to receive the call, and act as usual to have a conversation. As soon as the position of the toggle switch is changed, the line gets transferred to the other telephone instrument. Personal Silent Alarm System: Phone "Hold" With Music: Phone Broadcaster: Phone Busy Indicator: simple busy indicator, does not meet regulations of many countries because this circuit draws excessive continuous current from the ph1-line even when not active and this can cause problems with Telephone system Phone Hold With Music: Phone in Indicator: Phone in use: Phone In Use indicator: Phone In Use Light: Phone line indicator: Phone Line Monitor: Phone Line to Audio: Phone Off Hook Indicator: Phone Rang Indicator Light: Phone to Audio Interface: Phone-line-voltage monitor meets FCC specs: When you design equipment that interfaces to a phone line, it is often desirable to be able to monitor the dc voltage on the line. This ability can be useful, for example, to determine whether a line is in use before attempting to go off-hook and possibly interrupting somebody's phone call. FCC regulations place strict limits on the amount of leakage current an on-hook device can draw from a phone line.
Playing a Mac through a Standard Telephone Line: how to get sound from computer to Telephone line Precision circuit closely monitors 48V bus: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Evergreater complexity in communications systems has spurred a need for power-supply management. POTS (plain-old telephone systems) obtain power from 48V supplies backed by arrays of batteries in central offices and distributed throughout copper lines. Although nominally 48V, the voltage on the lines can vary from 40 to 80V, and the voltage is subject to surges and .... Remote Control using Telephone: Here is a tele-remote circuit which enables switching "on" and "off" of appliances through Telephone lines. The circuit described here can be used to switch up to nine appliances (corresponding to the digits1 through 9 of DTMF the Telephone key-pad). The Telephone can be used to switch on or switch off the appliances also while being used for normal conversation. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Ringing Phone Light Flasher: when the ph1-rings, lights connected to circuit flash Ringing Phone Light Flasher: Silent Telephone Alert: Simple Circuit to Connect telephone Equipment to Audio Mixer: Simple Phone Tap: Simple Phone Tap #1: will record any conversation on any ph1-on same line, the circuit seems to be a bad design because it does not provide proper isolation and has too low DC impedance (can keep you line off-hook all the Time) Simple Telephone Recorder: This recorder can be connected to the telephone lines just about any place, and no external power source is needed. The tape recorders switch terminals are applied to a pair of transistors, connected as Darlingtons, that are used to turn the recorder on and off. When the telephone is off-hook theres usually about50 VDC across the phone thats divided over R1, R2, and R4, so that Q1s base is negative enough to keep the recorder off. Pick up the receiver, and the voltage drops to5 V. That leaves not quite-enough voltage on Q1s base to keep that transistor at cutoff, so the recorder begins. Remember to keep your recorders switch in the on position, and depending on how many people use the telephone, remember to rewind or change tapes occasionally! Simple Telephone Ring Tone Generator: Smart Ringing Phone Light: The circuit shown here is used to switch on a lamp when the Telephone rings, if the ambient light is insufficient. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Soft Musical Telephone Ringer: Soft Musical Telephone Ringer: Soft On / Off Switch: Modern electronic equipment incorporate "push-to-on-push-tooff" switches that do not make the clicking noise as with old equipment. An example of this is the power button on a ATX computer cabinet. Here is a circuit that does the same. It can be used to turn on/off any electronic/electrical equipment that operates on any range of voltages. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Substitute Phone Power Supply Stops Hum During Audio Testing: 06/09/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design /When developing quality devices that interface with telephone lines, sensitive audio measurements are sometimes needed. However, both frequency noise and distortion added by the test equipmentas well as low-frequency signals derived from the Switched Capacitor IC and Reference Form Elegant 48 to +10 Volt Converter: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas /PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Talking Phone Dial Monitor: Taxi Phone Automatic Dialler: Telephone amplifier: Telephone Audio Interface: Telephone Autodialler: Telephone Call Meter Using Calculator And COB:
Telephone Controlled Night Light: When the telephone rings, or when the handset is lifted, the night light is turned on and remains on while the conversation takes place. When the handset is replaced in the cradle, the light remains on for about11 s. During standby conditions, the -28Vdc bias on the phone line maintains the output of U3 in a high state. When the ac ring signal is applied to the phone line, it is processed by the ring detector U1, producing a negative output pulse at pin2 for each ring. These pulses trigger U2, causing its output to become high and the discharge transistor to turn off. Telephone Conversation Recorder: Telephone Conversation Recorder #1: This circuit enables automatic switching-on of the tape recorder when the handset is lifted. The tape recorder gets switched off when the handset is replaced. The signals are suitably attenuated to a level at which they can be recorded using the MIC-IN socket of the tape recorder Telephone Conversation Recorder #2: This circuit enables automatic switching-on of the tape recorder when the handset is lifted. The tape recorder gets switched off when the handset is replaced. The signals are suitably attenuated to a level at which they can be recorded using the MIC-IN socket of the tape recorder Telephone Headgear: A compact, inexpensive and low component count telecom headset can be constructed using two readily available transistors and a few other electronic components. Since the circuit draws very little current, it is ideal for parallel operation with electronic Telephone set. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone Hold Button: Telephone Hold Button #!: Telephone In Use LED Indicator: Telephone in use Light: Telephone In Use Relay Circuit: Telephone Interface Circuits: Telephone Line Audio Interface Circuits: Telephone recording, Telephone line to mixer and Telephone hybrid circuits Telephone Line Based Audio Muting & Light on Circuit: FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone Line Based Audio Muting & Light On Circuit #1: The circuit would automatically light a bulb on arrival of a telephone ring and simultaneously mute the music system/TV audio for the duration the telephone handset is off-hook. Lighting of the bulb would not only indicate an incoming call but also help in locating the telephone during darkness. Telephone Line Based Audio Muting & Light On Circuit #2: The circuit would automatically light a bulb on arrival of a telephone ring and simultaneously mute the music system/TV audio for the duration the telephone handset is off-hook. Lighting of the bulb would not only indicate an incoming call but also help in locating the telephone during darkness. Telephone Line Based Audio Muting And Light-On Circuit: Telephone Line Monitor #2: Telephone line monitor 1: Telephone line monitor 2: Telephone Line Simulator #1: Telephone Music on hold Box: Telephone Number Display: Telephone Number Display #1: Telephone Number Display #2: The given circuit, when connected in parallel to a telephone, displays the number dialed from the Telephone set using the DTMF mode. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone operating Parameters: Telephone Power?: Telephone Privacy Adapter: Telephone Privacy Adapter: Telephone Receiver: Telephone Record Control: allows you to connect any tape recorder that has a mic and remote input to a ph1-line and automatically record both sides of a conversation when ever the ph1-is in use
Telephone Recorder #1: This circuit lets you record your ph1-conversations automatically, notice that this circuit does not provide isolation between Telephone line and the recorder Telephone Recorder #2: This circuit automatically records all incoming and outgoing phone-conversations with an ordinary cassette or tape recorder. The circuit below distills the audio signal from the phone-line and automatically starts/stops the cassette recorder. Telephone Recording Circuit #1: Telephone Recording Circuit #2: How they work and some example Telephone Related ASCII Schematics: wide collection of Telephone circuits Telephone Ring Controlled Relay: Telephone Ring Detector: This is a great project to build with a complete run down of the circuit operation included all parts are listed. Telephone Ring Detector #1: This circuit uses a4N35 to form a Telephone ring detector. The ringing voltage pulses the optoisolators LED, which in turn pulses the low-asserted "not" RD line to the microcontroller. The firmware analyzes the pulses to determine whether a valid ringing signal is present. The frequency limits of a valid signal are20 to 80 Hz, which is modulated2 seconds on and4 seconds off (with distinctive ringing, though, this cadence can vary). Therefore the simplest analysis is to count down at least20 pulses of "not" RD in1 second. Source: "Electronics Design" Magazine, Aug,22, 94 Telephone Ring Generator : Telephone Ring Generator Using 60Hz Power Transformer: Telephone Ring Generator Using Switching Power Supply: Telephone Ringer : The circuit requires four Astable multivibrators for its working. Therefore two556 ICs are used here. The IC556 contains two Timers (similar to555 ICs) in a single package. One can also assemble this circuit using four separate555 ICs. The first multivibrator produces a rectangular waveform with1-second low duration and2-second high duration. This waveform is used to control the next multivibrator that produces another rectangular waveform. Telephone Ringer Circuit: Low cost, easy to build Telephone ringer circuit. Telephone Ringer using 556 Dual Timers: Using modulated rectangular waves of different Time periods, The circuit presented here produces ringing tones similar to those produced by a telephone. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone Ringer using Timer ICs: Telephone Ringer Using Timer ICs: Telephone Ringing Circuits: how to detect ringing and how to make phones ring Telephone Tap: Amplify or record a telephone call with the simple circuit shown. The 8-W secondary winding of a miniature transistor output transformer is connected in series with either of the telephone lines. The1000-W primary winding can feed either a cassette recorder or an audio amplifier. Telephone Test Circuit With Audio Mixer: get Telephone audio to mixer or send audio to Telephone Telephone Transmitter #1: Telephone Transmitter #2: TeleRemote Control: Tele-Scope: The Link 4+0 Internal Intercom: The Original 2 Phone Link Design: Three-Wire Cables Connect Low-Cost, Low-Power Interphone: 01/24/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The "point-to-multipoint" interphone system shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 utilizes separate three-wire cables to connect one local station to a maximum of six. . . Two Line Intercom Cum Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: Two Line Intercom With Telephone Line Changeover Circuit: The circuit presented here can be used for connecting two telephones in parallel and also as a2-line intercom. Universal Telephone Hold: Use old Phones As An Intercom: Using the Comrex Hotline or Vector on a Dry Pair: how to use simple pair of wires with no voltage, ringing signals to interconnect normal Telephone line devices
Telephone Ringer Circuits - Telephone Ringer Circuit - Telephone Ring Detector
Telephone Ringer Circuits

Audio Visual Ringer: extra ring detector with LED and sound output. FAIR WARNING THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Chip recorder customizes phone ringer: 07/25/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Companies usually purchase one type of telephone for all employees, which is understandable, especially if they obtain a discount for buying in quantity. One ringer sound for everyone can pose a problem, though, if the sound of a ringing phone makes a dozen people pause and look at their telephones. Equally annoying is the absence of a visual message indicator.. Contactless Ringer for Telephones: Simple Telephone Ring Tone Generator: Soft Musical Telephone Ringer: Telephone Ring Detector: This is a great project to build with a complete run down of the circuit operation included all parts are listed. Telephone Ringer : The circuit requires four astable multivibrators for its working. Therefore two556 ICs are used here. The IC556 contains two Timers (similar to555 ICs) in a single package. One can also assemble this circuit using four separate555 ICs. The first multivibrator produces a rectangular waveform with1-second low duration and2-second high duration. This waveform is used to control the next multivibrator that produces another rectangular waveform. Telephone Ringer Circuit: Low cost, easy to build Telephone ringer circuit. Telephone Ringer using 556 Dual Timers: Using modulated rectangular waves of different Time periods, The circuit presented here produces ringing tones similar to those produced by a telephone. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Telephone Ringer using Timer ICs: Telephone Ringer Using Timer ICs: Telephone Ringing Circuits: how to detect ringing and how to make phones ring
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/telephone_ringers.html [1/17/2007 5:32:25 PM]
TV, Television / Video Circuits, NTSC, PAL, Video Pattern Generator
Television / Video Circuits

10GHz Video Link: 24 Bit RGB Video Digitizer: designed for use as the front end of a digital video processor 4 Stage 555 Timer for Video Cam Control: 40 MHz Programmable Video Op Amp: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 8 x 8 Audio Video Switch: AD724 Evaluation Board: takes RGB in from VGA socket, outputs S-video and composite video, supports PAL and NTSC video formats Astec Video Modulator Documentation: This is a four page document of1-video modulator module. This document includes full circuit diagram of the video modulator. Audio / Video Distribution Amplifier: has3 outputs from1-input Audio Video Switch: This is an 8-input x-output audio/video switch module to be controlled from a computer, for example from the parallel port. Each audio/video output can be switched to any of the 8 inputs, separately.1-module drives1audio/video output and has a34-pin connector to plug into the system interface. You can use video OPA-s on the4051 output instead. Note that you can get full integrated video multiplexers from Maxim. Cable Descrambler: CCD (charge Coupled Device) Support Board: CCD Video Capture Camera Circuit on Request: Circuit Adapts Differential Input to Drive Coax: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Uses an HFA1100 or HFA1105 to convert a balanced input signal to a single-ended output signal, uses positive feedback to characteristic-impedance matching while increasing the available output swing, as compared with using a simple series termination resistor Circuit allows accurate sync of multiple CCTV signals: 10/23/97 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / There are times when CCTV sync signals must maintain temporal fidelity when derived from composite video. One such case involves applications in which several video sources are polled by an instrument which then extracts photometric data from video. . . Circuit Facilitates Video Fading: 03/15/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Turning potentiometer P1 adjusts the image brightness from normal video to a black image. With the P2 potentiometer ganged to P1, the sound also varies accordingly. The objectives in building this circuit are to use inexpensive, readily available components and to obtain operation without a battery. Closed Caption Decoder: This is a closed-caption decoder with serial output, based on a PIC16C71, an lantec EL4581C sync separator, and an LM393 dual comparator (for data slicing with automatic threshold). Color Bar Generator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/television_circuits.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 5:32:32 PM]
Color Video Travels on twisted Pair Cable: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas / This circuit transmits video anywhere phone lines exist. Although the circuit has more electronic components than the traditional single amplifier used to drive a coax cable, you can easily justify the additional electronics required to drive twisted-pair cables. Commodore 64 Video Modulator 251025 Schematics: takes in S-video format video + mono audio, outputs S-video, composite video and modulated RF signal Commodore 64 Video Modulator 251696 Schematics: Commodore RF Modulator: Connection of the T Volt Set to VG/ SVGto a Card: Design of Brookdale AT Volt Repeater System Exciter: uses a pair of Hamtronics model TA4512-watt narrow-band FM voice transmitters to develop video and audio carriers on439.250 MHz and443.750 MHz Digital Sync tip Clamping: 10/08/98 EDN-Design Idea / Digital sync-tip Clamping allows an ac-coupled ADC to digitize analog video without restoring the horizontal Timing. A new approach to video signal conditioning. Digital Video Processor: Digital Video TBC / Standards Converter: This project is a Time base corrector/standards converter. There is only a partial project description available. Digital Volt Meter With Video Output: Driver for Multiple VGMonitors: Experimental Macrovision Remover: Frame Grabber W / Parallel Port Interface: Generate Video Signals: in real-time using a PIC16F86 Generator Provides 537 NTSC Pattern: 12/03/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Generates some useful NTSC TV picture tube test patterns Guide to CRT Video Design: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 High Gain Video Amplifier: This circuit from Maxim application note provides40 dB amplification with10 MHz bandwidth. IC Forms Differential Line Driver / Receiver: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas / you can use the HFA1212 dual video buffer to implement differential line drivers and receivers with a minimum of external components IR Controlled a Volt Switch With S Video, Composite Video, & Audio: KD2BD AT Volt AM Video Modulator: video signal processing circuit that allows adjustment of video gain, video bias, sync and sync level KD2BD Video Operated Relay : turns on relay if there is video signal present in the input LH0032 Video Amplifier: LM1823High Quality T Volt Video I.F. Amplifier and Synchronous Detector for Cable Receivers: National Semiconductor Application Notes,09 Apr1996 LM359N Video Amplifier: Low Cost Audio Video Modulator & Transmitter: project report in PDF format Low Cost Audio/video Modulator and Transmitter: Luminance & Color Difference to Composite Video Conversion Methods: block diagrams of luminance (Y) and color components (RY, BY) video signal to composite video conversion Macrovision Code Remover: Maxim Video Circuits Application Notes: MC1374 Based T Volt Transmitter: Microcontroller test Pattern Generator: Mike Video Digitizer Construction Project: Mk1 Video Digitizer: Includes additional background material NTSC S Video to VGRGB Conversion Circuit: This is a scan converter that converts NTSC signal (TV, VCR, LD or DVD) to VGA signal to output VGA monitor. NTSC Video Amplifier: splits1-video input to3 outputs NTSC Video Distribution Amplifier: NTSClab: The purpose of the lab was to create a circuit which would take an NTSC signal in and display TV on a oscilloscope. PIC Micro Frame grabber (TDA8708): PIC Tetris Game: PIC Tock Video Clock:
Programmable Clock Oscillator: PIC-Tock video clock using a PIC16C61 Receiving Converters 88 108 to Television: Remote Controlled a Volt Switch: Infrared Controlled AV Switch with S-Video, Composite Video, and Audio RF Modulator: RGB Video Digitizer: S Video Source Selector: S Video to Composite Video Adapter: S Video to Composite Video Adapter: S Video to VGScan Converter: Simple Circuit Removes Sync: This circuit does analogue video signal preprocessing for A/D conversion. This application note is in PDF format. Simple T Volt Transmitter: Simple T Volt Transmitter: Single Coax Carries Video, Power, & Channel Select Signals: SVGGenerator: circuit to generate SVGA mode video 640x480..1024x768, based on Altera CPLD, text in German Sync Separator Includes AGC: 05/11/95 EDN-Design Ideas T Volt / Radio Antenna Cable Galvanic Isolator: T Volt Modulator: This circuit uses an MC1373 to form a TV video modulator T Volt Out Connection With CRT Discharge Protection: how to protect video outputs of sensitive ICs, PDF file T Volt RGB Signal Output From a SVGgraphics Card: T Volt RGB Signal Output From a SVGgraphics Card: To achieve a CCInfrared conform TV signal with50 Hz vertical interlaced refresh and15.625 kHz horizontal frequency on most SVGA cards its possible to re-program CRT Timing and generate output signals outside the normal specification range. Then some pretty simple hardware is needed for rest of the signal conversion. T Volt Transmitter: T Volt Transmitter: T Volt Transmitter: allows you to send video to any television in the house, Poptronix kit circuit TeleTEXT Devices: Time / Date / Message Video Overlay Generator!: video text overlay circuit Trigger Circuit Locks onto one Horizontal Line: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Produces an oscilloscope trigger that synchronizes the horizontal sweep to a video signal that allows you to view any horizontal line by adjusting a potentiometer TV REMOTE JAMMER : Just point this small device at the TV and the remote gets jammed. The circuit is self-explanatory. 555 are wired as an astable multivibrator for a frequency of nearly 38kHz. TV/Radio Antenna Cable galvanic isolator: VCG01 PAL / NTSC Video Clock / Message Generator: Video text overlay circuit VG to PAL & NTSC Converter: VG to T Volt Converter: VG to T Volt Information Center: VG to Video In for DOS: VGController for the ALTERUP1 Board: VGA signal generation using FPGA VGConverter for Video Projectors & Fixed Frequency Monitors: VGGenerator that Displays An Image in the XS Board RAM on a VGMonitor: example of using Virtex series FPGA to generate VGA signals VGT Volt Version 2.0: converts RGB from VGA to card to PAL composite video VHF / UHF T Volt Modulator: Elektor January1985 VHF Audio Video Transmitter: This circuit is a TV transmitter on VHF band. Video / Audio Wireless Transmitter: circuit diagram and project description Video Amplifier: Video Amplifier: This is an Video amplifier which has been constructed by a single special IC LH0024. Video Amplifier Circuit From Discrete Transistors: Video Amplifier With Sync Stripper & PC Restore: This document is an application note of200 MHz video amplifier, sync stripper and DC restorer in PDF format.
Video Amplifiers Make Low Cost Fader: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Bandwidths handle SVGA or Super Mac (up to 70-MHz) video signals without degradation, fading is voltage controlled Video Circuit Clamps under All Conditions: 4/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Many videocircuit Clamps operate well in the presence of a composite-video signal but cannot achieve a Clamp level with signals other than composite video or in the absence of an input signal. This circuit, developed for the ADC1175 (a popular and inexpensive, highperformance, 8-bit, 20M-sample/sec ADC), provides the normal back-porch Clamp function to the input of the ADC in the presence of a composite-video signal. The circuit further ensures that the voltage presented to the ADC is within its correct operating range in the absence of an input signal and forces any signal other than composite video to be within the ADCs input common-mode range Video Circuits Collection: Linear Technology Application Note #57 / January1994 /includes Video transmission over UTP Video Clock Superimposer: Video detector: Video Distribution Amplifier: This is a useful circuit for amplifying and distribution of video signals. This circuit takes normal composite video signal and outputs it to up to3-monitors. Video Effects Unit: unit provides various wipe patterns for use when video dubbing, wipes1-signal to black, it does not provide mixing between two separate input signals Video emitter uses battery power: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The block diagram in Figure 1 shows how to make a cable-free, direct-video system. The system allows users to walk from booth to booth at an exhibition to interview people and to display the interviews in real time on three screens at key locations. You can use the small and simple system each time you need to capture image and sound on the run. . Video Equalizer Sharpens VCR Images: 10/08/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Sharpens picture images without introducing the shadows, ringing, and noise often observed with commercial video equalizers Video Fader: Video Fader Preserves Synchronization: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas Video Generators: many test picture generation circuits Video In: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) Video Inverter: This is a simple1-transistor circuit to invert the whole video signal, including sync pulses. Video Line Selector: Video Line Sync Trigger Generator: trigger your oscilloscope on specific lines in a video signal Video Line Trigger Generator: Video Message & Clock Generator: Video monitor adapter enhances oscilloscope: 08/18/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Video signals can be difficult to display on an oscilloscope. Normal trigger circuits in most oscilloscopes have trouble getting a stable trigger from the combined vertical and horizontal sync signals, color burst, and picture signal in a composite. . . Video multiplexer uses high speed op amps : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Video multiplexers route video from several sources to a single channel. Low-end consumer products use CMOS analog switches and multiplexers, such as the 4066 and 4051. Unfortunately, these devices have a series on-resistance that ranges from approximately 100 to 1 k, a resistance that is not constant with video level and that appears in series with the signal.... Video Pattern Generator: Video Routers: VISW 8 x4 Stereo audio/video router Video Stabiliser : Video Switch: This article (published in Circuit Cellar Magazine) describes a circuit which switches RGB signals between two genlocked cameras. This project used analogue switched and programmable logic (programmed using VHDL). This article is also available in PDF format and in zipped packet from Circuit Cellar Apr1999. Video/Audio Wireless Transmitter #1: Video/Audio Wireless Transmitter #2: VISW 8 x 4 Stereo Audio/Video Router :
VTG 01 PAL / NTSC Video Title Generator: Overlays text over Video screen, takes input from PC keyboard
Television VCR Remote Circuits - Universal Infrared Remote Control Circuit
Television (TV) & VCR Remote Circuits

T V Remote Control Blocker: This file includes also some other funny circuits TV Remote Jammer: Just point this small device at the TV and the remote gets jammed. The circuit is self-explanatory. 555 are wired as an astable multivibrator for a frequency of nearly 38kHz. Universal Infrared Remote Control: Infrared remote based on Atmel 89C2052
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/television_vcr_remotes.html [1/17/2007 5:32:35 PM]
Temperature Alarm Circuits - Temperature Alarms Circuit - Electronic Frost Alarm
Temperature Alarms
Cold Activated Switch: Detect Fan Failure With A Single Transistor: 09/05/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In low-cost systems where inexpensive fans are used with no fan control, fanfailure detection is particularly useful. Fans running full-time use up their operating life more quickly than those. . . Freezer Door Alarm: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads Fridge Door Alarm: Frost Alarm:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/temperature_alarms.html [1/17/2007 5:32:38 PM]
Temperature Compensation Circuit - Electronic Temperature Circuits
Temperature Compensation Circuits

ADC enables temperature compensated weigh scale measurements: 07/05/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / You can provide temperature compensation in weigh-scale applications by simultaneously measuring both the temperature of the bridge and the primary output of the bridge transducer. Traditionally, an integrated multiplexer connects multiple input variables to a single sigma-delta ADC. Each time the multiplexer switches the input, the ADC must flush the digital filter of all data .... ADC helps Temperature Compensate Transducer: 12/21/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Circuit Compensates Optocoupler Temperature Coefficient: 11/27/01 EDNDesign Ideas Dual Comparator: forms temperature-compensated proximity Detector Quad Comparator Regulates Temperature: 10/26/95 EDN-Design Ideas Resistor Packs Eliminate Temperature Drift: 06/19/97 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Compensated PH Meter: Universal Compensator Neutralizes Temperature Coefficient: 05/25/95 EDNDesign Ideas Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/temperature_compensation_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:32:41 PM]
Temperature Control Circuits - Electronic Temperature Circuit Resouces
Temperature Control Circuits

10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / temperature-controlled PWM boost converter allows operation of a12V brushless dc fan from a5V supply : 03/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Fan noise is becoming a significant issue as electronic equipment increasingly enters the office and the home. Noise is proportional to fan speed, and the airflow hence, fan speed necessary for cooling is less at low ambient temperatures. Because ambient temperature is lower than the upper design point most of the time, a fan can run slower, making it easier on the ears. Auto-Fan, automatic temperature control: BangBang Heater: BangBang Thermostat is Simple & Efficient: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas Boost Converter Controls 12 Volt Fan From 5 Volt Supply: 12/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Temperature-controlled PWM boost converter allows operation of a12V brushless dc fan from a5V supply Circuit Enables Precision Control In Radiant Heating Systems: 01/08/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Successful design of precision temperature-control loops, like all high-performance servo systems, depends on careful management of the usual feedback gain and bandwidth tradeoffs. While always tricky, these interactions can become unmanageable if the. . . Circuit improves on temperature measurement: 05/02/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / When current pulses with a stable IHIGH/ILOW ratio modulate a semiconductor junction, the ensuing voltage difference (for example, VBE for a bipolar transistor) is a linear function of the absolute (Kelvin) temperature, T. You can use this truism to make accurate temperature measurements. Technical literature has thoroughly covered the relationship (references 1 to 4) and has numerou.... Constant Temperature Circuit: Controller Provides Closed Loop Temperature Regulation: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas Electronic Thermostat: Electronic Thermostat Relay Circuit: Heating System Thermostat: LM3911 Temperature Controller: Peltier Element Controls itself: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Speed Control Handles Isolated 48 Volt Fans : 08/05/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Chips are available to monitor and control ventilation fans. But less common are fan controllers for telecom applications. Such fans must operate in electrically isolated environments with a supply voltage in the 36- to 72-V range. For example, the... Take Back Half: A Novel Integrating Temperature-Control Algorithm: 12/04/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / According to Linear Technologys Jim Williams, The unfortunate relationship between servo systems and oscillators is very apparent in thermal control systems. (Linear Applications Handbook, 1990). High-performance temperature control is. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/temperature_control_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:32:46 PM]
Temperature Control Circuits - Electronic Temperature Circuit Resouces
Temperature Controlled Based on AT89CX051: Temperature Controlled NiCd Charger: Temperature Controlled Ovens: Temperature Controller: Remote sensor sends data via mains supply Temperature range:00.0 to 99.9 C Temperature controller : Temperature Controller keeps IR Detector At 8K: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Temperature Monitor: ) Temperature Programmer uses Digital Control: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Regulator #2: Temperature Sensitive Oscillator: Temperature controlled based on AT89CX051 Thermo Cooling Fan: fan controller, which controls fan based on temperature Thermoelectric Controller (scriptable Thermometer):
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/temperature_control_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:32:46 PM]
Temperature Sensor, Monitor & Detector - Electronic Temperature Circuits
Temperature Sensors, Monitors & Detectors

1-Wire Technology Simplifies Humidity And Temperature Measurement: 12/18/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A new 1-Wire technology component, the DS2438 Smart Battery Monitor provides several functions. Developed by Dallas Semiconductor, this device offers a unique 64- bit serial number, an internal temperature sensor, and an A/D that measures both the. . . 2 Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy : 07/08/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872... 4-To-20-mA Loop Powers Temperature Sensor: 05/07/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Using an analog temperature sensor, an op amp, a transistor, and a lowdropout linear regulator, this circuit provides a 4-to-20-mA output over a 3.75- to 28V compliance range (see the figure).. . . Accelerometer Output gives Temperature Info: 11/19/98 EDN-Design Ideas ADC's Reference Improves RTD Measurements: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas AT89C2051 Digital Thermometer & Clock: BASIC Stamp Thermoelectric Cooler: Build A Digital Temp Monitor: 04/03/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This Idea for Design was originally published Dec. 2, 1993. The AD590 proportional-toabsolute-temperature (PTAT) device combined with an autoranging digital multimeter (DMM), such as Fluke's Model 77, can make a stable digital. . . Circuit Linearizes, Converts Thermistor Data: 12/07/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit provides cold junction compensation: 11/28/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The accuracy of any circuit or system that uses a thermocouple to determine the temperature of a process is limited by the accuracy of the method used to perform cold-junction compensation. In a thermocouple measurement, two wires of dissimilar metal join together at the "hot," or measurement, junction.. Digital Remote Thermometer: Remote sensor sends data via mains supply Temperature range:00.0 to 99.9 C DS1820 Temperature Sensor Readout Unit: IC Diodes help Deduce Junction Temperature: 07/07/94 EDN-Design Ideas IC removes nonlinear temperature effects : 09/25/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A common technique for removing nonlinear temperature-related effects from a dc voltage is to incorporate a temperature sensor that a microprocessor samples via an A/D converter. The processor determinesby mathematical calculation or a temperature-indexed look-up tablethe amount of adjustment is necessary at a given temperature and delivers the resulting value via a D/A converter.... IC Temperature Sensor Provides Thermocouple ColdJunction Compensation: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Interfacing A Single-Wire Temperature-Sensor IC To A PC: 07/24/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Over the years, vendors have introduced a large assortment of temperature-measuring semiconductor devices with varying interfacing techniques. One of the latest of these, Maxims MAX6577, can measure temperature over a range of 40C to. . . LCD Thermometer:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/temperature_sensors.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 5:32:56 PM]
LM34 / LM35 Precision Monolithic Temperature Sensors: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Low Cost Digital Thermometer Uses SingleChip Microcontroller : 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The ... Low Cost Digital Thermometer Uses SingleChip Microcontroller : 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The ... Low-Cost Digital Thermometer Uses Single-Chip Microcontroller: 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The . . . Measure humidity and temperature on one TTL line: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / By combining the responses of an Analog Devices (www.analog.com) AD590 temperature sensor and a Humirel (www.humirel.com) HS1101 humidity sensor, you can generate a single TTL-level signal containing information from both sensors (Figure 1). This design uses a 74HC123 monostable multivibrator, IC1, to form a freerunning oscillator. . Measure temperature in remote locations: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Micropower Thermometer: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 Miniature temperature monitors drive 3-speed fan controller: 02/22/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Combining a switch-mode dc-dc controller with two lowcost temperature monitor ICs produces a three-speed fan controller (see the figure). This useful. . . Monitor Your PC's CPU Core Temperature: 09/05/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This circuit can be used to determine the core temperature of your PCs CPU and display it on a monitor (Fig. 1). Installing such a circuit can help to ensure that your systems cooling is. . . Network imitates thermocouples: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Thermocouples find widespread use for temperature measurement in systems. During system design or testing, you must observe the system's response at different temperatures. However, it's inconvenient to heat a thermocouple every time you need to check a system's performance. You can use the simple trick of touching the thermocouple with a hot soldering iron, but this method provides only ... . Network of RS-485 smart temperature sensors: 08/23/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The system described here implements a smart temperature-sensor network. In this particular application, each of the intelligent network nodes is equipped with two temperature. . . Oscillators Convert Temperature to Time: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas Parallel port provides high resolution temperature sensing: 10/03/2002 EDN Design Ideas / High-resolution temperature sensing at low cost is possible using only one chip attached to the PC's parallel port (Figure 1). The Dallas Semiconductor (www.dalsemi.com) DS1722 digital thermometer allows measurement resolution as fine as 0.0625C in digital form and with linear response. The accuracy specification is only 2C, but you can improve this figure by careful calibration.. PC Thermometer: Precision Thermometer Linearizes, Digitally Calibrates Platinum RTDs: 05/29/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Among temperature transducers, the platinum resistance temperature detector (PRTD) is generally accepted as the gold standard. PRTDs are available with interchangeability accuracies as tight as 0.1C over operational ranges extending from. . . Precision Thermostat Uses TBH And AC Feed-Forward Compensation: 03/19/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Precision temperature control with relatively high-power heaters driven directly from unregulated "120-V" ac lines is an efficient, inexpensive way to manage large thermal loads. A number of annoying complications can render this straightforward. . .
Protect Digital Temperature Sensor In Noisy Environments : 06/21/04 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Using digital temperature-sensing methods in a noisy environment is difficult, if not downright impossible. Noise is easily coupled into the temperature-sensing circuit and can result in a large temperature error. In fact, a very noisy environment can... Read Temperature With One Digital Output and One Digital Input : 03/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Before the MAX6629/30/31/32 series of temperature sensors were available, all digital-output temperature sensors were I2C (alternatively called SMBus) sensors that had to be written to for addressing, before they were read. Prior SPI... Remote temp Sensor Needs No Power Supply: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas Self-Heated Transistor Thermo-stats Individual Components: 02/09/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An unavoidable fact of life is that all parameters of all electronic components drift with temperature. Even the best voltage references, op amps, crystal oscillators, etc., have non-zero temperature coefficients. These effects can be handled by. . . Sense junction temperatures without calibration: 05/13/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Transistors can be used as a low-cost temperature sensors. Sensing temperature with a silicon junction often exploits the fact that the forward voltage drop has a temperature coefficient of 2.2 mV/C. The problem with this method is that. . . Sensing Method Increases Thermal Response Time: 1/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas Shower Stopper: Simple design equations for thermoelectric coolers: 02/23/98 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) are versatile temperature control devices. Theyre best thought of as solid-state heat pumps in which the direction and rate of heat flow can be manipulated by controlling the magnitude and polarity of the TEC drive. . . Simplify Isolated Temperature Sensing With Single-Wire Sensors: 06/26/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Galvanic isolation of sensors, such as temperature sensors, is required since these sensors are often mounted in "mechanically inconvenient" locations. "Mechanically inconvenient" often implies an electrically noisy environment, an environment where. . . Single Supply Circuit Linearizes RTDs: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas Single-Gate VHF Temperature Transmitter Runs On 3.6 V: 12/03/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This design idea illustrates what may be the simplest and smallest temperature transmitter in the VHF 50- to 100-MHz range. As seen in the figure, the design employs an ON SEMI single-gate IC (NL27WZ14). The. . . Take Back Half: A Novel Integrating Temperature-Control Algorithm: 12/04/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / According to Linear Technologys Jim Williams, The unfortunate relationship between servo systems and oscillators is very apparent in thermal control systems. (Linear Applications Handbook, 1990). Highperformance temperature control is. . . Take-Back-Half HVAC Thermostat Is Precise And Energy-Efficient: 07/09/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Implementing tight control of environmental temperature is essential in many critical areas. For instance, it's necessary when research laboratories house sensitive instrumentation and for manufacturing facilities involved in high-precision. . . Temperature Compensated PH Meter: Temperature Controlled Based on AT89CX051: Temperature measurement scheme uses IR sensor and sigma delta ADC: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many noncontact temperature-measurement systems use infrared sensors, such as thermopiles, which can detect small amounts of heat radiation. Biomedical thermometers that measure the temperature of an ear or a temple use noncontact temperature measurement, as do automotive-HVAC systems that adjust temperature zones based on the body temperature of passengers... Temperature Measurement Scheme uses IR Sensor and Sigmadelta ADC: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Temperature Monitor: Temperature Regulator #2:
Temperature Sensor Circuit Provides Dual Slope Output : 01/21/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The excellent linearity of integrated-circuit temperature sensors makes them ideal for direct analog compensation of the thermally induced errors inherent in many circuits. For example, a negative-sloped temperature sensor could compensate for an... Temperature Sensor Doesn't Discharge Battery: 08/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Sensor uses I2C isolator: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Temperature Strip-Chart Recorder Uses Parallel Port: 03/01/04 Electronic Design Design Briefs / A simple, inexpensive method for building a temperature strip-chart recorder involves a parallel port that communicates with four TMP121 IC temperature sensors (Fig. 1). The sensors communicate via the. . . Temperature-Compensated LCD Bias Supply Uses A Single Control IC: 06/08/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many applications require a simple method for getting multiple outputs from the power supply. One way to achieve this goal is by using charge pumps. The schematic shown in Figure 1 is an LCD bias. . . Temperature-Sensor Circuit Provides Dual-Slope Output: 01/21/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The excellent linearity of integrated-circuit temperature sensors makes them ideal for direct analog compensation of the thermally induced errors inherent in many circuits. For example, a negative-sloped temperature sensor could compensate for an. . . TempSentry Temperature Sensor Technical Info & Schematics: Thermistors and a Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hot-wire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive... Thermocouple Interfaces to Serial Port: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Thermocouple thermometer features a 1-mV/F output: 10/18/99 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / An inexpensive, battery-powered, cold-junction-compensated, thermocouple thermometer with an output of 1 mV/F can be constructed using typeK thermocouple wire. Because type-K thermocouple. . . Thermoelectric Controller (scriptable Thermometer): Thermostat For High-Altitude Atmospheric Sampler is Fault-Tolerant: 11/19/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Among the many measures of good circuit design (e.g., cost, performance, and efficiency), none is more important than reliability. Usually, adequate expected reliability can be achieved by simply sticking to conservative design rules and good. . . Thermostat Node Schematic: Three Channel Spectrum Analyzer: Transistor Forms RS232C Digital Thermometer: 05/09/96 EDN-Design Ideas Transistors offer thermal protection for controller: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / When a switch-mode power-supply controller, such as On Semiconductor's NCP1200, operates at a high ambient temperature, you should protect the entire power supply against lethal thermal runaway. The NCP1200 operates directly from the power mains without an auxiliary winding; therefore, the die in the IC dissipates power (Figure 1).. Two Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy : 07/08/0Two Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872... Two-Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy: 07/08/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872. . . Universal Programmable Remote: USB Link Neatly Measures temperature: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit UV Sensitive Photodetector : Varactor diode stabilizes temperature for FM quadrature demodulator: 06/09/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A quadrature detector is used to demodulate frequency shift keying (FSK) and other types of FM signals. The MC13156 shown is an FM subsystem integrated circuit that downconverts the RF to a 10.7-MHz intermediate frequency (IF), amplification, and. . .
Webbased thermometer Project: VBE-Based Cold-Junction Compensator For Thermocouples: 11/06/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The familiar thermocouple (TC) is probably the oldest species of electronic temperature sensor extant. TCs consist merely of two dissimilar conductors joined at the temperature measuring point. Theyre simple to fabricate and look (at first glance) Click here for Other Circuits
Tesla Coil Circuits - Tesla Coil - Tesla Power Receiver Circuit Resource
Tesla Coil Circuits

Tesla Coil / H Volt Generator: Tesla Coil: This is a very dangerous project so lots of caution must be exercised all components and values are listed and also a little bit of the circuit operation is in there also. Tesla Power Receiver:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/tesla_coil.html [1/17/2007 5:33:00 PM]
Electronic Tester & Instrument - Testers & Instruments Circuit
Testers / Instruments
1.2GHz Frequency Counter: 1.5 AMP Shunt Ammeter Circuit: circuit converts a 0-15Volt voltmeter to a 1.5Amp ammeter 12 Volt Battery Capacity Tester: This circuits makes the amp-hour test simple and cheap. The amp-hour reading obtained should be accurate to within10% if the load resistor (lamp) is properly calibrated. 120 MHz Frequency Counter: 16 Bit AD Converter W / RS232 Interface: 2 Tone Audio Oscillator (use for SSB Tests): 220 Volt Live Wire in Wall Scanner 2: 220 Volt Live Wire in Wall Scanner: This circuit senses power lines behind walls 220 Volt Wiring Detector: 25 k Volt Generator Tests Insulation: 06/04/98 EDN-Design Ideas 3 Channel Spectrum Analyzer: This3 channel15 LED spectrum analyzer can be used as an addition to any audio amp project. It produces fantastic displays on3LED bars that can be individually adjusted for any particular frequency range. 4 Channel DSO for oscilloscope: 50 MHz Frequency Counter, Voltage Meter & SWR / PWR Indicator: 50 MHz Frequency Counter, Voltage Meter & SWR/PWR indicator: 555 Go / No Go Tester: 555 Timer IC Tester: 741 Based Light Sensor: CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay AC Line Current Detector: AC Millivoltmeter: AC/DC LED Indicator: Accelerometer Schematic: AdjuStable Continuity Tester: Adjustment Free Inclinometer operates on 2.7V: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas ADXL202 Accelerometer to C Volt Output: The Air Whammy is a simple dual control voltage generator that uses a 2 axis accellerometer as the source. The whole circuit fits into a small project box (approximately 65x40mm), and is powered from a 12V AC plugpack. Air Pressure: Circuit uses a NPP301 pressure sensor. Range of this sensor is1bar (15psi). It will output40mV at normal air pressure and3x overload doesnt damage the device. Altimeter: Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate. . Analog LED Bar VU Meter: built around discrete components
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/testers.html (1 of 10) [1/17/2007 5:33:28 PM]
Arbitrary Waveform Generator: Audible Circuit Tracer: Audible Continuity Tester: Audio Frequency Meter: Audio LED VU Meter: built around discrete components Audio MilliVoltmeter: Audio Test Oscillator: Audio test Station: Battery Equal Charge Indicator: Battery Pack Discharger: Battery Tester for 1.5 & 9V: Beeper to Find Short Circuits: Build a Magnetic Field Immunity Tester: Build your own bypass capacitor tester: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Most circuits use bypass capacitors and can deliver substandard performance if the capacitors have poor pulse characteristics. Few if any articles cover how to test bypass capacitors for pulse characteristics. The circuit in Figure 1 tests these characteristics. It charges the capacitor under test through 100 kU for approximately 1 msec and then discharges it through 10U for a... . Cable Tester is Fast & Cheap: 09/24/98 EDN-Design Ideas Calibrate scope jitter using a transmission line loop: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital-clock-period jitter is the variation in the period of a clock cycle compared with a nominal (average of many cycles) clock period. To accurately measure period jitter using an oscilloscope, you must subtract the oscilloscope jitter fro. Calibration Technique uses Sound: 09/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas Capacitance Meter: Cell Cycler Sorting Sires Superior Batteries: 06/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Adapts Signals for Visual Perception: 10/12/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit measures currents in dc servo motor: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple circuit design in Figure 1 lets you measure all components of a current flowing in a dc servo motor. The rectified output of the circuit uses ground as a reference, so you can measure the output by using a single-ended A/D converter. The current-sense resistor, R1, has a value of 0. . Circuit Measures Small Currents Referenced to High Voltage Rails: 01/07/02 EDNDesign Ideas / / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Circuit Monitors Multiple Contact Closures: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Monitors Pump On/Off Times To Ensure Safe Operation : Electronic Design Ideas for Design / In a septic-tank-based sewage system, waste water and toilet wastes from, say, a residence drain into the first compartment of a twocompartment septic tank. A grating between the compartments allows just liquid waste to drain into the second... Circuit Provides Accurate RTD Measurements: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Circuit Tests Power Outage Susceptibility: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Circuitry for inexpensive Relative Humidity Measurement: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Connection Tester: Constant Voltage Load Tests Battery Chargers: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Construction of Low Resistance Shunts: Continuity Tester, Latching: Awesome tester!- at least in the designers opinion! Continuity Tester, Smart: Continuity Tester: Convert your DMM to a pH meter: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / It's often necessary to know the acidity of a solution to control a process. Even inexpensive pH meters can be relatively costly, and many of the inexpensive models have no output that you can readily connect to a computer interface. A simple solution to this problem is to attach a pH probe to a high-impedance input of an op amp and read the output with a digital voltmeter (Figure 1).. Create your Own Meter: Curious C Beeper:
Current Sense Amplifier Handles High Voltages: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas Current Sense IC Prevents Overcurrent Damage: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas Cut Phone Line Detector #1: Can be used to alarm security system DC Millivolt Meter: Deflection Amplifier for oscilloscopes: Delay Simulator Debugs Communications Equipment: 10/27/95 EDN-Design Ideas Design makes handy audible circuit tracer: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit tracer in Figure 1 is a handy tool for finding connectivity paths on a pc board. Because the sense voltage you use to measure the path is lower than a transistor's VBE voltage, you can use the design in circuits containing semiconductor elements without affecting the measurement. The tracer's output takes the form of audio tones Differential Scope Probe Delivers 6GHz Bandwidth to the Screen: 02/20/03 EDNDesign Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Digital / Standard Phone Line Tester: make sure that the line is suitable for modem use and your PCMCIA does not damage if you plug it in Digital Frequency Counter: Digital PC Oscilloscope: Digital Pressure Gauge: Digital Volt Meter With Video Output: Digital Volt Meter: DIGITAL VOLTMETER: This is just a schematic view of a digital voltmeter all components and values are listed. Diode & LED Tester: Dip Oscillator for HF: Distortion Analyzer: Distortion Measurement Circuit: DMM Measures Light Level #1: 07/04/94 EDN-Design Ideas DMM Measures Light Level #2: 08/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas DSPbased Wireless Analyzer Targets 2.5 and 3G Networks: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Electric Field & Leakage Detector: Electromagnetic Field Detector: This circuit is sensitive to low frequency electromagnetic radiation and will detect for example hidden wiring or the field that encompasses a transformer. Pickup is by a radial type inductor, used as a probe which responds well to low frequency changing magnetic and electric fields. Ordinary headphones are used to for detection. The field that surrounds a transformer is heard as a50 or 60Hz buzz. Electromagnetic Field Probe With Meter: Electronic Construction Level: Electroscope: Eliminate thermoelectric EMF in low ohm measurements: 06/13/2002 EDN Design Ideas / When two different-metal conductors connect together in a loop and one of the junctions is at a higher temperature than the other, an electrical current flows through the loop. The magnitude of this current depends on the type of metals involved and the temperature differential of the junctions. When you open such a loop, a thermoelectric voltage appears across the open ends.. EMF Field Probe: ESD Gun : ESR Meter: Ethernet 10Base T Simulator Jig yields Zero Emissions: 10/22/98 EDN-Design Ideas Expanded scale indicator revisited: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The visualization aid that a previous Design Idea describes allows only the expansion of the upper end of the scale (Reference 1). But what can you do if, according to your project requirements, you need to expand the middle region of the scale? Figure 1a illustrates the challenge. A voltmeter comprises a 100-A dc meter and a series resistor
Expanded Scale Voltmeter uses Just Two Parts: 01/20/1994 EDN Design Ideas / The expanded voltmeter doesnt require trimpots to obtain usable accuracy or require the tedious selection of Zener diodes. This circuit consists of only two parts and a5V meter. The circuit is completely linear and requires no calibration except the rare mechanical zeroing of the meter. By using a split voltage reference system with floating output, the zero point of the voltage supplied to the meter equals the absolute sum of the two references. Femto Capacitance Meter: This meter measures into the low femtofarad area. Measuring in the femto area allows the smallest capacitors to be measured with precision. Such capacitors are commonly used to compensate for input and stray capacitance in amplifiers. Field Strength Meter #1: Field Strength Meter #2: Field Strength Meter #3: Fluxmeter to DVM input: Four Channel Oscilloscope Adapter: Frequency & Capacitance Meter: Frequency Comparator Draws 8 A: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Comparator has Status Output: 12/26/02 EDN-Design Ideas / The original application for the circuit was to check the number of revolutions of an engine with only one LED as an indicator. The measurement of the number of revolutions usually involves sensors with a frequency output proportional to the number of revolutions. Frequency Comparator: Frequency Counter Module: Frequency Doubler operates on Triangle Waves: 09/29/94 EDN-Design Ideas Frequency Measurements using PC: Frequency Window Comparator has hysteresis: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Full Featured Transistor Tester: Function Generator: Function Generator: Grid Dip Meter: High / Low indicator: High Side Current Sensor has Period Output #2: Maxim APP 1084: May 31, 2002 High side current sensor has period output: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You use high-side current monitoring in many battery-powered products that require accurate monitoring of load current, charger current, or both. In applications for nonportable designs, high-side-current monitoring serves as a power-supply watchdog that can flag a failure in downstream devices. . High side current sensor monitors negative rail: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / All dedicated current-sense amplifiers provide high-side sensing on a positive supply, but you can adapt such circuits for monitoring a negative supply (Figure 1). The positive-supply pin, V+, connects to the system's positive supply, and the ground pin, GND, connects to the negative supply, VEE. That arrangement monitors the negative supply and provides a positive output voltage for the extern.. HighVoltage Monitor Features High Accuracy : 08/1902 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many applications call for measuring ac lines or high dc voltages. One common technique uses a large voltage divider followed by a buffer. Another employs an inverting attenuator. The problems associated with both methods stem from uneven power... Improve Voltage Readings By Doubling a DVM's Scale : 04/29/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The ubiquitous, and now inexpensive, 1999-digit digital panel meter or digital voltage meter (DVM) module is a very useful addition to the range of test and display gear currently available. It's accurate, robust, and easily scaled for ranges from... In Circuit Electrolytic Tester: Inclinometer:
Indicator features expanded scale: 02/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Test equipment for a production line should be user-friendly (read "idiot-proof") and should offer minimal test time. In many cases, the test fixture must give an operator only one answer: pass or fail. Usually, two indicators assume this role: green for pass and red for fail. In most applications, a sensor transforms the tested parameter to a voltage; the test fixture must measure this v... . Indicator has Expanded Scale: 02/21/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Inductance meter : for 0.5 uH to 50 uh RF inductors, displays on digital voltmeter Inductance Meter: Inductive Pickup: simple device for detecting audio-frequency electromagnetic signals, such as those emanating from a loudspeaker, or its cable Infrared Remote Control Tester #1: measures the relative intensities of different Infrared light sources Infrared Remote Control Tester: Integrator Forms Picoammeter: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas Ion Detector: Isolated, 12bit, 8 Channel, a / D Converter With PC Interface & 0.1% Accuracy: LCD Frequency Counter (PIC16F84): LED Audio VU Meter: logarithmic scale with3 dB steps, based in LM3915 IC LEDBarograph Driver: Light Meter: Light Pollution Meter : LED brightness control circuit and a multimeter to compare light levels to LED level. Light Sensor Adapter for Oscilloscope: Lightening Detector: Line Output / Flyback Transformer tester: Linearized RF Detector: Live Power Line Detector: Load Pulser Tests Supply's Transient Response: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Load Simulator Maintains Constant Power: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Logic Analyzer: Logic ChipTester: Logic Probe #1: Logic Probe #2: with probe Logic Probe #3: with probe, CMOS Logic Probe With Pulse, CMOS: Logic Probe With Pulse: Low cost anemometer fights dust: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / As higher levels of power dissipation underscore the need for cooling, more and more fans are finding their way into small electronic enclosures. The dust that fans pull into these enclosures can, however, cause major problems for high-reliability systems. By coating heat sinks and electrically charged components, the dust acts as a blanket that raises the effective thermal impedance betw... . Low Cost Dot/bar Generator: Low cost relative humidity transmitter uses single logic IC: 11/08/2001 EDN Design Ideas / The low-cost percentage-relative-humidity radio transmitter in Figure 1 operates in a cold-storage warehouse for vegetable storage at temperatures of 1 to 5 C. It is generally difficult to collect such data from a lowtemperature area with high humidity and low illumination. The transmitter design is simple: It uses a readily available, capacitor-type percentage-relative-humidity se... . Low Tech DCC Meters: Machine Vibration Activates Hour Meter: 01/16/97 EDN-Design Ideas Magnetometer: Make a Simple PC based Frequency Meter: 04/29/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Making Differential Probes: for sensing audio signal voltages across devices that are not ground referenced
Measure humidity and temperature on one TTL line: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / By combining the responses of an Analog Devices (www.analog.com) AD590 temperature sensor and a Humirel (www.humirel.com) HS1101 humidity sensor, you can generate a single TTL-level signal containing information from both sensors (Figure 1). This design uses a 74HC123 monostable multivibrator, IC1, to form a free-running oscillator. . Measure Inductance With DC Superimposed: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas Measure open circuited cables using a multimeter: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use a multimeter with capacitance-measurement capability to measure the length of wire or cable to an open circuit. The capacitance of a pair of wires (or a wire to a shield) is directly proportional to the length of the wire. If you know th. Measuring RF Voltages with a VOM: Method simplifies testing high Q devices: 02/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The design of low-phase-noise oscillators requires careful attention to resonator unloaded Q. In the construction of a low-phase-noise, high-frequency oscillator, the goal is to achieve an unloaded-Q figure greater than 400 in a reasonable package. Also, you need to monitor the effect of the package and pc-board arrangement. . Micro Ohm Meter: Micro Volt Probe: Microphone Circuit Test Oscillator: 440 Hz Tone generator for testing XLR microph1lines Microphone Polarity Tester: MIDI Tester: Milli Ohm Adapter: MilliGauss Meter: Mini DDS (Direct Digital Synthesis): Mini DDS (direct Digital Synthesizer): Modified Scope Probe Tests SurfaceMount Assemblies: 09/25/97 EDN-Design Ideas MOSFET Current Sensing: Method of mirror current sensing a MOSFET MOSFET tester: Multi Wire Cable Tester: Multicore Cable Tracer: NiCd Battery Discharger / Capacity Indicator: Off Line Telephone Tester: Here is a circuit of an off-line Telephone tester which does not require any Telephone line for testing a Telephone instrument. The circuit is so simple that it can be easily assembled even by a novice having very little knowledge of electronics. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. OpAmp Design & Test Board: Owens Bridge Inductance Measurement Device: Paralleling RMS Converters Speeds Settling.: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas PC Based Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSOA): PC Based Digital Storage Oscilloscope Mk3: PC hardware Monitor Reports the Weather: 01/18/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest PCB maximum trace current: PCB VSWR Bridge: pH Meter #1: pH Meter #2: pH Meter With Calibration: Phantom Power Battery Test Circuit: LED will light when battery is over42 volts PIC Logic Probe With Pulser:
Picoammeter Circuit With Four Ranges: This circuit uses a CA3420 BiMOS op amp to form a picoammeter with4 ranges. The exceptionally low input current (typically0.2pA) makes the CA3420 highly suited for use in a picoammeter circuit. Input transient protection is provided by the1 megohm resistor in series with the input. The10 megohm resistor connected to pin2 decouples the potentially high input capacitance often associated with lower current circuits and reduces the tendency for the circuit to oscillate under these conditions. The10k potentiometer is used for null offset. Pink Noise Generator for Audio Testing: Pink Noise Generator: Polarity Detector: Polarity Sensing Continuity tester: Power Factor Meter: Pre Distortion Techniques: Tape Linearizer and a Distortion Analyzer Precision Audio Frequency Peak Detection Probe : for use with a digital voltmeter Precision Audio MilliVoltmeter: Measures10mV to50Volt RMS in eight ranges Simply connect to your Avo-meter set @50A range Pulse Generator & Signal Tracer: Dual-purpose test-instrument Very simple Circuitry,1.5 Volt Battery-operated Pulse Generator Verifies Test Setups: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Verifying the rise-time limit of wideband test-equipment setups is a difficult task. In particular, you must often know the "end-to-end" rise time of an oscilloscope/probe combination to ensure measurement integrity. Fig1s circuit provides an 800-psec pulse having rise and fall times shorter than250 psec. The pulses amplitude is10V, and the circuits source impedance is50 Ohm. Pulse Reading Logic Probe: Ramp Generator: RCM710 Electronic Scale: Remote Control using Telephone: Here is a tele-remote circuit which enables switching "on" and "off" of appliances through Telephone lines. The circuit described here can be used to switch up to nine appliances (corresponding to the digits1 through 9 of DTMF the Telephone key-pad). The Telephone can be used to switch on or switch off the appliances also while being used for normal conversation. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Remote Field Strength Meter: Remote humidity sensor needs no battery: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Using ac-line power sources and batteries for remote humidity sensors is undesirable because these sources can be troublesome if you mount them in inaccessible points, such as smokestacks, cold-storage chambers, or darkrooms, where maintenance is difficult and inconvenient. Figure 1 shows a simple way to remove the power source from the humidity-sensor circuit. . Resistance tester: Resistor Decade Box: RF Power Meter for the QRPer: Ring Oscillator Measures Cable Length: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas RJ45 Cable Tester: RMS to DC Converter is Accurate & Stable: 09/14/95 EDN-Design Ideas Scope Probe Measures High Frequencies: 01/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Self Heated Transistor Digitizes Airflow: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Self Oscillating Amplifier for Distortion Testing: allows the home constructor to make quite accurate measurements, without having to spend a lot of money on a low distortion oscillator Self Powered Fast Battery Tester: Tests1.5 to15 Volt cells2-LED display, no power supply required Sensitive RF Voltmeter: Short Circuit Beeper: Short Circuit Finder uses Few Parts: 11/05/98 EDN-Design Ideas Signal Conditioning Precisely indicates Humidity: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Signal Generator for Signal Tracer: Signal Injector: Signal Tracer / Injector:
Simple 6 Digit 40MHz Frequency Counter Module: Simple BER meter is easy to build: 03/02/00 EDN-Design Ideas / A bit-error-rate (BER) tester is a basic tool for digital-communications measurements. Although many commercial BER testers are available, you can easily design and build an inexpensive version. The scheme in Figure 1 has performance similar to that of a... Simple Circuit Measures VI Phase Displacement : 08/19/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / This circuit provides different ways to measure the currentvoltage phase displacement of a line-powered ac load. The classic approach for sensing an ac load's current requires a transformer or sensing resistor. The transformer may be expensive,... Simple circuit provides high side current sensing: 10/12/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Simple Circuit Provides Timebase Calibration: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Uses Optical Fiber To Send RelativeHumidity Data : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit shown in the figure measures relative humidity in air at the low temperatures found in applications like cold storage of food items and greenhouses. Instead of using electrical signal cables that... Simple emulator speeds testing : 09/25/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Designing and testing embedded hardware can be frustrating if you have to rely on somebody else's perhaps-unready firmware to test your hardware. Often, hardware is ready for testing before debugging and system firm-ware are available from software developers. Microprocessor emulators are solutions but are often expensive, hard to use, and sometimes inappropriate for use by hardware developers,...... Simple ESD gun Tests IC: 09/12/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Field Strength Meter: Simple Logic Probe uses Bicolor LED: 03/13/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Technique Measures Small Capacitance: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple tester checks LCDs: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Manufacturers of electronic equipment use LCDs for calculators, watches, mini-videogames, and pagers, for example. In comparison with LED-based displays, which consume power on the order of tens of milliwatts, an LCD consumes only a few microwatts. The LCD thus saves power by a factor of approximately 1000.. Simple, LowCost Capacitor Matcher Replaces Expensive Lab : 11/11/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Matching several capacitors, without needing a really precise value, can be accomplished with a "high-tech" laboratory capacitance meter. But this is cumbersome and overkill, and not everyone has one. This simple circuit matches, compares, and even... Solar Current Meter: Sound Level Meter: Strain Gauge Sensor: Synthetic Isolators: great for checking the SWR of antennas, amplifiers, mixers, etc. TDR Reflectometer: Telephone Test Circuit With Audio Mixer: get Telephone audio to mixer or send audio to Telephone Temperature Compensated PH Meter: Temperature Monitor: TempSentry Temperature Sensor Technical Info & Schematics: Test Batteries Without a Voltmeter: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / This circuit an easy approach to testing batteries without exiting the voltmeter. The battery holders in sizes AAA, AA, C, and D make this tester so much faster than a voltmeter. Test Plug: Three Channel Spectrum Analyzer: This Three channel15 LED spectrum analyzer can be used as an addition to any audio amp project. It produces fantastic displays on3-LED bars that can be individually adjusted for any particular frequency range. Three Level Audio Power Indicator: Battery-operated Three LED display that connect it to loudspeaker output Time and Frequency Circuits: Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR):
Time Domain Reflectometer: Time tag impulses with zero crossing circuit: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A "constant-fraction discriminator" usually performs the time-tagging of impulsive events, which have a peaking time of the signal amplitude. The implementation of this technique requires a delay in the input signal of approximately the same amount as the signal's rise time. You can attain this delay by using a coaxial cable of an appropriate length. . Tonal Voltmeter gives Audible indication of Voltage Level: Trace voltage current curves on your PC: 10/11/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Some years ago, one of the fundamental electronic instruments was the laboratory curve tracer. A CRT display would sweep out terminal behavior (current versus voltage) from which you could derive mathematical models. Classic presentations of diodes, transistors, and other devices enlightened designers about linear and nonlinear operation. . Track multisite temperatures on your PC: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The low-cost circuit in Figure 1 allows you to track four remote temperatures with thermistor sensors through the parallel port on your PC. This four-zone thermometer instrument has a temperature range of -40 to +90 C and a resolution of better than 1 C. You can calibrate its accuracy to within 1 C over a 0 to 50 C span and within 3 C over a -40 to +90 ... . Transistor & FVCs Make Linear Anemometer: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas Transistor Spot Checker: Transistor tester fits into your pocket: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / It can be helpful to rapidly and easily determine the polarity (npn or pnp) and function of a transistor. The pocket-transistor tester in Figure 1 is ideal for quickly testing without regard to such parameters as gain and frequency response. You connect the transistor, or device under test, between the collectors, T, of an astable multivibrator. Transistor Trio Makes Vector Anemometer: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Transmission line tests 1 kW device using only 100W: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A 13.56-MHz, ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical)-band RF-measurement device had the test requirement of a 50-hour, 1-kW burn-in. The device under test needed to be simultaneously stressed at an RF potential and RF current equivalent to 1 kW, but the only spare RF source at hand was a 100W RF generator... Transmitter accurately transfers voltage input: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / When you connect remote sensors to a central process controller, a simple, robust, and commonly used interface is the 4 to 20-mA loop. The advantages of this current loop include the simplicity of just two twisted wires that share both power and signal, the loop's high noise immunity in harsh environments, and the de facto loop standard within the process-control industry... Tri Waveform Generator: Triangle and Squarewave Generator: True RMS Detector: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 TTL Pulse Reading Logic Probe: Two Sensors Measure Three Line Currents: 09/01/95 EDN-Design Ideas Two Tone Audio Oscillator (use for SSB Tests): Ultra Simple Voltage Probe: Understanding Peak Reading Meters: includes1-example circuit diagram UTP Cable tested: V/I Curve Tracer: Versatile power supply load uses light bulbs: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Improvising loads for bench-testing and designing power supplies is often a frustrating and sometimes hazardous experience. When you push large power resistors to their limit, they tend to burn benches and melt solder connections. Many electronic loads are on the market but are usually expensive and of laboratory-type precision and often represent overkill for the average designer. . Versatile Zener Diode Tester: Voltage Probe: Voltage Reference improves JFET: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit The common JFET current-source in Figure 1a has average output impedance and depends heavily on the JFET's V P and I DSS variations. These manufacturing variations limit the initial accuracy of the current setpoint that the circuit can obtain with a...
Voltmeter: VU & PPM Audio Metering: circuits using analog needle meters VU Meter Amplifier: VU Meter: 5 led VU meter, in PDF format, includes circuit board, text in Finnish VU Stereo Meter: will indicate the volume level of the audio going to your speakers by lighting up LEDs, based on LM3915 IC Weighting Filter: Wire Tracer Transmitter: Wireless Weather Monitoring Station: XR2206 Function Generator: Zener Diode Tester:
Theremin Circuits - Infrared Theremin Musical Instrument - Electronic Circuit Resource
Theremin Circuits
Infrared Theremin Musical Instrument: One Transistor Theremin: RCA Theremin Circuit: Theremin Model #145: Wein Bridge Theremin:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/theremin_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:33:32 PM]
Thermistor Circuit - Microcontrolled Thermistors Electronic Circuits
Thermistor Circuits
Model NTC Thermistor in SPICE: Electronic Design 3/14/91 - SPICE subcircuit accurately models NTC thermistor. Model uses the .TNOM statement to set temperature. This allows circuits with transistors and diodes to be analyzed over temperature. Thermistors and a Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hotwire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive... Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/thermistor_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:33:34 PM]
Thermocouple Circuits, Electronic Circuit Projects, Thermocouple Interfaces
Thermocouple Circuits
Circuit provides cold junction compensation: 11/28/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The accuracy of any circuit or system that uses a thermocouple to determine the temperature of a process is limited by the accuracy of the method used to perform coldjunction compensation. In a thermocouple measurement, two wires of dissimilar metal join together at the "hot," or measurement, junction.. DPPs make nonvolatile microvolt DAC: 10/31/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The availability of a seemingly limitless variety of monolithic DAC chips makes it easy to implement most digital-to-analog-conversion applications with a single off-the-shelf device. Sometimes, an unusual set of requirements necessitates a multichip approach, however. One example of such a requirement is the need for nonvolatility of the DAC's setting in power-up and -down cycles.. Network imitates thermocouples: 11/08/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Thermocouples find widespread use for temperature measurement in systems. During system design or testing, you must observe the system's response at different temperatures. However, it's inconvenient to heat a thermocouple every time you need to check a system's performance. You can use the simple trick of touching the thermocouple with a hot soldering iron, but this method provides only ... . Thermocouple Interfaces to Serial Port: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Thermocouple thermometer features a 1-mV/F output: 10/18/99 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / An inexpensive, battery-powered, cold-junction-compensated, thermocouple thermometer with an output of 1 mV/F can be constructed using type-K thermocouple wire. Because type-K thermocouple. . . VBE-Based Cold-Junction Compensator For Thermocouples: 11/06/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The familiar thermocouple (TC) is probably the oldest species of electronic temperature sensor extant. TCs consist merely of two dissimilar conductors joined at the temperature measuring point. Theyre simple to fabricate and look (at first glance) Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/thermocouple_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:33:38 PM]
Thermometer Circuits - Digital Remote LCD Thermometer Circuit
Thermometer Circuits
2 Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy : 07/08/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872... AT89C2051 Digital Thermometer & Clock: Build A Digital Temp Monitor: 04/03/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This Idea for Design was originally published Dec. 2, 1993. The AD590 proportional-toabsolute-temperature (PTAT) device combined with an autoranging digital multimeter (DMM), such as Fluke's Model 77, can make a stable digital. . . Digital Remote Thermometer: Remote sensor sends data via mains supply Temperature range:00.0 to 99.9 C Digital thermometer: LCD Thermometer: Low Cost Digital Thermometer Uses SingleChip Microcontroller : 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The ... Low-Cost Digital Thermometer Uses Single-Chip Microcontroller: 02/18/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many applications, the ability to read and display temperature is either desirable or an absolute requirement. Some of these applications include temperature probes, thermostats, CPU monitors, and processcontrol equipment. The . . . PC Thermometer: Precision Thermometer Linearizes, Digitally Calibrates Platinum RTDs: 05/29/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Among temperature transducers, the platinum resistance temperature detector (PRTD) is generally accepted as the gold standard. PRTDs are available with interchangeability accuracies as tight as 0.1C over operational ranges extending from. . . Precision Thermostat Uses TBH And AC Feed-Forward Compensation: 03/19/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Precision temperature control with relatively high-power heaters driven directly from unregulated "120-V" ac lines is an efficient, inexpensive way to manage large thermal loads. A number of annoying complications can render this straightforward. . . Read Temperature With One Digital Output and One Digital Input : 03/04/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design /Before the MAX6629/30/31/32 series of temperature sensors were available, all digital-output temperature sensors were I2C (alternatively called SMBus) sensors that had to be written to for addressing, before they were read. Prior SPI... Take Back Half: A Novel Integrating Temperature-Control Algorithm: 12/04/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / According to Linear Technologys Jim Williams, The unfortunate relationship between servo systems and oscillators is very apparent in thermal control systems. (Linear Applications Handbook, 1990). Highperformance temperature control is. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/thermometers.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:33:42 PM]
Thermometer Circuits - Digital Remote LCD Thermometer Circuit
Take-Back-Half HVAC Thermostat Is Precise And Energy-Efficient: 07/09/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Implementing tight control of environmental temperature is essential in many critical areas. For instance, it's necessary when research laboratories house sensitive instrumentation and for manufacturing facilities involved in high-precision. . . Temperature-Compensated LCD Bias Supply Uses A Single Control IC: 06/08/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many applications require a simple method for getting multiple outputs from the power supply. One way to achieve this goal is by using charge pumps. The schematic shown in Figure 1 is an LCD bias. . . Thermocouple Interfaces to Serial Port: 11/09/95 EDN-Design Ideas Two Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy : 07/08/0Two Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872... Two-Chip Digital Thermometer Delivers 0.4C Accuracy: 07/08/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An LED digital thermometer with an operating range between 0C and 150C, 1C resolution, and 0.4C accuracy is presented in the figure. This design is based on the PIC16F872. . Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/thermometers.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:33:42 PM]
Three Phase Circuits - Three Phase Circuit Resource - Phase Circuits
Three Phase Circuits

$5 junkbox Circuit Determines Phase Sequence : 04/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas [file contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this one] 3 Phase Brushless DC Motor Xtal Based Controller: This crystal based brushless DC motor controller was specifically designed to work with SKC (Shinano Kenshi Co.) streaming tape drive motor part # DR-4312-001. The principle could be applied to just about any 3 Phase motor using Hall effect sensors. The heart of the controller is a 2 chip combination from Unitrode Corporation the UC3633 and the UC3620. Inverters form three-phase VCO: 08/02/01 EDN Design Ideas - You sometimes need an inexpensive VCO that can produce evenly spaced three-phase outputs over a wide frequency range. You could use tracking all-phase filters with only one oscillator, but this technique is difficult to implement and offers limited range. Other methods, such as using a DSP, are feasible, but they're complex and expensive.... Level shifting nixes need for dual power supply: 01/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / The AD736 true-rms-to-dcconverter is useful for many applications that require precise calculation of the rms value of a waveform. This converter can determine the true rms value, the average rectified value, or the absolute value of a myriad input wavefo... Optocoupler simplifies power-line monitoring: 01/10/02 EDN Design Ideas The use of a linear optocoupler and a capacitor-based power supply yields a simple, yet precise power-line-monitoring system. The circuit in Figure 1 converts the 110V-ac power-line voltage to an ac output voltage centered at 2.5V, covering 0 to 5V. The circuit isolates the output signal from the power line. ... Phase Splitting: Phase splitting means the creation of a sinusoidal signal like a given one, but displaced in phase by a certain amount. A sinusoidal signal repeats a sequence of values as time passes, and the cycle is divided into 360 electrical degrees or 2 radians, like a circle. A rotating phasor is a graphic representation of these changes. The unit phasor exp(jt) is said to have phase t in degrees or radians, where is the angular frequency 2f radians per second. For 60 Hz, the angular frequency is the familar 377 rad/s. RF transmitter uses AMI encoding: 11/24/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Although alternate-mark-inversion (AMI) encoding is well-suited for direct-conversion FM transmission, designers often overlook the technique. AMI, a three-phase, synchronous-encoding technique, uses bipolar pulses to represent logic ones and no signal to... Self modifying code extends addressing mode: 12/17/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Self-modifying code extends addressing mode. VHDL procedure dynamically opens a file . Configure buck converter for boost operation. Circuit eases threephase monitoring. PLL forms simple MSK demodulator. C makes inexpensive sinewave generator. 74...
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Three Phase Circuits - Three Phase Circuit Resource - Phase Circuits
Three phase power supply: The "small" three phase power supply is capable of delivering 3.5 kV at 1 A. The 380 V AC is connected via a start-up circuit, limiting the initial current. It is a temporary power supply, used until the final one is ready.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/three_phase_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:33:47 PM]
Tilt Meter Circuits - Tilt Meters Electronic Circuit, Projects, Hobby Centre
Tilt Meter Circuits

Adjustment Free Inclinometer operates on 2.7V: 4/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/tilt_meters.html [1/17/2007 5:33:51 PM]
Time Delay Circuits - 555 time Delay Circuit - Time Delay Electronic Resource
Time Delay Circuits

555 time Delay Circuit: Butterworth filter has adjustable group delay: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The Sallen-Key realization of a 5.25-MHz, three-pole Butterworth filter has a gain of 2V/V and can drive 75O back-terminated coax with an overall gain of 1 (Figure 1). Used to reconstruct component-video (Y, Pb, Pr) and RGB signals, this filter has an insertion loss greater than 20 db at 13.5 MHz and greater than 40 db at 27 MHz (Figure 2).. Delay line has wide duty cycle range: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Today's digital delay lines can process pulses no shorter than their delay times, and that restriction confines the devices to applications in which the duty cycle remains near 50%. A limited range of available delays (2 to 100 nsec per tap) further limits their use. Longer delay is available with one-shot multivibrators of standard digitallogic families, but those devices do not retain duty-c.... Delay Line implements Clock Doubler: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Delay line upgrades vintage scope: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Vintage triggered-sweep oscilloscopes find use in many applications. However, they have no internal delay line, so they can't display the pulse that triggers the sweep. Moreover, early laboratory scopes contain delay lines having insufficient delay to display such pulses during a uniform portion of the sweep. . Delay Simulator Debugs Communications Equipment: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Feedback circuit eliminates CCD driver delay mismatch : 09/18/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In a CCD (charge-coupled device), packets of charges shift across the array. The transistor array, also called a bucket-brigade shift register, receives drive from a dual-phase clock signal. Dual-phase clock signals comprise two synchronized clock signals that are 180 out of phase. High peak-output-current CCD drivers can buffer the logic-level clock signals and turn them into highvoltag...... Low Voltage, High Current Time Delay Circuit: Power Off Time Delay Relay Circuit: Relay Delay Circuit: Smooth Tone Clickless CW Sidetone Generator: time delay circuit: Time delay relay reduces inrush current: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A transformer switching onto a line can sometimes cause a circuit breaker to trip or a fuse to blow. This phenomenon occurs even if the transformer presents no load, such as when the secondary is open. The problem arises because of the heavy magnetizing inrush current in the transformer. The amplitude of the current depends on the instant on the ac waveform at which the transformer become... . Time Delay Relay: Windshield Wiper Delay:
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Time Delay Circuits - 555 time Delay Circuit - Time Delay Electronic Resource
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Timer and Counter Circuits - Electronic Timers & Counters Circuit
Timers and Counters Circuits

2 Transistor Atomic Frequency Standard: 2.8 GHz Prescaler keeps Cost Down: 07/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / 28 LED Clock Timer 72 LED Clock: programmable clock Timer circuit that uses individual LEDs to indicate hours and minutes 4 Bit Binary Clock: 40 LED Bicycle Light (555 Timer 6 Volt): 5 to 30 Minute Timer: 50 MHz Frequency Counter, Voltage Meter & SWR / PWR Indicator: 555 Go / No Go Tester: 555 Makes handy Voltagetotime Converter: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. 555 One Shot: Basic 555 MonoStable Multivibrator 555 oscillator: 555 time Delay Circuit: 555 Timer #1: 555 Timer #2: 555 Timer 40khz Infrared Oscillator: 555 Timer Circuits: 555 Timer IC Tester: 555 Timer MonoStable Circuit using Pushbutton: 555 Timer Tutorial + Circuits: 555 Tone Generator 8 Ohm Speaker: 7 Segment LED Counter: 72 LED Clock: 8254 Timer & Counter Board: 9 Second Digital Readout Timer: 9 Second LED Relay Timer: AD9852 DDS Schematic: Amplifiers perform precision divide by 2 circuit: 03/06/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The classic implementation of a voltage-halving circuit uses two equal-value resistors. Using 1% resistors provides a divider output with 2% accuracy. For most applications, this performance is cost-effective and more than adequate. However, when you need extreme precision, this approach requires correspondingly accurate resistors and can become expensive... Analog Pulse Counter: Anticipating timer switches before you push the button: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / (Editor's note: This Twilight Zone-worthy circuit will be the subject of an upcoming network sitcom, My Big Fat Anticipating Timer.) It happens to almost everyone that an apparatus or system should have been turned off a moment ago. The device in question could be the car heater, the air conditioner, the lights Asynchronous Circuit Divides Frequency By 1.5: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas
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Audio Amp Timer: Turns-off your amplifier when idle for15 minutes Fed by amplifier tape-output Backup Clock Controller Checks Time Setting: 01/05/95 EDN-Design Ideas Basic 555 Monostable: BCD COUNTER: This is based around two ics the 4029 an up down counter and the 4543 a latched bcd to 7 segment driver it is very cheap to build with many uses. Bedside Lamp timer: Big LED Clock: Binary Counter uses LSB Feedforward: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Budget timer: Car Clock: CaClo was designed and built to be used in an automobile. It uses pure discrete logic ICs (4000 series) and a4-digit LCD display with backlight, plus a few SMD ICs for the LCD driver. Car Interval Wiper: CaWip was designed and built to be used in an automobile. Both the front and rear wipers can be controlled separately using six interval settings. Its a fairly old design, thats why theres no PIC microcontroller in sight! Cheap 40KHz Clock: Circuit Conditions Variable Duty Cycle Clock: 01/05/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Converts Solid State Relay to Timer: 05/09/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Counts Logic ones on Signal Lines: 02/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit divides frequency by N+1: 07/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital frequency dividers usually use flip-flop stages that connect the Q pin to the D datainput pin of the following stage. This configuration creates a binary waveform that you can feed back to the input. You can divide any integer lower than 2N with minimal stages, where N is the number of stages.. Circuit provides linear resistance to time conversion : 08/07/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Resistance-based transducers, such as strain gauges and piezoresistive devices, find common use in the measurement of several physical parameters. For applications in which digital processors or microcontrollers serve for data acquisition and signal processing, the transducer's response must assume a form suitable for conversion to digital format.... Circuit Provides Serial or Sequential Timing: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit provides watchdog for microcontrollers: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The watchdog circuit in Figure 1 uses a single NAND Schmitt-trigger IC. The circuit is more cost-effective than dedicated, commercially available watchdog ICs. The circuit generates an active-high reset signal upon power-up and remains in a low state as long as the control input receives pulses. Whenever the pulsing at the control input stops, whether the circuit is in a high or a low state, th.... Clock Divider Circuit: Clock Doubler for CMOS Logic: Clock Fail Circuit Switches to Alternate Clock: 10/24/96 EDN-Design Ideas Clock Generator: Use4093 oscillator Clock Recovery PLL Fits Into Single PLD: 11/23/95 EDN-Design Ideas Clock Switching Circuit Banishes Glitches: 12/19/96 EDN-Design Ideas CMOS 4011 oscillator: Computerised Universal Timer: Countdown timer With Relay: Counte Resets LRS Generator : 09/30/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A linear-recursive-sequence (LRS) generator produces binary sequences using a shift register and feedback through an exclusive-OR gate. The sequence length equals 2N-1, where N represents the number of registers. The generator cycles... Counter IC Provides Wait States for 8031 / 8051: 06/22/95 EDN-Design Ideas Counter Provides Divide By 4.5 Function: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas Counter Speed Doubler: Crystal Controlled Time Base Generator: Crystal Controlled Time-Base Generator CW Beacon Keyer: Darkroom Timer: Day / Night / 24 Hour Select Sensor: DDS using AD9835:
Delay line has wide duty cycle range: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Today's digital delay lines can process pulses no shorter than their delay times, and that restriction confines the devices to applications in which the duty cycle remains near 50%. A limited range of available delays (2 to 100 nsec per tap) further limits their use. Longer delay is available with one-shot multivibrators of standard digitallogic families, but those devices do not retain duty-c.... Delay Line implements Clock Doubler: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Deoderizer Fan Pushbutton Timer : Design low duty cycle timer circuits: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Designing astable circuits using the industry-standard 555 timer is a straightforward process when duty cycles are 50% or greater. However, you must overcome the many pitfalls of low-duty-cycle circuits to arrive at a desired result. Using only ideal components eases the design, but the components themselves are hard to obtain.. Digital Step Km Counter Max.: Pedometer has a range of 9.950 meters with2digits. Slip it in pants pocket for walking and jogging Digital Timer has Independent On / Off Periods: 03/28/96 EDN-Design Ideas Divide By 1 1/2 Circuit: Doorbell With Counter: Dynamic Clock Provides for Zero Wait States: 03/27/97 EDN-Design Ideas Edge Detector Runs off of Single Supply: 12/04/97 EDN-Design Ideas Event Counter: Extend the timing capabilities of a PC: 01/10/2002 EDN - Design Ideas Even when you use the internal timing registers and under DOS, a PC cannot easily measure time intervals with better time resolution than a millisecond. Measuring long intervals with even this precision is a waste of many CPU cycles. A microcontroller is well-suited for this task; you can easily integrate a PIC with a PC to extend the timing precision into the microsecond range for perio... Failed Power Light: turns on small low voltage lighting when mains power disappears Fast Rise time Multivibrator: Frequency Counter: Frequency Generator, 555IC: Function Timing Analyzer: The idea behind FuTA was to measure the execution Time, of several selected functions (written in C), of a 6833232-bit microprocessor embedded system. Although this could be achieved by other means, such as an emulator (or simulator), it gave me an excuse to design some hardware using a PLD (programmable logic device). Galloping Neon: array of blinking neon lamps Generating a Delayed Pulse With a Dual 555 Timer: Generation Of 1 Sec. Pulses Spaced 5 Sec. Apart: GPS Receiver Based Frequency Standard: Impulse Counter: ImCo was really designed for a "bike-o-meter" project, but could used for all sorts of counting applications. It consists of a4-digit LCD display and several CMOS4000 ICs, running on a small 6V camera battery. It was built using SMD components (apart from the LCD and switches) in order to keep the size fairly small. Jogging timer: 3V Battery Powered Beeps after a fixed number of minutes Lamp Switch Delay: LM3900 Sine Wave oscillator: Logic offers complementary switch control: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The complementary-switch controller in Figure 1 uses a few inverter gates to provide drive signals for the complementary switches. Complementary-switch configurations find widespread use in synchronous-rectification circuits, charge pumps, full-bridge control circuits, and other circuits. The circuit in Figure 1 provides not only a complementary drive signal but also a deadtime delay ... . Long Period timer: Low Frequency Clock: Mains Clock Controller using AT89C2051: Micropower Pulse Generator: MM58174Real Time Clock in a Battery Backed Up: Design Provides Reliable Clock and Calendar Functions : National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 More Accurate PC / AT Clock: Nixie Tube Clock
NAND Gates Enable Trigger Lockout For 555 Timers: 04/14/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Applications of commercially available integrated timers, including the NE/SE555, are fairly limited when used in their monostable mode. This is due to their inability to function with all types of trigger pulses. These timers work perfectly and... NE555 Basic Monostable: Nixie Tube Clock: Off the Shelf Watchdog: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Old Dog 555 Learns Six New Tricks: 05/11/95 EDN-Design Ideas Onboard Fogger Timer: One Transistor timer: Pedometer: Periodic Timer: PIC Tock Video Clock: Power On Time Delay Relay Circuit: Precision 1Hz Clock Generator using Chip On Board: Programmable Clock Oscillator #1: voltage controller oscillator that was designed as a wide range oscillator to generate clock pulses for a stepper motor drive system, frequency could be varied over1,000,000:1 Programmable Clock Oscillator #2: PIC-Tock video clock using a PIC16C61 Propeller Clock: a few light emitting diodes spin, precisely controlled by a PIC microprocessor, giving the illusion of a larger array. Pulse Generator, 555: PWM Watchdog Circuit Ensures upper Bounds: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Realtimeclock Chip Makes Lowpower oscillator: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Sample hold Controlled oscillator: Shower Stopper: Simple Circuit Provides Timebase Calibration: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Divide by N Using '161s: Simple Frequency Doubler: Simple FSK Modulator: Simple phototimer controls load: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In industrial and home applications, the need sometimes exists for a device that, after activation by some physical effect, such as light, temperature, or sound, switches a load on for a predetermined time. The load, such as a lamp, motor, solenoid, or heater, usually derives its power from the ac line. . Simple Timer Exploits OpAmp Bias Current: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Timer Remembers your Rhythm: 01/05/95 EDN-Design Ideas Sine Wave oscillator: Sinewave Frequency Doubler: Single Gate Synchronizes Clock: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Sleep Switch Cum Wake up Timer: Slot Car T Volt Chronograph: Speaking Clock using PIC & ISD Device: SpeClo was designed and built to be used by the blind. Its purpose is to provide a relatively easy way for ascertaining the Time of day by whistling, and can be configured to speak English or German! Square Wave to Sine Converter: Stable 40KHz Clock: Stable Multivibrator (IC): Stable Multivibrator (Transistor): Sun Up Alarm: The Sun - Up Alarm can be used to provide a audible alarm for when the sun comes up or it can be used in a dark area and detect when a light comes on. It can also be used to detect a light beam, headlights etc. The circuit works as follows. The phototransistor is very sensitive to light. (Any phototransistor will work fine) The sun shining on this device will provide a high to one of the NAND gates. This will cause another NAND gate to oscillate which will drive another gate to output a100hz tone. The transistor provides drive for the speaker. Switch Debounce using 555:
Tan Timer: Six Timing positions suited to different skin types Timing affected by sunlight intensity Time / Date / Message Video Overlay Generator!: video text overlay circuit Time and Frequency Circuits: Time Switch: Timed Beeper: Timer Car Interval Wiper: Timer Provides Power Off Function: 05/22/97 EDN-Design Ideas Two Transistor Atomic Frequency Standard: Unidirectional counters accumulate bidirectional pulses: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Quadrature-output incremental optical shaft encoders are popular in highperformance, bidirectional rotation-sensing applications. Available with resolution options extending beyond 2000 pulses/revolution, incremental encoders provide a fast,. Universal Watchdog Fully Controls Preset: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas Use a 555 timer as a switch mode power supply: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Most switch-mode power supplies rely on a PWM (pulse-width-modulated) output that is controlled via voltage feedback. A 555-timer IC can inexpensively perform PWM. The circuit in Figure 1 shows how to turn a 555 PWM circuit into an switchmode power supply with only one simple equation. The design uses two 555s Use a trick to count scope events: 01/21/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Use time domain analysis of Zobel network: 06/27/02 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Using The LM555 Timer With Photocell Detectors: Variable timer: VCG01 PAL / NTSC Video Clock / Message Generator: Video text overlay circuit Versatile Electronic timer: Versatile Timer Operates From Microseconds to Hours: National Semiconductor Application Notes,24 Feb1999 Video Clock Superimposer: Video Message & Clock Generator: Watchdog circuit uses ac triggering: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A dctriggered reset of a watchdog circuit is prone to failure. If the watchdog program hangs up, then the reset signal becomes activated continuously, and the microprocessor has no way to escape the situation. We found that a simple solution uses an ac trigger to reset the watchdog circuit (Figure 1).. Watchdog Circuit uses Leftover Gates: 08/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Watchdog Time Out is Independent of Reset: 09/01/95 EDN-Design Ideas Watchdog timer allows entry to test mode: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Manuals for microprocessor-based devices often include instructions for entering a "secret mode" in which you can test or reset the device. These instructions typically ask you to depress and hold one or two switches for a minimum time interval. You can adopt several measures to avoid accidentally triggering the test mode: Depress two keys, hold both keys simultaneously and continuously throug.... Watchdog timer Assumes Varied Roles: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Watchdog Timer Reboots PCs: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Wide Range Timer: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28 Jun1996 Wiper Speed Controller:
Tone Control Circuit - Audio Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
Audio Circuits: Level, Balance and Tone Control Circuits

2 Watt Amplifier 2: 3 Band Equaliser: 3 Band Equalizer: 300 Watt Subwoofer Power Amplifier: 45 Watt Single Chip Amplifier With Tone Controls: Active Subwoofer & Controller: Active Subwoofer: Audio Analyzer: Audio Graphic Equalizer: simple 7 band equalizer Audio Level Meter: Audio Output Level Meter: Audio Tone Control: Bass Amplifier: Battery Powered Stereo Balance Control Features Low Distortion : 06/23/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / low-power, low-distortion circuit that can be used to balance the left and right headphones or speakers in battery-powered automotive or computer applications. Better Volume Control: how to create a log pot that is better than the "real" thing Designing With the LMC835 Digital Controlled Graphic Equalizer: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Digital Delay Unit for Surround Sound: Digital volume control has log taper: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers provide a compact and convenient way to attenuate audioamplifier signals. However, most such potentiometers suffer from at least one flaw: a nonlogarithmic step increment. To avoid this problem, a user must usually step. Digital Volume Control: based on DS1669 Digital Pot IC Dual Channel Digital Volume Control:
Electronic level :
Graphic Equalizer #1: Graphic Equalizer #3: Improved PL tone Decoder: Inverted bipolar transistor doubles as a signal clamp: 06/07/01 EDN-Design Ideas / A number of circuits, such as level detectors and AM demodulators, benefit from a rectifier with a low offset voltage. Silicon diodes have an offset of approximately 0.6V and do not work well in low-level circuitry. A Schottky diode is a bit better... Mic Pre Pan Pot Circuit: Mono Audio Equalizer : Musical Instrument (Expandable) Graphic Equalizer: standard equalizer plus bonus distortion unit NHT Subwoofer Amp:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/tone_controls.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:34:06 PM]
Tone Control Circuit - Audio Circuits - Electronic Hobby Projects
One Pot to Control Two Channels: Parametric & Subwoofer Equalizer: Passive Filters Fill the Bill At Audio Frequencies: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. PC Speaker Volume Control Circuit: Pocket Equalizer for Headphone: Simple, Easy Parametric & Graphic EQ's, Plus Peaks & Notches: Soft Switching Amplifier With Tone Controls: Stereo Width Controllers: Subwoofer Equalizer: The Linkwitz transform circuit is a hugely flexible way to equalize the bottom end of a sealed loudspeaker enclosure. A speaker that is corrected using this method is flat from below resonance to the upper limit of the selected driver. The low frequency roll off point is determined by the parameters of the transform circuit. Should the enclosure size be too small and cause a lump in the response before roll off, this is also corrected. A conventional active crossover network is then used to divide the subwoofer signal from the main channel signals. Note that there is also a separate spreadsheet calculator available for calculating component values for different situations not handled by the original circuit. Subwoofer Filter: 12 dB/octave low pass filter for subwoofer, includes subsonic filter Three Band Active Tone Control: Three Band Equalizer: Tone Control #2: Tone Controls With 2x NE 5532: check also PCB design and notes Tone Detector: Tone Generator: Tremolo: Use Rotary Potentiometer To Drive Solid State Volume Control: 01/20/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This design idea details how a standard volume control can be replaced by its solid-state equivalent. Digital potentiometers are often advertised as replacements for rotary volume controls. To simulate these controls, many circuits employ up/down... Voltage Controlled Panner: variable gain amplifier circuit
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/tone_controls.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:34:06 PM]
Torque Circuit - Electronic Torque Circuits - Strain Gauge Sensor
Torque Circuits
Circuit resolves 0.1 fF change from 100 pF: 01/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas Make a simple ramp generator for stepper motors: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Stepper motors are synchronous motors that step at the pulse rate of the driving signal. For the motor to move quickly, the stepping rate must be fast. However, because of motor and load inertia, the motor often cannot go from 0 rpm to the desired number of revolutions per minute in one step. Therefore, most stepper motors receive their drive from a pulse chain that starts out slowly and ... . Soft start controller is gentle on loads: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The control circuit in Figure 1 senses a given load and automatically soft-starts the load by synchronously adjusting the power to that load. You can also manually adjust the power delivered to the load by controlling the phase angle of the line voltage across the load. The phase-angle adjustment for every ac half cycle covers 0 to 180 . . Strain Gauge Sensor:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/torque_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:34:09 PM]
Touch Switch Sensor Circuit - Sensors & Detectors Circuits - Touch Activated Alarm
Sensors / Detectors: Capacitance / Touch Switch Circuits

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/touch_switch_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:34:11 PM]
Track and Hold Circuits - Temperature Measurement Circuit - Calibrate Scope
Track and Hold Circuits

Calibrate scope jitter using a transmission line loop: 09/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital-clock-period jitter is the variation in the period of a clock cycle compared with a nominal (average of many cycles) clock period. To accurately measure period jitter using an oscilloscope, you must subtract the oscilloscope jitter fro. Circuit improves on temperature measurement: 05/02/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / When current pulses with a stable IHIGH/ILOW ratio modulate a semiconductor junction, the ensuing voltage difference (for example, ?VBE for a bipolar transistor) is a linear function of the absolute (Kelvin) temperature, T. You can use this truism to make accurate temperature measurements. Technical literature has thoroughly covered the relationship (references 1 to 4) and has numerou.... NCO technique helps C produce clean analog signals: 04/15/99 EDN-Design Ideas / NCO technique helps C produce clean analog signals. C generates musical sounds. Continuity buzzer is frugal with power. Stereo jack adds no-cost power/logic control. S/H circuit minimizes aperture.... RF transmitter uses AMI encoding: 11/24/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Although alternate-mark-inversion (AMI) encoding is well-suited for direct-conversion FM transmission, designers often overlook the technique. AMI, a three-phase, synchronous-encoding technique, uses bipolar pulses to represent logic ones and no signal to.. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/track_and_hold_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:34:13 PM]
Model Train Circuits - Traffic Light Control Circuit - Electronic Circuits
Model Train Circuits

1.5 Volt Power Supply 2: A hefty 1.5 volt DC power supply to power four or more 1.5 volt bulbs 1.5 Volt Power Supply: A 1.5 volt DC power supply 18 Volt PSU for Radio Controlled Throttles: 5 Times Around Circuit for Layout Animation: 5 Volt Power Supply: A 5 volts DC power supply to power the Gyralite above 6 Aspect - Searchlight Signal Driver (LM555): A 3 Amp, Three Terminal Regulator Type Throttle (E+F): A coach electrical system: Athearn Locomotive Modication: Audible Train Approach Warning: Automatic Grade Crossing Flasher Circuit: Automatic Incline Railway System: Automatic Reversing Circuit - Inexpensive System (2002): Automatic Reversing Circuit - MkI (1997): Automatic Reversing Circuit - MkII and MkIII Schematics: Automatic Reversing Circuit - MkIV and PCB (2000): Automatic Station Stop Circuit: Blinking lights: Capacitor Discharge -Switch Machine Power Supplies (E+F): Computer Controlled Model Train Set: Constant Directional Lighting #2: Constant Directional Lighting #3: Constant Directional Lighting 2: A 2 diode + 2 rectifier constant directional lighting circuit Constant Directional Lighting: A 6 diode constant directional lighting circuit Current Measurement For DCC Systems: DCC Waveforms and Voltages For DCC Systems: Diode Matrix Systems For Stall-Motor Switch Machines: Dual Alternating Flashing Light: A dual alternating flashing light circuit Dual Flashing Headlights: To simulate a Gyralite (dual flashing headlights) requires 5 volt power supply too. Dual Tandem Flashing Light: A dual tandem flashing light circuit Engine code tester: F1-F4 functions tester: Flashing lights: Flashing Pin: Flashing railroad crossings: Flashing Rear-End Device For DCC Systems General Purpose Block Occupancy Detector: Block occupancy detector designed for general purpose use on systems where the polarity of the power to the model train track is reversible.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/train_model_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:34:17 PM]
Model Train Circuits - Traffic Light Control Circuit - Electronic Circuits
H Bridge Direct Current Motor Control Circuits: High Current Crossing Light Flasher (LM556): Joy Stick Controlled - Modernized Toy Throttle: Laser Pointer Train Detector: Low Power Crossing Light Flashers (LM556) (E+F): Low Tech DCC Meters: Non-directional Constant Light 2: A non-directional constant light circuit for "can" type motors Non-directional Constant Lighting: A single-rectifier, non-directional constant lighting circuit Not As Simple Signals: Optoisolator Block Occupancy Detector: Rail Crossing Diamond Protection: Route Control For Stall-Motor Switch Machines: Silicon Controlled Rectifier Type Throttles: Simple Flashing Light: A simple flashing light circuit Simple Signal Circuits: Simple Train Detector: A fairly simple train detector using ambient light and a photocell Simpler Flashing Light: An even simpler flashing light circuit Simplest Flashing Light: The simplest flashing light circuit in the world Sound control decoder: a sound system built from an electronic greeting card. Stall-Motor Switch Machine - Automatic Reversing Loop Circuit: Stall-Motor Switch Machine Circuits: Stall-Motor Switch Machine Drivers (LM556): The Magic Engine: a DIY-project: extract from the book. Toggle Switch Control Of Twin Coil Switch Machines: Traffic Light Control Circuit (74145): Train Detector with Infrared LED: A moderately complex train detector using an infrared LED and detector Train Electrical system 1: H0 and N Train Electrical system 2: for three coaches, H0 and N. Train Electrical system 3: Railcar Electrical system Turnout Anti-Derail Protection: Twin Coil Switch Machine - Automatic Reversing Loop Circuits: Two Wire Throttle Control System: Various Transistor Throttle Circuits: Visible Light Photo Detector Circuits (E+F): Voltage Doubler Input- DCC Only Block Occupancy Detector:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/train_model_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:34:17 PM]
Transceiver Circuits - Electroinc Laser Transceiver Circuit - Hobby Projects
Transceiver Circuits
14 MHz SSB 10mW Transceiver: 23cm Data Transceiver: 2N2222 40 Meter CW / DSB Tranceiver: 30M PSK31 Transceiver: 49MHz Walkie Talkie: 5 Watt, 80 Meter QRP CW Transceiver: 56K RF Modem: 900Mhz 9600bps Link: Ampli MOSFET: DIY high power MOSFET amplifier200 Wrms 8 ohms -350 Wrms4 ohms HeNe Laser Transmitter / Receiver: Laser Transmitter/receiver: Mains Remote Alert: Remotely-operates a Beeper and/or a LED via mains supply line Simple Circuitry, easy to build unit Passive Filters Fill the Bill At Audio Frequencies: 02/01/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Single FET Controls LED Arrray: 04/12/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / White-LED backlights are gaining acceptance because they offer higher reliability and simpler drive circuitry than backlights based on CCFL (cold-cathode-fluorescent-lamp) and EL (electroluminescent) technology. This circuit shows a switch-mode boost design that regulates current instead of voltage and switching off individual LEDs or groups of LEDs is not a problem Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/transceiver_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:34:20 PM]
Transformer Circuits - Transformer Circuit Interfacing - Power Supplies and Regulators

