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Iqbal Uddin Khan MS - Telecommunication For Sir Ahmed Sikander F-11 Page 0
KU Band Transponder
The Ku (14/11GHz) system, satellite receives the signal of 14 GHz from ground satiation(s) and by passing through Band pass filter and Low Noise Amplifier it goes through Down Converter (DC). The C band transponder uses a single Down Converter (DC) and signal processing at 1GHz. The need of down conversion to 1 GHz is necessary to reshape or regain the signal according to their channel. The process of De-multiplication and equalization of signals can be done efficiently, on low frequency and independently on each channel as compare to high frequency. After each channel is done with the necessary processing, the signal is fed into Up Converter to set their frequency to 11GHz so that can be transmitted again to earth station. Before transmission each channels strength is amplified by feeding it in to High power amplifiers, mostly SSPA (Solid state Power Amplifiers). After amplification through necessary band pass the Up Converted signals are multiplex again, for transmitting further to destination earth station(s).
Here we can see that BER is the function of Eb / NO. For Digital signal Eb / NO is used. C/N is said to be the carrier power of the whole usable band width. In other words the Difference between BER and C/N is that BER is error rate of bandwidth and C/N is the power of bandwidth.
The typical satellite Ground/Earth stations components are common to all type of satellite platform, so I use VSAT setup to demonstrate the working of individual block of earth station. In VSAT earth terminal two blocks are shown: I. II. Indoor Unit Outdoor Unit
The indoor unit is said to be the base-band equipment, used by user or any other attached mechanism. II. Outdoor Unit
The outdoor unit is consisting of the blocks that are relevant to the ask question so details are below: A. B. C. D. E. F. Diplexer Band-Pass filters LNA SSPA Down Converter Up Converter
Explanation of Blocks: A. Diplexer The Diplexer is generally a passive filter, used to differentiate the paths for the transmitter and receiver according to the frequency they use. It is basically made of a Low-pass and High-pass filter.
A satellite Diplexer
The graph showing the magnitude transfer function versus frequency for a band-pass filter.
C. LNA In the satellite communication in Earth station, the weak RF downlink signal is amplified in a special lownoise amplifier (LNA). The LNAs are constructed using low-noise devices such as a tunnel-diode for amplification aka Tunnel Diode amplifier. D. SSPA At the final stage of the earth stations transmitter includes a power amplifier known as Solid-State Power Amplifier (SSPA).They are constructed by the use of Semiconductor devices. Solid-state power amplifiers provide output powers of 10-30W with efficiencies of 20-35% with gains of approximately 50 dB. E. Down Converter A down converter translates a carrier frequency from a high frequency to a low frequency. In satellite communications a down converter is used in the earth station to take the downlink frequency and translate it in Intermediate frequency for further process.
F. Up Converter
An up converter translates a carrier frequency from an intermediate frequency to a high frequency inside earth station or an up converter is used to take the baseband signal and translate it in frequency according to the uplink frequency.
Assume that Watts of total power are delivered to the transmit antenna. For the moment, assume that the transmit antenna is Omni-directional, lossless, and that the receive antenna is in the far field of the transmit antenna. Then the power density p (in Watts per square meter) of the plane wave incident on the receive antenna a distance R from the transmit antenna is given by:
If the transmit antenna has an antenna gain in the direction of the receive antenna given by the power density equation above becomes:
, then
The gain term factors in the directionality and losses of a real antenna. Assume now that the receive antenna has an effective aperture given by given by: . Then the power received by this antenna ( ) is
This is known as the Friis Transmission Formula. It relates the free space path loss, antenna gains and wavelength to the received and transmits powers. This is one of the fundamental equations in antenna theory, and should be remembered.
Reference for Power receive