Everything you wanted to know about wideband, low-frequency transformers: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. External Isolation Transformer Box: designed for Mackie and other Mixers Eliminates RFI Problems Grounding & Shielding: describes basic audio transformer uses like balanced in/out and signal splitters High CMRR Balanced Interface: Uses for Crystal18 or20 Bit A/D Converters. This is a PDF file High Output Line Driver for Single Ended Power Supply: PDF file IC Mic Preamp uses Jensen Twin Servo topology: Interconnection of Balanced & Unbalanced Equipment: 4 page booklet in PDF format Internal Modification to Mic Inputs of the Mackie 1604 Mixer Eliminates RFI Problems: adding transformer isolation increases common mode rejection and eliminates RF interference, PDF document Isolation Transformer Passes millihertz Signals: EDN-Design Ideas IT 4 Four Channel Isolation Transformer unit: audio signal isolation transformer, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format IT one inline 600 / 600 Ohm Line Transformer: audio signal isolation transformer, product datasheet with circuit diagram in PDF format Jensen Direct Box Transformers: data sheets have example circuit diagrams Jensen Transformers Application Schematics: includes many microphone preamplifier related JP 11P 1 Input Transformer Improvement for Electronically balanced Input: JS 11SPP 6M 600 Ohm Line Isolator with Line termination Switch: for used with long 600 ohm lines that need termination JS 11SSP 6M 150 Ohm Line to 600 Ohm Load application: isolation transformer with impedance conversion JT 10B D Used in Line Level 2 Way Splitter / Isolator: active line level splitter circuit with input and output isolation JT 10KB D & JT 6110K B "Pro" to "Consumer" Interfaces: from +4dBu balanced output to -10dbV consumer equipment input JT 10KB D & JT DB E Provide "J Box" Consumer to Studio Interfaces: from -10dBV unbalanced to150 ohm balanced microphone level -45dBu signal and from +4dBu balanced signal to -10dBV unbalanced signal JT 10KB D Isolates & Converts Speaker Drive to Line Level: JT 11 BM High Level Differential IC Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 11 BM High Level High Current Differential Output Stage with DC Servo:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/transformer_circuits.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:34:23 PM]
JT 11 DM Basic Hum Stopper Transformer Isolation Box: simple isolator for 600 ohm balanced audio lines JT 11 DM Converts Unbalanced Output to Balanced: JT 11 FL Isolates & Converts Guitar Amp Speaker Out to Line Output: JT 11 FL provides Isolated Line Output from Guitar Amplifier: JT 11 YZPC in Unbalanced Long Line Driver / Isolator: JT 11B 1 + "Phantom" Buffer Provide Balanced Guitar Output: JT 11P 1 as "Phase Splitter" with Symmetrical Outputs: JT 11P 1 Balanced Tube Line Input Stage: JT 11P 1 Conversion of Unbalanced Input to Balanced: JT 11P 1 in 2 Way Passive "Guitar Splitter": from one guitar to2- guitar amplifiers JT 11P 1 in 4 Way Active "Guitar Splitter": from one guitar to up to4 guitar amplifiers JT 11P 1 Unbalanced Automotive or Consumer Application: isolation transformer box for unbalanced consumer audio line signals JT 11P 1 used as Unbalanced Polarity Inverter: passive transformer based audio signal inverter circuit JT 11SSP 6M 600 Ohm Line Isolation Application: isolation transformer for 600 ohm balanced audio line JT 11SSP 6M as Input Transformer for Crystal CS5367 A / D Converter: transformer balanced passive input circuit for CS5367 A/D converter, PDF file JT 11SSP 6M Bi-Directional Lo Z Long Line Application: this circuit isolated and impedance matches less than100 ohm source to long cable line and that to over10 kohm input JT 11SSP 6M Passive Stereo Matrix for M S Mic Technique: JT 11SSP 6M Universal Patchbay Isolation Application: for use with professional low impedance sources and high impedance loads JT 123 BL High Level Low Impedance Differential Output Stage with DC Servo: JT 123 S Line Driver with Feedback Around the Transformer: JT 13K6 C in Simple 1 IC Stage Mic Preamp: 15KB PDF JT 16 A Improves Performance of SSM2017 Mic Preamp IC: JT 6110K B at Input Stage for Crystal a to D Converters: high performance transformer balanced input stage for Crystal A/D converters, PDF file JT 6110K B Isolates "70 Volt" Line & Converts to Line Level: JT DB E "Direct Box" for very High Level Signals: takes high level line signal and outputs balanced microphone level signal JT DB E Converts Consumer Stereo Inputs to Mono Balanced Mic Output: JT DB E Full featured "Direct Box" Application Schematic: JT DB E Standard Musical instrument or Synthesizer "Direct Box": JT MB C "Real" Mic Inputs & Phantom Power for Sony DAT: JT MB C in Low Noise, High Isolation Line Receiver for Low Z Sources: JT MB C Isolates both Mic & Line Inputs of inexpensive Mixer: JT MB C Mic Input Isolation for Mackie Mixers: JT MB C Used to "Phantom" Power the Realistic PZM Mic: JT MB D Converts 600 Ohm Unbalanced Mic to 150 Ohm Balanced Mic Line: JT MB D Passive Stereo Matrix for M S Mic Technique: Method sets voltage in multiple-output converters: EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Mixed Feedback Drive for Audio Output Transformers: Technical paper from Lundahl Transformers in PDF format Power Supplies & Transformers: Basic structures of power supplies Power Supplies and Regulators: new low power discrete switcher Step Down Rectifier makes a Simple DC Power Supply: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas - A simple and useful nonisolated rectifier features voltage step-down operation, acceptable Class A line-current harmonics, inherent short-circuit protection, and, optionally, a regulated output Theory & Construction of Mic "Splitters": 5 page booklet in PDF format Transformer Coupled Splitter: Active amplified transformer isolated signal splitter that enables hum-free connection of1-guitar to more than1-amp as well as having a direct output
Transformers for Audio Interfacing: Discussion on using audio transformers in equipment interconnections, read also Line-level transformers in High-End Audio Click here for Other Circuits
Transimpedance Amplifier Circuits - Transimpedance Circuit Resource
Transimpedance Amplifier Circuits Current to Voltage Converters

SINGLE IC FORMS SENSITIVE MODULATED LIGHT RECEIVER (15) (4069rvr1) The circuit uses a very inexpensive C-MOS IC that is connected to a small photodiode. Using a unique inductive feedback network, the circuit provides high sensitivity under high ambient light conditions. It is a great circuit when you want to extend the range of an optical remote control transmitter. 40KHz LIGHT RECEIVER IS IMMUNE TO AMBIENT LIGHT (16) (40krvr1) If you want even more sensitivity than the above circuit, try this design. When used with a one-centimeter square photodiode, you can achieve a range of several hundred feet with a standard TV or VCR remote control module. 1uS LIGHT PULSE RECEIVER PLUS POST AMP (27) (500krvr3) This circuit is designed to detect very weak light pulses lasting 1uS. It uses a tuned LC feedback network to provide high sensitivity while giving high ambient light immunity. A post voltage amplifier is included with a gain of about X20. The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver section of my Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications. Note: The LF357 op amp is no longer available, this circuit is for reference only. BROAD BAND 5MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (30) (5mhzfbvr) This circuit is a simple broad band light detector that uses a very inexpensive IC and a PIN photodiode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It has a bandwidth from 1KHz to over 5MHz. It is great for experimenting with various modulated light sources. BROAD BAND 2MHz OPTICAL FIBER RECEIVER (31) (2mhzrvr1) If you need more sensitivity than the above circuit this circuit provides about ten times more gain. It too is designed around an inexpensive plastic optical fiber detector. LIGHT RECEIVER WORKS FROM 1KHz TO OVER 70MHz (48) (75mfbvr) This circuit uses one tiny C-MOS inverter IC to form a modulated light receiver with a very fast response. It is designed around a PIN photo diode that is packaged for use with plastic optical fibers. It can be used as an optical fiber receiver. By using the open end of the optical fiber it can "sniff" out any modulated light signals.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/transimpedance_amplifiers.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:34:26 PM]
Transimpedance Amplifier Circuits - Transimpedance Circuit Resource
40KHz MODULATED LIGHT DETECTOR (59) (40krvr2) This circuit uses a unique cascode amplifier circuit to convert the current from a PIN photo diode to a current without any feedback network. It is very stable and very sensitive. The circuit shown has the potential for a conversion factor of 10 volts per microwatt at 900nm. I included a simple JFET post-amplifier with a gain of about 20. 40KHz LASER BURST DETECTOR (60) (40krvr3) This circuit was originally designed to detect weak flashed of laser light bounced off of a fabric video projection screen. It was used as part of a firearm training system. It generates a 100mS output pulse whenever it detects a 3ms to 5ms-laser burst, modulated at 40KHz. It is very sensitive and could be modified for long-range laser communications. 10MHz TO 20MHz LASER LIGHT DETECTOR (61) (20mrvr2) This circuit was originally designed to detect laser light pulses for an optical Ethernet communications system. It has good ambient light immunity. FET INPUT HIGH SPEED LIGHT DETECTOR (69) (fetamp0) This circuit is yet another design that converts current from a PIN photo diode to a voltage. It has a bandwidth that extends beyond 50MHz. AIR TRANSPARENCY MONITOR, XENON FLASH RECEIVER (70) (airmon0) I designed this circuit many years ago to monitor the quality of a mile long column of air for future optical communications experiments. The transmitter system (circuit 72 below) uses a powerful xenon flash in conjunction with a large 12 inch Fresnel lens at the transmitter end and a matching 12-inch lens with a PIN photo diode at the receiver. The receiver system was connected to a weather station and a computer to collect the changes in intensity of the light flashes under different weather conditions. It has the potential for a 30+-mile range. I have also used this system to conduct cloud bounce experiments. LASER/LED LIGHT OUTPUT INTENSITY METER (80) (laserpwr) This circuit uses a large 1cm X 1cm silicon PIN photo diode and a transimpedance amplifier to measure the light power output of infrared and visible LEDs and laser diodes. It can be modified to produce almost any milliwatts to volts scale factor. It can be connected to either a multi-meter or an oscilloscope. OPTICAL RFID TEST CIRCUIT (87) (opiddemo) I designed this test the concept of using light techniques to send identification data instead of RF. A more detailed discussion on this scheme can be found in the Imagineered new products section. CASCODE LIGHT RECEIVER CIRCUIT (103) (40krvr3a) This page provides a detailed explanation of how the modified cascode light receiver circuit operates. The cascode technique in conjunction with an inductive load provides very high current to voltage conversion as well as very high speed.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/transimpedance_amplifiers.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:34:26 PM]
Transistor Circuits - Transistors Circuit Resource - Electronic Hobby Projects
Transistor Circuits
2 transistor amplifier #1: 2 Transistor Amplifier #2: 2 Transistor Circuit Replaces IC: Linear Technologys recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally 2 Transistor LED Flasher #1: 2 Transistor LED Flasher #2: 2 Transistors Form Bidirectional Level Translator: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Illustrates a translation from5 to3V, but it can accommodate almost any other voltage levels, provided the logic-low levels are equal (usually0V), translation from1 to100-Volt are possible although slow. 25 Watt MOSFET Amplifier: High Quality simple unit. No need for a Preamplifier Bipolar Transistor Boosts Switcher's Current By 12 times: 05/24/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Cascaded Common-Gate FET IC Provides Flexible Level Translation: 07/10/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Todays complex systems often feature a multitude of devices incorporating several different logic power families. In order for these mixed-mode systems to operate properly, some type of voltage translation and voltage clamping is needed. This. . . Circuit reduces negative voltage stresses on control IC: 04/18/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In a synchronous, buck switching power supply, the two FETS and the output inductor meet at the phase node (Figure 1). The phase node often connects directly to the control IC. The voltage on this node swings from the input voltage to some voltage lower than ground. If the voltage goes too far below ground, the ESD structures or other circuitry within the control IC can become forward-bia... . Fast, Stable Wideband FET Amplifier: 06/26/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The design idea presented here is a gain-trimmable wideband FET amplifier with very good speed, high input impedance, and excellent dc stability under all conditions. Transistors Q1 and Q2 constitute a simple, high-speed FET input buffer.. . . FET Preamp Cable: Forward converters drive power MOSFETs at up to 500 kHz: 05/03/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Simply by combining two simple circuits, high-gatecapacitance MOSFET transistors can be driven at up to 500 kHz with galvanic isolation (Fig. 1). The. . . Full Featured Transistor Tester: GaAsFET power supply has negative gate bias, automatic power-up sequencing: 10/04/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / GaAsFETs are frequently used as high-power RF amplifiers for cell-phone repeaters and similar devices. In general, they require a negative supply voltage of 4 V to 5 V to bias the. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/transistor_circuits.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 5:34:31 PM]
Gate drive method extends supply's input range: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Industrial and telecom applications often require a nonisolated, low-voltage supply from a high-voltage input. IC manufacturers have responded to that need with the application of high-voltage processes and offer control ICs that work to 50V and higher. That voltage is sometimes insufficient, and you need further design techniques to extend the input voltage... IC maintains uniform bias for GaAs MESFETs: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The gate-turn-on threshold voltage for GaAs MESFETs (gallium-arsenide metalsemiconductor field-effect transistors) varies considerably from part to part, even within a given lot. That behavior makes biasing difficult, especially if you want to design the device into a high-volume product. To overcome this drawback, you can introduce a current sensor that monitors the bias current and provides .... Improve FET based gain control: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / One problem with standard FET gain-control circuits is increased noise when you use the FET as a part of a resistive attenuator in series with an op amp. This configuration attenuates the signal before amplification; hence, it requires much higher gain bandwidth and better noise performance from the op amp. . Low Cost MOSFET Quashes Power Resistor: 06/09/94 EDN-Design Ideas Micro Spy With FETs: More on two transistor circuit: 05/16/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In a recently published Design Idea, Jim Hagerman proposes a two-transistor circuit that claims to replace the LTC4300 hot-swappable, two-wire LTC4300 bus buffer ("Two-transistor circuit replaces IC," EDN, Feb 7, 2002, pg 104). I feel compelled to point out that the LTC4300 offers numerous advantages over this circuit for both buffering and hotswapping the I2C bus.. MOSFET Beats Murphy's Law: 12/22/94 EDN-Design Ideas MOSFET Circuit UPS Regulator's Output Current: 02/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Use a current mirror and a power MOSFET to increase the output-current capability of an IC-voltage regulator MOSFET Current Sensing: Method of mirror current sensing a MOSFET MOSFET Power Amplifiers: A discussion of the benefits of the lateral MOSFET output devices used in todays High Power audio amplifiers MOSFET PowerAmp: DIY high power MOSFET amplifier200 Wrms 8 ohms -350 Wrms4 ohms MOSFET Replaces Switch #1: 01/20/94 EDN-Design Ideas / By using a cheap, readily available MOSFET, you can use a single-pole switch to turn a bipolar power supply on and off without consuming extra power. In Fig1, the switch simply controls the MOSFET gate, which switches on the negative supply. Resistor R, which can be several megohms, is not necessary if the 6V rails are permanently connected to a load, such as an op-amp circuit. Because the MOSFETs RDS (ON) is a fraction of an ohm, power loss is minimal, and the circuit suits moderate-consumption, batteryoperated circuitry MOSFET Replaces Switch #2: 02/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas / You can use a singlepole switch to turn a bipolar power supply on and off without consuming extra power MOSFET serves as ultrafast plate driver: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a 20-MHz square wave across a set of highly capacitive ion-deflection plates in an experimental instrument. To get the required deflection, the plate voltage must be 20 to 30V, much higher voltage than conventional logic or driver families can provide. To minimize artifacts, the rise and fall times must be very fast, with a minimum of overshoot and ringing.. MOSFET switch provides efficient AC / DC conversion: 02/17/00 EDN-Design Ideas Op Amps Make JFET Circuits Repeatable: 05/24/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Resettable High-Speed Fuse Uses FET As A Sense Resistor: 11/05/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This design idea describes a resettable high-speed fuse that uses only a few off-the-shelf parts, resets itself after blowing, and doesn't require a special current-sense resistor. While the circuit has been designed to switch on a negative current. . . Simple Circuit Detects Current Pulses: 01/06/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The pulse detector provides a visible indication of positive and negative current pulses. The pulses amplitudes can vary from20 to150 mA. The pulses durations can range from10 to40 msec, and their repetition rate can span40 to180 pulses/minute. Single Transistor Flyback Driver:
Single transistor sequences multiple supplies: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Many DSP chips, microprocessors, FPGAs, and ASICs require multiple power supplies that must deliver different voltages in a specific start-up sequence. Out-of-sequence voltages can cause excessive input current, logic errors, or even device failure. To sequence different supplies, a common approach is to regulate a lower voltage from a higher voltage using a linear regulator.. Three Transistor Audio Amp (50 Milliwatt ): Here is a little audio amplifier similar to what you might find in a small transistor radio. Transistor & FVCs Make Linear Anemometer: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas Transistor Audio Preamplifier: Transistor Forms RS232C Digital Thermometer: 05/09/96 EDN-Design Ideas Transistor Latch improves on/off Circuitry: 11/23/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Transistor linearly digitizes airflow: 09/19/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A sensitive and reliable way to measure airflow is to take advantage of the predictable relationship between heat dissipation and air speed. The principle of thermal anemometry relies on King's Law, which dictates that the power required to maintain a fixed differential between the surface of a heated sensor and the ambient air temperature increases as the square root of air speed.. Transistor Organ: Transistor Pair Lowers PWM IC's Start up Current: 03/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Transistor quickly Wakes Sleeping LDO: 09/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas Transistor Spot Checker: Transistor tester fits into your pocket: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / It can be helpful to rapidly and easily determine the polarity (npn or pnp) and function of a transistor. The pocket-transistor tester in Figure 1 is ideal for quickly testing without regard to such parameters as gain and frequency response. You connect the transistor, or device under test, between the collectors, T, of an astable multivibrator. Transistor Trio Makes Vector Anemometer: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Transistors offer thermal protection for controller: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / When a switch-mode power-supply controller, such as On Semiconductor's NCP1200, operates at a high ambient temperature, you should protect the entire power supply against lethal thermal runaway. The NCP1200 operates directly from the power mains without an auxiliary winding; therefore, the die in the IC dissipates power (Figure 1).. Transistors Tame Perfidious Leakage Inductance: 10/26/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Two Transistor Amplifier: Two transistor circuit replaces IC #1: 02/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Linear Technology's recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally, meaning that you can simultaneously and actively drive both sides. However, as is sometimes the case, you can replace a complicated circuit by a simple one without much loss of performance. . Two Transistor Circuit Replaces IC #2: Linear Technologys recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I2C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally Two Transistor FM Transmitters: Two Transistor LED Flasher #1: Two Transistor LED Flasher #2: Two Transistors Form Bidirectional Level Translator: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Illustrates a translation from5 to3V, but it can accommodate almost any other voltage levels, provided the logic-low levels are equal (usually0V), translation from1 to100-Volt are possible although slow. UHF 100W Transistorized Amplifier: Use a FET as a linear temperature sensor: 05/27/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / In many linear applications of field-effect transistors, the FET is used as a constant-current device for large VDS (i.e., drain-to-source voltage) or as ohmic resistance for small VDS. In the region before pinch-off, the FET is. . .
Voltage Reference improves JFET: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit The common JFET current-source in Figure 1a has average output impedance and depends heavily on the JFET's V P and I DSS variations. These manufacturing variations limit the initial accuracy of the current setpoint that the circuit can obtain with a... Yaesu FT 736R Doppler Compensation: The Yaesu FT-736R CAT interface port uses Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) which operates at 0V, 5V levels for "0" (low) and "1" (high) logic states. Computer RS-232 serial (COM) ports operate at -10V, +10V levels for low and high logic states. You therefore need an RS-232/TTL converter to control this radio. Click here for Other Circuits
Transmitter Circuits - Transmitter Circuit Resource - Transmitters
Transmitter Circuits
1 Valve 3.5MH CW Transmitters: 1 Valve CW Transmitter: 1.5 Volt Tracking Transmitter: 1.5 Volt Tracking Transmitter 2: 10W HF Linear Amplifier: 150mW FM Transmitter: 1W CW Transmitter: 2 Transistor FM Transmitters: 2 Transistor FM Transmitters: 2 Valve 40m CW Transmitter: 2 Valve CW Transmitter: 20M, 4W QRP Transmitter: 250mW HF CW Transmitter: 27MHz AM/CW Transmitter: 2N2222 40 Meter CW / DSB Tranceiver: 3 Watt FM Transmitter : 30 Meter QRP Transmitter for Morse Code: 3W HF QRP Linear Amplifier: 4 Transistor Tracking Transmitter: 4 Transistor Transmitter: 433MHz Transmitter using SAW Resonator: 5 Watt HF CW Transmitter: 500mW HF Linear Amplifier: 56K RF Modem: 5W PLL Transmitter: 7Mhz AM/CW Amateur Radio Transmitter: 7MHz QRP Transmitter: 7MHz SSB Transceiver: Circuit digram and brief description of 7MHz SSB Transceiver for Hams. The circuit is designed around two numbers of MC1496. It can push around 80 Watts with IRF840 in the final. You can down load HTML version or the printer friendly word document. 80 Meter DSB Transmitter: 807 and 1625 Valves: data on vacuum tubes 807 and 1625 used in ham radio transmitters. Describes various pin voltages and different operation modes. AM DSB Transmitter for Hams: circuit diagram of simple double side band suppressed carrier (DSBSC) transmitter for hams. Circuit uses crystal oscillator, crystal can be switched for multi band operation. . AM oscillator for Wireless Microphones: AM Transmitter: Antennas for Ham Transmitters: Describes how to construct various type of antenna for Ham Radio Transmitters. AT Volt Repeater Controllers: Basic FM Radio Transmitters:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/transmitter_circuits.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 5:34:36 PM]
Basic RF Oscillator #1: Basic RF Transmitter for PIR Sensors: Battery operated FM rebroadcast transmitter : Gives you 10 to 20 meters range and runs for months on a single penlight cell. Ceramic Filter BFO: Receive SSB and CW transmissions on your BC receiver. Simple BFO is build around 455 KHz Ceramic Filter. Crystal Controlled FM Transmitter: Current Transmitter With Linear Voltage Transfer Rejects Ground Noise: 08/07/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many systems use current signals to control remote instruments. The advantage of this method is the ability to operate with two remotely connected power supplies even if their grounds are not the same. In these cases, it's necessary for the output. . . Design of Brookdale AT Volt Repeater System Exciter: uses a pair of Hamtronics model TA4512-watt narrow-band FM voice transmitters to develop video and audio carriers on439.250 MHz and443.750 MHz Easy 2 Meter Transmitter: This project is a simple transmitter using only one crystal and will cover 145.00 to 146.00 MHz. The crystal is a 44.9333 MHz crystal for 145.500 receive, as used in the Trio (Kenwood) 2200, PYE, Motorolla, Tait equipment, to name but four. The frequency of the crystal is not critical as almost any other xtal for the 2-meter band will function Experimental Data Transmitter for Fiber optics: Fibroptic transmitter : FM Band Monaural Transmitter: FM Beacon Transmitter (88 108 MHz): This circuit will transmit a continuous audio tone on the FM broadcast band (88-108 MHz) which could used for remote control or security purposes. Circuit draws about30 mA from a 6-9 volt battery and can be received to about100 yards. FM Broadcast Audio Transmitter : Monophonic FM band transmitter for home use. FM Bug: FM Radio Bug: FM Radio Telephone Transmitter: FM Radio Transmitter: FM Radio Transmitter #1: FM Radio Transmitters With OpAmp : FM Transmitter: FM transmitter : Four Channel Wireless Transmitter & Receiver: Four Transistor Tracking Transmitter: Frequency Agile 80m CW QRP Transmitter: High Power FM Bug: Infra / Radio Remote Control Transmitter / Receiver: Infrared Transmitter and Receiver Schematic Diagrams: Infrared Transmitter Circuit: Infrared Transmitter for Audio: (Amplitude Modulated IR) Laser Diode Transmitter: Laser Transmitter Schematics: Light Sensing RF Transmitter: Li'l 7 AM Transmitter Schematic: Long Range FM Transmitter: Low Power FM Transmitter: Micro Power AM Broadcast Transmitters: In this circuit, a 74HC14 hex Schmitt trigger inverter is used as a square wave oscillator to drive a small signal transistor in a Class C amplifier configuration. The oscillator frequency can be either fixed by a crystal or made adjustable VFO with a capacitor/resistor combination. Micro Spy With FETs: Micro Spy With TTL: Micro Spy With USW: MicroPower FM Broadcasting Circuits: Miniature FM Transmitter #2:
Miniature FM Transmitter #3: Miniature FM Transmitter #4: Miniature FM Transmitters #4: Miniature MW Transmitter: circuit diagram of simple medium wave transmitter using BF494B. This simple transmitter have a range of 200 meters. . MINIATURE TRANSMITTER: What can I say about this circuit except brilliant I have actually built this one and was very impressed, I built it using leaded components maybe one day try a bit of smd make it even smaller, problems needs a big Ariel to transmit over any great distance. One Valve 3.5MH CW Transmitter: Op Amp Based FM Transmitter: Phasing SSB Exciter: QRP HF Transmitter: QRP Keyer: very simple keyer circuit using only one transistor. QRP SSB Transmitter: Quality FM Transmitter: RF Transmitter, Light Sensing: RF/SS Handie Hopper Transmitter Schematic: Sensitive FM Transmitter: Shortwave Radio Transmitter: Shortwave Transmitter: Simple FM Microphone: Simple FM Transmitter #1: Simple Low FER Transmitter: Simple RF Transmitter: Simple T Volt Transmitter #1: Simple T Volt Transmitter #2: Simplest RF Transmitter: Small circuit forms programmable 4 to 20 mtransmitter: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / One of the key challenges in the design of 4 to 20-mA current transmitters is the voltage-to-current conversion stage. Conventional transmitters use multiple op amps and transistors to perform the conversion function. These approaches have been around for a long time, but they are usually inflexible, have poor power efficiency, and have limited current compliance... Small FM Transmitter #2: Small Radio Transmitter: Spark gap Transmitter: Surveillance Transmitter Detector: This circuit can be used to "sweep" an area or room and will indicate if a surveillance device is operative. The problem in making a suitable a detector is to get its sensitivity just right, Too much sensitivity and it will respond to radio broadcasts, too little, and nothing will be heard. T Volt Transmitter: allows you to send video to any television in the house, Poptronix kit circuit Telephone Transmitter: Three Watt FM Transmitters : Tracking Transmitter #1: Tracking Transmitter #2: Transmitter senses triple relative humidity figures: 09/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a triple, relative-humidity sensor and radio transmitter. Sensors 1 and 2 form two gated oscillators with natural frequencies of 10 and 5 kHz, respectively, at relative humidity of 50%. The gated oscillators use variable resistances R2 and R3, respectively. Together, these two oscillators generate FSK-modulated outputs at output of IC1B, Pin 6.. Transmitter using LM317: Two Transistor FM Transmitters: Two Valve 40m CW Transmitter: VHF / UHF T Volt Modulator: Elektor January1985 VHF Audio Video Transmitter: This circuit is a TV transmitter on VHF band. VHF beacon transmitter : VHF FM Transmitter:
VHF Transmitter: Video / Audio Wireless Transmitter: circuit diagram and project description Video to RF Modulator: This circuit is a RF modulator which can be used for modeling of video signal. Video/Audio Wireless Transmitter: Wire Tracer: Wireless IR headphone Transmitter: Wireless Microphone #1: Wireless Microphone #2: Wireless Microphone #3: Wireless Microphone Transmitter: WLW 500KW Transmitter Schematic: XTAL Locked tone Transmitter:
TRIAC Circuits, TRIAC Light Dimmer, TTL TRIAC Circuit - Electronics Resource
TRIAC Circuits
AC Switching With TrIAC From TTL: CMOS Gate implements Reverse Phase Control: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas LED Flasher & TrIAC Pulser Work off AC Line: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas TRIAC Light Dimmer #3: This little circuit can be used to dim lights up to about350Watts. It uses a simple, standard TRIAC circuit that, in my experience, generates very little heat. Please note that this circuit cannot be used with fluorescent lights. TRIAC Light Dimmer: dim115-Volt lights up to about350-Watt
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/triac_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:34:39 PM]
Triangle Wave Generator Circuits - Tri Waveform Circuit Resource
Triangle Wave Generator Circuits

10 Hz to 10 Khz VCO With Square and Triangle Wave: Precise Triangle Wave Generation: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun1996 Scheme yields Frequency Locked Triangle Waves: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Summer Linearizes Ramp & Triangle Generators: 12/08/94 EDN-Design Ideas Transconductance amp gives oscillator reciprocal response: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a variation on the familiar integrator/comparator triangle-wave oscillator, which you typically implement with two op amps. An integrator and a comparator connect in a positive-feedback loop; the comparator drives the integrator and vice versa. A fixed amount of Hysteresis exists in the comparator, producing a triangle wave at the integrator's output... Tri Waveform Generator: Triangle & Square Wave Generator: Triangle / Square wave Generator: Triangle Waveform Generator: Triangle/square-wave oscillator serves dual purpose: 11/22/99 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / In conventional triangular-wave oscillators, hysteresis from positive feedback in the Schmitt trigger determines the voltage levels and amplitude of the triangular waves. With this topology, its. .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/triangle_wave_generators.html [1/17/2007 5:34:41 PM]
Triangle wave Oscillators - Square and Triangle Wave Oscillators
Triangle wave Oscillators

10 Hz to 10 Khz VCO With Square and Triangle Wave: Transconductance amp gives oscillator reciprocal response: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a variation on the familiar integrator/comparator triangle-wave oscillator, which you typically implement with two op amps. An integrator and a comparator connect in a positive-feedback loop; the comparator drives the integrator and vice versa. A fixed amount of hysteresis exists in the comparator, producing a triangle wave at the integrator's output... Triangle Wave oscillator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/triangle_wave_oscillators.html [1/17/2007 5:34:47 PM]
Triggering Circuits - Typical Strobe Light Trigger Circuit - Electronic Projects & Circuits
Triggering Circuits
CMOS Gate implements reverse Phase Control: 5/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas DSO Triggering Scheme is Cheap & efficient: 5/7/98 EDN-Design Ideas LED Flasher & TRIAC Pulser work off AC Line: 11/5/98 EDN-Design Ideas Trigger Circuit for Strobes: circuits which can be used for triggering stroboscopes from external signals Trigger Circuit Locks onto one Horizontal Line: 9/2/96 EDN-Design Ideas Typical Strobe Light Trigger Circuit: 555 based Timing circuit which triggers a SCR which controls the trigger transformer Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/triggering_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:34:51 PM]
Tunnel Diode Circuits - Tunnel Diode Circuit Resource - Tunnel Diodes
Tunnel Diode Circuits

Load Line Concept and Diode Circuits: Negative Resistance Oscillator with Homemade Tunnel Diode: This project may not be very practical but I find it to be a very exciting experience. When I first heard about tunnel diodes many years ago, they seemed to me, to be one of the most exotic devices on earth. It was very exciting to discover that I could easily make at home, at least in very crude form, an actual working device that is similar. Ringing and Blocking Oscillators:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/T/tunnel_diode_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:34:56 PM]
UHF - Ultra High Frequency Circuits - UHF Oscillator - Electronic Circuit Resource
UHF - Ultra High Frequency Circuits

CMOS Inverter VCO tunes octave to UHF: 11/19/98 EDN-Design Ideas UHF Oscillator: UHF T Volt Preamplifier:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/U/uhf_ultra_high_frequency_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:35:00 PM]
Ultraviolet Lamp Circuits - UV Circuits - Ultraviolet Circuit Resource
Ultraviolet Lamp Circuits

UV light Box::
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/U/ultraviolet_lamp_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:35:02 PM]
Ultrasonic Oscillator Circuit - Ultrasonic Generator Circuits - Ultrasonic Motion Detector
Ultrasonic Circuits
PIC16F84 Ultrasonic Range Finder Project: Ultrasonic Dog Whistle: Ultrasonic Generator: Ultrasonic motion detector: Ultrasonic Motion Detector: Ultrasonic Parking Sonar: Ultrasonic Range & Imager: Ultrasonic Rangefinder: Ultrasonic Remote Control & Alarm: Ultrasonic Sound Receiver: Ultrasonic Transducer Oscillator Circuit:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/U/ultrasonic_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:35:05 PM]
Unijunction Transistor Circuits - Unijunction Transistors - Relaxation Oscillators
Unijunction Transistor Circuits

Poor man's Frequency Convertor for a squirrel Motor: The idea is opposite of typical motor frequency convertor where the main voltage is first rectified and later chopped to a variable frequency. Outputting voltage must be in proportion of frequency. The lower the frequency the lower the voltage must be. This simple circuit is operating as a cycloconverter. It picks every 3th half wave of the inputting main voltage. The result is 1/3th from the frequency and even from the voltage. It is near ideal and comparable to the normal motor frequency convertor. Only limitation is the speed control. This is not stepless but usable speeds are 1/3th, 1/5th, 1/7th and so on from the mains freq. This circuit is dimensioned to the 1/3 frequency division. Increasing time constant of R2C1 it can operate in more lower speeds. Relaxation Oscillators: A relaxation oscillator is a circuit that repeatedly alternates between two states at with a period that depends on the charging of a capacitor. The capacitor voltage may change exponentially when charged or discharged through a resistor from a constant voltage, or linearly when charged or discharged through a constant current source. With exponential charging, the timing is expressed in terms of time constants RC. In a basic circuit Silicon Controlled Rectifier Model Railroad Throttles and London Model Railroad Group SCR Throttle: The following is a schematic drawing of a Silicon Controlled Rectifier type throttle for use on larger scale model railroads. Three versions of this throttle are shown on this page. They are not sophisticated designs but work well and are tough and reliable. Unijunction Transistor: The unijunction transistor(UJT) is a three terminal device with characteristics very different from the conventional 2 junction, bipolar transistor. It is a pulse generator with the trigger or control signal applied at the emitter . This trigger voltage is a fraction (n) of interbase voltage, Vbb.The UJT circuit symbol, junction schematic, and characteristic curve are
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/U/unijunction_transistor_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:35:07 PM]
UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply - UPS Power Supplies Circuit Resource
Power Supplies: UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply

Basic UPS: Build a UPS for USB devices: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Portable systems often include circuitry that derives power from an external source, such as USB. When the system disconnects from the USB supply, a battery takes over and supplies current via a dc/dc converter. A diode-OR connection (Figure 1. Micro-UPS Features Rapid Battery Recharge: 01/24/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Every circuit needs some sort of power source. Frequently, the success of a circuit will be made or broken by the convenience and flexibility of its power supply. This is particularly true of portable instrumentation, which often must combine. . . Off Line-UPS Offers Backup Power-Source Alternative: 01/10/00 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / With increased dependency on electric power for various domestic, commercial purposes and the seemingly declining capacity of power utilities in many countries, the need for additional backup power sources is on the rise. Various modules are already. . Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/U/ups_uninterruptable_power_supplies.html [1/17/2007 5:35:11 PM]
Vacuum Tube Circuits - Hybrid Amplifiers - Electronic Circuit Resource
Vacuum Tube Circuits

2 Valve 40m CW Transmitter: 25L6 Amp: design without a power transformer Hybrid Amplifier using a 5687 Tube & Magnatec PowerMOSFETs: One Valve 3.5MH CW Transmitter: Phono Preamp (valve): tube design Pure a Class Tube Amp: 15W pure A Class and push-pull Push Pull Class A 2A3 Stereo Amp (valve): Push Pull Class A Amp using type 5687 Dual Triodes: Quad 22 Tube Amp: circuit diagram of commercial tube amplifier RCA Theremin Circuit: Single Ended Class A2 SV811 10 Stereo Amp: Stereo Tube Amplifier: Top Level OTL Tube Headphone Amplifier: Tube Amplifiers: Tube Buffer for CD Player: Two Valve 40m CW Transmitter: VOX AC30 Guitar Amplifier Simulator:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/vacuum_tube_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:35:16 PM]
Vapor Detector Circuit - Breath Alcohol Tester - Detectors & Sensors Circuits
Sensors / Detectors: Gas / Vapor Detectors

Breath Alcohol Tester: Controls the car's ignition system
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/vapor_detector.html [1/17/2007 5:35:19 PM]
Variable Gain Amplifier Circuit - Automatic gain Control (AGC) Circuits - Electronic Circuits
Variable Gain Amplifier Circuit

Automatic gain Control (AGC) Circuits: Digitally Control Gain over a 40 DB Range: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas digitally control an amplifiers gain over a 40-dB range gain Resolution of1.25 dB High Frequency VGhas Digital Control: 07/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Low Noise Variable Gain Amplifier: Single IC provides gains of 10 and 10 : 08/07/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Real-world data-acquisition systems require amplifying weak signals to match the full-scale input range of an A/D converter. Unfortunately, when you configure them as gain blocks, most common amplifiers have both gain errors and offset drift. The typical two-resistor gain-setting arrangement found in many op-amp circuits has serious accuracy and drift limitations.... Variable Gain Stage uses Voltage Output DAC: 08/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Variable Regulator Output: 0 28 volts at3 amps Video Circuits Collection : Linear Technology Application Note #57 / January1994 /includes Video transmission over UTP Voltage Controlled Panner: Variable gain amplifier circuit
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/variable_gain_amplifiers.html [1/17/2007 5:35:22 PM]
Voltage Controlled Oscillator Circuit - VCO Circuits - Voltage Conrolled Circuits
Voltage Controlled Oscillator Circuits

200Mhz to 400Mhz Voltage Controlled Oscillator: 90 MHz voltage controlled oscillator : A controllable source of RF for experiments on the FM Broadcast frequencies. CMOS Inverter VCO tunes octave to UHF: 11/19/98 EDN-Design Ideas Inverters form three phase VCO: 08/02/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need an inexpensive VCO that can produce evenly spaced three-phase outputs over a wide frequency range. You could use tracking all-phase filters with only one oscillator, but this technique is difficult to implement and offers limited range. Other methods, such as using a DSP, are feasible, but they're complex and expensive.. Inverting Latches Make Simple VCO: 06/19/97 EDN-Design Ideas Programmable Clock Oscillator: voltage controller oscillator that was designed as a wide range oscillator to generate clock pulses for a stepper motor drive system, frequency could be varied over1,000,000:1 Voltage Controlled Panner:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/vco_voltage_controlled_oscillator_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:35:24 PM]
VHF - Very High Frequency Circuit - High Frequency Circuits
VHF - Very High Frequency Circuits

Convert 2m VHF FM PMR Transceiver Motorola Radius M110 Into An Amateur Radio: Ham Band VFO: Low-cost prototyping for VHF circuits: 10/18/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Below 10 MHz, the realization of engineering models is fairly straightforward and not critically dependent on pc-board layout. At VHF, parasitic circuit elements and spurious coupling can wreak. . . Low-Cost VHF Inductors Use Nylon Toroids: 06/18/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Toroidal inductors can be used in passive-filter and equalizer circuits in the VHF range. Although SAW filters have taken over many bandpass filter applications, LC low-pass and high-pass filters are still viable. When inductance values. . . VHF / UHF T Volt Modulator: Elektor January1985 VHF Audio Video Transmitter: This circuit is a TV transmitter on VHF band. VHF beacon transmitter : VHF Transmitter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/vhf_very_high_frequency_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:35:26 PM]
Video Amplifier Circuits - Video Amplifiers Circuit Resource - Video
Video Amplifier Circuits

Use Modified Video As An Analyzer Tool: 02/05/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / When designing digital video systems, a significant amount of time is spent searching the display for any instabilities arising from noise, cross-talk, or timing violations. These problems become even more difficult if the system contains. . . Video Amplifier #1: This is a Video amplifier that has been constructed by a single special IC LH0024. Video Amplifier #2: Video Amplifier Circuit From Discrete Transistors: Video Amplifier With Sync Stripper & PC Restore: This document is an application note of200 MHz video amplifier, sync stripper and DC restorer in PDF format. Video Circuits Collection: many video amplifier circuits in PDF format, includes video transmission over UTP Video Clock Superimpose: Video Distribution Amplifier: This is a useful circuit for amplifying and distribution of video signals. This circuit takes normal composite video signal and outputs it to up to3monitors. (added 3/03) Video Inverter: This is a simple one-transistor circuit to invert the whole video signal, including sync pulses. Video Line Selector:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/video_amplifiers.html [1/17/2007 5:35:28 PM]
Television / Video Circuit - Television & Video Circuits Resource
Television / Video Circuits

10GHz Video Link: 24 Bit RGB Video Digitizer: designed for use as the front end of a digital video processor 4 Stage 555 Timer for Video Cam Control: 40 MHz Programmable Video Op Amp: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 8 x 8 Audio Video Switch: AD724 Evaluation Board: takes RGB in from VGA socket, outputs S-video and composite video, supports PAL and NTSC video formats Astec Video Modulator Documentation: This is a four page document of1-video modulator module. This document includes full circuit diagram of the video modulator. Audio / Video Distribution Amplifier: has3 outputs from1-input Audio Video Switch: This is an 8-input x-output audio/video switch module to be controlled from a computer, for example from the parallel port. Each audio/video output can be switched to any of the 8 inputs, separately.1-module drives1-audio/video output and has a34-pin connector to plug into the system interface. You can use video OPA-s on the4051 output instead. Note that you can get full integrated video multiplexers from Maxim. Cable Descrambler: CCD (charge Coupled Device) Support Board: CCD Video Capture Camera Circuit on Request: Circuit Adapts Differential Input to Drive Coax: 05/08/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Uses an HFA1100 or HFA1105 to convert a balanced input signal to a single-ended output signal, uses positive feedback to characteristic-impedance matching while increasing the available output swing, as compared with using a simple series termination resistor Circuit allows accurate sync of multiple CCTV signals: 10/23/97 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / There are times when CCTV sync signals must maintain temporal fidelity when derived from composite video. One such case involves applications in which several video sources are polled by an instrument which then extracts photometric data from video. . . Circuit Facilitates Video Fading: 03/15/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Turning potentiometer P1 adjusts the image brightness from normal video to a black image. With the P2 potentiometer ganged to P1, the sound also varies accordingly. The objectives in building this circuit are to use inexpensive, readily available components and to obtain operation without a battery. Closed Caption Decoder: This is a closed-caption decoder with serial output, based on a PIC16C71, an lantec EL4581C sync separator, and an LM393 dual comparator (for data slicing with automatic threshold). Color Bar Generator: Color Video Travels on twisted Pair Cable: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas / This circuit transmits video anywhere phone lines exist. Although the circuit has more electronic components than the traditional single amplifier used to drive a coax cable, you can easily justify the additional electronics required to drive twisted-pair cables. Commodore 64 Video Modulator 251025 Schematics: takes in S-video format video + mono audio, outputs S-video, composite video and modulated RF signal
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/video_circuits.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 5:35:32 PM]
Commodore 64 Video Modulator 251696 Schematics: Commodore RF Modulator: Connection of the T Volt Set to VG/ SVGto a Card: Design of Brookdale AT Volt Repeater System Exciter: uses a pair of Hamtronics model TA4512-watt narrow-band FM voice transmitters to develop video and audio carriers on439.250 MHz and443.750 MHz Digital Sync tip Clamping: 10/08/98 EDN-Design Idea / Digital sync-tip Clamping allows an ac-coupled ADC to digitize analog video without restoring the horizontal Timing. A new approach to video signal conditioning. Digital Video Processor: Digital Video TBC / Standards Converter: This project is a Time base corrector/standards converter. There is only a partial project description available. Digital Volt Meter With Video Output: Driver for Multiple VGMonitors: Experimental Macrovision Remover: Frame Grabber W / Parallel Port Interface: Generate Video Signals: in real-time using a PIC16F86 Generator Provides 537 NTSC Pattern: 12/03/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Generates some useful NTSC TV picture tube test patterns Guide to CRT Video Design: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04 Nov1995 High Gain Video Amplifier: This circuit from Maxim application note provides40 dB amplification with10 MHz bandwidth. IC Forms Differential Line Driver / Receiver: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas / you can use the HFA1212 dual video buffer to implement differential line drivers and receivers with a minimum of external components IR Controlled a Volt Switch With S Video, Composite Video, & Audio: KD2BD AT Volt AM Video Modulator: video signal processing circuit that allows adjustment of video gain, video bias, sync and sync level KD2BD Video Operated Relay : turns on relay if there is video signal present in the input LH0032 Video Amplifier: LM1823High Quality T Volt Video I.F. Amplifier and Synchronous Detector for Cable Receivers: National Semiconductor Application Notes,09 Apr1996 LM359N Video Amplifier: Low Cost Audio Video Modulator & Transmitter: project report in PDF format Low Cost Audio/video Modulator and Transmitter: Luminance & Color Difference to Composite Video Conversion Methods: block diagrams of luminance (Y) and color components (RY, BY) video signal to composite video conversion Macrovision Code Remover: Maxim Video Circuits Application Notes: MC1374 Based T Volt Transmitter: Microcontroller test Pattern Generator: Mike Video Digitizer Construction Project: Mk1 Video Digitizer: Includes additional background material NTSC S Video to VGRGB Conversion Circuit: This is a scan converter that converts NTSC signal (TV, VCR, LD or DVD) to VGA signal to output VGA monitor. NTSC Video Amplifier: splits1-video input to3 outputs NTSC Video Distribution Amplifier: NTSClab: The purpose of the lab was to create a circuit which would take an NTSC signal in and display TV on a oscilloscope. PIC Micro Frame grabber (TDA8708): PIC Tetris Game: PIC Tock Video Clock: Programmable Clock Oscillator: PIC-Tock video clock using a PIC16C61 Receiving Converters 88 108 to Television: Remote Controlled a Volt Switch: Infrared Controlled AV Switch with S-Video, Composite Video, and Audio RF Modulator: RGB Video Digitizer:
S Video Source Selector: S Video to Composite Video Adapter: S Video to Composite Video Adapter: S Video to VGScan Converter: Simple Circuit Removes Sync: This circuit does analogue video signal preprocessing for A/D conversion. This application note is in PDF format. Simple T Volt Transmitter: Simple T Volt Transmitter: Single Coax Carries Video, Power, & Channel Select Signals: SVGGenerator: circuit to generate SVGA mode video 640x480..1024x768, based on Altera CPLD, text in German Sync Separator Includes AGC: 05/11/95 EDN-Design Ideas T Volt / Radio Antenna Cable Galvanic Isolator: T Volt Modulator: This circuit uses an MC1373 to form a TV video modulator T Volt Out Connection With CRT Discharge Protection: how to protect video outputs of sensitive ICs, PDF file T Volt RGB Signal Output From a SVGgraphics Card: T Volt RGB Signal Output From a SVGgraphics Card: To achieve a CCInfrared conform TV signal with50 Hz vertical interlaced refresh and15.625 kHz horizontal frequency on most SVGA cards its possible to re-program CRT Timing and generate output signals outside the normal specification range. Then some pretty simple hardware is needed for rest of the signal conversion. T Volt Transmitter: T Volt Transmitter: T Volt Transmitter: allows you to send video to any television in the house, Poptronix kit circuit TeleTEXT Devices: Time / Date / Message Video Overlay Generator!: video text overlay circuit Trigger Circuit Locks onto one Horizontal Line: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Produces an oscilloscope trigger that synchronizes the horizontal sweep to a video signal that allows you to view any horizontal line by adjusting a potentiometer TV REMOTE JAMMER : Just point this small device at the TV and the remote gets jammed. The circuit is self-explanatory. 555 are wired as an astable multivibrator for a frequency of nearly 38kHz. TV/Radio Antenna Cable galvanic isolator: VCG01 PAL / NTSC Video Clock / Message Generator: Video text overlay circuit VG to PAL & NTSC Converter: VG to T Volt Converter: VG to T Volt Information Center: VG to Video In for DOS: VGController for the ALTERUP1 Board: VGA signal generation using FPGA VGConverter for Video Projectors & Fixed Frequency Monitors: VGGenerator that Displays An Image in the XS Board RAM on a VGMonitor: example of using Virtex series FPGA to generate VGA signals VGT Volt Version 2.0: converts RGB from VGA to card to PAL composite video VHF / UHF T Volt Modulator: Elektor January1985 VHF Audio Video Transmitter: This circuit is a TV transmitter on VHF band. Video / Audio Wireless Transmitter: circuit diagram and project description Video Amplifier: Video Amplifier: This is an Video amplifier which has been constructed by a single special IC LH0024. Video Amplifier Circuit From Discrete Transistors: Video Amplifier With Sync Stripper & PC Restore: This document is an application note of200 MHz video amplifier, sync stripper and DC restorer in PDF format. Video Amplifiers Make Low Cost Fader: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas / Bandwidths handle SVGA or Super Mac (up to 70-MHz) video signals without degradation, fading is voltage controlled
Video Circuit Clamps under All Conditions: 4/23/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Many videocircuit Clamps operate well in the presence of a composite-video signal but cannot achieve a Clamp level with signals other than composite video or in the absence of an input signal. This circuit, developed for the ADC1175 (a popular and inexpensive, highperformance, 8-bit, 20M-sample/sec ADC), provides the normal back-porch Clamp function to the input of the ADC in the presence of a composite-video signal. The circuit further ensures that the voltage presented to the ADC is within its correct operating range in the absence of an input signal and forces any signal other than composite video to be within the ADCs input common-mode range Video Circuits Collection: Linear Technology Application Note #57 / January1994 /includes Video transmission over UTP Video Clock Superimposer: Video detector: Video Distribution Amplifier: This is a useful circuit for amplifying and distribution of video signals. This circuit takes normal composite video signal and outputs it to up to3monitors. Video Effects Unit: unit provides various wipe patterns for use when video dubbing, wipes1-signal to black, it does not provide mixing between two separate input signals Video emitter uses battery power: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The block diagram in Figure 1 shows how to make a cable-free, direct-video system. The system allows users to walk from booth to booth at an exhibition to interview people and to display the interviews in real time on three screens at key locations. You can use the small and simple system each time you need to capture image and sound on the run. . Video Equalizer Sharpens VCR Images: 10/08/98 EDN-Design Ideas / Sharpens picture images without introducing the shadows, ringing, and noise often observed with commercial video equalizers Video Fader: Video Fader Preserves Synchronization: 07/06/95 EDN-Design Ideas Video Generators: many test picture generation circuits Video In: for the XSV Board (Univ. of Queensland) Video Inverter: This is a simple1-transistor circuit to invert the whole video signal, including sync pulses. Video Line Selector: Video Line Sync Trigger Generator: trigger your oscilloscope on specific lines in a video signal Video Line Trigger Generator: Video Message & Clock Generator: Video monitor adapter enhances oscilloscope: 08/18/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Video signals can be difficult to display on an oscilloscope. Normal trigger circuits in most oscilloscopes have trouble getting a stable trigger from the combined vertical and horizontal sync signals, color burst, and picture signal in a composite. . . Video multiplexer uses high speed op amps : 08/21/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Video multiplexers route video from several sources to a single channel. Low-end consumer products use CMOS analog switches and multiplexers, such as the 4066 and 4051. Unfortunately, these devices have a series on-resistance that ranges from approximately 100 to 1 k, a resistance that is not constant with video level and that appears in series with the signal.... Video Pattern Generator: Video Routers: VISW 8 x4 Stereo audio/video router Video Stabilizer : Video Switch: This article (published in Circuit Cellar Magazine) describes a circuit which switches RGB signals between two genlocked cameras. This project used analogue switched and programmable logic (programmed using VHDL). This article is also available in PDF format and in zipped packet from Circuit Cellar Apr1999. Video/Audio Wireless Transmitter #1: Video/Audio Wireless Transmitter #2: VISW 8 x 4 Stereo Audio/Video Router : VTG 01 PAL / NTSC Video Title Generator: Overlays text over Video screen, takes input from PC keyboard
Voltage Comparator Circuit - Voltage Comparator Electronic Circuits
Voltage Comparator Circuits

Applications of the LM392 Comparator OpAmp IC: National Semiconductor Application Notes, 04-Nov-1995 Comparing the High Speed Comparators: National Semiconductor Application Notes, 24-Jan-1999 Fast Voltage Comparators with Low Input Current: National Semiconductor Application Notes, 28-Jun-1996 LM139 / LM239 / LM339 a Quad of Independently Functioning Comparators: National Semiconductor Application Notes, 24-Jan-1999 Microvolt Comparator: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published 28Jun-1996/ (added 3/03) Precision IC Comparator Runs from Plus 5V Logic Supply: National Semiconductor Application Notes first published 04-Nov-1995 Voltage Comparator Switch:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/voltage_comparators.html [1/17/2007 5:35:34 PM]
Voltage Converter Circuit - Voltage Converter Circuits Resource
Voltage Converter Circuits

+9 Volt*and* 9 Volt From One Battery!: The MAX1044 is a charge pump converter - it uses a capacitor as a "bucket" to pump charge from one place to another. It can be used to generate negative voltage easily. 0.02% Volt / F Converter Consumes only 26 A: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas 10 kHz VFC uses Charge Pump Variation: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas 12 Volt DC to 120 Volt AC Inverter: this inverter should solve that problem. It takes12 VDC and steps it up to120 VAC. The-Wattage depends on which transistors you use for Q1 and Q2, as well as how "big" a transformer you use for T1. The inverter can be constructed to supply anywhere from1 to1000 (1 KW)Watts. 12 Volt to 9 Volt DC Converter: Car Converter for12 Volt to 9V 2 Watt Switching Power Supply: from 6V to14V 3.3 Volt Supply Taps Power From the12 Volt PCI Bus: 5 to 15 Volt Converter: 5 Volt DC From RS232 Signals: The circuit of Figure1 produces a semi-regulated5Volt output from an RS-232 port. Unlike a PC-mouse supply or comparable that rely on the modem-control signals DTR and RTS, this one operates with a3-wire port GND, Rx, and TX, and obtains power only from the TX line. The output currentabout 8mA-is sufficient for CMOS microcontrollers and other low-power . 6 to 12 Volt Converter: This circuit can provide up to 800mA of12V power from a 6 Volt supply. The circuit is simple, about 75% efficient and quite useful. Boost Converter Generates Three Analog Rails: Maxim Application Note #2026 Buck Converter Chargers Also Provides System Power: 05/22/97 EDN Design Ideas / Switching Regulator provides the charge voltage setpoint with Current regulation, and second Switching Regulator provides5V System Power Buck converter handles battery backup system: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A synchronous buck converter is inherently bidirectional. That is, it transfers energy from input to output as a buck regulator when the output voltage is low, but, when the output voltage is high, the converter acts as a boost regulator, transferring power from output to input. This Design Idea shows how to use this bidirectional energy transfer to automatically recharge a battery when the mai..... Buck IC boosts battery voltage for white LED: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Whitelight LEDs are finding their way into many markets that incandescent bulbs once served. Flashlights are among the newer applications in which reliability, ruggedness, and ability to control the power draw of the LEDs make these devices attractive. With incandescent bulbs, the power management for the device is a simple on-off switch.... Buck/Boost Charge Pump Regulator Powers White LEDs From a Wide 1.6 Volt to 5.5 Volt Input: Maxim Application Note #1021 C Volt Ranger: transforms a0-5-Volt input voltage to a adjustable range between010-Volt Charge Pump and Step Up DC DC Converter Solutions for Powering White LEDs in Series or Parallel Connections: Maxim Application Note #1037 Charge Pump Circuit Divides By Two: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit
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Charge Pump Converts Volt in to Volt OuT: 09/02/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Charge Pump Doubles Negative Voltage: Maxim Application Note #782 Choosing the Right Power Supply IC for your Application: Maxim Application Note #737 Cigarette Lighter 9 Volt Adapter: Circuit forms single pulse voltage multiplier : 09/18/03 EDN-Design Ideas / It is sometimes necessary for a microcontroller to generate a pulse whose voltage is higher than the power-supply voltage of the microcontroller. The circuit in Figure 1 allows you to generate 14V pulses from a 5V power supply. An adaptation of the circuit provides a 5 to 12V programming pulse for programming the fuse bits in Atmel Circuit performs high speed voltage to current, current to current conversion: 07/25/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1performs active voltage-tocurrent conversion or acts as a variable-gain current mirror with high precision and bandwidth. A typical application is testing high-speed ICs or other devices that have inputs designed to be driven from current-steering DACs to enable a modulated voltage source to control the devices.. Compact, Inductorless Boost Circuit Regulates White LED Bias Current: Maxim Application Note #1116 Controlling a Variable Voltage Power Supply Using the DS1809 (Pushbutton Control): Maxim Application Note #1035 CoolSET TDA16831: ..-34 for OFF-Line Switch Mode Power Supplies DAC Powered Charge Pump Varies Negative Rail: Maxim Application Note #203 DC to DC Converter Allows of Single Battery: Have you ever wanted to circuit to run off a single 9 Volt battery only to find you needed levels like +12 and -12 Volts? The thought of multiple batteries might have put you off. Why not use a simple DC to DC converter? DC to DC Converter operates From Phone Line: 11/09/00 EDN Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit DC to DC Converter: will produce a 85-Volt voltage from +3V, usable for low power applications DC/DC Conversion Without Inductors: Maxim Application Note #725 Design Case Study: Designing a Power Supply for a Portable, Wireless Contact Manager : Maxim Application Note #1014 Design Formulas Simplify Classic V/I Converter: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Doubler/Inverter Charge Pumps Divide By Two: Maxim Application Note #1876 DPP adds versatility to VFC: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The basic VFC (voltage-to-frequency converter) in Figure 1 comprises an integrator (IC1) and a Schmitt-trigger circuit (IC2). The integrator converts the dc input voltage, VIN , to a linear voltage ramp, and the Schmitt trigger sets the limits of the integrator's output voltage. Feedback around both circuits provides the condition for oscillation.. Driving LEDs in Battery Operated Applications: Controlling Brightness Power Efficiently: Maxim Application Note #1804 Easy Xenon DC to DC Converters!: High Power Voltage Regulator Has Low Dropout Voltage: Maxim Application Note #52 Inductorless Switching Regulator Boosts Input Voltage: Maxim Application Note #5 Inductorless Voltage Converter Boosts a Single Lithium Cell: Maxim Application Note #1791 Linear Voltage to Frequency Converter: Low Battery Monitor Delays System Shutdown: Maxim Application Note #134 Low Noise Audio Power Supply Circuit: Maxim Application Note #169 Low Side CurrentSensing Circuit Uses Synchronous VToF Converter : 09/02/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) can easily measure current flow and convert it to a digital signal understood by the timer/counter input of a microcomputer (C) or microprocessor. It's a straightforward task to add a single opto-isolator... Lower Operating Frequency Improves ICL7660 Voltage Conversion Efficiency: Maxim Application Note #10
Miniature, Precision Negative Reference Requires No Precision Resistors: Maxim Application Note #824 Negative Voltage Generator: takes in +12V and outputs around -11V One 9 Volt Battery gives +18, +25, +33V: This circuit is based on MAX1044 is a charge pump converter. PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: Regulated Charge Pump Delivers 50mA: Maxim Application Note #35 Regulated Step Up Converter Provides High Efficiency Without Inductors: Maxim Application Note #44 Simple Circuit Provides +5 Volt Gate Bias From 48 Volt Input: Maxim Application Note #1803 Simple Methods Reduce Input Ripple for All Charge Pumps: Maxim Application Note #2027 Supplying Power Via the 1 Wire Bus: Maxim Application Note #949 Switch Mode DC Supply: The switching power supply, shown in the schematic, provides12 volts, at10 amps, maximum, using a discrete transistor regulator with an op-amp functioning as a comparator in the feedback circuit. The supply was constructed in1984 and is variable frequency, as opposed to the pulse width modulator (PWM) controllers used today. Switched capacitor IC and reference form elegant 48 to +10V converter: 04/24/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A system designer must almost always face a tradeoff in choosing the right part for an application. The trade-off usually involves performance, price, and function. An example is the issue of powering circuits from a telecom-voltage source. Telecom systems almost exclusively use high-potential negative rails, such as 48V... Tiny Charge Pump Provides Highly Reliable Low Cost Solution to Negative Reference Voltage: Maxim Application Note #348 Trading Performance for Cost in Portable Power Supplies: Maxim Application Note #269 Triple Capacitive Voltage Inverter With the MAX871: Maxim Application Note #1875 Tripler Converts 5 Volt to 15V: Maxim Application Note #297 Two Watt Switching Power Supply: from 6V to14V Universal High Resistance Voltmeter: Universal Watchdog Fully Controls Preset: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas Use a 555 timer as a switch mode power supply: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Most switch-mode power supplies rely on a PWM (pulse-width-modulated) output that is controlled via voltage feedback. A 555-timer IC can inexpensively perform PWM. The circuit in Figure 1 shows how to turn a 555 PWM circuit into an switchmode power supply with only one simple equation. The design uses two 555s VCO has Digitally Programmable Center Frequency: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas VCO Transforms Sound Card Into Precision DCCoupled ADC : 08/19/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Personal-computer sound cards are sometimes used for analog audio signal acquisition. Also, the Web features many free programs that implement virtual two-channel oscilloscopes by acquiring signals through the sound card. However, sound cards suffer... VCO uses programmable logic: 11/14/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A VCO (voltagecontrolled oscillator) is an analog circuit, so you cannot find it in the libraries for the design of digital programmable chips. When you need such a circuit for synchronization or clock multiplication, you need to find a circuit that works with the standard digital functions, such as AND and NAND.. Versatile Monolithic Volt / Fs Can Compute As Well As Convert With High Accuracy: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Volt / F Converter Draws Flea Power: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Controls Sine Wave Frequency: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Inverter #1: simple low power design based on555 Voltage Inverter IC Forms High Efficiency Rail Splitter: Maxim Application Note #218
Voltage to current converter drives white LEDs: 06/27/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You sometimes need to drive a white LED from one 1.5V battery. Unfortunately, the forward voltage of a white LED is 3 to 4V. So, you would need a dc/dc converter to drive the LED from one battery. Using the simple circuit in Figure 1, you can drive one white LED or two series-connected green LEDs, using only a few components.. Voltage to current converter makes a flexible current reference : 09/18/03 EDNDesign Ideas / The voltage-to-current converter in Figure 1 can both source and sink current. The circuit is more flexible than some traditional current references that require different topologies for current sourcing and sinking. Also, you can easily adjust the value of the current reference by simply adjusting the circuit's input voltage.... Voltage To Current Converter Works From Single Supply Rail: 02/17/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Voltage-to-current converters feeding to grounded loads often find their way into industrial measurements and control applications. The conventional textbook circuit needs both positive and negative-supply rails. Click here for Other Circuits
Voltage Monitor, Sensor, Detector - Voltage Sensors & Detectors
Voltage Monitors / Sensors / Detectors

Battery Monitor Draws 8 or Less: 04/13/95 EDN-Design Ideas Battery Monitor Emulates Auto Dashboard: 07/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Cigarette Lighter 9 Volt Adapter: Circuit Detects & Disconnects Overvoltages: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit Detects total OnTime: 02/04/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find circuit. Circuit Measures Microvolts In The Presence Of Volts : 08/23/04 Electronic Design Design Briefs / Sometimes, it's necessary to make microvolt measurements in the presence of volts. For example, the need arose to measure the thermoelectric potentials in an RTD circuit in which the 10 V applied to self-heat the RTD made measuring such tiny).... Circuit Provides 1.5V, 7Bus Termination: 09/14/95 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit safely applies power to ICs: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Supervisory circuits normally monitor a microprocessor's supply voltage, asserting reset to the IC during power-up, power-down, and brownout. In this way, the circuit ensures that the supply voltage is stable before the microprocessor boots, thus preventing codeexecution errors. Many analog and digital ICs also need a well-behaved start-up of their supply to avoid latch-up and logic-stat... . Clamping Circuit Dissipates Minimal Power: 03/30/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / This circuits is a quasilinear regulator Cockcroft Walton Diode Voltage Multipliers: this document describing some basic voltage multiplier circuit topologies, PDF file Comparator Detects Failed Telecomm Supplies: 06/22/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Detects when telecomm power supplys48V output drops below its nominal value, uses an isolated comparator to monitor two48V telecomm supplies (of either polarity) / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Comparator Features Symmetrical Thresholds: 03/06/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The comparator often is the simplest bridge between analog and digital worlds, but crossing this bridge isn't as simple as might be thought. Keep in mind, we are leaving the analog world with an indefinite number of states and entering into a vastly. . . Contactless AC Mains Voltage Detector: DC Power Supply: simple circuit based on 78xx fixed voltage regulator IC, those ICs are available for some fixed voltages between5 and24V Generate Dual Voltages That Track By Percentage Of Range: 06/09/03 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Consider the need to vary two voltages, V1 and V2, by an equal percentage of their ranges (V1MAX - V1MIN) and (V2MAX - V2MIN), with V1MAX, V1MIN, V2MAX, and V2MIN. . .
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Voltage Monitor, Sensor, Detector - Voltage Sensors & Detectors
Internal Oven Provides Voltage Reference Less Than 1-ppm/C Drift: 04/03/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / When precision voltage-reference requirements demand less than 1-ppm/C temperature drift, the designer can choose to use expensive components (off-the-shelf modules) or build a custom oven enclosure. This second choice is common among. . . Latching Regulator Prevents Deep Discharge: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Low Voltage Alarm: NE555 Low Voltage Battery Disconnect Circuit Low-voltage oscillator features increased spectral purity: 11/02/98 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / A common problem in crystal sinusoidal oscillators is the excitation of unwanted modes of the quartz crystal that degrade the spectral purity of the oscillator. This problem is significant in overtone crystals, particularly if the oscillator is. . . Low-Voltage Series Reference Draws Only 2.4 A: 08/20/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / For systems with miniscule power budgets, implementing a low-power voltage reference involves many compromises. One design option is the low-voltage shunt reference. Available since the birth of the bandgap cell, this device traditionally operates. . . Maximum Voltage Sorter uses Analog Multiplexers: 09/29/94 EDN-Design Ideas OpAmp Rectifier Signals Input State: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Detects Voltage over Ranges: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Disconnects Load From Battery: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Solid State Relay Saves Battery's Life: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas Status Indicator Flags Five Discharge States: 01/20/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit actually indicates five conditions of the battery. A steady glow assures the user that the battery is strong and healthy. A2-Hz brief flicker off indicates that the battery is starting to show age. A more insistent,50%,5-Hz flashing is a warning to have a spare battery on hand. A brief flicker on at2 Hz is the battery's last gasp. And, when the LED is continuously off, its Time to replace the battery. Supervisory IC Makes Simple Line Monitor: 03/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas NE555 Low Voltage Battery Disconnect Circuit: Ultimate Battery Low Voltage Alarm:
Click here for other Circuits
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Voltage Multiplier Circuit - Voltage Multiplier Circuits - Voltage Doubler
Voltage Multiplier Circuits

Circuit forms single pulse voltage multiplier : 09/18/03 EDN-Design Ideas / It is sometimes necessary for a microcontroller to generate a pulse whose voltage is higher than the power-supply voltage of the microcontroller. The circuit in Figure 1 allows you to generate 14V pulses from a 5V power supply. An adaptation of the circuit provides a 5 to 12V programming pulse for programming the fuse bits in Atmel Voltage Doubler Input DCC Only Block Occupancy Detector:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/voltage_multipliers.html [1/17/2007 5:35:47 PM]
Voltage Reference Circuits - Voltage Reference Circuit Resource
Voltage Reference Circuits

1.2 Volt Reference: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 / Circuit Measures Small Currents Referenced To High-Voltage Rails: 01/07/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Designs that need to measure small signals riding on high-voltage power rails suggest the use of isolation devices. However, a high-common-mode-voltage instrumentation amplifier used with a rail-to-rail input and output amplifier can recover the. . . IC Voltage Reference has 1 Ppm Per Degree Drift: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Linear Brief 41 Precision Reference Uses Only Ten Microamperes: National Semiconductor Application Notes,02-Mar-1999 References for a / D Converters: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 / Regulator Makes Dual Tracking Reference: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Supply circuitry selects main or backup voltage and disconnects load: 07/21/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A complete portable-equipment power supply, suitable for systems that can be plugged into a docking station, is presented in this circuit idea. When the main supply is removed or falls out of regulation, selector circuitry automatically switches the. . . Supply delivers pin programmable multiple references: 05/01/03 EDN-Design Ideas / In the circuit of Figure 1, the REF01, IC1, is a buried-zener-diode-based, precision 10V reference that features minimal noise and drift over temperature. The circuit provides not only the 10V output of the REF01, but also a 5V output that a REF02 reference would deliver. In addition, the circuit provides 5 V 10V, and an unbalanced dual reference, the sum of whose voltages is precisely 10V... Voltage Reference improves JFET: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit The common JFET current-source in Figure 1a has average output impedance and depends heavily on the JFET's V P and I DSS variations. These manufacturing variations limit the initial accuracy of the current setpoint that the circuit can obtain with a... Click here for Other Circuits
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Voltage Regulator Circuits - Voltage Regulator Circuit Resource
Voltage Regulator Circuits

+5 Volt Power Supply Circuit: 0 to 24 Volt 4Adjustable Power Supply #1: 0-24V4A adjustable power supply, text in Finnish 0 to 30 Volt Lab Supply: 1.2 to 25 Volt DC At 4Power Supply Schematic: built using discrete transistors and 741 OpAmp, read circuit description 1.2 Volt Reference: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 12 Volt 30 Amp Power Supply: uses a single 7812 IC voltage regulator and multiple outboard pass transistors, this power supply can deliver output load currents of up to30 amps 12 Volt Alarm Power Supply: 12 Volt DC Power Supply: 12 Volt RMS to 10 Volt Voltage Regulator: will take a12V RMS sinusoidal input from a transformer and provide a10-Volt DC output at100 mA with very good regulation 12 Volt to 9 Volt DC Converter: Car Converter for12 Volt to 9V 12-V Amplifier Is Designed Using Low-Voltage Digital Potentiometer: 02/19/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Analog circuits today are typically biased from 5 V to 18 V. But the trend is toward lower voltages. For this reason, many components are designed to operate primarily in 5-V systems. One example is the digitally controlled. . . 13.8 Volt 20PSU: This is a Regulated DC power supply with short circuit protection and with current limiter. 1Variable Regulated Power Supply: 230 Volt Dimmer: FAIR WARNING - THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UPS 5 Volt Power Supply: 78xx Regulator Board: circuit board and circuit for making voltage regulators based on 78xx ICs, in PDF format, text in Finnish 9 Volt 2PSU: A simple 9 Volt 2 amp supply using a single IC regulator. 9 Volt Stabilized Power Supply: Active Preloading Provides Sinking Capability: 01/02/97 EDN-Design Ideas -- A simple add-on circuit enables a unipolar power supply, usually a current-sourcing circuit only, to sink current from a load Adjustable 3Terminal Regulator for LowCost Battery Charging Systems: National Semiconductor Application Notes, 28-Jun-1996 Adjustable LNB power supply is DiSEqC-compatible: 04/20/98 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / The circuit shown provides a digitally switchable 13 V or 17 V for the low-noise block (LNB) typically found in satellite receivers at the antenna feedhorn. This variation of supply voltage tells the remotely located LNB electronics whether it. . . Adjustable Power Supply: well filtered variable1.2-30 volts at5 amps using LM338K Adjustable power supply :
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Adjustable Power Supply using LM317: voltage regulator for1.2V to35-Volt output voltages and up to1A load Alarm PSU: Applications for An Adjustable IC Power Regulator: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Automatic Local Sensing Improves Regulation: 1/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas Bench Top Power Supply, Auto-Fan: Bench Top Power Supply, Part 1: Bench Top Power Supply, Part 2: Bench Top Power Supply, Part 3: Bench Top Power Supply, Part 4: Capacitance Multiplier Power Supply for Class a Amplifiers: Car Battery Charger: quickly and easily charge most any lead acid battery, automatically turns charging off when ready Car Converter for 12 Volt to 9V: Car NiCd Charger: This circuit provides up to20-Volt output from a regular13.2V automotive battery, to enable constant current charging of NiCd battery packs up to15 cells @1.2V (18V total). Change Improves Regulators Reliability: 05/12/94 EDN-Design Ideas Circuit improves on bias for GaAs FETs: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / It's important to properly sequence the bias applied to an RF/microwave GaAs FET or a MMIC (monolithic-microwave-IC) amplifier. These devices are extremely sensitive to drain and gate voltage levels as well as to the order in which these biases turn on and off. A GaAs-FET amplifier that uses two bias voltages-a negative supply, VGG, on its gate and a positive supply, VDD, on its dra... . Circuit Measures Small Currents Referenced To High-Voltage Rails: 01/07/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Designs that need to measure small signals riding on high-voltage power rails suggest the use of isolation devices. However, a high-common-mode-voltage instrumentation amplifier used with a rail-to-rail input and output amplifier can recover the. . . Circuit provides reference for multiple ADCs: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The achievable accuracy for systems with multiple ADCs depends directly on the reference voltages applied to the ADCs. Medical-ultrasound-imaging systems, for example, commonly include a large number of ADCs in the system's beam-former electronics, with the ADCs usually organized in groups of 16, 24, 32, and so on. . Combine A Hot-Swap Circuit With A Linear Regulator: 11/08/99 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Some applications require both a hot-swap circuit to limit inrush currents and a linear regulator to maintain a constant output voltage from minimum to maximum load current. To compensate for the. . . Constant Current Battery Charger: Current-sensing LDO voltage regulator: 04/20/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / When designing battery-operated devices, battery contact chatter can be prove to be a difficult problem to overcome. When the chatter occurs at a critical time, the results can often be devastating. For instance, if a memory write takes place during a. . . DAC & OpAmp Provide Variable Control Voltage: 12/06/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit DC Adapter Power Supply: DC voltage "virtual earth" circuits Digitally Adjust Regulator's Output Using A JFET Interface: 04/29/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Often, electronic systems are guaranteed to operate with any supply voltage, within a given VCC range. Testing these circuits requires a regulated voltage supply that can be automatically incremented, from a minimum to a certain maximum.. . . Drawing Power From a PC Serial Port: This circuits derives fairly low power, (mA at5V) from a RS-232 serial connection. (NOTE: ASCII drawing) Dual + / 15 Volt Power Supply: suitable for powering OpAmp circuits Dual 12V Power Supply: Dual Polarity Power Supply 1: supply is easy to build and adjustable from0-15 volts Dual Regulated Power Supply: Dual Tracking + 15v:
Explanation & Experiment About Regulated DC Power Supply: many power supply designs for different voltages, built from discrete components Extend the input range of a low dropout regulator: 10/17/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Because of process limitations, all ICs have an input-voltage limitation. This limitation can be cumbersome when you try to step down a high supply voltage to a lower, regulated voltage using a dc/dc converter, such as a linear regulator. Adding a FET to the input of a linear regulator creates a dc/dc converter with a wider input-voltage range than the range of the regulator alone Finesse Regulator Noise: Fixed Voltage Power Supply: Get Low-Impedance Scaled Voltages With Everyday Parts: 02/17/03 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / The precise combination of common, inexpensive components can yield a scaled regulated voltage with a very low output impedance and high current output capability. It's especially useful when the output is scaled to one-half of the input value to. . . Get Power Out of PC Parallel Port: An article which includes circuits, shares how to us a parallel port to connect to a very wide selection of devices like software protection dongles, removable disks, modems, network adapters, printer sharing units, parallel port extenders, soundcards, electronic telecard readers and many circuits. High Current Power Supply: High Stability Regulators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun-1996 HighEfficiency Regulator has Low DropOut Voltage: National Semiconductor Application Notes,01-May-1998 Hot swap higher voltage supplies: 04/19/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Some applications, such as communications, fault-tolerant computer systems, and networking, require circuit boards to be inserted into a backplane without turning the power off. The bulk supply. . . Hot swap structure offers improved redundancy: 01/09/03 EDN-Design Ideas / For redundancy purposes, a number of power supplies, using ORing diodes, can work into the same load. During maintenance, when you can remove any power supply, the minimum possible power perturbation at the load is desirable. To compensate for the voltage drop across the ORing diodes, you must connect the power-supply feedback lines after the diodes, at the load... IC Provides OnCard Regulation for Logic: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 IC Voltage Reference has 1 Ppm Per Degree Drift: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Improving Power Supply Reliability With IC Power Regulators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Increasing Regulator Current: you can boost 78xx regulator output with1-power transistor L200 Regulator Circuit: easy to power supply with1-single L200 IC, offers a variable current limit of up to2 A, as well as voltage regulation Lantern Flasher / Dimmer: LDO Circuit Provides Smart Power Monitoring: 10/24/96 EDN-Design Ideas LDO Regulator Works With VOUT Lower Than Its Internal VREF: 12/18/03 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / The reference voltages of standard low-dropout (LDO) linear regulators are usually in the 1.2- to 1.25-V range. But that's not low enough to meet the latest CPU and logic voltage requirements, which can be as low as 0.9 V. That is, the reference. . . Light Bulb Voltage Regulator : Linear Brief 41 Precision Reference Uses Only Ten Microamperes: National Semiconductor Application Notes,02-Mar-1999 Linear Regulator Converts 3.3 to 2.9V: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Linear regulator=low cost dc/dc converter: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a good choice if you need a power supply with high efficiency and you don't want to use expensive dc/dc-converter ICs. The heart of the circuit is IC1, the common, inexpensive LM7805 linear regulator. The external switch is a pnp transistor; the circuit can easily source more than 1A output current.. Linear Regulators Theory Of Operation & Compensation: National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-May-2000
LM105An Improved Positive Regulator: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 LM125 Precision Dual Tracking Regulator: National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Feb-1999 LM317 Adjustable Power Supply: LM317 Regulator Circuit: LM317 Regulator With Pass Transistor: LM317 Variable Power Supply: LM317 Variable Voltage Regulator: LM340 Series Three Terminal Positive Regulators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Logic PSU With Overvoltage Protection: 5 volt regulated power supply for TTL and 74LS series integrated, includes output overvoltage fault protection Low Battery Detector Preregulates Input Voltage: 08/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Low Drop Regulator (postscript File): Low Voltage, High Current Time Delay Circuit: Low-Dropout Current Regulator Improves LED Driver Efficiency: 11/06/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / With the proliferation of batterypowered designs, efficient power management becomes crucial in maximizing battery life. Although light-emitting diodes (LEDs) consume a large portion of the battery current in many applications, theyre necessary and. . . Measurement Circuit Features High CommonMode Rejection : 07/22/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Modern measurement systems often operate with single 5-V power supplies, yet their input signals may have large common-mode voltages that exceed the supply by tens or hundreds of volts. Also, unless the converter is driven differentially, the noise on... Micropower Voltage Reference: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun1996 MOSFET Circuit UPS Regulator's Output Current: 02/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Use a current mirror and a power MOSFET to increase the output-current capability of an IC-voltage regulator MOSFET switch provides efficient AC / DC conversion: 02/17/00 EDN-Design Ideas Negative Regulator has <0.4 Volt Dropout Voltage: 11/06/97 EDN-Design Ideas Nine-Volt Stabilized Power Supply: OpAmp Makes Precise 9 Volt Battery Splitter: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Alkaline 9V batteries are ideal for many portable, handheld applications, this circuit generates a bipolar supply of5V and -2.3 to -4V using a precision5V reference and one op amp as a supply splitter Pass Regulator's Output Ranges From 0 to 20V: 04/13/95 EDN-Design Ideas Pass Transistor Lowers Dropout Voltage: 02/18/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Portable CD Player Adapter for Car: steps down the12V from the lighter socket to 9V which is used by some CD players (Sony Discman) Positive regulator makes dual negative output converter: 06/26/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Some systems, such as optical networks, require more than one negative voltage. A common procedure is to boost the main negative supply of 5V to 10V and then reduce it with a linear regulator to 9V. The 5V itself comes from a positive supply, typically 5 or 12V. Independently creating each of the two negative voltages requires the use of two switching-regulator ICs... Positive regulator makes negative dc/dc converter: 12/26/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Power-supply designers can choose from a plethora of available positive buck regulators that can also serve as negative boost dc/dc converters. Some buck regulators have a negative-feedback reference voltage expressly for this purpose, but ICs that have positive-reference feedback voltages far outnumber these negative-feedback regula Power Supply Circuit Tracks Control Input: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas Power Supply Circuit Tracks Control Input: 12/21/1995 EDN-Design Ideas/ Power Supply Converted from a PC (link):
Power Supply Cuts Switching Noise In DDR Memory Systems: 11/11/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This design idea describes a unique, low-cost powersupply circuit for a double-data-rate (DDR) memory system. Conventional designs for DDR memories consist of a dual buck converter and a voltage reference. In contrast, this design replaces one buck. . . Power Supply Provides +5 Volt DC Regulated, +10 Volt DC unregulated & 7.5Volt AC Hand Drawn: Power Supply Write-Protects SmartVoltage Memories: 11/03/97 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Second-generation FlashFile memory devices developed by Intel, which employ the companys SmartVoltage technology, can operate with a 5V Vpp supply in addition to the established 12 V Vpp. This dual-operating voltage causes a. . . Power Supply's Output Tracks Negative Input By One-Half: 04/26/04 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / In some fiber-optic communication applications, the transimpedance amplifier needs a negative bias voltage that tracks the negative input rail by one-half for the data signal's common-mode input range. The circuit in ... Power-Supply Failure Alarm: Protection Feature Enhances Boost Converter: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas References for a / D Converters: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov1995/ Regulated DC Power Supply: many power supply designs for different voltages, built from discrete components Regulator Excels in Noise & Line Rejection: 01/02/97 EDN-Design Ideas / Certain electronic circuits require extremely low-noise power supplies and this circuit provides very good quality power output Regulator Generates SubBandgap Voltages: 01/02/97 EDN-Design Ideas --100mA regulator that uses a dual linear-regulator IC to produce output voltages below1.25V from2.9 to5.5V input-voltage range Regulator Makes Dual Tracking Reference: 11/07/96 EDN-Design Ideas Renkus Heinz Controller Power Supply: outputs regulated +-15-Volt Shunt Regulator Provides overvoltage Protection: 01/15/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Regulator has one Active Part: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Regulator Monitors its Input Voltage: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas Supply Saves Circuits From Lax Predecessors: 11/23/94 EDN-Design Ideas Terminal Regulator Is Adjustable: National Semiconductor Application Notes,08Nov-2000 Transformerless Power Supply: Important Warning: This is a power supply project without using a power supply. This can save the expense of buying a transformer, but presents potentially lethal voltages at the output terminals.Under no circumstances should a beginner attempt to build such a project. Transistor quickly Wakes Sleeping LDO: 09/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas Two ACels Power Step Down Regulator: 01/07/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Universal DC to DC Converter: Variable 3 to 24 Volt / 3 Amp Power Supply: regulated power supply can be adjusted from3 to25 volts and is current limited Variable DC Power Supply: Voltage range:0.7-24 Volt Current limiting range:50mA-2A Variable DC Power Supply: based on versatile L200 voltage regulator, independent voltage (3-15V) and current (10mA-2A) limits Variable Dual Lab Power Supply: can supply from +/-1.2V up to about +/-25V, will current limit at around 800mA Variable load tests voltage sources: 07/19/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 serves as a variable, current-sink load for testing voltage sources. You use digital commands to set the load current of the device under test over a wide range, independently of the device under test's output voltage. Variable Power Supply, 1 30 Volt@ 1.5A: 1.2 volts to30 volts at1.5 amps Variable Voltage & Current Power Supply: Varying Brightness AC Lamp: SCR is used to slowly vary the intensity of a120 volt light bulb by controlling the Time that the AC line voltage is applied to the lamp during each half cycle
Voltage Inverter #2: simple and inexpensive circuit can produce a dual (positive and negative) voltage from a single supply input, extremely useful for powering OpAmp and other circuits that require a dual voltage from a single battery Voltage Reference improves JFET: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Voltage Regulator: simple regulated12V power supply using1-transistor regulator circuit Voltage Regulator goes Digital: 11/24/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / Power consumption and failing batteries are key issues in battery-operated applications. Features in the new generation of series voltage regulators address these concerns. For example, National Semiconductors LP2951 MicroPower voltage regulator provides a logiclevel output signal indicating a low regulated output voltage; the IC also has a logiclevel input to shut down the regulator to conserve power. Wide-Range Programmable Negative Regulator Conserves Power: 06/08/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit described here supplies 0 V to 40 V for those applications that require a variable programmable power supply, such as in automated testing systems, battery-discharge-curve simulation, and when driving heating elements to various. .
Voltage to Frequency Converter - Voltage to Frequency Converters Circuits
Voltage to Frequency Converters

0.02% Volt / F Converter Consumes only 26 A: 07/04/96 EDN-Design Ideas 10 kHz VFC uses Charge Pump Variation: 04/09/98 EDN-Design Ideas DPP Adds Versatility to VFC: 11/14/02 EDN-Design Ideas / The basic VFC (voltage-to-frequency converter) comprises an integrator (IC1) and a Schmitttrigger circuit (IC2). The integrator converts the dc input voltage, VIN, to a linear voltage ramp, and the Schmitt trigger sets the limits of the integrators output voltage. LowSide CurrentSensing Circuit Uses Synchronous VToF Converter : 09/02/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) can easily measure current flow and convert it to a digital signal understood by the timer/counter input of a microcomputer (C) or microprocessor. It's a straightforward task to add a single opto-isolator... PIC Controlled DDS VFO, 0 to 6 MHz: Universal Watchdog Fully Controls Preset: 05/25/95 EDN-Design Ideas VCO has Digitally Programmable Center Frequency: 04/25/96 EDN-Design Ideas VCO Transforms Sound Card Into Precision DCCoupled ADC : 08/19/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Personal-computer sound cards are sometimes used for analog audio signal acquisition. Also, the Web features many free programs that implement virtual two-channel oscilloscopes by acquiring signals through the sound card. However, sound cards suffer... VCO uses Programmable Logic: 11/14/02 EDN-Design Ideas / A VCO (voltagecontrolled oscillator) is an analog circuit, so you cannot find it in the libraries for the design of digital programmable chips. Versatile Monolithic Volt / Fs Can Compute As Well As Convert With High Accuracy: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Volt / F Converter Draws Flea Power: 04/24/97 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Controls Sine Wave Frequency: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/voltage_to_frequency_converters.html [1/17/2007 5:36:00 PM]
Volt Meters Circuits - Voltmeter Circuit - Digital Volt Meters
Volt Meters Circuits

Digital Mains Voltage Indicator: Digital Volt Meter: Digital Volt Meter With Video Output: Digital Voltmeter: DIGITAL VOLTMETER: This is just a schematic view of a digital voltmeter all components and values are listed. Expanded scale indicator revisited: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The visualization aid that a previous Design Idea describes allows only the expansion of the upper end of the scale (Reference 1). But what can you do if, according to your project requirements, you need to expand the middle region of the scale? Figure 1a illustrates the challenge. A voltmeter comprises a 100-A dc meter and a series resistor Expanded Scale Voltmeter uses Just Two Parts: 01/20/1994 EDN Design Ideas / The expanded voltmeter doesnt require trimpots to obtain usable accuracy or require the tedious selection of Zener diodes. This circuit consists of only two parts and a5V meter. The circuit is completely linear and requires no calibration except the rare mechanical zeroing of the meter. By using a split voltage reference system with floating output, the zero point of the voltage supplied to the meter equals the absolute sum of the two references. Improve Voltage Readings By Doubling A DVM's Scale: 04/29/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / The ubiquitous, and now inexpensive, 1999-digit digital panel meter or digital voltage meter (DVM) module is a very useful addition to the range of test and display gear currently available. It's accurate, robust, and easily scaled for ranges from. . . Indicator features expanded scale: 02/21/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Test equipment for a production line should be user-friendly (read "idiot-proof") and should offer minimal test time. In many cases, the test fixture must give an operator only one answer: pass or fail. Usually, two indicators assume this role: green for pass and red for fail. In most applications, a sensor transforms the tested parameter to a voltage; the test fixture must measure this v... . Led display digital Voltmeter: Low Power LED Volt Meter: Precision Audio Frequency Peak Detection Probe : for use with a digital voltmeter Three Level Audio Power Indicator: Battery-operated Three LED display that connect it to loudspeaker output Voltmeter:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/V/voltmeters.html [1/17/2007 5:36:03 PM]
Volume Unit Meters / Sound Level Monitors - Digital Volume Control - Meters
Volume Unit Meters / Sound Level Monitors

3 Level Audio Power Indicator: Battery-operated 3 LED display that connect it to loudspeaker output 30 DDm to +30 DDm Audio Level Meter: circuit with balanced input and adjustable gain to drive needle type VU meter, uses special amplifier module from Op-Amp Labs Analog LED Bar VU Meter: built around discrete components Audio LED VU Meter: built around discrete components Audio tone VU Meter: Audio VU Meter: Digital Volume Control: based on DS1669 Digital Pot IC Digital volume control has log taper: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers provide a compact and convenient way to attenuate audio-amplifier signals. However, most such potentiometers suffer from at least one flaw: a nonlogarithmic step increment. To avoid this problem, a user must usually step. High Resolution Volume unit Meter Simplifies CD Recording: 06/21/2001 EDN-Design Ideas / (One of several circuits in this PDF) CD digital-recording decks typically have peak-reading-only volume-level meters. This feature is adequate to prevent clipping but does a poor job of reading the average volume, or loudness, level. A highResolution, average- (not peak-) reading volume-unit meter produces an accurate reading of loudness. LED Audio UV Monitor: logarithmic scale with3 dB steps, based in LM3915 IC LED Bar VU Meter: LED Barograph Driver: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads Mono VUMeter I: Precision Audio MilliVoltmeter: Measures10mV to50Volt RMS in eight ranges Simply connect to your Avo-meter set @50A range Sound Level Meter: Three Level Audio Power Indicator: Battery-operated Three LED display that connect it to loudspeaker output Understanding Peak Reading Meters: includes1-example circuit diagram VU & PPM Audio Metering: circuits using analog needle meters VU Meter: 5 led VU meter, in PDF format, includes circuit board, text in Finnish VU Meter Amplifier: VU Stereo Meter: will indicate the volume level of the audio going to your speakers by lighting up LEDs, based on LM3915 IC
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Volume Unit Meters / Sound Level Monitors - Digital Volume Control - Meters
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Sine Wave Generators / Oscillators - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Sine Wave Generators / Oscillators

1KHz Sine Wave Generator: 2MHz RF Oscillator: 4 Transistor Transmitter: 68HC11 Synthesizes Accurate Sine Wave: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas Amplitude Stable Oscillator has Low Distortion, Low Cost: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Audio Test Oscillator: Basic RF Oscillator #1: BatteryPowered Sine Generator Covers 100 Hz To 10 kHz : 05/27/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / We needed a handheld, battery-powered signal generator with a sine-wave output that was continuously adjustable from 100 Hz to 10 kHz. For such a wide frequency range, we selected a function-generator type of oscillator, which requires a... Crystal Filter yields Pure Sine Wave: 06/98 Intersol Application Note # AN9815 Current Feedback Amp yields Simple Oscillator: 06/08/95 EDN-Design Ideas Digital signal controls sine generator: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit of Figure 1 produces an accurate, variable-frequency sine wave for use as a generalpurpose reference signal. It includes an eighth-order elliptic, switched-capacitor lowpass filter, IC3, which uses a 100-kHz square-wave clock signal that microcontroller IC2 generates. (Any other convenient square-wave source is also acceptable... Digital Signal Processor (DSP) for Radio Communications: Digital Signals Produce Pure Sine Waves: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Sine-Wave Generator Produces 0 To 360 Phase-Shifts: 12/04/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Sine-wave generators with 0 to 360 phaseshifts are very important testing blocks in many systems involving DSP operations (i.e., I/Q modulator-demodulator communication, phase-angle measurements and up-down counter conversion in. . . DTMF Coder Makes Low Cost Sine Wave Generator: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas Easily Tuned Sine Wave Oscillators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28Jun-1996 Few Extra Components Stabilize Oscillator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Four Transistor Tracking Transmitter: Gates Provide Low Cost Sine Wave Generator: 08/15/97 EDN-Design Ideas LC Oscillator has 1% THD: 03/31/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Distortion Oscillator Starts Fast: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Distortion, Amplitude Stable Sine Wave Oscillator: Low Distortion, Amplitude Stable Sine Wave Oscillator: Low Frequency Sine Wave Generator: The two circuits below illustrate generating low frequency sine waves by shifting the phase of the signal through an RC network so that oscillation occurs where the total phase shift is360 degrees.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sine-Wave_Generators.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:36:16 PM]
Microcontroller-based sine-wave generator has crystal accuracy: 12/14/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / One way to generate a sine wave is to pass a square wave through a low-pass filter. The high-order harmonics will be filtered out, leaving only the fundamental. The higher the order of the filter, the purer the sine wave produced. The MAX292. . . Microphone Circuit Test Oscillator: 440 Hz Tone generator for testing XLR microph1-lines Negatrons Enrich Filter, Oscillator Designs: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas OpAmp Oscillators Simplify RF Designs: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator Lowers Distortion & Phase Noise: 08/18/94 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator, 2MHz.: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diode-stabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Self Oscillating Amplifier for Distortion Testing: allows the home constructor to make quite accurate measurements, without having to spend a lot of money on a low distortion oscillator Simple Circuit Generates Clean Sine Waves: 06/19/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Compensation Extends Oscillator's Range: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Sinewave Generator: Simple sine-wave generator has no low- or high-pass filters: 05/25/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Generating sine waves with controlled frequencies over a wide range is difficult when using RC or LC sinusoidal oscillators. However, this performance can be simply created using a wideband digital squarewave oscillator, a counter, and a weighted. . . Sine Wave Generation Techniques: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 Sine Wave Generator: Sine Wave Generator: Sine Wave Generator With Crystal Accuracy: Sine/Cosine Wave oscillator: Square Wave to Sine Circuit: Swept sine oscillator has quadrature output: 08/18/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Signals with a know frequency but unknown phase may be detected using an in-phase and a 90 shifted reference signal, as frequently used in lock-in amplifiers, synchronous detectors, and frequency-response analyzers. The 90shifted signal. . . The Wien bridge oscillator is reborn: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In 1940, William Hewlett and David Packard launched a product from a garage. The product was a Wien-bridge oscillator. It consisted of a single-pole highpass filter in series with a single-pole lowpass filter. To keep the gain constant, the circuit used an incandescent pilot light to provide AGC (automatic gain control) Twin T Audio Sine Wave Oscillator: Two Transistor Sine Wave Oscillator: Two Transistor Sine Wave Oscillator: UHF Oscillator: Variable Gain Stage uses Voltage Output DAC: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Controls Sine Wave Frequency: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas Wein Bridge Oscillator: Wein Bridge Oscillator is Reborn: 06/13/02 EDN-Design Ideas / In1940, William Hewlett and David Packard launched a product from a garage. product was a Wienbridge oscillator. It consisted of a single-pole highpass filter in series with a singlepole lowpass filter. Wein Bridge Oscillator keeps THD Below One PPM: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The Wien-bridge sine-wave oscillator uses a light bulb to stabilize its amplitude. The circuit doesn't have a light bulb; it sports several enhancements that lower its distortion and generate a test signal pure enough for testing modern op amps and high-resolution A/D converters.
Wein Bridge Theremin:
Sine Wave Oscillators

1KHz Sine Wave Generator: 2MHz RF Oscillator: 4 Transistor Transmitter: 68HC11 Synthesizes Accurate Sine Wave: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas Amplitude Stable Oscillator has Low Distortion, Low Cost: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Audio Test Oscillator: Basic RF Oscillator #1: BatteryPowered Sine Generator Covers 100 Hz To 10 kHz : 05/27/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / We needed a handheld, battery-powered signal generator with a sine-wave output that was continuously adjustable from 100 Hz to 10 kHz. For such a wide frequency range, we selected a function-generator type of oscillator, which requires a... Crystal Filter yields Pure Sine Wave: 06/98 Intersol Application Note # AN9815 Current Feedback Amp yields Simple Oscillator: 06/08/95 EDN-Design Ideas Digital signal controls sine generator: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit of Figure 1 produces an accurate, variable-frequency sine wave for use as a generalpurpose reference signal. It includes an eighth-order elliptic, switched-capacitor lowpass filter, IC3, which uses a 100-kHz square-wave clock signal that microcontroller IC2 generates. (Any other convenient square-wave source is also acceptable... Digital Signal Processor (DSP) for Radio Communications: Digital Signals Produce Pure Sine Waves: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Sine-Wave Generator Produces 0 To 360 Phase-Shifts: 12/04/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Sine-wave generators with 0 to 360 phaseshifts are very important testing blocks in many systems involving DSP operations (i.e., I/Q modulator-demodulator communication, phase-angle measurements and up-down counter conversion in. . . DTMF Coder Makes Low Cost Sine Wave Generator: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas Easily Tuned Sine Wave Oscillators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28Jun-1996 Few Extra Components Stabilize Oscillator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Four Transistor Tracking Transmitter: Gates Provide Low Cost Sine Wave Generator: 08/15/97 EDN-Design Ideas LC Oscillator has 1% THD: 03/31/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Distortion Oscillator Starts Fast: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Distortion, Amplitude Stable Sine Wave Oscillator: Low Distortion, Amplitude Stable Sine Wave Oscillator: Low Frequency Sine Wave Generator: The two circuits below illustrate generating low frequency sine waves by shifting the phase of the signal through an RC network so that oscillation occurs where the total phase shift is360 degrees.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sine_Wave_Oscillators.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:36:20 PM]
Microcontroller-based sine-wave generator has crystal accuracy: 12/14/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / One way to generate a sine wave is to pass a square wave through a low-pass filter. The high-order harmonics will be filtered out, leaving only the fundamental. The higher the order of the filter, the purer the sine wave produced. The MAX292. . . Microphone Circuit Test Oscillator: 440 Hz Tone generator for testing XLR microph1-lines Negatrons Enrich Filter, Oscillator Designs: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas OpAmp Oscillators Simplify RF Designs: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator Lowers Distortion & Phase Noise: 08/18/94 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator, 2MHz.: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diode-stabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Self Oscillating Amplifier for Distortion Testing: allows the home constructor to make quite accurate measurements, without having to spend a lot of money on a low distortion oscillator Simple Circuit Generates Clean Sine Waves: 06/19/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Compensation Extends Oscillator's Range: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Sinewave Generator: Simple sine-wave generator has no low- or high-pass filters: 05/25/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Generating sine waves with controlled frequencies over a wide range is difficult when using RC or LC sinusoidal oscillators. However, this performance can be simply created using a wideband digital squarewave oscillator, a counter, and a weighted. . . Sine Wave Generation Techniques: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04Nov-1995 Sine Wave Generator: Sine Wave Generator: Sine Wave Generator With Crystal Accuracy: Sine/Cosine Wave oscillator: Square Wave to Sine Circuit: Swept sine oscillator has quadrature output: 08/18/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Signals with a know frequency but unknown phase may be detected using an in-phase and a 90 shifted reference signal, as frequently used in lock-in amplifiers, synchronous detectors, and frequency-response analyzers. The 90shifted signal. . . The Wien bridge oscillator is reborn: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / In 1940, William Hewlett and David Packard launched a product from a garage. The product was a Wien-bridge oscillator. It consisted of a single-pole highpass filter in series with a single-pole lowpass filter. To keep the gain constant, the circuit used an incandescent pilot light to provide AGC (automatic gain control) Twin T Audio Sine Wave Oscillator: Two Transistor Sine Wave Oscillator: Two Transistor Sine Wave Oscillator: UHF Oscillator: Variable Gain Stage uses Voltage Output DAC: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Controls Sine Wave Frequency: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas Wein Bridge Oscillator: Wein Bridge Oscillator is Reborn: 06/13/02 EDN-Design Ideas / In1940, William Hewlett and David Packard launched a product from a garage. product was a Wienbridge oscillator. It consisted of a single-pole highpass filter in series with a singlepole lowpass filter. Wein Bridge Oscillator keeps THD Below One PPM: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The Wien-bridge sine-wave oscillator uses a light bulb to stabilize its amplitude. The circuit doesn't have a light bulb; it sports several enhancements that lower its distortion and generate a test signal pure enough for testing modern op amps and high-resolution A/D converters.
Wein Bridge Theremin:
Siren Circuits - Electronic Alams & Siren Circuit - Powerful Siren
Siren Circuits
One IC 2 Tones Siren Double Tone Police Sound Single Tone Old Ambulance Sound: One-IC two-tones Siren: This circuit is intended for children fun, and is suitable to be installed on bicycles, battery powered cars and motorcycles, but also in models and other games. With SW1 positioned as shown in the circuit diagram it reproduces the typical dual tone sound of Police or Fire-brigade cars, by the oscillation of IC1A and IC1B gates. Powerful Siren: Simple circuitry - No ICs - 12V Battery operation
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Siren_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:36:21 PM]
Solar Cell Circuits - Electronic Solar Charger Circuit - Battery Solar Charger
Solar Cell Circuits

12 Volt Toilet Tank Refiller: 1381 Solar Engine: AA Battery Solar Charger: This almost trivial circuit may be used to charge a pair of AA or AAA sized cells in the sun. I have used it to keep my Palm Pilot and walkman radio running perpetually. This is an unregulated charger, proper charging is achieved by placing the unit in the sun for a known amount of Time, this Time varies according to the battery type. AA Battery Solar Charger: Battery Low Voltage Beeper: D1 Solar Engine: FLED Solar Engine: LED Mood Light: LED7 Solar Tracker: Light Sensing RF Transmitter: Low Power LED Volt Meter: Photovoltaic Transimpedance Amp Is Programmed By Digital Pots: 06/26/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Millions of photovoltaic detectors are used to sense and measure radiant energy in every type of industrial, medical, consumer, and scientific instrumentation application. By properly selecting materials and structure, solid-state photovoltaics can. . . PM1 Solar Engine: Portable Solar Battery Charger: Programmable Light Activated Relay: Remote Solar LED Light: RF Transmitter, Light Sensing: SCC2 1012 / 24 Volt Solar Charge Controller: Self Powered Solar Box Furnace: Sensor Electronic Tracker With H Bridge Drive: Sensor Electronic Tracker With Simple Solar Charge Controller: Seven Component Regulated LED Lamp: Shunt Battery Charger Provides 1Continuous Current: 11/20/97 EDN Design Ideas / a shunt method is Preferable than series regulation in Solar Powered Systems Solar Car Array Controller Schematic: Solar Car Battery Monitor Schematic: Solar Car Brake Controller Schematic: Solar Car Display Controller Schematic: Solar Car Electrical Design and Circuit index: Solar Car Main Controller Schematic: Solar Cell Converter offers Positive Start up: 08/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Solar Cell NiCd Charger: Solar Cells implement Low Cost Illuminator: 09/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas Solar Charge Controller:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Solar_Cell_Circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:36:24 PM]
Solar Cell Circuits - Electronic Solar Charger Circuit - Battery Solar Charger
Solar Charged LED Flashlight: Solar Charged LED Utility Light: Solar Charger for Lead Acid Batteries: Solar lead acid charger, with battery voltage monitor, for12V battery Solar Current Meter: Solar Panel Charge Controller / Low Voltage Disconnect Circuit: Lead acid charger, with battery voltage monitor, power comes from solar panels Solar Panel Charge Controller / Low Voltage Disconnect Circuit: Solar Panel Current Meter: Solar Power Recharge: Solar Power Supply: Solar Powered +5 & +3.3 Power Supply: Solar Powered Dock Lamp Flasher: Solar Robots: Solar Step Down Regulator: Solar Tracker: Solar Tracking Control System: SPC2 612 Volt Solar Power Center: Sun Tracking Circuit for Solar Arrrays: Using The LM555 Timer With Photocell Detectors: Variations on the PWM DC Motor Speed Control: Visible Light Photo Detector Circuits (E+F): Zener Based Solar Engine:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Solar_Cell_Circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:36:24 PM]
Solar Energy Monitor Circuits - All About Solar Circuit - Hobby Projects
Solar Energy Monitor Circuits

Solar Current Meter: Solar Panel Charge Controller / Low Voltage Disconnect Circuit: Lead acid charger, with battery voltage monitor, power comes from solar panels Solar sun tracker :
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Solar_Energy_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:36:28 PM]
Solenoid Circuits - Electronic Circuit Science Hobby Projects
Solenoid Circuits
Circuit Drives 9V Solenoids from 3V Battery: 8/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Solenoid Driver reduces Power & Cost: 7/18/96 EDN-Design Ideas Timer Chip makes Universal Solenoid Driver: 9/1/95 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Solenoid_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:36:30 PM]
Solid State Relay Circuits - Electronic Relay Circuit - Hobby Projects
Solid State Relay Circuits

2 Lead Solid State Breaker Resets Itself: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas / Simple dc circuit breaker can protect a power supply from the ever-present screwdriver or even isolate a satellites dual power system from a short circuit in one subsystem AC Switching With TrIAC From TTL: RF Front End for Triple Conversion GPS Receiver: SCR Phase Control yields Solid State Switch: 03/15/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / SCRs (siliconcontrolled rectifiers) / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest, or thyristors, have higher current and voltage ratings, lower conduction losses, and more robustness than triacs. For these reasons, SCRs are better suited to high-power applications. This is high power dimmer circuit for115V AC. Semiconductor Relays: general info and many example circuits Solid State Relay: Solid State Relay Saves Battery's Life: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas Solid-State Relay Features Load Indicator : 08/09/04 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Several years ago, I designed a remote energy-control system that split a building into sections and wired the overhead space heaters into "zones." As space was an issue and OAC5s (optically isolated output modules) were way too big, each... ).... Solid State Switch for DC Operated Gadgets: Solid-State Circuit Converts Temperature To Voltage: 10/30/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This circuit is a solid-state thermometer suitable for measuring temperatures from 40C to 125C (Fig. 1). By adjusting RZERO and RSCALE, the offset of the. . . Solid-State Multiplexers Reduce Half-Bridge Error: 01/24/00 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / The half-bridge configuration is handy when using nonlinear sensors, such as thermistors, since it can partially compensate for the sensor's nonlinearity. However, multiplexing a single resistor to multiple sensors generally requires the use of. . . Solid-State Relay Features Load Indicator : 08/09/04 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Several years ago, I designed a remote energy-control system that split a building into sections and wired the overhead space heaters into "zones." As space was an issue and OAC5s (optically isolated output modules) were way too big, each... ).... Solidstate Switch For DC-Operated Gadgets: Switch Intelligently Controls Current: 03/30/00 EDN-Design Ideas / This circuit can intelligently control ac or dc current when connected in series with a load Transformer Driver ControlsBiDirectional Switch: 07/17/97 EDN-Design Ideas / You can use a transformer-driver IC to simply control a MOSFET on/off switch Two Lead Solid State Breaker Resets itself: 03/30/95 EDN-Design Ideas / Simple dc circuit breaker can protect a power supply from the ever-present screwdriver or even isolate a satellites dual power system from a short circuit in one subsystem
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Solid_State_Relays.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:36:32 PM]
Solid State Relay Circuits - Electronic Relay Circuit - Hobby Projects
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Solid_State_Relays.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:36:32 PM]
Sound Effect Generator Circuits - Dog Whistle - Cuckoo Sound Generator
Sound Effect Circuits

Cuckoo sound Generator: Agreeable, very close sound imitation - Suitable for sound effects, door-bells etc. Dog Whistle: Model Train Diesel & Horn Sound Module: Noisemaking Circuits: police siren Sound Effects Generator #1: Sound Effects Generator #2:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sound_Effect_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:36:35 PM]
Sound Level Monitors / Volume Unit Meters - Electronic Circuits
Sound Level Monitors / Volume Unit Meters

3 Level Audio Power Indicator: Battery-operated 3 LED display that connect it to loudspeaker output 30 DDm to +30 DDm Audio Level Meter: circuit with balanced input and adjustable gain to drive needle type VU meter, uses special amplifier module from Op-Amp Labs Analog LED Bar VU Meter: built around discrete components Audio LED VU Meter: built around discrete components Audio tone VU Meter: Audio VU Meter: Digital Volume Control: based on DS1669 Digital Pot IC Digital volume control has log taper: 04/11/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers provide a compact and convenient way to attenuate audioamplifier signals. However, most such potentiometers suffer from at least one flaw: a nonlogarithmic step increment. To avoid this problem, a user must usually step. High Resolution Volume unit Meter Simplifies CD Recording: 06/21/2001 EDNDesign Ideas / One of several circuits in this PDF) CD digital-recording decks typically have peak-reading-only volume-level meters. This feature is adequate to prevent clipping but does a poor job of reading the average volume, or loudness, level. A high-Resolution, average- (not peak-) reading volume-unit meter produces an accurate reading of loudness. LED Audio UV Monitor: logarithmic scale with3 dB steps, based in LM3915 IC LED Bar VU Meter: LED Barograph Driver: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads Mono VUMeter I: Precision Audio MilliVoltmeter: Measures10mV to50Volt RMS in eight ranges Simply connect to your Avo-meter set @50A range Sound Level Meter: Three Level Audio Power Indicator: Battery-operated Three LED display that connect it to loudspeaker output Understanding Peak Reading Meters: includes1-example circuit diagram VU & PPM Audio Metering: circuits using analog needle meters VU Meter: 5 led VU meter, in PDF format, includes circuit board, text in Finnish VU Meter Amplifier: VU Stereo Meter: will indicate the volume level of the audio going to your speakers by lighting up LEDs, based on LM3915 IC Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sound_Level_Monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:36:39 PM]
Sound Synthesizer Circuit - Noise Making - Electronic Circuits
Sound Synthesizer Circuits

Aries 318 S / H, Clock & Noise Generator: Arp 2600 Slider Values: Bitmap ASM 1 Analog Synthesizer Module: Cuckoo sound Generator: Agreeable, very close sound imitation - Suitable for sound effects, door-bells etc. Dog Whistle: LED Pulser With Audible Output: Model Train Diesel & Horn Sound Module: Noisemaking Circuits: police siren Paradoxical Sound Synthesizer: The main property of paradoxical sounds is that their frequency do not change when you go an octave higher Sound Effects Generator #1: Sound Effects Generator #2:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sound_Synthesizer.html [1/17/2007 5:36:43 PM]
Sound Operated Circuits - Clap Switch - Mega Phone Circuits - Whisle Switch
Sound Operated Circuits

Clap Switch: Hand Clap Electronic Control: turn relay on and off by hand Clap Mega phone circuit 9v: Sound Operated Switch: Whistle Detector using 8 Pin PIC: Whistle On Whistle Off: This CMOS toggle flip flop circuit has an addition of2bandpass filters and condenser microphone so the relay can be toggled by whistling at it. Whistle Responder: Beeps when hears your whistle A gadget suitable for keyholders, games etc. Whistle Switch:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sound_Operated_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:36:45 PM]
Square Wave Generator - Oscillator - Electronic Circuit Projects
Square Wave Generators - Oscillators

10 Hz to 10 Khz VCO With Square and Triangle Wave: Convert periodic waveforms to square waves: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Converting periodic waveforms to square waves is an integral part of extracting a clock signal from data, creating waveform generators, and making timing-pulse generators. Any square-wave-conversion circuit is more valuable when the square wave's duty cycle is variable and controllable. Figure 1 shows a circuit that has these attributes and can drive several TTL-compatible loads.. FleaPower Oscillator Consumes only 1 A: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Gated Oscillator Emulates a Flip Flop: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Harmonic oscillator: Oscillator turns on Instantly, off Synchronously: 05/23/96 EDN-Design Ideas Rounding Off' a Square Wave: Square wave modulator has variable frequency and pulse width: 08/08/2002 EDN Design Ideas / A few years ago, I worked at a disk-drive company. We had a plating facility that required square waves to drive the high-voltage plating operation. The challenge was that the square wave's pulse width had to be variable, along with the duty cycle. Also, the amplitude of the pulses had to be adjustable.. Square Wave Oscillator #1: Square Wave oscillator #2: SwOpAmp Makes Square Wave Generator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Tiny Programmable Oscillator Operates From 5 kHz To 20 MHz: 08/06/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / By merging a digital potentiometer with an oscillator chip, a very small programmable oscillator (1 MAX and one SOT-23 package) can be realized. In addition to consuming very little board space, the circuit requires only three signals from a. . Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Square_Wave_Generators.html [1/17/2007 5:36:49 PM]
Square Wave Oscillator - Oscillators - Electronic Science Hobby Projects Circuits
Square Wave Oscillators

10 Hz to 10 Khz VCO With Square and Triangle Wave: Convert periodic waveforms to square waves: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Converting periodic waveforms to square waves is an integral part of extracting a clock signal from data, creating waveform generators, and making timing-pulse generators. Any square-wave-conversion circuit is more valuable when the square wave's duty cycle is variable and controllable. Figure 1 shows a circuit that has these attributes and can drive several TTL-compatible loads.. FleaPower Oscillator Consumes only 1 A: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Gated Oscillator Emulates a Flip Flop: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Harmonic oscillator: Oscillator turns on Instantly, off Synchronously: 05/23/96 EDN-Design Ideas Rounding Off' a Square Wave: Square wave modulator has variable frequency and pulse width: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A few years ago, I worked at a disk-drive company. We had a plating facility that required square waves to drive the high-voltage plating operation. The challenge was that the square wave's pulse width had to be variable, along with the duty cycle. Also, the amplitude of the pulses had to be adjustable.. Square Wave Oscillator #1: Square Wave oscillator #2: SwOpAmp Makes Square Wave Generator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Tiny Programmable Oscillator Operates From 5 kHz To 20 MHz: 08/06/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / By merging a digital potentiometer with an oscillator chip, a very small programmable oscillator (1 MAX and one SOT-23 package) can be realized. In addition to consuming very little board space, the circuit requires only three signals from a. .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Square_Wave_Oscillators.html [1/17/2007 5:36:51 PM]
Strain Gauge Circuit - Sensor - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Projects
Strain Gauge Circuits

Strain Gauge Sensor:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Strain_Gauge_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:36:53 PM]
Stepper Motor Circuit - Electronic Circuits Resource - Hobby Projects
Stepper Motor Circuits

68HC11 Stepper Motor Control: AT89C2051 / 4051Stepper Motor Interface: Basic Circuit Supplies Stepper-Motor Timing: 10/13/03 Electronic Design Design Briefs / The fundamental circuit shown in Figure 1 generates timing for a two-phase stepper motor from an oscillator, as well as a direction (forward or reverse) signal. Figure. . . Circuit Controls Isolated 12 Volt Stepper Motor: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas / Allows full direction and step control of a12V, four-phase stepper motor from a5V, TTL/CMOS-compatible logic controller Circuit Controls Slew for Stepper Drive: 08/19/99 EDN-Design Ideas / Slewing control for stepper motors that you use in sophisticated applications, such as monochromator movements in optical experiments Increasing the High Speed Torque of BiPolar Stepper Motors: National Semiconductor Application Notes,05-Aug-1995 Inexpensive Logic Controls Stepper Motor: 03/26/98 EDN-Design Ideas Make a simple ramp generator for stepper motors: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Stepper motors are synchronous motors that step at the pulse rate of the driving signal. For the motor to move quickly, the stepping rate must be fast. However, because of motor and load inertia, the motor often cannot go from 0 rpm to the desired number of revolutions per minute in one step. Therefore, most stepper motors receive their drive from a pulse chain that starts out slowly and ... . Rotary Controller Positions Stepping Motor: 08/03/95 EDN-Design Ideas SIMPLE STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER: This circuit can be used to control a unipolar stepper motor, which has four coils Stepper Motor Controller #1: Stepper Motor Controller #2: Uses the CPLD and 8031 microcontroller on the XS95 Board to control the rotational speed and direction of a stepper motor. (This project is in Spanish.) Stepper Motor Driver: 74194 Inexpensive stepper motor driver that could be used to power slow speed projects on the layout or other hobby applications Stepper Motor Experiment: Stepper Motor Positioner: Two Components Drive Stepper Motor: 01/19/95 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Stepper_Motor_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:36:56 PM]
Stereo Circuit - Audio - Electronic Circuits - Science Hobby Projects
Audio Circuits: Stereo Circuits

2 watt stereo amp: 20 Watt / Channel Stereo Power Amplifier: FM stereo decoder: Improved FM Stereo Modulator: LM 1800 FM Stereo Decoder: Stereo Amplifier 22 Watts : Stereo Preamplifier: Simple circuitry suitable for moving-magnet cartridges. Passive high-frequency equalization. Stereo Synthesizer: different frequency ranges appear at the two outputs, depending on the setting of the controls and create a stereo effect
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Stereo_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:37:00 PM]
Strobe Circuits - Electronic Strobe Circuit - Trigger Controller
Strobe Circuits
12 Volt Strobe Circuit: this circuit uses12V DC instead od mains AC. This is very good idea if you dont want to mess with direct mains voltage connected circuit or you want to run the stroboscope from batteries. Adjustable Strobe Light: 120-Volt mains power source, up to20 Hz flash rate Beat Tracking Strobe: project description using AT90S8515 microcontroller and some electronics Disco Lights: software and hardware for controlling disco lights from your PC Disco Style Strobe Light: low power, works on110VAC Emergency Strobe Flasher Generates 250V : 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Flash Slave Trigger: Flash slaves are used when you need to supplement1-flash unit with1-or several more. This slave trigger simply triggers those other units. It does this by "seeing" the first flash (using a phototransistor) and triggering the other flashes a few microseconds later. The sensitivity of the circuit is adjustable to compensate for ambient light or dimmer than usual master flashes. Flashing Beacon: Hacking the Kodak Max Single Flash Camera Into a Self Repeating Strobe: this approach is recommended mainly for homebrewing a strobe that is powered by a single1.5 volt battery. If you can use a higher supply voltage, there are better ways to do this. LED Stroboscope: This simple LED Stroboscope circuit which I designed, maintains constant brightness of the LED at all frequencies. This is accomplished by duty-cycle and pulse width control. It is useful for measuring the speed of motors. It can easily be calibrated using a watch so you dont need a frequency counter. Mini Pocket Strobe Circuit: works from two1.5-Volt AA batteries, based on modified camera flash unit Mini Strobe Light using LED: adjustable for flash rates between40 Hz and166 Hz, based on555 Timer Miniature Strobe Light: Strobe Controller: simple controller for professional stroboscopes, adjust the flash rate in1..15 Hz range Trigger Circuit for Strobes: circuits which can be used for triggering stroboscopes from external signals Typical Strobe Light Trigger Circuit: 555 based Timing circuit which triggers a SCR which controls the trigger transformer Xenon Flash & Strobe Page: Xenon Strobe Light #1: Xenon Strobe Light #2: works from115-Volt AC line
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Strobe Circuits - Electronic Strobe Circuit - Trigger Controller
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Super Capacitor Circuits - Soler Cell Circuit - Electronic Hobby Projects
Super Capacitor Circuits

Solar cells implement low-cost illuminator : 9/12/97 EDN-Design Ideas Super capacitor powers audio amp: 3/14/97 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Super_Capacitor_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:37:07 PM]
Surround Sound Circuit - Audio Circuits - Decoder - Amplifier - Digital
Audio Circuits: Surround Sound Circuits

Allpass Network Shifts Signals 90: 04/27/95 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Delay Unit for Surround Sound: Quadraphonic Amplifier: This is a four channel amplifier ideally suited for use with quadraphonic equipment such as a Sound Blaster Live card. Surround Sound Decoder: This surround-sound decoder is based on the "Hafler" principle, first discovered by David Hafler sometime in the early1970s. The original idea was to connect a pair of speakers Surround Sound Mk1: Surround Sound Mk2:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Surround_Sound_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:37:09 PM]
Sweep Circuit - Electronic Circuits - Hobby Science Projects
Sweep Circuits
Timers generate variable-sweep frequencies: 8/1/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sweep_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:37:11 PM]
Electronic Switch Circuit - Switch Circuits - Digital Circuits
Switch Circuits
C Provides Wireless Keypad Control: 10/08/98 EDN-Design Ideas 1.5-V battery-powered fan switches on and off by hand: 07/26/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / This circuit represents a very simple and inexpensive alternative to an electrical switch used to turn ON and OFF the battery-operated dc motor typically employed in handheld fans. It eliminates. . . 2 Line Intercom Plus a Telephone Changeover Switch: The circuit presented here can be used for connecting two telephones in parallel and also as a2-line intercom. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. 3 Way Touch Lamp: A three-way switch to control a lamp (off-dim-bright, etc.) uses an NE555 Timer to generate a1-second pulse, triggered by ambient ac fields that are picked up by the human body. Read also the circuit description. 4 Bit P's a / D Converter Decodes Keypad's Inputs: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas 4 Digit Keypad: 8 x 8 Audio Video Switch: Alternating On / Off Control: Anticipating timer switches before you push the button: 04/03/03 EDN-Design Ideas / (Editor's note: This Twilight Zone-worthy circuit will be the subject of an upcoming network sitcom, My Big Fat Anticipating Timer.) It happens to almost everyone that an apparatus or system should have been turned off a moment ago. The device in question could be the car heater, the air conditioner, the lights Audio Auto Shutoff: purpose of this circuit is to automatically turn off any device plugged into its power outlets after a certain period of Time of silence Audio Video Switch: This is an 8-input x-output audio/video switch module to be controlled from a computer, for example from the parallel port. Each audio/video output can be switched to any of the 8 inputs, separately.1-module drives1audio/video output and has a34-pin connector to plug into the system interface. You can use video OPA-s on the4051 output instead. Note that you can get full integrated video multiplexers from Maxim. Automatic Headlight Brightness Switch: Automatic Switch Handles RS-232 Or RS-485 Serial Data : 09/20/04 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / The need arose for a programmable control system that handles 8-bit data to have both RS-232 and RS-485 modes. This requirement was satisfied with a serial communication controller-transceiver, an octal buffer, and a two-line port (Rx and Tx for... Bipolar Transistor Boosts Switcher's Current By 12 times: 05/24/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Build a zero-power switch supervisor: 04/05/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A recent project requirement specified the need for a special indicator to show whether a security switch was used during the time the system was powered off. Because our system has a real-time. Bypass Switch Speeds Up Data Through Daisy Or JTAG Chain: 02/16/04 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / A daisy chain consisting of multiple devices can be quite cumbersome to control, especially when the only device that needs updating is the last one in the chain. Each device in the chain must be written to, resulting in a slow update rate. It's. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Switch_Circuits.html (1 of 6) [1/17/2007 5:37:14 PM]
Capacitance Proximity Alarm: Capacitive Sensor: Special design for shop-windows animation Useful for many types of touch controls Cell-Phone-Controlled Audio/Video Mute Switch: Cheap Pushbutton Replaces Rotary Switch: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Check Digital Or Linear Circuits With The Flick Of Switch: 03/03/03 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A simple logic probe in concert with a signal source can be used to check digital as well as linear circuits. With the flick of a switch, the probe can inject a test signal or check the logic state of a digital signal. Comprising just one CMOS IC... Circuit efficiently switches bipolar LED: 11/22/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 represents one method to switch a bipolar, two-color LED using an SPDT mechanical switch or relay. This circuit wastes power and does not work properly if the power-supply voltage is not substantially more than the sum of the LEDs' forward voltages. The circuit is, therefore, marginal, to the point of being unusable, with a 5V supply and a red or green LED, which... . Clap Switch: Cold Activated Switch: Combinational Conjuring Trick: Controlling a Light With Two Switches: a light or lights can be controlled by more than1-switch Couch DropMomentary On / Off Floor Switch for Microphones: data sheet with circuit diagram in PDF format, includes no-pop mute function Dark Activated Switch or Porch Light Switch: Dark-activated LED or Lamp Flasher: Simple photo-sensitive circuit - 3V battery supply DC Motor Reversing Circuit: DC Push Button Motor Control Circuit: Debouncing Networks Make Reliable Selector: 06/05/97 EDN-Design Ideas Decimal to BCD Convertor: This circuit will provide an output in Binary Coded Decimal from any of the input switches. The input switches may be expanded to 16 switches, providing a Hexadecimal to BCD conversion. Digital Combination Lock: Digital Switching System: Doorbell With Counter: Electronic Keypad: Electronic Night Light: Four Digit Keypad: Fridge Door Alarm: Frost Alarm: Garden Light Switch: Infra / Radio Remote Control Transmitter / Receiver: Infra/radio Remote Control Transmitter/receiver With PIC: Infrared Transmitter and Receiver Schematic Diagrams: Inline equations offer hysteresis switch in PSpice: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Smooth-transition switches are convenient devices in many Spice-based simulators. Their action can greatly ease the convergence process. Unfortunately, these devices lack inherent hysteresis, a helpful feature used to build UVLO (undervoltage-lockout) systems, oscillators, and other systems. Intusoft's IR Remote Switch: Keyboard scanner provides system supervision: 01/26/98 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / The circuit shown scans a numeric keypad while also generating 16-ms timing interrupts, low-line resets, and power-fail warnings for a larger system (see the figure). The core of the circuit is a versatile. . . Keypad Encoder Commands Tape Transport: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas LAN Switch Eliminates Redundant PHY Chip: 03/31/03 Electronic Design - Design Briefs / Advances in notebook technology create a thirst for new features and increased functionality, culminating in greater cost and shrinking space. One solution to the cost/space issues is to use a wide-bandwidth analog local-area network (LAN) switch that. . .
LAN/WAN Ethernet Overcurrent And Overvoltage Protection: 05/01/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Local-area networks (LANs) are short-distance data communication links typically within a single building or single campus environment. A LAN doesn't use common carrier circuits (i.e., the public switched telephone net work, or PSTN). By contrast a. . . Laser Transmitter Schematics: Light / Dark Detector: Light Controlled Switch #2: output a control signal suitable for relay depending on the light level Light Operated Switch: Originally published in Everyday Practical Electronics, December1995 Lighting Third Brake Light: Lightning Activated Camera Shutter Trigger: Load Sensing Automatic Switch: Logic offers complementary switch control: 12/06/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The complementary-switch controller in Figure 1 uses a few inverter gates to provide drive signals for the complementary switches. Complementary-switch configurations find widespread use in synchronous-rectification circuits, charge pumps, full-bridge control circuits, and other circuits. The circuit in Figure 1 provides not only a complementary drive signal but also a deadtime delay ... . Low power keypad consumes only 100 nA: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Often in the use of products with keypads, one or more keys become "stuck" or are being pressed. For example, a cell phone in the bottom of a purse or in a hip pocket could have one or more of its keys inadvertently pressed and held down for a considerable period. Depending on the circuit design and implementation of the keypad interface, this condition could cause excess current to flow,... . Magnetic Proximity Switch: Mains Power Switcher: Maximize Battery Life And Minimize Replacements: 05/13/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Designers and consumers want to maximize battery life in portable and handheld applicationsto avoid discarding batteries that contain useful life, and to minimize battery replacements. Small battery-powered devices with wall-adapter plug-ins. . . MIDI Controlled Switches: can drive up to128 individual relays, solenoids, motors, etc. with a MIDI note-on and note-off messages MOSFET Replaces Switch #1: 01/20/94 EDN-Design Ideas / By using a cheap, readily available MOSFET, you can use a single-pole switch to turn a bipolar power supply on and off without consuming extra power. In Fig1, the switch simply controls the MOSFET gate, which switches on the negative supply. Resistor R, which can be several megohms, is not necessary if the 6V rails are permanently connected to a load, such as an op-amp circuit. Because the MOSFETs RDS (ON) is a fraction of an ohm, power loss is minimal, and the circuit suits moderateconsumption, battery-operated circuitry MOSFET Replaces Switch #2: 02/03/94 EDN-Design Ideas / You can use a singlepole switch to turn a bipolar power supply on and off without consuming extra power MOSFET switch provides efficient AC / DC conversion: 02/17/00 EDN-Design Ideas Multiple Remote Points Control On / Off Switch: 06/22/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest / One Pin Keypad Features Low Component Count: 05/26/03 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / While current-shunt-monitor ICs like the INA168 can be connected to current-shunt resistors at supply voltages of up to 60 V, the circuit shown in the figure allows current sensing at even higher voltages.... Pine Racecar Victory Judge: Ping-Pong Configuration Increases System's Conversion Throughput: 10/30/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design /Traditionally, "ping-pong" configurations have been used with sample-and-hold circuits to increase throughput rates in dataacquisition systems. To increase throughput, this same technique can be implemented with standard analog-to-digital. . . Pushbutton Switch Debouncer:
Quickly discharge power supply capacitors: 07/05/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / A perennial challenge in power-supply design is the safe and speedy discharge, or "dump," at turn-off of the large amount of energy stored in the postrectification filter capacitors. This energy, CV 2 /2, can usually reach tens of joules. If you let the capacitors self-discharge, dangerous voltages can persist on unloaded electrolytic filter capacitors for hours or even days.. Radio Control Electric Switch: RC Receiver hosts two independent Switches: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Remote Doorbell Indicator: RS232C Serial Port Scans Remote Keypad: 12/04/97 EDN-Design Ideas S Video Source Selector: Security Circuit Eschews Sophistication: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Signal Detecting Auto Power On Unit: Simple circuit shuts off system when supply voltage is low: 05/12/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Many low-cost and portable systems, including small consumer electronic products, operate from unregulated power supplies such as batteries or external, plug-in power bricks. These power sources sometimes produce lower-than-nominal output. . . Simple soft-start circuit for switching regulators: 07/21/97 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / In the early stages of development, one of the many issues circuit designers must evaluate is how the circuit behaves when power is first applied. Unexpected things can happen at startup. All capacitors must be charged and all ICs change from an. . . Simple switchers make simple pre-regulators: 07/07/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Linear regulators are used extensively because of their simplicity, low cost, quiet operation, and clean outputs. In applications where the output voltage must be adjusted over a wide range, however, they can dissipate considerable power and require. . . Sleeping Aid : Based on electromagnetic-field radiation Place it under the pillowBuilt-in Timer Smart Foot Switch: Soft On / Off Switch: Modern electronic equipment incorporate "push-to-on-pushto-off" switches that do not make the clicking noise as with old equipment. An example of this is the power button on a ATX computer cabinet. Here is a circuit that does the same. It can be used to turn on/off any electronic/electrical equipment that operates on any range of voltages. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Solid State Relay Saves Battery's Life: 09/01/94 EDN-Design Ideas Solid State Switch for DC Operated Gadgets: Sound Operated Switch: Stop / Start Circuit using a Relay & Pushbutton Switches: for use when you want to manually restart a device after a power failure Switch Circuits: collection of Switch Circuits for temperature, light level and button controlled switching Switch debouncer uses only one gate: 05/30/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 produces a single debounced pulse each time you press S1. Moreover, the circuit uses only logic power from the remote pull-up resistor, R2. You can use the circuit to detect when a key is pressed in a nonenergized device, such as a device in a system that's just coming up from standby Switch on Delay Circuit: Switch-Debouncer IC Creates A Long-Period Timer: 10/01/01 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / One major application for long-period timers is in remote weather-data stations. These stations measure environmental conditions at regular time intervals and transmit the results to a central collecting facility. Since these small weather stations. . . Thermal switches provide circuit disconnect : 09/04/03 EDN-Design Ideas / A single temperature sensor can provide an interrupt to a microcontroller when the measured temperature goes out of range. You need multiple temperature sensors when you have to monitor more than one hot spot. A microcontroller implements the proper protective action when one of the temperature monitors detects an overtemperature condition....
Three parts provide tenfold increase in switcher current: 08/22/2002 EDN Design Ideas / Industrial-control circuits often derive their power from widely varying sources that can exceed the 40V maximum rating of popular switching ICs. This Design Idea presents a simple, flexible, and inexpensive buck switcher that converts an input voltage as high as 60V to 5V at several amps. The circuit is unique in that it boosts current with almost no compromise in performance, size, or cost.. Three Way Touch Lamp: A three-way switch to control a lamp (off-dim-bright, etc.) uses an NE555 Timer to generate a1-second pulse, triggered by ambient ac fields that are picked up by the human body. Read also the circuit description. Time Switch: Time Switch: Toggle Switch Debounced Pushbutton: Touch Activated Alarm: Touch Dimmer: Touch Switch #2: Touch Switch #3: This is achieved using a jugfet, it is a very simple circuit and very effective to with a minimum component count working via a 1.5v cell. Touch Switch #4: Touch Switch using Transistors: Touch Switches: Triac Light Controller: Two buttons provide safe start: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / Provides a safety interlock that checks the actuation of two pushbuttons before enabling a relay. When you push both buttons, the circuit actuates the relay. At that point, you can release one of the switches without the relays switching off. The circuit was intended to lock out the engine of an underwater propulsion unit. Two Line Intercom Plus a Telephone Changeover Switch: The circuit presented here can be used for connecting two telephones in parallel and also as a2-line intercom. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Use a tiny microcontroller with a large keypad: 09/02/97 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Like a student needing just one more night to prepare for a coming exam, a microcontroller designer often wishes for just one more I/O line as a project approaches its final stages. Even for the relatively capable 8X752 microcontroller at 28 pins,. . . Video monitor adapter enhances oscilloscope: 08/18/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Video signals can be difficult to display on an oscilloscope. Normal trigger circuits in most oscilloscopes have trouble getting a stable trigger from the combined vertical and horizontal sync signals, color burst, and picture signal in a composite. . . Video Routers: VISW 8 x4 Stereo audio/video router Video Stabiliser : Video Switch: This article (published in Circuit Cellar Magazine) describes a circuit which switches RGB signals between two genlocked cameras. This project used analogue switched and programmable logic (programmed using VHDL). This article is also available in PDF format and in zipped packet from Circuit Cellar Apr1999. VISW 8 x 4 Stereo Audio / Video Router : VOICE CONTROLLED SWITCH: This is a slightly more harder circuit than some of the others with a higher component count but still very interesting. Voice Over Circuit: switches automatically from sound source to microph1-when enough sound comes in from microph1Voltage Comparator Switch: Water Activated Relay: Whistle On Whistle Off: This CMOS toggle flip flop circuit has an addition of two bandpass filters and condenser microph1-so the relay can be toggled by whistling at it. Whistle Responder: Beeps when hears your whistle A gadget suitable for keyholders, games etc. Whistle Switch: X Y Keypad uses C's Serial Port: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas
Switch Mode Power Supply Circuit - SMPS Circuits - Electronic Schematics
Switch Mode Power Supply : DC to DC / DC to DC Converters

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Switch_Mode_Power_Supplies.html (1 of 6) [1/17/2007 5:37:19 PM]
Sync Circuits - Synchronous Circuit - Electronic Sync Trigger Generator
Sync Circuits
Adding synchronous rectification is made easier with ferrite beads: 06/14/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / To increase efficiency in portable applications, many designers have turned to synchronous rectification for lowvoltage switching power converters. This is usually implemented using a power. . . Circuit for Generating Composite Sync From Composite Video: NTSC Synchronization Separator: Stable Triggering of Oscilloscope Video Waveform Displays -- Have you been frustrated by video waveforms which are difficult to display on your oscilloscope? Do you have to readjust the trigger level every Time the scene changes? This article describes a simple circuit that will allow a triggered sweep oscilloscope to provide the most important capability of a video waveform monitor, a stable display of the video waveform. One Chip Sync Mixer: This simple circuit combines separate sync signals to1negative composite sync signal. This circuit is originally designed to hook up a CGA to display which needs composite sync signal. Can be adapted for other uses. Simple Circuit Removes Sync: This circuit does analogue video signal preprocessing for A/D conversion. This application note is in PDF format. Sync Separator Includes AGC: 05/11/95 EDN-Design Ideas / This sync separation circuit has a gain-control circuit that helps to stabilize the syncseparation function Using the LM1881 Chip: This is quite a nice chip, and has myriad uses. Since most game systems output the composite sync information along with the NTSC video output, and since most RGB monitors will not accept this extraneous info along with the sync, we need to remove the video signal. The LM1881 does an admirable job of this. Video Amplifier With Sync Stripper & PC Restore: This document is an application note of200 MHz video amplifier, sync stripper and DC restorer in PDF format. Video Line Sync Trigger Generator: trigger your oscilloscope on specific lines in a video signal Video Sync Inverter Circuit: simple circuit to invert TTL level sync signals
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Sync_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:37:21 PM]
Synthesizer Circuits - Electronic Sound Effect Generators Circuit
Synthesizer Circuits
Aries 318 S / H, Clock & Noise Generator (169kjpg): Arp 2600 Slider Values: ASM 1 Analog Synthesizer Module: Model Train Diesel & Horn Sound Module: Paradoxical Sound Synthesizer: the main property of paradoxical sounds is that their frequency do not change when you go an octave higher Sound Effects Generator #1: Sound Effects Generator #2:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/S/Synthesizer_Circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:37:22 PM]
Water / Moisture Sensor, Detector Water / Moisture - Sensors & Detectors Circuit

12 Volt Sump Pump Control: 12 Volt Toilet Tank Refiller: Digital Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter (PIC16F876): Hot Water Tank Indicator: Moisture Alarm: Plant Moisture Monitor: Plants Watering Watcher: Varying brightness LED signals the necessity to water a plant. Very Low consumption,3V powered Circuit Plants Watering Watcher 1: Plants Watering Watcher 2: Rain Detector: Rain Detector: Shower Stopper: Simple Emergency Sump Pump Control: Sump Pump Control for12V DC Bilge Pump Water Activated Relay: Water Level Alarm: Water Level Sensor: Water-Level Sensor Uses Hysteresis: 08/21/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A low-voltage electronic circuit that senses upper and lower water levels is often used for alarms and sump-pump activation. Since an electronic sensor has no moving mechanical parts, it eliminates problems with corrosion and wear and tear. Click here for Other Circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/W/water_sensors.html [1/17/2007 5:37:24 PM]
Water Level Indicator - Water Level Indicator Monitors - Water Level Controller
Water Level Monitors

12 Volt Sump Pump Control: 12 Volt Toilet Tank Refiller: Circuit checks swamp cooler water level: 10/31/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A "swamp cooler" is an easy way to obtain effective air conditioning, especially in hot and dry climates, if a water source is readily available. Although most units are very reliable, the storage-reservoir control usually uses a single level-detector component. Failure of this component can lead to serious water damage.. Digital Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter (PIC16F876): Simple Emergency Sump Pump Control: Sump Pump Control for12V DC Bilge Pump Water Activated Alarm: Water Level Alarm: Water Level Controller: Water Level Indicator With Alarm: Water Level Sensor: Water-Level Controller: Water-Level Sensor Uses Hysteresis: 08/21/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A low-voltage electronic circuit that senses upper and lower water levels is often used for alarms and sump-pump activation. Since an electronic sensor has no moving mechanical parts, it eliminates problems with corrosion and wear and tear. The. . . Waterpump Safety Guard for Fish-pond:
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/W/water_level_monitors.html [1/17/2007 5:37:26 PM]
Watt Hour Meter Circuit - Watt Hour Meter Circuits - Simple digital AC wattmeter
Watt Hour Meter Circuits

Simple digital AC wattmeter: 04/14/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / To make useful measurements of real power consumption, wattmeters must be accurate despite large reactive and dc components in the current drawn by the monitored load. Moreover, power consumption from multiple ac phases (two in the case of a typical. . . Wattmeter Employs Switching-Regulator IC: 11/03/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / An inexpensive switching regulator can provide all the active circuitry needed to implement a dc wattmeter and allow the power dissipated in a resistive load, RX, to be displayed on an analog panel meter. The wattmeters operation. . .
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/W/watt_hour_meter_circuits.html [1/17/2007 5:37:28 PM]
Waveform Generators - Waveform Generator Circuit - Waveforms Generator Circuits
Waveform Generators
1KHz Sine Wave Generator: Simple circuitry, Low distortion, battery operated Variable, Low impedance output up to1V RMS 2MHz RF Oscillator: 4 Transistor Transmitter: 68HC11 Synthesizes Accurate Sine Wave: 09/02/96 EDN-Design Ideas Amplitude Stable Oscillator has Low Distortion, Low Cost: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Audio Test Oscillator: Basic RF Oscillator #1: CMOS Toggle Flip Flop With Relay(CD4013): Convert periodic waveforms to square waves: 08/16/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / Converting periodic waveforms to square waves is an integral part of extracting a clock signal from data, creating waveform generators, and making timing-pulse generators. Any square-wave-conversion circuit is more valuable when the square wave's duty cycle is variable and controllable. Figure 1 shows a circuit that has these attributes and can drive several TTL-compatible loads.. Crystal Filter yields Pure Sine Wave: 06/98 Intersol Application Note # AN9815 Current Feedback Amp yields Simple Oscillator: 06/08/95 EDN-Design Ideas DCC Waveforms and Voltages For DCC Systems: DDS and converter form signal generator: 02/20/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Many applications require low-frequency signal generators that can deliver highperformance, high-resolution signals. This Design Idea presents a circuit that generates frequencies of 0 to 1 MHz. Sinusoidal, triangular, and square-wave outputs are available. You can achieve frequency resolution of better than 0... DDS device produces sawtooth waveform: 07/10/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Ramp or sawtooth waveforms are useful for a broad range of applications, including automatictest equipment, benchtest equipment, and actuator control. Discrete components typically set the waveform frequency. Unfortunately, drift in these component values over time and temperature limits the accuracy of the output frequency... DDS using AD9835: Digital signal controls sine generator: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit of Figure 1 produces an accurate, variable-frequency sine wave for use as a generalpurpose reference signal. It includes an eighth-order elliptic, switched-capacitor lowpass filter, IC3, which uses a 100-kHz square-wave clock signal that microcontroller IC2 generates. (Any other convenient square-wave source is also acceptable... Digital Signals Produce Pure Sine Waves: 10/09/97 EDN-Design Ideas Digital Sine-Wave Generator Produces 0 To 360 Phase-Shifts: 12/04/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Sine-wave generators with 0 to 360 phase-shifts are very important testing blocks in many systems involving DSP operations (i.e., I/Q modulator-demodulator communication, phase-angle measurements and up-down counter conversion in. . . Discrete BiStable Flip Flop: Discrete Set / Reset Flip Flop: DTMF Coder Makes Low Cost Sine Wave Generator: 10/13/94 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/W/waveform_generators.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 5:37:34 PM]
Easily Tuned Sine Wave Oscillators: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun1996 Edge Detector Runs off of Single Supply: 12/04/97 EDN-Design Ideas Edit and generate your own analog stimulus waveforms: 10/12/98 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / In cases where low frequencies are acceptable, a user-defined analog waveform can be generated using the design presented. The circuit employs a low-power 12-bit digital-toanalog converter (DAC) connected to the parallel printer port of a personal. . . FAST, High Current Pulser: Few Extra Components Stabilize Oscillator: 102/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas FIFO Makes Cheap Waveform Generator: 12/21/95 EDN-Design Ideas Flash-ROM-based multichannel arbitrary-waveform generator: 04/19/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / No means for waveform synthesis is more flexible than the arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). In this marriage of digital and analog, large memory arrays that contain a separate datum for each. . . FleaPower Oscillator Consumes only 1 A: 05/21/98 EDN-Design Ideas Flip Flop Flashers, Buzzers, Etc.: Four Transistor Tracking Transmitter: Gated Oscillator Emulates a Flip Flop: 03/16/95 EDN-Design Ideas Gates Provide Low Cost Sine Wave Generator: 08/15/97 EDN-Design Ideas Generate An Analog Signal With a C: 10/22/98 EDN-Design Ideas Harmonic oscillator: LC Oscillator has 1% THD: 03/31/94 EDN-Design Ideas linkwitz Cosine Burst Generator: part of speaker measurement set described in the construction article Load Pulser Tests Supply's Transient Response: 04/11/96 EDN-Design Ideas Low Cost Function Generator: Low Distortion Oscillator Starts Fast: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Low Distortion, Amplitude Stable Sine Wave Oscillator: Low Frequency Sine Wave Generator: The two circuits below illustrate generating low frequency sine waves by shifting the phase of the signal through an RC network so that oscillation occurs where the total phase shift is360 degrees. Microcontroller-based sine-wave generator has crystal accuracy: 12/14/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / One way to generate a sine wave is to pass a square wave through a low-pass filter. The high-order harmonics will be filtered out, leaving only the fundamental. The higher the order of the filter, the purer the sine wave produced. The MAX292. . . Microphone Circuit Test Oscillator: 440 Hz Tone generator for testing XLR microph1lines MonoStable Flip Flops (One Shot): Negatrons Enrich Filter, Oscillator Designs: 07/21/94 EDN-Design Ideas New stable RC pulse generator: 02/08/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Few circuits are more commonplace than the basic squarewave-output astable multivibrator illustrated in Figure 1. Useful whenever a relatively. . . Occasional Pulse Circuit: OpAmp Oscillators Simplify RF Designs: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator Lowers Distortion & Phase Noise: 08/18/94 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator turns on Instantly, off Synchronously: 05/23/96 EDN-Design Ideas Oscillator, 2MHz.: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads Parallel port controls arbitrary waveform generator: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use the parallel port of your PC and a few additional components to generate a powerful, easy-to-use arbitrary-waveform generator. By using a Visual Basic program with the circuit in Figure 1, you can generate any waveform (for example, sinusoid, triangle, amplitude- or frequency-modulated, or exponential decay) by simply entering its characteristic equation.. Parallel port controls arbitrary waveform generator: 06/13/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / You can use the parallel port of your PC and a few additional components to generate a powerful, easy-to-use arbitrary-waveform generator. By using a Visual Basic program with the circuit in Figure 1, you can generate any waveform (for example, sinusoid, triangle, amplitude- or frequency-modulated, or exponential decay) by simply entering its characteristic equation.. PC Controls inexpensive Waveform Generator: 06/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas
Precise Triangle Wave Generation: National Semiconductor Application Notes,28-Jun1996 Precision Waveform Converter uses Sawtooth Wave: 03/01/96 EDN-Design Ideas Programmable oscillator uses digital potentiometers: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Digital potentiometers are versatile devices; you can use them in many filtering and waveform-generation applications. This Design Idea describes an oscillator in which setting the resistance of two digital potentiometers independently programs the oscillation amplitude and frequency. Figure 1 shows a typical diodestabilized Wien-bridge oscillator that generates accurate sine waves fro... . Programmable Ramp Generator has 14 Bit Linearity: 09/12/96 EDN-Design Ideas Pulse Generator: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads Pulse Generator: Pulse Generator & Signal Tracer: Dual-purpose test-instrument Very simple Circuitry,1.5 Volt Battery-operated Pulse Generator Verifies Test Setups: 05/26/94 EDN-Design Ideas Pulse Generator, 555: Fair Warning: this site has pop-up ads Pulse Stretcher Increases ECL Gate Gains: 01/20/94 EDN-Design Ideas / stretches the output pulses of an ECL comparator by operating the ECL line receivers with unusually large pulldown resistors to the -15V supply. The large load resistance maximizes the gains of the emitter-follower output stages and speeds up the rising edges. At the same Time, the low pulldown current, together with the input and wiring capacitances, slows the falling edges. These actions stretch the positive pulses by approximately2 nsec/stage. Pulse Width Adjuster Reverses Servo Motor: 03/17/94 EDN-Design Ideas Pulse Width Trimmer Outdoes One Shots: 03/03/97 EDN-Design Ideas Pulsed Sensor Extends Battery Life: 01/01/98 EDN-Design Ideas RF oscillator uses current feedback op amp: 10/03/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A current-feedback amplifier is a well-known component with many uses. Its basic block diagram shows that its input stage is a voltage followerin practice, a symmetrical emitter follower (Figure 1). The configuration samples the output current, converts it to voltage across a large impedance, and amplifies it to the output using a highpower, low-output-impedance amplifier.. Sawtooth Generator Spans a 70 DB Range: 07/07/94 EDN-Design Ideas Scheme yields Frequency Locked Triangle Waves: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Self Oscillating Amplifier for Distortion Testing: allows the home constructor to make quite accurate measurements, without having to spend a lot of money on a low distortion oscillator Simple Circuit Generates +3.3 V At 1 A From 5 V: 05/24/04 Electronic Design Design Briefs / Figure 1 depicts a circuit that uses pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) to generate +3.3 V from a 5-V power supply without the need for a transformer. It's ideal for applications that have a stable. . . Simple Circuit Generates Clean Sine Waves: 06/19/97 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Compensation Extends Oscillator's Range: 12/05/96 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Sinewave Generator: Simple sine-wave generator has no low- or high-pass filters: 05/25/98 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Generating sine waves with controlled frequencies over a wide range is difficult when using RC or LC sinusoidal oscillators. However, this performance can be simply created using a wideband digital squarewave oscillator, a counter, and a weighted. . . Simple Technique Generates Precise HART Waveforms : 07/22/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Designed to complement conventional 4- to 20-mA analog signaling, the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) protocol supports twoway digital communications for process measurement and control devices. The protocol uses frequency-shift keying... Sine Wave Generation Techniques: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov1995 Sine Wave Generator: Sine Wave Generator With Crystal Accuracy: Sine Wave Generator With Crystal Accuracy: Single Chip Digital Sine Wave Generator:
Smooth Tone Clickless CW SideTone Generator: This circuit is about as good as it gets for generating Morse code tones. It may be used as a code practice oscillator, a Tone generator for a keyer, or a SideTone oscillator for a transmitter. Soft On / Off Switch: Modern electronic equipment incorporates "push-to-on-push-tooff" switches that do not make the clicking noise as with old equipment. An example of this is the power button on an ATX computer cabinet. Here is a circuit that does the same. It can be used to turn on/off any electronic/electrical equipment that operates on any range of voltages. FAIR WARNING -- THIS SITE HAS ANNOYING POP UP ADS. Square wave modulator has variable frequency and pulse width: 08/08/2002 EDN Design Ideas / A few years ago, I worked at a disk-drive company. We had a plating facility that required square waves to drive the high-voltage plating operation. The challenge was that the square wave's pulse width had to be variable, along with the duty cycle. Also, the amplitude of the pulses had to be adjustable.. Square Wave Oscillator: Square Wave to Sine Circuit: Summer Linearizes Ramp & Triangle Generators: 12/08/94 EDN-Design Ideas Swept sine oscillator has quadrature output: 08/18/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Signals with a know frequency but unknown phase may be detected using an in-phase and a 90 shifted reference signal, as frequently used in lock-in amplifiers, synchronous detectors, and frequency-response analyzers. The 90-shifted signal. . . SwOpAmp Makes Square Wave Generator: 02/15/96 EDN-Design Ideas Time Domain Reflectometer: Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR): Tiny Programmable Oscillator Operates From 5 kHz To 20 MHz: 08/06/01 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / By merging a digital potentiometer with an oscillator chip, a very small programmable oscillator (1 MAX and one SOT-23 package) can be realized. In addition to consuming very little board space, the circuit requires only three signals from a. . . Transconductance amp gives oscillator reciprocal response: 04/17/03 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 is a variation on the familiar integrator/comparator triangle-wave oscillator, which you typically implement with two op amps. An integrator and a comparator connect in a positive-feedback loop; the comparator drives the integrator and vice versa. A fixed amount of hysteresis exists in the comparator, producing a triangle wave at the integrator's output... Tri Waveform Generator: Triangle & Square Wave Generator: Triangle / Square wave Generator: Triangle Waveform Generator: Triangle/square-wave oscillator serves dual purpose: 11/22/99 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / In conventional triangular-wave oscillators, hysteresis from positive feedback in the Schmitt trigger determines the voltage levels and amplitude of the triangular waves. With this topology, its. Twin T Audio Sine Wave Oscillator: UHF Oscillator: Variable Gain Control Produces Pure Sine Wave: 10/27/94 EDN-Design Ideas Voltage Controls Sine Wave Frequency: 08/17/95 EDN-Design Ideas Waveform Conversion: sine to square and square to sine Waveform Generator Demodulates FM Signals: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Waveform generator produces biological-stimuli signals: 05/01/97 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Electrical simulators are widely used in biological research for the study of evoked potentials in man and other applications. Indeed, versions are on sale in local health stores or via mail order for treatment of pain. However, for the stimulation to. . . Wein Bridge Oscillator: Wein Bridge Oscillator is Reborn: 06/13/02 EDN-Design Ideas / In 1940, William Hewlett and David Packard launched a product from a garage. product was a Wienbridge oscillator. It consisted of a single-pole highpass filter in series with a singlepole lowpass filter.
Wein Bridge Oscillator keeps THD Below One PPM: 11/10/94 EDN-Design Ideas / The Wien-bridge sine-wave oscillator uses a light bulb to stabilize its amplitude. The circuit doesn't have a light bulb; it sports several enhancements that lower its distortion and generate a test signal pure enough for testing modern op amps and high-resolution A/D converters. Wein Bridge Theremin: WiFi Can Antenna:
Wave Shaping Circuit - Waveform Conversion Circuits - Waveforms
Wave Shaping Circuits

Edge detector runs off of single supply : 12/4/97 EDN-Design Ideas Waveform Conversion: sine to square and square to sine
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Weather Instruments - Weather Instrument Circuit - Wireless Weather Monitoring Circuits
Weather Instruments
1-Wire Technology Simplifies Humidity And Temperature Measurement: 12/18/00 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A new 1-Wire technology component, the DS2438 Smart Battery Monitor provides several functions. Developed by Dallas Semiconductor, this device offers a unique 64- bit serial number, an internal temperature sensor, and an A/D that measures both the. . . 741 Based Light Sensor: CdS photocell used for light/dark controlled relay Air Pressure Sensor: Circuit uses a NPP301 pressure sensor. Range of this sensor is1bar (15psi). It will output40mV at normal air pressure and3x overload doesnt damage the device. Circuitry for inexpensive Relative Humidity Measurement: National Semiconductor Application Notes,04-Nov-1995 Cloud Charge Monitor: Electronic Barometers: Lightening Detector: Lightning Detectors: Liquid Barometers: Low cost anemometer fights dust: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / As higher levels of power dissipation underscore the need for cooling, more and more fans are finding their way into small electronic enclosures. The dust that fans pull into these enclosures can, however, cause major problems for high-reliability systems. By coating heat sinks and electrically charged components, the dust acts as a blanket that raises the effective thermal impedance betw... . Low cost relative humidity transmitter uses single logic IC: 11/08/2001 EDN Design Ideas / The low-cost percentage-relative-humidity radio transmitter in Figure 1 operates in a cold-storage warehouse for vegetable storage at temperatures of 1 to 5 C. It is generally difficult to collect such data from a lowtemperature area with high humidity and low illumination. The transmitter design is simple: It uses a readily available, capacitor-type percentage-relative-humidity se... . Measure humidity and temperature on one TTL line: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / By combining the responses of an Analog Devices (www.analog.com) AD590 temperature sensor and a Humirel (www.humirel.com) HS1101 humidity sensor, you can generate a single TTL-level signal containing information from both sensors (Figure 1). This design uses a 74HC123 monostable multivibrator, IC1, to form a free-running oscillator. . PC hardware Monitor Reports the Weather: 01/18/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find the one of interest Rain Detector: Remote humidity sensor needs no battery: 04/04/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Using ac-line power sources and batteries for remote humidity sensors is undesirable because these sources can be troublesome if you mount them in inaccessible points, such as smokestacks, cold-storage chambers, or darkrooms, where maintenance is difficult and inconvenient. Figure 1 shows a simple way to remove the power source from the humidity-sensor circuit. . Self Heated Transistor Digitizes Airflow: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas
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Weather Instruments - Weather Instrument Circuit - Wireless Weather Monitoring Circuits
Signal Conditioning Precisely indicates Humidity: 02/02/98 EDN-Design Ideas Simple Circuit Uses Optical Fiber To Send RelativeHumidity Data : 04/01/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / The circuit shown in the figure measures relative humidity in air at the low temperatures found in applications like cold storage of food items and greenhouses. Instead of using electrical signal cables that... Small, Portable Altimeter operates From a Single Cell: 06/21/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Temperature Monitor: Thermistors And A Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design: 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hotwire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive. . . Transistor & FVCs Make Linear Anemometer: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas Transistor Trio Makes Vector Anemometer: 09/01/97 EDN-Design Ideas Wireless Weather Monitoring Station:
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Noise Generator Circuit - Noise / White / Pink Noise - Noise Generations
Noise / White / Pink Noise Generator Circuits

http://www.hobbyprojects.com/W/white_noise_generators.html [1/17/2007 5:37:42 PM]
Wide Band Circuits - Wide Band Filter Circuit - HF Signal Generator
Composite Amp Provides High Gain & Bandwidth: 04/28/94 EDN-Design Ideas Composite Amplifier Boosts Precision Of Programmable Voltage Source : 07/08/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Engineers often need dc voltage sources with very high precision and good resistive and/or capacitive load-driving capability for industrial applications. However, precision benchtop power supplies can be very expensive if high accuracy also is... HF Signal Generator: Use Wideband Op Amps In Single-Supply Applications: 04/12/04 Electronic Design Design Briefs / Most wideband op amps are easiest to use with split supplies. But they can be effectively employed in single-supply circuits. The big hurdle to overcome is keeping the inputs and outputs biased to mid-rail while maintaining a lowimpedance node to. . . Wideband AGC has 60 DB Dynamic Input Range: 10/10/96 EDN-Design Ideas Wide-Band Analog White-Noise Generator: 11/03/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Commercially available white noise generators are rather expensive. The circuit presented here, however, is an inexpensive version that produces frequencies up to about 300 MHz. Its operation is based on the noise generated by the Zener breakdown. . . Wide-Band Analog White-Noise Generator: 11/03/97 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Commercially available white noise generators are rather expensive. The circuit presented here, however, is an inexpensive version that produces frequencies up to about 300 MHz. Its operation is based on the noise generated by the Zener breakdown. . . Wideband Filter Only Has Two Different Components : 01/21/02 Electronic Design Ideas for Design / Wideband filters with bandwidths in excess of an octave can be created by cascading a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter. In this design idea, ninepole high-pass and low-pass filters have been constructed using a modified equalelement design. A... Wideband Filter uses image Parameters: 10/26/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit Wideband OpAmp Capable of MicroPower Operation : National Semiconductor Application Notes,24-Oct-2001 Wideband, Low Noise Amplifier Drives 50 Ohm Loads: 10/23/97 EDN-Design Ideas Analog input circuit serves any microcontroller: 12/20/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / The simple ADC in Figure 1 is perfect for getting analog signals into a purely digital microcontroller. Using just five surface-mount parts, you can assemble it for less than 50 cents (1000), which is approximately half the cost of a single-chip-ADC approach in the same volume. Moreover, this design takes only one pin from the microcontroller to operate.
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Wide Band Circuits - Wide Band Filter Circuit - HF Signal Generator
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Wind Speed Direction Monitor - Anemometer Circuits - Sensor & Detector

Low cost anemometer fights dust: 08/30/2001 EDN - Design Ideas / As higher levels of power dissipation underscore the need for cooling, more and more fans are finding their way into small electronic enclosures. The dust that fans pull into these enclosures can, however, cause major problems for high-reliability systems. By coating heat sinks and electrically charged components, the dust acts as a blanket that raises the effective thermal impedance betw... . Self Heated Transistor Digitizes Airflow: 03/14/96 EDN-Design Ideas Thermistors And A Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design: 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hot-wire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive. . . Thermistors and a Microcontroller Simplify Anemometer Design : 10/14/02 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / Typically, air flow is measured with a hot-wire anemometer. Here's an alternative version of that concept using two thin-film platinum resistance temperature detectors. A high-performance mixed-signal microcontroller can make the measurement and drive... Transistor & FVCs Make Linear Anemometer: 09/26/96 EDN-Design Ideas
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/W/wind_speed_direction_monitor.html [1/17/2007 5:37:48 PM]
Window Comparator Circuit - Comparator Circuits - Comparators circuit
Window Comparator Circuits

Absolute value circuit delivers high bandwidth: 05/15/03 EDN-Design Ideas / Most absolute-value circuits have limited bandwidth and high component count, and they require several matched resistors. The circuit in Figure 1 uses three fewer components than most absolute-value circuits require, and only two of the resistors must have 1% tolerance to obtain 1% accuracy. This circuit's output voltage is an accurate representation of the absolute value of the input signal,.... Absolute value comparator touts accuracy, size: 03/07/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A typical window comparator uses two comparators and a single op amp to determine whether a voltage is inside or outside a boundary region. Figure 1 shows a typical implementation. IC1 is an inverting op amp with a gain of 1. VREF and VREF create the window limits. When VIN becomes more positive than VREF, the output of IC2A goes low. . Design low duty cycle timer circuits: 08/22/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / Designing astable circuits using the industry-standard 555 timer is a straightforward process when duty cycles are 50% or greater. However, you must overcome the many pitfalls of low-duty-cycle circuits to arrive at a desired result. Using only ideal components eases the design, but the components themselves are hard to obtain.. Electronic fuse emulates fast or slow blow fuses: 11/09/00 EDN-Design Ideas / The electronic-fuse circuit in Figure 1 combines the properties of a current transducer and a solid-state relay to disconnect low power at preset levels. Using this circuit lets you avoid the bother of stocking and replacing fusible links. The circu... Expanded scale indicator revisited: 08/08/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / The visualization aid that a previous Design Idea describes allows only the expansion of the upper end of the scale (Reference 1). But what can you do if, according to your project requirements, you need to expand the middle region of the scale? Figure 1a illustrates the challenge. A voltmeter comprises a 100-A dc meter and a series resistor Missing codes tester checks 16 bit ADC in 7 sec: 06/10/99 EDN-Design Ideas / As the resolution of ADCs increases from 12 to 16 bits and higher, the difficulty in testing the"no- missing-codes"specification grows proportionately. To fully guarantee no missing codes for a 16-bit ADC requires testing all 2 16-1 possible output... Two buttons provide safe start: 07/06/00 EDN-Design Ideas / The circuit in Figure 1 provides a safety interlock that checks the actuation of two pushbuttons before enabling a relay. When you push both buttons, the circuit actuates the relay. At that point, you can release one of the switches without the relay'... Click here for Other Circuits
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Wireless Microphone Circuit - Wireless Microphone Circuits - Wireless Microphone
Wireless Microphone Circuits

AM Oscillator for Wireless Microphones: Basic FM Radio Transmitters: Colpitts 1 to 20 MHz Crystal Oscillator: FM Wireless Mike: low power frequency modulated transmitter using two transistors. The circuit works with 9v power supply. Micro Spy With FETs: Micro Spy With TTL: Micro Spy With USW: Miniature FM Transmitter #1: Miniature FM Transmitter #2: Miniature FM Transmitter #3: Miniature FM Transmitter #4: Miniature FM Transmitters #4: Miniature MW Transmitter: circuit diagram of simple medium wave transmitter using BF494B. This simple transmitter have a range of 200 meters. Wireless Microphone: Wireless Microphone: Wireless Microphone #1: Wireless Microphone (Bug): Wireless Microphone or "Bug": Wireless Microphone Transmitter:
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Wireless Telephone Circuit - Wireless Telephone Circuits - Cordless Phones
Wireless Telephone Circuits

Cell-Phone-Controlled Audio/Video Mute Switch: Cordless Phone Backup: Dual voltage Supply Powers SIM Card: 01/20/00 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Mobile Cell phone Charger:
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Xenon Lamp Circuits - Xenon Flash & Strobe - Xenon Light Flasher - Xenon
Xenon Lamp Circuits

12 Volt Strobe Circuit: this circuit uses12V DC instead of mains AC. This is very good idea if you don't want to mess with direct mains voltage connected circuit or you want to run the stroboscope from batteries. Adjustable Strobe Light: 120-Volt mains power source, up to20 Hz flash rate Beat Tracking Strobe: project description using AT90S8515 microcontroller and some electronics Christmas Light Flasher: Disco Lights: software and hardware for controlling disco lights from your PC Disco Style Strobe Light: low power, works on110VAC Easy Xenon DC to DC Converters!: Emergency Strobe Flasher Generates 250V: 08/05/99 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Flash Slave Trigger: Flash slaves are used when you need to supplement one flash unit with one or several more. This slave trigger simply triggers those other units. It does this by "seeing" the first flash (using a phototransistor) and triggering the other flashes a few microseconds later. The sensitivity of the circuit is adjustable to compensate for ambient light or dimmer than usual master flashes. Flashing Beacon: Flashing High Intensity LED 3rd Brake Light: This circuit to make a flashing3rd brake light assembly was designed to be easy to locate all the needed components and reasonably in expensive to build. Hacking the Kodak Max Single Flash Camera Into a Self Repeating Strobe: this approach is recommended mainly for homebrewing a strobe that is powered by a single1.5 volt battery. If you can use a higher supply voltage, there are better ways to do this. Mini Pocket Strobe Circuit: works from two1.5-Volt AA batteries, based on modified camera flash unit Mini Strobe Light using LED: adjustable for flash rates between40 Hz and166 Hz, based on555 Timer Miniature Strobe Light: Photo Flash Charger Minimizes Parts Count: 10/22/98 EDN-Design Ideas Pulsed Double heterostructure Laser Driver: Slave Flash Trigger Circuit: Strobe Controller: simple controller for professional stroboscopes, adjust the flash rate in1..15 Hz range Trigger Circuit for Strobes: circuits which can be used for triggering stroboscopes from external signals Typical Strobe Light Trigger Circuit: 555 based Timing circuit which triggers a SCR which controls the trigger transformer Welch Scientific Model 2153C Stroboscope: a schematic for a typical line operated variable rate stroboscope used for the visualization of moving parts as well as rotation speed or frequency determination of rotating or vibrating machinery White LED Flashlight: Xenon Flash & Strobe Page: Xenon Flash Pages:
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Xenon Lamp Circuits - Xenon Flash & Strobe - Xenon Light Flasher - Xenon
Xenon Strobe Light #1: Xenon Strobe Light #2: works from115-Volt AC line Xenon Strobe Light #3: Xmas Light Flasher:
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Zero Cross Detector Circuit - Zero Crossing Circuits - Zero Crossing Detectors
Electronic Circuits - Zero Cross Detectors

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Beginners Advanced Microprocessor Microcontroller Circuit yields Accurate Absolute Values: 07/05/01 EDN-Design Ideas / PDF contains multiple circuits - scroll to find this circuit. Self Powered Sine to Square Wave Converter: Converts sine to square waves without a powersource Useful as a test instrument for audio purposes Time tag impulses with zero crossing circuit: 01/24/2002 EDN - Design Ideas / A "constant-fraction discriminator" usually performs the time-tagging of impulsive events, which have a peaking time of the signal amplitude. The implementation of this technique requires a delay in the input signal of approximately the same amount as the signal's rise time. You can attain this delay by using a coaxial cable of an appropriate length. . Unique discrete zero-crossing detector: 04/05/99 Electronic Design - Ideas for Design / A zerocrossing detector delivers an output pulse that synchronizes other circuitry to the transitions through zero volts of a sinusoidal source for both polarity excursions. This detector, which. . . Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Zero Cross Detector Schematics
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with B

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balanced bridge Condition that occurs when a bridge circuit is adjusted to produce a zero output. band-pass filter A tuned circuit designed to pass a band of frequencies between a lower cut-off frequency (f1) and a higher cut-off frequency (f2). Frequencies above and below the pass band are heavily attenuated. band-stop filter A tuned circuit designed to stop frequencies between a lower cut-off frequency (f1) and a higher cut-off frequency (f2) of the amplifier while passing all other frequencies. bandwidth Width of the band of frequencies between the half power points. barrier potential The natural difference of potential that exists across a forward biased pn junction. base The region that lies betwen the emitter and collector of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). base biasing A method of biasing a BJT in which the bias voltage is supplied to the base by means of a resistor. battery A DC voltage source containing two or more cells that convert chemical energy to electrical energy. baud A unit of signaling speed equal to the number of signal events per second. Not necessarily the same as bits per second.
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beta (b) The ratio of collector current to base current in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). bias A DC voltage applied to a device to control its operation. binary A number system having only two symbols, 0 and 1. A base 2 number system. bipolar junction transistor (BJT), A three terminal device in which emitter to collector current is controlled by base current. bistable multivibrator A multivibrator with two stable states. An external signal is required to change the output from one state to the other. Also called a latch. bleeder current A current drawn continously from a souce. Bleeder current is used to stabilize the output voltage of a source. bode plot A graph of gain versus frequency. branch current The portion of total current flowing in one path of a parallel circuit. breakdown voltage Voltage at which the breakdown of a dialectric or insulator occurs. breakover voltage Minimum voltage required to cause a diac to break down and conduct. bridge rectifier A circuit using four diodes to provide full wave rectification. Converts an AC voltage to a pulsating DC voltage. buffer An amplifier used to isolate a load from a source. bulk resistance The natural resistance of a "P" type or "N" type semiconductor material. butterworth filter A type of active filter characterized by a constant gain (flat response) across the midband of the circuit and a 20 dB per decade roll-off rate for each pole contained in the circuit. BW Abbreviation for bandwidth. bypass capacitor A capacitor used to provide an AC ground at some point in a circuit.
byte Group of eight binary digits or bits.
Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with C

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cable Group of two or more insulated wires.
CAD Abbreviation for "computer aided design"
calibration To adjust the correct value of a reading by comparison to a standard.
capacitance The ability of a capacitor to store an electrical charge. The basic unit of capacitance is the Farad.
capacitive reactance The opposition to current flow provided by a capacitor. Capacitive reactance is measured in ohms and varies inversly with frequency.
capacitor An electronic component having capacitive reactance.
capacitor microphone Microphone whose operation depends on variations in capacitance caused by varying air pressure on the movable plate of a capacitor.
carbon-film resistor Device made by depositing a thin carbon film on a ceramic form.
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carbon microphone Microphone whose operation depends on pressure variation in carbon granules causing a change in resistance.
carbon resistor Resistor of fixed value made by mixing carbon granules with a binder which is moulded and then baked.
cascaded amplifier An amplifier with two or more stages arranged in a series configuration.
cascode amplifier A high frequency amplifier made up of a common-source amplifier with a common-gate amplifier in its drain network.
cathode The negative terminal electrode of a device. The "N" material in a junction diode.
cathode ray tube (CRT) Vacuum tube used to display data in a visual form. Picture tube of a television or computer terminal.
cell Single unit used to convert chemical energy into a DC electrical voltage.
center frequency Frequency to which an amplifier is tuned. The frequency half way between the cut-off frequencies of a tuned circuit.
center tap Midway connection between the two ends of a winding.
center tapped rectifier Circuit that make use of a center tapped transformer and two diodes to provide full wave rectification.
center tapped transformer A transformer with a connection at the electrical center of a winding.
ceramic capacitor Capacitor in which the dialectric is ceramic.
charge Quantity of electrical energy.
charge current Current that flows to charge a capacitor or battery when voltage is applied.
chassis Metal box or frame into which components are mounted.
chassis ground Connection to a chassis.
chebyshev filter A type of active filter characterized by high roll-off rates (40 dB per decade per pole) and midband gain that is not constant.
choke Inductor used to oppose the flow of alternating current.
circuit Interconnection of components to provide an electrical path between two or more components.
circuit breaker A protective device used to open a circuit when current exceeds a maximum value. In effect a reusable fuse.
clamper A diode circuit used to change the DC level of a waveform without distorting the waveform.
clapp oscillator A variation of the Colpitts oscillator. An added capacitor is used to eliminate the effects of stray capacitance on the operation of the basic Colpitts oscillator.
class A amplifier A linear amplifier biased so the active device conducts through 360 degrees of the input waveform.
class B amplifier An amplifier with two active devices. The active components are biased so that each conducts for approximately 180 degrees of the input waveform cycle.
class C amplifier An amplifier in which the active device conducts for less than 180 degrees of the input waveform cycle.
clipper A diode circuit used to eliminate part of a waveform
clipping Distortion caused by overdriving an amplifier.
clock A square waveform used for synchronizing and timing of several circuits.
closed circuit Circuit having a complete path for current flow.
closed-loop gain Gain of an amplifier when a feedback path is present.
coaxial cable Transmission line in which the signal carrying conductor is covered by a dialectric and another conductor.
coefficient of coupling The degree of coupling between two circuits.
coercive force (H) Magnetizing force needed to reduce residual magnetism in a material to zero.
collector The semiconductor region in a bipolar junction transistor through which a flow of charge carriers leaves the base region.
collector characteristic curve A graph of collector voltage over collector current for a given base current.
color code Set of colors used to indicate value of a component.
colpitts oscillator An oscillator with a pair of tapped capacitors in the feedback network.
common-anode display A multisegment light emitting diode (LED) with a single positive voltage input connection. Separate cathode connections are provided for each individual segment.
common cathode display A multisegment light emitting diode (LED) with a single negative voltage input connection. Separate anode connections are provided for each individual segment.
common base amplifier A BJT circuit in which the base connection is common to both input and output.
common collector amplifier A BJT circuit in which the collector connection is common to both input and output.
common drain amplifier A FET circuit in which the drain connection is common to both input and output.
common emitter amplifier A BJT circuit in which the emitter connection is common to both input and output.
common gate amplifier A FET circuit in which the gate connection is common to both input and output.
common source amplifier A FET circuit in which the source connection is common to both input and output.
common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) The ratio of op-amp differential gain to common-mode gain. A measure of an op-amp's ability to reject common-mode signals such as noise.
common-mode signals Signals that appear simultaneously at two inputs of an operational amplifier (op-amp). Common mode signals are always equal in amplitude and phase.
comparitor An op-amp circuit that compares two inputs and provides a DC output indicating the polarity relationship between the inputs.
complementary symmetry amplifier A class B amplifier using matched complementry transistors. Does not require a phase inverter for push-pull output.
complementry transistors
Two transistors, one NPN and one PNP having near identical charastics. N-channel and P-channel FETs can also be complementry.
complex numbers Numbers composed of a real number part and an imaginary number part.
compliance The maximum possible peak-to-peak output of an amplifier.
constant current circuit Circuit used to maintain constant current to a load having resistance that changes.
contact Current carrying part of a switch, relay or connector.
continuity Occurs when a complete path for current exists.
conventional current flow Concept of current produced by the movement of positive charges towards the negative terminal of a source.
copper loss Power lost in transformers, generators, connecting wires and other parts of a circuit due to current flow through the resistance of copper conductors.
core Magnetic material within a coil used to concentrate the magnetic field.
coulomb Unit of electric charge. A negative coulomb charge consists of 6.24 1018 electrons.
counter electromotive force (counter emf) Voltage induced into an inductor due to an alternating or pulsating current. Counter emf is always in polarity opposite to that of the applied voltage. Opposing a change of current.
coupling To electronically connect two circuits so that signal will pass from one to the other.
covalent bond The way some atoms complete their valence shells by sharing valence electrons with neighbouring atoms.
crossover distortion Distortion caused by both devices in a class B amplifier being cut-off at the same time.
crowbar Circuit used to protect the output of a souce from a short circuited load. Load current is limited to a value the source can deliver without damage.
CRT Abbreviation for cathode ray tube.
crystal Natural or synthetic piezoelectric or semiconductor material with atoms arranged with some degree of geometric regularity.
crystal-controlled oscillator Oscillator that uses a quartz crystal in its feedback path to maintain a stable output frequency.
current Measured in amperes, it is the flow of electrons through a conductor. Also know as electron flow.
current amplifier Amplifier to increase signal current.
current divider Parallel network designed to divide the total current of a circuit
current feedback Feedback configuration where a portion of the output current is fed back to the amplifier input.
current-limiting resistor Resistor in the path of current flow to control the amount of current drawn by a device.
current mirror Term used to describe the fact that DC current through the base circuit of a class B amplifier is approximately equal to the DC collector current.
cutoff Condition when an active device is biased such that output current is near zero or beyond zero.
cutoff frequency Frequency at which the power gain of an amplifier falls below 50% of maximum.
cycle When a repeating wave rises from zero to a positive maximum then back to zero and on to a negative maximum and back to zero it is said to have completed one cycle
Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with D

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DAC
Abbreviation for "digital to analog converter."
Reduction in magnitude of oscillation due to energy being dissipated as heat.
darlington pair
An amplifier consisting of two bipolar junction transistors with their collectors connected together and the emitter of one connected to the base of the other. Circuit has an extremely high current gain and input impedance.
DC
Abbreviation for "direct current".
DC load line
A graph representing all possible combinations of voltage and current for a given load resistor in an amplifier.
DC offset
The change in input voltage required to produce a zero output voltage when no signal is applied to an amplifier.
DC power supply
Any source of DC power for electrical equipment.
dead short
Short circuit having zero resistance.
decade
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A frequency factor of ten.
decibel
(dB) a logarithmic representation of gain or loss.
degenerative feedback
Also called negative feedback. A portion of the output of an amplifier is inverted and connected back to the input. This controls the gain of the amplifier and reduces distortion and noise.
delay time
The time for collector current to reach 10% of its maximum value in a BJT switching circuit.
depletion region
Thre area surrounding a pn junction that is depleted of carriers.
depletion mode
In a FET, an operating mode where reverse gate-source voltage is used to deplete the channel of free carriers. This reduces the size of the channel and increases its resistance.
depletion-mode MOSFET
A MOSFET designed to operate in either depletion mode or enhancement mode.
device
A component or part.
diac
A two terminal bidirectional thyristor. Has a symmetrical switching mode.
dielectric
Insulating material between two plates where an electrostatic field exists.
dialectric constant
Property of a material that determines how much electrostatic energy can be stored per unit volume when unit voltage is applied.
dialectric strength
The maximum voltage an insulating material can withstand without breaking down.
differential amplifier
An amplifier in which the output is in proportion to the differences between voltages applied to its two inputs.
differentiator
A circuit in which the output voltage is in proportion to the rate of change of the input voltage. A high pass RC circuit.
diffusion
Tendency of conduction band electrons to wander across a pn junction to combine with valence band holes.
digital
Relating to devices or circuits that have outputs of only two discrete levels. Examples: 0 or 1, high or low, on or off, true or false etc.
diode
A two terminal device that conducts in only one direction.
DIP
Abbreviation for "dual in line package."
direct coupling
Where the output of an amplifier is connected directly to the input of another amplifier or to a load. Also known as DC coupling because DC signals are not blocked.
direct current
Current that flows in only one direction.
discharge
Release of energy stored in either a battery or a capacitor.
discrete component
Package containing only a single component as opposed to an integrated circuit containing many components in a single package.
dissipation
Release of electrical energy in the form of heat.
distortion
An undesired change in a waveform or signal.
distributed capacitance
Any capacitance other than that within a capacitor. For example, the capacitance between adjacent turns of wire in a coil.
distributed inductance
Any inductance other than that within an inductor. Example inductance in any conductor.
domain
A moveable magnetized area in a magnetized material. Also known as magnetic domain.

donor atoms
Pentavalent atoms that give up electrons to the conduction band in an N type semiconductor material.
doping
The process of adding impurity atoms to intrinsic (pure) silicon or germanium to improve the conductivity of the semiconductor material.
dot convention
Standard used with transformer symbols to indicate whether the secondary voltage is in phase or out of phase with the primary voltage.
drift
A problem that can develop in tuned amplifiers when the frequency of the tuned circuit changes due to temperature or component aging.
dropping resistor
Resistor whose value has been chosen to drop or develop a given voltage.
dry cell
DC voltage generating chemical cell using a non liquid (paste) electrolyte.
dual in-line package
Integrated circuit package having two rows of connecting pins.
dual trace oscilloscope
Oscilloscope that can simultaneously display two signals.
dynamic
Relating to conditions that are changing or in motion
Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with E

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E-core Laminated form in the shape of the letter "E", onto which inductors and transformers are wound.
eddy currents Currents induced into a conducting core due to the changing magnetic field. Eddy currents produce heat which is a loss of power and lowers the efficiency of an inductor.
efficiency The amount of power delivered to the load of an amplifier as a percentage of the power required from the power supply.
electric charge Electric energy stored on the surface of a material. Also known as a static charge.
electric field A field or force that exists in the space between two different potentials or voltages. Also known as an electrostatic field.
electricity Science states that certain particles possess a force field or charge. The charge possessed by an electron is negative while the charge possessed by a proton is positive. Electricity can be divided into two groups, static and dynamic. Static electricity deals with charges at rest and dynamic electricity deals with charges in motion.
electric polarization A displacement of bound charges in a dielectric when placed in an electric field.
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electro acoustic transducer Device that produces an energy transfer from electric to acoustic (sound) or from acoustic to electric. Examples include a microphone, earphones and loudspeakers.
electroluminescence Conversion of electrical energy into light energy.
electrolyte Electrically conducting liquid (wet) or paste (dry)
electrolytic capacitor A capacitor having an electrolyte between the two plates. A thin layer of oxide is deposited on only the positive plate. The oxide acts as the dielectric for the capacitor. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and so must be connected in correct polarity to prevent breakdown.
electromagnet A coil of wire usually wound on a soft iron or steel core. When current is passed through the coil a magnetic field is generated. The core provides an easy path for the magnetic lines of force. This concentrates the field in the core.
electromagnetic communication Use of an electromagnetic wave to pass information between two points. Also called wireless communication.
electromagnetic induction Voltage produced in a coil due to relative motion between the coil and magnetic lines of force.
electromagnetic spectrum List or diagram showing the range of electromagnetic radiation.
electromagnetic wave Wave that consists of both electric and magnetic variation.
electromagnetism Relates to the magnetic field generated around a conductor when current is passed through it.
electromechanical transducer Device that transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy (electric motor) or mechanical energy into electrical energy (generator).
electromotive force (emf) Force that causes the motion of electrons due to potential difference between two points. (voltage)
electron Smallest sub atomic particle of negative charge that orbits the nucleus of an atom.
electron flow Electrical current produced by the movement of free electrons towards a positive terminal.
electrostatic Related to static electric charge.
electrostatic field Force field produced by static electrical charges.
emitter The semiconductor region from which charge carriers are injected into the base of a bipolar junction transistor.
emitter feedback Coupling from the emitter output to the base input of a bipolar junction transistor.
emitter follower A common collector amplifier. Has a high current gain, high input impedance and low output impedance.
energized Being electrically connected to a voltage source so the device is activated.
energy Capacity to do work.
engineering notation A floating point system in which numbers are expressed as products consisting of a number greater than one multiplied by an appropriate power of ten that is some multiple of three.
enhancement-mode MOSFET A field effect transistor in which there are no charge carriers in the channel when the gate source voltage is zero.
equivalent resistance Total resistance of all the individual resistances in a circuit.
Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with F

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fall time Time it takes the falling edge of a pulse to go from 90% of peak voltage to 10% of peak voltage.
farad The basic unit of capacitance.
feedback A portion of the output signal of an amplifier which is connected back to the input of the same amplifier.
feedback amplifier An amplifier with an external signal path from its output back to its input.
ferrite A powdered, compressed and sintered magnetic material having high resistively. The high resistance makes eddy current losses low at high frequencies.
ferrite bead Ferrite composition in the form of a bead. Running a wire through the bead increases the inductance of the wire.
ferrite-core inductor An inductor wound on a ferrite core.
ferrites
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Compound composed of iron oxide, a metallic oxide and ceramic. The metal oxides include zinc, nickel, cobalt or iron.
ferrous Composed of and or containing iron. A ferrous metal exhibits magnetic characteristics as opposed to non-ferrous material.
fiber optics Laser's light output carries information that is conveyed between two points by thin glass optical fibers.
field effect transistor (FET) A voltage controlled transistor in which the source to drain conduction is controlled by gate to source voltage.
filament Thin thread of carbon or tungsten which produces heat or light with the passage of current.
filter Network consisting of capacitors, resistors and/or inductors used to pass certain frequencies and block others.
flip flop A bistable multivibrator. A circuit which has two output states and is switched from one to the other by means of an external signal (trigger).
floating ground Common connection in a circuit that provides a return path for current but is not connected to an earth ground.
flow soldering Flow or wave soldering technique in large scale electronic assembly to solder all the connections on a printed circuit board by moving the board over a wave of molten solder.
flux Material used to remove oxide films from the surface of metals in preparation for soldering.
flux In magnetism, the magnetic field consisting of lines of force.
flux density The concentration of magnetic lines of force. Determines strength of the magnetic field.
flywheel effect Sustaining effect of oscillation in an LC circuit.
forward bias A PN junction bias which allows current to flow through the junction. Forward bias decreases the resistance of the depletion layer.
free electrons Electrons that are not in any orbit around a nucleus.
free running multivibrator A multivibrator that produces a continuous output waveform without any signal input. A square wave generator used to produce a clock signal.
frequency Rate of recurrence of a periodic wave. Measured in Hertz (cycles per second).
frequency-division multiplex (FDM) Transmission of two or more signals over a common path by using a different frequency band for each signal.
frequency-domain analysis A method of representing a waveform by plotting its amplitude against frequency.
frequency meter Meter used to measure frequency of periodic waves.
frequency multiplier A harmonic conversion circuit in which the frequency of the output signal is an exact multiple of the input frequency.
frequency response Indication of how well a circuit responds to different frequencies applied to it.
frequency response curve A graph of amplitude over frequency indicating a circuit response to different frequencies.
full scale deflection (FDS) Deflection of a meter's pointer to the farthest position on the scale.
full wave rectifier Rectifier that makes use of the full AC wave in both the positive and negative half cycles.
function generator Signal generator that can produce sine, square, triangle and sawtooth output waveforms.
fundamental frequency Lowest frequency in a complex waveform.
fuse A protective device in the current path that melts or breaks when current exceeds a predetermined maximum value
Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with G

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gain Increase in voltage, current and/or power. Gain is expressed as a ratio of amplifier output value to the corresponding amplifier input value.
gain bandwidth product A device parameter that indicates the maximum possible product of gain and bandwidth. The gain bandwidth product of a device is equal to the unity gain frequency (funity) of the device.
gamma rays High frequency electromagnetic radiation from radio active particles.
ganged Mechanical coupling of two or more capacitors, switches, potentiometers, or any other adjustable components so that adjusting one control will operate all.
gas Any aeriform or completely elastic fluid which is not a solid or a liquid. Gasses are produced by heating a liquid beyond its boiling point.
geiger counter Device used to detect nuclear particles.
generator Device used to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with G
giga Metric prefix for 1 billion (109).
ground An intentional or accidental conducting path between an electrical system or circuit and the earth or some conducting body acting in place of the earth. A ground is often used as the common wiring point or reference in a circuit.
gunn diode A semiconductor diode that utilizes the Gunn effect to produce microwave frequency oscillation or to amplify a microwave frequency signal.
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with H

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half power point A frequency at which the power is 50% of maximum. This corresponds to 70.7% of maximum current or voltage.
h-parameters (hybrid parameters) Transistor specifications that describe the component operating limits under specific circumstances.
half wave rectifier A diode rectifier that converts AC to pulsating DC by eliminating either the negative or the positive alternation of each input AC cycle.
harmonic Sine wave that is smaller in amplitude and some multiple of a fundamental frequency. Example: 880 Hz. is the second harmonic of 440 Hz., 880 Hz. is the third harmonic of 220 Hz.
hartley oscillator An oscillator that uses a tapped inductor in the feedback network.
henry The basic unit of inductance.
HERTZ (Hz.) Unit of frequency. One hertz is equal to one cycle per second.
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with H
high fidelity (Hi Fi)Sound reproduction equipment that reproduces sound as near to the original sound as possible
high-pass filter A tuned circuit designed to pass all frequencies above a desnigated cut-off frequency. Frequencies below the cut-off frequency are rejected or attenuated
high tension Lethal voltage in the kilovolt range and above.
hole A gap left in the covalent bond when a valence electron gains sufficient energy to jump to the conduction band
hologram Three-dimensional picture created with a laser.
holography The science dealing with three-dimensional optical recording.
horizontally polarized wave Electromagnetic wave that has the electric field in the horizontal plane.
hybrid circuit Circuit that combines two technologies (passive and active or discrete and integrated components) onto one microelectronic circuit. Passive components are usual made by thin film techniques, while active components are made with semiconductor techniques.
hysteresis Amount that the magnetization of a material lags the magnetizing force due to molecular friction. In Schmitt Trigger circuits, the difference between the upper and lower trigger points.
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with I

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IC Abbreviation for "integrated circuit"
IC voltage regulator Three terminal device used to hold the output voltage of a power supply constant over a wide range of load variations.
IGFET Insulated gate field effect transistor. Another name for a "MOSFET."
impedance (Z) Measured in ohms it is the total opposition to the flow of current offered by a circuit. Impedance consists of the vector sum of resistance and reactance.
impedance coupling Coupling of two signal amplifier circuits through the use of an impedance such as a inductor.
impedance matching Matching the output impedance of a source to the input impedance of a load to attain maximum power transfer.
incandescence State of a material when heated to the point where it emits light. (red hot or white hot).
induced voltage
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Voltage generated in a conductor when subjected to a moving magnetic field.
inductance Property of a circuit to oppose a change in current. The moving magnetic field produced by a change in current causes an induced voltage to oppose the original change.
inductive circuit Circuit having greater inductive reactance than capacitive reactance.
inductive reactance Opposition to the flow of AC current produced by an inductor. Measured in Ohms and varies in direct proportion to frequency.
inductor Length of conductor used to introduce inductance into a circuit. The conductor is usually wound into a coil to concentrate the magnetic lines of force and maximize the inductance. While any conductor has inductance, in common usage the term inductor usually refers to a coil.
infrared Electromagnetic heat radiation whose frequencies are above the microwave frequency band and below red in the visible band.
inhibit To stop an action or block data from passing.
in phase When two or more waves of the same frequency have their positive and negative peaks occurring at the same time.
input impedance Opposition to the flow of signal current at the input of a circuit or load.
insulated When a non conducting material is used to isolate conducting materials from one another.
insulating material Material that will prevent the flow of current due to its chemical composition.
insulation resistance Resistance of insulating material. The greater the insulation resistance, the better the insulation.
integrated When two or more components are combined into a circuit and then incorporated into a single package.
integrator A device that approximates and whose output is proportional to an integral of the input signal. A low pass filter.
intermediate frequency amplifier In a superheterodyne radio it amplifies a fixed frequency lower than the received radio frequency and higher than the audio frequency.
intermittent A fault occurring at random intervals of time. Intermittent problems are often difficult to locate because of the random nature. They often don't occur when the technician is present.
internal resistance Every source has some resistance in series with the output current. When current is drawn from the source some power is lost due to the voltage drop across the internal resistance. Usually called output impedance or output resistance.
intrinsic material A semiconductor material with electrical properties essentially characteristic of ideal pure crystal. Essentially silicon or germanium crystal with no measurable impurities.
intrinsic stand-off ratio A unijunction transistor (UJT) rating used to determine the firing potential of the device.
inverting amplifier An amplifier that has a 180 phase shift from input to output.
inverting input In an operational amplifier (op amp) the input that is marked with a minus sign. A signal applied at the inverting input will be given 180 phase shift between input and output.
ion An atom with fewer electrons in orbit than the number of protons in the nucleus is a positive ion. An atom with a greater number of electrons in orbit than the number of protons in the nucleus is a negative ion.
ionized Atoms become ionized when they gain or lose a valence electron.
Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with J

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z j A prefix used to indicate an imaginary number. (Operator j)
jack Socket or connector into which a plug may be inserted.
JFET Abbreviation for "Junction field effect transistor".
joule The unit of work and energy.
junction Contact or connection between two or more wires or cables. The area where the ptype material and n-type material meet in a semiconductor.
junction diode diode. A semiconductor diode in which the rectifying characteristics occur at a junction between the n-type and p-type semiconductor materials.
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with K

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kilo Metric prefix for 1000. (103)
kilovolt-ampere 1000 volts at 1 ampere.
kilowatt-hour 1000 watts for 1 hour.
kilowatt-hour meter A meter used by electric utility companies to measure the amount of electric power used by a customer.
kinetic energy Energy associated with motion.
Kirchhoff"s current law The sum of the currents flowing into a point in a circuit is equal to the sum of the currents flowing out of that same point.
Kirchhoff"s voltage law The algebraic sum of the voltage drops in a closed path circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of the source voltages applied.
knee voltage The voltage at which a curve joins two relatively straight portions of a characteristic
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with K
curve. For a PN junction diode, the point in the forward operating region of the characteristic curve where conduction starts to increase rapidly. For a zener diode, the term is often used in reference to the zener voltage rating.
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with L

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lag Difference in time between two waveforms of the same frequency expressed in degrees. Example: One waveform lags another waveform by a certain number of degrees.
laminated core Core made up of sheets of magnetic material insulated from one another by an oxide or varnish.
lamp Device that produces light.
laser Device that produces a very narrow intense beam of light. The name is an axcronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
lead The angle by which one alternating signal leads another in time. Opposite of lag. Also a wire that connects two points in a circuit.
lead-acid cell Cell made up of lead plates immersed in a sulphuric acid electrolyte. An automobile battery usually consists of six lead-acid cells.
leakage Small undesirable flow of current through an insulator or dielectric.
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LED Abbreviation for "light emitting diode."
left-hand-rule If fingers of the left hand are placed around a wire so that the thumb points in the direction of electron flow, the fingers will be pointing in the direction of the magnetic field being produced by the conductor.
Lenz's law The current induced in a circuit due to a change in the magnetic field is so directed as to oppose the flux, or to exert a mechanical force to oppose the motion.
level detector An op-amp circuit that compares two inputs and provides a DC output indicating the polarity relationship between the inputs. A comparitor.
lie detector Piece of electronic equipment also called a polygraph used to determine whether a person is telling the truth by looking for dramatic changes in blood pressure, body temperature, breathing rate, heart rate and skin moisture in response to questions.
light Electromagnetic radiation in a band of frequencies that can be received by the human eye.
lifetime The time from the creation of an electron hole pair until recombination occurs.
light-emitting diode A semiconductor diode that converts electric energy into electromagnetic radiation at a visible and near infrared frequencies when its pn junction is forward biased.
limiter Circuit or device that prevents some portion of its input from reaching the output. A clipper.
linear Relationship between input and output in which the output varies in direct proportion to the input.
linear scale A scale in which the divisions are uniformly spaced.
line regulation The ability of a voltage regulator to maintain a constant voltage when the regulator input voltage varies.
live Term used to describe a circuit or piece of equipment that is on and has current flow within it.
load A source drives a load. Whatever component or piece of equipment is connected to a source and draws current from a source is a load on that source.
load current Current drawn from a source by a load.
load impedance Vector sum of reactance and resistance in a load.
loading effect Large load impedance will draw a small load current and so loading of the source is small. (light load). A small load impedance will draw a large load current from the source. (heavy load).
load regulation The ability of a voltage regulator to maintain a constant output voltage under varying load currents.
load resistance Resistance of a load.
logic Science of dealing with the principle and applications of gates, relays and switches.
loss Term used to describe a decrease in power.
low pass filter A tuned circuit designed to pass all frequencies below a designated cut-off frequency.
Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with M

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magnet Body that can be used to attract or repel magnetic materials.
magnetic circuit breaker Circuit breaker that is tripped or activated by use of an electromagnet.
magnetic coil Spiral of a conductor which is called an electromagnet.
magnetic core Material that exists in the center of the magnetic coil to either physically support the windings (non-magnetic material) or to concentrate the magnetic flux (magnetic material).
magnetic field Magnetic lines of force traveling from the north pole to the south pole of a magnet.
magnetic flux The magnetic lines of force produced by a magnet.
magnetic leakage The passage of magnetic flux outside the path along which it can do useful work.
magnetic poles Points of a magnet from which magnetic lines of force leave (north pole) and arrive (south pole).
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magnetism Property of some materials to attract or repel others.
magnetizing force Also called magnetic field strength. It is the magnetomotive force per unit length at any given point in a magnetic circuit.
magnetomotive force Force that produces a magnetic field.
majority carriers The conduction band electrons in an n-type material and the valence band holes in a ptype material. Produced by pentavalent impurities in n-type material and trivalent impurities in p-type material.
matched impedance Condition that occurs when the output impedance of a source is equal to the input impedance of a load.
matching Connection of two components or circuits so that maximum power is transferred between the two.
maximum power transfer A theorem that states that maximum power will be transferred from source to load when input impedance of the load equals the output impedance of the source.
Maxwell Unit of magnetic flux. One maxwell equals one magnetic line of force.
mercury cell Primary cell using a mercuric oxide cathode, a zinc anode and a potassium hydroxide electrolyte.
metal film resistor A resistor in which a film of metal oxide or alloy is deposited on an insulating substrate.
metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET) A field effect transistor in which the insulating layer betwen the gate electrode and the channel is a metal oxide layer.
metal oxide resistor A metal film resistor in which an oxide of metal (such as tin) is deposited as a film onto
the substrate.
meter Any electrical or electronic measuring device. In the metric system, it is the unit of length equal to 39.37 inches.
meter FSD current Value of meter current needed to cause the needle to deflect to its maximum position (full scale deflection).
meter resistance DC resistance of the meter's armature coil.
mica capacitor Capacitor using mica as the dielectric.
microphone Electroacoustic transducer that converts sound energy into electric energy.
microwave Band of very short wavelength radio waves within the UHF, SHF and EHF bands.
midband gain Gain of an amplifier operating within its bandwidth.
mid-point bias An amplifier biased at the center of its DC load line.
mil One thousandth of an inch (0.001 in.)
Miller's theorem A theorem that allows you to represent a feedback capacitor as equivalent input and output shunt capacitors.
minority carriers The conduction band holes in n-type material and valence band electrons in p-type material. Most minority carriers are produced by temperature rather than by doping with impurities.
mismatch Term used to describe a difference between the output impedance of a source and the input impedance of a load. A mismatch prevents the maximum transfer of power from
source to load.
modulation Process by which an information signal (audio for example) is used to modify some characteristic of a higher frequency wave known as a carrier (radio for example).
monostable multivibrator A multivibrator with one stable output state. When triggered, the circuit output will switch to the unstable state for a predetermined period of time and then return to the stable state. A timer.
molecule Smallest particle of a compound that still retains its characteristics.
MOSFET Abbreviation for "metal oxide field effect transistor" also known as an "insulated gate field effect transistor). A field effect transistor in which the insulating layer between the gate electrode and the channel is a metal oxide layer.
moving coil microphone Microphone that uses a moving coil within a fixed magnetic field. Dynamic microphone.
moving coil pick-up Dynamic phonograph pick-up in which the stylus causes a coil to move within a fixed magnetic field.
moving coil loudspeaker Loudspeaker that uses a moving "voice coil" placed within a fixed magnetic field. Audio frequency current in the voice coil causes movement which is mechanically transferred to the speaker cone. Also known as a dynamic loudspeaker.
multimeter Electronic test equipment that can perform multiple tasks. Typically one capable of measuring voltage, current and resistance. More sophisticated modern digital multimeters also measure capacitance, inductance, current gain of transistors and/or anything else that can be measured electronically.
multiplier resistor Resistor connected in series with a moving coil meter movement to extend the voltage ranges.
multisegmant display Device made of several light emitting diodes arranged in a numeric or alphanumeric pattern. By lighting selected segments numeric or alphabet characters can be displayed.
multivibrator A class of circuits designed to produce square waves or pulses. Astable multivibrators produce continuous pulses without an external stimulus or trigger. Monostable multivibrators produce a single pulse for some predetermined period of time only when triggered. Bistable multivibrators produce a DC output which is stable in either one of two states. Either high or low. An external stimulus or trigger is required for the bistable circuit to change states, either high to low or low to high.
mutual inductance Ability of one inductor's lines of force to link with another inductor.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z n-type semiconductor A semiconductor compound formed by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with a pentavalent element. An n-type material contains an excess of conduction band electrons.
negative Terminal that has an excess of electrons.
negative charge A charge that has more electrons than protons
negative feedback A feedback signal 180 out of phase with an amplifier input signal. Used to increase amplifier stability, bandwidth and input impedance. Also reduces distortion.
negative ground A system where the negative terminal of the source is connected to the system's metal chassis.
negative ion An atom having a greater number of electrons in orbit than there are protons in the nucleus.
negative resistance A resistance such that when the current through it increases the voltage drop across the resistance decreases.
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negative temperature coefficient A term used to describe a component whose resistance or capacitance decreases when temperature increases.
neon bulb Glass envelope filled with neon gas which when ionized by an applied voltage will glow red.
network Combination of interconnected components, circuits or systems.
neutral A terminal, point or object with balanced charges. Neither positive or negative.
neutral atom An atom in which the number of negative charges (electrons in orbit) is equal to the number of positive charges (protons in the nucleus).
neutral wire The conductor of a polyphase circuit or a single-phase three wire circuit that is intended to have a ground potential. The potential difference between the neutral and each of the other conductors are approximately equal in magnitude and equally spaced in phase.
neutron Subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom and having no electrical charge.
nickel-cadmium cell A secondary cell that uses a nickel oxide positive electrode and a cadmium negative electrode.
node Junction or branch point in a circuit.
noise Unwanted electromagnetic radiation within an electrical or mechanical system. An operational amplifier circuit having no phase inversion between the input and output.
non-inverting input The terminal on an operational amplifier that is identified by a plus sign.
non-linear scale
A scale in which the divisions are not equally spaced.
normal closed Designation which states that the contacts of a switch or relay are closed or connected when at rest. When activated, the contacts open or separated.
normally open Designation which states that the contacts of a switch or relay are normally open or not connected. When activated the contacts close or become connected.
north pole Pole of a magnet out of which magnetic lines of force are assumed to originate.
Norton's theorem Any network of voltage sources and resistors can be replace by a single current source in parallel with a single resistor.
notch filter A filter which blocks a narrow band of frequencies and passes all frequencies above and below the band.
npn transistor A bipolar junction transistor in which a p-type base element is sandwiched between an n-type emitter and an n-type collector.
nucleus Core of an atom. The nucleus contains both positive (protons) and neutral (neutrons) subatomic particles. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z octave Interval between two sounds whose fundamental frequencies differ by a ratio of 2 to 1. 440 Hz. is one octave above 220 Hz.
offset null An op amp control pin used to eliminate the effects of internal component voltages on the output of the device.
ohm Unit of resistance symbolized by the Greek capital letter omega (W).
ohmmeter Device used to measure electrical resistance.
Ohm's law Relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Ohm's law states that current in a resistance varies in direct proportion to voltage applied and inversely proportional to resistance.
Ohms per volt Refers to a value of ohms per volt of full scale defection for a moving coil meter movement. The number of ohms per volt is the reciprocal of the amount of current required to produce full scale deflection of the needle. A meter requiring 50 microamps for full scale deflection has an internal resistance of 20 kW per volt. The higher the ohms per volt rating, the more sensitive the meter.
one-shot Monostable multivibrator.

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op-amp Abbreviation for operational amplifier.
open loop gain Gain of an amplifier when no feedback is present.
open loop mode An amplifier circuit having no means of comparing the output with the input. (No feedback.)
operational amplifier A high gain DC amplifier that has a high input impedance and a low output impedance. Op-amps are the most basic type of linear integrated circuits.
oscillate To produce a continuous output waveform without an input signal present.
oscillator An electronic circuit that produces a continuous output waveform with only DC applied.
oscilloscope An instrument used to display a signal graphically. Shows signal amplitude, period and waveshape in addition to any DC voltage present. A multiple trace oscilloscope can show two or more waveforms at the same time for phase comparison and timing measurements.
out of phase When the maximum and minimum points of two or more waveshapes do not occur at the same time.
output Terminal at which a component, circuit or piece of equipment delivers current, voltage or power.
output impedance Impedance measured across the output terminals of a device without a load connected.
output power Amount of power a component, circuit or system can deliver to a load.
overload Condition that occurs when the load is greater than the system was designed to
handle. (Load resistance too small, load current too high.) Overload results in waveform distortion and/or overheating.
overload protection Protective device such as a fuse or circuit breaker that automatically disconnects a load when current exceeds a predetermined value. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z paper capacitor Fixed capacitor using oiled or waxed paper as a dielectric.
parallel Circuit having two or more paths for current flow. Also called shunt.
parallel resonant circuit Circuit having an inductor and a capacitor in parallel with one another. Circuit offers a high impedance at resonant frequency. Sometimes called a "tank circuit."
pass band The range of frequencies that will be passed and amplified by a tuned amplifier. Also the range of frequencies passed by a band pass filter.
passive component Component that does not amplify a signal. Resistors and capacitors are examples.
passive filter A filter that contains only passive or non amplifying components.
passive system System that emits no energy. It only receives. It does not transmit or reveal its position.
peak Maximum or highest amplitude level.
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peak inverse voltage (PIV) The maximum rated value of a AC voltage acting in the direction opposite to that in which a device is designed to pass current.
peak to peak Difference between the maximum positive and maximum negative values of an AC waveform.
pentavalent element Element whose atoms have five valence electrons. Used in doping intrinsic silicon or germanium to produce n-type semiconductor material. Most commonly used pentavalent materials are arsenic and phosphorus.
percent of regulation The change in output voltage that occurs between no-load and full-load in a DC voltage source. Dividing this change by the full-load value and multiplying the result by 100 gives percent regulation.
percent of ripple The ratio of the effective rms value of ripple voltage to the average value of the total voltage. Expressed as a percentage.
period Time to complete one full cycle of a periodic or repeating waveform.
permanence Magnetic equivalent of magnetic inductance and consequently equal to the reciprocal of reluctance, just as conductance is equal to the reciprocal of resistance.
permanent magnet Magnet normally made of hardened steel that retains its magnetism indefinitely.
permeability Measure of how m how much better a material is as a path for magnetic lines of force with respect to air which has a permeability of one. Symbolized by the Greek lower case letter mu (m).
phase Angular relationship between two waves.
phase angle Phase difference between two or more waves, normally expressed in degrees.
phase shift
Change in phase of a wave form between two points, expressed as degrees of lead or lag.
phase shift oscillator An oscillator that uses three RC networks in its feedback path to produce the 180 phase shift required for oscillation.
phase splitter Circuit that takes a single input signal and produces two output signals that are 180 apart in phase.
phonograph Piece of equipment used to reproduce sound stored on a disk called a phonograph record.
phosphor Luminescent material applied to the inner face of a cathode ray tube that when bombarded with electrons will emit light of various colors.
photoconductive cell Material whose resistance decreases or conductance increases when exposed to light.
photoconduction A process by which the conductance of a material is change by incident electromagnetic radiation in the visible light spectrum.
photodetector Component used to detect or sense light.
photodiode A semiconductor diode that changes its electrical characteristics in response to illumination.
photometer Meter used to measure light intensity.
photon Discrete portion of electromagnetic energy. A small packet of light.
photoresistor Also known as a photoconductive cell or light dependent resistor. (LDR) A device whose resistance decreases with exposure to light.
photovoltaic cell Component commonly called a solar cell used to convert light energy into electrical energy.
pi Value representing the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle and equal to approximately 3.142.
pierce oscillator A variation of the colpitts oscillator. This oscillator uses a quartz crystal in place of the inductor found in the colpitts oscillator feedback network. The crystal maintains a highly stable output frequency.
piezoelectric crystal Crystal material that will generate a voltage when mechanical pressure is applied and conversely will undergo mechanical stress when subjected to a voltage.
piezoelectric effect The production of a voltage between opposite sides of a piezoelectric crystal as a result of pressure or twisting. Also the reverse effect which the application of a voltage to opposite sides causes a deformation to occur at the frequency of the applied voltage. (Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy and electrical energy into mechanical energy.)
pinch-off region A region on the characteristic curve of a FET in which the gate bias causes the depletion region to extend completely across the channel.
plastic film capacitor Capacitor in which alternate layers of aluminum foil are separated by thin films of plastic dialectric.
plate Conductive electrode in either a capacitor or battery. In vacuum tube technology, it is the name given to the anode.
plug Movable connector that is normally connected into a socket or jack.
pnp transistor A bipolar junction transistor with an n-type base and p-type emitter and collector.
pole In an active filter, a single RC circuit. A one pole filter has one capacitor and one resistor. A two pole filter has two RC circuits and so on.
polar coordinates Either of two numbers that locate a point in a plane by its distance from a fixed point and the angle this line makes with a fixed line.
polarity Term used to describe positive and negative charges.
polarized A component which must be connected in correct polarity to function and/or d/or prevent destruction. Example: Electrolytic capacitor.
positive Polarity of point that attracts electrons as opposed to negative which supplies electrons.
positive charge A charge that exists in a body that has fewer electrons than protons.
positive feedback A feedback signal that is in phase with an amplifier input signal. Positive feedback is necessary for oscillation to occur.
positive ground A system whereby the positive terminal of the source is connected to the system's conducting chassis.
positive ion Atom that has lost one or more valence electrons resulting in a net positive charge.
potential difference Voltage difference between two points which will cause current to flow in a closed circuit.
potential energy Energy that has potential to do work because of its position relative to others.
potentiometer A variable resistor with three terhree terminals. Mechanical turning of a shaft can be used to produce variable resistance and potential. Example: A volume control is usually a potentiometer.
power Amount of energy converted by a circuit or component in a unit of time, normally
seconds. Measured in units of watts. (joules/second).
power amplifier An amplifier designed to deliver maximum power output to a load. Example: In an audio system, it is the power amplifier that drives the loudspeaker.
power derating factor A transistor rating that tells how much the maximum allowable value of PD decreased for each 1C rise in ambient temperature.
power dissipation Amount of heat energy generated by a device in one second when current flows through it.
power factor Ratio of actual power to apparent power.
power loss Ratio of power absorbed to power delivered.
power supply Electrical equipment used to deliver either AC or DC voltage. power supply rejection ratio A measure of an op-amps ability to maintain a constant output when the supply voltage varies.
primary First winding of a transformer. Winding that is connected to the source as opposed to secondary which is a winding connected to a load.
primary cell Cell that produces electrical energy through an internal electrochemical action. Once discharged a primary cell cannot be reused.
printed circuit board Insulating board containing conductive tracks for circuit connections.
programmable UJT Unijunction transistor with a variable intrinsic stand-off ratio.
propagation Traveling of electromagnetic, electrical or sound waves through a medium.
propagation delay Time required for a signal to pass through a device or circuit.
propagation time Time required for a wave to travel between two points.
protoboard Board with provision for attaching components without solder. Also called a breadboard. Primarily used for constructing experimental circuits.
proton Sub atomic particle within the nucleus of an atom. Has a positive charge.
pulse Rise and fall of some quantity (usually voltage) for a period of time.
pulse fall time Time for a pulse to decrease from 90% of its peak value to 10% of its peak value.
pulse repetition frequency The number of times per second that a pulse is transmitted. Pulse rate.
pulse repetition time Time interval between the start of two consecutive pulses.
pulse rise time Time required for a pulse to increase from 10% of its peak value to 90% of its peak value.
pulse width Time interval between the leading edge and trailing edge of a pulse at a point where the amplitude is 50% of the peak value.
push>push-pull amplifier Amplifier using two active devices operating 180 apart.
Pythagorean theorem A theorem in geometry: The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides. In electronics used for vector analysis of AC circuits A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Q Quality factor of an inductor or capacitor. It is the ratio of a component's reactance (energy stored) to its effective series resistance (energy dissipated). For a tuned circuit, a figure of merrit used in bandwidth calculations. Q is the ratio of reactive power to resistive power in a tuned circuit. Also the symbol for charge in coulombs (Q for quantity).
quiescent At rest. For an amplifier the term is used to describe a condition with no active input signal.
quiescent point (Q point) A point on the DC load line of a given amplifier that represents the quiescent (no signal) value of output voltage and current for the circuit.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z radar Acronym for "radio detection and ranging" A system that measures the distance and direction of objects.
radioastronomy Branch of astronomy that studies the radio waves generated by celestial bodies and uses these emissions to obtain information about them.
radio broadcast Transmission of music, voice and other information on radio carrier waves that can be received by the general public.
radio communication Term used to describe the transfer of information between two or more points by use of radio or electromagnetic waves.
radio-frequency amplifier Amplifier having one or more active devices to amplify radio signals.
radio-frequency generator Generator capable of supplying RF energy at any desired frequency in the radiofrequency spectrum.
radio-frequency probe Probe used in conjunction with an AC meter to measure radio-frequency signals.
RC
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Abbreviation for "resistance capacitance" also abbreviation for "radio controled" as in "RC model airplanes."
RC time constant Product of resistance and capacitance in seconds.
reactance Symbol "X". Opposition to current flow without the dissipation of energy. Example: The opposition provided by inductance or capacitance to AC current.
reactive power Also called imaginary power or wattless power. It is the power value in "volt amps" obtained from the product of source voltage and source current in a reactive circuit.
real number Number having no imaginary part.
receiver Unit or piece of equipment used to receive information.
recombination Process by which a conduction band electron gives up energy (in the form of heat or light) and falls into a valence band hole.
rectangular coordinates A Cartesian coordinate of a Cartesian coordinate system whose straight-line axes or coordinate planes are perpendicular.
rectangular wave Also known as a pulse wave. A repeating wave that only operates between two levels or values and remains at one of these values for a small amount of time relative to the other value.
rectification Process that converts alternating current to direct current.
rectifier Diode circuit that converts alternating current into pulsating direct current.
reed relay Relay consisting of two thin magnetic strips within a glass envelope. When a coil around the envelope is energized, the relay's contacts snap together making a connection between leads attached to the reed strips.
regenerative feedback Positive feedback. Feedback from the output of an amplifier to the input such that the feedback signal is in phase with the input signal. Used to produce oscillation.
regulated power supply Power supply that maintains a constant output voltage under changing load conditions.
regulator Device or circuit that maintains a desired output under changing conditions.
relay Electromechanical device that opens or closes contacts when a current is passed through a coil.
relative Not independent. Compared with or with respect to some other measured quantity.
relaxation oscillator Free running circuit that outputs pulses with a period dependent or one or more RC time constants.
reluctance Resistance to the flow of magnetic lines of force.
remanence Amount a material remains magnetized after the magnetizing force has been removed.
residual magnetism Magnetism remaining in the core of an electromagnet after the coil current is removed.
resistance Symbolized "R" and measured in ohms. Opposition to current flow and dissipation of energy in the form of heat.
resistive power Amount of power dissipated as heat in a circuit containing resistive and reactive components. True power as opposed to reactive power.
resistive temperature detector (RTD) Temperature detector consisting of a fine coil of conducting wire (such as platinum) that will produce a relatively linear increase in resistance as temperature increases.
receptivity Measure of a material's resistance to current flow.
resistor Component made of material that opposes flow of current and therefore has some value of resistance.
resistor color code Coding system of colored stripes on a resistor to indicate the resistor's value and tolerance.
resonance Circuit condition that occurs at the frequency where inductive reactance (XL) equals capacitive reactance (XC).
reverse bias Bias on a PN junction that allows only leakage current (minority carriers) to flow. Positive polarity on the n-type material and negative polarity to the p-type material.
reverse breakdown voltage Amount of reverse bias that will cause a PN junction to break down and conduct in the reverse direction.
reverse current Current through a diode when reverse biased. An extremely small current also referred to as leakage.
reverse saturation current Reverse current through a diode caused by thermal activity. This current is not affected by the amount of reverse bias on the component, but does vary with temperature.
RF Abbreviation for "radio frequency."
rheostat Two terminal variable resistor used to control current.
right angle triangle Triangle having a 90 or square corner.
ripple frequency Frequency of the ripple present in the output of a DC source.
ripple voltage The small variations in Dc voltage that remain after filtering in a power supply.
rise time Time for the leading edge of a pulse to rise from 10% of its peak value to 90% of its peak value.
RL differentiator An RL circuit whose output voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the input voltage.
RL filter Selective circuit of resistors and inductors that offers little or no opposition to certain frequencies while blocking or attenuating other frequencies.
RL integrator RL circuit with an output proportionate to the integral of the input signal.
rms Abbreviation for "root mean square"
rms value Rms value of an AC sine wave is 0.707 times the peak value. This is the effective value of an AC sine wave. The rms value of a sine wave is the value of a DC voltage that would produce the same amount of heat in a heating element.
roll-off rate Rate of change in gain when an amplifier is operated outside of its bandwidth.
rotary switch Electromechanical device that has a rotating shaft connected to one terminal capable of making or breaking a connection to one or more other terminals.
R-2R ladder Network or circuit composed of a sequence of L networks connected in tandem. Circuit used in digital to analog converters. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z saturation Condition in which a further increase in one variable produces no further increase in the resultant effect. In a bipolar junction transistor, the condition when the emitter to collector voltage is less than the emitter to base voltage. This condition puts forward bias on the base to collector junction.
sawtooth wave Repeating waveform that rises from zero to maximum value linearly drops back to zero and repeats. A ramp waveform.
scale Set of markings used for measurement.
schematic diagram Illustration of an electrical or electronic circuit with the components represented by their symbols.
Schmitt trigger Circuit to convert a given waveform to a square wave output.
Schottky diode High speed diode that has very little junction capacitance. Also known as a "hot-carrier diode" or a "surface-barrier diode."
scientific notation Numbers entered as a number from one to ten multiplied by a power of ten. Example: 8765 = 8.765 103.
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secondary Output winding of a transformer. Winding that is connected to a load.
secondary cell Electrolytic cell used to store electricity. Once discharged may be restored by recharging by putting current through the cell in the direction opposite to that of discharge current.
selectivity Charistic of a circuit to discriminate between wanted and unwanted signals.
self biasing Gate bias for a field effect transistor in which source current through a resistor produces the voltage for gate to source bias.
self inductance Property that causes a counter electromotive force to be produced in a conductor when the magnetic field expands or collapses with a change of current.
semiconductor An element which is neither a good conductor or a good insulator, but rather lies somewhere between the two. Characterized by a valence shell containing four electrons. Silicon, germanium and carbon are the semiconductors most frequently used in electronics.
series circuit Circuit in which the components are connected end to end so that current has only one path to follow through the circuit.
series parallel network Network that contains components connected in both series and parallel.
series resonance Condition that occurs in a series LC circuit at the frequency where inductive reactance equals capacitive reactance. Impedance is minimum, current is maximum limited only by resistance in the circuit.
seven segment display Device made of several light emitting diodes arranged in a numeric or alphanumeric pattern. By lighting selected segments numeric or alphabet characters can be displayed.
shells or bands Orbital path containing a group of electrons having a common energy level.
shield Metal grounded cover used to protect a wire, component or piece of equipment from stray magnetic and/or electric fields.
short circuit Also called a short. Low resistance connection between two points in a circuit typically causing excessive current.
shunt resistor Resistor connected in parallel or in shunt with another component or circuit.
signal Electrical quantity that conveys information.
signal to noise ratio Ratio of the magnitude of the signal to the magnitude of noise usually expressed in decibels.
silicon (Si) Non metallic element (atomic number 14) used in pure form as a semiconductor.
silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) Three terminal active device that acts as a gated diode. The gate terminal is used to turn the device on allowing current to pass from cathode to anode.
silicon controlled switch An SCR with an added terminal called an anode gate. A positive pulse either at the anode gate or the cathode gate will turn the device on.
silicon dioxide Glass like material used as the gate insulating material in a MOSFET.
silicon transistor A bipolar junction transistor using silicon as the semi conducting material.
silver (Ag) Precious metal that does not easily corrode and is more conductive than copper.
silver mica capacitor Mica capacitor with silver deposited directly onto the mica sheets instead of using conductive metal foil.
silver solder Solder composed of silver, copper and zinc. Has a melting point lower than pure silver, but higher than lead-tin solder.
simplex Communication in only one direction at a time. Example: FAX.
simulcast Broadcasting a program simultaneously in two different forms, for example a program broadcast in both AM and FM.
sine Sine of an angle of a right angle triangle is equal to the opposite side divided by the hypotenuse.
sine wave Wave whose amplitude is the sine of a linear function of time. It is plotted on a graph that plots amplitude against time or radial degrees relative to the angular rotation of an alternator.
single in-line package Package containing several electronic components (generally resistors) with a single row of connecting pins.
single pole double throw (SPDT) Three terminal switch in which one terminal can be connected to either one of the other terminals.
single pole single throw (SPST) Two terminal switch or relay that can open or close one circuit.
single sideband (SSB) AM radio communication technique in which the transmitter suppresses one sideband and therefore transmits only a single sideband.
single throw switch Switch containing only one set of contacts which can be either opened or closed.
sink Device such as a load that consumes power or conducts away heat.
sintering Process of bonding either a metal or powder by cold pressing it into a desired shape and then heating to form a strong cohesive body.
sinusoidal Varying in proportion to the sine of an angle or time function. AC voltage in which the instantaneous value is equal to the sine of the phase angle times the peak value.
SIP Abbreviation for "single in-line package."
skin effect Tendency of high-frequency (rf) currents to flow near the surface layer of a conductor.
slew rate The maximum rate at which the output voltage of an op-amp can change.
slide switch Switch having a sliding button, bar or knob.
slow acting relay Slow operating relay that when energized may not pull up the armature for several seconds.
slow-blow fuse Fust that can withstand a heavy current (up to ten times its rated value) for a small period of time before it opens.
snap switch Switch containing a spring under tension or compression that causes the contacts to come together suddenly when activated.
SNR Abbreviation for "signal to noise ratio."
soft magnetic material Ferromagnetic material that is easily demagnetized.
software Program of instructions that directs the operation of a computer.
solar cell Photovoltaic cell that converts light into electric energy. Especially useful as a power source for space vehicles.
solder
Metallic alloy used to join two metal surfaces.
soldering Process of joining two metallic surfaces to make an electrical contact by melting solder (usually tin and lead) across them.
soldering iron Tool with an internal heating element used to heat surfaces being soldered to the point where the solder becomes molten.
solenoid An air core coil. Equipped with a movable iron core the solenoid will produce motion. As a result of current through the coil the iron core is pulled into the center of the winding. When the coil is deenergized, a spring pulls the movable core away from the center of the winding. Mechanical devices connected to the movable core are made to move as a result of current through the coil. Example: Electric door locks on some automobiles.
solid conductor Conductor having a single solid wire instead of strands of fine wire twisted together.
solid state Pertaining to circuits where signals pass through solid semiconductor material such as transistors and diodes as opposed to vacuum tubes where signals pass through a vacuum.
sonar Acronym for "sound navigation and ranging." A system using reflected sound waves to determine the position of some target.
sonic Pertaining to sound.
sound wave Pressure waves propagated through air or other plastic media. Sound waves are generally audible to the human ear if the frequency is between approximately 20 and 20,000 vibrations per second. (hertz)
source Device that provides signal power or energy to a load.
source follower FET amplifier in which signal is applied between gate and drain with output taken between source and drain. Also called "common drain."
source impedance Impedance through which output current is taken from a source.
south pole Pole of a magnet into which magnetic lines of force are assumed to enter.
spark Momentary discharge of electrical energy due to ionization of air or other dielectric material separating two charges.
SPDT Single pole double throw.
speaker Also called "loudspeaker." Transducer that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy at audio frequencies.
spectrum Arrangement or display of light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation separated according to wavelength, energy or some other property.
spectrum analyzer Instrument used to display the frequency domain of a waveform plotting amplitude against frequency.
speed-up capacitor Capacitor added to the base circuit of a BJT switching circuit to improve the switching time of the device.
SPST Abbreviation for "single pole single throw."
square wave Wave that alternates between two fixed values for an equal amount of time.
static Crackling noise heard on AM radio receivers. Caused by electric storms or electric devices.
static electricity Stationary electric charges.
static reverse current

Reverse current through a zener diode when the reverse voltage across the diode is less than the zener voltage rating of the device.
stator Stationary part of some rotary device such as a variable capacitor.
step-down transformer Transformer in which the output AC voltage is less than the input AC voltage.
step-up transformer Transformer in which the output AC voltage is greater than the input AC voltage.
stereo sound System in which reproduced sound is delivered through two or more channels to give a sense of direction to the source.
stop band Range of frequencies outside the pass band of a tuned amplifier.
storage time In a BJT switching circuit, it is the time required for collector current to drop from 100% to 90% of its maximum value.
stranded conductor Conductor composed of a group of strands of wire twisted together.
stray capacitance Undesirable capacitance that exists between two conductors such as two leads or one lead and a metal chassis.
subassembly Components contained in a unit for convenience in assembling or servicing equipment.
subatomic Particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons that are smaller than atoms.
substrate Mechanical insulating support upon which a device is fabricated.
summing amplifier An op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to the sum of its instantaneous voltages.
superconductor Metal such as lead or niobium that, when cooled to within a few degrees of absolute zero, can conduct current with no resistance.
super heterodyne receiver Radio receiver that converts all radio frequencies to a fixed intermediate frequency to maximize gain and bandwidth before demodulation.
super high frequency (SHF) Frequency band between 3 GHz and 30 GHz. So designated by Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
superposition theorem Theorem designed to simplify networks containing two or more sources. It states that in a network containing more than one source, the current at any one point is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents produced by each source acting separately.
supply voltage Voltage provided by a power source.
surface-barrier diode (Schottky diode)High speed diode that has very little junction capacitance. Also known as a "hot-carrier diode."
surface leakage current Diode reverse current that passes along the surface of the semiconductor materials.
surge current High charging current that flows into a power supply filter capacitor as the power is first turned on.
sweep generator Test instrument designed to produce a voltage that continuously varies in frequency over a band of frequencies. Used as a source to display frequency response of a circuit on an oscilloscope.
switch Electrical device having two states, on (closed) or off (open). Ideally having zero impedance when closed and infinite impedance when open.
switching transistor transistor designed to change rapidly between saturation and cut-off.
synchronization
Also called sync. Precise matching of two waves or functions.
synchronous Two or more signals in step or in phase.
sync pulse Pulse used as a reference for synchronization.
system Combination of several pieces of equipment to perform in a particular manner. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z tank circuit Parallel resonant circuit containing only a coil and a capacitor. Both the coil and capacitor store electrical energy for part of each cycle.
tantalum capacitor Electrolytic capacitor having a tantalum foil anode. Able to have a large capacity in a small package.
tap Electrical connection to some point other than at the ends of a resistor or inductor.
tapered Nonunifrom distribution of resistance per unit length throughout the element of a potentiometer.
technician Expert in troubleshooting circuit and system malfunctions. Along with a thorough knowledge of test equipment and how to use it to diagnose problems, the technician is also familiar with how to repair or replace faulty components. Technicians basically translate theory into action.
telegraphy Communication between two points by sending and receiving a series of current pulses either through wire or by radio.
telemetry Transmission of instrument readings to a remote location either by wire or by radio.
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telephone Apparatus designed to convert sound waves into electrical waves which are sent to and reproduced data distant point.
telephone line Wires existing between subscribers and central stations in a telephone system.
telephony Telecommunications system involving the transmission of speech information, allowing two or more persons to communicate verbally.
teletypewriter Electric typewriter that like a teleprinter can produce coded signals corresponding to the keys pressed or print characters corresponding to the coded signals received.
television System that converts both audio and visual information into corresponding electrical signals which are then transmitted through wires or by radio waves to a receiver which reproduces the original information.
telex Teletypewriter exchange service.
temperature coefficient of frequency Rate at which frequency changes with temperature.
tera (T) Metric prefix that represents 1012.
terminal Point at which electrical connections are made.
tesla (T) Unit of magnetic flux density. (1 tesla = 1 Wb/m2).
test Sequence of operations intended to verify the correct operation or malfunctioning of a piece of equipment or system.
thermal relay Relay activated by a heating element.
thermal runaway Problem that can develop in an amplifier when an increase in temperature causes an increase in collector current. The increase in collector current causes a further increase in temperature and so on. Unless the circuit is designed to prevent this condition, the device can be driven into saturation.
thermal stability The ability of a circuit to maintain stable characteristics in spite of increased temperature.
thermistor Temperature sensitive semiconductor that has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. As temperature increases, resistance decreases.
thermocouple Temperature transducer consisting of two dissimilar metals welded together at one end to form a junction that when heated will generate a voltage.
thermometry Relating to the measuring of temperature.
thermostat Device that opens or closes a circuit in response to changes in temperature.
Thevenin's theorem Theorem that replaces any complex network with a single voltage source in series with a single resistance.
thick-film capacitor Capacitor consisting of two thick-film layers of conductive film separated by a deposited thick-layer dielectric film.
thick film resistor Fixed value resistor consisting of thick-film resistive element made from metal particles and glass powder.
thin film capacitor Capacitor in which both the electrodes and the dielectric are deposited in layers on a substrate.
thin film detector (TFD) A temperature detector containing a thin layer of platinum and used for precise temperature readings.
three phase supply

AC supply that consists of three AC voltages 120 out of phase with each other.
threshold Minimum point at which an effect is produced or detected.
threshold voltage For an enhancement MOSFET, the minimum gate source voltage required for conduction of source drain current.
thyristor A term used to classify all four layer semiconductor devices. SCRs and triacs are examples of thyristors.
time constant (t) Time required for a capacitor in an RC circuit to charge to 63% of the remaining potential across the circuit. Also time required for current to reach 63% of maximum value in an RL circuit. Time constant of an RC circuit is the product of R and C. Time constant of an RL circuit is equal to inductance divided by resistance.
time division multiplexing (TDM) Transmission of two or more signals on the same path, but at different times.
time-domain analysis A method of representing a waveform by plotting amplitude over time.
toggle switch Spring loaded switch that is put in one of two positions either on or off.
tolerance Permissible deviation from a specified value normally expressed as a percentage.
TO package Cylindrical, metal can type of package of some semiconductor components.
toroidal coil Coil wound on a doughnut shaped core.
transconductance Also called mutual conductance. Ratio of a change in output current to the change in input voltage that caused it.
transducer Device that converts energy from one form to another.

transformer Inductor with two or more windings. Through mutual inductance, current in one winding called a primary will induce current into the other windings called secondaries.
transformer coupling Also called inductive coupling. Coupling of two circuits by means of mutual inductance provided by a transformer.
transistor Term derived from "transfer resistor." Semiconductor device that can be used as an amplifier or as an electronic switch.
transmission Sending of information.
transmission line Conducting line used to transmit signal energy between two points.
transmitter Equipment used to achieve transmission.
triac Bidirectional gate controlled thyristor similar to an SCR, but capable of conducting in both directions. Provides full wave control of AC power.
triangular wave A repeating wave that has equal positive going and negative going ramps. The ramps have linear rates of change with time.
trigger Pulse used to initiate a circuit action.
triggering Initiation of an action in a circuit which then functions for a predetermined time. Example: The duration of one sweep in a cathode ray tube.
trimmer Small value variable capacitor, resistor or inductor used to fine tune a larger value.
trivalent element One having three valence electrons. Used as an impurity in semiconductor material to produce p-type material. Most commonly used trivalent elements are: Aluminum, Gallium and Boron.
troubleshooting Systematic approach to locating the cause of a fault in an electronic circuit or system.
tuned circuit Circuit that can have its component values adjusted so that it responds to one selected frequency and rejects all others.
tunnel diode Heavily doped junction diode that has negative resistance in the forward direction of its operating range.
turn-off time Sum of storage time and fall time.
turn-on time Sum of delay time and rise time.
turns ratio Ratio of the number of turns in the secondary winding of a transformer to the number of turns in the primary winding.
two phase Two repeating waveforms having a phase difference of 90 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z UHF Abbreviation for "ultra high frequency.
ultrasonic Signals that are just above the frequency range of human hearing of approximately 20 kHz.
uncharged Material having atoms with the same number of electrons in orbit as the number of protons in the nucleus. Having no electrical charge.
unijunction transistor Three terminal device that acts as a diode with its own internal voltage divider biasing circuit.
unity gain frequency Frequency of operation for a device where the gain of the component drops to unity.
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with V

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VA Abbreviation for "volt ampere"
vacuum tube Electron tube evacuated to such a degree that its electrical characteristics are essentially unaffected by the presence of residual gas or vapor. Have been essentially replaced by transistors for amplification and rectification. Cathode ray tubes are still used as display devices.
valence shell The outermost electron shell for a given atom. The number of electrons in this shell determines the conductivity of the atom.
varactor diode PN junction diode with a high junction capacitance when reverse biased. Most often used as a voltage controlled capacitor. The varactor is also called: varicap, tuning diode and epicap.
variable capacitor Capacitor whose capacitance can be change by varying the effective area of the plates or the distance between the plates.
variable resistor Resistor whose resistance can be changed by turning a shaft. See also "potentiometer and rheostat."
VCR
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Abbreviation for "video cassette recorder."
vector Quantity having both magnitude and direction. Normally represented by a line. Length of the line indicates magnitude and orientation indicates direction.
vector diagram Arrangement of vectors showing phase relationships between two or more AC quantities of the same frequency.
vertical MOS Enhancement type MOSFET designed to handle much greater values of drain current than standard E-MOSFET.
very high frequency (VHF) Electromagnetic frequency band from 30 MHz to 300 MHz.
very low frequency (VLF) Frequency band from 3 kHz to 30 kHz.
video Relating to any picture or visual information. From the latin word meaning "I see."
video amplifier Amplifier having one or mare stages designed to amplify video signals.
virtual ground Point in a circuit that is always at approximately ground potential. Often a ground for voltage, but not for current.
voice coil Coil attached to the diaphragm of a moving coil loudspeaker. The coil is moved through an air gap between magnetic pole pieces.
voice synthesizer Synthesizer that can simulate speech by stringing together phonemes.
volt Unit of potential difference or electromotive force. One volt is the potential difference needed to produce one ampere of current through a resistance of one ohm.
voltage (V) Term used to designate electrical pressure or force that causes current to flow.
voltage amplifier Amplifier designed to build up signal voltage. By design amplifiers can have a large voltage gain or a large current gain or a large power gain. Voltage amplifiers are designed to maximize voltage gain often at the expense of current gain or power gain.
voltage controlled oscillator Oscillator whose output frequency depends on an input control voltage.
voltage divider Fixed or variable series resistor network connected across a voltage to obtain a desired fraction of that voltage.
voltage divider biasing Biasing method used with amplifiers in which two series resistors connected across a source. The junction of the two biasing resistors provides correct bias voltage for the amplifier.
voltage drop Voltage or difference in potential developed across a component due to current flow.
voltage feedback Feedback configuration where a portion of the output voltage is fed back to the input of an amplifier.
voltage follower Operational amplifier circuit characterized by a high input impedance, low output impedance and unity voltage gain. Used as a buffer between a source and a low impedance load.
voltage gain Also called voltage amplification. Ratio of amplifier output voltage to input voltage usually expressed in decibels.
voltage multiplier Rectifier circuit using diodes and capacitors to produce a DC output voltage that is some multiple of the peak value of AC input voltage. Cost effective way of producing higher DC voltages. Voltage doublers and voltage triplers are examples.
voltage rating Maximum voltage a component can withstand without breaking down.
voltage regulator Device or circuit that maintains constant output voltage (within certain limits) in spite of changing line voltage and/or load current.
voltage source Circuit or device that supplies voltage to a load.
voltaic cell Primary cell having two unlike electrodes immersed in a solution that chemically interacts to produce a voltage.
volt-ampere Unit of apparent power in an AC circuit containing capacitive or inductive reactance. Apparent power is the product of source voltage and current.
voltmeter Instrument used to measure difference in potential between two points.
volume Magnitude or power level of audio frequency. Measured in volume units (VU). A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with W

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z watt Unit of electrical power required to do work at the rate of one joule per second. One watt of power is expended when one ampere of direct current flows through a resistance of one ohm. In an AC circuit, true power is the product of effective volts and effective amperes, multiplied by the power factor.
wattage rating Maximum power a device can safely handle continuously.
watt-hour Unit of electrical work, equal to a power of one watt being absorbed for one hour.
wattmeter Instrument used to measure electric power in watts.
wave Electric, electromagnetic, acoustic, mechanical or other form whose physical activity rises and falls or advances and retreats periodically as it travels through some medium.
waveform Shape of a wave.
waveguide Rectangular or circular pipe used to guide electromagnetic waves at micro frequencies.
wavelength
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(l) Distance between two points of corresponding phase and is equal to waveform velocity divided by frequency.
weber (Wb) Unit of magnetic flux. One weber is the amount of flux that when linked with a single turn of wire for an interval of one second will induce an electromotive force of one volt.
wien-bridge oscillator Oscillator that uses an RC low-pass filter and an RC high-pass filter to set the frequncy of oscillations.
wet cell Secondary cell using a liquid as an electrolyte.
wetting Term used in soldering to describe the condition that occurs when the metals being soldered are hot enough to melt the solder so it flowes over the surface.
wheatstone bridge Four arm bridge circuit used to measure resistance, inductance or capacitance.
wideband amplifier Also called "broadband amplifier." Amplifier with a flat response over a wide range of frequencies.
winding One or more turns of a conductor wound in the form of a coil.
wire Single solid or stranded group of conductors having a low resistance to current flow. Used to make connections between circuits or points in a circuit.
wire gauge American wire gauge (AWG) is a system of numerical designations of wire diameters.
wireless Term describing radio communication that requires no wired between two communicating points.
wirewound resistor Resistor in which the resistive element is a length of high resistance wire or ribbon usually nichrome wound onto an insulating form.
wire wrapping Method of making a connection by wrapping wire around a rectangular pin.
woofer Large loudspeaker designed primarily to reproduce low frequency audio signals.
work Work is done any time energy is transformed from one type to another. The amount of work done is dependent on the amount of energy transformed. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with X

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z X Symbol for reactance X axis Horizontal axis
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with Y

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Y
Symbol for admittance.
Y axis
Vertical axis.
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Dictionary of Electronics - Glossary of Electronic Terms Start with Z

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Z axis Axis perpendicular to both X and Y axes.
zener diode Semiconductor diode in which reverse breakdown voltage current causes the diode to develop a constant voltage. Used as a clamp for voltage regulation.
zeroing Calibrating a meter so that it shows a value of zero when zero is being measured
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with B

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B Flux density
BCD Binary coded decimal
bfo Beat frequency oscillator
BJT Bipolar junction transistor
BW Bandwidth
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with C

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c Centi (10-2)
C Capacitance or capacitor
CAD Computer aided design
CAM Computer aided manufacture
CATV Cable TV
CB Common base configuration
CB Citizen's band
CC Common collector
CE
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with C
Common emitter
cm Centimeter
cmil Circular mil
CPU Central processing unit
C (Q) Coulomb
CR cr Junction diode
CRO Cathode ray oscilloscope
CRT Cathode ray tube
CT Total capacitance
cw Continuous transmission
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with D

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d Deci (10-1)
D/A or D-A Digital to analog
DC Direct current
Di or
DIP Dual in-line package
DMM Digital multimeter
DPDT Double pole double throw
Dt or
DTL
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with D
Diode transistor logic
Dv or
DVM Digital voltmeter
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with E

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E DC or Erms Difference in potential
e Instantaneous difference in potential
ECG Electrocardiogram
ECL Emitter coupled logic
EHF Extremely high frequency
EHV Extra high voltage
ELF Extremely low frequency
EMF Electromotive force
EMI
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with E
Electromagnetic interference
EW Electronic warfare
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with F

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f Frequency
FET Field effect transistor
FF Flip Flop
fil Filament
FM Frequency modulation
fr Frequency at resonance
fsk frequency-shift keying
FSD Full scale deflection
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with F
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with G

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G Gravitational force
G Conductance
G Giga (109 )
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with H

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H Henry
H Magnetic field intensity
H Magnetizing flux
h hecto (102 )
h Hybrid
HF High frequency
hp Horsepower
Hz Hertz
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with H
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with I

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I Current
i Instantaneous current
IB DC Base current
IC DC Collector current
IC Integrated circuit
Ie Total emitter current
Ieff Effective current
IF Intermediate frequency
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with I
Imax Maximum current
Imin Minimum current
I/O Input/output
IR Infrared
IR Resistor current
IS Secondary current
IT Total current
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with J

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JFET Junction field effect transistor
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with K

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K Coefficient of coupling
k Kilo (103 )
kHz Kilohertz
kV Kilovolt
kVA Kilovoltampere
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt-hour
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with K
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with L

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L Coil, inductance
LC Inductance-capacitance
LCD Liquid crystal display
L-C-R Inductance-capacitance-resistance
LDR Light-dependent resistor
LED Light emitting diode
LF Low frequency
LM Mutual inductance
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with L
LNA Low noise amplifier
LO Local oscillator
LSI Large scale integration
LT Total inductance
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with M

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M Mega (106 )
M Mutual conductance
MI Mutual inductance
m Milli (10-3 )
mA Milliampere
mag Magnetron
max Maximum
MF Medium frequency
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with M
mH Millihenry
MHz Megahertz
min Minimum
mm Millimeter
mmf Magneto motive force
MOS Metal oxide semiconductor
MOSFET Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
MPU Microprocessor unit
MSI Medium scale integrated circuit
mV Millivolt
mW Milliwatt
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with N

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N Number of turns in an inductor
N Revolutions per minute
n Nano (10-9)
N Negative
nA Nanoampere
NC Normally closed
NC No connection
NEG, neg Negative
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with N
nF Nanofarad
nH Nanohenry
nm Nanometer
NO Normally open
NPN Negative-positive-negative
ns Nanosecond
nW Nanowatt
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with O

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OP AMP Operational amplifier
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with P

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P Pico (10-12)
P Power
p Instantaneous power
P Positive, also peak
PA Public address or power amplifier
pA Picoampere
PAL Programmable Array Logic
PAM, pam Pulse amplitude modulation
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Pap Apparent power
Pav Average power
PCB Printed circuit board
PCM, pcm Pulse-code modulation
PDM Pulse-duration modulation
pF Picofarad
PLD Programmable Logic Device
PLL Phase locked loop
PM Phase modulation, also Permanent magnet
PNP Positive-negative-positive
POT, pot Potentiometer
P-P Peak to peak
PPM Pulse-position modulation
PRF Pulse repetition frequency
PRT Pulse repetition time
pw Pulse width
PWM, pwm Pulse width modulation
Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with Q

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Q Charge, also quality
q Instantaneous charge
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with R

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R Potentiometer
R Resistance
RAM Random access memory
RC Resistance-capacitance, also Radio controlled
rcvr Receiver
rect Rectifier
ref Reference
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with R
rf Radio frequencies
RF Radio frequencies
RFI Radio frequency interference
RL Load resistor
RLC Resistance-capacitance-inductance
RMS, rms Root mean square
ROM Read only memory
rpm Revolutions per minute
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with S

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SCR Silicon controlled rectifier
SHF Super high frequency
SIP Single in-line package
SNR Signal-to-noise ratio
SPDT Single pole double throw
sq cm Square centimeter
SSB Single sideband
SW Short wave
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with S
SWR Standing-wave ratio
SYNC, sync Synchronous
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with T

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T Tera (1012)
T Torque
T Transformer
t Time in seconds
TC Time constant, also temperature coefficient
TE Transverse electric
temp Temperature
THz Terahertz
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with T
TM Transverse magnetic
TR Transmit-receive
TTL Transistor-transistor logic
TV Television
TWT Traveling wave tube
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with U

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UHF Ultra high frequency
UHV Ultra high voltage
UJT Unijunction transistor
UV Ultraviolet
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with V

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V Vacuum tube
V, v Volt
v Instantaneous voltage
VA Volt ampere
Vav Voltage (average value)
VBE DC voltage base to emitter
Vc Capacitive voltage
VCE DC voltage collector to emitter
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VCO Voltage controlled oscillator
VHF Very high frequency
Vin Input voltage
VL Inductive voltage
VLF Very low frequency
Vm, Vmax Maximum voltage
VOM Volt ohm milliameter
Vout Output voltage
Vp Primary voltage
VS Source voltage
VSWR Voltage standing wave ratio
VT Total voltage
Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with W

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W Watt
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with X

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XC Capacitive reactance
XL Inductive reactance
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with Y

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Y Admittance
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Abbreviations used in Electronics - Electronic Abbreviation Start with Z

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Z Impedance
Zin Input impedance
Zo Output impedance
Zp Primary impedance
Zs Secondary impedance
ZT Total impedance
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/abbreviations/z.html [1/17/2007 5:41:23 PM]
Battery / Batteries Tutorials - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects - Learn all about Batteries
Electronic Tutorials & Circuits

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Battery / Batteries Tutorial

1. Introduction 2. Battery Safety Tips 8. Selecting and 3. Battery types, Deep Cycle and Starting 4. Wet Cell, Gel-Cell and Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) 5. CCA, CA, AH and RC; what's that all about? 6. Battery Maintenance
Buying a New Battery
7. Battery Testing
Tips
9. Battery Life
and Performance
10. Battery
Charging Tips
11. Battery Do's 12. Battery Don'ts
for more detail on Batteries click here...
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Introduction - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits
Electronic Tutorials & Circuits - Batteries

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials The commercial use of the lead acid battery is over 100 years old. The same chemical principal is being used to create energy that our Great, Great, Grandparents may have used. If you can grasp the basics you will have fewer battery problems and will gain greater battery performance, reliability, and longevity. I suggest you read the entire tutorial, however I have indexed all the information for a quick read and easy reference. A battery is like a piggy bank. If you keep taking out and putting nothing back you soon will have nothing. Present day chassis battery power requirements are huge. Look at todays vehicle and all the electrical devices that must be supplied. Electronics require a source of reliable power. Poor battery condition can cause expensive electronic component failure. Did you know that the average auto has 11 pounds of wire in the electrical system? Look at RVs and boats with all the electrical gadgets that require power. I can remember when a trailer or motor home had a single 12-volt house battery. Today it is standard to have 2 or more house batteries powering inverters up to 4000 watts. Average battery life has become shorter as energy requirements have increased. Life span depends on usage; 6 months to 48 months, yet only 30% of all batteries actually reach the 48-month mark. A Few Basics The Lead Acid battery is made up of plates, lead, and lead oxide (various other elements are used to change density, hardness, porosity, etc.) with a 35% sulfuric acid and 65% water solution. This solution is called electrolyte which causes a chemical reaction that produce electrons. When you test a battery with a hydrometer you are measuring the amount of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte. If your reading is low, that means the chemistry that makes electrons is lacking. So where did the sulfur go? It is resting to the battery plates and when you recharge the battery the sulfur returns to the electrolyte. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Introduction to Battery
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Introduction - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits
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Battery Safety Tips - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials We must think safety when we are working around and with batteries. Remove all jewelry. After all you don't want to melt your watchband while you are wearing the watch. The hydrogen gas that batteries make when charging is very explosive. I have had 2 batteries blow up and drench me in sulfuric acid. That is no fun. This is a good time to use those safety goggles that are hanging on the wall. Sulfuric Acid eats up clothing and you may want to select Polyester clothing to wear, as it is naturally acid resistant. I just wear junk clothes, after all Polyester is so out of style. When doing electrical work on vehicles it is best to disconnect the ground cable. Just remember you are messing with corrosive acid, explosive gases and 100's amps of electrical current. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Battery Safety Tips
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Battery types, Deep Cycle and Starting - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

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Battery types, Deep Cycle and Starting

Basically there are two types of batteries; starting (cranking), and deep cycle (marine/golf cart). The starting battery (SLI starting lights ignition) is designed to deliver quick bursts of energy (such as starting engines) and have a greater plate count. The plates will also be thinner and have somewhat different material composition. The deep cycle battery has less instant energy but greater long-term energy delivery. Deep cycle batteries have thicker plates and can survive a number of discharge cycles. Starting batteries should not be used for deep cycle applications. The so-called Dual Purpose Battery is only a compromise between the 2 types of batteries.
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Wet Cell - Gel-Cell and Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

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Wet Cell, Gel-Cell and Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM)

Wet Cell (flooded), Gel Cell, and Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) are various versions of the lead acid battery. The wet cell comes in 2 styles; serviceable, and maintenance free. Both are filled with electrolyte and I prefer one that I can add water to and check the specific gravity of the electrolyte with a hydrometer. The Gel Cell and the AGM batteries are specialty batteries that typically cost twice as much as a premium wet cell. However they store very well and do not tend to sulfate or degrade as easily or as easily as wet cell. There is little chance of a hydrogen gas explosion or corrosion when using these batteries; these are the safest lead acid batteries you can use. Gel Cell and some AGM batteries may require a special charging rate. I personally feel that careful consideration should be given to the AGM battery technology for applications such as Marine, RV, Solar, Audio, Power Sports and Stand-By Power just to name a few. If you don't use or operate your equipment daily; this can lead premature battery failure; or depend on top-notch battery performance then spend the extra money. Gel Cell batteries still are being sold but the AGM batteries are replacing them in most applications. There is a little confusion about AGM batteries because different manufactures call them different names; some of the popular ones are sealed regulated valve, dry cell, non-spillable, and sealed lead acid batteries. In most cases AGM batteries will give greater life span and greater cycle life than a wet cell battery.
SPECIAL NOTE about Gel Batteries: It is very common for individuals to use the term GEL CELL when referring to sealed, maintenance free batteries, much like one would use Kleenex when referring to facial tissue or "Xerox machine" when referring to a copy machine. Be very careful when specifying a battery charger, many times we are told by customer they are requiring a charger for a Gel Cell battery and in fact the battery is not a Gel Cell. AGM: The Absorbed Glass Matt construction allows the electrolyte to be suspended in close proximity with the plates active material. In theory, this enhances both the discharge and recharge efficiency. Actually, the AGM batteries are a variant of Sealed VRLA batteries. Popular usage high performance engine starting, power sports, deep cycle, solar and storage battery. The AGM batteries we sell are typically good deep cycle batteries and they deliver best life performance if recharged before the battery drops below the 50 percent discharge rate. If these AGM batteries are discharged to a
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Wet Cell - Gel-Cell and Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits
rate of 100 percent the cycle life will be 300 plus cycles and this is true of most AGM batteries rated as deep cycle batteries. GEL: The gel cell is similar to the AGM style because the electrolyte is suspended, but different because technically the AGM battery is still considered to be a wet cell. The electrolyte in a GEL cell has a silica additive that causes it to set up or stiffen. The recharge voltages on this type of cell are lower than the other styles of lead acid battery. This is probably the most sensitive cell in terms of adverse reactions to overvoltage charging. Gel Batteries are best used in VERY DEEP cycle application and may last a bit longer in hot weather applications. If the incorrect battery charger is used on a Gel Cell battery poor performance and premature failure is certain.
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CCA - CA - AH and RC - what's that all about in battery? - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

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CCA, CA, AH and RC what's that all about in Battery?

CCA, CA, AH and RC what are these all about? Well these are the standards that most battery companies use to rate the output and capacity of a battery. Cold cranking amps (CCA) is a measurement of the number of amps a battery can deliver at 0 F for 30 seconds and not drop below 7.2 volts. So a high CCA battery rating is good especially in cold weather. CA is cranking amps measured at 32 degrees F. This rating is also called marine cranking amps (MCA). Hot cranking amps (HCA) is seldom used any longer but is measured at 80 F. Reserve Capacity (RC) is a very important rating. This is the number of minutes a fully charged battery at 80 F will discharge 25 amps until the battery drops below 10.5 volts. An amp hour (AH) is a rating usually found on deep cycle batteries. If a battery is rated at 100 amp hours it should deliver 5 amps for 20 hours, 20 amps for 5 hours, etc.
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Battery / Batteries Maintenance Tips - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Battery Maintenance is an important issue. The battery should be cleaned using a baking soda and water mix; a couple of table spoons to a pint of water. Cable connection needs to be clean and tightened. Many battery problems are caused by dirty and loose connections. A serviceable battery needs to have the fluid level checked. Use only mineral free water. Distilled water is best. Don't overfill battery cells especially in warmer weather. The natural fluid expansion in hot weather will push excess electrolytes from the battery. To prevent corrosion of cables on top post batteries use a small bead of silicon sealer at the base of the post and place a felt battery washer over it. Coat the washer with high temperature grease or petroleum jelly (Vaseline), then place cable on the post and tighten. Coat the exposed cable end with the grease. Most folks don't know that just the gases from the battery condensing on metal parts cause most corrosion. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Battery Maintenance Tips
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Battery Testing Tips - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Battery Testing can be done in more than one way. The most popular is measurement of specific gravity and battery voltage. To measure specific gravity buy a temperature compensating hydrometer and measure voltage, use a digital D.C. Voltmeter. A good digital load tester may be a good purchase if you need to test batteries sealed batteries. You must first have the battery fully charged. The surface charge must be removed before testing. If the battery has been sitting at least several hours (I prefer at least 12 hours) you may begin testing. To remove surface charge the battery must experience a load of 20 amps for 3 plus minutes. Turning on the headlights (high beam) will do the trick. After turning off the lights you are ready to test the battery. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Battery Testing Tips
State of Charge Specific Gravity Voltage 12V 6V 100% *75% 50% 25% Discharged 1.265 1.225 1.190 1.155 1.120 12.7 6.3 12.4 6.2 12.2 6.1 12.0 6.0 11.9 6.0
*Sulfation of Batteries starts when specific gravity falls below 1.225 or voltage measures less than 12.4 (12v Battery) or 6.2 (6 volt battery). Sulfation hardens the battery plates reducing and eventually destroying the ability of the battery to generate Volts and Amps. Load testing is yet another way of testing a battery. Load test removes amps from a battery much like starting an engine would. A load tester can be purchased at most auto parts stores. Some battery companies label their battery with the amp load for
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Battery Testing Tips - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits
testing. This number is usually 1/2 of the CCA rating. For instance, a 500CCA battery would load test at 250 amps for 15 seconds. A load test can only be performed if the battery is near or at full charge. The results of your testing should be as follows: Hydrometer readings should not vary more than .05 differences between cells. Digital Voltmeters should read as the voltage is shown in this document. The sealed AGM and Gel-Cell battery voltage (full charged) will be slightly higher in the 12.8 to 12.9 ranges. If you have voltage readings in the 10.5 volts range on a charged battery, that indicates a shorted cell. If you have a maintenance free wet cell, the only ways to test are voltmeter and load test. Most of the maintenance free batteries have a built in hydrometer that tells you the condition of 1 cell of 6. You may get a good reading from 1 cell but have a problem with other cells in the battery. When in doubt about battery testing, call the battery manufacturer. Many batteries sold today have a toll free number to call for help.
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Selecting and Buying a New Battery - Battery / Batteries Selection - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

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Selecting and Buying a New Battery

Selecting a Battery - When buying a new battery I suggest you purchase a battery with the greatest reserve capacity or amp hour rating possible. Of course the physical size, cable hook up, and terminal type must be a consideration. You may want to consider a Gel Cell or an Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) rather than a Wet Cell if the application is in a harsher environment or the battery is not going to receive regular maintenance and charging. Be sure to purchase the correct type of battery for the job it must do. Remember an engine starting battery and deep cycle batteries are different. Freshness of a new battery is very important. The longer a battery sits and is not re-charged the more damaging sulfation build up there may be on the plates. Most batteries have a date of manufacture code on them. The month is indicated by a letter 'A' being January and a number '4' being 2004. C4 would tell us the battery was manufactured in March 2004. Remember the fresher the better. The letter "i" is not used because it can be confused with #1. Battery warranties are figured in the favor of battery manufactures. Let's say you buy a 60-month warranty battery and it lives 41 months. The warranty is pro-rated so when taking the months used against the full retail price of the battery you end up paying about the same money as if you purchased the battery at the sale price. This makes the manufacturer happy. What makes me happy is to exceed the warranty. Let me assure you it can be done.
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Selecting and Buying a New Battery - Battery / Batteries Selection - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits
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Battery Life and Performance - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Battery life and performance - Average battery life has become shorter as energy requirements have increased. Two phrases I hear most often are "my battery won't take a charge, and my battery won't hold a charge". Only 30% of batteries sold today reach the 48-month mark. In fact 80% of all battery failure is related to sulfation build-up. This build up occurs when the sulfur molecules in the electrolyte (battery acid) become so deeply discharged that they begin to coat the battery's lead plates. Before long the plates become so coated that the battery dies. The causes of sulfation are numerous. Let me list some for you.
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Battery Life and Performance
Batteries sit too long between charges. As little as 24 hours in hot weather and several days in cooler weather. Battery is stored without some type of energy input. "Deep cycling" an engine starting battery. Remember these batteries can't stand deep discharge. Undercharging of a battery, to charge a battery (lets say) to 90% of capacity will allow sulfation of the battery using the 10% of battery chemistry not reactivated by the incomplete charging cycle. Heat of 100 plus F., increases internal discharge. As temperatures increase so does internal discharge. A new fully charged battery left sitting 24 hours a day at 110 degrees F for 30 days would most likely not start an engine. Low electrolyte level - battery plates exposed to air will immediately sulfate. Incorrect charging levels and settings. Most cheap battery chargers can do more harm than good. See the section on battery charging. Cold weather is also hard on the battery. The chemistry does not make the same amount of energy as a warm battery. A deeply discharged battery can freeze solid in sub zero weather.
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Battery Life and Performance - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits
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Parasitic drain is a load put on a battery with the key off. More info on parasitic drain will follow in this document.
There are ways to greatly increase battery life and performance. All the products we sell are targeted to improve performance and battery life. An example: Let's say you have "toys"; an ATV, classic car, antique car, boat, Harley, etc. You most likely don't use these toys 365 days a year as you do your car. Many of these toys are seasonal so they are stored. What happens to the batteries? Most batteries that supply energy to power our toys only last 2 seasons. You must keep these batteries from sulfating or buy new ones. We sell products to prevent and reverse sulfation. The PulseTech products are patented electronic devices that reverse and prevent of sulfation. Also Battery Equaliser a chemical battery additive has proven itself very effective in improving battery life and performance. Other devices such as Solar Trickle Chargers are a great option for battery maintenance. Parasitic drain is a load put on a battery with the key off. Most vehicles have clocks, engine management computers, alarm systems, etc. In the case of a boat you may have an automatic bilge pump, radio, GPS, etc. These devices may all be operating without the engine running. You may have parasitic loads caused by a short in the electrical system. If you are always having dead battery problems most likely the parasitic drain is excessive. The constant low or dead battery caused by excessive parasitic energy drain will dramatically shorten battery life. If this is a problem you are having, check out the Priority Start and Marine Priority Start to prevent dead batteries before they happen. This special computer switch will turn off your engine start battery before all the starting energy is drained. This technology will prevent you from deep cycling your starting battery
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Battery Charging Tips - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Battery Charging - Remember you must put back the energy you use immediately. If you don't the battery sulfates and that affects performance and longevity. The alternator is a battery charger. It works well if the battery is not deeply discharged. The alternator tends to overcharge batteries that are very low and the overcharge can damage batteries. In fact an engine starting battery on average has only about 10 deep cycles available when recharged by an alternator. Batteries like to be charged in a certain way, especially when they have been deeply discharged. This type of charging is called 3 step regulated charging. Please note that only special SMART CHARGERS using computer technology can perform 3 step charging techniques. You don't find these types of chargers in parts stores and Wal-Marts. The first step is bulk charging where up to 80% of the battery energy capacity is replaced by the charger at the maximum voltage and current amp rating of the charger. When the battery voltage reaches 14.4 volts this begins the absorption charge step. This is where the voltage is held at a constant 14.4 volts and the current (amps) declines until the battery is 98% charged. Next comes the Float Step. This is a regulated voltage of not more than 13.4 volts and usually less than 1 amp of current. This in time will bring the battery to 100% charged or close to it. The float charge will not boil or heat batteries but will maintain the batteries at 100% readiness and prevent cycling during long term inactivity. Some gel cell and AGM batteries may require special settings or chargers. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Battery Charging Tips
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Battery Do's - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

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Battery Do's
Think Safety First. Do read entire tutorial Do regular inspection and maintenance especially in hot weather. Do recharge batteries immediately after discharge. Do buy the highest RC reserve capacity or AH amp hour battery that will fit your configuration.
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Battery Don'ts - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits

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Battery Don'ts
Don't forget safety first. Don't add new electrolyte (acid). Don't use unregulated high output battery chargers to charge batteries. Don't place your equipment and toys into storage without some type of device to keep the battery charged. Don't disconnect battery cables while the engine is running (your battery acts as a filter). Don't put off recharging batteries. Don't add tap water as it may contain minerals that will contaminate the electrolyte. Don't discharge a battery any deeper than you possibly have to. Don't let a battery get hot to the touch and boil violently when charging. Don't mix size and types of batteries.
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Battery Don'ts - Battery / Batteries - Electronic Hobby Tutorials & Circuits
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Switches Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Hobby Projects
Basic Electronic Tutorials & Circuits

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Electronic Component Tutorial Switches

Toggle switch
Slide Switch
Rotary Switch
Push Switch
Micro switch
Reed switch
Mercury tilt switch
Switches Ways and poles
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Toggle Switch Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial

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Electronic Component Tutorial Toggle Switch

There are many types of switch. Note that these pictures are not circuit diagrams. There is no way of specifying which switch to use for a circuit. It comes down to common sense. A toggle switch is a generic class of electric switch that uses a mechanical lever, handle or rocking mechanism to actuate it. Toggle switch Diagram
A lever moved up and down from base point to open or close an electric circuit. These are either on/off, or are biased, so they spring back into place after being released.
Click here for >>>> Other Switches Tutorial <<<< Back to Electronic Tutorials
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Slide Switch Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial

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Electronic Component Tutorial Slide Switch

In slide switch knob is moved up and down to open or close an electric circuit. Slide Switch Diagram
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Rotary Switch Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial

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Electronic Component Tutorial Rotary Switch

A rotary switch is a type of switch that is used on devices which have two or more different "states" or or modes of operation, such as a three-speed fan or a CB radio with multiple frequencies of reception or "channels". Rotary Switch Diagram
Rotary Switch can be a multi position switch operated by rotating a control knob (attached to its shaft) either clockwise, counterclockwise, or both.
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Rotary Switch Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial
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Push Switch Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial

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Electronic Component Tutorial Push Switch

Push switch Diagram
These are either normally on (push-to-break), or normally off (push-to-make). They can be latched, so they stay pressed down after you remove your finger, like the switches on a torch.
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Micro Switch Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial

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Electronic Component Tutorial Micro Switch

This is a small switch inside the controller connected to the full on power and full off brake. Gives positive contact, and eliminates the resistor from the circuit. A very efficient way of handling power, even in the newer electronic controllers. Micro switch Diagram
A micro switch is a generic term used to refer to an electric switch that is designed to be actuated by the physical motion of mechanical devices and is generally packaged in a small form factor to allow placement in small spaces. They are very common due to their low cost and extreme durability, typically greater than 1 million cycles and up to 10 million cycles for heavy duty models. This durability is a natural consequence of the design.
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Micro Switch Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial
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Reed Switch Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial

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Electronic Component Tutorial Reed Switch

Reed Switch is a switch that is enclosed in a small glass tube, that is controlled by a magnet or magnetic field acting on it. It is magnetically operated switch usually mounted on doors, but may be mounted on windows, designed to detect their movement. Upon movement detection sends a signal to the control box which then sounds the siren. Reed Switch Diagram
Reed switch is an electric switch that consists of a pair of ferrous metal contacts in a hermetically sealed glass envelope. A permanent magnet placed in close proximity to the switch will cause the contacts to pull together, thus completing an electrical circuit.
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Mercury Tilt Switch Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial

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Electronic Component Tutorial Mercury Tilt Switch

The mercury flows inside, & when the switch is tilted a certain way, it will connect the 2 contacts. In the above illustration, it's shown in the closed position. Mercury Tilt Switch Diagram
This mercury switch purpose is to allow or interrupt the flow of electric current in an electrical circuit in a manner that is dependent on the switch's physical position or alignment relative to the direction of the "pull" of earth's gravity.
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Switch Ways and Poles Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial

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Electronic Component Tutorial Switch Ways and Poles

In electronics, a way is a number of switch positions. A pole is the number of switches moved together. Switch Ways and Poles Diagram
Sometimes this is written in a kind of shorthand. Here's an example of the four types you're most likely to meet.
SPST SPDT DPST DPDT
Single Pole, Single Throw Single Pole, Single Throw Double Pole, Single Throw Double Pole, Double Throw
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Switch Ways and Poles Tutorial - Basic Electronic Component Tutorials - Circuits & Diagrams - Switches Tutorial
These are the only widely used shorthand abbreviations, as these are the most widely used switches.
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What Can You Do With Oscilloscope - Oscilloscope Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials Resource
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE What Can You Do With It? Oscilloscope?
What Can You Do With
Oscilloscopes are used by everyone from television repair technicians to physicists. They are indispensable for anyone designing or repairing electronic equipment. The usefulness of an oscilloscope is not limited to the world of electronics. With the proper transducer, an oscilloscope can measure all kinds of phenomena. A transducer is a device that creates an electrical signal in response to physical stimuli, such as sound, mechanical stress, pressure, light, or heat. For example, a microphone is a transducer. An automotive engineer uses an oscilloscope to measure engine vibrations. A medical researcher uses an oscilloscope to measure brain waves. The possibilities are endless.
Scientific Data Gathered by an Oscilloscope (in Diagram)
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What Can You Do With Oscilloscope - Oscilloscope Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials Resource
<<<<< Back to Oscilloscope Tutorial Click here for >>>> Other Electronic Tutorials
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Analog & Digital - Oscilloscope Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials Resource
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Analog & Digital

Electronic equipment can be divided into two types: analog and digital. Analog equipment works with continuously variable voltages, while digital equipment works with discrete binary numbers that may represent voltage samples. For example, a conventional phonograph turntable is an analog device; a compact disc player is a digital device. Oscilloscopes also come in analog and digital types. An analog oscilloscope works by directly applying a voltage being measured to an electron beam moving across the oscilloscope screen. The voltage deflects the beam up and down proportionally, tracing the waveform on the screen. This gives an immediate picture of the waveform. In contrast, a digital oscilloscope samples the waveform and uses an analog-to-digital converter (or ADC) to convert the voltage being measured into digital information. It then uses this digital information to reconstruct the waveform on the screen.
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Analog & Digital - Oscilloscope Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials Resource
Digital and Analog Oscilloscopes Display Waveforms For many applications either an analog or digital oscilloscope will do. However, each type does possess some unique characteristics making it more or less suitable for specific tasks. People often prefer analog oscilloscopes when it is important to display rapidly varying signals in "real time" (or as they occur). Digital oscilloscopes allow you to capture and view events that may happen only once. They can process the digital waveform data or send the data to a computer for processing. Also, they can store the digital waveform data for later viewing and printing.
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How Does an Oscilloscope Work - Oscilloscope Working - Oscilloscope Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials Resource
Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (AC) Circuits (DO) Circuits (PZ) Tutorials To better understand the oscilloscope controls, you need to know a little more about how oscilloscopes display a signal. Analog oscilloscopes work somewhat differently than digital oscilloscopes. However, several of the internal systems are similar. Analog oscilloscopes are somewhat simpler in concept and are described first, followed by a description of digital oscilloscopes. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE How Does an Oscilloscope Work?
Analog Oscilloscopes
When you connect an oscilloscope probe to a circuit, the voltage signal travels through the probe to the vertical system of the oscilloscope. Following Figure is a simple block diagram that shows how an analog oscilloscope displays a measured signal.
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Analog Oscilloscope Block Diagram Depending on how you set the vertical scale (volts/div control), an attenuator reduces the signal voltage or an amplifier increases the signal voltage. Next, the signal travels directly to the vertical deflection plates of the cathode ray tube (CRT). Voltage applied to these deflection plates causes a glowing dot to move. (An electron beam hitting phosphor inside the CRT creates the glowing dot.) A positive voltage causes the dot to move up while a negative voltage causes the dot to move down. The signal also travels to the trigger system to start or trigger a "horizontal sweep." Horizontal sweep is a term referring to the action of the horizontal system causing the glowing dot to move across the screen. Triggering the horizontal system causes the horizontal time base to move the glowing dot across the screen from left to right within a specific time interval. Many sweeps in rapid sequence cause the movement of the glowing dot to blend into a solid line. At higher speeds, the dot may sweep across the screen up to 500,000 times each second. Together, the horizontal sweeping action and the vertical deflection action traces a graph of the signal on the screen. The trigger is necessary to stabilize a repeating signal. It ensures that the sweep begins at the same point of a repeating signal, resulting in a clear picture as shown in following figure.
Triggering Stabilizes a Repeating Waveform In conclusion, to use an analog oscilloscope, you need to adjust three basic settings to accommodate an incoming signal:
The attenuation or amplification of the signal. Use the volts/div control to adjust the amplitude of
the signal before it is applied to the vertical deflection plates. The time base. Use the sec/div control to set the amount of time per division represented horizontally across the screen. s The triggering of the oscilloscope. Use the trigger level to stabilize a repeating signal, as well as triggering on a single event. Also, adjusting the focus and intensity controls enables you to create a sharp, visible display.
s
Digital Oscilloscopes
Some of the systems that make up digital oscilloscopes are the same as those in analog oscilloscopes; however, digital oscilloscopes contain additional data processing systems. With the added systems, the digital oscilloscope collects data for the entire waveform and then displays it. When you attach a digital oscilloscope probe to a circuit, the vertical system adjusts the amplitude of the signal, just as in the analog oscilloscope. Next, the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in the acquisition system samples the signal at discrete points in time and converts the signal's voltage at these points to digital values called sample points. The horizontal system's sample clock determines how often the ADC takes a sample. The rate at which the clock "ticks" is called the sample rate and is measured in samples per second. The sample points from the ADC are stored in memory as waveform points. More than one sample point may make up one waveform point. Together, the waveform points make up one waveform record. The number of waveform points used to make a waveform record is called the record length. The trigger system determines the start and stop points of the record. The display receives these record points after being stored in memory. Depending on the capabilities of your oscilloscope, additional processing of the sample points may take place, enhancing the display. Pretrigger may be available, allowing you to see events before the trigger point.
Digital Oscilloscope Block Diagram Fundamentally, with a digital oscilloscope as with an analog oscilloscope, you need to adjust the vertical, horizontal, and trigger settings to take a measurement.
Sampling Methods
The sampling method tells the digital oscilloscope how to collect sample points. For slowly changing signals, a digital oscilloscope easily collects more than enough sample points to construct an accurate picture. However, for faster signals, (how fast depends on the oscilloscope's maximum sample rate) the oscilloscope cannot collect enough samples. The digital oscilloscope can do two things: s It can collect a few sample points of the signal in a single pass (in real-time sampling mode) and then use interpolation. Interpolation is a processing technique to estimate what the waveform looks like based on a few points. s It can build a picture of the waveform over time, as long as the signal repeats itself (equivalenttime sampling mode).
Real-Time Sampling with Interpolation

Digital oscilloscopes use real-time sampling as the standard sampling method. In real-time sampling, the oscilloscope collects as many samples as it can as the signal occurs. See following figure for singleshot or transient signals you must use real time sampling.
Real Time Sampling Diagram Digital oscilloscopes use interpolation to display signals that are so fast that the oscilloscope can only collect a few sample points. Interpolation "connects the dots." Linear interpolation simply connects sample points with straight lines. Sine interpolation (or sin x over x interpolation) connects sample points with curves. (See Following Figure) Sin x over x interpolation is a mathematical process similar to the "oversampling" used in compact disc players. With sine interpolation, points are calculated to fill in the time between the real samples. Using this process, a signal that is sampled only a few times in each cycle can be accurately displayed or, in the case of the compact disc player, accurately played back.
Linear and Sine Interpolation Diagram
Equivalent-Time Sampling
Some digital oscilloscopes can use equivalent-time sampling to capture very fast repeating signals.
Equivalent-time sampling constructs a picture of a repetitive signal by capturing a little bit of information from each repetition. (See Following Figure) You see the waveform slowly build up like a string of lights going on one-by-one. With sequential sampling the points appear from left to right in sequence; with random sampling the points appear randomly along the waveform.
Equivalent-time Sampling Diagram
Oscilloscope Measurement Terms - Oscilloscope Working - Oscilloscope Wa...ve, Square Wave, Rectangular, Sawtooth, Triangle, Step wave, Pulse wave
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope Measurement Terms Measurement Terms

The generic term for a pattern that repeats over time is a wave - sound waves, brain waves, ocean waves, and voltage waves are all repeating patterns. An oscilloscope measures voltage waves. One cycle of a wave is the portion of the wave that repeats. A waveform is a graphic representation of a wave. A voltage waveform shows time on the horizontal axis and voltage on the vertical axis. Waveform shapes tell you a great deal about a signal. Any time you see a change in the height of the waveform, you know the voltage has changed. Any time there is a flat horizontal line, you know that there is no change for that length of time. Straight diagonal lines mean a linear change - rise or fall of voltage at a steady rate. Sharp angles on a waveform mean sudden change. Figure shows below common waveforms and Next figure shows some common sources of waveforms.
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Oscilloscope Common Waveforms
Oscilloscope Sources of Common Waveforms
Oscilloscope Types of Waves - Square and rectangular - Triangle and sawtooth waves - Step and pulse shapes
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope Types of Waves Types of Waves

You can classify most waves into these types: s Sine waves s Square and rectangular waves s Triangle and sawtooth waves s Step and pulse shapes
Sine Waves
The sine wave is the fundamental wave shape for several reasons. It has harmonious mathematical properties - it is the same sine shape you may have studied in high school trigonometry class. The voltage in your wall outlet varies as a sine wave. Test signals produced by the oscillator circuit of a signal generator are often sine waves. Most AC power sources produce sine waves. (AC stands for alternating current, although the voltage alternates too. DC stands for direct current, which means a steady current and voltage, such as a battery produces.) The damped sine wave is a special case you may see in a circuit that oscillates but winds down over time. Following Figure shows examples of sine and damped sine waves.
Sine and Damped Sine Waves

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Square and Rectangular Waves

The square wave is another common wave shape. Basically, a square wave is a voltage that turns on and off (or goes high and low) at regular intervals. It is a standard wave for testing amplifiers - good amplifiers increase the amplitude of a square wave with minimum distortion. Television, radio, and computer circuitry often use square waves for timing signals. The rectangular wave is like the square wave except that the high and low time intervals are not of equal length. It is particularly important when analyzing digital circuitry. Following Figure shows examples of square and rectangular waves.
Square and Rectangular Waves
Sawtooth and Triangle Waves

Sawtooth and Triangle waves result from circuits designed to control voltages linearly, such as the horizontal sweep of an analog oscilloscope or the raster scan of a television. The transitions between voltage levels of these waves change at a constant rate. These transitions are called ramps. Following Figure shows examples of sawtooth and triangle waves.
Sawtooth and Triangle Waves
Step and Pulse Shapes

Signals such as steps and pulses that only occur once are called single-shot or transient signals. The step indicates a sudden change in voltage, like what you would see if you turned on a power switch. The pulse indicates what you would see if you turned a power switch on and then off again. It might represent one bit of information traveling through a computer circuit or it might be a glitch (a defect) in a circuit. A collection of pulses travelling together creates a pulse train. Digital components in a computer communicate with each other using pulses. Pulses are also common in x-ray and communications equipment. Figure 6 shows examples of step and pulse shapes and a pulse train.
Step, Pulse, and Pulse Train Shapes
Oscilloscope Wave form Measurements - Oscilloscope Waveform Measuremen...equency and Period - Voltage - Phase - Phase Shift Diagram - Sign wave
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope Wave form Measurements Waveform Measurements

You use many terms to describe the types of measurements that you take with your oscilloscope. This section describes some of the most common measurements and terms.
Frequency and Period

If a signal repeats, it has a frequency. The frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) and equals the number of times the signal repeats itself in one second (the cycles per second). A repeating signal also has a period - this is the amount of time it takes the signal to complete one cycle. Period and frequency are reciprocals of each other, so that 1/period equals the frequency and 1/frequency equals the period. So, for example, the sine wave in following figure has a frequency of 3 Hz and a period of 1/3 second.
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Frequency and Period
Voltage
Voltage is the amount of electric potential (a kind of signal strength) between two points in a circuit. Usually one of these points is ground (zero volts) but not always you may want to measure the voltage from the maximum peak to the minimum peak of a waveform, referred to at the peak-to-peak voltage. The word amplitude commonly refers to the maximum voltage of a signal measured from ground or zero volts. The waveform shown in Figure 8 has an amplitude of one volt and a peak-to-peak voltage of two volts.
Phase
Phase is best explained by looking at a sine wave. Sine waves are based on circular motion and a circle has 360 degrees. One cycle of a sine wave has 360 degrees, as shown in following figure. Using degrees, you can refer to the phase angle of a sine wave when you want to describe how much of the period has elapsed.
Sine Wave Degrees Phase shift describes the difference in timing between two otherwise similar signals. In following figure, the waveform labeled "current" is said to be 905 out of phase with the waveform labeled "voltage," since the waves reach similar points in their cycles exactly 1/4 of a cycle apart (360 degrees/4 = 90 degrees). Phase shifts are common in electronics.
Phase Shift Diagram
Oscilloscope Performance Terms - Oscilloscope Bandwidth - Rise Time - Ve... - Sample Rate - ADC Resolution (Or Vertical Resolution) - Record Length
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope Performance Terms Performance Terms

The terms described in this section may come up in your discussions about oscilloscope performance. Understanding these terms will help you evaluate and compare your oscilloscope with other models.
Bandwidth
The bandwidth specification tells you the frequency range the oscilloscope accurately measures. As signal frequency increases, the capability of the oscilloscope to accurately respond decreases. By convention, the bandwidth tells you the frequency at which the displayed signal reduces to 70.7% of the applied sine wave signal. (This 70.7% point is referred to as the "-3 dB point," a term based on a logarithmic scale.)
Rise Time
Rise time is another way of describing the useful frequency range of an oscilloscope. Rise time may be a more appropriate performance consideration when you expect to measure pulses and steps. An oscilloscope cannot accurately display pulses with rise times faster than the specified rise time of the oscilloscope.
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Vertical Sensitivity
The vertical sensitivity indicates how much the vertical amplifier can amplify a weak signal. Vertical sensitivity is usually given in millivolts (mV) per division. The smallest voltage a general purpose oscilloscope can detect is typically about 2 mV per vertical screen division.
Sweep Speed
For analog oscilloscopes, this specification indicates how fast the trace can sweep across the screen, allowing you to see fine details. The fastest sweep speed of an oscilloscope is usually given in nanoseconds/div.
Gain Accuracy
The gain accuracy indicates how accurately the vertical system attenuates or amplifies a signal. This is usually listed as a percentage error.
Time Base or Horizontal Accuracy

The time base or horizontal accuracy indicates how accurately the horizontal system displays the timing of a signal. This is usually listed as a percentage error.
Sample Rate
On digital oscilloscopes, the sampling rate indicates how many samples per second the ADC (and therefore the oscilloscope) can acquire. Maximum sample rates are usually given in megasamples per second (MS/s). The faster the oscilloscope can sample, the more accurately it can represent fine details in a fast signal. The minimum sample rate may also be important if you need to look at slowly changing signals over long periods of time. Typically, the sample rate changes with changes made to the sec/div control to maintain a constant number of waveform points in the waveform record.
ADC Resolution (Or Vertical Resolution)

The resolution, in bits, of the ADC (and therefore the digital oscilloscope) indicates how precisely it can turn input voltages into digital values. Calculation techniques can improve the effective resolution.
Record Length
The record length of a digital oscilloscope indicates how many waveform points the oscilloscope is able to acquire for one waveform record. Some digital oscilloscopes let you adjust the record length. The maximum record length depends on the amount of
memory in your oscilloscope. Since the oscilloscope can only store a finite number of waveform points, there is a trade-off between record detail and record length. You can acquire either a detailed picture of a signal for a short period of time (the oscilloscope "fills up" on waveform points quickly) or a less detailed picture for a longer period of time. Some oscilloscopes let you add more memory to increase the record length for special applications.
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope Grounding

Proper grounding is an important step when setting up to take measurements or work on a circuit. Properly grounding the oscilloscope protects you from a hazardous shock and grounding yourself protects your circuits from damage.
Ground the Oscilloscope

Grounding the oscilloscope is necessary for safety. If a high voltage contacts the case of an ungrounded oscilloscope, any part of the case, including knobs that appear insulated, it can give you a shock. However, with a properly grounded oscilloscope, the current travels through the grounding path to earth ground rather than through you to earth ground. To ground the oscilloscope means to connect it to an electrically neutral reference point (such as earth ground). Ground your oscilloscope by plugging its three-pronged power cord into an outlet grounded to earth ground. Grounding is also necessary for taking accurate measurements with your oscilloscope. The oscilloscope needs to share the same ground as any circuits you are testing. Some oscilloscopes do not require the separate connection to earth ground. These oscilloscopes have insulated cases and controls, which keeps any possible shock hazard away from the user.
Ground Yourself
If you are working with integrated circuits (ICs), you also need to ground yourself. Integrated circuits have tiny conduction paths that can be damaged by static electricity that builds up on your body. You can ruin an expensive IC simply by walking across a
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Oscilloscope Grounding - Oscilloscope Setting - Setting up Oscilloscope - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials
carpet or taking off a sweater and then touching the leads of the IC. To solve this problem, wear a grounding strap (see Figure 1). This strap safely sends static charges on your body to earth ground.
Typical Wrist Type Grounding Strap
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Setting the Oscilloscope Control - Oscilloscope Setting - Setting up Oscilloscope - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Setting the Oscilloscope Control Setting the Controls

After plugging in the oscilloscope, take a look at the front panel. It is divided into three main sections labeled Vertical, Horizontal, and Trigger. Your oscilloscope may have other sections, depending on the model and type (analog or digital). Notice the input connectors on your oscilloscope. This is where you attach probes. Most oscilloscopes have at least two input channels and each channel can display a waveform on the screen. Multiple channels are handy for comparing waveforms.
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Setting the Oscilloscope Control - Oscilloscope Setting - Setting up Oscilloscope - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials
Front Panel Control Sections of an Oscilloscope Some oscilloscopes have an AUTOSET or PRESET button that sets up the controls in one step to accommodate a signal. If your oscilloscope does not have this feature, it is helpful to set the controls to standard positions before taking measurements. Standard positions include the following:
Set the oscilloscope to display channel 1 Set the volts/division scale to a mid-range position s Turn off the variable volts/division s Turn off all magnification settings s Set the channel 1 input coupling to DC s Set the trigger mode to auto s Set the trigger source to channel 1 s Turn trigger holdoff to minimum or off s Set the intensity control to a nominal viewing level s Adjust the focus control for a sharp display These are general instructions for setting up your oscilloscope. If you are not sure how to do any of these steps, refer to the manual that came with your oscilloscope. The Controls section describes the controls in more detail.
s s
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Oscilloscope Probes - Setting Probles in Oscilloscope - Oscilloscope Setting - Setting up Oscilloscope - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope Probes Probes

Now you are ready to connect a probe to your oscilloscope. It is important to use a probe designed to work with your oscilloscope. A probe is more than a cable with a clipon tip. It is a high-quality connector, carefully designed not to pick up stray radio and power line noise. Probes are designed not to influence the behavior of the circuit you are testing. However, no measurement device can act as a perfectly invisible observer. The unintentional interaction of the probe and oscilloscope with the circuit being tested is called circuit loading. To minimize circuit loading, you will probably use a 10X attenuator (passive) probe. Your oscilloscope probably arrived with a passive probe as a standard accessory. Passive probes provide you with an excellent tool for general-purpose testing and troubleshooting. For more specific measurements or tests, many other types of probes exist. Two examples are active and current probes. Descriptions of these probes follow, with more emphasis given to the passive probe since this is the probe type that allows you the most flexibility of use.
Using Passive Probes

Most passive probes have some degree of attenuation factor, such as 10X, 100X, and so on. By convention, attenuation factors, such as for the 10X attenuator probe, have the X after the factor. In contrast, magnification factors like X10 have the X first.
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The 10X (read as "ten times") attenuator probe minimizes circuit loading and is an excellent general-purpose passive probe. Circuit loading becomes more pronounced at higher frequencies, so be sure to use this type of probe when measuring signals above 5 kHz. The 10X attenuator probe improves the accuracy of your measurements, but it also reduces the amplitude of the signal seen on the screen by a factor of 10. Because it attenuates the signal, the 10X attenuator probe makes it difficult to look at signals less than 10 millivolts. The 1X probe is similar to the 10X attenuator probe but lacks the attenuation circuitry. Without this circuitry, more interference is introduced to the circuit being tested. Use the 10X attenuator probe as your standard probe, but keep the 1X probe handy for measuring weak signals. Some probes have a convenient feature for switching between 1X and 10X attenuation at the probe tip. If your probe has this feature, make sure you are using the correct setting before taking measurements. Many oscilloscopes can detect whether you are using a 1X or 10X probe and adjust their screen readouts accordingly. However with some oscilloscopes, you must set the type of probe you are using or read from the proper 1X or 10X marking on the volts/div control. The 10X attenuator probe works by balancing the probe's electrical properties against the oscilloscope's electrical properties. Before using a 10X attenuator probe you need to adjust this balance for your particular oscilloscope. This adjustment is called compensating the probe and is further described in the next section. Following Figure shows a simple diagram of the internal workings of a probe, its adjustment, and the input of an oscilloscope.
Typical Probe/Oscilloscope 10-to-1 Divider Network Following Figure shows a typical passive probe and some accessories to use with the probe.
A Typical Passive Probe with Accessories
Using Active Probes

Active probes provide their own amplification or perform some other type of operation to process the signal before applying it to the oscilloscope. These types of probes can solve problems such as circuit loading or perform tests on signals, sending the results to the oscilloscope. Active probes require a power source for their operation.
Using Current Probes

Current probes enable you to directly observe and measure current waveforms. They are available for measuring both AC and DC current. Current probes use jaws that clip around the wire carrying the current. This makes them unique since they are not connected in series with the circuit; they, therefore, cause little or no interference in the circuit.
Where to Clip the Ground Clip

Measuring a signal requires two connections: the probe tip connection and a ground connection. Probes come with an alligator-clip attachment for grounding the probe to the circuit under test. In practice, you clip the grounding clip to a known ground in the circuit, such as the metal chassis of a stereo you are repairing, and touch the probe tip to a test point in the circuit.
Compensating the Probe - Setting Probles in Oscilloscope - Oscilloscope Setting - Setting up Oscilloscope - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Compensating the Probes Compensating the Probe

Before using a passive probe, you need to compensate it - to balance its electrical properties to a particular oscilloscope. You should get into the habit of compensating the probe every time you set up your oscilloscope. A poorly adjusted probe can make your measurements less accurate. Following Figure shows what happens to measured waveforms when using a probe not properly compensated.
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The Effects of Improper Probe Compensation Most oscilloscopes have a square wave reference signal available at a terminal on the front panel used to compensate the probe. You compensate a probe by: Attaching the probe to an input connector Connecting the probe tip to the probe compensation signal s Attaching the ground clip of the probe to ground s Viewing the square wave reference signal s Making the proper adjustments on the probe so that the corners of the square wave are square When you compensate the probe, always attach any accessory tips you will use and connect the probe to the vertical channel you plan to use. This way the oscilloscope has the same electrical properties as it does when you take measurements.
s s
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope Display Controls Display Controls

Display systems vary between analog and digital oscilloscopes. Common controls include: s An intensity control to adjust the brightness of the waveform. As you increase the sweep speed of an analog oscilloscope, you need to increase the intensity level. s A focus control to adjust the sharpness of the waveform. Digital oscilloscopes may not have a focus control. s A trace rotation control to align the waveform trace with the screen's horizontal axis. The position of your oscilloscope in the earth's magnetic field affects waveform alignment. Digital oscilloscopes may not have a trace rotation control. s Other display controls may let you adjust the intensity of the graticule lights and turn on or off any on-screen information (such as menus).
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Oscilloscope Vertical Controls - Oscilloscope Setting Tutorial - Setting up...width Limit - Channel Invert - Alternate and Chop Display - Math Operations
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope Vertical Controls Vertical Controls

Use the vertical controls to position and scale the waveform vertically. Your oscilloscope also has controls for setting the input coupling and other signal conditioning, described in this section. Following Figure shows a typical front panel and on-screen menus for the vertical controls.
Vertical Controls
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Position and Volts per Division

The vertical position control lets you move the waveform up or down to exactly where you want it on the screen. The volts per division (usually written volts/div) setting varies the size of the waveform on the screen. A good general purpose oscilloscope can accurately display signal levels from about 4 millivolts to 40 volts. The volts/div setting is a scale factor. For example, if the volts/div setting is 5 volts, then each of the eight vertical divisions represents 5 volts and the entire screen can show 40 volts from bottom to top (assuming a graticule with eight major divisions). If the setting is 0.5 volts/div, the screen can display 4 volts from bottom to top, and so on. The maximum voltage you can display on the screen is the volts/div setting times the number of vertical divisions. (Recall that the probe you use, 1X or 10X, also influences the scale factor. You must divide the volts/div scale by the attenuation factor of the probe if the oscilloscope does not do it for you.) Often the volts/div scale has either a variable gain or a fine gain control for scaling a displayed signal to a certain number of divisions. Use this control to take rise time measurements.
Input Coupling
Coupling means the method used to connect an electrical signal from one circuit to another. In this case, the input coupling is the connection from your test circuit to the oscilloscope. The coupling can be set to DC, AC, or ground. DC coupling shows all of an input signal. AC coupling blocks the DC component of a signal so that you see the waveform centered at zero volts. Following Diagram illustrates this difference. The AC coupling setting is handy when the entire signal (alternating plus constant components) is too large for the volts/div setting.
AC and DC Input Coupling The ground setting disconnects the input signal from the vertical system, which lets you see where zero volts is on the screen. With grounded input coupling and auto trigger mode, you see a horizontal line on the screen that represents zero volts. Switching from DC to ground and back again is a handy way of measuring signal voltage levels with respect to ground.
Bandwidth Limit
Most oscilloscopes have a circuit that limits the bandwidth of the oscilloscope. By limiting the bandwidth, you reduce the noise that sometimes appears on the displayed waveform, providing you with a more defined signal display.
Channel Invert
Most oscilloscopes have an invert function that allows you to display a signal "upside-down." That is, with low voltage at the top of the screen and high voltage at the bottom.
Alternate and Chop Display

On analog scopes, multiple channels are displayed using either an alternate or chop mode. (Digital oscilloscopes do not normally use chop or alternate mode.) Alternate mode draws each channel alternately - the oscilloscope completes one sweep on channel 1, then one sweep on channel 2, a second sweep on channel 1, and so on. Use this mode with medium- to high-speed signals, when the sec/div scale is set to 0.5 ms or faster. Chop mode causes the oscilloscope to draw small parts of each signal by switching back and forth between them. The switching rate is too fast for you to notice, so the waveform looks whole. You typically use this mode with slow signals requiring sweep speeds of 1 ms per division or less. Following Figure shows the difference between the two modes. It is often useful to view the signal both ways, to make sure you have the best view.
Multi-Channel Display Modes
Math Operations
Your oscilloscope may also have operations to allow you to add waveforms together, creating a new waveform display. Analog oscilloscopes combine the signals while digital oscilloscopes mathematically create new waveforms. Subtracting waveforms is another math operation. Subtraction with analog oscilloscopes is possible by using the channel invert function on one signal and then use the add operation. Digital oscilloscopes typically have a subtraction operation available. Following Figure illustrates a third waveform created by adding two different signals together.
Adding Channels
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope Horizontal Controls

Use the horizontal controls to position and scale the waveform horizontally. Following figure shows a typical front panel and on-screen menus for the horizontal controls.
Horizontal Controls
Position and Seconds per Division

The horizontal position control moves the waveform from left and right to exactly where you want it on the screen.
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The seconds per division (usually written as sec/div) setting lets you select the rate at which the waveform is drawn across the screen (also known as the time base setting or sweep speed). This setting is a scale factor. For example, if the setting is 1 ms, each horizontal division represents 1 ms and the total screen width represents 10 ms (ten divisions). Changing the sec/div setting lets you look at longer or shorter time intervals of the input signal. As with the vertical volts/div scale, the horizontal sec/div scale may have variable timing, allowing you to set the horizontal time scale in between the discrete settings.
Time Base Selections

Your oscilloscope has a time base usually referred to as the main time base and it is probably the most useful. Many oscilloscopes have what is called a delayed time base a time base sweep that starts after a pre-determined time from the start of the main time base sweep. Using a delayed time base sweep allows you to see events more clearly or even see events not visible with just the main time base sweep. The delayed time base requires the setting of a delay time and possibly the use of delayed trigger modes and other settings not described in this book. Refer to the manual supplied with your oscilloscope for information on how to use these features.
Trigger Position
The trigger position control may be located in the horizontal control section of your oscilloscope. It actually represents "the horizontal position of the trigger in the waveform record." Horizontal trigger position control is only available on digital oscilloscopes. Varying the horizontal trigger position allows you to capture what a signal did before a trigger event (called pretrigger viewing). Digital oscilloscopes can provide pretrigger viewing because they constantly process the input signal whether a trigger has been received or not. A steady stream of data flows through the oscilloscope; the trigger merely tells the oscilloscope to save the present data in memory. In contrast, analog oscilloscopes only display the signal after receiving the trigger. Pretrigger viewing is a valuable troubleshooting aid. For example, if a problem occurs intermittently, you can trigger on the problem, record the events that led up to it and, possibly, find the cause.
Magnification
Your oscilloscope may have special horizontal magnification settings that let you display a magnified section of the waveform on-screen.
XY Mode
Most oscilloscopes have the capability of displaying a second channel signal along the X-
axis (instead of time). This is called XY mode
Oscilloscope Trigger Controls - Trigger Level and Slope - Trigger Sources - Trigger Modes - Trigger Coupling - Trigger Holdoff
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Oscilloscope Trigger Controls Trigger Controls

The trigger controls let you stabilize repeating waveforms and capture single-shot waveforms. Following Figure shows a typical front panel and on-screen menus for the trigger controls.
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Trigger Controls The trigger makes repeating waveforms appear static on the oscilloscope display. Imagine the jumble on the screen that would result if each sweep started at a different place on the signal (see Figure below).
Untriggered Display
Trigger Level and Slope

Your oscilloscope may have several different types of triggers, such as edge, video, pulse, or logic. Edge triggering is the basic and most common type and is the only type discussed in this book. Consult your oscilloscope instruction manual for details on other trigger types. For edge triggering, the trigger level and slope controls provide the basic trigger point definition.
The trigger circuit acts as a comparator. You select the slope and voltage level of one side of the comparator. When the trigger signal matches your settings, the oscilloscope generates a trigger.
The slope control determines whether the trigger point is on the rising or the falling edge of a signal. A rising edge is a positive slope and a falling edge is a negative slope. s The level control determines where on the edge the trigger point occurs. Following Figure shows you how the trigger slope and level settings determine how a waveform is displayed.
s
Positive and Negative Slope Triggering
Trigger Sources
The oscilloscope does not necessarily have to trigger on the signal being measured. Several sources can trigger the sweep: s Any input channel s An external source, other than the signal applied to an input channel s The power source signal s A signal internally generated by the oscilloscope Most of the time you can leave the oscilloscope set to trigger on the channel displayed. Note that the oscilloscope can use an alternate trigger source whether displayed or not. So you have to be careful not to unwittingly trigger on, for example, channel 1 while displaying channel 2.
Trigger Modes
The trigger mode determines whether or not the oscilloscope draws a waveform if it does not detect a trigger. Common trigger modes include normal and auto. In normal mode the oscilloscope only sweeps if the input signal reaches the set trigger point; otherwise (on an analog oscilloscope) the screen is blank or (on a digital oscilloscope) frozen on the last acquired waveform. Normal mode can be disorienting since you may not see the signal at first if the level control is not adjusted correctly. Auto mode causes the oscilloscope to sweep, even without a trigger. If no signal is present, a
timer in the oscilloscope triggers the sweep. This ensures that the display will not disappear if the signal drops to small voltages. It is also the best mode to use if you are looking at many signals and do not want to bother setting the trigger each time. In practice, you will probably use both modes: normal mode because it is more versatile and auto mode because it requires less adjustment. Some oscilloscopes also include special modes for single sweeps, triggering on video signals, or automatically setting the trigger level.
Trigger Coupling
Just as you can select either AC or DC coupling for the vertical system, you can choose the kind of coupling for the trigger signal. Besides AC and DC coupling, your oscilloscope may also have high frequency rejection, low frequency rejection, and noise rejection trigger coupling. These special settings are useful for eliminating noise from the trigger signal to prevent false triggering.
Trigger Holdoff
Sometimes getting an oscilloscope to trigger on the correct part of a signal requires great skill. Many oscilloscopes have special features to make this task easier. Trigger holdoff is an adjustable period of time during which the oscilloscope cannot trigger. This feature is useful when you are triggering on complex waveform shapes, so that the oscilloscope only triggers on the first eligible trigger point. Following Figure shows how using trigger holdoff helps create a usable display.
Trigger Holdoff
Acquisition Controls for Digital Oscilloscope - Acquisition Modes - Stopping and Starting the Acquisition System - Sampling Methods
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Acquisition Controls for Digital Oscilloscope Acquisition Controls for Digital Oscilloscopes
Digital oscilloscopes have settings that let you control how the acquisition system processes a signal. Look over the acquisition options on your digital oscilloscope while you read this description. Following figure shows you an example of an acquisition menu.
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Example of an Acquisition Menu
Acquisition Modes
Acquisition modes control how waveform points are produced from sample points. Recall from the first section that sample points are the digital values that come directly out of the Analog-to-Digital-Converter (ADC). The time between sample points is called the sample interval. Waveform points are the digital values that are stored in memory and displayed to form the waveform. The time value difference between waveform points is called the waveform interval. The sample interval and the waveform interval may be but need not be the same. This fact leads to the existence of several different acquisition modes in which one waveform point is made up from several sequentially acquired sample points. Additionally, waveform points can be created from a composite of sample points taken from multiple acquisitions, which leads to another set of acquisition modes. A description of the most commonly used acquisition modes follows. s Sample Mode: This is the simplest acquisition mode. The oscilloscope creates a waveform point by saving one sample point during each waveform interval. s Peak Detect Mode: The oscilloscope saves the minimum and maximum value sample points taken during two waveform intervals and uses these samples as the two corresponding waveform points. Digital oscilloscopes with peak detect mode run the ADC at a fast sample rate, even at very slow time base settings (long waveform interval), and are able to capture fast signal changes that would occur between the waveform points if in sample mode. Peak detect mode is particularly useful for seeing narrow pulses spaced far apart in time. s Hi Res Mode: Like peak detect, hi res mode is a way of getting more information in cases when the ADC can sample faster than the time base setting requires. In this case, multiple samples taken within one waveform interval are averaged together to produce one waveform point. The result is a decrease in noise and an improvement in resolution for low speed signals. s Envelope Mode: Envelope mode is similar to peak detect mode. However, in envelope mode, the minimum and maximum waveform points from multiple acquisitions are combined to form a waveform that shows min/max changes over time. Peak detect mode is usually used to acquire the records that are combined to form the envelope waveform. s Average Mode: In average mode, the oscilloscope saves one sample point during each waveform interval as in sample mode. However, waveform points from consecutive acquisitions are then averaged together to produce the final displayed waveform. Average mode reduces noise without loss of bandwidth but
requires a repeating signal.
Stopping and Starting the Acquisition System

One of the greatest advantages of digital oscilloscopes is their ability to store waveforms for later viewing. To this end, there are usually one or more buttons on the front panel that allow you to stop and start the acquisition system so you can analyze waveforms at your leisure. Additionally, you may want the oscilloscope to automatically stop acquiring after one acquisition is complete or after one set of records has been turned into an envelope or average waveform. This feature is commonly called single sweep or single sequence and its controls are usually found either with the other acquisition controls or with the trigger controls.
Sampling Methods
In digital oscilloscopes that can use either real-time sampling or equivalent-time sampling as described earlier, the acquisition controls will allow you to choose which one to use for acquiring signals. Note that this choice makes no difference for slow time base settings and only has an effect when the ADC cannot sample fast enough to fill the record with waveform points in one pass.
Other Oscilloscope Controls - Oscilloscope Tutorials Resource - Measurement ...ors - Keypads for mathematical operations or data entry - Print capabilities
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ABOUT OSCILLOSCOPE Other Oscilloscope Controls Other Controls

So far we have described the basic controls that a beginner needs to know about. Your oscilloscope may have other controls for various functions. Some of these may include: s Measurement cursors s Keypads for mathematical operations or data entry s Print capabilities s Interfaces for connecting your oscilloscope to a computer Look over the other options available to you and read your oscilloscope's manual to find out more about these other controls.
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Oscilloscope Measurement Techniques - Oscilloscope Tutorial - The Display - Voltage Measurements - Time and Frequency Measurements
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OSCILLOSCOPE MEASUREMENTS Measurement Techniques

This section teaches you basic measurement techniques. The two most basic measurements you can make are voltage and time measurements. Just about every other measurement is based on one of these two fundamental techniques. This section discusses methods for taking measurements visually with the oscilloscope screen. Many digital oscilloscopes have internal software that will take these measurements automatically. Knowing how to take the measurements manually will help you understand and check the automatic measurements of the digital oscilloscopes.
1. The Display 2. Voltage Measurements 3. Time and Frequency Measurements 4. Pulse and Rise Time Measurements 5. Phase Shift Measurements
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OSCILLOSCOPE MEASUREMENTS Oscilloscope Display

Take a look at the oscilloscope display. Notice the grid markings on the screen - these markings create the graticule. Each vertical and horizontal line constitutes a major division. The graticule is usually laid out in an 8-by-10 division pattern. Labeling on the oscilloscope controls (such as volts/div and sec/div) always refers to major divisions. The tick marks on the center horizontal and vertical graticule lines (see Figure 1) are called minor divisions. Many oscilloscopes display on the screen how many volts each vertical division represents and how many seconds each horizontal division represents. Many oscilloscopes also have 0%, 10%, 90%, and 100% markings on the graticule (see below Figure) to help make rise time measurements
An Oscilloscope Graticule
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Oscilloscope Display - Measurement Techniques - Oscilloscope Tutorial - Circuits & Tutorial Resource
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OSCILLOSCOPE MEASUREMENTS Oscilloscope Voltage Measurements Voltage Measurements

Voltage is the amount of electric potential, expressed in volts, between two points in a circuit. Usually one of these points is ground (zero volts) but not always. Voltages can also be measured from peak-to-peak - from the maximum point of a signal to its minimum point. You must be careful to specify which voltage you mean. The oscilloscope is primarily a voltage-measuring device. Once you have measured the voltage, other quantities are just a calculation away. For example, Ohm's law states that voltage between two points in a circuit equals the current times the resistance. From any two of these quantities you can calculate the third. Another handy formula is the power law: the power of a DC signal equals the voltage times the current. Calculations are more complicated for AC signals, but the point here is that measuring the voltage is the first step towards calculating other quantities.
Following figure shows the voltage of one peak - V[p] - and the peak-to-peak voltage V[p-p] -, which is usually twice V[p]. Use the RMS (root-mean-square) voltage http://www.hobbyprojects.com/oscilloscope_tutorial/voltage_measurements.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:45:27 PM]
Oscilloscope Voltage Measurements - Voltage Peak and Peak-to-peak Voltage - Measure Voltage on the Center Vertical Graticule Line
V[RMS] - to calculate the power of an AC signal.
Voltage Peak and Peak-to-peak Voltage You take voltage measurements by counting the number of divisions a waveform spans on the oscilloscope's vertical scale. Adjusting the signal to cover most of the screen vertically, then taking the measurement along the center vertical graticule line having the smaller divisions, makes for the best voltage measurements. The more screen area you use, the more accurately you can read from the screen.
Measure Voltage on the Center Vertical Graticule Line Many oscilloscopes have on-screen cursors that let you take waveform measurements automatically on-screen, without having to count graticule marks. Basically, cursors are two horizontal lines for voltage measurements and two vertical lines for time measurements that you can move around the screen. A readout shows the voltage or time at their positions.
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OSCILLOSCOPE MEASUREMENTS Time & Frequency Measurements Time and Frequency Measurements
You take time measurements using the horizontal scale of the oscilloscope. Time measurements include measuring the period, pulse width, and timing of pulses. Frequency is the reciprocal of the period, so once you know the period, the frequency is one divided by the period. Like voltage measurements, time measurements are more accurate when you adjust the portion of the signal to be measured to cover a large area of the screen. Taking time measurement along the center horizontal graticule line, having smaller divisions, makes for the best time measurements. (See Figure Below)
Measure Time on the Center Horizontal Graticule Line
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Oscilloscope Time & Frequency Measurements Techniques - Learn Oscilloscope Tutorials
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OSCILLOSCOPE MEASUREMENTS Pulse and Rise Time Measurements Pulse and Rise Time Measurements
In many applications, the details of a pulse's shape are important. Pulses can become distorted and cause a digital circuit to malfunction, and the timing of pulses in a pulse train is often significant. Standard pulse measurements are pulse width and pulse rise time. Rise time is the amount of time a pulse takes to go from the low to high voltage. By convention, the rise time is measured from 10% to 90% of the full voltage of the pulse. This eliminates any irregularities at the pulse's transition corners. This also explains why most oscilloscopes have 10% and 90% markings on their screen. Pulse width is the amount of time the pulse takes to go from low to high and back to low again. By convention, the pulse width is measured at 50% of full voltage. See Figure below for these measurement points.
Rise Time and Pulse Width Measurement Points
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Pulse and Rise Time Measurements - Oscilloscope Tutorials Teaching Resource
Pulse measurements often require fine-tuning the triggering. To become an expert at capturing pulses, you should learn how to use trigger holdoff and how to set the digital oscilloscope to capture pretrigger data, as described earlier in the Controls section. Horizontal magnification is another useful feature for measuring pulses, since it allows you to see fine details of a fast pulse.
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Oscilloscope Phase Shift Measurements - Oscilloscope Measurements Techniques - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials
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OSCILLOSCOPE MEASUREMENTS Phase Shift Measurements Phase Shift Measurements

The horizontal control section may have an XY mode that lets you display an input signal rather than the time base on the horizontal axis. (On some digital oscilloscopes this is a display mode setting.) This mode of operation opens up a whole new area of phase shift measurement techniques. The phase of a wave is the amount of time that passes from the beginning of a cycle to the beginning of the next cycle, measured in degrees. Phase shift describes the difference in timing between two otherwise identical periodic signals. One method for measuring phase shift is to use XY mode. This involves inputting one signal into the vertical system as usual and then another signal into the horizontal system. (This method only works if both signals are sine waves.) This set up is called an XY measurement because both the X and Y axis are tracing voltages. The waveform resulting from this arrangement is called a Lissajous pattern (named for French physicist Jules Antoine Lissajous and pronounced LEE-sa-zhoo). From the shape of the Lissajous pattern, you can tell the phase difference between the two signals. You can also tell their frequency ratio. Figure shows below Lissajous patterns for various frequency ratios and phase shifts.
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Oscilloscope Phase Shift Measurements - Oscilloscope Measurements Techniques - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials
Lissajous Patterns
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Robots Tutorials - Robotic Tutorial Resource - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects
Electronic Circuits & Tutorials

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Robots / Robotic Tutorials Plain & Simple Robot

Robotics is not only a science, but it is also an art. The bots we build reflect the ideas and personalities we portray. This tutorial will help you go from beginner to hobbyist. There are also quizzes at the end of some of the lessons to see how much you have learned. Question: Don't I have to be an engineer or have an engineering degree to build a robot? Answer: Not necessarily. You may have a bit of an advantage if you do, but you need not be that talented to build a robot. Just a desire to build something that will move is all you need. Lesson 1 - Getting Started Lesson 2 - Down to the Basics Lesson 3 - Tools of the Trade Lesson 4 - Shopping Thrifty Lesson 5 - Electronic Components Lesson 6 - Electronic Design and Construction Lesson 7 - Plastic Platform Construction for Cybot Robot Overview click here....
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Plane & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Getting Started - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects
Electronic Tutorials & Circuits - Robot / Robotics

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Robotics is an endless-learning hobby. There are many different versions of robots you can make. From turtle bots to vehicles like the Mars rovers to rovers like R2-D2. From walkers that have anywhere from 1 to 10 legs to robotic arms to androids. Whatever you can dream, you can create. Robots are electronic devices intended to perform a desired function. Many refer to them as "machines", however, a drill press is a machine, yet it requires an operator to perform its function, where robots can be programmed to do it themselves. The level of expertise you want your robot to have and how much learning and research you want to do is up to you. For those who have relative experience in computer programming and electronics, this may come easier to you than anyone new to the hobby. Those who build models, RC vehicles, and other artwork will find it challenging to modify some of their previous projects. For those who have little or no knowledge, we will provide all the information you need to get you started, motivated, and learning what robotics is all about. Two good places to start are RobotBooks.com and Nuts & Volts Magazine. Once you have a few more references, we can go onto the next lesson. Question: Ok, now that we've gotten a lesson about the Sci-Fi Channel, how do we build robots? How do I know what I'm going to create or what it'll look like? Answer: That's our next step. Like any new subject, it takes time to learn everything there is, and sometimes we don't even learn everything. Next, we will learn a little about design Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial Lesson - 1 (Getting Started)
<<<< Back to Robotic Tutorials
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Plane & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Getting Started - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects
Down to the Basics - Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects

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Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial Lesson - 2 (Down to the Basics)

First of all, you need to design the robot you have in mind. Figuring out what type of design you will be going with will help in the process of building your robot. Here are some of the questions you may have: Materials Will it be plastic? Will it be wood? Will it be metal? Drive-train
s s s s s
Will it run on wheels? (if so, try looking here) Will it walk? (if so, try looking here) Will it move on a track system? (if so, try looking here) Will it fly? Will it even move at all? (if not, try looking here) Control
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Will it run by remote control(tethered)? Will it run by radio control(wireless)? Will it be self programmed? Size
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Will it be big? Will it be small? Power
Down to the Basics - Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects
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Will it run on batteries? Will it be plugged in? Will it run on solar power? (if so, try looking here) Sensors
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Will it see? Will it hear and record? Will it sense odors? Will it talk to you about what it sensed? (if so, try looking here)
On top of the design, you need to figure out if it will be a simple robot, an advanced robot, the schematics involved in wiring the robot, what it WILL do and what it WON'T do, and who it will be for. Question: So, by the end of this tutorial, I'll be able to do all of that. Ok, so what do I need to build a robot? Answer: What you need is a box full of tools and an area to work in. In the next lesson, we'll give you a list of some of the tools you'll need and idea of how you should set up shop.
Tools of the Trade - Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects

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Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial Lesson - 3 (Tools of the Trade)

In order to build your robots properly, you need to have the right tools. You may have most of these tools already at home. Some of these tools you can buy for a very low price if you know where to look and how to shop. Below is a list of some of the tools you'll need: Common Tool box Assorted screw drivers Hobby, hand, electric saws Miter box Assorted wrenches Tape measure Square/straight edge Assorted files Drill and many bits Vise Safety goggles Specialty tools
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Dremel (or equivalent) Soldering station (Weller) Rosin core solder (.035) Heat sink Desoldering tool Solder vice Breadboard testers Multitude of hardware (nuts, bolts, washers) Electronic components (resistors, capacitors, transistors, diodes, LED's, integrated circuits, wire and heat wrap, circuit boards, sockets Radio Shack)
Tools of the Trade - Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects
Once you have your tools lined up, all you need is a separate place to do your work with proper ventilation and lighting. This place can be anywhere you choose as long as you keep your robot supplies separate from other day-to-day items
Shopping Thrifty - Hobby and model stores - Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Hobby stores have almost everything you'll need to build a robot. However, if you were to request a certain item that you'll be using for your robot, they might act as if that part was never invented. Still, you should find almost every part you need at one of these stores. Crafts and arts stores Although these stores may seem "prissy" or "homemaker-like", there are many things you can get here that are less expensive than at a hobby store. You'll be amazed at what you find lying on their shelves. Hardware stores Beit Home Depot, Lowes, or Menards, you can find most of your tools and hardware at relatively inexpensive prices. Electronics stores Radio Shack is one of the major electronics stores around. You may find what you need at a store near you. If you can't find what you need, there are places like All Electronics and Electronic Goldmine that will contain a variety of different products you can use. Question: I know what wood, metals, and plastics are, but how would I know what everything else is? Answer: Well, let's start with one of the most common components of robots -- electronic components Hobby and model stores Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial Lesson - 4 (Shopping Thrifty)
Shopping Thrifty - Hobby and model stores - Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects
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Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Fixed resistors supply a resistance measured in ohms to a circuit. The higher the ohms, the more resistance. The resistor below shows how one would look like. The first bar sets the initial number (in this case, 1), the second is an assistant (add on a 5). The third bar is a multiplier (that means 15 times 100 = 1500 or 15k ohms). The final bar is the tolerance bar (meaning this resistor can vary + or - 10%). Components are the electronic parts that make your robot think, act, and search for what you program it to do. Fixed Resistors Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial Lesson - 5 (Electronic Components)
If you don't want to take the time to figure out what the value of the resistor is, you can also use a multi-tester to measure the resistance of the resistor. Variable Resistors Variable resistors differ from fixed in that they either slide or rotate to adjust the resistance to where you need it for your certain project.
Fixed and Variable Capacitors Fixed capacitors hold an electrical charge for a predetermined amount of time. The value of the capacitor is printed on the component. Smaller capacitors us a bit different system. Say it's marked with 104. That means it's a 10 with 4 zeros (104 = 100,000). Sometimes you'll see a "WV" after the voltage rating which means you can't use the capacitor with voltages exceeding this rating. You'll also find a polarity marking (- minus sign) that identifies the negative side of the capacitor and must be installed accordingly to prevent failure.
Diodes Diodes are made of either germanium or silicon. They carry two ratings: peak inverse voltage and current. These ratings are the maximum amount of each that a diode can handle. For instance, a 5 amp diode can only handle 5 amps before failure. They, like capacitors, have a marking (a cathode band) denoting the negative terminal. Light-emitting diodes (LED) emit infrared light, have a PIV rating of 100 to 150 volts, a maximum current rating of 40 milliamps, are powered in low-powered DC circuits of 12 volts or less, and are used with a resistor to limit the current.
Transistors Transistors are divided into two categories: signal, where they amplify a signal in things such as radios, telephones, etc., and power, where they switch a signal on or off in things such as motor drivers and power supplies. Size is usually a way to tell the two apart. Transistor are identified by a unique code, like 2N2222 or MPS6519, designating what kind of application they are for. To find this out, refer to a data book to locate the different characteristics and ratings. A signal transistor is small and can come in either a plastic or metal case. A power transistor is larger and always has a metal case to dissipate heat.
Integrated Circuits Integrated circuits are the backbone of any electronics device. They often come a dual in-line packages (DIP). Most common ICs are 8-, 14-, and 16- pin. ICs also have a unique code, such as 7400 or 4017, which you can look up in a data book to find specifications and parameters. Some contain catalog numbers and should not be confused with the code.
Question: Great! Now I have an education in Electronic Parts 101. How am I supposed to know what to do with them? Answer: Glad you see this as a class instead of a bore. Now you need to learn about electronic design and construction.
Electronic Design & Construction - Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Solder less Breadboards Solderless breadboards are used to experiment with your circuitry. They are not used for permanent circuits. Doing this before making a permanent circuit will allow you to change your design or improve its performance by just removing or adding a component. Printed Circuit Boards You can buy premade circuit boards, or you can make your own. Either way, once you have worked your design out on a breadboard, you can permanently build your circuit on a PCB. Wire Gauge Wire comes in different sizes. 30 AWG gauge wire is small and its maximum current capacity is 2 amps, while 12 AWG gauge wire is large and its MCC is 36 amps. The smaller the wire, the less current it will allow before overheating and burning up. Eliminating Static Electricity It has been said that your body walking across a carpet can develop a 10,000 to 50,000-volt charge. What would that do to a 5-volt component? COMPLETELY DESTROY IT! When working on your electronics, use an antistatic mat and wear low static clothes such as cotton. Store parts in antistatic pouches or tubes. Sometimes connecting an antistatic wrist strap to your wrist and the component works to eliminate static. Also, make sure your soldering iron is grounded. The first and foremost thing to consider is the design of your electronics. This lesson will deal with products and ideas to make your design and construction a lot more simple. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial Lesson - 6 (Electronic Design & Construction)
Electronic Design & Construction - Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects
Good Design Principles

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s s
Even though a device may be unplugged, there is still a small amount of current flowing in the device. A pull-up resistor between the input and the +V (positive voltage) supply or a pull-down resistor (10k for either) between the input and ground will prevent this from happening. Unless instructed not to, tie unused inputs to ground to keep the circuit from going into oscillation. Bypass capacitors at the +V and ground terminals of every integrated circuit will reduce noise. For this, a 10 F capacitor will do. Keeping lead lengths short by snipping them close to the solder joint will keep noise down and prevent the lead from acting like an antenna. Make sure your +V and ground wires never form a loopor noise and erratic behavior will occur.
Soldering Tips and Techniques The best tip that can be given is to get yourself a good soldering "station", not just the iron. You may save yourself money by getting the whole kit. In the kit, like the ones you may find at Weller, Sears (under Tools > Electrical Shop > Soldering Tools & Accessories), or online at All-Spec, you'll find a soldering iron, an adjustable temperature base with a side tray for a sponge, the sponge, and a holder to keep your iron from burning anything. You can find these as low a $50 if you look, less at rummage sales. You need to use 0.050 inch rosin core solder only. Needle-nose pliers, wire strippers, wire cutters, and a heat sink are good tools to have. Isopropyl alcohol is a necessity to clean your components as well as your solder and iron. In case of a bad solder job or you are harvesting and you want to desolder the joints, a solder vacuum comes in handy. As for how to solder, you may hear different ways of doing it, but the most important part is making a solid joint with just enough solder. To do this, you want to heat the joint with the iron and apply the solder. In some cases, you may not be able to hold the iron on the joint to heat it while you apply the solder. In this case, heat the joint for a second, lift, touch the solder to the joint, then the iron to the solder. In either case, use a multitester or ohm meter to make sure you made a good connection. Also, give the joint a slight tug. If it stays in tact, you've completed a solid joint. Make sure you are soldering in a well-ventilated area. Also, always wear eye protection and keep a fire extinguisher handy, just in case.
Plastic Platform Construction - Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial - Robotics Tutorial - Electronic Circuits & Hobby Projects

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (AC) Circuits (DO) Circuits (PZ) Tutorials Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 To build our first robot, we'll use 0.125 inch thick plexiglass. The idea we got from The Robot Builder's Bonanza found here. The octagon is a 6in. by 6in. base. The corners were measured and cut 2 inches in from either side. For the center holes, we used a 3/16 (#10) bit. These are 1 inch in and dead center, respectively. The holes in the sides were made with a 7/32 (#19) bit. These are 1 inch in and 1 inch apart. If you've purchased The Robot Builder's Bonanza like we did, you'll notice that they do leave out some key points to the design process. This is so you can figure out how to design or learn to design your own robots. We came up with two different alternatives as to how to finish what they started. You can use what we've done or take what we have and make your own alternatives. Either way, you can't go wrong as long as you stick to some of the key design aspects. The holes at the top and bottom in the middle are for the counter weights made of 1/2-inch-by-8/32 bolts, 8/32 nuts, lock washers, and cap nuts. The two holes on either side are for the clamps that will hold the motors in place. These holes are only approximate locations. You may have to put them in different spaces depending on the size of your motors. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Plain & Simple Robotic Tutorial Lesson - 7 (Plastic Platform Construction)
Next step is to get the items you need to complete your robot:
s s s s s s
2 - small hobby motors with gear reduction 2 - model airplane wheels 1 - 3 1/2-inch 10/24 all-thread rod 1 - four-cell AA battery holder 2 - double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) switches with return to center (reverse - off - forward) 22 gauge hookup wire
The rest of the design process is up to you. You can use our first design by getting a clear dome that is 6 inches in diameter. You can figure out the spacing by leaving enough space between each of the two directional switches so that none of your contacts or wires are touching. The second design is with switch towers. Below are diagrams of how you can make your switch towers. You will have to make your own measurements according to the size switches you use. Included below is the schematic you'll need to wire everything together.
Question: Cool! It seems a little primitive, but I feel I've learned something. What else can I make robots out of? Answer: Glad you're learning. Hope you learn more Next..
Overview of Cybot Robot - PIC Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC
MICROCONTROLLER TUTORIALS - PIC

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Cybot Page Introduction to PIC Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 Tutorial 4 Tutorial 5 Tutorial 6 Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 Tutorial 13
Overview of Cybot Introduction

Cybot is a small 3 wheeled robot. It has two motors at the back which provide the drive and steering of Cybot. At the front is a free wheel castor, which is able to rotate 360o. Cybot uses two type of sensors: light and ultrasonics. Light is detected by using two LDR (Light Dependant Resistors). The resistance of these devices change depending on the amount of light falling on them. There are four ultrasonic sensors. These emit a high pitch sound. If the sound hits an object, it will reflect the high pitch sound, and Cybot will know that it is there. Depending on the mode, Cybot will either follow the light/object or avoid it. Cybot is controlled by a main microcontroller, manufactured by Elan see Links bellow We intend to provide information on the Cybot, along with ideas for modifying it. Part of the modification is to add new sensors and to re-program the microcontroller that comes with Cybot. The only snag with the microcontroller is that it cannot be re-programmed. However, it can be changed for a Microchip PIC, which can be. However, We appreciate that not many people have experience in the PIC, so that is why we have included a tutorial on programming a PIC, along with how it can be interfaced with Cybot. Don't worry if you have never done anything like this before, it is easier than you think!! What's NEW Magazine issues and dates updated
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Overview of Cybot Robot - PIC Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC
Robotics Links Real Robots Magazine Technology Web Site - Good For Robot Kits Tips On Robot Building
Electronics Links Maplin Electronics Farnell Elan - Cybot's Microcontroller Microchip - Manufacturers Of The PIC
Back to PIC Microcontroller Tutorial
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Length - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Length Units
DICTIONARY OF UNITS
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Length
The S I unit of length is the metre. To change any of these other units of length into their equivalent values in metres use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Where some uncertainty is indicated it means that a good idea of the size of the unit can be given but that a better value would depend upon knowing the period and/or culture in which the unit was being used.
Note than in matters concerned with land measurements, for the most accurate work, it is necessary to establish whether the US survey measures are being used or not.
angstroms astronomical units barleycorns centimetres chains (surveyors') cubits ells (UK) ems (pica) fathoms feet (UK and US)
divide by 10 000 000 000 # x 149 598 550 000 x 0.008 467 x 0.01 # x 20.1168 # x (0.45 to 0.5) x 0.875 (but many variations) x 0.004 233 3 x 1.8288 # x 0.3048 #
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Length - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Length Units
feet (US survey) furlongs hands inches kilometres leagues light years links (surveyors')
x 0.304 800 609 6 x 201.168 # x 0.1016 # x 0.0254 # x 1000 # x (4000 to 5000) x 9 460 500 000 000 000 x 0.201 168 #
metres [m]
microns (=micrometres) x 0.000 001 # miles (UK and US) miles (nautical) parsecs x 1609.344 # x 1852 # x 30 856 770 000 000 000
perch (=rods or poles) x 5.0292 # picas (computer) picas (printers') points (computer) points (printers') yards x 0.004 233 333 x 0.004 217 518 x 0.000 352 777 8 x 0.000 351 459 8 x 0.9144 #
Back to Dictionary of Units
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Area Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Area Units
DICTIONARY OF UNITS
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Areas
The S I unit of area is the square metre. To change any of these other units of area into their equivalent values in square metres use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Where some uncertainty is indicated it means that a good idea of the size of the unit can be given but that a better value would depend upon knowing the period and/or culture in which the unit was being used. Note than in matters concerned with land measurements, for the most accurate work, it is necessary to establish whether the US survey measures are being used or not.
acres ares circular inches hectares hides roods square centimetres square feet (UK and US) square feet (US survey) square inches square kilometres
x 4046.856 422 4 # x 100 # x 0.000 506 707 479 x 10 000 # x 485 000 (with wide variations) x 1011.714 105 6 # x 0.000 1 # x 0.092 903 04 # x 0.092 903 411 613 x 0.000 645 16 # x 1 000 000 #
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Area Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Area Units
square metres
square miles square millimetres squares (of timber)
x 2 589 988.110 336 # x 0.000 001 # x 9.290 304 #
square rods (or poles) x 25.292 852 64 # square yards townships x 0.836 127 36 # x 93 239 571.972
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Volume / Capacity - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Volume / Capacity Units
DICTIONARY OF UNITS
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Volume or Capacity
The S I unit of volume is the cubic metre. However, this seems to be much less used than the litre (1000 litres = 1 cubic metre).To change any of these other units of volume into their equivalent values in litres use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. The litre. There can be some ambiguity about the size of the litre. When the metric system was introduced in the 1790's the litre was intended to match up with the volume occupied by 1 kilogram of pure water at a specified pressure and temperature. As the ability to measure things got better (by 100 years later) they found that there was a mismatch between the kilogram and the litre. As a result of this they had to redefine the litre (in 1901) as being 1.000028 cubic decimetres. Very handy! This nonsense was stopped in 1964 when it was ruled that the word "litre" may be employed as a special name for the cubic decimetre, with the additional recommendation that for really accurate work, to avoid any possible confusion, the litre should not be used. Here the litre is taken as being a cubic decimetre.
barrels (oil) bushels (UK) bushels (US) centilitres cubic centimetres cubic decimetres cubic decametres cubic feet
x 158.987 294 928 # x 36.368 72 # x 35.239 070 166 88 # x 0.01 # x 0.001 # 1 x 1 000 000 # x 28.316 846 592 #
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Volume / Capacity - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Volume / Capacity Units
cubic inches cubic metres cubic millimetres cubic yards decilitres fluid ounces (UK) fluid ounces (US) gallons (UK) gallons, dry (US) gallons, liquid (US)
x 0.016 387 064 # x 1000 # x 0.000 001 # x 764.554 857 984 # x 0.1 # x 0.028 413 062 5 # x 0.029 573 529 562 5 # x 4.546 09 # x 4.404 883 770 86 # x 3.785 411 784 #
litres [l or L]
litres (1901 - 1964) millilitres pints (UK) pints, dry (US) pints, liquid (US) quarts (UK) quarts, dry (US) quarts, liquid (US)
x 1.000 028 x 0.001 # x 0.568 261 25 # x 0.550 610 471 357 5 # x 0.473 176 473 # x 1.136 522 5 # x 1.101 220 942 715 # x 0.946 352 946 #
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Mass / Weight - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Mass / Weight Units
DICTIONARY OF UNITS
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Mass or Weight
The S I unit of mass is the kilogram. To change any of these other units of mass into their equivalent values in kilograms use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
carats, metric grains grams hundredweights, long hundredweights, short
x 0.000 2 # x 0.000 064 798 91 # x 0.001 # x 50.802 345 44 # x 45.359 237 #
kilograms [kg]
ounces, avoirdupois ounces, troy pounds slugs (or g-pounds) stones
x 0.028 349 523 125 # x 0.031 103 476 8 # x 0.453 592 37 # x 14.593 903 x 6.350 293 18 #
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Mass / Weight - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Mass / Weight Units
tons (UK or long) tons (US or short) tonnes
x 1016.046 908 8 # x 907.184 74 # x 1000 #
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Temperature - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Temperature Units
DICTIONARY OF UNITS
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Temperature
There have been five main temperature scales, each one being named after the person who invented it. G D FAHRENHEIT (1686-1736) a German physicist, in about 1714 proposed the first practical scale. He called the freezing-point of water 32 degrees (so as to avoid negative temperatures) and the boiling-point 212 degrees. R A F de REAUMUR (1673-1757) A French entomologist, proposed a similar scale in 1730, but set the freezing-point at 0 degrees and the boiling-point at 80 degrees. This was used quite a bit but is now obsolete. Anders CELSIUS (1701-1744) a Swedish astronomer, proposed the 100-degree scale (from 0 to 100) in 1742. This was widely adopted as the centigrade scale. But since grades and centigrades were also measures of angle, in 1947 it officially became the Celsius scale. Also, the S I system of units gives preference to naming units after people where possible. William Thomson, 1st Lord KELVIN (1824-1907) a Scottish mathematician and physicist, worked with J P Joule - about 1862 - to produce an absolute scale of temperature based on laws of heat rather than the freezing/boiling-points of water. This work produced the idea of 'absolute zero', a temperature below which it was not possible to go. Its value is -273.15 degrees on the Celsius scale. William J M RANKINE (1820-1872) a Scottish engineer and scientist, promoted the Kelvin scale in its Fahrenheit form, when the equivalent value of absolute zero is -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit. Nowadays, while scientists use the KELVIN scale, the CELSIUS scale is the preferred scale in our everyday lives. However, the Fahrenheit scale is still widely used and there frequently is a need to be able to change from one to the other.
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Temperature - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Temperature Units
To change temperature given in Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C) Start with (F); answer is (C) subtract 32; multiply by 5; divide by 9; the
To change temperature given in Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F) Start with (C); answer is (F) multiply by 9; divide by 5; add on 32; the
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Spread Rate by Mass - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Spread Rate Units

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Spread Rate (by Mass)

The spread rate of a substance is a measure of how much of it there is covering a unit area. The 'how much' can be measured by volume or by mass. The S I compatible unit of spread rate by mass is kilograms/square metre. It is also a measure of area density (mass/unit area) and is similar to - but not the same as - pressure, which is force/unit area. For the rainfall conversions a density of 1 kg/litre has been assumed. To change any of these other units of spread rate into their equivalent values in kilograms/square metre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. The conversion for rainfall assumes a density of 1 kg/litre which is accurate enough for all practical purposes.
grams/sq.centimetre grams/sq.metre inches of rainfall kilograms/hectare kilograms/sq.centimetre milligrams/sq.metre millimetres of rainfall
x 10 # divide by 1000 # x 2.54 divide by 10 000 # x 10 000 # divide by 1000 # 1
kilograms/sq.metre
ounces/sq.foot
x 0.305 152
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Spread Rate by Mass - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Spread Rate Units
ounces/sq.inch ounces/sq.yard pounds/acre pounds/sq.foot pounds/sq.inch pounds/sq.yard tonnes/hectare tons(UK)/acre tons(US)/acre
x 43.942 divide by 49.494 divide by 8921.791 x 4.882 428 x 703.07 x 0.542 492 divide by 10 # divide by 3.982 942 divide by 4.460 896
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Line Density - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Line Density Units

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Line Density
Line density is a measure of mass per unit length. The S I compatible unit of line density is kilograms/metre. A major use of line density is in the textile industry to indicate the coarseness of a yarn or fibre. For that purpose the SI unit is rather large so the preferred unit there is the tex. (1 tex = 1 gram/kilometre) To change any of these other units of line density into their equivalent values in kilograms/metre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
denier drex grams/centimetre grams/kilometre (tex) grams/metre grams/millimetre kilograms/kilometre
divide by
9 000 000 #
divide by 10 000 000 # divide by 10 # divide by 1 000 000 #
divide by 1000 # 1 divide by 1000 #
kilograms/metre
milligrams/centimetre
divide by 10 000 #
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Line Density - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Line Density Units
milligrams/millimetre ounces/inch ounces/foot pounds/inch pounds/foot pounds/yard pounds/mile tex
divide by x 1.116 125 x 0.093 01 x 17.858 x 1.488 164 x 0.496 055
1000 #
x 0.000 281 849 divide by 1 000 000 # x 0.631 342 x 0.563 698 1
tons(UK)/mile tons(US)/mile tonnes/kilometre
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Density - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Density Units

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Density
Density is the shortened term generally used in place of the more accurate description volumetric density.It is a measure of mass per unit volume. The S I compatible unit of density is kilograms/cubic metre. However, this a rather large unit for most purposes (iron is over 7000, wood is about 600 and even cork is over 200). A much more useful size of unit is kilograms/litre (for which the previous values then become 7, 0.6 and 0.2 respectively). This unit also has the great advantage of being numerically unchanged for grams/cubic centimetre and tonnes/cubic metre (or megagrams/cubic metre). To change any of these other units of density into their equivalent values in kilograms/litre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
grains/gallon(UK) grains/gallon(US)
divide by divide by
70 157 58 418
grams/cubic centimetre 1 grams/litre grams/millilitre kilograms/cubic metre megagrams/cubic metre milligrams/millilitre milligrams/litre divide by 1000 # 1 divide by 1000 # 1 divide by 1000 # divide by 1 000 000 #
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Density - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Density Units
kilograms/litre
ounces/cubic inch ounces/gallon(UK) ounces/gallon(US) pounds/cubic inch pounds/cubic foot pounds/gallon(UK) pounds/gallon(US) tonnes/cubic metre tons(UK)/cubic yard tons(US)/cubic yard
x 1.729 994 044 x 0.006 236 023 x 0.007 489 152 x 27.679 905 x 0.016 018 463 x 0.099 776 373 x 0.119 826 427 1 x 1.328 939 184 x 1.186 552 843
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Energy / Work - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Energy / Work Units
DICTIONARY OF UNITS
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Energy or Work
There is a lot of room for confusion in some of the units used here. The calorie can take 5 different values and, while these do not vary by very much, for accurate work it is necessary to specify which calorie is being used. The 5 calories are known as the
International Table calorie = cal(IT) thermochemical calorie = cal(th) mean calorie = cal(mean) 15 degree C calorie = cal(15C) 20 degree C calorie = cal(20C).
Unless a clear statement is made saying otherwise, assume the IT calorie is being used. As a further complication, in working with food and expressing nutritional values, the unit of a Calorie (capital C) is often used to represent 1000 calories, and again it is necessary to specify which calorie is being used for that. The British thermal unit (Btu) can also take different values and they are named in a similar way to the calorie, that is Btu (IT), (th), etc. Also note that the therm is 100 000 Btu so its exact size depends on which Btu is being used. The S I unit of energy or work is the joule. To change any of these other units of energy or work into their equivalent values in joules use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
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British thermal units(IT)x 1055.056 Btu (th) x 1054.350
Btu (mean) x 1055.87 calories - cal (IT) - cal (th) - cal (mean) x 4.1868 # x 4.184 # x 4.190 02
- cal (15C) x 4.185 80 - cal (20C) x 4.181 90 Calorie (food) centigrade heat units ergs foot pounds-force foot poundals gigajoules [GJ] horsepower hours x 4186 (approx.) x 1900.4 divide by 10 000 000 # x 1.355 818 x 0.042 140 x 1000 000 000 # x 2 684 520 (approx.)
joules [J]
kilocalories (IT) kilocalories (th) kilogram-force metres kilojoules [kJ] kilowatt hours [kWh] megajoules [MJ] newton metres [Nm] therms
x 4186.8 # x 4184 # x 9.806 65 # x 1000 # x 3 600 000 # x 1 000 000 # x 1 # x 105 500 000 (approx.)
watt seconds [Ws] watt hours [Wh]
1 x 3600 #
Force - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Force Units

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Force
The S I unit of force is the newton. To change any of these other units of force into their equivalent values in newtons use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
dynes kilograms force kilonewtons [kN] kips meganewtons [MN]
divide by 100 000 # x 9.806 65 # x 1000 # x 4448.222 x 1 000 000 #
newtons [N]
pounds force poundals sthenes (=kN) tonnes force tons(UK) force
x 4.448 222 x 0.138 255 x 1000 x 9806.65 # x 9964.016
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Force - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Force Units
tons(US) force
x 8896.443
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Torque - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Torque Units

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Torque
The S I compatible unit of torque is the newton metre. To change any of these other units of torque into their equivalent values in newton metres use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
dyne centimetres
divide by 10 000 000 #
gram-force centimetres x 0.000 098 066 5 # kg-force centimetres kg-force metres newton centimetres x 0.098 066 5 # x 9.806 65 # divide by 100 #
newton metres [Nm]
ounce-force inches pound-force inches pound-force feet poundal feet ton(UK)-force feet
divide by 141.612 x 0.112 984 x 1.355 818 x 0.042 140 x 3 037.032
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Torque - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Torque Units
ton(US)-force feet tonne-force metres
x 2 711.636 x 9 806.65 #
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Fuel Consumption - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Fuel Consumption Units

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Fuel Consumption
Fuel consumption of any means of transport (car, aeroplane, ship etc.) that uses fuel is a measure giving the relationship between the distance travelled for an amount of fuel used. The most common example is the car where it is usually expressed (in English-speaking countries) in miles per gallon. It could also be expressed in gallons per mile. However, for a car the latter method gives a rather small figure: 35 miles per gallon is about 0.0286 gallons per mile. In that case it would be better to give a figure for 100 miles, so it would be 2.86 gallons per 100 miles. That is the metric way of expressing fuel consumption - as litres per 100 kilometres. From regular enquiries it appears that in real life people are using all sorts of ways of expressing their fuel consumption, so this section (unlike all the others) tries to cover as many ways as possible. All the values are given to an accuracy of 4 significant figures.
To change miles per gallon (UK) miles per gallon (UK) miles per litre miles per gallon (UK)
into miles per gallon (US) multiply by 0.833 miles per litre multiply by 0.22 miles per gallon (UK) multiply by 4.546 kilometres per litre multiply by 0.354
miles per gallon (US) miles per gallon (US) miles per litre
miles per gallon (UK) multiply by 1.2 miles per litre multiply by 0.2642 miles per gallon (US) multiply by 3.785
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Fuel Consumption - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Fuel Consumption Units
miles per gallon (US)
kilometres per litre multiply by 0.4251
X miles per gallon X
gallons per 100 miles: divide 100 by
(both gallons must of the same type)
X miles per gallon (UK) X miles per gallon (US) X km per litre X miles per litre
litres per 100 km: divide 282.5 by X litres per 100 km: divide 235.2 by X litres per 100 km: divide 100 litres per 100 km: divide 62.14 by X by X
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Power - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Power Units
DICTIONARY OF UNITS
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Power
Since power is a measure of the rate at which work is done, the underlying units are those of work or energy, and that section should be looked at for explanations concerning the calorie and Btu. In this section the (IT) values have been used. In this section it is the horsepower which provides confusion. Just like the calorie, it can take 5 different values, and these are identified as necessary by the addition of (boiler), (electric), (metric), (UK) and (water). Unlike the calorie (whose 5 values are reasonably close to each other), the horsepower has 4 which are close and 1 (boiler) which is considerably different - it is about 13 times bigger than the others - but it seems to be very little used. The S I unit of power is the watt. To change any of these other units of energy or work into their equivalent values in watts use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
Btu/hour Btu/minute Btu/second calories/hour calories/minute calories/second ft lb-force/minute ft lb-force/second gigawatts [GW]
x 0.293 071 x 17.584 267 x 1055.056 x 0.001 163 # x 0.069 78 # x 4.1868 # x 0.022 597 x 1.355 82 x 1 000 000 000
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Power - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Power Units
horsepower (electric) horsepower (metric)
x 746 # x 735.499
watts [W]
joules/hour joules/minute joules/second kilocalories/hour kilocalories/minute kg-force metres/hour
divide by 3600 # divide by 60 # 1 x 1.163 x 69.78 x 0.002 724
kg-force metres/minute x 0.163 444 kilowatts [kW] megawatts [MW] x 1000 # x 1 000 000 #
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Pressure or Stress - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Pressure of Stress Units
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Pressure or Stress
The S I unit of pressure is the pascal. The units of pressure are defined in the same way as those for stress - force/unit area. To change any of these other units of pressure (or stress) into their equivalent values in pascals use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Measures based on water assume a density of 1 kg/litre - a value which is rarely matched in the real world, though the error is small.
atmospheres bars
x 101 325 # x 100 000 #
centimetres of mercury x 1333.22 centimetres of water feet of water hectopascals [hPa] inches of water inches of mercury x 98.066 5 # x 2989.066 92 # x 100 # x 249.088 91 # x 3386.388
kg-force/sq.centimetre x 98 066.5 # kg-force/sq.metre kilonewton/sq.metre kilopascal [kPa] x 9.806 65 # x 1000 # x 1000 #
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Pressure or Stress - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Pressure of Stress Units
kips/sq.inch meganewtons/sq.metre metres of water millibars
x 6 894 760 x 1 000 000 # x 9806.65 # x 100 #
pascals [Pa]
millimetres of mercury x 133.322 millimetres of water newtons/sq.centimetre newtons/sq.metre newtons/sq.millimetre pounds-force/sq.foot pounds-force/sq.inch poundals/sq.foot x 9.806 65 # x 10 000 1 x 1 000 000 # x 47.880 x 6894.757 x 1.448 16
tons(UK)-force/sq.foot x 107 252 tons(UK)-force/sq.inch x 15 444 256 tons(US)-force/sq.foot x 95 760 tons(US)-force/sq.inch x 13 789 500 tonnes-force/sq.cm tonnes-force/sq.metre x 98 066 500 # x 9806.65 #
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Speed - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Speed Units
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Speed
The S I compatible unit of speed is metres/second. To change any of these other units of speed into their equivalent values in metres/second use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
centimetres/minute centimetres/second feet/hour feet/minute feet/second inches/minute inches/second kilometres/hour kilometres/second knots Mach number metres/hour metres/minute
divide by 6000 # divide by 100 # divide by 11 811 x 0.005 08 # x 0.3048 # divide by 2362.2 x 0.0254 # divide by 3.6 # x 1000 # x 0.514 444 x 331.5 divide by 3600 # divide by 60 #
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Speed - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Speed Units
metres/second [m/s]
miles/hour miles/minute miles/second yards/hour yards/minute yards/second
x 0.447 04 # x 26.8224 # x 1609.344 # divide by 3937 x 0.015 24 # x 0.9144 #
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Spread Rate by Volume - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Spread Rate Units

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Spread Rate (by Volume)

The spread rate of a substance is a measure of how much of it there is covering a unit area. The 'how much' can be measured by volume or by mass. The S I compatible unit of spread rate by volume is cubic metres/square metre. However, this is a rather large unit for most purposes and so litres/square metre is often preferred. To change any of these other units of spread rate into their equivalent values in litres/square metre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
cubic feet/acre cubic inches/sq.yard cubic yards/sq.mile 3387.577 cubic metres/hectare cubic metres/sq.km cubic metres/sq.metre
divide by 142.913 divide by 51.024 divide by
divide by 10 # divide by 1000 # x 1000 #
fl. ounces(UK)/sq.yard divide by 29.428
litres/square metre
gallons(UK)/acre
divide by 890.184
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Spread Rate by Volume - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Spread Rate Units
gallons(US)/acre 1069.066 gallons(UK)/hectare 2199.692 gallons(US)/hectare 2641.721 inches of rainfall litres/hectare # millilitres/sq.metre millimetres of rainfall
divide by
divide by
divide by
x 25.4 # divide by 10 000
divide by 1000 # 1
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Systeme International (SI) - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Length Units

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The Systeme International (SI)

Le Systeme international d'Unites officially came into being in October 1960 and has been officially recognised and adopted by nearly all countries, though the amount of actual usage varies considerably. It is based upon 7 principal units, 1 in each of 7 different categories -
Category Abbrev. Length Mass Time Electric current Temperature Amount of substance Luminous intensity
Name
metre kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela
m kg s A K mol cd
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Systeme International (SI) - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Length Units
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Definitions of Seven Basic (SI) Units - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Length Units

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Derived Units of SI
From the 7 basic units of the SI other units are derived for a variety of purposes. Only a few of are explained here as examples, there are many more.
farad [F] The farad is the SI unit of the capacitance of an electrical system, that is, its capacity to store electricity. It is a rather large unit as defined and is more often used as a microfarad. It is named after the English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867). hertz [Hz] The hertz is the SI unit of the frequency of a periodic phenomenon. One hertz indicates that 1 cycle of the phenomenon occurs every second. For most work much higher frequencies are needed such as the kilohertz [kHz] and megahertz [MHz]. It is named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-94). joule [J] The joule is the SI unit of work or energy. One joule is the amount of work done when an applied force of 1 newton moves through a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818-89). newton [N] The newton is the SI unit of force. One newton is the force required to give a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second per second. It is named after the English mathematician and
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physicist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). ohm [ ] The ohm is the SI unit of resistance of an electrical conductor. Its symbol, is the capital Greek letter 'omega'. It is named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854). pascal [Pa] The pascal is the SI unit of pressure. One pascal is the pressure generated by a force of 1 newton acting on an area of 1 square metre. It is a rather small unit as defined and is more often used as a kilopascal [kPa]. It is named after the French mathematician, physicist and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-62). volt [V] The volt is the SI unit of electric potential. One volt is the difference of potential between two points of an electrical conductor when a current of 1 ampere flowing between those points dissipates a power of 1 watt. It is named after the Italian physicist Count Alessandro Giuseppe Anastasio Volta (1745-1827). watt [W] The watt is used to measure power or the rate of doing work. One watt is a power of 1 joule per second. It is named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736-1819). Note that prefixes may be used in conjunction with any of the above units.
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Conventions of Usage in SI - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Length Units

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Conventions of Usage in SI
There are various rules laid down for the use of the SI and its units as well as some observations to be made that will help in its correct use.
q q
q q q q
Any unit may take only ONE prefix. For example 'millimillimetre' is incorrect and should be written as 'micrometre'. Most prefixes which make a unit bigger are written in capital letters (M G T etc.), but when they make a unit smaller then lower case (m n p etc.) is used. Exceptions to this are the kilo [k] to avoid any possible confusion with kelvin [K]; hecto [h]; and deca [da] or [dk] It will be noted that many units are eponymous, that is they are named after persons. This is always someone who was prominent in the early work done within the field in which the unit is used. Such a unit is written all in lower case (newton, volt, pascal etc.) when named in full, but starting with a capital letter (N V Pa etc.) when abbreviated. An exception to this rule is the litre which, if written as a lower case 'l' could be mistaken for a '1' (one) and so a capital 'L' is allowed as an alternative. It is intended that a single letter will be decided upon some time in the future when it becomes clear which letter is being favoured most in use. Units written in abbreviated form are NEVER pluralised. So 'm' could always be either 'metre' or 'metres'. 'ms' would represent 'millisecond'. An abbreviation (such as J N g Pa etc.) is NEVER followed by a full-stop unless it is the end of a sentence. To make numbers easier to read they may be divided into groups of 3 separated by spaces (or half-spaces) but NOT commas. The SI preferred way of showing a decimal fraction is to use a comma (123,456) to separate the whole number from its fractional part. The practice of using a point, as is common in English-speaking countries, is acceptable providing only that the point is placed ON the line of the bottom edge of the numbers (123.456) and NOT in the middle. Back to Dictionary of Units
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Conventions of Usage in SI - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Length Units
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Metric System of Measurements - Metric Measurements System - Dictionary of Length Units

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Metric System of Measurements

Length 10 millimetres = 1 centimetre 10 centimetres = 1 decimeter metre 10 decimetres = 1 metre 10 metres = 1 decametre Area 100 sq. mm 10 000 sq. cm = 1 sq. cm = 1 sq.
100 sq. metres = 1 are 100 ares = 1 hectare
10 decametres = 1 hectometre hectare 10 hectometres = 1 kilometre kilometre 1000 metres kilometre = 1 kilometre
10 000 sq. metres = 1 100 hectares = 1 sq.
1 000 000 sq. metres = 1 sq.
Volume 1000 cu. mm = 1 cu. cm 1000 cu. cm = 1 cu. decimetre 1000 cu. dm = 1 cu. metre
Capacity 10 millilitres = 1 centilitre 10 centilitree = 1 decilitre 10 decilitres = 1 litre
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Metric System of Measurements - Metric Measurements System - Dictionary of Length Units
1 million cu. cm = 1 cu. metre metre
1000 litres
= 1 cu.
Mass 1000 grams = 1 kilogram
1000 kilograms = 1 tonne The distinction between 'Volume' and 'Capacity' is artificial and kept here only for historic reasons. A millitre is a cubic centimetre and a cubic decimetre is a litre. But see under 'Volume' for problems with the litre.
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Metrication in the UK - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurements Unit - Dictionary of Length Units

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Metrication in the UK
There have been three major Weights and Measures Acts in recent times (1963, 1976 and 1985) all gradually abolishing various units, as well redefining the standards. All the Apothecaries' measures are now gone, and of the Troy measures, only the ounce remains. The legislation decreed that From the 1st October 1995, for economic, public health, public safety and administrative purposes, only metric units were to be allowed EXCEPT that q q q q
pounds and ounces for weighing of goods sold from bulk pints and fluid ounces for beer, cider, waters, lemonades and fruit juices in RETURNABLE containers therms for gas supply fathoms for marine navigation
could be used until 31st December 1999. The following could continue to be used WITHOUT time limit q q q q
miles, yards, feet and inches for road traffic signs and related measurements of speed and distance pints for dispensing draught beer and cider, and for milk in RETURNABLE containers acres for land registration purposes troy ounces for transactions in precious metals.
Sports were exempt from all of this, but most of them have (voluntarily) changed their relevant regulations into statements of equivalent metric measures. That was how the legislation was framed. In common usage the 'old' units are still very apparent.
Some other dates of note
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Metrication in the UK - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurements Unit - Dictionary of Length Units
1950 The Hodgson Report was published which, after arguing all the points for and against, favoured a change to metric. 1963 Weights and Measures Act defined the basic measures of the 'yard' and the 'pound' in terms of the 'metre' and the 'kilogram'. Many of the old imperial measures were abolished (drachm, scruple, minim, chaldron, quarter, rod, pole, perch, and a few more) 1971 Currency was Decimalised 1985 Weights and Measures Act abolished several more imperial measures for purposes of trade, and defined the 'gallon' in terms of the 'litre'.
Thus, all the measures had been metricated even if the public hadn't! Back to Dictionary of Units
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US System of Measurements - US Measurement System - List of Measurements Unit - Dictionary of Length Units

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US System of Measurements
Most of the US system of measurements is the same as that for the UK. The biggest differences to be noted are in Capacity which has both liquid and dry measures as well as being based on a different standard - the US liquid gallon is smaller than the UK gallon. There is also a measurement known at the US survey foot. It is gradually being phased out as the maps and land plans are re-drawn under metrication. (The changeover is being made by putting 39.37 US survey feet = 12 metres) Length 12 inches 3 feet 220 yards = 1 foot = 1 yard = 1 furlong Area 144 sq. inches = 1 square foot 9 sq. feet = 1 square yard
4840 sq. yards = 1 acre 640 acres 1 sq.mile = 1 square mile = 1 section = 1 township
8 furlongs = 1 mile 5280 feet 1760 yards = 1 mile = 1 mile
36 sections
Volume 1728 cu. inches = 1 cubic foot
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27 cu. feet
= 1 cubic yard
Capacity (Dry)
Capacity (Liquid) 16 fluid ounces = 1 pint
2 pints
= 1 quart
4 gills 2 pints 4 quarts
= 1 pint = 1 quart = 1 gallon (8 pints)
8 quarts = 1 peck 4 pecks = 1 bushel
Mass 437.5 grains = 1 ounce 16 ounces = 1 pound (7000 grains) pennyweight 14 pounds grains) = 1 stone Troy Weights 24 grains =1
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (480 = 1 pound
100 pounds = 1 hundredweight [cwt] 12 ounces (5760 grains) 20 cwt = 1 ton (2000 pounds)
Apothecaries' Measures 60 minims = 1 fl.dram
Apothecaries' Weights 20 grains = 1 scruple
8 fl.drams = 1 fl.ounce 16 fl.ounces = 1 pint
3 scruples = 1 dram 8 drams 12 ounces = 1 ounce (480 grains)
= 1 pound (5760 grains)
As with the UK system these measures were originally defined by physical standard measures - the yard, the pound, the gallon and the bushel.They are now all defined by reference to the S I measures of the metre, the kilogram and the litre. These equivalent measures are exact. 1 1 1 1 yard = 0.9144 metres - same as UK pound = 0.453 592 37 kilograms - same as UK gallon (liquid) = 3.785 411 784 litres bushel = 35.239 070 166 88 litres
Note particularly that the US gallon is a different size to the UK gallon so that NO liquid measures of the same name are the same size in the US and UK systems. Also that the ton(US) is 2000 pounds while a ton(UK) is 2240 pounds. These are also referred to as a short ton and long ton respectively. Note than in matters concerned with land measurements, for the most accurate work, it is necessary to establish whether the US survey measures are being used or not.

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Definitions of Seven Basic (SI) Units

metre [m] The metre is the basic unit of length. It is the distance light travels, in a vacuum, in 1/299792458th of a second. kilogram [kg] The kilogram is the basic unit of mass. It is the mass of an international prototype in the form of a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at Sevres in France. It is now the only basic unit still defined in terms of a material object, and also the only one with a prefix[kilo] already in place. second [s] The second is the basic unit of time. It is the length of time taken for 9192631770 periods of vibration of the caesium-133 atom to occur. ampere [A] The ampere is the basic unit of electric current. It is that current which produces a specified force between two parallel wires which are 1 metre apart in a vacuum.It is named after the French physicist Andre Ampere (1775-1836). kelvin [K] The kelvin is the basic unit of temperature. It is 1/273.16th of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. It is named
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after the Scottish mathematician and physicist William Thomson 1st Lord Kelvin (1824-1907). mole [mol] The mole is the basic unit of substance. It is the amount of substance that contains as many elementary units as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. candela [cd] The candela is the basic unit of luminous intensity. It is the intensity of a source of light of a specified frequency, which gives a specified amount of power in a given direction.
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Prefixes of SI - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Length Units

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Prefixes of SI
The S I allows the sizes of units to be made bigger or smaller by the use of appropriate prefixes. For example, the electrical unit of a watt is not a big unit even in terms of ordinary household use, so it is generally used in terms of 1000 watts at a time. The prefix for 1000 is kilo so we use kilowatts[kW] as our unit of measurement. For makers of electricity, or bigger users such as industry, it is common to use megawatts[MW] or even gigawatts[GW]. The full range of prefixes with their [symbols or abbreviations] and their multiplying factors which are also given in other forms is yotta [Y] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 zetta [Z] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 exa [E] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^24 = 10^21 = 10^18 = 10^15 = 10^12 (a thousand millions = a (a million) (a thousand) (a hundred)
peta [P] 1 000 000 000 000 000 tera [T] 1 000 000 000 000 giga [G] 1 000 000 000 billion) mega [M] 1 000 000 kilo [k] 1 000 hecto [h] 100
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Prefixes of SI - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurement Unit - Dictionary of Length Units
deca [da]10 1 deci [d] 0.1 centi [c] 0.01 milli [m] 0.001 micro [] 0.000 001 nano [n] 0.000 000 001 pico [p] 0.000 000 000 001 femto [f] 0.000 000 000 000 001
(ten)
(a tenth) (a hundredth) (a thousandth) (a millionth) (a thousand millionth) = 10^-12 = 10^-15 = 10^-18 = 10^-21 = 10^-24
atto [a] 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 zepto [z] 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001
yocto [y] 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001
[] the symbol used for micro is the Greek letter known as 'mu' Nearly all of the S I prefixes are multiples (kilo to yotta) or sub-multiples (milli to yocto) of 1000. However, these are inconvenient for many purposes and so hecto, deca, deci, and centi are also used. deca also appears as deka [da] or [dk] in the USA and Continental Europe. So much for standards!
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History of Measurement - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurements Unit - Dictionary of Length Units

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A Brief History of Measurement

One of the earliest types of measurement concerned that of length. These measurements were usually based on parts of the body. A well documented example (the first) is the Egyptian cubit which was derived from the length of the arm from the elbow to the outstretched finger tips. By 2500 BC this had been standardized in a royal master cubit made of black marble (about 52 cm). This cubit was divided into 28 digits (roughly a finger width) which could be further divided into fractional parts, the smallest of these being only just over a millimeter. In England units of measurement were not properly standardized until the 13th century, though variations (and abuses) continued until long after that. For example, there were three different gallons (ale, wine and corn) up until 1824 when the gallon was standardized. In the U S A the system of weights and measured first adopted was that of the English, though a few differences came in when decisions were made at the time of standardization in 1836. For instance, the wine-gallon of 231 cubic inches was used instead of the English one (as defined in 1824) of about 277 cubic inches. The U S A also took as their standard of dry measure the old Winchester bushel of 2150.42 cubic inches, which gave a dry gallon of nearly 269 cubic inches. Even as late as the middle of the 20th century there were some differences in UK and US measures which were nominally the same. The UK inch measured 2.53998 cm while the US inch was 2.540005 cm. Both were standardized at 2.54 cm in July 1959, though the U S continued to use 'their' value for several years in land surveying work - this too is slowly being metricated. In France the metric system officially started in June 1799 with the declared intent of being 'For all people, for all time'. The unit of length was the metre
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History of Measurement - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurements Unit - Dictionary of Length Units
which was defined as being one ten-millionth part of a quarter of the earth's circumference. The production of this standard required a very careful survey to be done which took several years. However, as more accurate instruments became available so the 'exactness' of the standard was called into question. Later efforts were directed at finding some absolute standard based on an observable physical phenomenon. Over two centuries this developed into the S I. So maybe their original slogan was more correct than anyone could have foreseen then.
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UK (Imperial) System of Measurements - UK Measurement System - List of Measurements Unit - Dictionary of Length Units

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UK (Imperial) System of Measurements

Length 12 inches 3 feet 22 yards 10 chains = 1 foot = 1 yard = 1 chain = 1 furlong Area 144 sq. inches = 1 square foot 9 sq. feet = 1 square yard
4840 sq. yards = 1 acre 640 acres = 1 square mile
8 furlongs = 1 mile 5280 feet 1760 yards = 1 mile = 1 mile Capacity 20 fluid ounces = 1 pint Volume 1728 cu. inches = 1 cubic foot 27 cu. feet = 1 cubic yard 4 gills 2 pints 4 quarts = 1 pint = 1 quart = 1 gallon (8 pints)
Mass (Avoirdupois) 437.5 grains = 1 ounce Troy Weights
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UK (Imperial) System of Measurements - UK Measurement System - List of Measurements Unit - Dictionary of Length Units
16 ounces = 1 pound (7000 grains) pennyweight 14 pounds grains) 8 stones grains) 20 cwt = 1 stone = 1 hundredweight [cwt] = 1 ton (2240 pounds)
24 grains
=1
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (480 12 ounces = 1 pound (5760
Apothecaries' Measures 20 minims = 1 fl.scruple
Apothecaries' Weights 20 grains = 1 scruple
3 fl.scruples = 1 fl.drachm 8 fl.drachms = 1 fl.ounce grains) 20 fl.ounces grains) = 1 pint
3 scruples = 1 drachm 8 drachms = 1 ounce (480 12 ounces = 1 pound (5760
The old Imperial (now UK) system was originally defined by three standard measures - the yard, the pound and the gallon which were held in London. They are now defined by reference to the S I measures of the metre, the kilogram and the litre. These equivalent measures are exact. 1 yard = 0.9144 metres - same in US 1 pound = 0.453 592 37 kilograms - same in US 1 gallon = 4.546 09 litres - different in US Note particularly that the UK gallon is a different size to the US gallon so that NO liquid measures of the same name are the same size in the UK and US systems. Also that the ton(UK) is 2240 pounds while a ton(US) is 2000 pounds. These are also referred to as a long ton and short ton respectively.
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Electronics Formula / Formulae - Notation Calculations in Circuits

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NOTATION Calculations
C E e G I i k L M N P capacitance voltage source instantaneous E conductance current instantaneous I coefficient inductance mutual inductance number of turns power [farads, F] [volts, V] [volts, V] [siemens, S] [amps, A] [amps, A] [number] [henrys, H] [henrys, H] [number] [watts, W] Q q R T t V v W F Y y charge instantaneous Q resistance time constant instantaneous time voltage drop instantaneous V energy magnetic flux magnetic linkage instantaneous Y [coulombs, C] [coulombs, C] [ohms, W] [seconds, s] [seconds, s] [volts, V] [volts, V] [joules, J] [webers, Wb] [webers, Wb] [webers, Wb]
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http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/notation.html [1/17/2007 5:48:47 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Resistance in Series Calculation in Circuits

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Resistance in Series Calculation

When resistances R1, R2, R3, ... are connected in series, the total resistance RS is: RS = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/resistances_in_series.html [1/17/2007 5:48:53 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Resistance in Parallel Calculation in Circuit

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Resistance in Parallel Calculation

When resistances R1, R2, R3, ... are connected in parallel, the total resistance RP is: 1 / RP = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 + ... Alternatively, when conductances G1, G2, G3, ... are connected in parallel, the total conductance GP is: GP = G1 + G2 + G3 + ... where Gn = 1 / Rn For two resistances R1 and R2 connected in parallel, the total resistance RP is: RP = R1R2 / (R1 + R2) RP = product / sum The resistance R2 to be connected in parallel with resistance R1 to give a total resistance RP is: R2 = R1RP / (R1 - RP) R2 = product / difference
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/resistances_in_parallel.html [1/17/2007 5:48:58 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Capacitance Calculation in Circuit

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Capacitance Calculation
When a voltage is applied to a circuit containing capacitance, current flows to accumulate charge in the capacitance: Q=
idt = CV
Alternatively, by differentiation with respect to time: dq/dt = i = C dv/dt Note that the rate of change of voltage has a polarity which opposes the flow of current. The capacitance C of a circuit is equal to the charge divided by the voltage: C=Q/V=
idt / V
Alternatively, the capacitance C of a circuit is equal to the charging current divided by the rate of change of voltage: C = i / dv/dt = dq/dt / dv/dt = dq/dv
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/capacitance.html [1/17/2007 5:49:10 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Capacitance in Parallel Calculation in Circuit

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Capacitance in Parallel Calculation

When capacitances C1, C2, C3, ... are connected in parallel, the total capacitance CP is: CP = C1 + C2 + C3 + ...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/capacitances_in_parallel.html [1/17/2007 5:49:15 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Inductance Calculation in Circuit

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Inductance Calculation
When the current changes in a circuit containing inductance, the magnetic linkage changes and induces a voltage in the inductance: d/dt = e = L di/dt Note that the induced voltage has a polarity which opposes the rate of change of current. Alternatively, by integration with respect to time: =
edt = LI
The inductance L of a circuit is equal to the induced voltage divided by the rate of change of current: L = e / di/dt = d/dt / di/dt = d/di Alternatively, the inductance L of a circuit is equal to the magnetic linkage divided by the current: L=/I Note that the magnetic linkage is equal to the product of the number of turns N and the magnetic flux : = N = LI
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/inductance.html [1/17/2007 5:49:21 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Mutual Inductance Calculation in Circuit

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Mutual Inductance Calculation

The mutual inductance M of two coupled inductances L1 and L2 is equal to the mutually induced voltage in one inductance divided by the rate of change of current in the other inductance: M = E2m / (di1/dt) M = E1m / (di2/dt) If the self induced voltages of the inductances L1 and L2 are respectively E1s and E2s for the same rates of change of the current that produced the mutually induced voltages E1m and E2m, then: M = (E2m / E1s)L1 M = (E1m / E2s)L2 Combining these two equations: M = (E1mE2m / E1sE2s) (L1L2) = kM(L1L2) where kM is the mutual coupling coefficient of the two inductances L1 and L2. If the coupling between the two inductances L1 and L2 is perfect, then the mutual inductance M is: M = (L1L2)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/mutual_inductance.html [1/17/2007 5:49:35 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Inductances in Parallel Calculation in Circuit

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Inductances in Parallel Calculation

When uncoupled inductances L1, L2, L3, ... are connected in parallel, the total inductance LP is: 1 / LP = 1 / L1 + 1 / L2 + 1 / L3 + ...
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/inductances_in_parallel.html [1/17/2007 5:49:43 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Power Calculation in Circuit

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Power Calculation
The power P dissipated by a resistance R carrying a current I with a voltage drop V is: P = V2 / R = VI = I2R Similarly, the power P dissipated by a conductance G carrying a current I with a voltage drop V is: P = V2G = VI = I2 / G The power P transferred by a capacitance C holding a changing voltage V with charge Q is: P = VI = CV(dv/dt) = Q(dv/dt) = Q(dq/dt) / C The power P transferred by an inductance L carrying a changing current I with magnetic linkage is: P = VI = LI(di/dt) = (di/dt) = (d/dt) / L
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/power.html [1/17/2007 5:49:51 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Batteries Calculation in Circuit

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Batteries Calculation
If a battery of open-circuit voltage EB has a loaded voltage VL when supplying load current IL, the battery internal resistance RB is: RB = (EB - VL) / IL The load voltage VL and load current IL for a load resistance RL are: VL = ILRL = EB - ILRB = EBRL / (RB + RL) IL = VL / RL = (EB - VL) / RB = EB / (RB + RL) The battery short-circuit current Isc is: Isc = EB / RB = EBIL / (EB - VL)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/batteries.html [1/17/2007 5:49:58 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Resistance Calculation in Circuits

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RESISTANCE Calculations
The resistance R of a circuit is equal to the applied direct voltage E divided by the resulting steady current I: R=E/I
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/resistance.html [1/17/2007 5:50:02 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Voltage Division by Series Resistance Calculation

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Voltage Division by Series Resistance Calculation

When a total voltage ES is applied across series connected resistances R1 and R2, the current IS which flows through the series circuit is: IS = ES / RS = ES / (R1 + R2) The voltages V1 and V2 which appear across the respective resistances R1 and R2 are: V1 = ISR1 = ESR1 / RS = ESR1 / (R1 + R2) V2 = ISR2 = ESR2 / RS = ESR2 / (R1 + R2) In general terms, for resistances R1, R2, R3, ... connected in series: IS = ES / RS = ES / (R1 + R2 + R3 + ...) Vn = ISRn = ESRn / RS = ESRn / (R1 + R2 + R3 + ...) Note that the highest voltage drop appears across the highest resistance.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/voltage_division_by_series_resistance.html [1/17/2007 5:50:06 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Current Division by Parallel Resistance Calculation

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Current Division by Parallel Resistance Calculation

When a total current IP is passed through parallel connected resistances R1 and R2, the voltage VP which appears across the parallel circuit is: VP = IPRP = IPR1R2 / (R1 + R2) The currents I1 and I2 which pass through the respective resistances R1 and R2 are: I1 = VP / R1 = IPRP / R1 = IPR2 / (R1 + R2) I2 = VP / R2 = IPRP / R2 = IPR1 / (R1 + R2) In general terms, for resistances R1, R2, R3, ... (with conductances G1, G2, G3, ...) connected in parallel: VP = IPRP = IP / GP = IP / (G1 + G2 + G3 + ...) In = VP / Rn = VPGn = IPGn / GP = IPGn / (G1 + G2 + G3 + ...) where Gn = 1 / Rn Note that the highest current passes through the highest conductance (with the lowest resistance).
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/current_division_by_parallel_resistances.html [1/17/2007 5:50:11 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Capacitance in Series Calculation in Circuit

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Capacitance in Series Calculation

When capacitances C1, C2, C3, ... are connected in series, the total capacitance CS is: 1 / CS = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2 + 1 / C3 + ... For two capacitances C1 and C2 connected in series, the total capacitance CS is: CS = C1C2 / (C1 + C2) CS = product / sum
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/capacitances_in_series.html [1/17/2007 5:50:17 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Voltage Division by Series Capacitances Calculation in Circuit

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Voltage Division by Series Capacitances Calculation

When a total voltage ES is applied to series connected capacitances C1 and C2, the charge QS which accumulates in the series circuit is: QS =
iSdt = ESCS = ESC1C2 / (C1 + C2)
The voltages V1 and V2 which appear across the respective capacitances C1 and C2 are:
V2 =
V1 = QS =
iSdt / C1 = ESCS / C1 = ESC2 / (C1 + C2) iSdt / C2 = ESCS / C2 = ESC1 / (C1 + C2)
In general terms, for capacitances C1, C2, C3, ... connected in series:
iSdt = ESCS = ES / (1 / CS) = ES / (1 / C1 + 1 / C2 + 1 / C3 + ...) Vn = iSdt / Cn = ESCS / Cn = ES / Cn(1 / CS) = ES / Cn(1 / C1 + 1 / C2 + 1 / C3 + ...)
Note that the highest voltage appears across the lowest capacitance.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/voltage_division_by_series_capacitances.html [1/17/2007 5:50:21 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Charge Division by Parallel Capacitances Calculation in Circuit

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Charge Division by Parallel Capacitances Calculation

When a voltage EP is applied to parallel connected capacitances C1 and C2, the charge QP which accumulates in the parallel circuit is: QP =
iPdt = EPCP = EP(C1 + C2)
The charges Q1 and Q2 which accumulate in the respective capacitances C1 and C2 are:
Q2 =
Q1 =
i1dt = EPC1 = QPC1 / CP = QPC1 / (C1 + C2) i2dt = EPC2 = QPC2 / CP = QPC2 / (C1 + C2)
In general terms, for capacitances C1, C2, C3, ... connected in parallel:
Qn =
QP =
iPdt = EPCP = EP(C1 + C2 + C3 + ...)
indt = EPCn = QPCn / CP = QPCn / (C1 + C2 + C3 + ...) Note that the highest charge accumulates in the highest capacitance.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/charge_division_by_parallel_capacitances.html [1/17/2007 5:50:24 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae -Inductances in Series Calculation in Circuit

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Inductances in Series Calculation

When uncoupled inductances L1, L2, L3, ... are connected in series, the total inductance LS is: LS = L1 + L2 + L3 + ... When two coupled inductances L1 and L2 with mutual inductance M are connected in series, the total inductance LS is: LS = L1 + L2 2M The plus or minus sign indicates that the coupling is either additive or subtractive, depending on the connection polarity.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/inductances_in_series.html [1/17/2007 5:50:32 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Time Constants Calculation in Circuit

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Time Constants Calculation

Capacitance and resistance The time constant of a capacitance C and a resistance R is equal to CR, and represents the time to change the voltage on the capacitance from zero to E at a constant charging current E / R (which produces a rate of change of voltage E / CR across the capacitance). Similarly, the time constant CR represents the time to change the charge on the capacitance from zero to CE at a constant charging current E / R (which produces a rate of change of voltage E / CR across the capacitance). If a voltage E is applied to a series circuit comprising a discharged capacitance C and a resistance R, then after time t the current i, the voltage vR across the resistance, the voltage vC across the capacitance and the charge qC on the capacitance are: i = (E / R)e - t / CR vR = iR = Ee - t / CR vC = E - vR = E(1 - e - t / CR) qC = CvC = CE(1 - e - t / CR) If a capacitance C charged to voltage V is discharged through a resistance R, then after time t the current i, the voltage vR across the resistance, the voltage vC across the capacitance and the charge qC on the capacitance are: i = (V / R)e - t / CR vR = iR = Ve - t / CR vC = vR = Ve - t / CR qC = CvC = CVe - t / CR Inductance and resistance The time constant of an inductance L and a resistance R is equal to L / R, and represents the time to change the current in the inductance from zero to E / R at a constant rate of change of current E / L (which produces an induced voltage E across the inductance).
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/time_constants.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:50:45 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Time Constants Calculation in Circuit
If a voltage E is applied to a series circuit comprising an inductance L and a resistance R, then after time t the current i, the voltage vR across the resistance, the voltage vL across the inductance and the magnetic linkage L in the inductance are: i = (E / R)(1 - e - tR / L) vR = iR = E(1 - e - tR / L) vL = E - vR = Ee - tR / L L = Li = (LE / R)(1 - e - tR / L) If an inductance L carrying a current I is discharged through a resistance R, then after time t the current i, the voltage vR across the resistance, the voltage vL across the inductance and the magnetic linkage L in the inductance are: i = Ie - tR / L vR = iR = IRe - tR / L vL = vR = IRe - tR / L L = Li = LIe - tR / L Rise Time and Fall Time The rise time (or fall time) of a change is defined as the transition time between the 10% and 90% levels of the total change, so for an exponential rise (or fall) of time constant T, the rise time (or fall time) t10-90 is: t10-90 = (ln0.9 - ln0.1)T 2.2T The half time of a change is defined as the transition time between the initial and 50% levels of the total change, so for an exponential change of time constant T, the half time t50 is : t50 = (ln1.0 - ln0.5)T 0.69T Note that for an exponential change of time constant T: - over time interval T, a rise changes by a factor 1 - e -1 ( 0.63) of the remaining change, - over time interval T, a fall changes by a factor e -1 ( 0.37) of the remaining change, - after time interval 3T, less than 5% of the total change remains, - after time interval 5T, less than 1% of the total change remains.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/time_constants.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:50:45 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Energy Calculation in Circuit

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Energy Calculation
The energy W consumed over time t due to power P dissipated in a resistance R carrying a current I with a voltage drop V is: W = Pt = V2t / R = VIt = I2tR Similarly, the energy W consumed over time t due to power P dissipated in a conductance G carrying a current I with a voltage drop V is: W = Pt = V2tG = VIt = I2t / G The energy W stored in a capacitance C holding voltage V with charge Q is: W = CV2 / 2 = QV / 2 = Q2 / 2C The energy W stored in an inductance L carrying current I with magnetic linkage is: W = LI2 / 2 = I / 2 = 2 / 2L
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/energy.html [1/17/2007 5:50:49 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Ammeter Shunt Calculation in Circuit

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Ammeter Shunt Calculation

The resistance RP to be connected in parallel with an ammeter of full scale current IA and full scale voltage drop VA to increase the full scale current to I is: RP = VA / (I - IA) The power P dissipated by the resistance RP with voltage drop VA carrying current (I - IA) is: P = VA2 / RP = VA(I - IA) = (I - IA)2RP
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/ammeter_shunt.html [1/17/2007 5:50:53 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Voltmeter Multiplier Calculation in Circuit

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Voltmeter Multiplier Calculation

The resistance RS to be connected in series with a voltmeter of full scale voltage VV and full scale current drain IV to increase the full scale voltage to V is: RS = (V - VV) / IV The power P dissipated by the resistance RS with voltage drop (V - VV) carrying current IV is: P = (V - VV)2 / RS = (V - VV)IV = IV2RS
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/voltmeter_multiplier.html [1/17/2007 5:50:58 PM]
Electronics Formula / Formulae - Wheatstone Bridge Calculation in Circuit

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Wheatstone Bridge Calculation

The Wheatstone Bridge consists of two resistive potential dividers connected to a common voltage source. If one potential divider has resistances R1 and R2 in series and the other potential divider has resistances R3 and R4 in series, with R1 and R3 connected to one side of the voltage source and R2 and R4 connected to the other side of the voltage source, then at the balance point where the two resistively divided voltages are equal: R1 / R2 = R3 / R4 If the value of resistance R4 is unknown and the values of resistances R3, R2 and R1 at the balance point are known, then: R4 = R3R2 / R1
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/electronic_formula/wheatstone_bridge.html [1/17/2007 5:51:02 PM]
Radio Automatic Gain Control (AGC) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial
Radio Terminology Bibliography Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Automatic Gain Control (AGC) is the the automatic regulation (electronically) of the gain of a receiver in inverse proportion to the received signal strength. This allows, within certain limits, the audio output of a receiver to remain relatively constant over a range of fading signal conditions. Automatic Gain Control circuit automatically adjusts the input gain of a device, in order to provide a safe and consistent signal level. AGCs can be handy features, but professional applications often require manual gain control for optimum results. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
<<<< Back to Radio Terminology Bibliography
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/agc_automatic_gain_control.html [1/17/2007 5:51:06 PM]
Alternating Current (AC) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Where the "phase" of the current amplitude varies with time. One complete cycle occupies 3600 irrespective of amplitude (visualize a circle). The number of these cyclesper-second is the frequency of the signal. For mathematical reasons this is referred to as a sine wave. A signal may commence at 00 then go to its most positive value at 900 then recede back to zero value at 1800and continue to its most negative value at 2700 and then turn back to zero again at 3600. This is then one complete cycle. Perhaps the most common frequency around a home is our power mains. In Australia the frequency used for power mains is 50 cycles per second or now referred to as 50 Hz. The abbreviation is an acknowledgement to Heinrich Hertz. In the U.S.A. and other parts of the world the mains frequency is 60 Hz. With a 50 Hz mains frequency one cycle occupies 1 / 50th of a second or 20 milliseconds. Therefore the signal is most positive after 5 milliseconds, back to zero after another 5 milliseconds, down to its most negative after the next 5 milliseconds and finally back to zero after a final 5 milliseconds. This whole cycle occupies 20 milliseconds or 20 mS and repeats 50 times a second. With a 60 Hz mains frequency of course one cycle occupies 1 / 60th of a second or 16.67 milli-seconds. A.C. at audio frequencies extends from 20 Hz to about 20,000 Hz or 20 Khz. Depending upon your age you will not actually hear it beyond 15 Khz and older people are unable to hear much beyond 10 Khz. Animals can hear much higher frequencies. The audio A.C. frequencies are referred to as A.F. Signals beyond those above are referred to as radio frequencies ( R.F. ) and generally cover the spectrum: L.F. - 30 Khz to 300 Khz although there are signals transmitted well below this region principally the OMEGA navigation network.
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Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating Current (AC) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial
M.F. - 300 Khz to 3 Mhz which mainly includes the A.M. radio band of about 530 Khz to 1650 Khz (varies between countries). H.F. - 3 Mhz to 30 Mhz and comprises amateur radio, short wave broadcasters among a host of others. Largely becoming superseded by satellite transmissions. V.H.F. - 30 Mhz to 300 Mhz occupied by traditional T.V. stations, some amateur bands, commercial two way radio, maritime and aircraft bands as well as the F.M. radio band of 88 - 108 Mhz. U.H.F. - 300 Mhz to 3 Ghz this band is occupied by U.H.F. T.V., some radar installations, mobile phones, two way radios and a heap of other stuff. Beyond 3 Ghz is virtually satellite transmissions. It is interesting to note by way of numerical comparison that firstly, each band is 10 times the previous band. Secondly the L.F. band spanning 30 to 300 Khz could be duplicated 10,000 times over in the space occupied by the U.H.F. band. Also at the bottom end of 30 Khz the signal cycle repeats 30,000 times a second. At the top of the U.H.F. band the signal cycle repeats 3,000,000,000 times a second (mind boggling?). A very important attribute of A.C. (e.g. 50 / 60 Hz) is that it is generally easy to convert voltages with the aid of power transformers.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/alternating_current.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:51:11 PM]
Radio Amplitude Modulation (AM) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials In the early days of what is now known as early radio transmissions, say about 100 years ago, signals were generated by various means but only up to the L.F. region. Communication was by way of morse code much in the form that a short transmission denoted a dot (dit) and a longer transmission was a dash (dah). This was the only form of radio transmission until the 1920's and only of use to the military, commercial telegraph companies and amateur experimenters. Then it was discovered that if the amplitude (voltage levels - plus and minus about zero) could be controlled or varied by a much lower frequency such as A.F. then real intelligence could be conveyed e.g. speech and music. This process could be easily reversed by simple means at the receiving end. This is called modulation and obviously in this case amplitude modulation or A.M. This discovery spawned whole new industries and revolutionized the world of communications. Industries grew up manufacturing radio parts, receiver manufacturers, radio stations, news agencies, recording industries etc. There are three distinct disadvantages to A.M. radio however. Firstly because of the modulation process we generate at least two copies of the intelligence plus the carrier. For example consider a local radio station transmitting on say 900 Khz. This frequency will be very stable and held to a tight tolerance. To suit our discussion and keep it as simple as possible we will have the transmission modulated by a 1000 Hz or 1Khz tone. At the receiving end 3 frequencies will be available. 900 Khz, 901 Khz and 899 Khz i.e. the original 900 Khz (the carrier) plus and minus the modulating frequency which are called side bands. For very simple receivers such as a cheap transistor radio we only require the original plus either one of the side bands. The other one is a total waste. For sophisticated receivers one side band can be eliminated. The net effect is A.M. radio stations are spaced 10 Khz apart (9 kHz in Australia) e.g. 530 Khz...540 Khz...550 Khz. This spacing could be reduced and nearly twice as many stations accommodated by deleting one side band. Unfortunately the increased cost of Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Amplitude Modulation (AM)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/amplitude_modulation.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:51:19 PM]
Radio Amplitude Modulation (AM) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial
receiver complexity forbids this but it certainly is feasible - see Single Side band. The second disadvantage is half the transmitted power is in the carrier (900 Khz in our example) and 25% is in each side band of which we only need one. For a commercial radio station transmitting at say 20 Kw of power, about 15 Kw is wasted but for them this is no great burden because availability of cheap and simple receivers for the listener is of far greater importance. The third disadvantage is that whilst the signal is amplitude modulated, common forms of radio interference are also amplitude in nature. Examples of such interference to radio reception are natural phenomena such as electrical storms etc. (QRN) as well as man made noise (QRM) which can emanate from nearby electrical appliances, lights, electric drills or even the humble electronic calculator and most probably your computer. To get away from this amplitude affect by noise F.M. Radio was devised.
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Amateur Radio Tutorial - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial
Electronic Radio Terminology Bibliography

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Ever since radio transmissions first began there were experimenters and tinkerers'. Indeed even today a great many of the advances in radio science continue to come from this band of people. Most are now called Amateur Radio Operators and to prevent total chaos each would-be operator sits for modest examinations set by the laws of his or her region to gain a license. You will find amateurs are courteous, helpful, constructive (in more ways than one) and always have a warm welcome for newcomers. If you need help just politely ask. Amateur Operators have assigned bands and modes of operation. They also observe certain standards of etiquette and ethics. Amateurs play a significant role in providing communication links when needed, particularly in times of natural disaster. It is a wonderful fraternity which over-rides the boundaries of nationality, politics and religion. Virtually every country in the world has an umbrella amateur radio organization. In the U.S.A. it is the American Amateur Radio League (A.R.R.L.), Great Britain has the Radio Society of Great Britain (R.S.G.B.) and Australia has the Wireless Institute of Australia (W.I.A.). If you are a newcomer to radio and are keen to pursue it as a hobby then contact the amateur radio organization for your region. Help is available everywhere. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Amateur Radio Tutorial
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/amateur_radio.html [1/17/2007 5:51:23 PM]
Radio Amp or Ampere - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials The unit of measurement of electric current. It is proportional to the quantity of electrons flowing through a conductor past a given point in one second. It is analogous to cubic feet of water flowing per second. In physics, the ampere (symbol: A, often informally abbreviated to amp) is the SI base unit used to measure electrical currents. The present definition, adopted by the 9th CGPM in 1948 is: "one ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular crosssection, and placed one metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 107 newton per metre of length". Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Amp or Ampere
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/amp_ampere.html [1/17/2007 5:51:27 PM]
Radio - What is Attenuator? - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial - Attenuator

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials A passive network comprising usually, but not always, resistors that reduces the power or voltage level of a signal without introducing significant distortion. A potentiometer (pot) that is used to lower the amplitude of the signal passing through it. The amplitude can usually be set to any value between full (no attenuation) and zero (infinite attenuation). Pots can be either rotary or linear (sliders), and can be either hardware or "virtual sliders" on a computer screen. The attenuator is used to attenuate a received signal. Reduction varys between models and is measured in decibels. Why would someone want to use this? It is usually used to reduce interference from intermodulation. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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What is Attenuator?
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/attenuator.html [1/17/2007 5:51:33 PM]
Radio - What is Capacitance / Capacitor? - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials That property of a system of conductors and dielectric, which permits the storage of electricity when potential difference exists between the conductors. Its value is expressed as the ratio of a quantity of electricity to a potential difference. A capacitance value is always positive. The charge which must be communicated to the body to raise its potential one unit, represented by C= Q/V, where C is the capacitance, Q the quantity of charge, and V the potential. Capacitance is a measurement of a cable's ability to store an electrical charge, and is expressed in picofarads per foot (pF/ft). Capacitance is especially important in any situation where large amounts of data are being transmitted thru the cable. The higher the capacitance of cable, the more it interferes with high frequency signals. The property of a device to oppose changes in voltage due to energy stored in its electrostatic field. Capacitor A device whose impedance increases with decreasing frequency. Also known as a "cap"; commonly used in passive crossovers as a high pass device. Can also be used to store energy. Crossover See Active Crossover & Passive Crossover Conductor A material that allows electrical current to flow through it easily. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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What is Capacitance / Capacitor?
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/capacitance.html [1/17/2007 5:51:45 PM]
Radio - What is Carrier? - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial - Carrier wave

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials The purely sinusoidal component of a complex waveform that carries a signal from a transmitter to a receiver. The carrier wave itself cannot transmit information but must be changed or modulated, two common methods for doing so being amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. A carrier wave is a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated (modified) to represent the information to be transmitted. This carrier wave is usually of much higher frequency than the modulating signal (the signal which contains the information). Web Hobbyprojects.com
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What is Carrier?
See amplitude modulation.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/radio_carrier.html [1/17/2007 5:51:49 PM]
Radio - Continuous Wave (CW) or Morse Code - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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Continuous Wave (CW) or Morse Code

A continuous wave (CW) is an electromagnetic wave of constant amplitude and frequency; and in mathematical analysis, of infinite duration. Continuous wave is also the name given to an early method of radio transmission, in which a carrier wave is switched on and off. Information is carried in the rhythm and spacing with which the signal is sent. CW is thus is a form of on-off keying (OOK). The output of a laser which is operated in a continuous rather than a pulsed mode. For purposes of safety evaluation, a laser operating with a continuous output for a period > 0.25 s is regarded as a cw laser.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/continuous_wave.html [1/17/2007 5:51:53 PM]
Radio - Direct Current (DC) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Direct current is where at all times the voltage polarity remains constant. Unlike a.c. there is no varying cycle. D.C. may however, particularly where it is rectified from mains a.c., contain residual a.c. superimposed or part of the voltage. This is often referred to as mains hum. Current which moves in a single direction in a steady flow. Normal household electricity is alternating current (AC) which repeatedly reverses its direction. However, many electronics devices require DC, and therefore must convert the current into DC before using it. Diodes are used to convert AC to DC Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Direct Current (DC)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/direct_current_dc.html [1/17/2007 5:51:58 PM]
Radio - Decibel (DB) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This is a relative power unit. At audio frequencies a change of one decibel (abbreviated dB) is just detectable as a change in loudness under ideal conditions. For a given power ratio the decibel change is calculated as: dB = 10 log P2/P1 If we used voltage or current ratios instead then our formula becomes: dB = 20 log V2/V1 Decibel is a logarithmic measurement unit that describes a sound's relative loudness, though it can also be used to describe the relative difference between two power levels. A decibel is one tenth of a Bel. In sound, decibels generally measure a scale from 0 (the threshold of hearing) to 120-140 dB (the threshold of pain). A 3dB difference equates to a doubling of power. A 10dB difference is required to double the subjective volume. A unit of measurement used to indicate audio power level. Technically, a decibel is a logarithmic ratio of two numbers, which means that there is no such thing as a dB measurement of a single signal. In order to measure a signal in dB, you need to know what level it is referenced to. Commonly used reference levels are indicated by such symbols as dBm, dBV, and dBu Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Decibel (DB)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/decibel.html [1/17/2007 5:52:03 PM]
Radio - Detector - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial - Detector

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials A means or circuit designed to convert amplified R.F. energy into recovered audio which contains the desired intelligence. An early name for a device that "detected" radio signals. A detector is actually a rectifier that only passes the (intermittent) DC component of an AC signal - thereby allowing the signal to be used as a representative voltage to pass to an amplifier. Early detectors were made from carbon powder or crystals of Galena touched by a thin wire of copper, brass or sometimes silver (the Cat's Whisker) or carbon A device that measures the amount of energy radiated by an object. Can be a thermal detector or a photodetector. Thermal detectors respond to radiation by changing their volume, capacitance, or generation of millivoltages; they can be thermocouples, thermopiles, pneumatic detectors, or bolometers. Their common feature is their relatively slow response. Photodetectors are Semiconductors which produce a signal in proportion to the photon flux which strikes them. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Detector
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/detector.html [1/17/2007 5:52:07 PM]
Radio - Antenna - Dipole - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial - Antenna Dipole

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials A dipole is an antenna. It is a fundamental form of antenna consisting of a single wire whose length is approximately equal to half the transmitting wavelength. The length of a half wave in space is approximately: length (metres) = 150 / Freq (Mhz) or length (feet) = 492 / Freq (Mhz) The actual physical length in practice is slightly different from this owing to other factors. A most popular dipole known to almost everyone is the folded dipole which forms part of most V.H.F. T.V. Antennas. A type of antenna with two defined opposing radiating elements, both of the proper length for the frequency of operation, and each forming the counterpoise for the other. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Antenna - Dipole
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/antenna_dipole.html [1/17/2007 5:52:11 PM]
Radio - Long Distance (D.X.) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial - Long Distance (DX)

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials D.X. is a short hand way of saying 'long distance'. In the early days of radio a lot of short hand was devised to minimize morse code transmissions. A dx'er is rather like an angler who has gone fishing. The angler seeks a catch of the biggest fish whilst the avid dx'er seeks the elusive 'long distance' contact. Whether he/she be an amateur radio operator, short wave listener (s.w.l.'er) or even an a.m.b.c.b. dx'er (a.m. radio broadcast band dx'er}. Absolutely fascinating!. Long distance in telecommunications, refers to telephone calls made outside a certain area, usually characterized by an area code outside of a local call area. Long distance calls usually carry long distance charges which, within certain nations, vary between phone companies and are the subject of much competition. International calls are calls made between different countries, and usually carry much higher charges. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Long Distance (D.X.)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/long_distance_dx.html [1/17/2007 5:52:15 PM]
Radio - Frequency Modulation (FM) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Frequency modulation was devised to overcome the problem that A.M. reception was susceptible to noise interference. With F.M. instead of the carrier having its amplitude modulated the signal frequency is varied or controlled by the modulating (audio) frequency. In the receiver the signal undergoes a great deal of amplification where the tops and bottoms are chopped of the signal - this is called 'limiting'. By limiting the amplitude of the signal all a.m. components (including noise) are thereby removed. This is why F.M. is preferred for quality music transmission. On the downside it tends to occupy greater bandwidth although narrow band F.M. does exist for two-way communication. Commercial F.M. broadcasts occupy 200 Khz channels throughout the 88 - 108 Mhz band. This compares with the 10 Khz (or 9 Khz) channel spacing in the a.m. radio band or short wave broadcasting. A process of translating baseband information to a higher frequency; carrier frequency, so more information can fit into a transmitted or recorded space. The video and two analog audio channels are FM modulated on to their own carriers so that they will all fit on the disc. The process: The two input signals to an FM modulator are the baseband signal (video or one of two audio channels) and the carrier frequency (a constant amplitude and constant frequency signal) Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Frequency Modulation (FM)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/frequency_modulation_fm.html [1/17/2007 5:52:19 PM]
Radio - High Frequency (HF) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials 3 Mhz to 30 Mhz and comprises amateur radio, short wave broadcasters among a host of others. Largely becoming superseded by satellite transmissions. Radio frequencies within the range of 3,000 to 30,000 kilohertz. HF radio is known as shortwave. High-Power Satellite Satellite with 100 watts or more of transponder RF power. Hour Angle Steering direction of a polar mount. An angle measured in the equatorial plane between the antenna beam and the meridian plane. Hub The master station through which all communications to, from and between micro terminals must flow. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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High Frequency (HF)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/high_frequency_hf.html [1/17/2007 5:52:23 PM]
Radio - IF Amplifier - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial - IF Amplifier

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Tuned circuits in radios have one severe limitation - bandwidth. Without going into a complex explanation let us assume that the best response can be about 2% of the signal frequency. In the early days of a.m. radio, circuits simply tuned straight across the frequency band of interest. Applying our 2% rule we find at say 540 Khz, the bandwidth is 10.8 Khz. We would be able to receive this signal without a great deal or little interference from adjacent channels. On the downside if we wanted to receive a signal at say 1550 Khz our bandwidth becomes 31 Khz or spanning 3 channels. We would have little hope of satisfactorily receiving a signal because our bandwidth also now includes both adjacent channels. A method of receiving called the 'superhetrodyne' principle evolved. Here as part of our receiver we have a 'local oscillator' or mini transmitter where the incoming received signal is mixed with the local oscillator. As a result 4 frequencies become available. Firstly the original signal, (2) then the original local oscillator signal, (3) then the original signal plus the local oscillator signal and then finally (4) the original signal minus the local oscillator signal. Confused?. Consider this practical example of your little transistor a.m. radio. It is designed to receive about 540 - 1650 Khz. The local oscillator will always tune in tandem with the input section to produce another signal at 995 - 2105 Khz. At all times the difference frequency is a constant 455 Khz or what is called the intermediate frequency or I.F. All other frequencies arising from this process are then filtered out. When you tune your radio you are actually tuning the local oscillator which is more correctly called the 'V.F.O.' or variable frequency oscillator. Because we always have a constant difference frequency of 455 Khz it is relatively easy to design and construct narrow band circuits to suit our requirements. It is in these circuits (I.F. Amplifier) that the greatest amplification occurs. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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IF Amplifier
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/if_amplifier.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:52:27 PM]
Radio - IF Amplifier - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial - IF Amplifier
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/if_amplifier.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 5:52:27 PM]
Radio - Low Frequency (LF) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial - LF Amplifier

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials 30 Khz to 300 Khz, although there are signals transmitted well below this region, principally the OMEGA naval navigation network. This is usually defined as the range from 20 to 100 Hz. Because they cycle slowly, relative to mid and high frequencies, they have longer wavelengths in air. These long length waveforms easily diffract around smaller objects, making their way around any barriers of less size. We tend to perceive low frequencies as omni directional. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Low Frequency (LF)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/low_frequency_lf.html [1/17/2007 5:52:32 PM]
Radio - Lower Side Band (LSB) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial - Lower Sideband

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Assuming you had read the section on A.M. you would be aware that two of the disadvantages of a.m. transmission are the twice the bandwidth to convey the same information and only 25% of the power is used in each side band. The remaining 50% of power is expended in the carrier. It makes more sense in terms of economy of bandwidth as well as economy of power to simply transmit only one side band. This is called S.S.B. or Single Side band. Depending upon which side band is chosen to transmit one is called upper side band and the other is called lower side band. In amateur radio, conventions exist as to which side band is transmitted in a particular amateur band. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Lower Side Band (LSB)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/lower_sideband_lsb.html [1/17/2007 5:52:37 PM]
Radio - Single Side Band (SSB) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Tutorial - Single Sideband

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Single Sideband. A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier and "other" sideband are suppressed. It's more efficient than AM, occupies only 1/2 the spectrum space, and eliminates the potential of annoying heterodynes on crowded bands. On the other hand, transmitters are more costly, receivers more complex, and precise tuning is required. First used by the telephone on long distance telephone circuits. An SSB signal typically occupies about 2.5 KHz of radio spectrum. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Single Side Band (SSB)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_terminology/single_side_band_ssb.html [1/17/2007 5:52:41 PM]
Radio Frequency RF Allocations to 30 MHz - Radio Spectrum Allocations Table Encyclopedia - Electronic Circuits & Tutorials
Electronic Tutorials & Circuits

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Beginners Advance Microprocessor 8085 / 8085A Microcontroller 8051 / 8052 PIC DS80C320 Link Exchange Web Hobbyprojects.com
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RF /Radio Frequency Allocations to 30 MHz

Radio Frequency 153 to 279 kHz Radio Frequency 279 to 530 kHz Radio Frequency 530 to 1600 Radio Frequency 10005 to
10100 kHz
Radio Frequency 10100 to
kHz
Radio Frequency 1600 to 1710
10150 kHz
kHz
11170 kHz
kHz
11400 kHz
kHz
11650 kHz
kHz
12100 kHz
kH
12330 kHz
kHz
13200 kHz
kHz
13360 kHz
kHz
13570 kHz
kHz
13870 kHz
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_frequency_allocations_to_30_mhz.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 5:52:46 PM]
kHz
14000 kHz
kHz
14350 kHz
kHz
14490 kHz
kHz
15010 kHz
kHz
15100 kHz
kHz
15800 kHz
kHz
16460 kHz
kHz
17360 kHz
kHz
17480 kHz
kHz
17900 kHz
kHz
18030 kHz
kHz
18068 kHz
kHz
18168 kHz
kHz
18900 kHz
kHz
19020 kHz
kHz
19990 kHz
kHz
20010 kHz
kHz
21000 kHz
kHz
21450 kHz
kHz
21850 kHz
kHz
21870 kHz
kHz
22000 kHz
kHz
22855 kHz
kHz
23200 kHz
kHz
23350 kHz
24890 kHz
24990 kHz
25010 kHz
25550 kHz
25670 kHz
26100 kHz
26965 kHz
27405 kHz
28000 kHz
29700 kHz
30000 kHz
Radio Frequency 153 to 279 kHz - Radio Frequency Allocations to 30 MHz - Radio Spectrum Allocations Table Encyclopedia
Radio Frequency Allocations Tutorial

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Radio Frequency 153 to 279 kHz

This is the European Long wave Broadcast band. The channel separation is 9 kHz.
<<<< Back to Radio Frequency Allocations to 30 MHz Table
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_frequency_allocations_table/radio_frequency_153_to_279_khz.html [1/17/2007 5:52:50 PM]

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Most stations heard in this range are aeronautical and marine navigation beacons that continuously repeat their call signs in Morse code. These stations can be found locally, with some DX heard at night. Some RTTY signals are found in the upper end of this band. Marine weather and safety broadcasts, known as NAVTEX, are transmitted on 518 kHz. Your best reception here will be at night, especially during the fall and winter months. The old international distress frequency of 500 kHz is in this band, but it is no longer officially used. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This is the Medium wave Broadcast band (also known as the "AM" broadcasting band). The channel separation is 9 kHz in Europe, Africa and Asia, and 10 kHz in the Americas. In the United States, the frequencies of 1230, 1240, 1340 1400, 1450, and 1490 kHz are allocated only for local stations (low power) and you may simply hear a 'rumble' on those frequencies, esp. at night due to the heavy congestion. Many powerful stations in South America use a non-standard frequency step in this band. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials In USA the Medium wave Broadcast band now ends at 1700 kHz, with 1610 to 1700 kHz being the new "X" or "extended" band. New stations began appearing here in late 1997, and this new "X band" is providing excellent DX listening opportunities. In Europe you can hear medium wave pirate radio stations in this band. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_frequency_allocations_table/radio_frequency_1600_to_1710_kHz.html [1/17/2007 5:53:04 PM]

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This is a "grab bag" of miscellaneous radio communications, mainly beacons and navigation aids. You may hear several transmitters that sound like chirping crickets; these are floating beacons used to mark fishing and offshore oil exploration locations. In Europe you can hear Coastal Radio stations in this band. Best time to listen would be during the nighttime hours. Most two-way communications in this band is USB. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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This is the 160-meter ham radio band. Most voice communications will be in LSB and AM with best reception at night during the fall and winter months.

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This range is used maritime communications, with 2182 kHz reserved for distress messages and calling (DCS calling: 2187.5 kHz). There are also several regularly scheduled maritime weather broadcasts by Coastal Radio stations. Most activity will be in USB, and best reception is at night. The frequency of 2670 kHz is used by the Coast Guard for informational broadcasts. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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This is the 120-meter broadcasting band, mainly used by stations located in the tropics. In North America, this band is also used by government stations. You may also hear illegal marine stations in this band, in USB mode.

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More maritime stations are found here, as well as standard time and frequency stations WWV and WWVH on 2500 kHz.

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Mainly aeronautical stations in USB use this band. Several stations broadcasts aeronautical weather bulletins, and you can also hear traffic between airports and airplanes aloft.

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This range is allocated to fixed stations, with most communications in RTTY.

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This is a very interesting segment. This is the 90-meter broadcasting band, used mainly by stations in the tropics. Canadian standard time and frequency station CHU can be heard on 3330 kHz. Several fixed stations also use this range, including several associated with various agencies of the U.S. government. Best reception will be at night. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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This range is used for civil aeronautical communications.

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This is the 30-meter ham radio band. Because it is so narrow, operation here is restricted to CW and RTTY, with lower power outputs. Fixed stations also use this band from time to time, using many different FSK modes.

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Fixed stations use this segment. In addition to various FSK and digital modes, you may hear several international broadcast stations being relayed in SSB. These "feeder" stations are used to send programming to relay sites not served by satellite downlinks.

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This range is used for aeronautical communications in USB. The most popular HF monitoring target, the USAF global-high frequency network common frequency of 11175, is used day and night.

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Fixed stations in FSK and digital modes mainly use this segment, but some international broadcasters also operate here.

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This is the 25-meter international broadcasting band. You can usually hear several stations here no matter what time of day you listen.

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Fixed stations in FSK and digital modes primarily use this band, although several international broadcasters are found in the lower area.

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This is a busy maritime communications band during the day and evening hours, with traffic in USB and various FSK modes. Military EAM broadcasts are on 13155 kHz. (supplementary to the USAF common frequency of 11175 kHz).

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Aeronautical communications in USB are heard here during the day and evening.

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Fixed stations, mainly in FSK and digital modes use this range.

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This is the 22-meter international broadcasting band, with best reception generally during the daytime and early evening.

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This range is used for civil aeronautical communications in USB. Some military stations use this band also, but activity is light. Pirate stations in North America use this band also, the calling frequency being 3475 kHz.

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This is the 80-meter ham radio band. The 3500 to 3750 kHz range is used for CW and RTTY communications, and the rest of the band is used for LSB voice. In the United States, this band is known as the 80/75-meter band, and ham use is allocated from 3500 to 4000 kHz. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This range is used for civil aeronautical communications in USB. In North America this is a radio amateur band. Best reception is at night. An interesting frequency on this band is 3950 kHz; it is an active ham radio frequency, the Liberty Net, the hurricane net during the summer (see also 14325 kHz) but is also used by many European military and government stations. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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This is the 75 m broadcasting band in Europe and Africa. In North America this is a radio amateur band (see the listing for 3800 to 3950 kHz, above). Best reception is at night.

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This is a fixed station band, mainly used by military forces for SSB traffic. Many marine operations are also in this band, with simplex operations in USB mode.

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This is a large band used for maritime communications in USB, with 4125 kHz being used as a calling/distress frequency. (note: SAR agencies are switching over to DCS distress signaling for the HF and VHF marine bands. The 4 MHz marine band DCS frequency is 4207.5 kHz.) The United States Navys Virginia Capes radio station can be heard on the frequency of 4372 kHz using the callsign GAINTKILLER. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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This range is mainly used for fixed and mobile stations in USB. Many military and government agencies use this band for nighttime command-and-control nets.

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This range is used for aeronautical communications in USB. Both military and civilian aircraft use this band, with military traffic centered around 4724 kHz.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/radio_frequency_allocations_table/radio_frequency_4650_to_4750%20kHz.html [1/17/2007 5:55:41 PM]

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This is the 60-meter broadcasting band, used mainly by stations in the tropics. Best reception is in the evening and night hours during the fall and winter. In winter, stations to the east of you begin to fade in an hour or two before your local sunset, and stations to the west of you dont start to fade out until an hour or so after your local sunrise. The frequency 5000 kHz is allocated internationally to standard time and frequency stations. In North America, youll mainly hear WWV and WWVH on 5000 kHz. During summer days, local civil defense station can also be found in this band. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This range is a real jumble! Several broadcasting stations are found in the lower part of the segment, and fixed and mobile stations in SSB, RTTY, and CW are found throughout this band. Best reception is during the evening and night hours. The new 60-meter ham radio band uses the following frequencies: 5332, 5348, 5368, 5373 and 5405 kHz, with the only allowed mode being USB. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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This range is used for aeronautical communications in USB.

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Another jumble of different stations! For years, this band has been used by fixed stations of the U.S. government for communications in USB and RTTY. However, several broadcasters are also showing up here, many from Central and South America. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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This is the 49-meter broadcasting band, and is loaded with signals from late afternoon to a couple of hours after your local sunrise. Some marine stations also use this band.

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This is a very busy band for maritime communication in USB and various FSK modes like AMTOR and FEC.

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This is another busy band, this time for aeronautical communications in USB. Best reception is during the evening and night hours.

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials This segment is allocated to fixed stations, with signals in SSB, CW, FAX modes, and miscellaneous digital modes. There are several pirate broadcasters from the 6900 to 7000 kHz area, in USB or AM mode, with the most popular North American pirate frequency being 6955 kHz, USB. These stations are mainly heard on the weekends and evenings. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials The 7000 to 7100 kHz range is allocated exclusively to ham radio worldwide, although an occasional broadcaster will show up here. Hams use CW and RTTY from 7000 to 7040 kHz, and mainly LSB from 7040 to 7100 kHz. Best reception is from the late afternoon to early morning, although some hams can usually be heard here around the clock. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials The 7100 to 7300 kHz range is allocated exclusively to ham radio in North and South America, but is the 41meter broadcasting band in the rest of the world. Best reception is from the late afternoon to early morning, although some stations can usually be heard here around the clock. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Fixed stations mainly use this segment, although several broadcasters can be found in the lower reaches. Various FSK and digital modes are used. Pirate stations, similar to those found in the 6900 to 7000 kHz range, also use this segment, with activity centered around 7415 and 7475 kHz. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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This is a busy maritime band from the late afternoon until early morning, with most traffic in USB and FSK modes. Distress calls and beacons from lifeboats are found at 8364 kHz.

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Fixed stations use this range, with most communications in FSK modes.

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This is the 20-meter ham radio band. The lowest 100 kHz is reserved for CW and RTTY use, with USB popular in the rest of the band. Best reception is during the daytime and early evening. This is the most popular HF ham radio band, with stations day and night. During Hurricane Season the frequency of 14325 kHz is used for direct contact with the National Hurricane Center and areas affected by the storm. Frequencies around 14175 to 14275 kHz are the highly active "DX" frequencies.

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Fixed stations, primarily in FSK and digital modes use this segment.

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This sliver is reserved for standard time and frequency stations; with the best-heard being WWV and WWVH on 15000 kHz.

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This range is for military aeronautical communications in USB, although a few international broadcasters do show up here. An interesting frequency would be 15050 kHz, which has used sense 1970s by European pirate stations.

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This is the 19-meter international broadcasting band, and it is usually packed with signals during the daytime and early evening.

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Fixed stations in USB, FSK modes, and digital modes use this band. Because this is such a large band and activity is pretty light, many military and government stations from all around the world can be found in this band, using anything from voice in USB to advanced digital modes.

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This range is shared between maritime and fixed stations using USB, FSK modes, and digital modes. Best reception here is generally during the daytime.

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Aeronautical and fixed stations using USB, FSK modes, and digital modes share the range. Military and government stations are also heard in this segment.

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This is the 16-meter international broadcasting band, and best reception is usually during the daylight hours.

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This band is used for aeronautical communications in USB.

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Fixed stations, mainly in FSK and digital modes use this range.

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This is the 17-meter ham radio band, where CW, RTTY, and USB are used.

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Fixed stations, with a few maritime stations also found here use this large band. Most traffic is in FSK and digital modes. Reception in this range will usually be limited to daylight hours. Many marine stations also use USB in this section.

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This is the 19-meter international broadcasting band.

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Fixed stations, with a few maritime stations also found here use this large band. Most traffic is in FSK and digital modes.

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This segment is reserved for standard time and frequency stations like WWV on 20000 kHz. Reception here is usually possible only in daytime.

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Fixed stations and a few aeronautical stations mainly use this range. Most traffic is in FSK and digital modes as well as USB.

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This is the 15-meter amateur band. CW and RTTY is mainly found in the first 200 kHz, and USB is used in the rest of the band. Best reception here is in the daytime hours.

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This is the 13-meter international broadcasting band, with best reception during the daytime.

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This is another aeronautical communications band, with traffic in USB. Several stations broadcast aeronautical weather reports. Military SKYKING broadcasts can also be heard in this band, with most of the stations around 8992 kHz.

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This range is used mainly by fixed station in various FSK and digital modes, but several international broadcasters also use it.

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This is the 31-meter international broadcasting band, and is packed with stations from around the world. Best reception is usually from mid-afternoon to around mid-morning, although some stations can be heard here throughout the day, especially in winter.

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Several international broadcasters use this range along with fixed stations using FSK modes.

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This is set aside for standard time and frequency stations, like WWV and WWVH on 10000 kHz.

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Fixed service in FSK and digital modes as well as USB use this band

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This band is used for civil aeronautical communications in USB.

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This range is reserved for maritime communications in USB and FSK modes. Best reception is in daytime during years of high sunspot activity.

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Fixed stations, mainly in FSK and digital modes use this band.

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This band is used for civil aeronautical communications in USB.

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Fixed stations in FSK and digital modes use this segment.

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This is the 12-meter ham radio band, used for CW, FSK, and USB work. Reception is usually limited to the daytime during years of high sunspot activity.

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This range is for standard time and frequency stations, although none are currently operating here.

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In the United States, the 25020 to 25320 kHz section of this band is allocated for Petroleum Stations, in FM mode. This band is also allocated for maritime stations in USB, but it is only active during the summer days in periods of high sunspot activity.

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This region is reserved for radio astronomy and is usually free of stations, with a few pirate CB stations showing up from time to time in AM and SSB mode.

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This is the 11-meter international broadcasting band. Reception is usually possible only in daytime during years of high sunspot activity.

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This band is allocated to low-powered beacon and remote broadcast pickup stations operating in FM mode, as well as military and government users. This band is filled with pirate stations operating illegally modified CB equipment, with activity found near 26715, 26885 and 26915 kHz. Mode is usually AM, but some SSB is also heard.

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This is the legal citizens band; the channel separation is 10 kHz, with few channels skipped for telemetry and remote control. AM and SSB are used in North America, while FM is authorized in Europe and most of the rest of the world. Channel 9, or 27065 kHz, is for emergency communications only, but it is however, usually being jammed. The CB band is incredibly congested, so many stations around the 27 MHz band use illegal amplifiers to get larger range, but therefore they jam the channel for miles.

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This band is allocated to military and government users, but there are many pirate two-way stations that can also be found in this area, with the most active frequencies being 27495 and 27555 kHz. USB and AM are mainly used, but FM can also be heard. Listen for activity from early morning to late-afternoon during the summer months. In years of high sunspot activity, stations from around the world can be heard on this band day and night. In the USA, licensed civilian mobile stations can be found at 27430, 27450, 27470, and 27490 kHz, FM mode.

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This is the 10-meter ham radio band. Most activity is in USB from 28300 to 28600 kHz, with FM used in the range 29510 - 29700 kHz (the FM calling frequency is 29600 kHz). It is possible to receive amateur radio satellites between 29300 and 29510 kHz. Best reception is during daytime in years of high sunspot activity or during a sporadic-E propagation opening. There is also a significant amount of AM being used in this band also. This band is used for local ham communications all year round, with some FM repeaters above 29605 kHz in major metro areas.

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In North America, this band is allocated to low powered fixed and mobile stations, operating in AM or FM mode. Civilian land mobile radio stations can be found at 29710, 29730, 29750 and 29770 kHz, using FM mode. In times of high sunspot activity, stations from around the world can be heard in this band (many using SSB). Because this range is so close to the VHF-low band, it is used for pretty much everything and you can hear everything when the sunspots are high.
Introduction to PIC - PIC Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC

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Cybot Page Introduction to PIC Introduction Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 Tutorial 4 Tutorial 5 Tutorial 6 Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 Tutorial 13 The 16F84 Pins Below is a diagram showing the pin-outs of the PIC 16F84. We will go through Microchip PIC 16F84 Microcontroller Microchip manufacture a series of microcontrollers called PIC. You can see the range of their microcontrollers here. There are many different flavours available, some basic low memory types, going right up through to ones that have Analogue - To- Digital converters and even PWM built in. We are going to concentrate on the 16F84 PIC. Once you have learnt how to program one type of PIC, learning the rest is easy. There are several ways of programming the PIC - using BASIC, C, or Assembly Language. We are going to show you the Assembly Language. Don't be put off by this. There are only 35 instructions to learn, and it is the cheapest way to program the PICs, as you do not need any extra software other than the freebies. Welcome to the start of the PIC Tutorial. These pages will take you form the basic structure of the device, right through to programming methods and techniques. Also, there will be suggestions on how to modify the code so that you can adapt the PIC to suit your applications within Cybot. We will not be including any internal architecture diagrams, as this may only lead to confusion. If you want to look at the datasheet, then this can be downloaded from Microchips' web site. To start, let us take a look at the PIC.
Introduction to PIC
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/pic_tutorials/introduction_to_pic.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:00:44 PM]
each pin, explaining what each is used for.
RA0 To RA4 RA is a bidirectional port. That is, it can be configured as an input or an output. The number following RA is the bit number (0 to 4). So, we have one 5bit directional port where each bit can be configured as Input or Output. RB0 To RB7 RB is a second bidirectional port. It behaves in exactly the same way as RA, except there are 8 - bits involved. VSS And VDD These are the power supply pins. VDD is the positive supply, and VSS is the negative supply, or 0V. The maximum supply voltage that you can use is 6V, and the minimum is 2V OSC1/CLK IN And OSC2/CLKOUT These pins is where we connect an external clock, so that the microcontroller has some kind of timing. MCLR This pin is used to erase the memory locations inside the PIC (i.e. when we want to re-program it). In normal use it is connected to the positive supply rail. INT This is an input pin which can be monitored. If the pin goes high, we can cause the program to restart, stop or any other single function we desire. We won't be using this one much. T0CK1 This is another clock input, which operates an internal timer. It operates in isolation to the main clock. Again, we won't be using this one much either.
How To Program The PIC OK, so you haven't been put off so far. Now, you want to know how to program the PIC, but apart from learning the assembly code instructions, how do you go about actually programming the information in? Well, there are two ways - the easy way, and the DIY way. The easy way is to buy a PIC programmer (around 35), which will connect to your PC and you can program your PIC using the software provided. The DIY way is to build your own programmer (cheapest is just under 20) and use free software from the Internet and program it that way.
If you want to go for a DIY method, then We thoroughly recommend this site, and click on 'Supported Programmers' for circuits. The cheapest is TAIT Classic Programmer. Software for programming the PIC can also be downloaded from this site, under Download If you want to go down an easier route, then check out this site. Here you can either buy a kit of parts or a ready made unit. Another good site for some FREE software is here This software allows you to use any programmer, as the software is fully configurable. Either method will do, as they both result in the same thing - program a PIC. The next thing you will need is an assembler. This converts the program that you write into a format that the PIC understands. The best one around is from Microchip themselves, called MPLAB. It is windows based, and includes an editor, simulator, and assembler. This is the de-facto software, as it is written by the manufacturers of the PIC, and above all it is FREE! We also recommend using Breadboard to make your circuits up, while you are playing with the PIC. There are various sizes available, which come with their own costs. Check out the Maplin Electronics links on the home page for more details of prices etc. Next, we will look at how to connect up a simple circuit for PIC development. Click here to Start Tutorial >>>
Connect to the PIC Microcontroller - PIC Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC

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Connect to the PIC Microcontroller

A Simple Development Board Ok, so you have now got your programmer, and you have a PIC or two. It is all very well knowing how to program the PIC in theory, but the real learning comes when you try your code on a PIC and see the results yourself in a circuit. You could build a circuit each time and program the PIC to see if the program works, or you can make yourself a development board. A development board allows you to simulate the environment around the PIC. We have included a circuit diagram to show a very basic and cheap development board. You can, of course add LEDs and switches to this, but We have included the bare bones. You can monitor the Input/Output pins by connecting LEDs directly to the pins, and they will light up when the pins go high. Also, you can add switches to the pins, so that you can select which inputs are high, and which are low. Basically, what We are saying is if you start with this circuit, you can add whatever you feel necessary.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/pic_tutorials/connect_to_the_pic.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:00:52 PM]
Connect to the PIC Microcontroller - PIC Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC
We will run through the circuit diagram, which We admit isn't much, but it will give you a feel of things to come. The supply rail is set to +6V, which is the maximum voltage of the PIC. You can use any voltage below this right down to +2V. C3 is known as a 'Bypass' Capacitor. All C3 does is reduce any noise on the supply rail. X1 is a 4MHz crystal. You could use a parallel resistor and capacitor circuit, but the cost of the crystal is negligible, and it is more stable. C1 and C2 help reduce any stray oscillations across the crystal, and get rid of any unwanted noise etc before the signal goes into the PIC. Click here to Start Tutorial 1 >>>
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Good Programming Techniques - PIC Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC

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Cybot Page Introduction to PIC Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 Tutorial 4 Tutorial 5 Tutorial 6 Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 Tutorial 13 Thirdly, put some kind of header on your programs by using the semi-colons. An example is below: ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Author : ; ; Date : ; ; Version: ; ; Title: ; ; ; ; Description: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
PIC Tutorial 1 Good Programming Techniques

Before we get to the nitty gritty of programming the PIC, I think now is a good time to explain some good programming techniques. If you type a ; (semicolon) anywhere in your program, the compiler will ignore anything after it until the carriage return. This means we can add comments in our program to remind us of what on earth we were doing in the first place. This is good practice, even for the simplest programs. You may well fully understand how your program works now, but in a few months time, you may be scratching your head. So, use comments wherever you can there is no limit. Secondly, you can assign names to constants via registers (more about these later). It makes it far easier to read in English what you are writing to, or what the value is, rather than trying to think of what all these numbers mean. So, use real names, such as COUNT. Notice that we have put the name in capitals. This makes it stand out, and also means that (by convention) it is a constant value.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/pic_tutorials/tutorial1.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:00:58 PM]
Good Programming Techniques - PIC Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC
; ; ; ; ; ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Notice that We have made a kind of box by using the semi-colons. This just makes it look neat. Finally, try and document the program on paper as well. You can either use flow charts or algorithms or anything else you want. This will help you in writing your program, step by step. Right, thats the lecture over with, lets move on to the real stuff. Click here >>>> Tutorial 2
PIC Registers - PIC Microcontroller Register Tutorials - PIC Register - Connect to the PIC

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PIC Tutorial 2 The Registers

A register is a place inside the PIC that can be written to, read from or both. Think of a register as a piece of paper where you can look at and write information on. The figure below shows the register file map inside the PIC16F84. Dont worry if you havent come across anything like this before, it is only to show where the different bits and pieces are inside the PIC, and will help explain a few of the commands.
First thing you will notice is that it is split into two - Bank 0 and Bank 1. Bank 1 is used to control the actual operation of the PIC, for example to tell the PIC which bits of Port A are input and which are output. Bank 0 is used to manipulate the data. An example is as follows: Let us say we want to make one bit on Port A high. First we need to go to Bank 1 to set the particular bit, or pin, on Port A as an output. We then come back to Bank 0 and send a logic 1 (bit 1) to that pin. The most common registers in Bank 1 we are going to use are STATUS, TRISA and TRISB. The first allows us to come back to Bank 0, TRISA allows us to select which pins on Port A are output and which are input, TRISB allows us to select which pins on Port B are output and which are input. The SELECT register in Bank 0 allows us to switch to Bank 1. Let us take a closer look at these three registers. STATUS To change from Bank 0 to Bank 1 we tell the STATUS register. We do this by
setting bit 5 of the STATUS register to 1. To switch back to Bank 0, we set bit 5 of the STATUS register to 0. The STATUS register is located at address 03h (the h means the number is in Hexadecimal). TRISA and TRISB. These are located at addresses 85h and 86h respectively. To program a pin to be an output or an input, we simply send a 0 or a 1 to the relevant bit in the register. Now, this can either be done in binary, or hex. We personally use both, as the binary does help visualize the port. If you are not conversant with converting from binary to hex and vice versa, then use a scientific calculator. So, on Port A we have 5 pins, and hence 5 bits. If We wanted to set one of the pins to input, We send a 1 to the relevant bit. If We wanted to set one of the pins to an output, We set the relevant bit to 0. The bits are arranges in exactly the same way as the pins, in other words bit 0 is RA0, bit 1 is RA1, bit 2 is RA2 and so on. Lets take an example. If We wanted to set RA0, RA3 and RA4 as outputs, and RA1 and RA2 as inputs, We send this: 00110 (06h). Note that bit zero is on the right, as shown: Port A Pin Bit Number Binary RA4 4 0 RA3 3 0 RA2 2 1 RA1 1 1 RA0 0 0
The same goes for TRISB. PORTA and PORTB To send one of our output pins high, we simply send a 1 to the corresponding bit in our PORTA or PORTB register. The same format follows as for the TRISA and TRISB registers. To read if a pin is high or low on our port pins, we can perform a check to see if the particular corresponding bit is set to high (1) or set to low (0) Before We give an example code, We need to explain just two more register w and f. W The W register is a general register in which you can put any value that you wish. Once you have assigned a value to W, you can add it to another value, or move it. If you assign another value to W, its contents are overwritten.
An Example Code. We are going to give you some example code on what we have just learnt. Dont try and compile this yet, we will do that when we come to our first program. We are just trying to show how the above is actually programmed and introduce a couple of instructions along the way. We are going to set up Port A as per the example above. First, we need to switch from Bank 0 to Bank 1. We do this by setting the STATUS register, which is at address 03h, bit 5 to 1. BSF 03h,5 The BSF Means Bit Set F. The letter F means that we are going to use a
memory location, or register. We are using two numbers after this instruction 03h, which is the STATUS register address, and the number 5 which corresponds to the bit number. So, what we are saying is Set bit 5 in address 03h to 1. We are now in Bank 1. MOVLW b'00110' We are putting the binary value 00110 (the letter b means the number is in binary) into our general purpose register W. We could of course have done this in hex, in which case our instruction would be: MOVLW 06h Either works. The MOVLW means Move Literal Value Into W, which in English means put the value that follows directly into the W register. Now we need to put this value onto our TRISA register to set up the port: MOVWF 85h This instruction means Move The Contents Of W Into The Register Address That Follows, in this case the address points to TRISA. Our TRISA register now has the value 00110, or shown graphically: Port A Pin Binary Input/Output RA4 0 O RA3 0 O RA2 1 I RA1 1 I RA0 0 O
Now we have set up our Port A pins, we need to come back to Bank 0 to manipulate any data. BCF 03h,5 This instruction does the opposite of BSF. It means Bit Clear F. The two numbers that follow are the address of the register, in this case the STATUS register, and the bit number, in this case bit 5. So what we have done now is set bit 5 on our STATUS register to 0 We are now back in Bank 0. Here is the code in a single block: BSF 03h,5 ;Go to Bank 1 MOVLW 06h ;Put 00110 into W MOVWF 85h ;Move 00110 onto TRISA BCF 03h,5 ;Come back to Bank 0 Read this through a couple of times, until it is you can follow it. So far we have looked at 4 instructions. Only 31 to go!
Click here >>>> Tutorial 3
Writing to the Ports - PIC Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC

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Cybot Page Introduction to PIC Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 First, let us set up Port A bit 2 as an output: Tutorial 4 Tutorial 5 Tutorial 6 Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 So, now our LED is on, we now need to turn it off: Tutorial 13 movlw 00h ;Write 00h to the W register. This puts a 0 on all pins. bsf movlw movwf bcf 03h,5 00h 85h 03h,5 ;Go to Bank 1 ;Put 00000 into W ;Move 00000 onto TRISA all pins set to output ;Come back to Bank 0
PIC Tutorial 3 Writing To the Ports

In the last tutorial, we showed you how to set up the IO port pins on the PIC to be either input or output. In this tutorial, We are going to show you how to send data to the ports. In the next tutorial, we will finish off by flashing an LED on and off which will include a full program listing and a simple circuit diagram so that you can see the PIC doing exactly what we expect it to. Dont try and compile and program your PIC with the listings here, as they are examples only.
This should be familiar from the last tutorial. The only difference is that we have set all of the pins on Port A as output, by sending 0h to the tri-state register. Now what he have to do is turn an LED on. We do this by making one of the pins (the one with the LED connected to it) high. In other words, we send a 1 to the pin. This is how its done (note the comments for an explanation of each line): movlw 02h ;Write 02h to the W register. In binary this is 00010, which ;puts a 1 on bit 2 (pin 18) while keeping the other pins to 0 05h ;Now move the contents of W (02h) onto the PortA, whose ;address is 05h
movwf
movwf
05h
;Now move the contents of W (0h) onto the Port A, whose ;address is 05h
So, what we have done is turn the LED on then off once. What we want is for the LED to turn on then off continuously. We do this by getting the program to go back to the beginning. We do this by first defining a label at the start of our program, and then telling the program to keep going back there. We define a label very simply. We type a name, say START, then type the code: Start movlw 02h ;Write 02h to the W register. In binary this is ;00010, which puts a 1 on pin 2 while keeping ;the other pins to 0 ;Now move the contents of W (02h) onto the ;PortA, whose address is 05h ;Write 00h to the W register. This puts a 0 on ;all pins. ;Now move the contents of W (0h) onto the Port ;A, whose address is 05h ;Goto where we say Start
movwf
05h
movlw
00h
movwf
05h
goto
Start
As you can see, we first said the word Start right at the beginning of the program. Then, right at the very end of the program we simply said goto Start. The goto instruction does exactly what it says. This program will continuously turn the LED on and off as soon as we power up the circuit, and will stop when we remove power. We think we should look at our program again: bsf 03h,5
Start
movlw movwf bcf movlw movwf movlw movwf goto
00h 85h 03h,5 02h 05h 00h 05h Start
OK, We know we have left the comments off. But, do you notice that all we can see are instructions and numbers? This can be a little confusing if you are trying to debug the program later, and also when you write the code you have to remember all of the addresses. Even with the comments in place, it can get a bit messy. What we need is to give these numbers names. This is accomplished by another instruction: equ. The equ instruction simply means something equals something else. It is not an instruction for the PIC, but for the assembler. With this instruction we can assign a name to a register address location, or in programming terms assign a constant. Let us set up some constants for our program, then you will see how much easier to read the program is. STATUS equ 03h ;this assigns the word STATUS to the value of 03h, ;which is the address of the STATUS register.
TRISA
equ 85h
;This assigns the word TRISA to the value of 85h, ;which is the address of the Tri-State register for PortA ;This assigns the word PORTA to 05h which is the ;address of Port A.
PORTA
equ 05h
So, now we have set up our constant values, let us put these into our program. The constant values must be defined before we can use them, so to be sure always put them at the start of the program. We will re-write the program without comments again, so that you can compare the previous listing to the new one: STATUS TRISA PORTA equ 03h equ 85h equ 05h bsf movlw movwf bcf Start movlw movwf movlw movwf goto STATUS,5 00h TRISA STATUS,5 02h PORTA 00h PORTA Start
Hopefully, you can see that the constants make following the program a little easier, even though we still have not put the comments in. However, we are not quite finished. Click here >>>> Tutorial 4
Delay Loops - Delay Loop - PIC Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC

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Cybot Page Introduction to PIC Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 Tutorial 4 Tutorial 5 Tutorial 6 Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 Tutorial 13 But, We hear you cry, how do we set COUNT to a different number? Well, all we do is move a value to this location first. For example, if we wanted COUNT to have a value of 85h, we cant say COUNT equ 85h because that is the location of out Tri-State register for Port A. What we do is this: movlw 85h movwf 08h ;First put the value of 85h in the W register ;Now move it to our 08h register. If we try and assign the value FFh, we will get an error when we come to compile the program. This is because location FFh is reserved, and so we cant access it. So, how do we assign an actual number? Well, it takes a little bit of lateral thinking. If we assign our COUNT to the address 08h, for example, this will point to a general purpose register location. By default, the unused locations are set to FFh. Therefore, if COUNT points to 08h, it will have the value of FFh when we first switch on.
PIC Tutorial 4 Delay Loops

There is one slight drawback to our flashing LED program. Each instruction takes one clock cycle to complete. If we are using a 4MHz crystal, then each instruction will take 1/4MHz, or 1uS to complete. As we are using only 5 instructions, the LED will turn on then off in 5uS. This is far too fast for us to see, and it will appear that the LED is permanently on. What we need to do is cause a delay between turning the LED on and turning the LED off. The principle of the delay is that we count down from a previously set number, and when it reaches zero, we stop counting. The zero value indicates the end of the delay, and we continue on our way through the program. So, the first thing we need to do is to define a constant to use as our counter. We will call this constant COUNT. Next, we need to decide how big a number to start counting from. Well, the largest number we can have is 255, or FFh in hex. Now, as we mentioned in the last tutorial, the equ instruction assigns a word to a register location. This means that whatever number we assign our COUNT, it will equal the contents of a register.
Now, when we say COUNT equ 08h, COUNT will equal the value 85h. Subtle, isnt it! So, first we define our constant: COUNT equ 08h
Next we need to decrease this COUNT by 1 until it reaches zero. It just so happens that there is a single instruction that will do this for us, with the aid of a goto and a label. The instruction we will use is: DECFSZ COUNT,1
This instruction says Decrement the register (in this case COUNT) by the number that follows the comma. If we reach zero, jump two places forward. A lot of words, for a single instruction. Let us see it in action first, before we put it into our program. COUNT LABEL equ 08h decfsz COUNT,1 goto LABEL Carry on here. : : :
What we have done is first set up our constant COUNT to 255. The next line puts a label, called LABEL next to our decfsz instruction. The decfsz COUNT,1 decreases the value of COUNT by 1, and stores the result back into COUNT. It also checks to see if COUNT has a value of zero. If it doesnt, it then causes the program to move to the next line. Here we have a goto statement which sends us back to our decfsz instruction. If the value of COUNT does equal zero, then the decfsz instruction causes our program to jump two places forward, and goes to where We have said Carry on here. So, as you can see, we have caused the program to stay in one place for a predetermined time before carrying on. This is called a delay loop. If we need a larger delay, we can follow one loop by another. The more loops, the longer the delay. We are going to need at least two, if we want to see the LED flash.. Let us put these delay loops into our program, and finish off by making it a real program by adding comments: ;*****Set up the Constants**** STATUS TRISA PORTA COUNT1 COUNT2 equ equ equ equ equ 03h 85h 05h 08h 09h ;Address of the STATUS register ;Address of the tristate register for port A ;Address of Port A ;First counter for our delay loops ;Second counter for our delay loops
;****Set up the port**** bsf movlw movwf bcf ;****Turn the LED on**** Start movlw movwf 02h PORTA ;Turn the LED on by first putting ;it into the w register and then ;on the port STATUS,5 00h TRISA STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 ;Set the Port A pins ;to output. ;Switch back to Bank 0
;****Start of the delay loop 1**** Loop1 decfsz goto decfsz goto COUNT1,1 Loop1 COUNT2,1 Loop1 ;Subtract 1 from 255 ;If COUNT is zero, carry on. ;Subtract 1 from 255 ;Go back to the start of our loop. ;This delay counts down from ;255 to zero, 255 times
;****Delay finished, now turn the LED off**** movlw movwf 00h PORTA ;Turn the LED off by first putting ;it into the w register and then on ;the port
;****Add another delay**** Loop2 decfsz goto decfsz goto COUNT1,1 Loop2 COUNT2,1 Loop2 ;This second loop keeps the ;LED turned off long enough for ;us to see it turned off ;
;****Now go back to the start of the program goto Start ;go back to Start and turn LED ;on again
;****End of the program**** end ;Needed by some compilers, ;and also just in case we miss instruction.
;the goto
You can compile this program and then program the PIC. Of course, you will want to try the circuit out to see if it really does work. Here is a circuit diagram for you to build once you have programmed your PIC.
Congratulations, you have just written your first PIC program, and built a circuit to flash an LED on and off. So far, if you have followed these tutorials, you have learnt a total of 7 instruction out of 35, and yet already you are controlling the I/O ports! Why not try and alter the delay loops to make the LED flash faster what is the minimum value of COUNT to actually see the LED flash? Or, why not add a third or even more delay loops after the first one to slow the LED down. You will need a different constant for each delay loop. You could then even adjust your delay loops to make the LED flash at a given rate, for example once a second. In the next tutorial we will see how we can use a thing called a subroutine to help keep the program small and simple. Click here >>>> Tutorial 5
PIC Subroutines - PIC Subroutine - Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC

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Cybot Page Introduction to PIC Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 Tutorial 4 Tutorial 5 Tutorial 6 Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 Tutorial 13 To start the subroutine from anywhere in our program, we simply type the instruction CALL followed by the subroutine name. Let us look at this in slightly more detail. When we reach the part of our program that says CALL xxx, where xxx is the name of our subroutine, the program jumps to wherever the subroutine xxx resides. The instructions inside the subroutine are carried out. When the instruction RETURN is reached, the program jumps back to our main program to the instruction immediately following our CALL xxx instruction. You can call the same subroutine as many times as you want, which is why using subroutines reduces the overall length of our program. However, there are two things you should be aware of. First, as in our main program, any constants must be declared before they are used. These can be either declared within the subroutine itself, or right at the start of the main program. We would recommend that you declare everything at the start of
PIC Tutorial 5 Subroutines

A subroutine is a section of code, or program, than can be called as and when you need it. Subroutines are used if you are performing the same function more than once, for example creating a delay. The advantages of using a subroutine are that it will be easier to alter the value once inside a subroutine rather than, say, ten times throughout your program, and also it helps to reduce the amount of memory your program occupies inside the PIC. Let us look at a subroutine: ROUTINE LABEL COUNT decfsz Goto RETURN equ 255 COUNT,1 LABEL
First, we have to give our subroutine a name, and in this case we have chosen ROUTINE. We then type the code that we want to perform as normal. In this case, We have chosen the delay in our flashing led program. Finally, we end the subroutine by typing the RETURN instruction.
your main program, as then you know that everything is in the same place. Secondly, you must ensure that the main program skips over the subroutine. What We mean by this is if you put the subroutine right at the end of your main program, unless you use a Goto statement to jump away from where the subroutine is, the program will carry on and execute the subroutine whether you want it to or not. The PIC does not differentiate between a subroutine and the main program. Let us look at our flashing led program, but this time we will use a subroutine for the delay loop. Hopefully, you will see how much simpler the program looks, and also you will see how the subroutine works for real.
;*****Set up the Constants**** STATUS TRISA PORTA COUNT1 COUNT2 equ equ equ equ equ 03h 85h 05h 08h 09h ;Address of the STATUS register ;Address of the tristate register for port A ;Address of Port A ;First counter for our delay loops ;Second counter for our delay loops
;****Set up the port**** bsf movlw movwf bcf STATUS,5 00h TRISA STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 ;Set the Port A pins ;to output. ;Switch back to Bank 0
;****Turn the LED on**** Start movlw movwf 02h PORTA ;Turn the LED on by first putting it ;into the w register and then on the port
;****Add a delay call Delay
;****Delay finished, now turn the LED off**** movlw movwf 00h PORTA ;Turn the LED off by first putting it ;into the w register and then on the port
;****Add another delay**** call Delay
;****Now go back to the start of the program goto Start ;go back to Start and turn LED on again
;****Here is our Subroutine Delay Loop1 decfsz goto decfsz goto COUNT1,1 Loop1 COUNT2,1 Loop1 ;This second loop keeps the LED ;turned off long enough for us to ;see it turned off ;
return
;****End of the program****
end
;Needed by some compilers, and also ;just in case we miss the goto instruction.
Hopefully, you can see that by using a subroutine for our delay loop, we have reduced the size of the program. Each time we want a delay, either when the LED is on or off, we simply call the delay subroutine. At the end of the subroutine, the program goes back to the line following our Call instruction. In the example above, we turn the LED on. We then call the subroutine. The program then returns so that we can turn the LED off. We call the subroutine again, and when the subroutine has finished, the program returns and the next instruction it sees is goto Start. For those of you who are interested, our original program was 120 bytes long. By using the subroutine, we have reduced our program size down to 103 bytes. This may not seem to be that great, but seeing that we only have 1024 bytes in total inside the PIC, every little bit helps. In the next tutorial, we will look at reading from the ports. Click here >>>> Tutorial 6
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PIC Tutorial 6 Reading from the I/O ports.

Up to now, we have been writing to Port A so that we can turn an LED on and off. Now, we are going to look at how we can read the I/O pins on the ports. This is so that we can connect an external circuit, and act on any outputs it gives. If you recall from our previous tutorials, in order to set up the I/O ports, we had to switch from Bank 0 to Bank 1. Let us do that first: STATUS TRISA PORTA bsf equ 03h equ 85h equ 05h STATUS,5 ;Address of the STATUS register ;Address of the tristate register for port A ;Address of Port A ;Switch to Bank 1
Now, to set up the port to be an output, we sent a 0 to the TrisA register. To set a pin on a port to be an input, we send a 1 to the TisA register. movlw 01h ;Set the Port A pins TRISA ;to input. STATUS,5 ;Switch back to Bank 0
movwf bcf
Now we have set bit 0 of Port A to input. What we need to do now is to check if the pin is high or low. For this, we can use one of two instructions: BTFSC and BTFSS. The BTFSC instruction means Do a bit test on the register and bit we specify. If it is a 0, then we skip the next instruction. BTFSS means Do a bit test in the register and bit we specify. If it is set to a 1, then we skip the next instruction. Which one we use, depends on how we want our program to react when we read the input. For example, if we are simply waiting for the input to be a 1, then we could use the BTFSS instruction like this: Code here
: BTFSS PortA,0 Goto start Carry on here : : The program will only move onto Carry on here only if bit 0 on PortA is set to a 1. Let us now write a program which will flash an LED at one speed, but if a switch is closed it will flash the LED twice as slow. You can probably work this program out for yourself, but We have included the listing anyway. You could try and write the whole program, just to see if you have grasped the concepts. We are using the same circuit as before, with the addition of a switch connected RA0 of the PIC and the positive rail of our supply. ;*****Set up the Constants**** STATUS TRISA PORTA COUNT1 COUNT2 equ equ equ equ equ 03h 85h 05h 08h 09h ;Address of the STATUS register ;Address of the tristate register for port A ;Address of Port A ;First counter for our delay loops ;Second counter for our delay loops
;****Set up the port**** bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 01h ;Set the Port A pins: TRISA ;bit 1to output, bit 0 to input. STATUS,5 ;Switch back to Bank 0
movlw movwf bcf
;****Turn the LED on**** Start movwf movlw PORTA 02h ;Turn the LED on by first putting it ;into the w register and then on the port
;****Check if the switch is closed
BTFSC call
PORTA,0 Delay
;Get the value from PORT A ;BIT 0. If it is a zero ;a zero, carry on as normal. ;If is is a 1, then add an ;extra delay routine
;****Delay finished, now turn the LED off**** movlw movwf 00h PORTA ;Turn the LED off by first putting it ;into the w register and then on the port
;****Check if the switch is still closed BTFSC call PORTA,0 Delay ;Get the value from PORT A ;BIT 0. If it is a zero, ;carry on as normal. ;If is a 1, then add an ;extra delay routine
return
;****End of the program**** end ;Needed by some compilers, and also ;just in case we miss the goto instruction.
What we have done here is to turn the LED on. We then check to see if the switch is closed. If it is closed, then we make a call to our delay subroutine. This gives us the same delay as before, but we are now calling it twice. The same goes for when the LED is off. If the switch is not closed, then we have our old on and off times. You can compile and run this program. However a word of warning. The final circuit and code will look un-impressive to someone who is not interested in programming microcontrollers. So, dont be upset if, when you show your family and friends how you can change the speed of a flashing LED with a switch, they show very little interest We are talking from personal experience, here! If you have been following these tutorials from the start, then you may be interested to know that you have now learnt 10 of the 35 instructions for the PIC 16F84! And all of these have been learnt just by simply turning an LED on and off.
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Cybot Page Introduction to PIC Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 Tutorial 4 Tutorial 5 Tutorial 6 Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 Tutorial 13 movlw movwf movlw movlw 02h PORTA 00h PORTA So far, we have made the PIC flash an LED on and off. Then we were able to interact with our PIC by adding a switch, and so altering the flash rate. The only problem is, the program is very long and very wasteful of memory. It was fine when we were introducing the commands for the first time, but there must be a better way of doing it. Well there is (you knew that was coming, right?). Let us examine how we were actually turning the LED on and off.
PIC Tutorial 7
First we loaded our w register with 02h, then moved it to our PortA register to turn the LED on. To turn it off, we loaded w with 00h and then moved it to our PortA register. In between these routines we had to call a subroutine so that we could see the LED flashing. So, we had to move two sets of data twice (once into the w register then to PORTA) and call a subroutine twice (once for on and once for off). So, how can we do this more efficiently? Simple. We use another instruction called XORF. The XORF instruction performs an Exclusive OR function on the register that we specify with the data we give it. We think we need to explain what on earth an Exclusive OR is before we go on. If we have two inputs, and one output, the output will only be a 1 if, and only if, the two inputs are different. If they are the same, then the output will be 0. Here is a truth table, for those who prefer to look at these: A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 F 0 1 1 0
Let us now look to what happens if we make B the same as our previous output, and just changing the value of A: A 0 0 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 1 0 F 0 0 1 0 1
If we keep the value of A equal to 1, and we Exclusive OR it with the output, the output will toggle. For those who cant see this from the truth table, here it is using binary: 0 EX-OR With 1 1 EX-OR With 1 0 Current Output New Output New Output
Hopefully you can see that by exlusive ORing the output with 1, we are now toglling the output from 0 to 1 to 0. So, to turn our LED on and off, we just need two lines: MOVLW XORWF 02h PORTA,1
What we are doing is loading our w register with 02h. We are then Exclusive ORing this number with whatever is on our PortA. If bit 1 is a 1, it will change to a 0. If bit 1 is a 0, it will change to a 1. Lets run through this code a couple of times, to show how it is working in binary: PORTA 00010 00000 00010 00000 00010
xorwf xorwf xorwf xorwf
We dont even need to load the same value into our w register each time, so we can do this once at the beginning, and just jump back to our toggle command. Also, we dont need to set up a value on our PortA register. Why? Well, because if on power up it is a 1, we will toggle it. We, on the other hand it is a 0 on power up, we will still toggle it. So, let us now see our new code. The first one is our original flashing LED, and the second is where we added a switch: Flashing LED ;*****Set up the Constants**** STATUS TRISA PORTA COUNT1 COUNT2 equ equ equ equ equ 03h 85h 05h 08h 09h ;Address of the STATUS register ;Address of the tristate register for port A ;Address of Port A ;First counter for our delay loops ;Second counter for our delay loops
;****Set up the port**** bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
movlw movwf bcf movlw
00h TRISA STATUS,5 02h
;Set the Port A pins ;to output. ;Switch back to Bank 0 ;Set up our w register with 02h
;****Turn the LED on and off**** Start xorwf PORTA,1 ;Toggle the LED
return ;****End of the program**** end ;Needed by some compilers, and also ;just in case we miss the goto instruction.
Flashing LED With Switch: ;*****Set up the Constants**** STATUS TRISA PORTA COUNT1 COUNT2 equ equ equ equ equ 03h 85h 05h 08h 09h ;Address of the STATUS register ;Address of the tristate register for port A ;Address of Port A ;First counter for our delay loops ;Second counter for our delay loops
;****Set up the port**** bsf STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 01h ;Set the Port A pins: TRISA ;bit 1to output, bit 0 to input. STATUS,5 ;Switch back to Bank 0 02h ; Set up our w register with 02h
movlw movwf bcf
movlw
;****Turn the LED on and off**** Start xorwf PORTA,1 ;Toggle the LED
;****Check if the switch is closed
BTFSC call
PORTA,0 Delay
; Get the value from PORT A ;BIT 0. If it is a zero, ;carry on as normal. ;If is a 1, then add an ;extra delay routine
;****Check if the switch is still closed BTFSC call PORTA,0 Delay ;Get the value from PORT A ;BIT 0. If it is a zero, ;carry on as normal. ;If is a 1, then add an ;extra delay routine
return
;****End of the program**** end ;Needed by some compilers, and also ;just in case we miss the goto instruction.
We hope you can see that by just using one simple instruction, we have reduced the size of our program. In fact, just to show how much we have reduced our programs by, We have shown the two programs, what changes were made, and their sizes in the table below:
Program Flashing LED Flashing LED Flashing LED LED With Switch LED With Switch
Change Original Subroutine Added XOR Function Used Original XOR Function Used
Size (Bytes) 120 103 91 132 124.
So, not only have we learnt some new instructions, we have also reduced the size of our
coding!
Logical And Arithmetic Operators - PIC Microcontroller Tutorials - PIC Tutorial Resource - Connect to the PIC

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Cybot Page Introduction to PIC Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 Tutorial 4 Tutorial 5 Tutorial 6 AND Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 Tutorial 13 The AND function simply compares two bits and produces a 1 if they are the same, and a 0 if they are different. For example, if we said 1 AND 1, the result is 1, whereas if we said 1 AND 0 the result will be 0. Of course, we can compare words as well, and all the AND function does is compare the two words bit by bit. The example below shows two 8-bit words being ANDed along with the result: 11001011 AND 10110011 Equals 10000011 As you can see, the result will only have a 1 when two 1s coincide with each other in the two words. We can use the AND function to check the ports, for example. If we are monitoring some I/O pins which are connected to a circuit, and we need to monitor a certain condition where only some of the pins are high, then we can simply read the port, and then AND the result with the condition we are checking for, just like the example above.
PIC Tutorial 8 Logical And Arithmetic Operators

Here, we are going to examine how to manipulate individual bits, perform some simple arithmetic, and data tables. Logical Operators In the last tutorial we introduced the Exclusive OR function. The ExOR function is known as a logical operator. In this tutorial We are going to explain the other logical operators that the PIC supports. There wont be any example programs, but We will explain how to use the operators by using small sections of code.
The PIC gives us two flavors for AND. They are ANDLW and ANDWF. ANDLW allows us to perform an AND function with the contents of the W register, and a number that we specify. The syntax is: ANDLW <number> where <number> is what we will AND the contents of W with. The result of the AND function will be stored back into the W register. ANDWF allows us to perform an AND function on the W register and another register, such as a PORT. The syntax is: ANDWF <register>,d where <register> is the register we are interested in, e.g. PORTA, and d tells the PIC where to place the result. If d=0, the result is placed in the W register, and of d=1 the result is stored in the register we specified. The two sections of code below show an example of each AND function. The first is checking the status of the PORTA, where we need to see if the inputs are 1100. We will put the result back into the W register: movlw ANDWF 1100 05h,0
The second example will now check the contents of the W register: ANDLW 1100
OR We have already come across one OR function, namely the XOR. This produced a 1 if two bits are different, but not the same. There is a second OR function called IOR, which is the inclusive OR. This function will produce a 1 if either bit is a 1, but also if both bits are 1. Below is a simple truth table to demonstrate this: A 0 0 1 1 B O/P 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
Arithmetic Operators ADD This function does exactly what it says. It adds two numbers! If the result of adding the two numbers exceeds 8 bits, then a CARRY flag will be set. The CARRY flag is located at address 03h bit 0. If this bit is set, then the two numbers exceeded 8 bits. If it is a 0, then the result lies within 8 bits. Again, the PIC gives us two flavors of ADD, namely ADDLW and ADDWF. As you may have guessed, this is very similar to the above function. ADDLW adds the contents of the W register to a number that we specify. The syntax is: ADDLW <number> ADDWF will add the contents of the W register and any other register that we specify. The syntax is: ADDWF <register>,d where <register is the register we specify and d tells the PIC where to
place the result. If d=0, the result is placed in the W register, and is d=1 it placed in the register that we specified.
SUB Now, We bet you cant guess what this function does! Yes, you guessed it, this function subtracts one bit from another. Once again the PIC gives us two flavors: SUBLW and SUBWF. The syntax is exactly the same as for the ADD function, except of course you type SUB instead of ADD!
Increment If we wanted to add 1 to a number in the PIC, we could just simply use the ADD function, and use the number 1. ~The problem with this is that we have to first put the number into the W register, then use ADDLW 1 command to increment it. If we wanted to add 1 to a register, it is even worse. We first have to put the number 1 into the W register, then use ADDWF <register>,1. So, for example, to add 1 to location 0C, say, we would have to have the following section of code: movlw addwf 01 0c,1
There is a better way of doing this. We can use the command INCF. The syntax is: INCF <register>,d where <register> is the register, or location, that we are interested in, and d tells the PIC where to place the result. If d=0, the result is in the W register, and if d=1, the result is placed in the register we specified. By using this single instruction we can literally half the coding. If we wanted the result put back into the W register, then using the example above, we would have had to add another command to move the contents of 0C back into the W register, and then put the 0C register back to whatever it was. There is another increment command. It is INCFSZ. This command will increment the register that we specify, but if we the register equals 0 after the increment (which will happen when we add 1 to 127) then the PIC will skip the next instruction. The section of code below demonstrates this:
Loop
incfsz 0C Goto Loop : : Rest of program.
In the above section of code, 0C will be incremented by 1. We then have an instruction that tells the PIC to go back to our label called Loop, and increment 0C by 1 again. This carries on until 0C equals 127. This time, when we increment 0C by 1, 0C will now equal 0. Our INCFSZ instruction will then tell the PIC to skip the next instruction, which in this case is the goto statement, and so the PIC will continue with the rest of the program.
Decrement We have already covered the decrement function in previous tutorials, so we wont repeat myself here. Compliment
The last instruction in this group will invert all of the bits in the register that we specify. The syntax is: COMF <register>,d where <register is the register that we want to invert, and d will tell the PIC where to store the result. If d=0, the result is stored in the W register. Id d=1, the result is stored back into the register we specified. The following example shows this instruction in action: 0C = 11001100 COMF 0C,1 0C = 00110011 This could be use, for example, to quickly turn the pins of a port from output to input and vice-versa.
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Cybot Page Introduction to PIC Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 Tutorial 4 BCF Tutorial 5 This instruction will clear a bit that we specify in a register that we specify. The syntax is: Tutorial 6 Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 Tutorial 13 BSF This instruction will set any bit we specify to 1 in any register that we specify. We used this previously to go from Page 0 to Page 1. The syntax is: BSF <register>,<bit>, and is used in exactly the same way as BCF above. BCF <register>,<bit>
PIC Tutorial 9 BIT Operations

Bit operations allow us to manipulate a single bit within a word. They allow us to move, set and clear single bits in registers or numbers that we specify. At the end of this tutorial we will show you a program that will produce a set of running lights that go one way, then the other way. We saw this done previously when we looked at the exclusive OR function, where we Exclusively ORed the ports with a word. We have already seen a couple of bit operations when we set up the ports on the PIC, and we will repeat their use here.
We used this previously to change from page 1 to page 0 by clearing a bit in the STATUS register. We can also use it to set a bit to 0 in any other register/location. For example, if we wanted to set the third bit in 11001101 stored in location 0C to 0, we would enter: BCF 0C,03
BTFSC So far we have set or cleared a bit in a register. But what if we want to just simply test if a bit is a 1 or a 0 in a register? Well, we can use BTFSC. It says Bit Test Register F, and Skip If It Is Clear. This instruction will test the bit we specify in the register. If the bit is a 0, the instruction will tell the PIC to skip the next instruction. We would use this instruction if we wanted to test a flag, such as the carry flag. This saves us having to read the STATUS register and looking at the individual bits to see which flags are set. For example, if we wanted to test if the Carry flag had been set to 1 after we have added two numbers, then we would enter the following: BTFSC 03h,0 carry on here if set to 1 or here if set to 0 If the status of the bit is a 1, then the instruction immediately following BTFSC will be carried out. If it is set to a 0, then the next instruction is skipped. The following section of code shows where it might be used: Loop : : : BTFSC 03,0 Goto Loop
In the above code, the PIC will only come out of the loop if bit 0 of the STATUS register (or the Carry flag) is set to 0. Otherwise, the goto command will be carried out.
BTFSS This instruction says Bit Test Register F, And Skip If Set. This is similar to the BTFSC instruction, except that the PIC will skip the next instruction if the bit we are testing is set to 1, rather than 0.
CLRF This instruction will set the entire contents of a register to 0. The syntax is: CLRF <register> We used this previously to set the output of the Ports to 0, by using CLRF 85h. We also used it to set the Ports to have all pins to output by using CLRF 05h.
CLRW This is similar to the CLRF instruction, except is only clears the W register. The syntax is quite simply:
CLRW
RLF And RRF These commands will move a bit in a register one place to the left (RLF) or the right (RRF) in a register. For example, if we had 00000001 and we used RLF, then we would have 00000010. Now, what happens if we have 10000000 and carried out the RLF instruction? Well, the 1 will be placed in the carry flag. If we carried out the RLF instruction again, the 1 will reappear back at the beginning. The same happens, but in reverse, for the RRF instruction. The example below demonstrates this for the RLF instruction, where we have shown the 8 bits of a register, and the carry flag : C 76543210 0 00000001 0 00000010 0 00000100 0 00001000 0 00010000 0 00100000 0 01000000 0 10000000 1 00000000 0 00000001
RLF RLF RLF RLF RLF RLF RLF RLF RLF
Example Program We are now going to give you an example code which you can compile and run. It will produce a running light starting at PortA bit 0, going to PortB bit 8 and then back again. Connect LEDs to all of the Port pins. You will see some of the bit operations mentioned in this tutorial.
TIME EQU 9FH PORTB EQU 06H TRISB EQU 86H PORTA EQU 05H TRISA EQU 85H STATUS EQU 03H COUNT1 EQU 0CH COUNT2 EQU 0DH
; Variable for the delay loop. ; Port B address. ; Port B Tristate address. ; Port A address. ; Port A Tristate address. ; Page select register. ; Loop register. ; Loop register.
BSF STATUS,5 MOVLW 00H MOVWF TRISB MOVLW 00H MOVWF TRISA BCF STATUS,5 MOVLW 00H MOVWF PORTA ; Start of main program RUN MOVLW 01H MOVWF PORTB CALL DELAY CALL DELAY
; Go to page 1 ; and set up ; both Ports A and B ; to output, ; then return to ; page 0. ; Clear Port A. ;
; Set the first bit ; on Port B. ; Wait a while ;
; Move the bit on Port B left, then pause.

RLF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RLF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RLF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RLF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RLF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RLF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RLF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RLF PORTB,1 ; This moves the bit into the carry flag
; Now move onto Port A, and move the bit left.
RLF PORTA,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RLF PORTA,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RLF PORTA,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RLF PORTA,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY
; This moves the bit from the zero flag into PortA
; Move the bit back on Port A
RRF PORTA,1
CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RRF PORTA,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RRF PORTA,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RRF PORTA,1 ; This moves the bit into the zero flag
; Now move the bit back on Port B
RRF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RRF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RRF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RRF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RRF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RRF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY RRF PORTB,1 CALL DELAY CALL DELAY GOTO RUN
; Now we are back where we started, ; ; let's go again.
; Subroutine to give a delay between bit movements.
DELAY MOVLW TIME MOVWF COUNT1 LOOP1 ; Get the delay time, ; and put it into a variable. ; GOTO
DECFSZ COUNT1 ; Decrement 1 from the delay time until it LOOP1 ; reaches zero. MOVWF COUNT1 LOOP2 DECFSZ COUNT1 GOTO LOOP2 RETURN END ; Get the delay time again, ; and repeat the count down. ; ; ; End of subroutine. ;
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Cybot Page Introduction to PIC Connect to the PIC Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Tutorial 3 Tutorial 4 Tutorial 5 Tutorial 6 Tutorial 7 Tutorial 8 Tutorial 9 Tutorial 10 Tutorial 11 Tutorial 12 Tutorial 13 The PIC uses labels to jump between locations or does it? We use the labels so that we know where things are, and also so that we can tell the PIC in an easy way where to go.
PIC Tutorial 10 Data Tables

There is a nice feature in the instruction set that allows you to use a data table. A data table is simply a list of data values, where each one is read depending on some criteria. For example, you might have a circuit that uses a PIC where it counts the number of times an input pin goes high in 1 second. You can then display the number on a 7 segment display. Once the timing has started, the PIC counts the number of times the pin goes high. After 1 second it goes to the table and looks up the information it needs to display the number on the display that corresponds to the number of times the pin went high. This is useful, because we dont know what the number will be until the PIC has completed its count. By using a table, we can let the PIC decide which number to display. Now, before we carry on to explain how the data table works, We have to explain how the PIC keeps track of whereabouts in the program it is when the program is running. It helps if you have done some programming in BASIC. If not, dont worry, you should still be able to see the concept. Imagine we have a BASIC program like the one shown below: 10 11 12 20 21 LET K=0 K=K+1 IF K>10 THEN GOTO 20 ELSE GOTO 11 PRINT K END
The program starts at line 10. Once K is set to 0, it then proceeds to line 11. After we have added 1 to K we then move on to line 12. Here we are asking if K is greater than 10. If it is, then we go to line 20, if not we go back to line 11. Line 20 prints the value of K, and line 21 ends the program. BASIC uses line numbers to help the programmer keep track of where things are, as labels are not allowed.
What actually happens is the PIC uses an internal line counter called a Program Counter. The Program Counter (abbreviated to PC) keeps track of the memory location of where the current instruction is. When we tell the PIC to go to a particular label, it know the memory location and hence increase the PC until it reads that memory location. This is exactly the same way as we read the BASIC program above. Below is a section of code, with the memory locations, or the contents of the PC, next to each instruction: PC 0000 0001 0002 0003 0004 Instruction movlw 03 movwf 0C decfsc 0C goto Loop
Loop end
In the example above, We have set the PC to 0000. At this location we have the instruction movlw 03. When the PIC has executed this instruction, it increments the PC so that the next instruction is read. Here the PIC sees movwf 0C. The PC is incremented again. Now the PIC reads decfsc 0C. If the contents of 0C are not 0, then the PC is incremented by 1, and the next instruction, goto Loop, tells the PC to go back to location 0003, which is where we have said Loop. If the contents of 0C is 0, then the PC is told to increment by 2, in other words skip the next instruction. This puts the PC at location 0004, where the program ends. The locations are set by the assembler, and we dont normally need to worry what the PC is doing. Until, that is we need to control it like we are about to do when using data tables. The best way to explain how a data table works, is to start off with an example.
PC
equ 02
movlw 03 call table : table retlw retlw retlw retlw retlw retlw retlw return The first instruction is assigning the label PC with the address of the Program Counter (02h). We are then placing the value of 03h into the w register. We then make a call to table. The first line in the subroutine table adds the contents of the W register (03h) to the program counter. This causes the program counter to increase by 3, or to put it another way, causes the program counter to move down 3 lines. When the counter reaches 3 lines down it the PIC sees the instruction retlw. This command passes the value following it into the W register, and then returns from the subroutine. RETLW actually means Return, Literal to W. Notice we put a comma after the word Return. As we are in a subroutine, we need a Return instruction to come out of it. Hence the RET in the instruction. After the RETLW instruction is a number, and this is what is placed in the W register. In this case it is the number 3. We can assign any number to the W register, as long as when this number is added to the Program Counter in the table subroutine, we will find a retlw instruction. In the above example this means we can have any number from 1 to 7. If we go past the subroutine, we could end up executing another part of the program. Because of this, it is always a good idea to put the data table right at the end of the PIC program, so if we do overshoot then
addwf 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
PC
we will reach the end of the program anyway. Click here >>>> Tutorial 11
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PIC Tutorial 11 Interrupts - An Introduction

The subject of interrupts is probably going to be the longest and most difficult to go through. There is no easy way of explaining interrupts, but hopefully by the end of this section you will be able to implement interrupts into your own programs. We have split the section into two parts. This is to help break the subject up, and to give you, the reader, a break. So what is an interrupt? Well, as the name suggests, an interrupt is a process or a signal that stops a microprocessor/microcontroller from what it is doing so that something else can happen. Let me give you an every day example. Suppose you are sitting at home, chatting to someone. Suddenly the telephone rings. You stop chatting, and pick up the telephone to speak to the caller. When you have finished your telephone conversation, you go back to chatting to the person before the telephone rang. You can think of the main routine as you chatting to someone, the telephone ringing causes you to interrupt your chatting, and the interrupt routine is the process of talking on the telephone. When the telephone conversation has ended, you then go back to your main routine of chatting. This example is exactly how an interrupt causes a processor to act. The main program is running, performing some function in a circuit, but when an interrupt occurs the main program halts while another routine is carried out. When this routine finishes, the processor goes back to the main routine again. The PIC has 4 sources of interrupt. They can be split into two groups. Two are sources of interrupts that can be applied externally to the PIC, while the other two are internal processes. We are going to explain the
two external ones here. The other two will be explained in other tutorials when we come to look at timers and storing data. If you look at the pin-out of the PIC, you will see that pin 6 shows it is RB0/INT. Now, RB0 is obviously Port B bit 0. The INT symbolizes that it can also be configures as an external interrupt pin. Also, Port B bits 4 to 7 (pins 10 to 13) can also be used for interrupts. Before we can use the INT or other Port B pins, we need to do two things. First we need to tell the PIC that we are going to use interrupts. Secondly, we need to specify which port B pin we will be using as an interrupt and not as an I/O pin. Inside the PIC there is a register called INTCON, and is at address 0Bh. Within this register there are 8 bits that can be enabled or disabled. Bit 7 of INTCON is called GIE. This is the Global Interrngupt Enable. Setting this to 1 tells the PIC that we are going to use an interrupt. Bit 4 of INTCON is called INTE, which means INTerrupt Enable. Setting this bit to 1 tells the PIC that RB0 will be an interrupt pin. Setting bit 3, called RBIE, tells the PIc that we will be using Port B bits 4 to 7. Now the PIC knows when this pin goes high or low, it will need to stop what its doing and get on with an interrupt routine. Now, we need to tell the PIC whether the interrupt is going to be on the rising edge (0V to +5V) or the falling edge (+5V to 0V) transition of the signal. In other words, do we want the PIC to interrupt when the signal goes from low to high, or from high to low. By default, this is set up to be on the rising edge. The edge triggering is set up in another register called the OPTION register, at address 81h. The bit we are interested in is bit 6, which is called INTEDG. Setting this to 1 will cause the PIC to interrupt on the rising edge (default state) and setting it to 0 will cause the PIC to interrupt on the falling edge. If you want the PIC to trigger on the rising edge, then you dont need to do anything to this bit. Now, unfortunately, the Option register is in Bank 1, which means that we have to change from bank 0 to bank 1, set the bit in the Option register, then come back to bank 0. The trick here is to do all of the Bank 1 registers in one hit, such as setting up the port pins, then coming back to Bank 0 when you are finished. Ok, so now we have told the PIC which pin is going to be the interrupt, and on which edge to trigger, what happens in the program and the PIC when the interrupt occurs? Two things happen. First, a flag is set. This tells the internal processor of the PIC that an interrupt has occurred. Secondly, the program counter (which we mentioned in the last tutorial) points to a particular address within the PIC. Lets quickly look at each of these separately.
Interrupt Flag In our INTCON register, bit 1 is the interrupt flag, called INTF. Now, when any interrupt occurs, this flag will be set to 1. While there isnt an interrupt, the flag is set to 0. And that is all it does. Now you are probably thinking what is the point? Well, while this flag is set to 1, the PIC cannot, and will not, respond to any other interrupt. So, lets say that we cause an interrupt. The flag will be set to 1, and the PIC will go
to our routine for processing the interrupt. If this flag wasnt set to 1, and the PIC was allowed to keep responding to the interrupt, then continually pulsing the pin will keep the PIC going back to the start of our interrupt routine, and never finishing it. Going back to my example of the telephone, its like picking up the telephone, and just as soon as you start to speak it starts ringing again because someone else want to talk to you. It is far better to finish one conversation, then pick up the phone again to talk to the second person. There is a slight drawback to this flag. Although the PIC automatically sets this flag to 1, it doesnt set it back to 0! That task has to be done by the programmer i.e. you. This is easily done, as We are sure you can guess, and has to be done after the PIC has executed the interrupt routine.
Memory Location When you first power up the PIC, or if there is a reset, the Program Counter points to address 0000h, which is right at the start of the program memory. However, when there is an interrupt, the Program Counter will point to address 0004h. So, when we are writing our program that is going to have interrupts, we first of all have to tell the PIC to jump over address 0004h, and keep the interrupt routine which starts at address 0004h separate from the rest of the program. This is very easy to do. First, we start our program with a command called ORG. This command means Origin, or start. We follow it with an address. Because the PIC will start at address 0000h, we type ORG 0000h. Next we need to skip over address 0004h. We do this by placing a GOTO instruction, followed by a label which points to our main program. We then follow this GOTO command with another ORG, this time with the address 0004h. It is after this command that we enter our interrupt routine. Now, we could either type in our interrupt routine directly following the second ORG command, or we can place a GOTO statement which points to the interrupt routine. It really is a matter of choice on your part. To tell the PIC that it has come to the end of the interrupt routine we need to place the command RTFIE at the end of the routine. This command means return from the interrupt routine. When the PIC see this, the Program Counter points to the last location the PIC was at before the interrupt happened. We have shown below a short segment of code to show the above: ORG 0000h ;PIC starts here on power up and reset GOTO start ;Goto our main program ORG : : : 0004h ;The PIC will come here on an interrupt ;This is our interrupt routine that we ;want the PIC to do when it receives ;an interrupt
RETFIE start
;End of the interrupt routine ;This is the start of our main program.
There are two things you should be aware of when using interrupts. The first is that if you are using the same register in your main program and the interrupt routine, bear in mind that the contents of the register will probably change when the interrupt occurs. For example, lets you are using the w register to send data to Port A in the main program, and you are also using the w register in the interrupt routine to move data from one location to another. If you are not careful, the w register will contain the last value it had when it was in the interrupt routine, and when you come back from the interrupt this data will be sent to Port A instead of the value you had before the interrupt happened. The way round this is to temporarily store the contents of the w register before you use it again in the interrupt routine. The second is that there is a delay between when one interrupt occurs and when the next one can occur. As you know, the PIC has an external clock, which can either be a crystal or it can be a resistor-capacitor combination. Whatever the frequency of this clock, the PIC divides it by 4 and then uses this for its internal timing. For example if you have a 4MHz crystal connected to your PIC, then the PIC will carry out the instructions at 1MHz. This internal timing is called an Instruction Cycle. Now, the data sheet states (admittedly in very small print) that you must allow 3 to 4 instruction cycles between interrupts. My advice is to allow 4 cycles. The reason for the delay is the PIC needs time to jump to the interrupt address, set the flag, and come back out of the interrupt routine. So, bear this in mind if you are using another circuit to trigger an interrupt for the PIC. Now, a point to remember is that if you use bits 4 to 7 of Port B as an interrupt. You cannot select individual pins on Port B to serve as an interrupt. So, if you enable these pins, then they are all available. So, for example, you cant just have bits 4 and 5 bits 6 and 7 will be enabled as well. So what is the point of having four bits to act as an interrupt? Well, you could have a circuit connected to the PIC, and if any one of four lines go high, then this could be a condition that you need the PIC to act on quickly. One example of this would be a house alarm, where four sensors are connected to Port B bits 4 to 7. Any sensor can trigger the PIC to sound an alarm, and the alarm sounding routine is the interrupt routine. This saves examining the ports all the time and allows the PIC to get on with other things. In the next tutorial, we will write a program to handle an interrupt.
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PIC Tutorial 12 Interrupts - Writing The Code

We covered quite a bit of ground in the last tutorial, and so we think it is time that we wrote our first program. The program we are going to write will count the number of times we turn a switch on, and then display the number. The program will count from 0 to 9, displayed on 4 LEDs in binary form, and the input or interrupt will be on RB0. The first thing we need to do is tell the PIC to jump over the address where the Program Counter points to when an interrupt occurs. You will notice that We are using a different way of expressing hexadecimal numbers. Before We used to use F9h where h denoted hexadecimal. We can write this as 0xF9, and this is the format we are going to use from now on. org goto org retfie 0x00 main 0x04 ;This is where the PC points to on power up and reset ;Goto our main program ;This is where our interrupt routine will start ;This tells the PIC that the interrupt routine has ;finished and the PC will point back to the main ;program ;This is the start of our main program
Now we need to tell the PIC that we are going to use interrupts, and we are using RB0 pin 6 as an interrupt pin: bsf bsf INTCON,7 INTCON,4 ;GIE Global interrupt enable (1=enable) ;INTE - RB0 interrupt enable (1=enable)
We are going to clear the interrupt flag just in case (We never trust anything!)
bcf
INTCON,1
;INTF - Clear flag bit just in case
Now we need to set up our two ports. Remember that as we are using RB0 as an interrupt pin, this must be set up as an input: bsf movw movwf movlw movwf bcf STATUS,5 0x01 TRISB 0x10 TRISA STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1 ; ;Set RB0 as input ; ;Set the first 4 pins on PortA as output ;Come back to Bank 0
We are going to use a variable called COUNT to store the number of switch counts. We could just simply increment the value on Port A, but you will see why we are using a variable when we write our interrupt routine. loop movf movwf goto end COUNT,0 PORTA loop ;Move the contents of COUNT into W ;Now move it to Port A ;Keep on doing this ;End of our program
So, our main program is written, and now we need to tell the PIC what to do when an interrupt happens. In this instance, our interrupt is going to be the switch. What we want the PIC to is add one to the variable COUNT each time the switch is closed. However, we only want to display the number of times the switch closes from 0 to 9. Above, We said we could have just simply incremented the value on Port A each time there was an interrupt. But, Port A has 5 bits, and if we just simply incremented the port, we will have a maximum count of 31. There are two reasons why we chose not to go up to 31. First, we are going to use a 7-segment display, which can at the most only go from 0 to 15 (0 to F in hex). Secondly, We also want to show you some of the arithmetic commands that you came across in the last couple of tutorials. So lets get on with our interrupt routine. Now the first thing we need to do is temporarily store the contents of our w register, as we are using this to transfer the contents of COUNT to PORTA. If we dont store it, then we could send a completely different number as a result of our arithmetic. So lets do that first: movwf TEMP ;Store w register in a temporary location
Next we want to add 1 to our variable COUNT: incf COUNT,1 ;Increment COUNT by 1, and put the result ;back into COUNT Next we want to do a check on COUNT to se if we have gone past the value of 9. The way we can do this is to subtract it from 10.
movlw subwf
0x0A COUNT,0
;Move the value 10 into w ;Subtract w from COUNT, and put the ;result in w
From tutorial 8 we saw that if we subtract a large number from a small number a Carry flag will be set. This flag will also be set if the numbers are equal, and we subtract them. btfss STATUS,0 ;Check the Carry flag. It will be set if ;COUNT is equal to, or is greater than w, ;and will be set as a result of the subwf ;instruction Now we know if the value of COUNT is 9 or more. What we want to do now is if COUNT is greater than 9, put it back to 0, otherwise go back to the main program so that we can send it to Port A. The BTFSS command as you know will skip the next instruction if the carry flag is set i.e COUNT = 10: goto goto bcf carry_on clear INTCON,0x01 ;If COUNT is <10, then we can carry on ;If COUNT is >9, then we need to clear it carry_on ;We need to clear this flag to enable ;more interrupts movfw retfie clear clrf bcf COUNT INTCON,1 ;Set COUNT back to 0 ;We need to clear this flag to enable TEMP ;Restore w to the value before the interrupt ;Come out of the interrupt routine
;more interrupts retfie ;Come out of the interrupt routine
All that is left to do now is put everything together and also define values to our constants, which we can do right at the beginning of our program. Below is the complete program listing. The circuit is shown after the program listing. Every time you turn the switch on, the LEDs will count up in binary from 0000 to 1010 then back to 0000.
org 0x00
;This is where we come on power up and reset
;*******************SETUP CONSTANTS******************* INTCON PORTB EQU 0x0B EQU 0x06 ;Interrupt Control Register ;Port B register address
PORTA TRISA TRISB STATUS COUNT TEMP goto main
EQU 0x05 EQU 0x85 EQU 0x86 EQU 0X03 EQU 0x0c EQU 0x0d
;Port A register address ;TrisA register address ;TrisB register address ;Status register address ;This will be our counting variable ;Temporary store for w register ;Jump over the interrupt address
;***************INTERRUPT ROUTINE*************** org movwf incf 0x04 TEMP COUNT,1 ;This is where PC points on an interrupt ;Store the value of w temporarily ;Increment COUNT by 1, and put the result ;back into COUNT movlw 0x0A subwf btfss COUNT,0 STATUS,0 ;Move the value 10 into w ;Subtract w from COUNT, and put the result in w ;Check the Carry flag. It will be set if ;COUNT is equal to, or is greater than w, ;and will be set as a result of the subwf ;instruction goto goto carry_on bcf INTCON,0x01 ;We need to clear this flag to enable ;more interrupts movfw retfie TEMP ;Restore w to the value before the interrupt ;Come out of the interrupt routine carry_on clear ;If COUNT is <10, then we can carry on ;If COUNT is >9, then we need to clear it
clear clrf bcf COUNT INTCON,1 ;Set COUNT back to 0 ;We need to clear this flag to enable
;more interrupts retfie ;Come out of the interrupt routine
;*******************Main Program********************* main ;*******************Set Up The Interrupt Registers**** bsf bsf bcf INTCON,7 INTCON,4 INTCON,1 ;GIE Global interrupt enable (1=enable) ;INTE - RB0 Interrupt Enable (1=enable) ;INTF - Clear FLag Bit Just In Case
;*******************Set Up The Ports****************** bsf movlw 0x01 movwf TRISB movlw 0x10 movwf TRISA bcf ;Set R 0 to RA3 on PortA as output STATUS,5 ;Come back to Bank 0 ;Set RB0 as input STATUS,5 ;Switch to Bank 1
;*******************Now Send The Value Of COUNT To Port A loop movf movwf goto end COUNT,0 PORTA loop ;Move the contents of Count into W ;Now move it to Port A ;Keep on doing this ;End Of Program
The Circuit Diagram Below is the circuit diagram that will work for the code above. There are two things in the diagram that may throw you. First, We have not included a timing capacitor in the oscillator circuit. This is a clever little trick that you can try if you run out of capacitors. The capacitance comes from the stray capacitance between the oscillator pin and ground. so, with the resistor and the stray capacitance, we have an RC oscillator. Okay, this is not an accurate way of doing it, as the stray capacitance will vary from circuit to circuit. But, We thought you may be interested in seeing this sort of thing. Secondly, We have included a de-bouncing circuit across the switch. This is needed because every time you flick a switch, the contacts will bounce. This will make the PIC think there have been more than one switches. With the de-bouncing circuit, when the switch goes high, the capacitor charges up. no matter how many times the switch goes to +5V, the capacitor will only charge
once. The capacitor is discharged when the switch is thrown the other way. If you want to see the effects of switch bounce, then disconnect the capacitor and resistor across the switch.
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PIC Tutorial 13 The Watchdog Timer

We are now going to look at an internal timer, called a Watchdog Timer So what is a Watchdog Timer? Suppose you have written a program that is continuously running on a PIC. Now, you want to make sure that this program is always running, and that no matter what happens it will never stop. The first thing you would have, of course, is a loop back at the end of the program that brings us back to the start of the program. But consider this case. Let us say that the PIC is monitoring an input. When this input goes high, it jumps to another part of the program and waits for another pin to go high. If the second pin doesnt go high, the PIC will just sit there and wait. It will only exit if the second pin goes high. Let us consider another example. Suppose you have written a program. You have compiled it successfully, and you have even simulated it over and over again using a simulator such as MPLAB. Everything seems to work fine. You program the PIC and place it into a circuit. However after a long period of time, the program gets stuck somewhere and the PIC gets caught in a loop. Whats needed in both cases is some kind of reset if the program gets stuck. This is the purpose of a watchdog circuit. A watchdog circuit is nothing new. Many microprocessors and microcontrollers have them. But how does it work? Well, inside the PIC there is a resistor/capacitor network. This provides a unique clock, which is independent of any external clock that you provide in your circuit. Now, when the Watchdog Timer (abbreviated to WDT) is enabled, a counter starts at 00 and increments by 1 until it reaches FF. When it goes from FF to 00 (which is FF + 1) then the PIC will be reset, irrespective of what it is doing. The only way we can stop the WDT from resetting the PIC is to periodically reset the WDT back to 00 throughout our
program. Now you can see that if our program does get stuck for some reason, then the WDT will not be set. The WDT will then reset the PIC, causing our program to restart from the beginning. In order to use the WDT, we need to know three things. First, how long have we got before we need to reset the WDT, secondly how do we clear it. Finally, we have to tell the PIC programming software to enable the WDT inside the PIC. Lets look at these separately.
WDT Times The PIC data sheet specifies that the WDT has a period from start to finish of 18mS. This is dependant several factors, such as the supply voltage, temperature of the PIC etc. The reason for the approximation is because the WDT clock is supplied by an internal RC network. The time for an RC network to charge depends on the supply voltage. It also depends on the component values, which will change slightly depending on their temperature. So, for the sake of simplicity, just take it that the WDT will reset every 18mS. We can, however, make this longer. Inside the PIC is a thing called a Prescaler. We can program this prescaler to divide the RC clock. The more we divide the RC clock by, the longer it takes for the WDT to reset. The prescaler is located in the OPTION register at address 81h, bits 0 to 2 inclusive. Below is a table showing the bit assignments with the division rates and the time for the WDT to time out:
Bit 2,1,0 0,0,0 0,0,1 0,1,0 0,1,1 1,0,0 1,0,1 1,1,0 1,1,1
Rate
WDT Time
1:1 1:2 1:4 1:8 1:16 1:32 1:64 1:128
18mS 36mS 72mS 144mS 288mS 576mS 1.1Seconds 2.3Seconds
Remember these times are irrespective of your external clock frequency. Think of these times as real time, rather than clock times. To help make this clear, let us suppose we want the WDT to reset our PIC after about half a second as a failsafe. The nearest we have is 576mS, or 0.576 seconds. All we do is send b101 to our OPTION register, as follows: movlw movwf b101 81h ;This is 0x05 in Hex ;This is the Option Register
Simple, really. Now, there is a catch. By default the prescaler is assigned to the other internal timer. This means that we have to change the prescaler over to the
WDT. First, we have to reset the other counter to 0 first. We then have to change to Bank 1 to assign the prescaler to the WDT and to set up the time, and then come back to Bank 0. The code is below, where xx is the prescaler time: bcf clrf bsf clrwdt movlw movwf bcf STATUS,0 01h STATUS,0 b1xxx OPTION STATUS,0 ;make sure we are in bank 0 ;address of the other timer TMR0 ;switch to bank 1 ;reset the WDT and prescaler ;Select the new prescaler value and assign ;it to WDT ;come back to bank 0
The CLRWDT command above is how we clear the WDT before it resets the PIC. So, all we need to do is calculate where in our program the WDT will time out, and then enter the CLRWDT command just before this point to ensure the PIC doesnt reset. If your program is long, bear in mind that you may need more than one CLRWDT. For example, if we use the default time of 18mS, then we need to make sure that the program will see CLRWDT every 18mS. So now we come to the point where we need to work out how long our code takes in real time. The principle is very simple, but could cause you to pull your hair out!
Instruction Timing As you are probably already aware, the PIC takes the external clock timing and divides it by 4. This internal time is called an instruction cycle. Now if we have, say, a 4MHz xtal connected to the PIC, internally the PIC will run at 1MHz. In timing terms, this is 1/(4MHz/4) = 1uS. Now, some instructions take just one instruction cycle to complete, i.e. 1uS using a 4MHz crystal, while others take two cycles 2uS to complete. The data sheet tells us how many cycles each instruction takes. The easiest way to remember this is quite simple. Assume ALL instructions take 1 cycle. But, if an instruction causes the program to go somewhere else, then it will take 2 cycles. Let me give you a couple of examples. The movwf command takes only one cycle, because it is only moving data from one place to another. The goto command takes 2 cycles, because it is causing the Program Counter (PC) to go elsewhere in the program. The RETURN command takes 2 cycles, because it is causing the PC to go back in the program. We think you can see the pattern here. However, there are four commands which can take 1 or 2 cycles. These are DECFSZ, INCFSZ, BTFSC and BTFSS. These commands have one thing in common. They will skip the next instruction is a certain condition is met. If that condition is not met, then the next instruction will be carried out. For example, the DECFSZ command will decrement the value stored in the F register by 1. If the result is not 0, then the next instruction will be executed. This instruction therefore takes 1 cycle. If the result is 0, then the next instruction will be skipped, and the one following that will be executed. In this instance the instruction takes 2 cycles. The reason is that the instruction alters the value of the PC. It needs one cycle to carry out the function, and it will need another to alter the PC by an extra one. To clarify this, let us look at a sample code, and work out how many instruction cycles it takes. movlw 02
loop end
movwf decfsz goto
COUNT COUNT loop
Our first instruction simply moves the value 02 into w. This does not cause the program to off course, therefore it is only 1 cycle. The next instruction is similar, in as much that it moves the contents of the w register into COUNT. Again, this will be 1 cycle. Now, the next instruction will first decrement COUNT by 1. This is 1 cycle. It will then do a test to see if COUNT is equal to 0. At this stage it doesnt, and so we move onto the next instruction. The next instruction is a goto statement, and so is 2 cycles long. We come back to our decfsz instruction, which decrements COUNT by 1 again. This is another instruction cycle. It does a test to see if COUNT is equal to 0. This time it does, and so the next instruction is skipped. To skip the next instruction requires another cycle. We reach the end of the program. So in total, with the value 02 placed into COUNT, this program will take a total of 7 cycles. If we were using a 4MHz crystal for our clock, then the program will take: 1/(4MHz/4) = 1uS per cycle, therefore 7 cycles takes 7 x 1uS = 7uS. So you can see that it can get a little confusing when you have instructions like DECFSZ.
Programmer Software Inside the PIC there are things called Fuses. These are not the same as the fuses you would find in a mains plug, but electronic switches which are blown by the programmer. Now, one of these fuses has to be blown in order for the WDT to operate. There are two ways of doing this. One way is to write a couple of lines at the beginning of your program to tell the PIC programming software to enable or disable certain fuses. The other way is to tell the PIC programming software manually which fuses to enable. We will look at getting your program to instruct the programming software in a later tutorial, when we look at including other files and macros. To tell the programming software manually, varies from program to program. The documentation that came with the programmer should tell you how to do this. As We are using the PICALLW software, which is linked on my main page, We will explain how to do change fuses within this program. The fuses are configured by pressing the F3 key, or clicking on the Config button. Then you can select the fuse you want enabled, in this case the WDT, by clicking on the box next to it. Sample Program Let us write a program, where we will turn on the WDT, and let the PIC perform a function. We will first of all periodically clear the WDT, to show that the program works, and then remove the CLRWDT command to show that the PIC will indeed reset. The program We have chosen is the one used in tutorial 9 where we cause a row of LEDs to light up one at a time from left to right, then right to left. The circuit is shown below, and with the RC values shown will give us a clock frequency of 8KHz. This clock speed will allow us to actually see the LEDs moving one by one.
We chose this program because it is slow enough for us to play with the WDT, and you can easily see when the PIC is reset. We have removed the original comments, and We have replaced them with a description of the WDT lines, a running total of the time from the start (assuming a 8KHz clock), and the number of clock cycles at each line.
TIME PORTB TRISB PORTA TRISA STATUS COUNT1 COUNT2
equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ
9FH 06H 86H 05H 85H 03H 0CH 0DH
; Variable for the delay loop. ; Port B address. ; Port B Tristate address. ; Port A address. ; Port A Tristate address. ; Page select register. ; Loop register. ; Loop register. ; 1 cycle, 0.5mS ; 1 cycle, 1.0mS ; 1 cycle, 1.5mS ; 1 cycle, 2.0mS ; 1 cycle, 2.5mS ; 1 cycle, 3.0mS ; 1 cycle, 3.5mS ; 1 cycle, 4.0mS
bsf STATUS,5 movlw 00H movwf TRISB movlw 00H movwf TRISA bcf STATUS,5 movlw 00H movwf PORTA
; Start of main program RUN movlw 01H movwf PORTB call DELAY call DELAY ; 1 cycle, 4.5mS ; 1 cycle, 5.0mS ; 2 cycles, 486mS ; 2 cycles, 967mS
; Move the bit on Port B left, then pause. rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call rlf PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 ; 1 cycle, 967.5mS ; 2 cycles, 1.45S ; 2 cycles, 1.93S ; 1 cycle, 1.93S ; 2 cycles, 2.41S ; 2 cycles, 2.89S ; 1 cycle, 2.89S ; 2 cycles, 3.37S ; 2 cycles, 3.85S ; 1 cycle, 3.85S ; 2 cycles, 4.34S ; 2 cycles, 4.82S ; 1 cycle, 4.82S ; 2 cycles, 5.30S ; 2 cycles, 5.78S ; 1 cycle, 5.78S ; 2 cycles, 6.26S ; 2 cycles, 6.74S ; 1 cycle, 6.74S ; 2 cycles, 7.22S ; 2 cycles, 7.70S ; 1 cycle, 7.70S
; Now move onto Port A, and move the bit left. rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY ; 1 cycle, 7.70S ; 2 cycles, 8.19S ; 2 cycles, 8.67S ; 1 cycle, 8.67S ; 2 cycles, 9.15S ; 2 cycles, 9.63S ; 1 cycle, 9.63S ; 2 cycles, 10.11S ; 2 cycles, 10.59S ; 1 cycle, 10.59S ; 2 cycles, 11.07S ; 2 cycles, 11.55S
; Move the bit back on Port A rrf PORTA,1 call DELAY call DELAY rrf PORTA,1 call DELAY call DELAY rrf PORTA,1 call DELAY call DELAY rrf PORTA,1 ; 1 cycle, 11.55S ; 2 cycles, 12.04S ; 2 cycles, 12.52S ; 1 cycle, 12.52S ; 2 cycles, 12.99S ; 2 cycles, 13.48S ; 1 cycle, 13.48S ; 2 cycles, 13.96S ; 2 cycles, 14.44S ; 1 cycle, 14.44S
; Now move the bit back on Port B rrf PORTB,1 ; 1 cycle, 14.44S
call call rrf call call rrf call call rrf call call rrf call call rrf call call rrf call call goto
DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY RUN
; 2 cycles, 14.92S ; 2 cycles, 15.40S ; 1 cycle, 15.40S ; 2 cycles, 15.89S ; 2 cycles, 16.37S ; 1 cycle, 16.37S ; 2 cycles, 16.84S ; 2 cycles, 17.33S ; 1 cycle, 17.33S ; 2 cycles, 17.81S ; 2 cycles, 18.29S ; 1 cycle, 18.29S ; 2 cycles, 18.77S ; 2 cycles, 19.25S ; 1 cycle, 19.25S ; 2 cycles, 19.73S ; 2 cycles, 20.22S ; 1 cycle, 20.22S ; 2 cycles, 20.70S ; 2 cycles, 21.18S ; 2 cycles, 21.18S
; Subroutine to give a delay between bit movements. ;Total of 957 cycles, 480mS DELAY movlw TIME movwf COUNT1 decfsz COUNT1 goto LOOP1 movwf COUNT1 decfsz COUNT1 goto LOOP2 ; 1 cycle ; 1 cycle ; ; 9F x 1 cycle + 1 cycle = 160 cycles ; 9E x 2 cycles = 316 cycles ; 1 cycle ; ; 9F x 1 cycle + 1 cycle = 256 cycles ; 9E x 2 cycles = 316 cycles ; 2 cycles ;
LOOP1
LOOP2
return END
With an 8KHz clock, it takes just under 1 second for the next LED illuminates, and it takes a total of about 21 seconds to run from one end to the other and back again i.e. to go through the routine once only. The delay routine takes 480mS, and we are calling it twice before moving the bit on the ports. Now, we need to periodically reset the WDT. The largest time we can set the WDT is 2.3 seconds, and the next one down form this is 1.1 seconds. We have two options here. We could make a call to a subroutine to clear the WDT after the two delays have finished, or we could incorporate the CLRWDT within the delay itself. We have decided, for no real reason at all, to incorporate the CLRWDT within the delay loop.
TIME PORTB TRISB PORTA TRISA STATUS COUNT1 COUNT2 OPT
equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ
9FH 06H 86H 05H 85H 03H 0CH 0DH 81h
; Variable for the delay loop. ; Port B address. ; Port B Tristate address. ; Port A address. ; Port A Tristate address. ; Page select register. ; Loop register. ; Loop register. ; Option Register to control the WDT
;*************Set up the ports, WDT and prescaler****************** clrf bsf clrwdt movlw movwf movlw movwf movlw movwf bcf 01h STATUS,5 b1101 OPT 00H TRISB 00H TRISA STATUS,5 ;Clear TMR0 ;Switch to bank 1 ;reset the WDT and prescaler ;Select the new prescaler value and assign ;it to WDT ; Now set up the ports ; ; ; ;Come back to bank 0 ; ;
movlw 00H movwf PORTA
;*************Start of main program***************************** RUN movlw 01H movwf PORTB call DELAY call DELAY ; ; ; ;
; *************Move the bit on Port B left, then pause.************** rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
rlf call call rlf call call rlf
PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1
; ; ; ;
; ; ;
; *************Now move onto Port A, and move the bit left.*********** rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call rlf call call PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
;************** Move the bit back on Port A************************ rrf call call rrf call call rrf call call rrf PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY PORTA,1 DELAY DELAY PORTA,1 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
;****************** Now move the bit back on Port B****************** rrf call call rrf call call rrf call call rrf call call rrf call call rrf call PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
call rrf call call goto
DELAY PORTB,1 DELAY DELAY RUN
; ; ;
; ******************Subroutine to give a delay between bit movements.****** DELAY movlw TIME movwf COUNT1 LOOP1 decfsz COUNT1 goto LOOP1 movwf COUNT1 decfsz COUNT1 goto LOOP2 ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
LOOP2
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; This part resets the WDT ;; ;;Comment out or remove this command to see the WDT ;; ;; in action. It should reset the PIC ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; clrwdt ;This simply resets the WDT.
;***************Return from our original DELAY routine*************** return END ; ;
If you comment out, or remove the CLRWDT command, you will find that the PIC will not go past lighting the second LED. This is because the WDT is resetting the PIC. With the CLRWDT in place, the program works as it should.
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8051 Introduction - 8051 Microcontroller Tutorials - 8051 Tutorial Resource - Connect to 8051
MICROCONTROLLER TUTORIALS - 8051

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Circuits 8051 Introduction Chapter 1 Types of Memory Chapter 2 Special Function Registers Chapter 3 Basic Registers Chapter 4 Addressing Modes Chapter 5 Program Flow Chapter 6 Low Level Information Chapter 7 Timers Chapter 8 Serial Port Operations Chapter 9 Interrupts Additional
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8051 Introduction
Author : Craig Steiner Source : 8052.com Book : The 8051/8052 Microcontroller: Architecture, Assembly Language, And Hardware Interfacing (Paperback)
Despite its relatively old age, the 8051 is one of the most popular microcontrollers in use today. Many derivative microcontrollers have since been developed that are based on--and compatible with--the 8051. Thus, the ability to program an 8051 is an important skill for anyone who plans to develop products that will take advantage of microcontrollers. >>> Enter here for detail on "Introduction" <<< Click here for >>>> 8051 Tutorial - Chapter 1 (Types of Memory) <<<< Back to 8051 Microcontroller Tutorial
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8051 Introduction - 8051 Microcontroller Tutorials - 8051 Tutorial Resource - Connect to 8051
Features in 8052 8052 Instruction Set
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8051 - Types of Memory - 8051 Microcontroller Tutorials - 8051 Memory
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Chapter 1 8051 - Types of Memory

Types of Memory Internal RAM Registers (SFRs) Code Memory
External RAM
Special Function
Bit Memory
Register Banks <<<< Back to 8051 Microcontroller Tutorial
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8051 Special Function Registers - 8051 Microcontroller Tutorials - 8051 SFRs

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Chapter 2 8051 - Special Function Registers

Special Function Registers What are SFRs?
Types of SFRs
Standard SFR Descriptions
Non-Standard SFRs
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8051 - Basic Registers - 8051 Register - DTPR - Accumulator

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Chapter 3 8051 - Basic Registers

Basic Registers "R" Registers
Accumulator
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B Register
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8051 Addressing Modes - 8051 Addressing Mode - 8051 Microcontroller Addressing

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Chapter 4 8051 - Addressing Modes

Addressing Modes Immediate Addressing
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Chapter 5 8051 - Program Flow

Program Flow Conditional Branching
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8051 Low Level Information - 8051 Microcontroller - 8051 Instruction Set & Timings

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Chapter 6 8051 - Low Level Information

Instruction Set, Timing and Low Level Information
Timers - 8051 Timers - 8051 Microcontroller Timers - Timer SFRs

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Chapter 7 8051 Microcontroller - Timers

Timers How Timers Count
Measuring Time
Timer SFRs
q
How Long do Timers Take to Count?
Initializing a Timer
q
TMOD SFR r Mode 0 r Mode 1 r Mode 2 Timer r Mode 3 TCON SFR
- 13-bit Timer - 16-bit Timer - Auto-reload - Split Timer
Reading a Timer
Reading a Timer Value
Timing the Length of an Event
Detecting a Timer Overflow
Timers as Event Counters
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Timers - 8051 Timers - 8051 Microcontroller Timers - Timer SFRs
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8051 Serial Port Operation - 8051 Microcontroller Serial Communication - 8051 Serial Ports Setting

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Chapter 8 8051 Microcontroller Serial Port Operations / Communication

Serial Port Operations Setting the Serial Baud Rate
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Reading from the Serial Port
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Chapter 9 8051 Microcontroller - Interrupts

Interrupts Events that trigger Interrupts
Setting Up Interrupts
Polling Sequence
Interrupt Priorities
What Happens When an Interrupt Occurs?
Serial Interrupts
What Happens When an Interrupt Ends?
Register Protection
Common Bugs in Interrupts
Additional Features in 8052 - 8052 Microcontroller Tutorial - Features of 8052 Microcontroller

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Additional Features in 8052

Additional Features in 8052 Introduction to 8052
256 bytes of additional Internal RAM
New SFRs for 8052's Third Timer
Timer 2 as a Baud-Rate Generator
T2CON SFR
Timer 2 in Auto-Reload Mode
Timer 2 in Capture Mode
Timer 2 Interrupt
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8051 / 8052 Instruction Set - 8052 Microcontroller Tutorial - Instruction Set of 8051 / 8052
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8051 / 8052 Instruction Set

Author : Craig Steiner Source : 8052.com
q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q
ACALL: Absolute Call ADD, ADDC: Add Accumulator (With Carry) AJMP: Absolute Jump ANL: Bitwise AND CJNE: Compare and Jump if Not Equal CLR: Clear Register CPL: Complement Register DA: Decimal Adjust DEC: Decrement Register DIV: Divide Accumulator by B DJNZ: Decrement Register and Jump if Not Zero INC: Increment Register JB: Jump if Bit Set JBC: Jump if Bit Set and Clear Bit JC: Jump if Carry Set JMP: Jump to Address JNB: Jump if Bit Not Set JNC: Jump if Carry Not Set JNZ: Jump if Accumulator Not Zero JZ: Jump if Accumulator Zero LCALL: Long Call
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Additional Features in 8052 8052 Instruction Set
q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q
LJMP: Long Jump MOV: Move Memory MOVC: Move Code Memory MOVX: Move Extended Memory MUL: Multiply Accumulator by B NOP: No Operation ORL: Bitwise OR POP: Pop Value From Stack PUSH: Push Value Onto Stack RET: Return From Subroutine RETI: Return From Interrupt RL: Rotate Accumulator Left RLC: Rotate Accumulator Left Through Carry RR: Rotate Accumulator Right RRC: Rotate Accumulator Right Through Carry SETB: Set Bit SJMP: Short Jump SUBB: Subtract From Accumulator With Borrow SWAP: Swap Accumulator Nibbles XCH: Exchange Bytes XCHD: Exchange Digits XRL: Bitwise Exclusive OR Undefined: Undefined Instruction
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Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource
MICROCONTROLLER TUTORIALS DALLAS 80C320

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Circuits DS80C320 Introduction Chapter 1 New Instruction Speed Chapter 2 Dual Data Pointer Chapter 3 Watchdog Chapter 4 Power Failure Functions Chapter 5 Secondary Serial Port
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Dallas 80C320 - Introduction

The DS80C320 microcontroller, by Dallas Semiconductor, is a popular derivative of the industry-standard 8052 microcontroller. The 80C320 offers all the functionality of a standard 8052 with a number of new features and enhancements. However, all the new features are provided in such a way that the vast majority of programs will require no modification. By simply replacing an existing 8052 microcontroller with the 80C320, the program will realize an automatic speed increase.
High-Speed Architecture: The standard 8052 microcontroller requires 12 oscillator cycles for each instruction cycle. The 80C320 requires only 4. This means that, given the exact same hardware design and crystal speed, dropping in an 80C320 will generally increase performance by about 250%.
Chapter 6 Timed Access Protection

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Higher Oscillator Speeds Supported: The 80C320 may operate at up to 33 Mhz. Since it operates at 4 cycles/instruction cycle instead of 12, this yields an efficiency as if a normal 8052 were operating at about 82 megahertz.
Uses Less Power for Equivalent Work: The 80C320 is more efficient. In addition to new powersaving options, an 80C320 can accomplish the same work with less power.
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Note: The statement "An 80C320 can accomplish the same work with less power" refers to the fact that, due to its high-speed architecture, the 80C320 runs a typical program about 3 times as fast as an 8051. Thus an 80320 running at 4Mhz would run the program at roughly the same speed as an 8051 at 12MHz. In this scenario, the 80320 would require less power and accomplish the same work.
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Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource
Dual Data Pointer: The 80C320 has two distinct "Data Pointers" (DPTRs). This feature can be used to move data within memory almost twice as fast as using the single DPTR.
Variable Length MOVX Command: The 80C320 may be configured to perform MOVX commands to external memory either very quickly or very slowly. This allows you to optimize the 80C320s performance to take advantage of fast external RAM, or to allow for slow external RAM.
Power Fail Reset: The 80C320 will automatically execute a system reset upon recovering from a power failure condition. This requires no external hardware, user interaction, or special programming.
Watchdog Timer: This feature allows the 80C320 to automatically detect if some condition has occurred which has effectively crashed the programming running in the microcontroller. If the Watchdog detects that the program has crashed, it automatically resets the chip.
Power Failure Warning: The 80C320 can be configured to detect power failure conditions and to trigger an interrupt immediately prior to handling a power failure condition.
Dual Serial Ports: The 80C320 offers two full-featured serial ports instead of the single serial port offered by the 8052. The additional serial port supports all the features of the standard 8052 serial port.
Click here for >>>> Dallas 80C320 - Chapter 1 (High Speed Architecture)
<<<< Back to DS80C320 Microcontroller Tutorial
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Dallas 80C320 Microcontroller Tutorials - Electronic Tutorials & Circuits - Hight Speed Architecture

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Chapter 1 DALLAS 80C320 / DS80C320 High Speed Architecture

High-Speed Architecture New Instruction Speed
Variable Length MOVX Instruction
Timer Considerations
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New Execution Speed of Instructions - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource

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Circuits DS80C320 Introduction Chapter 1 New Instruction Speed Chapter 2 Dual Data Pointer Chapter 3 Watchdog Chapter 4 Power Failure Functions Chapter 5 Secondary Serial Port Chapter 6 Timed Access Protection
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Dallas 80C320 / DS80C320 New Instruction Speed

New Execution Speed of Instructions
It is important to note that in addition to the DS80C320 executing instructions faster (in 4 cycles instead of12), the number of machine cycles used by various instructions may have changed. The following instructions have changed in terms of number of instruction cycles used: Note that in every case, the number of instruction cycles used by the DS80C320 has increased from what the 8052 uses. You may ask yourself, "Wait a minute, I thought you said this thing was fast?" To which Id have to reply, "It may not look like much, but its got it where it counts." Remember, an instruction cycle for the 80C320 is only 4 oscillator cycles whereas the 8052 uses 12. So, in the case of the last instruction on the list, 4 instruction cycles are consumed instead of 2. However, this equates to 16 oscillator cycles (4 instruction cycles * 4 cycles/instruction cycle) as opposed to 24 oscillator cycles (2 instruction cycles * 12 cycles/instruction cycle). A given instruction will always execute faster on the 80C320 than on an 8052; with the exception of the MOVX instructions which can be configured to intentionally execute very slowly.
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Click here for >>>> Dallas 80C320 - Chapter 1.2 (Variable Length MOVX Instruction)
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New Execution Speed of Instructions - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource
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Variable Length MOVX Instruction (Stretch Memory Cycle) - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource

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Dallas 80C320 Variable Length MOVX Instruction

Variable Length MOVX Instruction (Stretch Memory Cycle)
The DS80C320 is capable of performing a MOVX instruction in as little as 2 instruction cycles (8 oscillator cycles). However, it is not always desirable to have memory access work at maximum speed. If you are using slow RAM, you may wish to have memory access work much slower. Additionally, it is common for external devices (such as LCDs) to be connected to the 80C320 as a "memory port." These devices operate much slower than normal memory and, thus, it may be necessary to slow down memory access to give these devices time to work with the data. The length of the MOVX instruction is controlled by bits 0, 1, and 2 in the new SFR CKCON (8Eh). The MOVX instruction will require 2 instruction cycles, PLUS the number of instruction cycles indicated in bits 0, 1, and 2 of CKCON. That is to say, if bits 0 through 2 contain the value 5, the MOVX instruction will require 2 + 5 = 7 instruction cycles to execute. When the 80C320 is first powered up, bits 0, 1, and 2 of CKCON default to the value "1". This means that, by default, a MOVX instruction requires 3 instruction cycles. However, your program may modify this SFR to reduce the instruction to 2 cycles by setting it to 0, or to as many as 9 cycles by increasing it to 7.
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Click here for >>>> Dallas 80C320 - Chapter 1.3 (Timer Consideration)
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Variable Length MOVX Instruction (Stretch Memory Cycle) - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource
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Timer Considerations - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource

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Dallas 80C320 / DS80C320 Timer Considerations

Timer Considerations
As already mentioned, the original 8052 ran at a rate of one instruction cycle every 12 oscillator cycles--the DS80C320, however, operates at a rate of one instruction cycle every 4 oscillator cycles. Since the timers in an 8052 are incremented once per instruction cycle this would cause the 80C320 timers to run 3 times as fast. This would render the chip incompatible with software that was designed with the 8052 in mind. Delays would be 1/3rd as long and baud rates would be 3 times as high. To remedy this problem, the DS80C320 allows the software to independently configure each of the three timers for 4-cycle or 12-cycle operation. By default, all timers operate on the standard 12-cycle approach. However, software may modify a new SFR in order to use timers in 4-cycle mode. This allows more precision in timing as well as makes higher baud rates possible. The timer cycle-modes are controlled by the CKCON SFR at 8Eh.
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SFR Bit EDCON.5 EDCON.4 EDCON.3
Description Timer 2 Cycle Control. If this bit is clear, timer 2 will operate at the 12cycle rate. If this bit is set, timer 2 will operate at the 4-cycle rate. Timer 1 Cycle Control. If this bit is clear, timer 1 will operate at the 12cycle rate. If this bit is set, timer 1 will operate at the 4-cycle rate. Timer 0 Cycle Control. If this bit is clear, timer 0 will operate at the 12cycle rate. If this bit is set, timer 0 will operate at the 4-cycle rate.
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Timer Considerations - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource
For more information on the basics of timer operation in 8051-compatible microcontrollers, please refer to our 8051 Timer Tutorial.
Click here for >>>> Dallas 80C320 - Chapter 2 (Dual Data Pointer)
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Dual Data Pointer - Dallas 80C320 Microcontroller Tutorials - Electronic Tutorials & Circuits

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Chapter 2 DALLAS 80C320 / DS80C320 Dual Data Pointer

Dual Data Pointer
Watchdog - Dallas 80C320 Microcontroller Tutorials - Watchdog, Kicking The Watchdog, Watchdog Interrupt, Watchdog System Resets

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Chapter 3 DALLAS 80C320 / DS80C320 Watchdog

Watchdog Kicking The Watchdog
Watchdog Interrupt
Watchdog System Resets
Kicking the Watchdog - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource

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Dallas 80C320 / DS80C320 Kicking the Watchdog

Kicking The Watchdog
As has been explained, the watchdog will wait for the configured amount of time. If the watchdog determines that the program has crashed, it will trigger a Watchdog Interrupt (if EWDI is set) after the configured amount of time. 128 Instruction cycles later, if the program still appears to be crashed, it will reboot the system. In order to prevent a watchdog reboot, your software must let the watchdog know that it is still alive. It does this by executing the following code: MOV TA,#0AAh ;Execute the Timed Access Protection MOV TA,#55h ;code to open the Timed Access window SETB RWT ;Reset the watchdog timer by setting the RWT bit Setting the RWT bit (WDCON.0) is how your program lets the watchdog know that everything is ok--that your program hasnt crashed. Doing so will reset the watchdog timer. You may be asking, "What are those first two MOV instructions for?" The RWT bit is a "protected bit." You may not write to it without executing the two MOV instructions. Note that you must also execute those two same instructions before modifying WDCON.0, WDCON. 1, and WDCON.3. Please see the chapter regarding "Timed Access Protection" for a more full discussion of why this is necessary.
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Using the Watchdog Interrupt - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource

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Dallas 80C320 / DS80C320 Using the Watchdog Interrupt

Using the Watchdog Interrupt
In the event that the watchdog timer is not reset within the configured amount of time, the watchdog will trigger a "Watchdog Interrupt." The watchdog interrupt is a new interrupt introduced in the DS80C320. The interrupt is enabled by setting the EWDI bit in the new EIE (Extended Interrupt Enable) SFR at E8h:
SFR Bit Bit Label EIE.4 EWDI
Bit Number EBh
Description Enable Watchdog Interrupt. When this bit is set, an interrupt through vector 63h will be triggered when WDCON.4 is set.
When EWDI is set, a Watchdog Interrupt will be triggered when WDCON.3 (Watchdog Interrupt Flag) is set. The Watchdog Interrupt vector is 63h. Products The Watchdog Interrupt Flag (WDCON.3) is set 128 instruction cycles prior to the watchdog initiating a reboot. However, this does not necessarily mean that your interrupt routine has 128 instruction cycles available to it. WDCON.3 is set exactly 128 instruction cycles prior to reboot, but the Watchdog Interrupt has the lowest polling interrupt priority. If another interrupt of higher priority is executing--or if another interrupt of the same priority occurs at the same instant--the other interrupt will execute first. If the other interrupt requires more than 128 instruction cycles, your Watchdog Interrupt routine will never have a chance to execute prior to reboot.
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Using the Watchdog Interrupt - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource
Thus, if it is critical that your application be informed of an imminent reboot, it is suggested that you give your Watchdog Interrupt a high priority and all other interrupts a low priority. You can modify the priority of the Watchdog Interrupt by modifying the corresponding bit in the new EIP (Extended Interrupt Priority) SFR at F8h:
SFR Bit Bit Label
Bit Number
Description Watchdog Interrupt Priority. When this bit is set, the watchdog interrupt is assigned high priority. When this bit is clear the watchdog interrupt is assigned low priority.
EIP.4
PWDI
FBh
Click here for >>>> Dallas 80C320 - Chapter 3.3 (Watchdog Systems Reset)
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Watchdog System Resets - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource

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Dallas 80C320 / DS80C320 Watchdog System Resets

Watchdog System Resets
If the watchdog timer is allowed to run out and no action is taken to reset the timer in the Watchdog Interrupt, the watchdog will automatically reset the system. A reset caused by the watchdog is like any other reset with one exception: The WTRF bit (WDCON.2) will be set. That is to say, if WTRF is clear it means the system is booting due to some other non-watchdog related reason. If the bit is set, the boot is due to the watchdog. You can use this information in your application to execute special code in the event a watchdog reset occurs. Take the following psuedo-code, for example: ORG 0000h JNB WTRF,NORMAL PRINT "The system locked up and was rebooted by the watchdog." PRINT "Skipping normal device initialization." LJMP MAIN NORMAL: LCALL INITIALIZE_LCD LCALL INITIALIZE_XRAM_VARIABLES MAIN: (continue normal program execution) Note that if you put all your variables in Extended RAM, a watchdog reset will not erase them. Observe in the above psuedo-code that if the system is booting due to a watchdog reset, it skips the LCD and variable initialization routines. Thus, when program execution resumes at MAIN, all variables in XRAM will still be intact. Programming Tip: While it is true that the 80320 will not clear XRAM on a watchdog reset, most compilers will. That is to say, the 80320 itself will not do anything to erase XRAM. However, the watchdog reset will effectively provoke a
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Watchdog System Resets - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource
system reset. Few, if any, third party development packages check the status of the WTRF flag on startup. Thus, the system will reset and XRAM will remain intact: However, your 'C' compiler's startup code will most likely then proceed to initialize all your variables, including those stored in XRAM. If you are using a high-level language (such as 'C', Pascal, BASIC, etc.) you will most likely need to investigate how you can instruct your compiler NOT to initialize variables automatically. However, if you are writing your program in assembler you'll have no problem: the values you've left in XRAM will be left completely intact since your assembler will only assemble the code you write--it won't include built-in variable initialization code.
Click here for >>>> Dallas 80C320 - Chapter 4 (Power Failure Functions)
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Power Failure Functions - Dallas 80C320 Microcontroller Tutorials - Power Failure Functions, Power Failure Reset, Power Failure Interrupt

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Chapter 4 DALLAS 80C320 / DS80C320 Power Failure Functions

Power Failure Functions Power Failure Reset
Power Failure Interrupt
Power Failure Reset - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource

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Dallas 80C320 / DS80C320 Power Failure Reset

Power Failure Reset
The 80C320 is equipped with an automatic power failure reset. This means that if the operating voltage drops below Vrst (see chip spec sheet.) , the microcontroller will automatically enter a reset mode. The chip will remain in reset mode until normal operating voltage is restored. This reset is performed automatically requiring no special action on the part of the software or of the user.
Interesting Fact: This feature is important. A normal 8051, without such a feature, continues to run "normally" as power dips below the minimum. However, the 8051 may begin to execute bogus instructions and/or starts writing/reading incorrect values to and from memory locations. The power failure reset feature on the 80320 prevents a low power condition from causing strange and unexpected program behavior.
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Power Failure Interrupt - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource

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Dallas 80C320 / DS80C320 Power Failure Interrupt

Power Failure Interrupt
A new interrupt can be enabled which is triggered when the operating voltage drops below Vpfi (see chip spec sheet.) This can be useful to make preparations for a power failure. WDCON.5 (EPFI) is the enable for the Power Failure Interrupt. When this bit is set, a low operating voltage will trigger the interrupt. When the bit is clear, the interrupt will not be triggered. WDCON.4 (PFI) is the flag that is set when the power falls below Vpfi. If the interrupt is enabled (via bit EPFI), an interrupt will be triggered when this bit is set. Even if the power failure interrupt is not set, this bit will be set to reflect a low-power status. Once PFI is set by the hardware, software must clear it manually. The bit will not be cleared automatically. The interrupt vector for the power failure interrupt is 0033h.
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Power Failure Interrupt - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource
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Secondary Serial Port - Dallas 80C320 Microcontroller Tutorials - Microcontroller Ports

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Chapter 5 DALLAS 80C320 / DS80C320 Secondary Serial Port

Secondary Serial Port
Timed Access Protection - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource

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Dallas 80C320 / DS80C320 Timed Access Protection

There are a number of bits that the 80C320 considers vital to correct operation. If any of these bits were to be inadvertently changed by a runaway (crashed) CPU, system reliability could suffer. In order to insure that these bits are not accidentally modified, a "timed access protection system" was created to protect them.
Programming Tip: The "Timed Accessed" procedure explained in this page also applies to other Dallas Semiconductor high-speed microcontrollers. The timed access protection system requires that the following instructions be executed immediately prior to modifying a protected bit (note that the Timed Access TA SFR is at C7h): MOV TA,#0AAh MOV TA,#55h Executing these two instructions (in the specified order) opens a 3-cycle window during which a protected bit can be modified. If an attempt is made to modify a protected bit without these two instructions being executed immediately beforehand, the modification will not take effect. For example, if you wish to enable the Watchdog by setting EWT (WDCON.1), you would need to execute the following code: MOV TA,#0AAh MOV TA,#55h SETB WDCON.1 You can also use the MOV command. So the above example could also be written in the following manner:
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Timed Access Protection - Dallas Microcontroller 80C320 / DS80C320 Tutorial - Microcontroller Tutorials Resource
MOV TA,#0AAh MOV TA,#55h MOV WDCON,#02h
It is very important to note that the following code would not work: MOV TA,#0AAh MOV TA,#55h SETB WDCON.0 ;This instruction will take effect SETB WDCON.1 ;This instruction will NOT take effect The above code segment will not work because the timed access window opened by the first two instructions is only open for 3 instruction cycles. The first SETB instruction requires 2 cycles to execute, so the timed access window will be closed while the second SETB instruction is still executing-- thus it will not take effect. If you wish to set both WDCON.0 and WDCON.1, the most efficient way to do it is, again, with a MOV command. For example: MOV TA,#0AAh MOV TA,#55h MOV WDCON,#03h
Protected Bits
The following bits are protected and, thus, you must execute the two MOV TA instructions before attempting to modify any of them: Protected Bit EXIF.0 WDCON.6 WDCON.3 WDCON.1 WDCON.0 Bit Name BGS POR WDIF EWT RWT
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10 tricks for interfacing to the PIC16C508l - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial
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10 tricks for interfacing to the PIC16C508

Most of the ideas in this chapter can be found on the pages of this website, but just in case you want to go over the capabilities of the '508A, we have brought them together. Quite often when you are programming, the first thing you will run out of is output lines. Many projects need lots of drive lines and if you need more than about 8, you should go to another micro-controller. Don't expect an 8-pin chip to perform the impossible. The designers of the '508A have done an amazing job providing 5 output lines (and one input line) in an 8-pin chip, but even so, many projects run out of drive-lines. On other pages of this course we have shown how to expand the drive lines with a binary counter or shift register. This can increase the lines to more than 10 however if you want to add just one or two more devices than the chip is directly capable of handling (5), there are clever ways to connect them to the chip. 1. LED AND PIEZO ON ONE LINE One of the simplest combinations is a LED and Piezo on a single drive-line as shown in fig: 1. These can be combined because the requirements of a LED are different to a piezo. A LED requires a constant HIGH for it to illuminate while a piezo requires a HIGH-LOW-HIGH waveform at approx 3kHz to produce a tone.
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If the mark-space ratio of this waveform is kept short as shown in fig: 2, the LED will only illuminate very dimly. A short mark-space ratio means the "mark" is very small compared to the "space". A very short on-time (mark) and a long off-time (space) will not affect the tone from the piezo but will deliver very little energy to the LED and this is exactly what we want.
On the other hand, each time the LED is activated, only a very small click will be heard, and this will hardly be noticeable. In this way the two devices can be combined on the same line. 2. LED AND PUSH BUTTON ON ONE LINE In this book, we show how to connect two and up to five or more push buttons on a single input line and generally you will not have any problems adding buttons to a project. But if you want to add a secret reset button (or a "cheat" button, for example), it can be added across an existing LED as shown in fig: 3.
The resistor between the switch and micro acts as a safety resistor to prevent the output of the chip being damaged if the switch is pressed when the LED is activated, and it also acts as a dropper resistor for the LED. These two items will work in combination because the impedance of the LED is very high when no voltage is across it and when the micro turns the line into an input line, it sees the LED as a high impedance. In other words it is not detected so that when the switch is pressed the micro only sees the switch as a LOW. 3. DIFFERENT PROGRAMS IN THE CHIP
Up to 5 different programs can be burnt into a single '508A and the required program can be accessed by soldering a resistor between one of the outputs and the "input-only" line - GP3, as shown in fig: 4.
During turn-on, a special program will put a HIGH on each output in turn and the output containing the resistor will determine the program. Combining 5 programs in one chip will reduce inventory costs as the required program can be selected by fitting the resistor in the appropriate place on the board. 4. LINE REVERSAL If a device is connected between two output lines as shown in fig: 5, a program can be written so that the device sees a voltage reversal. When one output is HIGH the other is LOW and this is then reversed.
The drive lines have a maximum output current of 25mA and this is enough to drive a number of different devices. If a red LED is connected in one direction and a green LED in the opposite direction, they can be turned on and off individually, as shown in fig: 6.
If the two LEDs are placed near each other or combined in the one LED (called a tri-coloured LED), they will produce a number of colours including orange, depending on the mark-space waveform delivered to each LED. A single LED containing red and green chips is available in 2 or 3 lead versions. The wiring for a 3-leaded tricolour LED is shown in fig: 7. The tri-leaded version is shown in fig: 6.
Tri-coloured LEDs are fairly expensive but if the project can cover the expense, they can be the basis of "running message" displays and simple TV screens. If you connect a piezo to two out-of-phase lines as shown in fig: 8b, the sound produced will be slightly louder than the arrangement in fig: 8a.
When we talk about a piezo we really mean a PIEZO DIAPHRAGM. A piezo diaphragm is a passive device and is very similar to a capacitor as far as the circuit is concerned. Ceramic substrate on a metal diaphragm causes the metal to "dish" and bend to produce a high pitched sound. The size of the voltage (the amplitude) determines the intensity of the sound and the frequency of the waveform determines the tone. The voltage across the piezo from one drive line is about 5v whereas the voltage seen by the piezo from two reversing lines is about 10v. Unfortunately this doesn't produce twice the sound output but the sound is slightly louder. If you want a louder output you should use a better-quality high-output diaphragm (such as from a Christmas card). The loudest output is a piezo siren and this is an active device containing a transistor oscillator and choke. These units operate from 5v to 15v and produce a very loud output while consuming only about 10mA to 15mA. 5. DRIVING LEDs Each output line of a '508A can only deliver about 25mA. This current is determined by the size of the transistor delivering the current. The transistor inside the chip is only very tiny and if a higher current is drawn, it may be damaged.
When a resistance of 200 ohms is connected from output to ground, a current of 25mA flows (when the output is HIGH). If the resistance is reduced, a higher current flows. This means a resistance of 200 ohms or higher is required to make sure the current flow is less than 25mA. But if a LED is placed on the output, how is the resistance worked out? A LED drops a voltage across it according to its colour. This is called the CHARACTERISTIC voltage or the CHARACTERISTIC VOLTAGE DROP. This voltage is constant, no matter how bright the LED is illuminated. For a red LED the characteristic voltage is 1.7v. For an orange LED the characteristic voltage is 1.9v. For a green LED the characteristic voltage is 2.1v. LEDs cannot be connected directly to the output of a drive-line without a voltage-dropping resistor. The reason is very technical but basically a red LED does not turn on AT ALL until exactly 1.7v is placed across it and if the voltage tries to rise above 1.7v, the LED will glow brighter, allow a very high current to flow and will be damaged. The only way to prevent damaging the LED is to provide it with a very accurate supply voltage or simply connect a resistor in series. If the value of the resistance is worked out, an accurate current can be delivered to the LED and everything will be ok. The LED will last 100 years! Suppose you want to deliver 25mA to a LED.
If we take a red LED, the value of resistance can be worked out by Ohms law. The voltage across the resistor is: 5v - 1.7v = 3.3v I = V/R 0.025 = 3.3/R R = 132 ohms Use 130R resistor. 6. DRIVING LEDs IN PARALLEL AND SERIES If a number of LEDs are required to be driven from a single output, you will need to connect them in parallel or series. There are limitations, however, as you will see. Firstly it is ok to connect two LEDs in series, provided you work out the value of the dropper resistor. If a single red LED is connected to an output and supplied with 25mA via a 130 ohm resistor, when two LEDs are connected in series, the second LED will drop 1.7v and the supply voltage will be 5v - 3.4v = 1.6v. In this case the two LEDs will receive a current of 12mA from the 130 ohm resistor and they may be a lot duller than expected. To supply them with 25mA, the dropper resistor must be: R = V/I = 1.6/0.025 = 64 ohms Use 68R resistor as shown in fig: 10.
If three LEDs are connected in series, the total characteristic voltage drop will be 1.7v + 1.7v + 1.7v = 5.1v This is higher than the maximum voltage on the output line and in theory, the LEDs will not illuminate AT ALL, no matter what dropper resistor is used! This means only two LEDs can be connected in series to an output line. LEDs can be connected in parallel AND series as shown in fig: 11. Four LEDs is the maximum that can be driven from a single output line and this will deliver about 12mA to each LED.
You will notice a separate dropper resistor is required for each column of LEDs because LEDs cannot be operated in parallel due to the 1.7v characteristic voltage required across each for perfect operation. For example: one LED may have a characteristic of 1.75v and another may have 1.65v characteristic. The 1.65v LED will rob the other of voltage and prevent it operating. More on this in our Notebook series. 7. DRIVING MORE THAN 4 LEDs If more than 4 LEDs are required to be driven, a buffer transistor will be required as shown in fig: 12. This transistor will allow the LEDs to be driven from a 12v supply (or higher) and the number of LEDs can be increased to 6 per column for 12v.
If the transistor can handle 100mA, four columns can be made, allowing 24 LEDs to be illuminated. In this way segments of a large pattern can be illuminated and by referring to some of the projects we have included, the lines of the '508A can be expanded to twelve or more and an impressive display can be created. 8. CONNECTING A GLOBE A globe is a device that requires a very high start-up current. This is something you may not be aware of. The startup or warm-up current for a globe is about 6 times its operating current and although this current is drawn for only a very short period of time, it is one of the reasons why a globe does not work in some circuits. The high start-up current prevented one of our flip-flop circuits working. The resistance of the leads from the project to the battery
was sufficient to prevent the circuit starting-up. That's why it is important to remember everything we discuss. To drive a globe from an output of the microcontroller, a buffer transistor is needed. Any type of transistor will be suitable providing its current handling ability is about 600mA for each 100mA of operating current for the globe. A suitable drive circuit is shown in fig: 13.
The globe can be dimmed by delivering a variable mark-space waveform. Fig:2 shows the type of waveform with the on-time represented by the "mark" portion of the waveform. 9. CONNECTING A RELAY Most relays require more than 25mA for operation and need a 12v supply. For this a buffer transistor is required. Fig: 14 shows how a relay is connected to an output of the '508A. The diode across the relay prevents voltage from the relay getting into any of the supply lines and affecting the operation of the microprocessor.
When the relay is turned off (de-energised) the collapsing magnetic field of the coil generates a very high voltage and this can be passed to the supply rail if it is not "snubbed." The diode absorbs (snubs) this voltage. 10. CREATING SECURITY WIRING FOR AN ALARM When designing an alarm project, the wiring between the sensors and the control panel must not be able to be cut otherwise the alarm system is useless! Making the wiring FULLY SECURE is very complex but a simple way to prevent the wires being cut or joined
together (without detection) involves a line-sensing feature called LINE REVERSAL. Most alarms consist of pin switches or reed switches with the windows and doors physically keeping the switch closed or having a magnet to keep the contacts of a reed-switch closed. If the door or window is opened, the circuit becomes open and the alarm is activated. This is called a CLOSED LOOP detection circuit. It's very easy to see that if the two wires going to the alarm panel are joined together near the alarm panel, the alarm will not activate when a window or door is opened. To overcome this problem a diode is placed in the line near one of the sensors as shown in fig: 15.
The alarm is required to send out a HIGH on one line and detect the high on the other line. The alarm then sends out a HIGH on the other line and since the diode is reverse biased for this condition, the alarm must sense a low on the first line. This "line testing" is done many times per second and if the line is shorted, the program will detect the interference. The only limitation to this system is the micro will not detect a diode fitted across the two lines near the alarm panel. The thief has to know of this limitation and the diode has to be fitted around the correct way to defeat the system. How many thieves carry a diode with them and know how to fit it? 11. CONNECTING A MOTOR In theory you can connect a motor to two drive-lines and get forward and reverse operation. But unfortunately a motor requires a very high start-up current and the drive lines of a '508A are not capable of delivering this current. The solution is to use transistor buffers in the bridge arrangement of fig: 16.
Lines A and B are two outputs from a '508A. There is an important point to remember when programming the output lines to prevent a short-circuit occurring with the bridge. You will notice that if both A and B are HIGH at the same time, transistors L, M and X, Y will be turned on at the same time and a short-circuit will occur on the power rail. To prevent this from happening lines A and B must be LOW at the beginning of the program. By taking line A HIGH, transistors M and X are turned on and this delivers voltage to the motor to turn it in the clockwise direction. To control the RPM of the motor, line A can be given a variable mark-space ratio. To reverse the motor, line A must be taken low and after a short delay, line B can be taken HIGH. This will deliver voltage to the motor via transistors Y and L and cause the motor to revolve in the opposite direction. Reverse RPM can be adjusted with a variable mark-space pulse. Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials
27c801 EPROM Programmer Project - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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27c801 EPROM Programmer Project
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27c801 EPROM Programmer Project - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial
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2-wire LCD interface using PIC16CF84 - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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2-wire LCD interface using PIC16CF84

Author : Myke Predko Alphanumeric LCD displays have become very popular for microcontroller applications because they can add a lot to a project in a variety of different ways. A text message giving the user instructions as well as feedback can make the application seem much more "professional" and easy to use. I like to use LCD's to help debug applications, with breakpoints set to display variable and I/O conditions and they are a lot cheaper than using a microcontroller emulator. To top it off, surplus LCD's can be found for a dollar or less. The most popular LCD interface is the Hitachi 44780 based LCD controller chip which provides a fairly easy to work with interface and low power consumption. The major drawback of the interface is the perceived complexity of working with the interface. This perception has been promoted by the lack of good (i.e. well translated) and accurate datasheets and web site information. Often the biggest stumbling block to using alphanumeric LCD displays is the number of pins required to control them. For the Hitachi 44780, twelve pins are required from the microcontroller to interface to the display for it to work in eight bit mode. For many smaller microcontrollers, twelve pins are not available or will be better served in the application. To be fair, this can be reduced to six by using the 44780's "Four Bit" mode, but this can still be more than acceptable for most applications. A popular solution that only requires one pin from the microcontroller to the LCD is the use of "Serial LCD Interfaces" to the data and signals necessary for the Hitachi 44780 controllers. Many of these products (such as the SLI-OEM) are excellent and can provide useful product interface and debugging information. The only drawback to them is the need for properly timed NRZ serial data which may be difficult or even impossible to guarantee in some applications.
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In this case, different approaches have to be made. The most popular one is to use synchronous serial data (requiring a "clock" and "data") pin to load a serial-in/parallel-out shift register with the data bits and "R/S" pin information. The "E" Strobe Pin is driven directly by the microcontroller to latch in the data from the LCD. This is shown in the diagram below:
The project presented in this article is an enhancement of this circuit. By combining the shift register's "Data Line" with the most significant bit of the shift register, the "E" Strobe can be implemented without resorting to a separate line for the function. The 1 K resistor and diode act as an "AND" gate. A schematic of the circuit is shown below.
The operation of the resistor/diode "AND" gate may not be immediately obvious. When the shift register bit is low, the diode pulls the connection to the "E" pin low. When the shift register bit is high, the diode will not cause any current flow from the connection at the "E" pin to the shift register. The resistor from "Data" to the "E" pin is a current limiting resistor. When the shift register bit is low and the data bit is high, then the current through the resistor will be limited to 5 mA (for a 5 Volt logic application). At the "Data" side of the resistor, the voltage will still be high, even though the diode is pulling the "E" pin low. When both the "Data" line and the shift register bit are high, the "E" pin will be high. The "AND" circuit could be a TTL two input AND gate (such as a 7408), if you have an extra one available for your application. When I originally created this circuit, I used the same two transistor and two resistor circuit that I used for the 89C2051 emulator in "Programming and Customizing the 8051 Microcontroller". I saw this "AND" equivalent circuit in an old copy of "Electronics Now" and found that it worked well in this application. To load the shift register, it first has to be cleared to ensure that the "E" will not be strobed to the LCD inadvertently. This is done by first shifting in six "0"s to make sure that while the correct data is being loaded into the shift register, no "high" voltage level is passed to the "E" pin of the LCD.
Once this is done, the data can be shifted in. The diagram below shows how the shift register is initially cleared and then loaded with the data to be strobed (using "E") into the LCD:
The application code, "2wirelcd.asm" is an assembler source file written for the PIC16C84. The file is written to be used with the "MPASM" assembler built into Microchip's "MPLAB". I wrote the code with the idea that it should be easily portable to any low-end or mid-range PICMicro without modification. For the two I/O pins ("Data" and "Clock"), I "defined" them to allow you to use virtually any pins in your PICMicro application. I say "virtually any" because PORTA pin 4 (also known as "RA4") is of "open drain" configuration and cannot source a positive voltage. The code itself is a very straightforward example of writing a 4bit LCD application which displays the string "Hello" on the LCD display. The important difference between this code and a straight 4-bit LCD output is the "NybbleOut" subroutine, which is called twice by each of the "SendCHAR" and "SendINS" subroutines (which send characters and instructions, respectively, to the LCD). "NybbleOut" first drops the "Data" line and then strobes the "Clock" bit six times to clear the shift register. Next, a "1" is strobed in, followed by the "R/S" pin value, which is stored in the PICMicro's "Carry" flag. I used Carry for this purpose because in this application I used RA0 and RA1 as the output pins and to simplify the operation of the code, I shift PORTA with Carry loaded with the "Data" Pin Value. If this is not possible in your application, then "NybbleOut" should be changed to the following code. I have marked changed lines with "####' in comments. NybbleOut2 ; Send a Nybble to the LCD movwf NOTemp ; Save the Nybble to Shift Out swapf NOTemp ; Setup to Output to the High Part of the Byte movlw 6 ; Clear the Shift Register movwf Dlay NO2Loop1 ClockStrobe decfsz Dlay goto NO2Loop1 movlw 5 ; #### - Now, Shift out the Data with the "RS" Bit movwf Dlay bsf Data ; Put out the Gate Bit ClockStrobe NO2Loop2 bcf Data ; #### - Clear the Data Bit (which is the Clock) btfsc STATUS, C ; #### - If the Bit to be output is a "1", Shift it Out
bsf Data ClockStrobe rlf NOTemp ; #### - Shift the Next Bit into the Carry Flag decfsz Dlay goto NO2Loop2 EStrobe return The only point to notice with this code is that the "E" strobe will become active on the last bit if the least significant data bit is high. This lack of "settling time" before "E" is active does violate the "true" 44780 specification, but I haven't found it to be a problem when I've built this circuit Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials ; Strobe out the LCD Data
8051 Development System Circuit Board - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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8051 Development System Circuit Board
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/8051_development_system_circuit_board.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 6:06:30 PM]
Click on diagram for better view
Parts List
Quantity 2 5 Reference C1,C2 C3,C4,C5,C6,C7 Part 33pf >1uf, 16V (for the MAX232)
1 1 3 1 1 2 8 1 1 3 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
C8 C9 C10,C11,C12 D1 D2 D3,D12 D4,D5,D6,D7,D8,D9,D10,D11 R1 R2 R4,R5,R6 R7,R8,R9,R10,R11,R12,R13,R14 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7,U8 U9 Y1 P1, P2
100uf (>6.3 Volt) 100uf (>16 Volt) 0.1uF (Decoupling Caps) 13V Zener, Digi-Key # 1N4743ACT 5.6V Zener, Digi-Key # 1N4734ACT 1N4001 Rectifier Diode LED, Digi-Key Part # P437 1MEG 1K 10K 470 Ohm 87C51 (or equiv) 74HC373 (Octal Latch) 6264 (8K x 8 SRAM) AM28F256 (Flash ROM) 82C55 (I/O Chip) 74HC138 (3:8 Decoder) 74C00 MAX232 11.0592 MHz Xtal DB-9 Female Connector, Digi-Key Part # A2100
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8051 Development CircuitBoard System - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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8051 Development System Circuit Board2
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/8051_development_system_circuitboard_2.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 6:06:44 PM]
Click on diagram for better view The address bus in this schematic is connected in an unusual way, which is optimized for simpler point-to-point wiring. For anyone building the board using wire-wrap or hand soldered point to point construction, this wiring scheme makes for much less clutter in the wiring if the chips are positioned similarily to the layout on the printed circuit board. Very few wires cross over one another. This also makes the PC board layout a bit simpler, allowing wider traces and fewer vias. This unusual address bus wiring works. The 74HC373 chip (U2) is 8 identical flip-flops, so it does not matter which one is used for each line. On the RAM (U3) and Flash ROM (U4) chips, all data that is stored in these chips is written by the 87C52 chip (U1), so it does not matter which physical location within the chip is mapped into each location within the CPU's address space, because each read from these chips will return the same data that was written from a previous write.
Some readers have felt that it's "just not natural" to connect any other way than P0.0-D0-Q0-A0, P0.1-D1-Q1-A1, and so on, but it does indeed work. For a historic example, Woz used a very creative address bus connection scheme in the Apple ][ to automatically do DRAM refresh with his video refresh reads. Because he arranged the address pins a certain unusual way, every video mode accessed each DRAM row several times per video refresh, so he didn't need to add the cost and space of the usual DRAM refresh circuits (he interleaved video and cpu memory access, since the 6502 spends half its time not fetching anything). It works, and Apple sold millions of them! The MAX232 chip (U9) is shown with C3, C4, C5, and C6 as 1 F, but the board is usually built with 10 F capacitors (as shown in the parts list below). Either will work. C6 is connected to ground. In the sample circuit within the datasheet, it is connected to Vcc. Either connection will work. This connection causes charge-pump current flow through C8 and C10, but it avoids coupling the Vcc line to the V+ pin (high frequency digital switching noise, relative to ground, despite C11-C17). The V+ pin is ultimately connected via the MAX232 driver to the RS232 cable.
Memory Map
0000 - 1FFF 2000 - 3FFF 4000 - 5FFF PAULMON2 Monitor SRAM 82C55 I/O Chip 4000: Port A (read or write) 4001: Port B (read or write) 4002: Port C (read or write) 4003: Configure (write only) User Expansion (Y6 signal assert low) Flash ROM
6000 - 7FFF 8000 - FFFF
All memory on the rev 3 board is read using MOVC (code space). The RD signal is not connected, so MOVX may not be used to read the memory.
Connector Pinouts
Pinout Diagrams, Contributed by Kaushik B. M. (kaushikbm@hotmail.com)
Parts List
Quantity Reference 2 8 7 1 8 1 1 3 C1,C2 C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10 Part Capacitor, 22 to 33 pF Capacitor, 10 F, 35V
C11,C12,C13,C14,C15,C16,C17 Capacitor, 0.1 F D1 D4,D5,D6,D7,D8,D9,D10,D11 R1 R2 R4,R5,R6 1N5819 LED, T-1 Size 1MEG 1K 10K
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2
R7,R8,R9,R10,R11,R12,R13,R14 470 to 1k (depending on LED brightness) U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7,U8 U9 Y1 P1, P2 JP5 JP6,JP13 87C52 (or equiv), pgm w/ PAULMON2 v2.1 74HC373 (Octal Latch) 6264 (or similar 8K x 8 SRAM) SST39F512 (Flash ROM) 82C55 (I/O Chip) 74HC138 (3:8 Decoder) 74HC00, Quad NAND Gate MAX232 11.0592 MHz Crystal DB-9 Female Connector, Digi-Key Part # A2100 Molex 2 Pin Header w/ Locking Ramp 2 Pin Header (a single 4 pin may be used) 7805, 5 Volt Linear Regulator Heatsink Machine screw, 4-40, 1/2 inch Nut, 4-40 14 Pin DIP Socket 16 Pin DIP Socket 20 Pin DIP Socket 28 Pin DIP Socket 32 Pin DIP Socket 40 Pin DIP Socket
8051 Development System Circuit Board3 - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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8051 Development System Circuit Board3
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_referen...ircuits/8051_development_system_circuitboard_3.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 6:06:53 PM]

This schematic is provided in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty, not even a warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
The address bus in this schematic is connected in an unusual way, which is optimized for simpler point-to-point wiring and board layout. For anyone building the board using wire-wrap or hand soldered point to point construction, this wiring scheme makes for much less clutter in the wiring if the chips are positioned similarly to the layout on the printed circuit board. This unusual address bus wiring works. The 74HC373 chip (U2) is 8 identical flip-flops, so it does not matter which one is used for each line. On the RAM (U3) and Flash ROM (U4) chips, all data that is stored in these chips is written by the 87C52 chip (U1), so it does not matter which physical location within the chip is mapped into each location within the CPU's address space, because each read from these chips will return the same data that was written from a previous write. Some readers have felt that it's "just not natural" to connect any other way than P0.0-D0-Q0-A0, P0.1-D1-Q1-A1, and so on, but it does indeed work. For a historic example, Woz used a very creative address bus connection scheme in the Apple ][ to automatically do DRAM refresh with his video refresh reads. Because he arranged the address pins a certain unusual way, every video mode accessed each DRAM row several times per video refresh, so he didn't need to add the cost and space of the usual DRAM refresh circuits (he interleaved video and cpu memory access, since the 6502 spends half its time not fetching anything). It works, and Apple sold millions of them! The MAX232 chip (U9) is shown with C3, C4, C5, and C6 as 1 F, but the board is usually built with 10 F capacitors (as shown in the parts list below). Either will work. C6 is connected to ground. In the sample circuit within the datasheet, it is connected to Vcc. Either connection will work. This connection causes charge-pump current flow through C8 and C10, but it avoids coupling the Vcc line to the V+ pin (high frequency digital switching noise, relative to ground, despite C11-C17). The V+ pin is ultimately connected via the MAX232 driver to the RS-232 cable.
Parts List Quantity Reference Description 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 IC, 87C52, Microcontroller (program with PM21_2F4.HEX), PLCC-44 IC, 62256, SRAM, 32Kx8, DIP-28 IC, SST39SF512, Flash ROM, (39F010, 39F020 ok) PLCC-32 IC, 82C55, Programmable Peripheral Interface, PLCC-44 IC, MAX232, RS-232 Interface, +5 Volt, DIP-16 IC, 74HC00, Quad NAND Gate, DIP-14 IC, 74HC02, Quad NOR Gate, DIP-14 IC, 74AC08, Quad AND Gate, DIP-14 (use AC family for 22 MHz) IC, 74AC20, Dual 4-input NAND Gate, DIP-14 (use AC family for 22 MHz) IC, 74HC138, Decoder, 3 to 8, Active Low, DIP-16
1 1 1 8 2 11 8 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 IC, 74HC373, Octal D Flip-Flop, DIP-20 IC, LM7805, Voltage Regulator, +5 Volts, TO-220 Crystal, 22.1184 MHz, HC49/SU, Parallel 20pF LED, T-1 3/4, Red, Low Current Ultra Bright Capacitor, 22pF Capacitor, 0.1F Capacitor, 10F, 35V Diode, Schottkey, 1N5819 Resistor, 820, 5%, 1/4W Resistor, 1k, 5%, 1/4W Resistor, 3.3k, 5%, 1/4W Resistor, 10k, 5%, 1/4W Resistor, 1M, 5%, 1/4W Trim POT, 2k, 1 Turn Pushbutton, Momentary Contact, 6 mm, 4 or 5 Pin Connector, Terminal Block, 2 Conductor, 5.08 mm Connector, D-Sub 9 Pin Socket (Female), PCB Right Angle Socket, 2x7, 0.1 Inch Spacing Header, 4 pin, 0.1 Inch Spacing Socket, DIP, 14 pin, 0.3 inch Socket, DIP, 16 pin, 0.3 inch Socket, DIP, 20 pin, 0.3 inch Socket, DIP, 28 pin, 0.6 inch Socket, PLCC, 32 pin Socket, PLCC, 40 pin Heatsink, TO-220, 0.7x0.7x0.35 Screw, 4-40, 3/8 inch Nut, 4-40 PC Board, DEV_PCB_BARE
How The Address Decoding Logic Circuitry Works The basic idea is that some logic chips connect to the upper address bits and they assert on of the chip select signals, depending on what memory range the processor is accessing. The A15 signal goes directly to the RAM, so the RAM gets selected for all addresses where A15 is low (0000 to 7FFF). A11 to A14 go to a 4-input NAND gate. That gate outputs low when all four signals are high, and its output is low in all other cases. That gate and the A15 signal go to the other 4-input NAND gate and to the 74HC138 chip. When A15 is high, and any of A11 to A14 are low, the other 4-input NAND gate drives the flash rom chip select low. That means the flash rom is enabled from the range 8000 to F7FF. Those same two signals also go to the 74HC138 chip's G1 and G2a inputs. The 74HC138 only drives one of its outputs low when G1 is high and when G2a is low. That means the 74HC138 chip drives one of its 8 signals in the range of F800 to FFFF. The three address inputs to the 74HC138 are connected to A8, A9 and A10, so that each of those signals corresponds to a 256 byte range. If you follow where each one goes, you'll see they correspond to the memory map for the periperals. Most of the chips are designed to connect directly to the bus, so all that's needed is to connect their address pins to the lower pins of the address bus, their data pins to the data bus, and their write and output enable pins to the WR and RD/PSEN signals. All the chips see all those signals, but only the chip that gets a low signal on its chip select pin will communicate with the processor. All the other chips remain silent. The 8051 provides the address information before it asserts RD, WR or PSEN to cause the chip to communicate, and the logic gates are chosen so that the chip select signals are generated before the 8051 strobes on of those control signals. The LCD is the one device that is a bit different. Most bus interface devices require the address signals first, then the chip select, and then the RD or WR control signal. The LCD instead requires its address (register/data select), read/write select, and data signals first. Then an active-high enable signal is given to the LCD to make it execute the bus cycle. To accomplish this, the R/W signal of the LCD is connected to an address pin, as is the RS (regsiter/data select). This way those signals are asserted first and maintained throughout the bus cycle. This means that separate memory locations must be used to read from and write to the LCD. The three control signal are AND'd together and fed to a NOR gate with the active-low chip select, so that the LCD will get an active high enable signal that begins well after the address pins are stable (as is required by most common LCDs).
About The Memory Size (How To Add More Memory) Frequently I receive email about making modifications to this design to provide more memory. There are some important considerations to using more memory, but it certainly is possible... the mp3 player project uses 32 megabytes! But using more memory requires careful consideration. The most important factor is that the 8051 processor has a 16 bit address space. This means the processor can never "see" more than 64k of memory. Actually, the 8051 has three memory spaces, 256 bytes of internal RAM, and two 64k byte external spaces, one for data and the other for executable code. The executable code space is read-only (PSEN signal), so there is really only one writable 64k address space. This design uses an AND gate (74AC08) to combines the two spaces together, which makes the board simpler to use and of course is needed to allow writing to the memory during code download. So in the end, there is really only a 64k address space to use. A common approach to using more memory is to connect the memory as shown above, and then to connect the higher address bits (A16, A17, etc) to port pins. This is called "bank swapping", because it effectively provides multiple banks of memory and only one is "visible" to the processor at any one time. The banks are "swapped" by changing the port pins that connect to the upper address bits. In the schematic above, the 39F512 flash rom is actually 64k of memory, but only 30k is available to the user (the chip select logic does not assert CE, pin 22, so that the LCD, 82C55 and chip select signals can use the upper 2k of the memory map). A simple approach to using 60k of flash memory would be to disconnect A15 (pin 3) from +5V and attach it to one of the port pins. Likewise, a 39F040 chip could be substituted for the 39F512, and then A16, A17, and A18 could be attached to additional port pins to provide sixteen banks of 30k or a total of 480k of flash memory. A similar approach could be used with the RAM chip, as there are 128k and 512k RAM chips. These larger RAM chips have 32 pins instead of 28 pins, but their 28 common pins have similar functions, so only a few extra pins need to be connected. Again, connecting upper address bits to the port pins would allow the memory to be "bank swapped". Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials
90S2313 AVR Robot Board - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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90S2313 AVR Robot Board
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/90S2313_AVR_robot_board.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 6:07:00 PM]
'-------------------------------------------------------------' file: Test2313.BAS ' demo: Test2313, HEX ' DLC 5/28/2001 '-------------------------------------------------------------Dim A As Byte , B1 As Byte , C(3) As Byte Dim L As Bit Config 'PD0 = 'PD1 = 'PD2 = 'PD3 = Portd = &B0010010 RxD, Input TxD, Output IRPDR, Input IRPDL, Input
'PD4 = LED, Output 'PD5,6 = Inputs Print "Testing TTT 90S2313 Robot board" Print "Now working the SSC chip" 'PortB.3 Open "comb.3:2400,8,n,1" For Output As #1 Printbin #1 , 01 Wait 1 Printbin #1 , 31 Wait 1 Printbin #1 , 63 Close #1 Print "Now checking IRPD" For A = 1 To 10 B1 = Pind And &H0C Rotate B1 , Right , 2 Print B1 Wait 1 Next A Print "Toggling the LED Now" For A = 1 To 10 Portd.4 = Not Portd.4 Waitms 200 Next A Print "Now checking out the MCP3202" 'Configure for SPI Config Spi = Soft , Din = Portb.6 , Dout = Portb.5 , Clock = Portb.7 Config Pinb.4 = Output Portb.4 = 0 Spiinit 'Tell 3202 to do a reading A = &B00001100 For B1 = 1 To 20
Portb.4 = 0 Spiout A , 1 Spiin C(1) , 2 Portb.4 = 1 C(3) = C(1) Shift C(1) , Right , 4 Shift C(2) , Right , 4 Shift C(3) , Left , 4 C(2) = C(2) Or C(3) Print C(1) ; " " ; C(2) Wait 1 Next B1 Print "Completed" End
A Scenix (and PIC) Programmer - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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A Scenix (and PIC) Programmer
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/a_scenix_and_pic_programmer.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:07:10 PM]
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Acceleration Monitor using ADXL202 and AVR - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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Acceleration Monitor using ADXL202 and AVR
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/acceleration_monitor_using_ADXL202_AVR.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:07:17 PM]
The schematic show that the AccelR8 only uses 3 IC's. An AVR 8515 microcontroller do the calculation work and controls the other circuits. An MAX603 controls voltage and power-on/power-off. And the chip that makes it all possible, the ADXL202 from Analog Devices measures the acceleration. This chip is a small wonder. It uses a tiny micro machined polysilicon structure on the silicon wafer. The structure is part of a capacitor, so deflection of the structure (by acceleration) can be measured. The ADXL202 can measure acceleration in two axes, and if you have a Microsoft Freestyle Gamepad, you already have an ADXL202 ! In this case, we only use one of the axes, and the ADXL202 outputs this data as a variable duty-cycle squarewave. The 8515 calculates the acceleration by measuring the pulsewidth/period relationship. The acceleration is then used in further calculations, and the resulting data is show on the display.
AFSK 1200 Modem Based on PIC16C620 - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AFSK 1200 Modem Based on PIC16C620
Click here for more detail & source code
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_refe...circuits/afsk_1200_modem_based_on_PIC16C620.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:07:23 PM]
AFSK 1200 Modem Based on PIC16C620 - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_refe...circuits/afsk_1200_modem_based_on_PIC16C620.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:07:23 PM]
Analog to Digital Conversion Notes - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials An analogue signal is similar to a sine wave and is generally less than 5v (5,000mV) in amplitude. Low-level signals are generally expressed in mV, to make them instantly recognisable and easy to talk about. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Analog to Digital Conversion Notes
Fig: 1shows an analogue signal. It may be as low as a few millivolts or hundreds of millivolts. In general this type of signal will be too small to be detected by a microcontroller. A micro needs a signal greater than about 3,500mV so that the waveform appears on the input line as a HIGH, during the peak of its excursion. It should be as high as 5,000mV as possible for reliable detection of the signal. The instruction to "read" the HIGH is: BTFSS 06,3 ; Test input line GP3
This instruction tests line GP3 and if the bit is HIGH (the line is SET - the line sees a HIGH) the micro will skip the next line in the program and execute the line that follows in the program. The shape of the waveform does not matter. It can consist of large excursions and small excursions as shown in fig: 2.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_referenc...ler_circuits/analog_to_digital_conversion_notes.html (1 of 9) [1/17/2007 6:07:37 PM]
Only the large excursion(s) will be detected by the micro as the others may be too small to be detected. To increase the analogue signal to as high as 5,000mV as possible, an amplifier is needed, as shown in fig: 3.
The amplifier maybe one or two stages, depending on the amplitude of the original signal. Each stage of an amplifier will increase the size of the signal about 70 times. If you are very lucky, you may get an amplification of 100x (100 times). Thus a 5mV signal with one stage of amplification will produce a 350mV signal. This is not sufficient to be detected by the micro. Another stage will easily produce a full 5,000mV signal and the micro will detect its presence. The second stage only needs to amplify the signal about 10 to 12 times to be sufficient for the micro, and the added gain provided by the stage simply drives the waveform into "bottoming" and "cut-off" as shown in fig: 4.
This means the waveform will be "clipped" at the top and bottom and converted to a fairly "square-ish" shape. Normally this would be called distortion but in digital terms we don't worry about it being distorted and simply use it for its "triggering" properties.
Suppose you have a waveform that is higher than 5mV (say 30 - 50mV) and want to know if it will trigger the micro after a single stage of amplification. Connect the circuit in Fig: 5 to the micro and connect a LED with 470R resistor in series, to pin GP0. Burn the following routine into a PSEUDO'508 and the LED will illuminate when the waveform is detected as a HIGH. Program for a Pseudo'508: BSF 03,5 ;Select Page1 MOVLW 08 ;GP3 input TRIS 06 ;Load TRIS BCF 03,5 ;Select Pag0 Test1 BTFSS 06,3 ;Test input line GOTO Test2 BSF 06,0 GOTO Test1 Test2 BCF 06.0 GOTO Test1 There is only one problem with the circuit in Fig: 5.
At the end of a whistle or speech, the LED may be illuminated or extinguished. It all depends on the last cycle of the waveform. The circuit sits with the output approx mid-rail and the micro does not know if this is a high or low, and takes the reading by the direction of the last cycle. Some of the inputs of the micro are Schmitt Triggered. This means a HIGH has to be 85% to 100% of rail voltage for it to be seen as a HIGH and between 20% and 0% to be seen as a LOW. The non-Schmitt Trigger inputs see a LOW as 20% to 0% and a HIGH as above 2v for 5.5v operation. If the last cycle went from zero to mid-rail the micro will see the waveform as a low on Schmitt Trigger inputs and a HIGH on the other inputs. If the cycle came from a high to about mid-rail, the waveform will be seen as a high. This problem can be overcome via a few instructions in the program, by looking at the input and if it is not changing, it is ignored. Suppose the circuit only just activates the micro with a loud whistle. To improve the sensitivity of the input another stage will be needed.
This can be a DIGITAL STAGE as shown in fig: 6 or an analogue stage as shown in fig: 7.
A digital stage simply means the biasing resistor is left off the base of the second transistor so the transistor turns on fully when a signal greater than 650mV is detected and is fully turned off at other times. This stage is ideal for the micro as only two voltage levels are delivered. Either 0v or rail voltage (5v).The other advantage is the stage does not take any quiescent (idle) current. This stage is only suitable if you are sure you have plenty of "over-voltage" to drive the transistor into saturation. By this we mean you must have at least 1v (1,000mV) drive signal so you can be sure the transistor will turn on (saturate). The fast rise and fall times means you have a "clean" period of time during a HIGH or LOW for counting operations. A micro determines the frequency of an incoming signal by counting the length of time for the HIGH or LOW (between a rise and fall) and coming to a decision as determined by the program. If the lengths of the HIGHs and LOWs are very regular the micro can come to an accurate decision very quickly. This is very important if you are detecting a particular frequency out of a possibly range of frequencies as the program will compare the incoming frequency with a table value and it may keep sampling until an exact match is produced. Fig 7. Shows two analogue stages with "over-drive." The circuit produces a signal that is larger than necessary for the micro, and when the input waveform is very low, the output will still be sufficient to trigger the micro. This circuit is more sensitive than fig: 6 and should be used if you want to pick up faint whispers and turn on equipment (such as a tape recorder). It should also be used for magnetic pick-ups (such as a metal detector, nail finder or pipe locator) as this type of pick up has a very low output (can be as low as 1 to 5mv). THE PIEZO DIAPHRAGM Piezo transducers such as piezo diaphragms can also be used as microphones. They produce a very "tinny" sound (like talking into a tin) but this is not important in our case. The output is about the same as an electret microphone
(about 10 to 30mV for low level speech and up to 50mV for loud speech). Some diaphragms are very sensitive while others are very insensitive. You can check the sensitivity with a CRO, by simply whistling and viewing the waveform. Diaphragms that operate on low voltages, such as those in a music card seem to very sensitive. The only other way to determine a sensitive piezo diaphragm is to connect it to a music chip. The output it produces reflects its sensitivity as a microphone. The piezo diaphragm has an advantage over an electret microphone. It does not need a power source.
The diagram of fig: 8 shows how to connect it to a transistor amplifier. Using the program above, whistle into the diaphragm and determine if a single stage is sufficient. If not, a second stage, exactly like the microphone stage can be added.
Fig 9 shows a simpler circuit to interface a piezo diaphragm to the input of a micro. The first transistor is held in "bottoming" and the second in "cut-off." This offers the lowest current consumption and produces the greatest output. The second transistor is "turned-off" because the first transistor is "ON" and the voltage across its collectoremitter terminals is about 0.35v and this is below the turn-on voltage of 0.65v for the base of the second transistor. The first transistor is fully turned on but the turn-on current is very low and this allows the maximum waveform to be produced by the piezo for a given sound intensity. In other words the circuit puts the lightest load on the piezo. When no-signal is present, the output of the circuit is HIGH. A signal from the piezo produces a full-rail waveform to exactly match the waveform from the piezo. By monitoring the output of the circuit you will be able to detect the instant the waveform produces a LOW. Instructions that loops until a low is detected are shown below:
Loop1 NOP BTFSC 06,0 ;Test GP0 for a LOW GOTO Loop1 The only problem with loop1 is it holds up the micro from doing any other operations. The solution is to "poll" the input line by producing a program that "looks" at the input on a regular basis and if a low is detected, a "bit" is placed in a flag register. The Main routine constantly looks at the flag register and when the bit is SET, it carries out an operation and cancels the flag. MAGNETIC PICKUP A 10mH choke (with both wires coming out the same end so the magnet can pass as close as possible to the core) can be used as a magnetic pick-up to detect rotating shafts etc. The circuit in fig: 10 will connect it to a micro. Attach a strong magnet to a rotating shaft and have the magnetic sensor close to the magnet as possible without touching. The amplitude of the waveform produced by the coil (choke) will depend on the strength of the magnet, the distance between the magnet and coil, the speed of the rotating shaft and the number of turns on the coil.
Fig: 10 "AC" couples the coil to the amplifying circuit so that the biasing of the first transistor can be determined by the value of the base-bias resistor. The coil cannot be connected directly to the transistor as the low impedance (resistance) of the coil will upset the bias on the base. If the coil is directly connected to the base, the voltage across the coil will be only a few millivolts and the coil will have to produce 600mV or greater to turn on the transistor. With our arrangement, 100mV or less will turn off the transistor (a 100mV waveform will turn the transistor ON more during the "positive half" of the waveform and turn it off during the other half of the waveform). Any coil of wire of any size will be suitable and to make it an effective collector of magnetic flux it should have a magnetic core such as a ferrite. Simply rotate the shaft at half the required RPM and if the circuit detects the magnet, the coil is suitable. No other impedance-matching or resistance measurements are necessary. The output of the circuit is exactly the same as for the piezo diaphragm except the frequency will be considerably less. THE LDR The cheapest light sensor is the LDR. It has a resistance of about 100 ohms in bright light and more than 1M in darkness.
It can be connected to a transistor amplifier as shown in fig: 11.
The pot alters the sensitivity of the LDR so that the output changes at the desired light intensity. This circuit is only suitable for large changes in intensity. If you need to detect a very slight change in illumination you need a very sensitive detector. PHOTO DARLINGTON TRANSISTOR A more sensitive device is a photo-darlington transistor, such as the MEL-12. A further stage of amplification and a pot will adjust the sensitivity level. This is shown in fig: 12.
VOLTAGE LEVELS Some waveforms change very slowly. They may take a day or so to rise and fall. The are classified as VOLTAGE LEVELS and can be produced by thermocouples (a thermocouple PRODUCES a voltage due to the heating of two different metals in contact with each other). Other devices DELIVER a voltage by being supplied with a voltage and the resistance of the device causes a certain voltage to appear across it. You can call it a VOLTAGEDIVIDER principle. Devices that deliver a voltage include the thermistor, diode (and transistor) and strain gauge. This is very important as it determines how the device is connected to either an amplifier or the input of the micro. THE FREQUENCY OF A SIGNAL Once you have a waveform that triggers the micro (use the test program given at the beginning of this article to make sure it is being detected by the micro) you can get the program to simply detect its presence or determine the frequency. The frequency can be determined in two ways: 1. Counting the number of HIGHs and LOWs in one second.
2. Counting the time taken for a HIGH-to-LOW transition - one half cycle. Method 1 is a very slow way to obtain a frequency in cycles per second. A micro works so fast that it can determine things in a fraction of a second. Method 2 is much faster but it can be very inaccurate as the half-cycle is multiplied-up to get the value in Hertz. To reduce the inaccuracy you can count 10 cycles or 100 cycles and perform a multiplication. A higher cyclecount reduces the inaccuracy. The following steps are required to produce the value of a frequency (in Hertz). Refer to fig: 13 for the definition of a HIGH and LOW. The input is looped until a HIGH is detected. The program then goes to a short delay. The micro comes out of the delay and increments a "count" file. The program looks at the input for a LOW. If a LOW is not detected the program goes to step B. When a LOW is detected the program has a value in the "count" file - this is half a cycle. By adding-up the number of instructions carried out during the "count" increment, the program can work out the frequency of the waveform. Sometimes a frequency in cycles per second is not required. You may want to compare a frequency with a value in a table. This is called TONE DETECTION. TONE DETECTION - also called Tone decoding The frequency of an incoming tone can be detected and "flagged" when it is exactly the correct tone. This is handy for detecting DTMF tones on the phone line. In this way DTMF tones can be used for turning on equipment (such as lighting, heating, alarms etc). The accuracy of the tone can be set by the program. It is best to allow a margin of error so you can guarantee the tone will be recognised. For best detection, the incoming tone should be "good quality" i.e full amplitude and free from noise, so the determination can be speedy. Fig: 13 shows a typical waveform.
AT89C2051 Digital thermometer and clock - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AT89C2051 Digital thermometer and clock
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/AT89C2051_digital_thermometer_clock.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:07:46 PM]
Figure 1 depicts circuit diagram of the DigiThermo. The MCU is ATMEL 89C4051 CMOS Microcontroller having 4kB code memory, 128 bytes On-chip RAM and 8-bit Port1 and Port3. The A/D chip is HARRIS CA3162, 3-digit DVM. The A/D converter employs dual-slope integrator providing 10Hz sampling rate. Digital output sent to MCU is multiplex four bit BCD started from MSD, LSD and NSD respectively. The MSD signal was tied to P3.7 indicating first digit ready to be read. Integrating capacitor is a 330nF Polyester type. The 10k POT connected to pin13 is a gain adjustment and 50k POT to pin 8 and 9 is for zero adjustment. The input of the converter is true differential pin 11 for HI and pin 10 LO signal. Temperature was measured by a precision solid-state sensor from National Semiconductor, LM35D. The output signal is 10mV/C. Since the A/D converter is capable of providing 0-1000mV reading with 1mV resolution, thus the converter can resolve 0.1C (not absolute accuracy). A 100k and 0.02uF forms a first order low-pass filter used to be front-end hardware filtering. The 16x1 line LCD is connected in 4-bit interfacing to P1.4-P1.7 with control signal RS and E to P3.4 and P3.5 respectively. The +5V power supply uses a 78L05 TO92 case with external +9V adapter.

AT89C2051 Night Light Saver - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AT89C2051 Night Light Saver
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/AT89C2051_night_light_saver.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:07:53 PM]
Introduction The Saver V5.0 runs simple clock emulation program, turns a night light on and off with preset time, say 19:00 to 22:00 everyday. The design features low cost, easy installation, no battery backup and no EMI. The AT89C2051 uses external oscillator generated by Schmitt trigger gate CD4093, ~680kHz. Reference frequency was derived from 50Hz main line. Time setting only allows at 18:00 by pressing time set button once. If main line has failed, functioning LED will blink at high rate . Since there is no battery backup, thus repressing the button is then needed. The output is capable of driving say, a 25W incandescent lamp.
AT89C2051 Real Time Controller - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AT89C2051 Real Time Controller
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/AT89C2051_real_time_controller.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:08:01 PM]
Author : Wichit Sirichote
Introduction
This is my long history the device that controls my home's night light, air-conditioner, etc. The device is a Miniature Real-time Controller. The circuit uses only three chips, a 89C2051, DS275(or MAX232), and 74LS07 open collector driver. The scheduler for time on/off of 6-channel output can be made by downloading from PC and saved into onchip RAM. Each output provides a 20mA sinking suitable for driving a homemade opto-triac or big solid-state relay for heavy load.
Hardware
A circuit diagram of the Miniature Real-time Controller is shown in Figure 1. A 89C2051 with a low-cost X-tal 3.579MHz runs timer6.hex. The 6-channel output is P1.2 to P1.7 driving with sink current. A 74LS07 open collector provides approx. max 20mA @12V suitable for driving a homemade opto-triac shown in Figure 2. Two signal diodes, 1N914, provide simple backing up supply for the 89C2051. Since RST uses simple RC circuit, there is no brownout protection and reset switch thus when the controller operated with battery for long time, the chip may knock. Simply take the battery out and put them again. The RS232 level converter, instead of DS275, any converter may use, say MAX232, or simple circuit using two transistors.
Figure 1: Circuit Diagram of Miniature Real-time Controller (a nice circuit diagram was drawn by my student Patra Pienchob).
Homemade Opto-triac
An opto-triac with zero-crossing can be made easily. I have used an MOC3041 to drive 5A 240V triac. A night light used in my home mostly be an incandescent lamp, the circuit below works fine. For such heavy load as air-conditioner, I used a solid-state relay,one from CRYDOM D2410, say.
Figure 2: Example of Connecting homemade optotriac and SSR to the RTC. Click here for more detail & source code
AT89C2051 Serial CMOS to LED Driver- Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AT89C2051 Serial CMOS to LED Driver
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/AT89C2051_serial_cmos_to_led_driver.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:08:08 PM]
Click on Diagram for better View

AT89C2051/4051 Driving Dot LED - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AT89C2051/4051 Driving Dot LED

Author : Wichit Sirichote A basic circuit of the 89C2051 shown here can be made easily using point-to-point soldering with a universal PCB. Use an ordinary 20-pin socket, do not use a circle-pin socket. D1 is a small dot LED. U2 can be either 7805 or 78L05. U3 is optional for correcting any polarity DC adapter. Without the 2051 chip in the socket, checks the connection, then measures +5V between pin 20 and pin 10. Test the LED by shorting P1.7 pin to GND.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_referen...roller_circuits/AT89C2051_4051_driving_dot_led.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:08:16 PM]
myfirst.c MYFIRST.C MYFIRST.HEX Test your board with myfirst.c, a simple c program that makes LED blink every 0.5 second. /* * myfirst.c * First C program for 2051 experiment * complement P1.7 every 0.5 sec * Copyright (C) 1999 Wichit Sirichote * compiled with Dunfield Micro-C for 8051 Release 3.2 */ #include c:\mc\8051io.h /* include i/o header file */ #include c:\mc\8051reg.h extern register char cputick; // cputick was incremented every 10ms register unsigned char sec100,flag1; #define n 50 task1(); // functions declarations task2(); main() {
flag1 = 0; sec100 = 0; serinit(9600); // set timer0 to be 16 bit counter
while(1){ while(cputick == 0) ; cputick = 0; task1(); task2(); }
task1() // { sec100++; if (sec100 >= n) {sec100 = 0; flag1 |= 0x01; } }
set bit 0 of flag1 every n*10ms // increment sec100 // clear sec100 // set bit 0 of flag1
task2() { if ((flag1 & 0x01) != 0) // execute below if bit 0 of flag1 is set { // P1 ^= 0x80; // exclusive or the latch bit 7 with 0x80 asm " CPL P1.7"; // complement P1.7 flag1 &= ~0x01; // clear bit 0 of flag1 } }
Exercises s change blink rate to 5Hz with time on of 0.5 second s swap c++ comment between P1 ^= 0x80 and asm " CPL P1.7", recompile with -iac, see the MYFIRST.ASM, difference of the compiled code between two lines, does it work? which one is better? why? Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials
AT89C2051/4051 Easy Downloader - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (AC) Circuits (DO) Circuits (PZ) Tutorials Author : Wichit Sirichote Introduction The first version of the Easy-Downloader was designed in 1997 to be used as a tool for my students on building her/his own microcontrollers circuit in the class " Designing Microprocessors System". The circuit features low-cost and easy use. The latest version V1.1 was designed to be used with 2051 and the newest 4051 chips. There is no separate functions like other programmer e.g., blank check, erase, write. Simply type say, c:\..>ez hello , the hex file "hello.hex" will then be programmed to the chip automatically. If the chip is not blank or the code is locked, it will erase first, then write and verify... that all. Hardware Figure 1 shows a circuit diagram of the Easy-Downloader. As shown, the circuit uses a 89C2051 with writer.hex firmware, 74LS373 8-bit latch, DS275-like, 7805, LM317 and two transistors, 2N2222A and 2N2907A. The programming voltage control circuit is the same as recommended by ATMEL application note. It can be raised from 0V, 5V and 12V by appropriated signal from P3. The 8-bit latch, 74LS373 provides some signal for selecting the programming modes. A byte to be programmed or read back is sent/received through P1. Incrementing address is done by pulsing a positive pulse to XTAL pin. The circuit may be built using simple point-to-point soldering with a general purpose PCB( fish's egg like PCB) or making PCB shown above, the file is Easy-v1.pcb Protel PCB version 2.76. The finished board should be tested without any chips; 1) +5V supply, 2) programming voltage 0V, 5V and 12V by connecting the pin that control (P3.5 and D) 2N2222A and 2N2907 to +5V and/or GND. The adapter output should be approx. 15Vdc 100mA. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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AT89C2051/4051 Easy Downloader
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_refere...oller_circuits/AT89C2051_4051_easy_downloader.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:08:23 PM]
AT89C2051/4051 Easy Downloader - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial
Click here for more detail & source code Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_refere...oller_circuits/AT89C2051_4051_easy_downloader.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:08:23 PM]
AT89C2051/4051 Connecting Dumb Terminal - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AT89C2051/4051 Connecting Dumb Terminal
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/AT89C2051_4051_connecting_dumb_terminal.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 6:08:32 PM]
Author : Wichit Sirichote Some applications may not need user display and key interface, dump terminal is an alternative way for program setting, displaying user interfacing command. Debugging, dump terminal connects with serial port, use only 2-i/o pin, P3.0 for Rxd and P3.1 for Txd. Any computers that has serial port and emulates as a dump terminal can be used for the purpose, the example used PC run terminal emulation program has COM1 9600baud 8data bit no parity, 1 stop bit. standard serial port is RS232C needs level converter from TTL to RS232C by using MAX232 or DS275. D1 is a dot LED used for testing program running.
terminal.c TERMINAL.C TERMINAL.HEX This program displays simple clock on terminal. The 89C2051 sends ascii string representing real-time through TxD pin at 9600 baud. /*
* terminal.c * use terminal for displaying clock * Copyright (c) 1999 by Wichit Sirichote * compiled with Dunfield Micro-C for 8051 Release 3.2 * c:\mc\cc51 terminal -i h=c:\mc m=t */ #include c:\mc\8051io.h /* include i/o header file */ #include c:\mc\8051reg.h extern register char cputick; unsigned register char sec100,sec,min,hour,flag1;
main() {
flag1 = 0; hour = 17; min = 59; sec = 0; serinit(9600); while(1){ while(cputick <10) ; cputick = 0; time(); printtime(); }
time () /* update real-time clock */ { sec100++; if (sec100 >= 10) /* 100 * 10 ms = 1 s */ {sec100 = 0; flag1 |= 0x01; /* set bit 0 */ sec++; if (sec >= 60) {sec = 0; flag1 |= 0x02; /* set bit 1 */ min++; if (min >= 60) {min = 0; hour++;
if (hour >= 24) {hour = 0; }
} } } }
printtime() { if ((flag1 & 0x01) != 0) { printf("\n %02u:%02u:%02u",hour,min,sec); flag1 &= ~0x01; } } Exercises
s s
write a function that can be used to set current time of the clock. there's a dot LED connected at P1.7 with sink current driving, write a function that sets turn on time, when the clock reachs setting time, makes the LED on. Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials
AT89C2051/4051 Scanning 7 Segment Display and Keypad - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AT89C2051/4051 Scanning 7-Segment Display and Keypad
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/AT89C2051_scanning_7_segment_display_keypad.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 6:08:42 PM]
Author : Wichit Sirichote Since the output buffer of P1 can sink 20mA (each output pin, but maximum IOL for all outputs was limited at 80mA), thus we can use P1 to drive LED display directly. As shown in the circuit, Two common-anode 7-segment LEDs are connected to P1 with 180 Ohms current limiting resistor. Each segment of two LED are tied in parallel to P1. Q1 and Q2 are activated by logic low of P3.0 and P3.1, sourcing +5V to common anode pins. P3.4 read logic low if either S1 or S2 was pressed while scanning period have made.
7-seg.c 7-SEG.C 7-SEG.HEX
The program demonstrates simple counting down clock. S1 is used for setting time to 99, S2 for start count down. /* * 7-seg.c * Driving 2-digit 7-segment Common Anode LED & keypad * Copyright (C) 1999 Wichit Sirichote * compiled with Dunfield Micro-C for 8051 Release 3.2 * c:\mc\cc51 7-seg -i h=c:\mc m=t */ #include c:\mc\8051io.h /* include i/o header file */ #include c:\mc\8051reg.h extern register char cputick; // cputick was incremented every 10ms register unsigned char flag1; unsigned register char sec,digit,buffer[2]; register char key; char convert[10] = {0x3F,0x0c,0x76,0x5e,0x4d,0x5b,0x7b,0x0e,0x7f,0x5f};
/* my LED's segment pin designation (differs from standard) b __ a|__| c f| | d -e */ #define setValue 99 main() {
flag1 = 0; sec = setValue; timeToBuffer(); serinit(9600); // set timer0 to be 16 bit counter while(1){ while(cputick < 10) scanLED(); // execute the following functions every 100ms cputick = 0; timeToBuffer();
keyexe(); countdown(); }
scanLED() /* scan 2-digit LED and 2-key switch, if key pressed key = 0-1 else key = -1 */ {
int i; digit = 0x02; // scan code 00000010 key = -1; for( i = 0; i < 2; i++) /* 2-DIGIT scanning */ { P3 = ~digit; /* send complement[digit] */ P1 = ~buffer[i]; /* send complement[segment] */ delay(1); /* delay 1ms */ P1 = 0xff; /* off LED */ if ((P3 & 0x10) == 0) /* if key pressed P3.4 became low */ key = i; /* save key position to key variable */ digit>>=1; /* next digit */ }
timeToBuffer() // converts binary data in sec to 7-segment pattern { buffer[0] = convert[sec%10]; buffer[1] = convert[sec/10]; } countdown() { if ((flag1 & 0x02) != 0) sec--; if (sec == 0 ) flag1 &= ~0x02; // clear run bit } keyexe() { if (key != -1) { switch(key){ case (0): /* key position 0 */ reset(); /* service key 0 */ break;
case (1): /* key position 1 */ run(); /* service key 1 */ } }
reset() { sec = setValue; // reload set value timeToBuffer(); flag1 &= ~0x02; // stop counting down } run() { }
if (sec != 0) flag1 |= 0x02; // start counting down
Exercises s countdown( ) function decrements time every 0.1sec or 100ms, try change to 1 sec. s use logic probe check at P3.7, is there a pulse observed? use this pin connects a small transistor that drives a buzzer, modify the source program to activate buzzer when count value is zero. s see CLOCK CONTROLLER, for details of scanning four digit LEDs and four key switches. Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials
AT89C2051/4051 Stepper Motor Interface - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (AC) Circuits (DO) Circuits (PZ) Tutorials Author : Wichit Sirichote M1 is a stepper taken from an old disk drive. There are five pins, i.e., common, coil 1, 2, 3 and 4. Resistance measured between common pin and each coil is about 75 Ohms. Driving current for each coil is then needed about 60mA at +5V supply. A Darlington transistor array, ULN2003 is used to increase driving capacity of the 2051 chip. Each output provides 500mA max at 50V. P1.4 to P1.7, four output pins are connected to the input of the ULN2003 as shown in the circuit. Four 4.7k resistors help the 2051 to provide more sourcing current from the +5V supply. The serial port is optional for your exercises. Many have provided useful technical, and application of using stepper, see the links below. Web Hobbyprojects.com
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AT89C2051/4051 Stepper Motor Interface
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/AT89C2051_stepper_motor_interface.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 6:08:50 PM]
stepper.c stepper.c stepper.hex I have changed a 10ms time base with a simple TF0 polling instead of using interrupt. The program is just to send the stepper's energizing pattern to the P1 every 10ms. Flag1 is used for intertask communication. /* * STEPPER.C * sweeping stepper's rotor cw and cww 400 steps * Copyright (c) 1999 by W.Sirichote */ #include c:\mc51\8051io.h /* include i/o header file */ #include c:\mc51\8051reg.h register unsigned char j,flag1,temp; register unsigned int cw_n,ccw_n; unsigned char step[8]={0x80,0xc0,0x40,0x60,0x20,0x30,0x10,0x90} #define n 400
/* flag1 mask byte 0x01 run cw() 0x02 run ccw() */ main() {
flag1=0; serinit(9600); disable(); /* no need timer interrupt */ cw_n = n; /* initial step number for cw */ flag1 |=0x01; /* initial enable cw() */
while(1){ { tick_wait(); /* wait for 10ms elapsed */ energize(); cw(); ccw(); } /* round-robin execution the following tasks every 10ms */
} cw(){ if((flag1&0x01)!=0) { cw_n--; /* decrement cw step number */ if (cw_n !=0) j++; /* if not zero increment index j */ else {flag1&=~0x01; /* disable cw() execution */ ccw_n = n; /* reload step number to ccw counter */ flag1 |=0x02; /* enable cww() execution */ } } } ccw(){ if((flag1&0x02)!=0) { ccw_n--; /* decremnent ccw step number */ if (ccw_n !=0)
} }
j--; /* if not zero decrement index j */ else {flag1&=~0x02; /* disable ccw() execution */ cw_n = n; /* reload step number to cw counter */ flag1 |=0x01; /* enable cw() execution */ }
tick_wait(){
/* cputick was replaced by simpler ASM code 10ms wait */
asm" JNB TCON.5,*"; /* wait for TF0 set */ asm" CLR TCON.5"; /* clear TF0 for further set */ asm" ORL TH0,#$DC"; /* reload TH0 with $DC, TL0 = 0 */
energize(){ P1 = step[(j&0x07)]; /* only step 0-7 needed */
Exercises s change the speed showing the rotation becomes faster or slower than 10ms time delay. s with an additional serial port, write an initializing function that receives ascii command from terminal to set the number of step for cw and ccw, say. s while energizing the stepper coils, write a function that read ascii character from terminal on the fly to decrease or increase rotating speed, say. Stepper Links s Jones on Stepping Motors Jones provides a tutorial covering the basic of stepping motors and control systems, including physics of the motor, circuits and software for motor control. s Basic Stepper Motor Concepts Understanding electromagnetic principle underlying the stepper. s Motorize Your Telescope Mel Bartels describes how to motorize telescope, many links for amateur astronomy. Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials
AT89C2051/52/55 Easy Downloader - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AT89C2051/52/55 Easy Downloader
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/AT89C51_52_55_easy_downloader.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:09:00 PM]
Author : Wichit Sirichote Introduction If you need more code space for your application, particularly for developing 89Cxx projects with C language, the EasyDownloader V2.0 is the answer. It's suitable and cheap which anyone can build easily. This version is capable of writing intelHEX file to a 89C51(4kB), 89C52(8kB) and 89C55(20kB). After compiling the source file in Assembly or C then download the hex file to the chip directly by using A:\>ez2 myfirst(.hex), say. Hardware Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram of Easy-Downloader V2.0. The 89C51 with ez52.hex receives a 9600 baud serial data from PC and generates the appropriated signal applying to the ZIF socket. P0 is for bi-directional data transferring. P1 provides A0A7, P2.0-P2.6 for A8-A14. Look at A14, our software uses P2.6, while ATMEL uses P3.0 instead. Programming mode selection is done by P3.4 to P3.7. See in ez52.c for details. The programming voltage shown a bit different from version 1.1, Vpp pin needs only +5V and +12V and simply activated by P3.3. The clock input pin X1 of the ZIF socket is derived from X2 without buffering. I have tested, no problem so far.
Click here for more detail & source code Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials
AT90S8515 Experimenter Board - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AT90S8515 Experimenter Board

Click here to download Schematic in PDF format Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/...ocontroller_circuits/AT90S8515_experimenter_board.html [1/17/2007 6:09:06 PM]
Atmel 8051 Flash Based Microcontroller Programmer - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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Atmel 8051 Flash Based Microcontroller Programmer
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/atmel_8051_flash_based_microcontroller_programmer.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:09:19 PM]
Introduction : The Atmel Flash devices are ideal for developing, since they can be reprogrammed easy and fast. If you need more code space for your application, particularly for developing 89Cxx projects with C language. Atmel offers a broad range of microcontrollers based on the 8051 architecture, with on-chip Flash program memory.
Reprogrammable Flash AT89C51 AT89C51RC AT89LV51 AT89C52 AT89LV52 AT89C55 AT89C55WD AT89LV55 2.7-Volt, 80C31 Microcontroller with 4K bytes Flash 80C32 Microcontroller with 8K bytes Flash 2.7-Volt, 80C32 Microcontroller with 8K bytes Flash 80C32 Microcontroller with 20K Bytes Flash 80C32 Microcontroller with 20K Bytes Flash 2.7-Volt, 80C32 Microcontroller with 20K bytes Flash 80C31 Microcontroller with 4K bytes Flash
Devices : Today following devices can be programmed:

s s s
AT89C51 AT89C52 AT89C55
Hardware : sketch circuit (similar to version 1.0)
Click on Diagram for better view

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Atmel 89C2051 In-Circuit Programmer Schematic - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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Atmel 89C2051 In-Circuit Programmer Schematic

Author : Paul Stoffregen This is a "beta release" schematic. Use at your own risk The idea is to add this circuitry to a board with already has ram at 2000 and an 82C55 I/O chip to provide ports A, B and C. Warning: not shown here is a memory mapping trick which is described below. You must figure out a way to provide the necessary memory mapping to make beta version 0.003 work. The next beta release will fix this problem, so that an ordinary memory configuration will work... but for now a hardware trick or some preprocessing of your intel hex files is needed. The AND and NAND gates shown should be 74HC08 and 74HC00 respectively. It a TTL type NAND gate is used (eg LS, L, S, ALS, etc) the crystal oscillator may be problematic.
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A Picture Is Worth 1000 Words
Several people have asked how to save images. Here's a few things to try. NOTE: in the above schematic, the line indicated P3.3 (which controls the TXD echo feature) should really connect to P3.4, and the one labeled P3.4 really ought to connect to P3.3. Sorry... I'll get a fixed copy of this schematic on-line sometime, with the signals names that now appear in BETA Version 0.004. On the bright side, if you do connect it differently, it's a simple matter to reassign the pins in the software with 0.004. The inputs on the left side of the schematic come from the ports on the 8051 and 82C55. Port A, Port B, and PC.0 come from the 82C55, and the other lines are from the 8051. The TXD pin of the 8051 is connected to the TXD(in) input line, and the TXD(out) line is connected to the line driver for the programmer's serial transmit. This simple three gate circuit provides the "echo-through" feature which is useful for troubleshooting code while the 89C2051 is in-circuit by echoing data to the programmer's transmit line. The 20 pin ribbon cable should leave pins 1, 4, and 5 unconnected. Double check that pin 10 is connected to ground. add stuff here about the power supply issues. I suggest connecting pin 20 in the ribbon cable to Vcc on the programmer... Do not connect XTAL2 (pin 4) of the 89C2051 chip. The 15 switches shown are the gates within the CD4066, so four of these chips are required. The three NMOS transistors are within a single CD4007 chip. The trick here is to not use the three PMOS transistors which also come in this chip. You must connect +12 volts to pin 14. I'll add more more detailed information about how to connect this chip, hopefully in a
week or so. let me know if you're building from this beta schematic and need some assistance. Basically, the two PMOS transistors with floating drains get their drains and sources connected to Vcc. The third PMOS transistor whose drain is connected to an NMOS drain inside the chip gets it's source (the other line) connected to the drain, which is also the drain of one of the NMOS transistors. Pin 14 MUST be connected to +12 volts to avoid damage to this chip.
Warning: beta code 0.003 expects RAM to exist at location 0x2000 to store a copy of the data to be programmed into the 89C2051. The code for the 89C2051 must be assembled at location 0000. Beta version 0.003 uses the download code from the unreleased version of paulmon2, without any modification. When you download the code, beginning at location 0000, it really needs to get stored at location 2000, and so on. To accomplish this, I just AND'd the Y0 and Y1 lines from the 74HC138 chip. However, for the development board example, this prevents the EPROM from working. I used the built-in EPROM in an 87C51 for the first version of this project, so this isn't a problem. If you have an 87C51 and a programmer for it, this is the easiest way to make it work. For now, beta version 0.003 requires some sort of hardware trick so writes to 0000 go into 2000, and so on. An alternate workaround is to assemble at 0000 and then modify the intel hex code to shift everything to location 2000, so that the download code will just write the data where the programmer needs it to be. Here is some C source code to read and write intel hex files, if you want to take this approach. This isn't a problem with BETA version 0.004 since 0.004 does address translation in software. All you have to do is specify the physical location of the buffer memory near the top of the program (in an .equ line), reassemble (as31 works), and 0.004 will use this buffer memory when the user tries to download/upload/view code assembled starting at 0000. As well, you're not limited to having the buffer at 2000 with 0.004, you can specify it's location. I wasn't too careful about using MOVX or MOVC to read external memory... my board has the AND gate to combine the two memory spaces. A future release will use MOVC exclusively, but I believe version 0.003 uses MOVX quite a bit. Version 0.004 uses MOVX to read from the buffer memory... maybe MOVC here and there as well. Click here for >>>> other Microcontroller Schematics / Circuits Tutorial <<<<< Back to other 1000's of Circuits & Tutorials
Atmel 89C2051 prototype board - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (AC) Circuits (DO) Circuits (PZ) Tutorials Author : M Asim Khan Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Atmel 89C2051 prototype board
This single sided proto board provides an economical solution for developing and testing the projects around Atmel 20 pin series u-controllers (89Cx051 & AVR)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/atmel_89C2051_prototype_board.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 6:09:40 PM]
Figure 1: Circuit Diagram of Proto Board Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram of proto board. All port connections are available for user interface around the proto area including the power supply pins. MAX232 serial driver is used to provide a 3 wire RS232 interface for connecting to the PC or other rs232 devices. Switch S1 provide a manual reset to u-controller. The crystal X1, C7 & C8 can be replaced by a three pin ceramic resonator, the pcb has provision for both type of oscillator interface.
For AVR devices the C6 and R2 has to be interchanged, because AVR series have active low reset input also the Vcc point of reset switch S1 has to be connected to GND instead of Vcc, there is a provision on pcb for the selection of reset type for switch S1. For printing the pcb files on HP laser printer download the PCBs.zip file and run the Laser.bat file after extracting from the zip file. Figure 2 & 3 shows the component layout of the proto board pcb and the track patterns respectively.
Figure 2: Component layout of the Proto PCB
Figure 3: Track patterns of the Proto PCB
Part List of the Project.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 2 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B1 C1,C9 C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C11 C7,C8 C10 D1 K1 K2 R1 R2 R3 S1 U1 U2 U3 X1
BRIDGE 100V 1A (DIP TYPE) 100nF CERAMIC 10uF 16V 33pF CERAMIC 470uF 25V LED GREEN 3mm SIP CON 3 WAY DC SOCKET (PCB TYPE) 100R 10K 560R PUSH SWITCH MAX232 AT89Cx051, AT90S1200, AT90S2313 LM7805 CRYSTAL or CERAMIC RESONATOR
Atmel AVR and 8051 series ISP programmer - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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Atmel AVR and 8051 series ISP programmer Ver 3.0
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/atmel_avr_8051_series_isp_programmer.html (1 of 6) [1/17/2007 6:09:54 PM]
Author : M Asim Khan Introduction This ISP Programmer can be used either for in-system programming or as a stand-alone spi programmer for Atmel ISP programmable devices. The programming interface is compatible to STK200 ISP programmer hardware so the users of STK200 can also use the software which can program both the 8051 and AVR series devices. Hardware Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram of the in-system programmer interface, the power to the interface is provided by the target system. The 74HCT541 ic isolate and buffer the parallel port signals. It is necessary to use the HCT type ic in order to make sure the programmer should work with 3v type parallel port.
Figure 1:
Circuit Diagram of the ISP Programmer Interface
Figure 2 shows the circuit diagram of the stand-alone spi programmer, the power to the interface is provided by the PC USB port which can supply a max of 100mA current. Get a cheap USB cable, cut the cable other end connector and attach a crimp shell connector to this end, red wire is 5v and black is 0v. The printer port buffer interface is same as shown in figure 1. For the u-controller a 40 pin ZIF socket can be used. This programmer circuit can be use to program the 89S series devices and the AVR series devices which
are pin compatible to 8051, like 90S8515. For other AVR series devices the user can make an adapter board for 20, 28 and 40 pin devices. The pin numbers shown in brackets correspond to PC parallel port connector.
Figure 2: Software
Circuit Diagram of the SPI Programmer
The ISP-3v0.zip file contains the main program and the i/o port driver for windows 2000 & XP. Place all files in the same folder, for win-95/98 use the "ISP-Pgm3v0.exe" file, for win-2000 & XP use the "ISP-XP.bat" file. The main screen view of the program is shown in figure 3. Also make sure do not program the RSTDISBL fuse in ATmega8, ATtiny26 and ATtiny2313 otherwise further spi programming is disable and you will need a parallel programmer to enable the spi programming. For the fuses setting consult the datasheet of the respective device. For the auto hardware detection it is necessary to short pin 2 and 12 of DB25 connector, otherwise the
software uses the default parallel port i.e. LPT1. I have only included the devices which I have in hand, and verified their correct programming, when I will get the other devices the software will be updated. Following are the main features of this software,
r r r r r r r r
Read and write the Intel Hex file Read signature, lock and fuse bits Clear and Fill memory buffer Verify with memory buffer Reload current Hex file Display buffer checksum Program selected lock bits & fuses Auto detection of hardware
Note: The memory buffer contains both the code data and the eeprom data for the devices which have eeprom memory. The eeprom memory address in buffer is started after the code memory, so it is necessary the hex file should contains the eeprom start address after the end of code memory last address i.e. for 90S2313 the start address for eeprom memory is 0x800. The software does not provide the erase command because this function is performed automatically during device programming. If you are required to erase the controller, first use the clear buffer command then program the controller, this will erase the controller and also set the AVR device fuses to default setting. Download ISP-Flash Programmer Software SPI Programmer Schematic SPI Programmer Partlist ISP-3v0.zip SPI-sch.pdf SPI-partlist.pdf
ISP Flash Programmer 3.0
Figure 3:
Main screen of the program ISP-Pgm3v0
Contribution to ISP-Flash Programmer ISP_FJH_.pcb : designed by Homan Falahati , edited by Farshid Jafari Harandi from Iran using Protel Pcb. isp_programmer.zip: Schematics and PCB designed by Farshid Jafari Harandi from Iran using Eagle cadsoft. Purohit.zip: Layout in Post Script file format made by Prahlad J. Purohit from India.
Automatic door opener with PIC12C508 - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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Automatic door opener with PIC12C508
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/automatic_door_opener_with_PIC12C508.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 6:10:05 PM]
Author : Peter JAKAB description This circuit can be used to operate an electric strike or an electromagnetic lock on a door. It is not the door being opened/closed, but a small electromagnetic strike which unlocks the door. The opener has the following features currently programmed in software:
s s s s s
automatic operation when a guest pushes the doorbell, the strike is operated immediately - can be set by a switch (SW) manual remote operation - by pushing a button (BUTTON), the strike is operated immediately timer delayed operation by pushing the same button longer than 500 ms - the strike is operated after a pre-set time programmable timer delays for relay operating time and delay before timer opening two-color LED display shows current state
usage After power-on the circuit will be operating and the display LED will be constant RED when the auto switch is in OFF state and will be slowly changing between red and green when the switch is in AUTO state. Shortly pushing the BUTTON will operate the door relay for about 3 seconds (this delay can be reprogrammed). Holding down the PUSH button for a bit longer will operate the door relay after about 20 seconds. This timer delay is also reprogrammable. The display LED lights in constant YELLOW while the delay timer is running. delay programming WARNING: entering inappropriate codes for the timers will result in strange operation (too long/short delays) and you may have to break the power for the device to reset and start again. To enter the delay programming mode, hold down the BUTTON and change the state of the SWITCH. The LED display will turn OFF until the release of the BUTTON. In this mode the software reads the values for the two timers in the form of 4 hex numbers. The first two numbers make up an 8-bit value for the timer of the door opening time and the second two numbers make up an 8-bit value for the delay timer. The values are given in a rough 10 ms unit.
s s s s s
entered digits: D1 D2 D3 D4 door opening time: D1*16+D2 opening delay time: D3*16+D4 to program 3 seconds opening time and 20 seconds delay time you would enter digits 30c8 (3,0,12,8) to return to the hard-coded original delay times, break the power to the device for a few seconds.
Entering digits: press the BUTTON the number of times the digit you want to enter. Eg. if you want to enter digit 8, press the button eight times. To finish entering a digit, wait for about 1 second and the LED color will blink, indicating that the code is stored and you can proceed entering the next digit (if there are more). Not pushing the button for 1 second in this mode will store the digit 0 and proceed with a LED blink. After all 4 digits are stored the program will restart with the new values. software
the software for the microcontroller is available in source format. It is developed under the Microchip MPLAB development environment, and you will need it or some other PIC compiler to build the object code for the device. If you program the object code, check the fuse settings and make sure that all the I/O pins are programmed to be I/O lines and not OSC or MCLR. In the beginning of the source you find a #define line which sets the PIC chip under which the code will compile. It is a good idea to develop on a 16F84 device and when everything is working, compile the code for the one-time programmable 12C508. schematic diagram capacitors on the VCC and VDD lines are not shown, but recommended. Place 100 nF close to the PIC pins VCC & VSS, place 100 nF and 100 uF close to the 78L05 pins VCC & GND. The two LED diodes on the scematic are packaged together in a two-color green-red LED with 3 leads. The button is a break-on-push type for fast&sensitive operation.
AVR-Based Serial Port IR Receiver - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial

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AVR-Based Serial Port IR Receiver
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/microcontroller_circuits/avr_based_serial_port_ir_receiver.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:10:13 PM]
AVR-Based Serial Port IR Receiver - Electronic Microcontroller Based Schematics & Circuits Tutorial
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In-depth explanation of the 8085 instructions - 8085A CPU Pin Diagram - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource
MICROPROCESSOR TUTORIALS (8085/8085A Microprocessor)

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8085 / 8085A Pin Diagram

8085 Architecture Pin Diagram ---------------------------------------------------------------| | | | | Intel | | | | 88888 000 88888 5555555 A | | 8 8 0 0 8 8 5 A A | | 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 5 A A | | 88888 0 0 0 88888 555555 AAAAAAA | | 8 8 0 0 0 8 8 5 A A | | 8 8 0 0 8 8 5 A A | | 88888 000 88888 555555 A A | | | | 8085A MICROPROCESSOR Instruction Set Summary | | | | | | | | | | | | _________ _________ | | _| \__/ |_ | | --> X1 |_|1 40|_| Vcc (+5V) | | _| |_ | | --> X2 |_|2 39|_| HOLD <-| | _| |_ | | <-- RESET OUT |_|3 38|_| HLDA --> | | _| |_ | | <-- SOD |_|4 37|_| CLK (OUT) --> | | _| |_ ________ | | --> SID |_|5 36|_| RESET IN <-| | _| |_ |
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In-depth explanation of the 8085 instructions - 8085A CPU Pin Diagram - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource
| --> TRAP |_|6 35|_| READY <-| | _| |_ _ | | --> RST 7.5 |_|7 34|_| IO/M --> | | _| |_ | | --> RST 6.5 |_|8 33|_| S1 --> | | _| |_ __ | | --> RST 5.5 |_|9 32|_| RD --> | | _| |_ __ | | --> INTR |_|10 8085A 31|_| WR --> | | ____ _| |_ | | <-- INTA |_|11 30|_| ALE --> | | _| |_ | | <--> AD0 |_|12 29|_| S0 --> | | _| |_ | | <--> AD1 |_|13 28|_| A15 --> | | _| |_ | | <--> AD2 |_|14 27|_| A14 --> | | _| |_ | | <--> AD3 |_|15 26|_| A13 --> | | _| |_ | | <--> AD4 |_|16 25|_| A12 --> | | _| |_ | | <--> AD5 |_|17 24|_| A11 --> | | _| |_ | | <--> AD6 |_|18 23|_| A10 --> | | _| |_ | | <--> AD7 |_|19 22|_| A9 --> | | _| |_ | | (Gnd) Vss |_|20 21|_| A8 --> | | |______________________| | | | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------|
Instructions can be categorized according to their method of addressing the hardware registers and/or memory.
<<<<<<<<<< Back to 8085 / 8085A Microprocessor Tutorial
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8085 / 8085A - Implied Addressing - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Implied Addressing

The addressing mode of certain instructions is implied by the instructions function. For example, the STC (set carry flag) instruction deals only with the carry flag, the DAA (decimal adjust accumulator) instruction deals with the accumulator.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/microprocessor_tutorials/8085_implied_addressing.html [1/17/2007 6:10:32 PM]
8085 / 8085A - Register Addressing - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Register Addressing

Quite a large set of instructions call for register addressing. With these instructions, you must specify one of the registers A through E, H or L as well as the operation code. With these instructions, the accumulator is implied as a second operand. For example, the instruction CMP E may be interpreted as 'compare the contents of the E register with the contents of the accumulator. Most of the instructions that use register addressing deal with 8-bit values. However, a few of these instructions deal with 16-bit register pairs. For example, the PCHL instruction exchanges the contents of the program counter with the contents of the H and L registers.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/microprocessor_tutorials/8085_register_addressing.html [1/17/2007 6:10:38 PM]
8085 / 8085A - Immediate Addressing - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Immediate Addressing

Instructions that use immediate addressing have data assembled as a part of the instruction itself. For example, the instruction CPI 'C' may be interpreted as compare the contents of the accumulator with the letter C. When assembled, this instruction has the hexadecimal value FE43. Hexadecimal 43 is the internal representation for the letter C. When this instruction is executed, the processor fetches the first instruction byte and determines that it must fetch one more byte. The processor fetches the next byte into one of its internal registers and then performs the compare operation. Notice that the names of the immediate instructions indicate that they use immediate data. Thus, the name of an add instruction is ADD; the name of an add immediate instruction is ADI. All but two of the immediate instructions uses the accumulator as an implied operand, as in the CPI instruction shown previously. The MVI (move immediate) instruction can move its immediate data to any of the working registers including the accumulator or to memory. Thus, the instruction MVI D, OFFH moves the hexadecimal value FF to the D register. The LXI instruction (load register pair immediate) is even more unusual in that its immediate data is a 16-bit value. This instruction is commonly used to load addresses into a register pair. As mentioned previously, your program must initialize the stack pointer; LXI is the instruction most commonly used for this purpose. For example, the instruction LXI SP,3OFFH loads the stack pointer with the hexadecimal value 30FF.
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8085 / 8085A - Immediate Addressing - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource
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8085 / 8085A - Direct Addressing - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A - Direct Addressing

Jump instructions include a 16-bit address as part of the instruction. For example, the instruction JMP 1000H causes a jump to the hexadecimal address 1000 by replacing the current contents of the program counter with the new value 1000H. Instructions that include a direct address require three bytes of storage: one for the instruction code, and two for the 16-bit address
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/microprocessor_tutorials/8085_direct_addressing.html [1/17/2007 6:10:55 PM]
8085 / 8085A - Register Indirect Addressing - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Register Indirect Addressing

Register indirect instructions reference memory via a register pair. Thus, the instruction MOV M,C moves the contents of the C register into the memory address stored in the H and L register pair. The instruction LDAX B loads the accumulator with the byte of data specified by the address in the B and C register pair.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/microprocessor_tutorials/8085_register_indirect_addressing.html [1/17/2007 6:11:04 PM]
8085 / 8085A - Combined Addressing Modes - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Combined Addressing Modes

Some instructions use a combination of addressing modes. A CALL instruction, for example, combines direct addressing and register indirect addressing. The direct address in a CALL instruction specifies the address of the desired subroutine; the register indirect address is the stack pointer. The CALL instruction pushes the current contents of the program counter into the memory location specified by the stack pointer.
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/microprocessor_tutorials/8085_combined_addressing_modes.html [1/17/2007 6:11:13 PM]
8085 / 8085A - Timing Effects of Addressing Modes - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Timing Effects of Addressing Modes

Addressing modes affect both the amount of time required for executing an instruction and the amount of memory required for its storage. For example, instructions that use implied or register addressing, execute very quickly since they deal directly with the processors hardware or with data already present in hardware registers. Most important, however is that the entire instruction can be fetched with a single memory access. The number of memory accesses required is the single greatest factor in determining execution timing. More memory accesses therefore require more execution time. A CALL instruction for example, requires five memory accesses: three to access the entire instruction and two more to push the contents of the program counter onto the stack. The processor can access memory once during each processor cycle. Each cycle comprises a variable number of states. (See below and the appendix of
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8085 / 8085A - Timing Effects of Addressing Modes - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource
USING THE SDK-85 MICROPROCESSOR TRAINER). The length of a state depends on the clock frequency specified for your system, and may range from 480 nanoseconds to 2 microseconds. Thus, the timing for a four state instruction may range from 1.920 microseconds through 8 microseconds. (The 8085 have a maximum clock frequency of 5 MHz and therefore a minimum state length of 200 nanoseconds.)
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8085 / 8085A - Instruction Naming Conversions - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Instruction Naming Conversions

Instruction Naming Conventions: The mnemonics assigned to the instructions are designed to indicate the function of the instruction. The instructions fall into the following functional categories:
Data Transfer Group: The data transfer instructions move data between registers or between memory and registers.
MOV MVI LDA Memory
Move Move Immediate Load Accumulator Directly from
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STA Memory LHLD Memory SHLD Memory
Store Accumulator Directly in
Load H & L Registers Directly from
Store H & L Registers Directly in
An 'X' in the name of a data transfer instruction implies that it deals with a register pair (16bits);
LXI data
Load Register Pair with Immediate
LDAX Load Accumulator from Address in Register Pair STAX Store Accumulator in Address in Register Pair XCHG XTHL Exchange H & L with D & E Exchange Top of Stack with H & L
Arithmetic Group: The arithmetic instructions add, subtract, increment, or decrement data in registers or memory.
ADD ADI ADC ACI
Add to Accumulator Add Immediate Data to Accumulator Add to Accumulator Using Carry Flag Add Immediate data to Accumulator
Using Carry SUB SUI Accumulator Subtract from Accumulator Subtract Immediate Data from
SBB Subtract from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag SBI Subtract Immediate from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag INR DCR INX DCX DAD Register Increment Specified Byte by One Decrement Specified Byte by One Increment Register Pair by One Decrement Register Pair by One Double Register Add; Add Content of
Pair to H & L Register Pair
Logical Group: This group performs logical (Boolean) operations on data in registers and memory and on condition flags. The logical AND, OR, and Exclusive OR instructions enable you to set specific bits in the accumulator ON or OFF.
ANA
Logical AND with Accumulator
ANI Logical AND with Accumulator Using Immediate Data ORA Logical OR with Accumulator
OR Logical OR with Accumulator Using Immediate Data XRA Accumulator XRI Exclusive Logical OR with
Exclusive OR Using Immediate Data
The Compare instructions compare the content of an 8-bit value with the contents of the accumulator;
CMP CPI
Compare Compare Using Immediate Data
The rotate instructions shift the contents of the accumulator one bit position to the left or right:
RLC RRC RAL RAR
Rotate Accumulator Left Rotate Accumulator Right Rotate Left Through Carry Rotate Right Through Carry
Complement and carry flag instructions:
CMA CMC STC
Complement Accumulator Complement Carry Flag Set Carry Flag
Branch Group: The branching instructions alter normal sequential program flow, either unconditionally or conditionally. The unconditional branching instructions are as follows:
JMP CALL RET
Jump Call Return
Conditional branching instructions examine the status of one of four condition flags to determine whether the specified branch is to be executed. The conditions that may be specified are as follows:
NZ Z NC C PO PE P M
Not Zero (Z = 0) Zero (Z = 1) No Carry (C = 0) Carry (C = 1) Parity Odd (P = 0) Parity Even (P Plus (S = 0) Minus (S = 1) = 1)
Thus, the conditional branching instructions are specified as follows:

Jumps C INC JZ JNZ JP JM JPE JP0
Calls CC CNC CZ CNZ CP CM CPE CPO
Returns RC RNC RZ RNZ RP RM RPE RPO (Carry) (No Carry) (Zero) (Not Zero) (Plus) (Minus) (Parity Even) (Parity Odd)
Two other instructions can affect a branch by replacing the contents or the program counter:
PCHL RST
Move H & L to Program Counter Special Restart Instruction Used with Interrupts
8085 / 8085A - Data Transfer Group Instructions - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Data Transfer Group Instructions

Data Transfer Group: The data transfer instructions move data between registers or between memory and registers.
MOV MVI LDA Memory STA Memory LHLD Memory SHLD Memory
Move Move Immediate Load Accumulator Directly from
Store Accumulator Directly in
Load H & L Registers Directly from
Store H & L Registers Directly in
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8085 / 8085A - Data Transfer Group Instructions - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource
An 'X' in the name of a data transfer instruction implies that it deals with a register pair (16bits);
LXI data
Load Register Pair with Immediate
LDAX Load Accumulator from Address in Register Pair STAX Store Accumulator in Address in Register Pair XCHG XTHL Exchange H & L with D & E Exchange Top of Stack with H & L
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8085 / 8085A - Arithmetic Group Instructions - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Arithmetic Group Instructions

Arithmetic Group: The arithmetic instructions add, subtract, increment, or decrement data in registers or memory.
ADD ADI ADC ACI Using Carry SUB SUI Accumulator
Add to Accumulator Add Immediate Data to Accumulator Add to Accumulator Using Carry Flag Add Immediate data to Accumulator
Subtract from Accumulator Subtract Immediate Data from
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8085 / 8085A - Arithmetic Group Instructions - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource
SBB Subtract from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag SBI Subtract Immediate from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag INR DCR INX DCX DAD Register Increment Specified Byte by One Decrement Specified Byte by One Increment Register Pair by One Decrement Register Pair by One Double Register Add; Add Content of
Pair to H & L Register Pair
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8085 / 8085A - Logical Group Instructions - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Logical Group Instructions

Logical Group: This group performs logical (Boolean) operations on data in registers and memory and on condition flags. The logical AND, OR, and Exclusive OR instructions enable you to set specific bits in the accumulator ON or OFF.
ANA
Logical AND with Accumulator
ANI Logical AND with Accumulator Using Immediate Data ORA Logical OR with Accumulator
OR Logical OR with Accumulator Using Immediate Data
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XRA Accumulator XRI
Exclusive Logical OR with
Exclusive OR Using Immediate Data
The Compare instructions compare the content of an 8-bit value with the contents of the accumulator;
CMP CPI
Compare Compare Using Immediate Data
The rotate instructions shift the contents of the accumulator one bit position to the left or right:
RLC RRC RAL RAR
Rotate Accumulator Left Rotate Accumulator Right Rotate Left Through Carry Rotate Right Through Carry
Complement and carry flag instructions:
CMA CMC STC
Complement Accumulator Complement Carry Flag Set Carry Flag
8085 / 8085A - Branch Group Instructions - 8085A Tutorial - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Branch Group Instructions

Branch Group: The branching instructions alter normal sequential program flow, either unconditionally or conditionally. The unconditional branching instructions are as follows:
JMP CALL RET
Jump Call Return
Conditional branching instructions examine the status of one of four condition flags to determine whether the specified branch is to be executed. The conditions that may be specified are as follows:
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NZ Z NC C PO PE P M
Not Zero (Z = 0) Zero (Z = 1) No Carry (C = 0) Carry (C = 1) Parity Odd (P = 0) Parity Even (P Plus (S = 0) Minus (S = 1) = 1)
Thus, the conditional branching instructions are specified as follows:
Jumps C INC JZ JNZ JP JM JPE JP0
Calls CC CNC CZ CNZ CP CM CPE CPO
Returns RC RNC RZ RNZ RP RM RPE RPO (Carry) (No Carry) (Zero) (Not Zero) (Plus) (Minus) (Parity Even) (Parity Odd)
Two other instructions can affect a branch by replacing the contents or the program counter:
PCHL RST
Move H & L to Program Counter Special Restart Instruction Used with Interrupts
8085 / 8085A - Stack I/O and Machine Control Instructions - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Stack I/O and Machine Control Instructions

Stack I/O, and Machine Control Instructions: The following instructions affect the Stack and/or Stack Pointer:
PUSH Stack POP XTHL SPHL Pointer
Push Two bytes of Data onto the
Pop Two Bytes of Data off the Stack Exchange Top of Stack with H & L Move content of H & L to Stack
The I/0 instructions are as follows:
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8085 / 8085A - Stack I/O and Machine Control Instructions - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource
IN OUT
Initiate Input Operation Initiate Output Operation
The Machine Control instructions are as follows: EI DI HLT NOP Enable Interrupt System Disable Interrupt System Halt No Operation
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8085 / 8085A Mnemonics Opcode Instruction Set Table including Description - 8085 Microprocessor Tutorials Resource

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8085 / 8085A Mnemonics Opcode Instruction Set Table with Description

---------------------------------------------------------------|Mnemonic |Op|SZAPC|~s|Description |Notes | |---------+--+-----+--+--------------------------+-------------| |ACI n |CE|*****| 7|Add with Carry Immediate |A=A+n+CY | |ADC r |8F|*****| 4|Add with Carry |A=A+r+CY(21X)| |ADC M |8E|*****| 7|Add with Carry to Memory |A=A+[HL]+CY | |ADD r |87|*****| 4|Add |A=A+r (20X)| |ADD M |86|*****| 7|Add to Memory |A=A+[HL] | |ADI n |C6|*****| 7|Add Immediate |A=A+n | |ANA r |A7|****0| 4|AND Accumulator |A=A&r (24X)| |ANA M |A6|****0| 7|AND Accumulator and Memory|A=A&[HL] | |ANI n |E6|**0*0| 7|AND Immediate |A=A&n | |CALL a |CD|-----|18|Call unconditional |-[SP]=PC,PC=a| |CC a |DC|-----| 9|Call on Carry |If CY=1(18~s)| |CM a |FC|-----| 9|Call on Minus |If S=1 (18~s)| |CMA |2F|-----| 4|Complement Accumulator |A=~A | |CMC |3F|----*| 4|Complement Carry |CY=~CY | |CMP r |BF|*****| 4|Compare |A-r (27X)| |CMP M |BF|*****| 7|Compare with Memory |A-[HL] | |CNC a |D4|-----| 9|Call on No Carry |If CY=0(18~s)| |CNZ a |C4|-----| 9|Call on No Zero |If Z=0 (18~s)| |CP a |F4|-----| 9|Call on Plus |If S=0 (18~s)| |CPE a |EC|-----| 9|Call on Parity Even |If P=1 (18~s)| |CPI n |FE|*****| 7|Compare Immediate |A-n | |CPO a |E4|-----| 9|Call on Parity Odd |If P=0 (18~s)| |CZ a |CC|-----| 9|Call on Zero |If Z=1 (18~s)| |DAA |27|*****| 4|Decimal Adjust Accumulator|A=BCD format | |DAD B |09|----*|10|Double Add BC to HL |HL=HL+BC | |DAD D |19|----*|10|Double Add DE to HL |HL=HL+DE | |DAD H |29|----*|10|Double Add HL to HL |HL=HL+HL |
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|DAD SP |39|----*|10|Double Add SP to HL |HL=HL+SP | |DCR r |3D|****-| 4|Decrement |r=r-1 (0X5)| |DCR M |35|****-|10|Decrement Memory |[HL]=[HL]-1 | |DCX B |0B|-----| 6|Decrement BC |BC=BC-1 | |DCX D |1B|-----| 6|Decrement DE |DE=DE-1 | |DCX H |2B|-----| 6|Decrement HL |HL=HL-1 | |DCX SP |3B|-----| 6|Decrement Stack Pointer |SP=SP-1 | |DI |F3|-----| 4|Disable Interrupts | | |EI |FB|-----| 4|Enable Interrupts | | |HLT |76|-----| 5|Halt | | |IN p |DB|-----|10|Input |A=[p] | |INR r |3C|****-| 4|Increment |r=r+1 (0X4)| |INR M |3C|****-|10|Increment Memory |[HL]=[HL]+1 | |INX B |03|-----| 6|Increment BC |BC=BC+1 | |INX D |13|-----| 6|Increment DE |DE=DE+1 | |INX H |23|-----| 6|Increment HL |HL=HL+1 | |INX SP |33|-----| 6|Increment Stack Pointer |SP=SP+1 | |JMP a |C3|-----| 7|Jump unconditional |PC=a | |JC a |DA|-----| 7|Jump on Carry |If CY=1(10~s)| |JM a |FA|-----| 7|Jump on Minus |If S=1 (10~s)| |JNC a |D2|-----| 7|Jump on No Carry |If CY=0(10~s)| |JNZ a |C2|-----| 7|Jump on No Zero |If Z=0 (10~s)| |JP a |F2|-----| 7|Jump on Plus |If S=0 (10~s)| |JPE a |EA|-----| 7|Jump on Parity Even |If P=1 (10~s)| |JPO a |E2|-----| 7|Jump on Parity Odd |If P=0 (10~s)| |JZ a |CA|-----| 7|Jump on Zero |If Z=1 (10~s)| |LDA a |3A|-----|13|Load Accumulator direct |A=[a] | |LDAX B |0A|-----| 7|Load Accumulator indirect |A=[BC] | |LDAX D |1A|-----| 7|Load Accumulator indirect |A=[DE] | |LHLD a |2A|-----|16|Load HL Direct |HL=[a] | |LXI B,nn |01|-----|10|Load Immediate BC |BC=nn | |LXI D,nn |11|-----|10|Load Immediate DE |DE=nn | |LXI H,nn |21|-----|10|Load Immediate HL |HL=nn | |LXI SP,nn|31|-----|10|Load Immediate Stack Ptr |SP=nn | |MOV r1,r2|7F|-----| 4|Move register to register |r1=r2 (1XX)| |MOV M,r |77|-----| 7|Move register to Memory |[HL]=r (16X)| |MOV r,M |7E|-----| 7|Move Memory to register |r=[HL] (1X6)| |MVI r,n |3E|-----| 7|Move Immediate |r=n (0X6)| |MVI M,n |36|-----|10|Move Immediate to Memory |[HL]=n | |NOP |00|-----| 4|No Operation | | |ORA r |B7|**0*0| 4|Inclusive OR Accumulator |A=Avr (26X)| |ORA M |B6|**0*0| 7|Inclusive OR Accumulator |A=Av[HL] | |ORI n |F6|**0*0| 7|Inclusive OR Immediate |A=Avn | |OUT p |D3|-----|10|Output |[p]=A | |PCHL |E9|-----| 6|Jump HL indirect |PC=[HL] | |POP B |C1|-----|10|Pop BC |BC=[SP]+ | |POP D |D1|-----|10|Pop DE |DE=[SP]+ | |POP H |E1|-----|10|Pop HL |HL=[SP]+ | |POP PSW |F1|-----|10|Pop Processor Status Word |{PSW,A}=[SP]+| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|Mnemonic |Op|SZAPC|~s|Description |Notes | |---------+--+-----+--+--------------------------+-------------| |PUSH B |C5|-----|12|Push BC |-[SP]=BC | |PUSH D |D5|-----|12|Push DE |-[SP]=DE | |PUSH H |E5|-----|12|Push HL |-[SP]=HL | |PUSH PSW |F5|-----|12|Push Processor Status Word|-[SP]={PSW,A}| |RAL |17|----*| 4|Rotate Accumulator Left |A={CY,A}<- | |RAR |1F|----*| 4|Rotate Accumulator Righ |A=->{CY,A} | |RET |C9|-----|10|Return |PC=[SP]+ | |RC |D8|-----| 6|Return on Carry |If CY=1(12~s)| |RIM |20|-----| 4|Read Interrupt Mask |A=mask | |RM |F8|-----| 6|Return on Minus |If S=1 (12~s)| |RNC |D0|-----| 6|Return on No Carry |If CY=0(12~s)| |RNZ |C0|-----| 6|Return on No Zero |If Z=0 (12~s)| |RP |F0|-----| 6|Return on Plus |If S=0 (12~s)|
|RPE |E8|-----| 6|Return on Parity Even |If P=1 (12~s)| |RPO |E0|-----| 6|Return on Parity Odd |If P=0 (12~s)| |RZ |C8|-----| 6|Return on Zero |If Z=1 (12~s)| |RLC |07|----*| 4|Rotate Left Circular |A=A<| |RRC |0F|----*| 4|Rotate Right Circular |A=->A | |RST z |C7|-----|12|Restart (3X7)|-[SP]=PC,PC=z| |SBB r |9F|*****| 4|Subtract with Borrow |A=A-r-CY | |SBB M |9E|*****| 7|Subtract with Borrow |A=A-[HL]-CY | |SBI n |DE|*****| 7|Subtract with Borrow Immed|A=A-n-CY | |SHLD a |22|-----|16|Store HL Direct |[a]=HL | |SIM |30|-----| 4|Set Interrupt Mask |mask=A | |SPHL |F9|-----| 6|Move HL to SP |SP=HL | |STA a |32|-----|13|Store Accumulator |[a]=A | |STAX B |02|-----| 7|Store Accumulator indirect|[BC]=A | |STAX D |12|-----| 7|Store Accumulator indirect|[DE]=A | |STC |37|----1| 4|Set Carry |CY=1 | |SUB r |97|*****| 4|Subtract |A=A-r (22X)| |SUB M |96|*****| 7|Subtract Memory |A=A-[HL] | |SUI n |D6|*****| 7|Subtract Immediate |A=A-n | |XCHG |EB|-----| 4|Exchange HL with DE |HL<->DE | |XRA r |AF|**0*0| 4|Exclusive OR Accumulator |A=Axr (25X)| |XRA M |AE|**0*0| 7|Exclusive OR Accumulator |A=Ax[HL] | |XRI n |EE|**0*0| 7|Exclusive OR Immediate |A=Axn | |XTHL |E3|-----|16|Exchange stack Top with HL|[SP]<->HL | |------------+-----+--+----------------------------------------| | PSW |-*01 | |Flag unaffected/affected/reset/set | |S |S | |Sign (Bit 7) | |Z | Z | |Zero (Bit 6) | | AC | A | |Auxilary Carry (Bit 4) | |P | P | |Parity (Bit 2) | | CY | C| |Carry (Bit 0) | |---------------------+----------------------------------------| |ap |Direct addressing | |Mz |Register indirect addressing | | n nn |Immediate addressing | |r |Register addressing | |---------------------+----------------------------------------| |DB n(,n) |Define Byte(s) | |DB 'string' |Define Byte ASCII character string | |DS nn |Define Storage Block | |DW nn(,nn) |Define Word(s) | |---------------------+----------------------------------------| | A B C D E H L |Registers (8-bit) | | BC DE HL |Register pairs (16-bit) | | PC |Program Counter register (16-bit) | | PSW |Processor Status Word (8-bit) | | SP |Stack Pointer register (16-bit) | |---------------------+----------------------------------------| | a nn |16-bit address/data (0 to 65535) | |n p |8-bit data/port (0 to 255) | |r |Register (X=B,C,D,E,H,L,M,A) | |z |Vector (X=0H,8H,10H,18H,20H,28H,30H,38H)| |---------------------+----------------------------------------| |+ |Arithmetic addition/subtraction | |& ~ |Logical AND/NOT | |v x |Logical inclusive/exclusive OR | | <- -> |Rotate left/right | | <-> |Exchange | |[] |Indirect addressing | | [ ]+ -[ ] |Indirect address auto-inc/decrement | |{} |Combination operands | |(X) |Octal op code where X is a 3-bit code | | If ( ~s) |Number of cycles if condition true | ----------------------------------------------------------------
Logic 74xxxx Series Data Sheets - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Datasheets

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Logic 74xxxx Series Datasheets

74LS00 74LS01 74LS02 74LS03 74LS04 74LS05 74LS06 74LS08 74LS09 74LS10 74LS11 74LS12 74LS13 74LS14 Quad 2 input NAND gate Quad 2 input NAND gate (OC) Quad 2 input NOR gate Quad 2 input NAND gate Hex Inverter Hex Inverter (OC) Hex Inverter buffer/driver Quad 2 input AND Quad 2 input AND gate (OC) Triple 3 input NAND gate Triple 3 input AND gate Triple 3 input NAND gate (OC) Dual 4-input NAND gate Schmitt trigger Hex Inverter Schmitt trigger
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74LS16 74LS15 74LS20 74LS21 74LS22 7425 74LS22 7425 74LS27 74LS30 74LS32 74LS38 74LS42 7445 74LS47 74LS48 74LS51 74LS54 74F64 7470 7472 74LS73 74LS74 74LS75 74LS76
Hex Inverter (OC) Triple 3 input AND gate (OC) Dual 4 input NAND gate Dual 4 input AND gate Dual 4 input NAND gate (OC) Dual 4 input NOR gate with strobe Dual 4 input NAND gate (OC) Dual 4 input NOR gate with strobe Triple 3 input NOR gate 8 input NAND gate Quad 2 input OR gate Quad 2 input NAND gate Buffer BCD to DEC decoder BCD to DEC decoder BCD to 7 seg decoder/driver BCD to 7 seg decoder/driver AND/OR/INVERT gate AND/OR/INVERT gate AND/OR/INVERT gate JK flip flop JK M/S flip flop Dual JK flip flop with clear Dual D-Type flip-flops with preset and clear 4 bit bistable latch Dual JK flip-flops with preset and clear
74LS83 74LS85 74LS86 74LS90 74LS91 74LS92 74LS93 74LS95 74LS107 74LS109 74LS112 74121 74LS122 74LS123 74LS125 74LS132 74S133 74LS136 74LS138 74LS139 74LS147 74LS148 74150 74LS151
4 bit full adder 4 bit magnitude comparator Quad 2 input XOR gate Decade counter 8-bit shift register Divide by 12 counter Binary counter 4 bit shift register Dual JK flip-flops with clear Dual JK pos edge trig flip flop Dual JK neg edge trig flip flop Monostable multivibrator Monostable multivibrator Monostable multivibrator Monostable multivibrator Quad 2 input NAND gate Schmitt trigger 13 input NAND Quad 2 input XOR (O.C) 3-to-8 line decoder/demux Dual 1-of-4 decoder/demux 10 line - 4 line octal priority encoder 8 line - 3 line octal priority encoder Data selector/mux 8 input MUX
74LS153 74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 74LS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LS164 74LS165 74LS166 74LS174 74LS175 74176 74177 74LS191 74LS192 74LS193 74LS195 74LS196 74LS197 74199 74LS221
Dual 4-to-1 Multiplexer 4-to16 decoder/demux Dual 2 line to 4 line decoder / demux Dual 2 line to 4 line decoder / demux (O.C) Quad 2 input MUX Quad 2 input MUX with invereted outputs BCD decade counter Synchronous 4 bit binary counter BCD decade counter counter Asynchronous 4 bit binary counter 8 bit SIPO shift register 8 bit PISO shift register 8 bit PISO shift register Hex D type flip flop with clear Quad D type flip flop with clear Decade Counter Binary Counter 4 bit binary up / down counter BCD up / down counter 4 bit binary up / down counter 4 bit shift register Presettable decade counter Presettable binary counter 8-bit shift register Dual monostable multivibrator
74S225 74LS240 74LS241 74LS244 74LS245 74LS251 74LS257 74LS259 74LS266 74LS273 74LS280 74LS298 74LS299 74LS323 74LS367 74LS368 74LS373 74LS374 74LS390 74LS393 74LS395 74LS540 74LS541
16x5 FIFO memory Octal buffer/line driver Octal 3-state buffer Octal buffer/line driver Octal bus transceiver Data selector / MUX Quad 2 input mux 3-state 8 bit addressable latch Quad 2 input XNOR (O.C) Octal D type flip flop with clear 9 bit odd / even parity generator Quad 2 input MUX with storage 8 bit universal shift register 8-Bit Shift register Hex bus driver Hex bus driver with inverters Octal transparent latch Octal D type flip flop 3-state Dual 4 bit decade counter Dual 4 bit binary counter 4 bit shift register Octal buffer 3-state Octal buffer 3-state outputs
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CMOS - CD4000 Series to CD4520 - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Datasheets

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CMOS - CD4000 Series Datasheets

CD4001 CD4002 CD4007 CD4008 CD4009 CD4010 CD4011 CD4012 CD4013 CD4015 CD4016 CD4017 CD4018 CD4020 CD4022 CD4023 CD4024 CD4025 CD4026 CD4027 CD4028 CD4030 CD4033 CD4035 CD4040 CD4041 CD4042 Quad 2 input NOR gate Dual 4 input NOR gate Dual comp pair plus inverter 4 bit full adder Hex buffer / converter inverting Hex buffer / converter non-inverting Quad 2 input NAND gate Dual 4 input NAND gate Dual D-Type flip flop with set/reset Dual 4 stage static shift register Quad bilateral switch Decade counter Preset Divide ny N counter 14 stage binary counter Octal counter Triple 3 input NAND gate 7 stage binary counter Triple 3 input NOR gate Decade counter / divider Dual JK master - slave flip flop BCD to decimal decoder Quad 2 input XOR gate Decade counter / divider 4 stage PIPO shift register 12 stage binary counter Quad true / compliment buffer Quad clocked D latch
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CD4043 CD4044 CD4046 CD4047 CD4049 CD4538 CD4543 CD4555 CD4556 MC14557 MC14584 CD4050 CD4051 CD4052 CD4053 CD4054 CD4055 CD4056 CD4059 CD4060 CD4063 CD4066 CD4068 CD4069 CD4070 CD4071 CD4072 CD4073 CD4075 CD4077 CD4081 CD4082 CD4089 CD4098 MC14469 MC14495 CD4503 CD4504 CD4511 CD4514 CD4515 CD4518 CD4520
Quad 3 state R/S latch NOR Quad 3 state R/S latch NAND Phase locked loop Monostable / Astable multivibrator Hex buffer / converter inverting Dual precision monostable multivibrator BCD to 7 segment LCD driver Dual binary to 1 of 4 decoder Dual binary to 1 of 4 decoder Variable Length Shift Register Hex Schmitt Trigger Hex buffer / converter non-inverting 8 channel MUX Differential 4 channel MUX Triple 2-channel analog multiplexer 4 segment LCD driver BCD to 7 segment decoder / driver BCD to 7 segment decoder / driver Programmable divide by N counter 14 stage ripple carry binary counter / divider 4-bit comparator Quad bilateral switch 8-input NAND/AND gate Hex inverter Quad 2 input XOR Quad 2 input OR Dual 4 input OR gate Triple 3 input AND gate Triple 3 input OR gate Quad 2 input XNOR gate Quad 2 input AND Dual 4 input AND gate Binary rate multiplier Dual monostable multivibrator Addressable UART BCD 70 &-seg latch/decoder/driver Hex buffer Hex voltage level shifter TTL-CMOS BCD to 7 segment latch decoder drivers 4 bit latch / 4 to 16 line decoders 4 bit latch / 4 to 16 line decoders Dual BCD up counter Dual binary up counter
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CMOS - 74HCxxx Series Datasheets - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Datasheets

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CMOS - 74HCxxx Series Datasheets

74ACT175 Quad D Flip Flop 74C244 74HC373 74HC374 74C906 74C907 74C908 74C911 74C917 74C926 Octal Buffer Octal D Latch Octal D Flip Flop N-Channel Buffer P-Channel Buffer Dual 30v Relay Driver 4-Digit LED Controller 6-Digit LED Controller 4-Digit Counter
74HC4538 Dual Precision One Shot
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CMOS - 74HCxxx Series Datasheets - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Datasheets
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Diodes, Diac etc. Data Sheets - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Datasheets

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials 1N34A 1N270 1N2970 - 1N3015B 1N3016B - 1N3045B 1N3491 - 1N3495 1N3659 - 1N3665 1N3993 - 1N4000A 1N4001 - 1N4007 1N4148 1N4728A - 1N4752A 1N5817 - 1N5819 1N914 FMMV2101 - 2109 HT-32 Diac MAC212 Ge Diode Ge Diode 10W Zener Diodes 1W Zener Diodes Si Power Rectifier Diodes Si Power Rectifier Diodes 10W Zener Diodes Si Rectifier Diodes Si Switching Diode 1W Zener Diodes 1A Schottky Barrier Rectifier Diodes Si Switching Diode Si Variable Capacitance Diodes Bilateral Trigger Diac Triac Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Diodes, Diac etc. Datasheets
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MR754 MR850 - MR858 MUR420 MUR860 P6KE6.8 - P6KE200A
High Current Rectifier Diodes Fast Recovery Rectifier Diodes Switch mode Power Rectifier Diodes Switch mode Power Rectifier Diodes Transient Absorption Zener Diodes
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Gal's, Pal's, PIC Datasheets

GAL16V8 GAL22V10 PAL16V8 PAL22V10 GAL16V8 Generic Array Logic GAL22V10 Generic Array Logic PAL16V8 Programmable Array Logic PAL22V10 Programmable Array Logic
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Transistors Datasheets
2N2222 2N2369 2N2484 2N2905 2N2907 2N3055 2N3393 2N3704 2N3767 2N3903 2N3904 2N3905 2N3906 2N4240 2N4249 NPN Switching Transistor NPN Small Signal Transistor NPN GP Transistor PNP GP Amplifier PNP GP Amplifier NPN Complimentary High Power Transistor NPN GP Amplifier NPN GP Amplifier NPN Power Transistor NPN GP Amplifier NPN GP Amplifier PNP GP Amplifier PNP GP Amplifier NPN Medium Power Transistor PNP Low Noise Amplifier
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2N4250 2N4258 2N4400 2N5086 2N5087 2N5088 2N5089 2N5179 2N5769 2N5770 2N5771 2N6107 2N6121 2N6292 2N6423 2N6476 BC549 BC559 BFR90 CA3046 LM395 MJ2501 MJ2955 MJ3001 MJ10024 MJE370 MJE520
PNP Low Noise Amplifier PNP Switching Transistor NPN GP Amplifier PNP GP Amplifier PNP GP Amplifier NPN GP Amplifier NPN GP Amplifier RF & Microwave LP Transistor NPN Switching Transistor NPN RF Transistor PNP Switching Transistor PNP Power Transistor NPN Complimentary Power Transistor NPN Power Transistor PNP Power Transistor PNP Medium Power Transistor NPN GP Transistor PNP Epitaxial Transistor RF & Microwave LP Transistor NPN Transistor Array Ultra Reliable Power Transistor PNP Medium Power Complimentary Transistor NPN Medium Power Transistor NPN Medium Power Complimentary Transistor NPN Medium Power Darlington Transistor PNP Complimentary Power Transistor NPN Complimentary Power Transistor
MJE700 MJE800 MJE2955 MJE3055 MJE15032 MJE15033 MJE18006 MJF32C MPSA05 MPSA06 MPSA13 MPSA20 MPSA42 MPSA56 MPSA63 MPSA92 PN3565 TIP29 TIP30 TIP33C TIP34C TIP110 TIP121 TIP126 TIS93
PNP Power Darlington Transistor NPN Power Darlington Transistor PNP Si Transistor NPN Si Transistor NPN Power PNP Power Switch Mode Power PNP Power Transistor NPN General Purpose Amplifier NPN General Purpose Amplifier NPN Darlington Transistor NPN Si Amplifier Transistor NPN High Voltage Amplifier PNP General Purpose Amplifier PNP Darlington Transistor PNP High Voltage Transistor NPN GP Amplifier NPN Power Transistor PNP Power Transistor NPN Power Transistor PNP Power Transistor NPN Power Darlington Transistor NPN Power Darlington Transistor PNP Power Darlington Transistor PNP Transistor
FET, JFET, MOSFET etc. Data Sheets - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Datasheets

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials 2N4351 2N4393 2N5460 2N5486 2N7000 BS107 BS170 MPF102 MTP10N10E MTP12N10E MTP16N25E MTP27N10E MTP33N10E MTP2955 MTP3055 MOSFET, N-Channel, GP Amplifier/Switch JFET, N-Channel, Switch JFET, P-Channel, Amplifier JFET, N-Channel, HF Amplifier MOSFET, N-Channel, Enhancement-Mode MOSFET, N-Channel, Small Signal MOSFET, N- Channel, Enhancement-Mode JFET, N-Channel, RF Amplifier MOSFET, N Channel, Power MOSFET, N Channel, Power MOSFET, N Channel, Power MOSFET, N Channel, Power MOSFET, N Channel, Power MOSFET, P-Channel, Power MOSFET, N-Channel Power, Web Hobbyprojects.com
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FET, JFET, MOSFET etc. Datasheets
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FET, JFET, MOSFET etc. Data Sheets - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Datasheets
SD214DE U310
DMOSFET, N-Channel JFET, N-Channel, HF Amplifier
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Voltage Regulators Datasheets Linear Series IC's

78L05 7805 7808C 78L12 Voltage Regulator, +5v, 100mA Voltage Regulator, +5v, 1A Voltage Regulator, +8v, 1.5A Voltage Regulator, +12v, 100mA
7812CT Voltage Regulator, +12v, 1A 78L15 Voltage Regulator, +15v, 100mA
7815CT Voltage Regulator, +15v, 1A 78L24 79L05 Voltage Regulator, +24v, 100mA Voltage Regulator, -5v, 100mA
7905CT Voltage Regulator, -5v, 1A 7906CT Voltage Regulator, -6v, 1A 79L12 Voltage Regulator, -12v, 100mA
7912CT Voltage Regulator, -12v, 1A 79L15 Voltage Regulator, -15v, 100mA
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Voltage Regulators Data Sheets - Linear Series IC's - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Datasheets
7915CT Voltage Regulator, -15v, 1A 79L24 Voltage Regulator, -24v, 100mA
LM317T Voltage Regulator, Adjustable +1.2v to +37v LM337T Voltage Regulator, Adjustable -1.2v to -37v LM723 TL497 Voltage Regulator, Precision 2v to 37v Voltage Regulator, Switching, 500mA
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Optoelectronics Data Sheets - Optocoupler / Optoisolator - Integrated Opto-sensor Datasheets - Electronic Component Data Sheets

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Amber LED Green LED Red LED Yellow LED Red/Green LED MAN 72/MAN74 DC10EWA HCPL2601 MCA230 MOC3011 MOC3031 QSC112 TIL111 TSL215 VT-300 Amber LED (5mm) Green LED (5mm) Red LED (5mm) Yellow LED (5mm) Red/Green Dual Color LED (5mm) Seven Segment LED Ten Segment Bar Graph Array Optocoupler / Optoisolator Optocoupler / Optoisolator Optocoupler / Optoisolator Optocoupler / Optoisolator Infrared Phototransistor Optocoupler / Optoisolator Integrated Opto-sensor VT300 Series Photoconductive Cell Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Optoelectronics Datasheets
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Optoelectronics Data Sheets - Optocoupler / Optoisolator - Integrated Opto-sensor Datasheets - Electronic Component Data Sheets
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets start with A - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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Semiconductor Manufacturers Products & Datasheets

'A'
A list of links to semiconductor manufacturers, including some direct links to their datasheets index page AANetcom (-> PMCSierra) AB Semicon ABB Semiconductors Acapella (-> Semtech) Acard Technology Acer Laboratories (ALi) Actel Adaptec Adaptive Networks
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Advanced Analogic Technologies (-> AnalogicTech) Advanced Custom Sensors Advanced Linear Devices Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Advanced Monolithics (AMS) Advanced Photonix Advanced Power Technology (APT) Advanced Semiconductor (ASI) Aeroflex Agere Systems Agilent (-> Avago Technologies) Aimtron AITech Ajile Systems Alcatel Microelectronics Alcor Micro Allegro Microsystems Alliance Semiconductor Alpha Industries (-> Skyworks Solutions) Alpha Microelectronics Alpha Semiconductors (>Sipex) Altera Altis Semiconductor Ambient Technologies (-> Intel)
American Bright Optoelectronics American Microsystems (AMI) AMIC Technology Amkor Technology Amlogic Amphion (-> Conexant) Amphus Amplifonix Anadigics Anadigm Analog Devices (ADI) Analog Integrations Analog Microelectronics (AME) Analog Microelectronics GmbH Analogic Tech Anaren Microwave AnchorChips (-> Cypress) Andigilog Apex Microtechnology API Electronics Applied Micro Circuits Corporation (AMCC) Ardent Technologies (-> Infineon) Arithmos (-> ST) Arizona Microtek ARM
Asahi Kasei Microsystems (AKM Semiconductor) Asiliant Technologies Asix Aslic Microelectronics Aspex Semiconductor Astec Semiconductor (-> Princeton Technology) ATecoM Atelic Atmel Atmos (-> MoSys) AudioCodes AudioLogic (-> Cirrus Logic) AUK Aurelia Microelettronica Austin Semiconductor (ASI) Austria Mikro Systeme (AMS) Authentec Avago Technologies Avalon Photonics Avance Logic (-> Realtek) AverLogic Technologies Axeon
Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with B - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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A list of links to semiconductor manufacturers, including some direct links to their datasheets index page
'B'
BAE Systems Basis Communications (> Intel) Benchmarq (-> Texas Instruments) Bharat Electronics BI Technologies Bliley Technologies Bluechip Communication Boca Semiconductors Bookham Technology
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with B - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
Bourns Brilliance Semiconductor (BSI) Broadcom Brooktree (-> Conexant) Burr-Brown (-> Texas Instruments) Butterfly DSP (-> Sharp)
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'C'
C-Media Electronics (CMEI)
CAEN Microelectronics (-> Aurelia Micro)

California Eastern Laboratories (CEL) California Micro Devices Calogic Cambridge Silicon Radio (CSR) Capella Microsystems Catalyst Semiconductor Celeritek
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Celeritous
Centillium Central Semiconductor Centro Vision (-> OSI Optoelectronics) Chartered Semiconductor Cherry Semiconductor (-> On Semiconductor)
Chipcon Chiplus Semiconductor Chips and Technologies (-> Intel) ChipX Chrontel Cirrus Logic Citizen Electronics Clairex Technologies Clare CMD Technology (-> Silicon Image) Cologne Chip Designs Comatlas (-> Philips) Comlinear (-> National) Compensated Devices (-> Microsemi) CompuLab Conexant Consumer Microcircuits (CML) Continental Device India (CDIL)
CoolRISC (-> Xemics) Cradle Technologies Cree Research Crydom Crystal Semiconductor (-> Cirrus) Cyan Technology Cybernetic Micro Systems CyberTouch Cygnal Integrated Products (-> Silicon Labs) Cypress Cyrix (-> VIA)
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'D'
Daewoo Dallas Semiconductor (-> Maxim) Data Delay Devices Data Device Corporation (DDC) DataPath Systems (-> LSI Logic) Datel Davicom Semiconductor Delco Electronics (Delphi Automative Systems)
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with D - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
Dense-Pac Microsystems (-> DPAC) Dialight Dialog Semiconductor Digital Semiconductor (-> Compaq) Digital Voice Systems Diodes Inc. Diotec Directed Energy (DEI) Discovery Semiconductors Divio DSP Architectures DSP Group DspFactory (-> AMI) DVDO Technology (-> Silicon Image) Dynex Semiconductor
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'E'
E-Lab Digital Engineering Edge Semiconductor (> Semtech) Elan Microelectronics Elantec Electromagnetic Technologies (ETI) Electronic Devices (EDI) Electronic Technology (->Micrel) EliteMT
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ELM Electronics Elmos Semiconductor Elpida Memory Eltek Semiconductors EM MicroelectronicMarin Emblaze Semiconductors (-> Zoran) Emosyn Enhanced Memory Systems (-> Ramtron) Eon Silicon Devices Epigap Epigram (-> Broadcom) Epson Equator ESMT (-> EliteMT) ESS Technology
Etron Technology Eupec Everlight Electronics Exar Exel Microelectronics Extreme Packet Devices (-> PMC-Sierra) EZchip
Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with F - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'F'
F3 Fagor Fairchild Fast Analog Solutions (FAS) (-> Zetex) FillFactory Filtronic Solid State First Components International (FCI) Flextronics Fox Electronics
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with F - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
Freescale Semiconductors Frequency Devices Frequency Management Fuji Electric Fujisoku Corporation Fujitsu Fulcrum Microsystems Future Technology Devices (FTDI)
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'G'
G-Link Technology GaAsTek (-> M/A Com) Galazar Networks Galvantech (-> Cypress) Gamma Microelectronics Gatefield (->Actel) GEC-Marconi Gemplus General Microcircuits General Semiconductor (> Vishay)
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with G - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
Genesis Microchip Genesys Logic Gennum GHz Technology (-> Advanced Power Tech) Globespan Virata (-> Conexant) Goal Semiconductor Goldstar (->Hynix) GPD Optoelectronics Gran-Jansen (-> BlueChip) Graychip (-> Texas Instruments) GSI Technology
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with H - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'H'
Hamamatsu Photonics Harris (-> Intersil) Hewlett-Packard (-> Avago Technologies) HiBand Semiconductors (> Cypress) Hifn High Tech Chips HighPoint Technologies HiNT (-> PLX) Hitachi (-> Renesas)
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with H - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
Hittite Microwave Corp HMP (-> Mosaic Semiconductor) Holt Integrated Circuits Holtek Semiconductor Honeywell HotRail (-> Mindspeed) Hutson Industries HV Components Associates (HVCA) Hynix Semiconductor Hyperchip Hyperstone Hytek Microsystems Hyundai Electronics (-> Hynix) HyWire
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with I - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'I'
i-Chips I-Cube IBM Microelectronics IC Ensemble IC Microsystems (ICmic) IC Plus IC Works (-> Cypress) iC-Haus IDT IMP
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Impala Linear (-> Fairchild) Infineon Technologies Infinite Technology Information Storage Devices ISD (-> Winbond) Inmos (-> STMicroelectronics) Innovative Semiconductors Integral Korea Integrated Circuit Solution (ICSI) Integrated Circuit Systems (ICS) Integrated Circuit Technology (ICT) Integrated Silicon Solution (ISSI) Integrated Technology Express (ITE) Integrated Telecom Express (ITeX) Integration Associates Intel Intellon InterFET International Microcircuits (IMI) (-> Cypress) International Rectifier Intersil Isocom Components Isocom Ltd Itran Communications ITT Intermetall (-> Micronas) IXYS
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'J'
Jess Technology JMAR Semiconductor JRC (-> New Japan Radio)
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with K - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'K'
Kawasaki LSI KDI Triangle (-> MCE) Kendin Communications (> Micrel) Khatod King Billion Electronics Kingbright LED Knox Semiconductor Kodak Kodenshi Kopin
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with K - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
Korea Electronics (KEC) Kota Microcircuits
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'L'
Lansdale Semiconductor Lantronix Lattice Semiconductor Leadis Technology Ledtronics LG Semicon (-> Hyundai) Lightwave Microsystems (-> NeoPhotonics) Ligitek Electronics Linear Systems (LIS)
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with L - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
Linear Technology LinFinity (->MicroSemi) Lite-On Electronics Lite-On Power Semiconductor (-> Diodes Inc.) Littelfuse Lockheed Martin Space Electronics (-> BAE) Logic Devices LSI Computer Systems LSI Logic Lucent Technologies (-> Agere) Lumex Lumileds LuxSonor (-> Cirrus)
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'M'
M-Systems M.S.Kennedy (MSK) M/A-Com Macronix (MXIC) Magtek Mai Logic Marktech Optoelectronics Marvell Matrix Memory Matsushita (-> Panasonic)
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Maxim Maxtek MAZeT MCE KDI Integrated Products Mediamatics (-> National) MediaQ (-> nVidia) Melexis MEMC Electronic Materials Memsic Metelics Micon Design Technology (MDT) Micrel Micro Analog Systems (MAS) Micro Commercial Components (MCC) Micro Electronics Micro Linear Micro Mobio Micro Networks Corporation (MNC) Microchip MicroMetrics Micron Micronas Micronetics Wireless Micropac Industries Microsemi
MicroTune Mindspeed Mini-Circuits Mips Technologies Mitel (-> Zarlink) Mitsubishi (->Renesas) Mitsubishi Electric Semiconductor Mitsumi Electric MMC Network (-> AMCC) Mobilink (-> Broadcom) Monolithics System (MoSys) Mosaic Semiconductor MosChip Semiconductor Technology Motorola (-> Freescale) Multilink Technology (-> Vitesse) Murata Music Semiconductors Mykotronx (-> Safenet) Myson Technology
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'N'
Naina Semiconductor NAiS Automation Controls NanoAmp Solutions Nanotech National Hybrid (NHI) National Semiconductor NEC Electronics NeoMagic NeoParadigm Labs NeoPhotonics
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with N - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
NetChip Technology (-> PLX Technology) NetLogic Microsystems NetMos Technology (-> MosChip) NetSilicon (-> DIGI) Neuricam New Japan Radio (JRC) NexFlash Technologies (Winbond) Nihon Inter Electronics (NIEC) Nipon Precision Circuits (NPC) NKK (-> Fujistu) Nogatech (-> Zoran) Noise/Com Nordic VLSI Nortel Networks Novalog Novatek NTE Electronics NTT Electonics (NEL) NVE Corporation nVidia
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'O'
O2Micro Oak Technology (-> Zoran) Oasis Semiconductors Oasis Silicon Systems Octasic Oki Semiconductor Omnirel (-> International Rectifier) OmniVision Omron Electronics
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with O - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
ON Semiconductor OpNext Optek Technology OPTi Opto Diode Optolab Orbit Semiconductor (-> Flextronics) Orologic (-> Vitesse Semiconductor) OSI Optoelectronics Osram Opto Semiconductors Oxford Micro Devices Oxford Semiconductor
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'P'
Pacific Monolithics Panasonic (Matsushita) Parrot Parthus Patriot Scientific Paxonet Communications (-> Conexant) Peregrine Semiconductor Performance Motion Devices (PMD) Performance Semiconductor
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Pericom Perkin Elmer Optoelectronics PhaseLink (PLL) Philips Philsar Electronics (-> Conexant) Photobit PixArt Imaging Pixelworks Pixim Plastic Logic PLX Technology PMC-Sierra Pointchips Polyfet RF Devices Power Innovations (-> Bourns) Power Integrations Powerchip Semiconductor (PSC) PowerDsine Powerex PowerSmart (-> Microchip) PowerTech PrairieComm Precision Monolithics (PMI) (-> Analog Devices) Prema Semiconductor Primarion
Princeton Technology (PTC) Protek Devices PulseCore (-> Alliance) Pyramid Semiconductor
Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with Q - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'Q'
Qlogic QSound Labs QT Optoelectronics (-> Fairchild) Quake Technologies Quality Semiconductor (> IDT) Quantum Effect Devices (> PMC-Sierra) Quantum Research Group QuickLogic
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with Q - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with R - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'R'
Rabbit Semiconductor Raltron Ramtron Rancho Technology Raytheon (-> Fairchild) RDC Semiconductor Realtek Rectron Rendition (-> Micron) Renesas
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with R - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
Reticon (-> Perkin Elmer Opto) RF Micro-Devices RF Monolithics RF Power Components (> Anaren) Ricoh RocketChips (-> Xilinx) Rockwell (-> Conexant) Rohm Electronics
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with S - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'S'
Saifun Sames Samsung Semiconductor (SEC) SanDisk SanRex Sanyo ScanLogic (-> Cypress) Scenix (-> Ubicom) Seeq (-> LSI Logic) Seiko Epson
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Seiko Instruments (SII) Semelab Semicoa Semiconductors Semiconductor Laser International (SLI) Semiconductor Technology (STI) Semikron Semitron (-> Littelfuse) Semitronics Semtech Sensirion Sensory Seoul Semiconductor SGA SGS-Thomson (-> STMicroelectronics) ShareWave (-> Cirrus Logic) Sharp Shindengen SIDSA Siemens (->Infineon) Sierra Monolithics SiGe Microsystems Sigma Designs SigmaTel Signal Processing Technologies (-> Fairchild) Signetics (-> Philips) Silicon Bridge
Silicon General Semiconductor (->Linfinity) Silicon Image Silicon Integrated Systems (SIS) Silicon Laboratories Silicon Power Silicon Storage Technology (SST) Silicon Systems (SSI) (-> Texas Instruments) Siliconians Siliconix Silonex Simtek Sipex SiQuest Sirenza Microdevices SiRF Technology SIS Microelectronics (-> Flextronics) SiTera (-> Vitesse) Sitronix Skyworks Solutions Smartec SMC (-> SMSC) Softcom Microsystems (-> Level One) Solid State Optronics Solitron Devices Solomon Systech
Sony Space Electronics SPaSE (-> Micronas) Standard Microsystems Corp. (SMSC, was SMC) Stanford Microdevices (-> Sirenza) Stanford Telecom (-> Intel) Stanley Statek STMicroelectronics Sumitomo Metals (-> iChips) Summit Microelectronics Sun Microelectronics Sunplus Technology Supertex Sussex Semiconductor Swindon Silicon Systems (SSSL) Switchcore Symbios (-> LSI Logic) Synergy (-> Micrel) Synova Syntec Semiconductor SystemOnIc
Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with T - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'T'
Taiwan Memory Technology (tmTECH) Taiwan Semiconductor (TSC) Tamarack Microelectronics (TMI) TDK Semiconductor Teccor (-> Littelfuse) Tekmos TelCom Semiconductors (> Microchip) Teledyne (-> TelCom Semiconductors) Telefunken (-> Vishay)
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Temex Temic Semiconductors (-> Atmel) Tensilica Tensleep Terosil (-> On Semiconductors) Texas Advanced Optoelectronic Solutions (TAOS) Texas Instruments Thaler Corporation THAT Corporation Thesys (-> Melexis) THine Thomson (SGS-) (-> ST Microelectronics) Tiger Jet Network Toko Semiconductor Topsil Torex Semiconductors Toshiba Toyoda Gosei TransDimension Transmeta TranSwitch Transys Electronics Trimble Trinamic Microchips Tripath Technology
TriQuint Semiconductor TSMC Tundra Semiconductor
Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with U - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'U'
Ubicom UltraRF (-> Cree Research) UMC Unisonic Technologies (UTC) Unitrode (-> Texas Instruments) US Digital Usar Systems Usha UTMC Microelectronic Systems
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with U - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with V - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'V'
V3 Semiconductor (-> QuickLogic) Vadem (-> Amphus) Valpey-Fisher Vanguard International Semiconductor (VIS) Vantis (-> Lattice) VCI Advanced Semiconductors Vectron International Veridicom Vertex Networks (-> Mitel)
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with V - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
VIA Technologies Vimicro Virata (-> Globespan) Virtium Techmology Vishay Intertechnology Vision VisionTech (-> Broadcom) Vitesse Semiconductor Vivid Semiconductor (-> National) VLSI Solution VLSI Technology (-> Philips) Voltage Multipliers (VMI) VTC (-> Agere) Vweb
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with W - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'W'
Waferscale Integration (WSI) (-> ST) Wave Systems (WSC) Weltrend Westcode Semiconductor Western Design Center (WDC) White Electonic Designs Winbond Electronics Wintegra WIZnet
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with W - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
Wolfson Microelectronics
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with X - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'X'
X-Fab XaQti (-> Vitesse) Xemics Xicor (->Intersil) Xilinx
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with Y - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'Y'
Yamaha LSI Yozan
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/datasheets/electronic_datasheets_y.html [1/17/2007 6:44:01 PM]
Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with Z - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets

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'Z'
Z-Communications Zarlink Semiconductor Zeevo Zenic Zentrum Mikroelektronic Desden (ZMD) Zetex ZF Embedded Zilog Zoran ZSP Corporation
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Semiconductor Manufacturers Datasheets Start with Z - Electronic Component Data Sheets - Semiconductor Company Products & Datasheets
Zucotto Wireless
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/datasheets/electronic_datasheets_z.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:45:46 PM]
Alarms and security related schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Alarms and security related schematics

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5 Zone alarm circuit A Basic RF Transmitter for PIR Sensors Active IR motion detector Alarm control keypad Almost Ultrasonic Motion Sensor Combination Lock (PIC16F84) Digital combination lock Digital entry lock Door knob alarm (PDF) Electronic combination lock / Locker Electronic door codelock (PIC16F84) Electronic lock
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/alarms_and_security_related_schematics.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:46:09 PM]
Emergency Light & Alarm Enhanced 4 Digit Alarm Keypad Enhanced 5 Digit Alarm Keypad Fridge door alarm Frost alarm Gate alarm circuit Home security project Low power RFID transponder Micro-power over temperature alarm (PDF) Miniature loop alarm Modular Burglar Alarm Moisture alarm Motorcycle alarm Novel Buzzer Circuit Audio Perimeter monitor Personal silent alarm system Proximity alarm Proximity detector for humans / living creatures using eddy current detection Refrigerator door alarm Radio Wave / RF Alarm Single Zone Alarm Touch activated alarm system Ultrasonic radar alarm Ultrasonic remote control & alarm system Water Activated Alarm
Water level alarm Water seepage alarm (PDF) Wire loop alarm
Click here for >>>> Other 1000's of Electronic Circuits <<<< Back to Quick Reference Links to Circuits / Schematic
Audio Preamp Circuits Tutorials - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

Products Sitemap Online Calculators Circuits (A-C) Circuits (D-O) Circuits (P-Z) Tutorials Audio preamp Audio preamplifier Balanced microphone preamp ECM Mic preamp Electret mic amplifier FET Preamp Cable Hi Fi preamp Low impedance microphone amplifier Masthead preamp Microphone amplifier Phono Preamp Preamplifier for microphone or guitar use RIAA phono amplifier Simple microphone preamplifier Simple microphone preamplifier Simple Stereo Electret Microphone Preamplifier Web Hobbyprojects.com
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Audio Preamp Circuits - Tutorials

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http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/audio_preamp_circuits.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:46:21 PM]
Audio Preamp Circuits Tutorials - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource
Simple Stereo Electret Microphone Preamplifier Tube microphone preamp Vacuum Tube Microphone Preamp
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/audio_preamp_circuits.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:46:21 PM]
Audio Power Amplifier Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Audio Power Amplifier Schematics
1 Watt 2.3 GHz RF Amplifier Using a MRF2001
1.5W Audio amplifier
100W Guitar Amplifier
100W RMS Amplifier
10W amplifier
12 Watt Valve Guitar Amp
16 Watt amplifier
18W Audio amplifier
2.3 GHz Power Amplifiers
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20 Watt / Channel Stereo Power Amplifier
20 Watt Class-A Power Amplifier
20 Watt GaAaFET Power on 2.3 GHz
20dB VHF Amplifier
20W Amplifier
2304 and 3456 MHz Power Amplifiers
25W MOSFET amplifier
25W MOSFET audio amplifier
2-Channel Power Amplifier
2W amplifier
2W Amplifier
30 watt FM linear amplifier
300W Subwoofer Power Amplifier
4W amplifier
50W Amplifier
50W audio amplifier using ICL8063
50W audio power amplifier
55W (Originally 75W) Power Amplifier
60W RF linear amplifier using IRF840
8 Watt amplifier
8 watt audio amp

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80W amplifier
Amplified ear for surveillance
Audio Amp Output Power Limiter
Audio amplifier output relay delay
Bi-Directional 2.4 GHz One Watt Amplifier
Bi-Directional 900Mhz One Watt Amplifier
Death of Zen (DoZ) - A New Class-A Power Amp
El-Cheapo - A Really Simple Power Amplifier
HeadBanger Headphone Amp
Headphone amplifier
Headphone amplifier
Headphone monitor amp
Hi-Fi Headphone Amplifier
High quality exponential VCA
Linear FM 50 watt amplifier with BLY90
LM383 12V Amplifier
Low-level audio amp
Mini bench amplifier (LM386)
Personal stereo audio amp
Portable headphone amplifier
Power amp schematic (PDF)
Push-Pull Class A 2A3 Stereo Amp
Push-Pull Class A Amp using type 5687 dual triodes
Single Chip 50 Watt / 8 Ohm Power Amplifiers
Single Ended Class A2 SV811-10 Stereo Amp
Soft-Start Circuit For Power Amps
Spatial Distortion Reduction Headphone Amp
TDA2030 8 Watt amplifier
Thermo-Fan To Keep Your Amp Cool
Two transistor audio amplifier
Automotive Car & Motorcycle Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Automotive Car & Motorcycle Schematics
12V to 9V car converter
3rd brake light
5301 wideband fuel mixture display
80188XL Engine Tachometer
Adaptive Windscreen Wiper Control
Alternator Signal Detector
Analog Tachometer for Gasoline Engines
Automatic headlight brightness switch
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/automotive_car_and_motorcycle_schematics.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 6:46:44 PM]
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Automotive alarm system
Automotive Anti-Lock Brake Control Driver
BMW motorcycle side stands protection mod
BMW R Series Motorcycle Regulator Schematic
Breathe Alcohol Tester controlling a car ignition system
Car battery charger
Car battery charger circuit
Car battery voltage tester using LM3914
Car clock
Car interval wiper
Car message display
Car Nicad charger
Cigarette lighter 9V adaptor
Combination lock for car lift gate
Economy radar detector
Electronic car ignition circuit
Electronic auto stethoscope
Engine control unit schematics
FCD (Fuel Cut Defencer)
Flashing / pulsing third brake like for cars
Fuel injector pulse width monitor
Grand Cherokee Off-Highway Lights
Headlight flasher
Headlight On reminder with Light
Headlight reminder
Headlight timer
Integrate Fuel Pump Wire Security Cut Off with a Turbo Timer
Interface between GM's 5 Volt 8192 baud ALDL data stream and a PC serial port
Motorcycle turn-signal system
Parking aid senses distance to rear of vehicle
Parking sonar
Portable CD Player Adapter For Car
Road ice alarm
Safety indicator light
Simple car battery charger
Simple Car Preamplifier and Artificial Earth
Speed alert - wireless portable unit
Speed limit alert
Synchronized multi-spark module (SMSM) for Electronic Ignition Devices (EID)
Turn signal alarm
Wide Band Fuel Mixture Display
Wireless Auto Tachometer
Data Acquisition & Logging Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Data Acquisition & Logging Schematics
12-Bit ADC interface
1-wire barometer
4-channel data telemetry system
Accelerometer Schematic
ADC0804LCN 8-bit A/D converter
Addressable ADC
ADXL202 accelerometer to CV output
Air flow detector
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Air flow detector
Analog input section based on AD9220
Capacitance type liquid level measurement (PDF)
Centronics port D/A converters and low-pass filter
Differential Capacitance Measurement for Tilt Meter
Digital compass schematic
Digital PC Oscilloscope
Digital thermometer
Digital Water Wave/Tide/Level Meter (PIC16F876)
Electronic altimeter using PIC16F877
Geiger counter
Home Brew Compass Sensor
Honey Bee counter (PDF)
LCD Thermometer
Light direction sensor
Low Flow-Rate Thermal Flow meter
Magnetometer
Precision Digital Altimeter
Pressure Sensor-Based Altimeter Circuit
Rain detector
Remote digital thermometer sends data over AC power line
Self made data-logger V2.5 (second edition)
Serial Port A/D-converter
Strain gauge sensor
Temperature data logger
Thermostat node schematic
Ultrasonic Range & Imager
Ultrasonic range finder circuit
uModem 4+4/8 channel A/D board
Universal flight controllers / datalogger
Using 555 Timer as an A/D converter
Voltage follower with 1G ohm input resistance
Water-level sensor
Web-based thermometer project
Wireless Liquid Level Sensing for Restaurant Applications
Wireless weather station
Filter Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Filter Schematics
29.85 MHZ bandpass filter schematic
29.85 MHZ notch filter schematic
3KHz low-pass filter plus audio amp (PDF)
"A" Weighting Filter For Audio Measurements
Active 2nd Order Filters
Active bandpass filters
Bandpass filters
Bandpass filters
Biquad Active Bandpass Filter Schematic
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/filter_schematics.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:47:07 PM]
Filter Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Butterworth filters
Chebyshev / Butterworth filters
Chebyshev Bandpass Filter
CW filters
Digital signal processor (DSP) for radio communications
Filter Circuit for the Earthworm Seismic Data Acquisition System\
Galaxy Noise Filter
Helical Resonator Notch Filter
Inversal notch and bandpass filter
LC filter design
Low-pass active filter
Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter
Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter
Narrow band audio bandpass filter
RC Notch Filter (Twin T)
Self-tune filter
SSB AF filter
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/filter_schematics.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:47:07 PM]
Games & Fun Stuff Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Games & Fun Stuff Schematics
32 Kb x 8 emulator for the GameBoy April Fools LEDs Archery timer Battery Meter for Pinball Machines Bingo!!! (on your tv) Burger Time Arcade Game (500k ZIP) Dig Dug Arcade Game (800k ZIP) DIT shutterglasses controller
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/games_and_fun_stuff_schematics.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 6:47:20 PM]
Dreamcast interface Dreamcast PC serial adapter E.S.P. Conjuring Trick Electronic coin tosser Electronic craps game Electronic Nicad glow plug driver First response monitor Flashing heart Frogger Arcade Game (500k ZIP) Funcard programmer Furby reverse-engineered circuit Galaga Arcade Game (542k ZIP) GameBoy Camera Parallel Port Interface GameBoy Cart Programmer GameBoy LCD schematic GameBoy MBC1 circuit equivalent GameBoy Power & Cartridge schematic GameBoy ROM+RAM+MBC1 Cart Schematic GameBoy Schematic
Gyrus Arcade Game (800k ZIP) Interfacing Sony control stick to Empeg Junior Pacman Arcade Game (400k) Ladybug Arcade Game (335k ZIP) Lego Mindstorms Double Rotation Sensor Magic lamp, IR remote control jammer and other fun circuits (PDF) Magic Wand Conjuring Trick Mappy Arcade Game (470k ZIP) MBC5/CPLD for the GameBoy Memory game Moon Cresta Arcade Game (300k ZIP) Mr.Do Arcade Game (554k ZIP) PacLand Arcade Game (316k ZIP) Pengo Arcade Game (313k ZIP) Phoenix programmer PIC micro Tetris game Pine Racecar Victory Judge Pinewood Derby logic
Project: NES to Atari 2600 controller interface PSX controller to PC MIDI converter Q*Bert Arcade Game (600k ZIP) Qix Arcade Game (476k ZIP) Quiz game circuit Quiz Master Quiz show indicator Sanyo 20EZ monitor Arcade Game (300k ZIP) Scramble Arcade Game (600k ZIP) Slot car TV cronograph SRX1 (Stephane's Robotic eXperiment 1) Super GameBoy schematic Tic-tac-toe game using PIC16F628 Time Pilot'84 Arcade Game (870k ZIP) VCR ping pong game Video ping pong game Visor cradle serial interface Xevious Arcade Game (450k ZIP)
Infrared Based Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Infrared Based Schematics

40khz IR Tester 40KHz light receiver (PDF) 40KHz TV-VCR repeater (PDF) 555 timer 40khz IR Oscillator An Ambient-Light-Ignoring Infrared Active Motion Detector
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Build an Infrared night scope Computerized Infrared Remote Decoding IR Remote Controls Digibox interface Fire-Stick infrared remote control General purpose IR receiver Implementing Infrared Object Detection Improved infrared receiver for PC with status LED Infra Red Switch
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/infrared_based_schematics.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:47:30 PM]

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Infrared / Ultrasonic beacon Infrared body heat detector Infrared circuits for remote control Infrared gate (door entry alarm) Infrared gate for door Infrared level detector for liquid level detection and proximity detection
Infrared link for 10-BASE-T / 100-BASE-T PC network card
Infrared remote control shutter release system Infrared remote transponder Infrared switch using any infrared remote control Infrared Transmitter and Receiver schematic diagrams Infrared transmitter for locomotives IR detector IR detector IR detector / emitter IR Link IR Receiver (Amplitude Modulated IR) IR remote control IR remote control extender IR Remote Control Extender Circuit (Mark 2) IR Remote Control Extender Circuit (Mark 3) IR remote control tester IR remote control tester IR Transmitter for Audio (Amplitude Modulated IR) iRDA to TTL interface iRDA transceiver to extend IR port range up to 15 meters IR-related ASCII Schematics V1.00 Micro based PIR to IR remote converter

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Minimal Infrared transmitter for PC PC IR Remote Control PC IR Remote Control Hardware Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor Serial port controller infrared transmitter (PIC16F628) Simple infra-red detector Simple infrared remote control Simple IR transmitter circuit Simple on-off IR photoswitch without use of comparators Stereo IR audio receiver Wireless IR headphone receiver Wireless IR headphone transmitter
LED / Flasher related Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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LED related Schematics

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1.5 Volt LED Flashers 1.5V LED flasher A (PDF) 1.5V LED flasher B (PDF) 10 Stage LED Sequencer 16 Stage Bi-Directional LED Sequencer 16 Stage Bi-Directional LED Sequencer, other sequencer and flasher circuits
28 LED Clock Timer 3V LED chaser using 4017 6V ultra-bright LED chaser using 74HC4017 7 by 10 LED Moving Sign ( 27C512 EPROM) 7 Segment LED Counter 9 Second Digital Readout Timer 9 Second LED Relay Timer AC Line Powered LEDs
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/LED_related_schematics.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:47:43 PM]

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Adjustable flashing LED Animated LED signboard (PIC16C84) Assorted LED circuits Astable Multivibrator Big 7-segment LED display board with SPI interface Christmas Star Christmas tree Color fade Expandable 16 Stage LED Sequencer Fading Red Eyes Flashing Christmas LED display Flashing LED advertising badge (PDF) Flashing LED advertising badge (PDF) Heart of LEDs ICL7660 LED flasher IR Illuminator Knight rider scanning LED lights LED Audio VU Meter LED chaser LED Counter Led display digital Voltmeter LED Flasher LED Mood Light LED Photo Sensor Circuit LED pulser with audible output LM3909 LED flasher LM3909 replacement using discrete components Low battery voltage flasher (PDF) Low current LED flasher (PDF) PIC16F84 LED chaser

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PIC16F84 LED signboard PIC16F84 LED signboard 2 Picxie 2 - 8x8 Animated LED Signboard Pulsed LED test circuit (PDF) PWM white LED drivers Robot Beacon rotating light using PIC12C508 Sequential LED Flasher with Reversible Direction Tri Color LED Controller with Serial Interface Two Transistor LED Flasher White LED circuits
Laser Related Power Supply & Data Transmission Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Laser Related Power Supply & Data Transmission Schematics

10MHz to 20MHz laser light detector (PDF) 12V supply for He-Ne laser 20MHz VCSEL 3mW laser test circuit (PDF) 40KHz laser burst detector (PDF) Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Ar/Kr Ion Laser Power Supply Design Digital radar speedometer - laser reflexion using discrete logic
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Diode Laser Power Supplies Efficient Laser Supply Experimental laser data link Fiber Optic Voice Communications HeNe laser power supply Laser diode power supply circuits
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_refere...er_related_power_supplies_&_data_transmission.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:47:55 PM]
Laser Related Power Supply & Data Transmission Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource
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Laser diode transmitter Laser harp Laser power supply Laser Telephone Receiver Circuit Laser transmitter schematics Laser transmitter/receiver Light beam receiver for laser pistols Micro-power 40KHz burst laser diode driver (PDF) Modulated laser diode tester (PDF) OPT201 Laser receiver OPT301 Laser receiver RS-232 Laser Transceiver RS-232 laser transceiver RS-232 Laser Transceiver Simple laser communicator
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_refere...er_related_power_supplies_&_data_transmission.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:47:55 PM]
Lighting Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Lighting Schematics
12 Volt Lamp Dimmer 120VAC Lamp Chaser Using Solid State Relays 12VDC Fluorescent Lamp Driver 1W Fluorescent lamp night light (PDF) 220V Flashing lights 4-channel dimmer rack 5W Fluorescent light intensity modulator (PDF) 6 Channel Auto Reverse Sequential Disco Running Lights Adjustable Strobe Light Bedside lamp timer Cutesy lamp Digi Pack DMX 512 lighting controller Digitally Addressable DALI Dimming Ballast (PDF) Disco light controller Disco style Strobe Light
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/lighting_schematics.html (1 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:48:06 PM]
Lighting Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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DMX lighting and special effects DMX PC keyboard interface Electronic night light Flashing Neons (NE-51 / NE-2) Garden light switch Lamp flasher/dimmer LED Mood Light Light chaser Light Sequenced Candelabra Light timer Low-voltage light dimmer LX-800 Lighting system Microcontroller Multichannel Light Dimmer Neon desk lamp Neon lamp dimmer PIC16F873 light controller RHINO8 EL Sequencer Sequencing Neons (NE-51 / NE-2) Strobe light Touch Activated Lamp TRIAC light dimmer Varying Brightness AC Lamp Xenon Strobe Light
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/lighting_schematics.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:48:06 PM]
Miscellaneous Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Miscellaneous Schematics
12V DC electronic door chime 1uS light pulse discriminator plus F to V converter (PDF) 1uS light pulse receiver plus post amp (MISC) 741 Light Sensor A selection of robotics projects An Inexpensive X-ray Machine Analog computer Analog opto-isolator Analog pulse counter APRS GPS tracker schematic (PIC16C73) Assorted digital circuits Basement doorbell beeper (PDF) Basic electronic circuits Basic op-amp circuits Bat detector
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/miscellaneous_schematics.html (1 of 6) [1/17/2007 6:48:21 PM]

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Bat detector Bat detector (new) Bat detector microphone pre-amplifiers BayComm packet modem Biasing Op-Amps into Class A Black Light Bleeper box for time reference Broadband 2MHz optical fiber receiver (PDF) Broadband 5MHz optical fiber receiver (PDF) Build logic gates using discrete parts Capacitance sensor Chaos generator Circuit for gold wafer card Common Ground for Older VPW Circuit Computerize Your Room/Home Darkness monitor Digital Call Sign Annunciator Digital dial Dinsmore 1490 digital compass Discrete Bistable Flip Flop Discrete Set/Reset Flip Flop Doorbell for the Deaf Driving N-channel FETs from TTL Electric field disturbance monitor Electromagnetic field detector Electronic Eavesdropping Devices Detector Electronic fish lure Electroscope ELF Monitor Experimental data transmitter for fiber optics

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Experimental fiber optic receiver Fantastic Atom Expander FCTS Project Flash slave trigger Fluid level detector Fogger smoke machine Full-duplex doorphone with 3 wires connection G Strain energy absorber Garmin GPS data interconnect Geiger counter Geiger counter Geomagnetic field detector Glitch detector Gold wafer (smartcard) programmer GPS receiver support kit Griffith Observatory Tesla Coil HamComm modem interface Hardware Random Bit Generator High Quality Intercom High voltage stun gun High-speed light receiver (PDF) Inexpensive APRS Weather Station Inexpensive seismometer project Insect Repellant Intercom circuit Intercom schematic Ion detector Ion detector Jacob's Ladder Keys finder

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Laboratory Control System for Cold Atom Experiments Large LCD Display Buffering Driver Lazer Tag Equipment Modifications Light detector Lightning Activated Camera Shutter Trigger Lightning Detector Lightning Storm Detector LM 1800 FM stereo decoder Low-power optical interrupter (PDF) Magnetic Gun. Magnetic levitation circuit Magnetic levitation device Making a FRED photopopper MAX924 bar-graph level gauge Metal detector Mini efficient magnetic coil launcher from disposable camera flash
Miniature magnetic gun (rail gun) Miscellaneous simple circuits Mobile APRS / GPS tracking system Modulated light received (PDF) Monitor output from Motorola Oncore GPS engine in HP Z3801A in GPS Disciplined Oscillator
Monostable Flip Flops (one shot) Morse Code Beacon Keyer Morse code display Morse Code Practice Keyer 1 Morse Code Practice Keyer 2 Morse monitor Morse paddle keyer

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Navigator 555A radio direction finder (RDF) circuit diagram
Negative ion generator Nocturnal animals whisker Parasite zapper PE3342 Programmer Schematic PL tone generator (NE567) Plant watering watcher Popular Electronics Ultrasound Detector Power line FM intercom Pulse width modulators (PWM) Pulse width to voltage converter Random noise generator RDS Encoder RDS Encoder Scaling ADXL50 accelerometer output Seismic detector interfaces to datalogger Short-circuit beeper Simple BFO metal detector Simple event counter Simple metal detector electronic circuit Simple nitrogen spark generator (PDF) Smooth Tone Clickless CW Sidetone Generator Sound finding cricket Sound finding cricket with phase detector Static Electricity / Negative Ion Detector Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance (SID) Receiver Suddent ionospheric disturbance (SID) receiver Talking Morse Code Practice Computer Tesla power receiver

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Text to speech converter The Aisin-Seiki GPS-Receiver (The "US$20 GPS") Three Power Supplies for the Garmin GPS-20 Sensor Board
Time to dust indicator (PDF) Toggle Switch Debounced Pushbutton u-Blox GPS receiver board Ultrasonic dog whistle Ultrasonic generator Ultrasonic radar Ultrasonic sound receiver Ultrasonic switch Ultrasonic transducer oscillator circuit UV light box Variety of quick designs Vat detector (old) Very basic circuits Voltage Comparator Information And Circuits Walking robot Whistle responder
Model and Remote Control Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Model and Remote Control Schematics

"CLONEPAC" memory module for Futaba 8UAF/8UAP 0-10V control for RC servos 250-amp Speed Controller for RC cars 27Mhz toy car receiver 27Mhz toy car transmitter A dual alternating flashing light circuit A dual tandem flashing light circuit powered by a 9 volt battery
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A Receive Signal Decoder Alf: The Robotic Matchbox car Battery low voltage alarm Battery low voltage alarm 2 Battery pack discharger Building an RF Remote Control System
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/model_and_remote_control_schematics.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:48:32 PM]
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Deluxe charge rate monitor Discharger for Receiver Battery Packs Downed model locator Downed model locator Mark 2 Electronic millipede robot Glow Plug driver for model engines Handy cricket for robotic applications Incline Railway Control Circuit Launch controller for multiple rockets LED traffic lights Model rocket launch controller Model Rocket with Video Camera Motor walker circuit Multi Rocket Launcher One ounce rocket ejection timer Pad launch controller for model rockets PIC based rocket altimeter Plane locator Plane locator 2 Precision Receiver Battery Low Voltage Alarm Proportional radio remote control R/C digital camera controller R/C Emergency locator alarm R/C helicopter camera Radio Control Battery Backup RC Receiver Battery Low Voltage Alarm Remote switch for radio-control aircraft accessories RF serial link for robot Robot with PIC16F84 brain & InfraRed eyes Robotic microcontroller board
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Seaplane schematic Signal breaking module Simple charge rate monitor Simple flashing light circuit Simple flashing light circuit Simple flashing light circuit Simple train detector using ambient light and a photocell Simulate the Gyralite (dual flashing headlights). Snake throat muscle controller Spider robot electronic project page Two tone train horn Two-tone siren Ultimate battery low voltage alarm
Music Related Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Music Related Schematics (also see Audio)

25-pin PC serial port to MIDI synthesizer interface cable 8 note tune player 9-pin PC serial port to MIDI synthesizer interface cable Amiga MIDI interface Analog MIDI synthesizer Apple Mac to MIDI synthesizer interface cable Apple Macintosh MIDI interface schematic (basic version) Apple Macintosh MIDI interface schematic (deluxe version)
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Audible metronome BookPC Car MP3 Player Colour (Sound) Organ Compact Flash / IDE MP3 Player MKI Digital Guitar Tuner
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/music_related_schematics.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:48:49 PM]

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DIY Serial MIDI Interface (80C51/80C31 Version) Drum tone oscillators Dual phantom power pre-amp Electronic metronome Four channel fuzz box Guitar fuzz effect Guitar Reverb Pedal Guitar Tremolo Unit Guitar Vibrato Unit Metronome and pitch generator Microcontroller MIDI interface MIDI Controller Footpedal MIDI Drum Machine Analog Input Schematic MIDI drum machine project MIDI interface / cable tester MIDI keyboard MIDI keyboard circuit MIDI merger schematic MIDI to CV interface Midibox 64 Mini metronome Miniature metronome MP3 Player Musical Instrument (Expandable) Graphic Equaliser Octave screamer Peak-reading meters Serial MIDI interface Simple colour organ Simple line mixer Simple MIDI switcher

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Simple MIDI tester Sound Effects Generator Sound Effects Generator 2 Spring reverb Spring reverb unit Spring Reverb Unit For Guitar Standard MIDI to MIDI interface cable diagram Theremin controller Transistor organ Ultra Simple Bass Guitar Compressor Vibrato Circuit for Guitar, Steel, Bass, Etc. Visual metronome Vocal zapper Vox AC30 Guitar Amplifier Simulator Wave Multiplier for music synthesizers Yet Another Mobile MP3 Player Zonk Machine and Treble Booster
PC related Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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PC related Schematics
160 Baud ALDL Hardware Interface 24-line PC digital interface (PDF) 3-axis stepper motor controller for PC parallel port 4-channel 8-bit analog-to-digital converter for PC 8-way relay interface board for PC parallel printer port 9-pin null modem cable A PC-Based LowFER Frequency Synthesizer A Serial Infrared Remote Controller Analog Signal Acquisition for PC Printer Port Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) and Communicating with a PC
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Apple II/II+/IIe IDE Drive Interface Assorted computer interface circuits AT PC Power Supply 1 AT PC Power Supply 2
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/pc_related_schematics.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 6:49:04 PM]

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AT PC Power Supply 3 AT PC Power Supply 4 AT PC Power Supply 5 Barcode scanner Basic Stamp I & PC Relay Controller Build your own iRDA SIR Transceiver (Dongle) using MCP2120
CCD linear image sensor to PC parallel interface Commodore 64 24-bit parallel port interface with 8255 Compter microphone Connect other circuits to PC joystick port Connect two CD-ROM drives to one soundcard Convert Atari-style joystick to PC joystick port Dallas DS1620 based USB Digital Thermometer DB-9 Connector to DB-25 (both RS-232) Digital Signals Decoding Interfaces Dive computer interface EEPROM programmer Ericsson phone to PC serial port interface Fake Joystick circuit Fax to modem interface FM radio with PC parallel port interface Genius Mouse schematics Get power out of PC parallel port Get power out of PC RS-232 port Getting power from RS-232 interface GPS receiver (Gamin, Eagle etc) to PC interface cables HamComm Interface Headphone driving circuit for soundcards Hi-Fi PC Speaker System

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Homebuilt RS232 LCD Interface How to construct Garmin GPS receiver interface cables How to get power from PC to your circuits I2C printer port adaptor iLINK Interface Interface cable for Casio QV-200 digital camera Interfacing 16x2 character :LCD to parallel port Interfacing PC sound card to SSB rig iRDA interface for motherboard using Vishay TFDS4500 iRDA printer adapter ISA 48 I/O digital card Isolated Full Duplex RS232C Interface Jupiter card programmer Laptop Computer Serial Port Power Booster LCD2LPT with LIRC (LCD to LPT printer port) interface Linux Infra-red Remote Control (LIRC) Mac Serial Port (RS-422 DIN-8) to RS-232 DB-25 Modem Rockwell RCV336/ACF model V1433VQR ext. More accurate PC/AT clock Null Printer Adapter Parallel (Printer) Port Interface Parallel port ADC based on MAX147 Parallel port relay interface Parallel port servo controller PC based thermometer based on Dallas DS1621 PC electrically isolated RS422 interface using SN75176B or MAX485
PC electrically isolated RS485 interface using MAX487 or SN75176B
PC interface for point controller

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PC Serial and Parallel Port Software and Interfaces PC serial port receiver PC speaker volume control circuit PC thermometer PC thermometer using PC game (joystick) port PCI to ISA converter Power from RS-232 port Printer port ADC Radio clock for PC's Relay interface add-on board for PC RS232 - Lowe HF-225 interface RS232 DB-9 switch to flip between two serial ports RS-232 line monitor and loopback cables RS-232 Protocol Analyser RS-232 surge protection RS232 to IrDA convertor using Vishay TOIM3232 RS-232 to TTL cable RS232C Level Converter Schematic of a standard PC joystick Sega 3D glass interfacing circuits Short circuit protected power supply from PC 12V supply Simple PC SmartCard reader Simple PC thermometer for serial port but using R/C network for measurement
Simple RS-232 serial port buffer circuit SmartCard PC Emulator Sound Blaster Microphone Preamplifier Sound Card Interface with Tone Keyer Stepper motor controller for PC parallel port Supply Derives Power From 3-Wire RS-232 Port

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Temperature sensor for PC The KD2BD Pacsat Modem USB to RS232 Dongle Using the joystick port as general purpose input WatchDog for ISA Bus
PDA Interfaces and related Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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PDA Interfaces and related Schematics

Aladin interface Aladdin interface using op-amp Casio datalogger Casio datalogger Casio interface cable Casio interface circuits Casio organiser hardware Hamamatsu UVTron Interface to a BrainStem IBM PC keyboard to PalmPilot interface Interfacing ADXL202 accelerometer to PalmPilot Interfacing ultrasonic range finder to BrainStem MIDI interface for Palm computers MIDI interface for Palm cradle MIDI interface for Visor USB
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PDA Interfaces and related Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource
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MIDI-USB Cradle for Visor (Deluxe, Platinum) PalmPilot audio interface PalmPilot connector pinouts PalmPilot cradle to modem adapter PalmPilot memory schematics PalmPilot serial port interface PalmPilot turbo boost gauge interface SHARP palm-top/hand-held to RS232 serial converter Wireless local network for PalmPilot (large PDF)
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Power Supplies and Control Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Power Supplies and Control Schematics

+/-12V -> +/-5V Power unit +12V/-12V Power supply unit +30V DC-DC converter +30V power supply with +5V +5V Switching regulator (1) +9V *and* -9V from one battery 12 Vdc - 120 Vac Inverter Schematic 12 volt battery monitor 12 Volt DC Load Control and Battery Protection 12 volt power supply 12B Battery condition indicator 12V 30A power supply 12V battery capacity tester 13.5KV power supply
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/power_supplies_and_control_schematics.html (1 of 6) [1/17/2007 6:49:31 PM]
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2 watt switching power supply 200 Watt Modified PC Power Supply 13.5 Volt 14 Amp 33 Volt DC To DC Converter 5 volt power supply 500W low cost 12V to 220V inverter 6V to 12V Converter Adjustable power supply using LM317 Alkaline battery charger Alternative power source for Magellan GPS receivers Assorted power source and control circuits Automatic AC voltage (110/240) selector Basic UPS Power Supply Battery Characterizer Battery charge indicator Battery charger Battery Charger Ideas Battery voltage monitor Bench power supply Bidirectionall power inverter Charger for gel lead acid batteries Constant Current Battery Charger DC/AC inverter (1) DC/AC inverter (2) Dual Polarity Power Supply Dual power supply Dual regulated power supply Easy power supply Electric power controller Filtering PC bus POWER Fixed Voltage Power Supply
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Flyback transformer driver Fuse blown indicator Fuse monitor / alarm Generating -5VDC from +5VDC Generating Negative 5 Volts from 9 Volt Battery Ground Fault Interupter Gyrator circuit High Current Power Supply High Current Regulated Power Supply High current regulated power supply High Voltage High Current Power Supply HV supply: 12VDC in, 12KV out Intelligent battery charger Intelligent NiMH/NiCd switched mode fast charger Kirlian device supply Lead acid trickle charger LED Battery Condition Indicator LM317 adjustable power supply LM317 Regulator Circuit LM317 Regulator With Pass Transistor LM317 Variable Voltage Regulator LM3914 battery monitor Low battery indicator Low Power DC Quadrupler Low Power DC to DC Converter Low Power LED Voltmeter Low Power LED Voltmeter Low-dropout 12V regulator (LM324) LTC1265 Nicad charger Machine power loss beepter (PDF)
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Multiple voltage power supply Nagative voltage generation using 555 timer NE555 Low Voltage Battery Disconnect Circuit Negative voltage generator Nicad battery charger Nicad battery charger Nicad battery cycler Nicad Battery Discharger/Capacity Indicator One 9V battery gives +18, +25, +33V PIC16F873 DC motor speed controller Power control for arc welders and other inductive loads Power reminder beeper (PDF) Power supply provides +5VDC regulated, +10VDC unregulated and 7.5VAC
Power Tool Torque Control Pulse Charger for reviving tired Lead Acid batteries PWM Motor Speed Controller / DC Light Dimmer PWM Motor/Light Controller PWM Motor/Light Controller PWM Motor/Light Controller variants Regulated 12V supply Simple +5V power supply circuit Simple Capacitance Multiplier Power Supply For Class-A Amplifiers
Simple DC Adapter Power Supply Simple power supply Simple switching power supply Simple Variable Voltage Source Single cell lithium battery charger Smart battery charger
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Snowmobile GPS power adapter Surge protector Switching Power Supply Switching regulator (2) Temperature Controlled NICD Charger Tesla coil / HV generator Transformerless Power Supply TTL power supply with crowbar protection Ultimate power supply Unplugged power cord alarm Unregulated power supply Valve power supply Variable 0-5A Current Source Variable 3 - 24 Volt / 3 Amp Power Supply Variable DC power supply Variable Dual Lab Power Supply Variable power supply Variable power supply Variable Regulated Power Supply Variable Voltage and Current Power Supply Various switching power supplies Voltage converter Voltage doubler Voltage Inverter Voltage Inverter Voltage inverter
Radio (RF) Frequency Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Radio (RF) Frequency Schematics

10.7MHz FM detector 10W HF linear amplifier 136 kHz direct conversion receiver 14MHz SSB 10mW Transceiver 175KHz inductive pulse receiver (PDF) 200-400 MHz voltage controlled oscillator 222 MHz Transverter 2M - 20M transverter 2MHz RF Oscillator 2N2222 40 Meter CW/DSB Transceiver 30m direct conversion receiver 30M PSK31 Transceiver 3W FM Transmitter 3W HF QRP linear amplifier 40m direct conversion receiver
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42 Mc Band to 88 Mc Band (retrofit converter) Project 45-860MHz Radio receiver based on UV916-tuner 49MHz walkie-talkie 5 watt, 80 meter QRP CW Transceiver 500mW HF linear amplifier 500W HF linear amplifier 50-150MHz Overtone Oscillator 50MHz Assistant (Preamp & Power Amp.) 50MHz Converter 56K RF Modem 73MHz remote controller hallogen light 7MHz SSB Transceiver 80 Meter CW ARDF receiver 80M ARDF direction finder 80m direct conversion receiver Active antenna with gain Advanced VHF power meter AM BCB radio receiver AM Broadcast Band Active Antenna AM Radio AM receiver for aircraft communications AM to FM conveter AM/FM/SW active antenna AM-Receiver for Aircraft communication (118.250MHz) Assorted RF circuits Basic RF oscillator Bug detector Bug detector Build your own VLF Receiver Building a Simple LF Exciter

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CB (27MHz citizens band) 2.5W transmitter CB (27MHz citizens band) receiver Class B series modulator CMOS RF PLL sythesizer Convert 2m VHF FM PMR transceiver Motorola Radius M110 into an amateur radio
Crystal radio Crystal radio Crystal radio circuits including diode performance comparison
CW RECEIVER 40/80 meter CW receiver Demodulator Schematic/Design Digital Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Direction finder system DSBSC (Double Side Band Supressed Carrier) Economoy short-wave radio External antenna for the GPS-38, Magellan 2000, or Eagle Explorer GPS receivers
FM Bug Four channel RF remote control Four Channel Wireless Transmitter and Receiver Frequency Synthesizer Generic VHF power amplifier Ham Band VFO Harmonic oscillator HF Signal generator How to Build a 300MHz AM, RF Remote Control System Huge LED Antenna Direction Display (part 1) Huge LED Antenna Direction Display (part 2) ICOM CI-V interface with RS232 RTS to PTT

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Improved CMOS RF PLL sythesizer Improved FM Stereo Modulator Linearized RF detector One transistor FM receiver One transistor regenerative receiver One Watt 2.45 GHz Linear Amplifier Op-Amp Radio Phased lock loop schematic Phasing SSB exciter PLL FM transmitter PLL synthesizing oscillator (1) PLL synthesizing oscillator (2) PLL synthesizing oscillator (3) Popcorn direct conversion receiver Q-multiplier Radio Control Electric Switch Receiver Receiver building blocks Regenerative shortwave receiver RF front-end for triple conversion GPS receiver RF Modem Robotics Project RF Sniffer <.5 to >500 MHz RTTY terminal unit RX3302 receiver module schematic Shortwave conveter for scanners Simple AM Radio Receiver & Amplifier Simple Op-Amp Radio Simple wireless radio data link Smooth Tone Clickless CW Sidetone Generator SOP direct conversion receiver

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SOP receiver (PDF) Superregenerative 27MHz receiver Synthesized HF receiver TBA120 narrowband FM receiver TDA7000 receiver The MRX-40 Mini Receiver Toroidal coil RF shortwave receiver TRF AM Receiver circuit Two-band radio UHF - 100W Transistorized amplifier UHF oscillator Variety of receiver converter projects VFO from 2001 ARRL Handbook, page 14.20 VFO from 2001 ARRL Handbook, page 17.74 Vibrating pocket bug detector VLF radio receiver schematic WLW 500KW Transmitter Schematic Yaesu band decoder schematic Yaesu FT-736R doppler compensation ZN414 receivers
Solar Power Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Solar Power Schematics

1381 solar engine AA battery solar charger AA battery solar charger AA battery solar charger D1 solar engine FLED solar engine LED7 solar tracker PM1 solar engine Portable solar battery charger SCC2 10 Amp Solar Charge Controller Sensor Electronic Tracker with H-Bridge Drive Sensor Electronic Tracker with Simple Solar Charge Controller
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Solar car array controller schematic Solar car battery monitor schematic
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Solar Power Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Solar car brake controller schematic Solar car display controller schematic Solar car electrical design and circuit index Solar car main controller schematic Solar cell Nicad charger Solar charge controller Solar Charged LED Flashlight Solar Panel Charge Controller / Low Voltage Disconnect Circuit
Solar Panel Charge Controller / Low Voltage Disconnect Circuit
Solar Panel Current Meter Solar Panel Current Meter Solar power recharger Solar power supply Solar powered dock lamp flasher Solar robots Solar step-down regulator Solar Tracker Solar tracking control system Sun tracking circuit for solar arrays Zener-based solar engine
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Test Equipment Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Test Equipment Schematics

12V Lead-Acid Battery Monitor 220V live wire-in-wall scanner 4-channel DSO for oscilloscope 555 go / no-go tester 555 Timer IC Tester AC Line Current Detector AC/DC LED Indicator Adjustable continuity tested Arbitrary Waveform Generator Audible continuity tester Audio Millivoltmeter Audio Test Oscillator Automatic heat limiter for soldering iron Beeper to find short circuits Build a Magnetic Field Immunity Tester
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/test_equipment_schematics.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 6:50:24 PM]

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Capacitance meter Capacitance meter Capacitance meter Capacitance meter that connects to multimeter Connection tester Continuity tester Continuity tester Continuity tester 2 Continuity tester using transistors Crystal tester Crystal tester Digital frequency counter Digital Pressure Gauge Digital volt meter Digital voltmeter (DVM) Distortion Analyser Electric field & leakage detector Electronic level EMF field probe ESR Meter Field strength meter for the 137 kHz band Four Channel Oscilloscope Adapter Frequency and capacitance meter Frequency counter Full Featured Transistor Tester Function generator Function generator Function generator Grid dip meter High / Low indicator

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In-circuit electrolytic tester Inductive meter adapter LASER/LED light output intensity meter (PDF) Latching continuity tester using 4093 LCD frequency counter (PIC16F84) Line Output / Flyback transformer tester Linear Resistance Meter Live line detector Live line detector Logic probe Logic probe Logic probe Micro ohm meter Micro volt probe Microphone Circuit Test Oscillator Mini DDS (direct digital synthesizer) MOSFET tester MOSFET tester Multi Wire Cable Tester Opamp Design and Test Board Oscilloscope testing module (Huntron circuit) Owens Bridge Inductance Measurement Device PC Based Digital Storage Oscilloscope Mk3 PCB VSWR bridge PC-Based Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSOA) pH Meter pH meter with calibration PIC logic probe with pulser PIC16F84 based diode tester Picoammeter circuit schematic with 4 ranges

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Pink Noise Generator for Audio Testing Power factor meter Pulse Reading Logic Probe Ramp generator RCM710 Electronic Scale Remote Field Strength Meter Resistor decade box Self Oscillating Amplifier for Distortion Testing Signal generator for signal tracer Signal tracer / injector Simple 6-Digit 40MHz Frequency Counter Module Simple light sensor adapter for oscilloscope Simple pH meter Simple polarity detector Square wave oscillator (555) Temperature compensated pH meter Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) Transistor tester Transistor tester and signal injector Triangle / Square wave generator Triangle and Squarewave Generator Triple Stroboscope Tri-Waveform Generator Ultra-simple voltage probe Voltage Monitor Voltage probe Wire tracer Zener diode tester
Medical and Health related Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Medical and Health related Schematics

Automated crib lights Brain-Wave Machine Cardiac monitor Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulator Digital pedometer circuit ECG Amplifier EKG/EEG circuit Electronic Stethoscope Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Schematic Heartbeat monitor Heartbeat transducer Jogging timer Lie detector Muscular Bio-stimulator
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Medical and Health related Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource
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Muscular Bio-Stimulator Pedometer Radiation Dosage-Rate Meter Respiration system Salt taster - detects the amount of salt contained in liquid foods
Simple lie detector Simple lie detector Sleeping aid based on electromagnetic-field radiation Snore alarm electronic device Tan timer The ESP SIM (Sound Impairment Monitor)
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/medical_and_health_related_schematics.html (2 of 2) [1/17/2007 6:50:35 PM]
Misc. Audio Schematics (also see Music, Amplifier, Preamp) - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Misc. Audio Schematics (also see Music, Amplifier, Preamp)

1.5V Audio Amplifier 3 Transistor Audio Amp (50 milliwatt) 3-Band equalizer 555 Tone Generators (8 Ohm Speaker) 6-Input mixer Active Sub-Woofer and Controller Amplified ear Amplifier thermal protection Amplifier timer Analog VU meter Audio frequency meter Audio graphic equalizer Audio level indicator
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/audio_music_amplifiers_preamp.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 6:50:47 PM]
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Audio line isolator Audio mixer Audio notch filer Audio Signal Source Automatic Charger for Battery Operated Hi-Fi Preamps Automatic gain control (AGC) circuits Automatic loudness control Balanced Line Driver & Receiver Base / treble control circuit using LM1036N Bell ring generator Bias circuits Bridging Adapter For Power Amplifiers Bull Horn Code practice oscillator Condenser microphone hookup Cuckoo sound generator Digital Delay Unit For Surround Sound Digital noise generator (PDF) Digital volume control Digital volume control Direct Injection Box for Recording & PA Systems Doorphone intercom Dual Voltage Controlled Filter w/Modulator Dual Voltage Controlled Oscillator w/Modulator Dynamic microphone to electret microphone input Electret microphone powering circuits Electronic attenuator Electronic canary Electronic siren Electronic siren
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Electronic whistle Fast Audio Peak Limiter FET audio mixer High Quality Sound Mixer Improved PL tone decoder Intercom preamp Line level signal to microphone input adapter Linkwitz Cosine Burst Generator LM358 preamp Load Sensing Automatic Switch Loudspeaker Protection and Muting Low Frequency Sinewave Generator Low Noise Balanced Microphone Preamp Low Noise Microphone Preamplifier Low Power Op-Amp - Audio Amp (Intercom) Magnetic cartridge amplifier Microphone mixer Microphone phantom power supply Minimalist Discrete Hi-Fi Preamp MS Stereo Decoder MS Stereo Microphone Noise generator Paradoxical Sound Syntheizer Parametric And Sub-Woofer Equaliser Peak reading audio level meter Phase shifter Phono Preamps For All Power Amplifier Clipping Indicator Precision audio millivoltmeter Precision audio millivoltmeter
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RIAA Equalized Stereo Phono Preamp Room noise detector Room noise detector Signal Detecting Auto Power-On Unit Simple amplifier Simple Surround Sound Decoder Simple two line output combiner Simplest Ever Amplifier Bridging Sine wave generator Six-channel Mixer and Amplifier Sound detector Sound level meter Sound Mixer/Amplifier Speaker Microphone Circuit Speaker signals to line level inputs Speech recorded using ISD2560 Spring reverb unit Stereo Ducker Stereo line driver Stereo Width Controllers Subwoofer Equaliser Surround Sound Decoder Mk2 Three band Active Tone Control Three channel audio spectrum analyzer Tone control Tone control Tone detector Tone display system Tone generator Tube active crossover
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Tube amplifier Twin-T Audio Sine Wave Oscillator Two-tone siren Underwater microphone Use amplifier phono input as line level input Variable Amplifier Impedance Various tube crossover circuits Very loud beeper (PDF) Voltage controlled amplifier Voltage Controlled Mixer w/Modulator Voltage Controlled Panner VU And PPM Audio Metering Warbler
Motor and General Control Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Motor and General Control Schematics

12V Sump Pump Control 3 Phase Brushless DC Motor Xtal Based Controller 35KHz Magnetic-Radiation Remote-Control 555 Timer Monostable Circuit Using Pushbutton 6090 digital decoder schematics 9V Xenon photoflash controller (PDF) AC switching with TRIAC from TTL Adjustable Voltage motor controller Anti-jam system for rotary diecut machine based on PIC16F84
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Assorted relay control circuits Block power switching module Bridge control for PLC using PIC18F84 Bridge head
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/motor_and_general_control_schematics.html (1 of 5) [1/17/2007 6:50:57 PM]
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Charge coupled bi-directional power MOSFET relay (PDF) CMOS Toggle Flip Flop With Relay(CD4013) CO2 controller for planted tanks Cold activated switch Combination-controlled, fully customizable RF remote control
Constant Temperature Circuit Control 120VAC relay with TTL Current loop interface Dark activated switch DC motor controller DC Motor Driver with L6203 DC Motor Reversing Circuit DC Motor Speed Controller DC Motor-Driver H-Bridge Circuit DC Push Button Motor Control Circuit Delayed shutter control for Kodak DC-20 Driving a relay with a CPU DS1821 programmable thermostat Dual Channel Servo Pulse to H-Bridge Interface Dual Channel Servo Pulse to H-Bridge Interface Dual Stepping motor drivers using UDN2540 Electronic thermostat Electronic Thermostat Relay Circuit Finger touch activated switch (PDF) Flashing neon Christmas lights Frequency switch Garden moisture controller Gasoline generator automatic throttle controller H Bridge Motor Control Circuits
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H-Bridge motor controller (5 amps, 100 watts) H-Bridge shematic High And Low Voltage Cut Off With Time Delay Hot Water Tank Indicator Interfacing 5 volt CMOS to 12 volt loads Latching relay driver LDR light/dark activated relay switch Light Activated Relay Light activated relay Light detector Light/dark detector Line-powered Xenon flash transmitter (PDF) LM3911 temperature controller Low voltage DC motor speed controller Machine vibration triggers hour meter (PDF) Micro stepping with PBM3960 and TEA3718 Modular relay system MOSFET H-BRIDGE schematic and theory Motor speed controllers One component stepper motor driver Optically isolated stepper motor controller Overload Voltage Protection with Automatic Reset PIC16F84 RF remote controller Power-line Appliance Controller Programmable light-activated relay Pulse Width Modulation DC Motor Control Pulse Width Modulator Pulse Width Modulator Motor Speed Control Pushbutton one-shot and latch (PDF) PWM DC motor control with SG3525
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PWM DC Motor Speed Control PWM motor controller PWM Motor Speed Controller / DC Light Dimmer Relay delay circuit Rolling code 4-channel UHF remote control Serial servo controller Servo pulse to PWM converter Several stepper Motorola control circuits Simple 10 Stage Control Box Solenoid starter Solid state relay (PDF) Solid-state power controller Sound operated switch Stepper motor controller Stepper motor controller Stepper motor driver Stepper Motor Driver using L298 and L297 Stepper Motor Driver using TEA3718/3717 Stepper motor positioner Switching solenoid driver Switch-on delay circuit Temperature monitor Thermoelectic controller (scriptable thermometer) Thermostat Three input first response monitor Touch switch Touch switch Touch Switches Transistor relay driver Voice activated switch using MC2830
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Voltage comparator switch Wireless RF PWM dual motor controller
Telephone and Intercom related Schematic - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Telephone and Intercom related Schematic

1-line telephone status indicator (PDF) 300 baud modem circuit schematic 4-line telephone status indicator (PDF) 8-line intercom system using 89C51 microcontroller Assorted telephone circuits Caller ID decoder Caller ID decoder part 1 Caller ID decoder part 2 Cellular Phone calling Detector Cut Phone Line Detector Cut phone line detector Cut telephone line detector Detecting a telephone RING Digisound ring modulator
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/telephone_and_intercom_related_schematics.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 6:51:08 PM]
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Digital/Standard Phone Line Tester DTMF decoder / logger FM Telephone Bug FM telephone line bug transmitter Greek telecard reader Hold function for Telephone Home made PBX / PABX Incoming call indicator Infinity Transmitter Schematic and Plans Line in use indicator (PDF) NCDS Interface Schematic for Nokia 3110, 8110, 8110i Phone Busy Indicator Phone in-use Phone In-Use Light Phone line in use indicator Phone Line to Audio Phone Off-Hook Indicator 'phone rang' indicator light Phone ring circuit schematic Phone to audio interface Phone-In-Use indicator Ringing Phone Light Flasher Simple circuit to connect telephone equipment to audio mixer
Simple Phone Tap Simple telephone line tap for intercepting telephone calls Soft musical telephone ringer Talking phone dial monitor Taxi phone automatic dialler Telephone amplifier
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Telephone Audio Interface Telephone autodialler Telephone Hold Button Telephone in use light Telephone interfacing / caller ID using a PIC microcontroller
Telephone In-Use LED Indicator Telephone In-Use Relay Circuit Telephone Line Monitor Telephone line monitor Telephone line simulator Telephone music on hold box Telephone music on hold interface Telephone privacy adapter Telephone Recorder Telephone recording circuit Telephone ring controlled relay Telephone Ring Generator Using 60Hz Power Transformer Telephone Ring Generator Using Switching Power Supply Telephone ringing circuits The Link 4+0 - Internal Intercom The Link A2B+1 (the Link Telephone Intercom - DTMF version)
The Original 2 Phone Intercom Link Design Universal telephone hold Use old phones as an intercom
Transmitter Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Transmitter Schematics
1 valve CW transmitter 1.5 volt tracking transmitter 15 watt FM transmitter 150mW FM transmitter 175KHz inductive pulse transmitter (PDF) 1W CW Transmitter 2 Transistor FM Voice Transmitter 2 valve CW transmitter 250mW HF CW transmitter 27MHz AM/CW transmitter 30-Meter QRP Transmitter for Morse Code 4 watt FM transmitter 4 watt FM transmitter 433MHz transmitter using SAW resonator 5 Watt HF CW transmitter
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/transmitter_schematics.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:51:21 PM]

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5W PLL Transmitter 7Mhz AM/CW Amateur Radio Transmitter 7MHz QRP transmitter A 3m (100 MHz) small bug AM FM Simultaneous Transmitter Using Digital IC (CD4001)
AM oscillator for wireless microphones AM transmitter Basic FM Transmitter Crystal controlled FM transmitter Easy 2-meter transmitter FM Beacon Transmitter (88-108 MHz) FM bug FM Telephone Transmitter FM transmitter FM transmitter bug High power FM bug Light sensing RF transmitter Li'l 7 AM Transmitter Schematic Low Power FM Transmitter Medium range transmitter circuit Micro Power AM Broadcast Transmitter Micro Power FM Broadcasting Circuits Micro-Spy with FETs Micro-Spy with TTL Micro-Spy with USW Miniature FM transmitter Miniature FM Transmitter #1 Miniature FM Transmitter #2 Miniature FM Transmitter #3

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QRP HF transmitter QRP SSB transmitter RF/SS Handie Hopper Transmitter Schematic Sensitive FM transmitter Shortwave radio transmitter Simple FM microphone Simple FM transmitter Simple Low FER Transmitter Simple RF transmitter Small Radio Transmitter Small radio transmitter Spark gap transmitter Tiny FM transmitter using SMD (surface mount devices) Tracking transmitter Tracking transmitter Transmitter using LM317 VHF FM transmitter Wireless microphone Wireless microphone Wireless microphone XTAL locked tone transmitter
Timing Oscillators Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Timing Oscillators Schematics

1 Second Time Base From Crystal Osc. 10 Hz to 10 Khz VCO with Square and Triangle wave 1KHz Sinewave generator 28 LED clock timer 5 to 30 Minute Timer 555 oscillator 555 time delay circuit 555 timer 555 Timer Tutorial + Circuits A GPS receiver based frequency standard AD9852 DDS schematic Astable Multivibrator Bedside lamp timer Budget timer Cheap 40KHz clock
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/timing_oscillators_schematics.html (1 of 4) [1/17/2007 6:51:45 PM]

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Circuit that momentarily closes a pair of contacts at long intervals
Clock divider Clock doubler Clock generator CMOS oscillator Colpitts 1 to 20 MHz Crystal Oscillator Countdown timer with relay Crystal 32.768KHz CMOS Oscillator Crystal oscillator D Flip-flot one-shot circuits (PDF) Darkroom camera shutter timer Day / Night / 24 Hour Select Sensor DDS using AD9835 Digital Stopwatch 0-60sec Digital Stopwatch 0-99sec Divide by 1.5 counter (PFD) Divide By 1-1/2 Circuit Generating a Delayed Pulse With a dual 555 Timer High Precision GPS/TV controlled Reference Oscillator High-output square wave generator (PDF) Line powered 60Hz clock generator (PDF) Long period timer Low frequency clock Low Voltage , High Current Time Delay Circuit Micropower pulse generator (PDF) Micro-power pulse generator (PDF) Mini DDS (Direct Digital Synthesis) Monostable multivibrator NE555 Basic Monostable

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Onboard Fogger Timer One transistor timer Photo timer circuit Power-Off Time Delay Relay Circuit Power-On Time Delay Relay Circuit Push Button Switch Debouncer 'Rounding Off' a square wave Sawtooth wave oscillator Simple sinewave generator Sine/Cosine wave oscillator Square wave oscillator Square wave oscillator Square wave to sine wave converter Stable 40KHz clock Stable multivibrator (IC) Stable multivibrator (Transistor) Sun tanning timer Switch debounce using 555 Time Delay Relay Time Delay Relay Timed beeper Triangle wave oscillator TV based Receiver for a Standard Frequency Generator Two Transistor Sine Wave Oscillator Variable timer Versatile electronic timer
Video Schematics Schematics - Electronic Schematics & Circuits Resource

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Video Schematics Schematics

10GHz video link 4 Stage 555 Timer for Video Cam Control 8 x 8 Audio-video switch Audio / video distribution amplifier AVR (AT90S2313) composite PAL colour bar generator CCD (charge coupled device) support board Closed-Caption Decoder Color Bar Generator Commodore 64 Video Modulator 251025 Schematics Commodore 64 Video Modulator 251696 Schematics Commodore RF modulator Decoder for encoded transmissions in Videocrypt and D2MAC
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Digital volt meter with video output Driver for multiple VGA monitors
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/quick_circuits_reference/video_related_schematics.html (1 of 3) [1/17/2007 6:51:58 PM]

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Homebuilt video digitizer Mark I Homebuilt video digitizer Mark II LH0032 video amplifier LM359N video amplifier Low cost audio/video modulator and transmitter Macrovision code remover Macrovision removal Microcontroller test pattern generator NTSC Video Distribution Amplifier PIC micro frame grabber (TDA8708) PIC-Tock video clock RGB video digitizer Simple AV (audio / video) wireless transmitter S-video to composite video adapter S-Video to RCA adapter Television signal amplifier TV RGB signal output from a SVGA graphics card TV transmitter (PDF) TV/Radio antenna cable galvanic isolator VGA converter for video projectors and fixed frequency monitors
VGA to PAL and NTSC converter VGA to SCART adapter VGA to TV converter VHF/UHF TV modulator Video amplifier Video Clock Superimposer Video clock superimposer using PIC16C711 Video signal amplifier circuit Video signal edge enhancement

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Video/Audio Wireless Transmitter Video/Audio Wireless Transmitter

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