Tides Handbook

Tides / Astro
Package
Table of Contents
Table of Contents................................................................................................................ 2
Tides.................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction..................................................................................................................... 4
Tide and Tidal Current Relationship............................................................................... 4
Causes of Tides ............................................................................................................... 4
Causes of Tidal Streams.................................................................................................. 8
Types of Tides................................................................................................................. 8
Canadian Reference Diagram ....................................................................................... 10
American Reference Diagram....................................................................................... 11
Aide-Mmoire for Using Tide Tables........................................................................... 12
Canadian Reference Ports ......................................................................................... 12
Canadian Secondary Ports ........................................................................................ 12
American Reference Stations.................................................................................... 14
American Subordinate Stations................................................................................. 14
Tidal Stream Calculations......................................................................................... 14
Tidal Stream and Tides Graphs..................................................................................... 14
Tides Graph............................................................................................................... 15
Tidal Stream Graph................................................................................................... 16
Questions on Canadian Tide Tables ................................................................................. 17
Part I. Standard Ports .................................................................................................... 17
A. Times and Heights of High and Low Water ........................................................ 17
B. Times the Tide Reaches a Specific Height........................................................... 17
C. Height of Tide at a Specific Time ........................................................................ 17
Part II. Secondary Ports ................................................................................................ 18
Questions on American Tide Tables................................................................................. 19
Part I. American Standard Ports................................................................................... 19
Part II. American East Coast........................................................................................ 19
A. Time the Tide Reaches a Specific Height......................................................... 19
B. Height of Tide at a Specific Time..................................................................... 19
Astronomics ...................................................................................................................... 21
Introduction................................................................................................................... 21
Rising and Setting ......................................................................................................... 21
Finding the Zone Times of Sunrise, Sunset, and Twilight ....................................... 21
QUESTIONS FOR ASTRONOMICS.............................................................................. 23
RISING AND SETTING CALCULATIONS .............................................................. 23
ANNEX A......................................................................................................................... 24
Answers for Canadian Tide Tables............................................................................... 24
Part 1 Standard Ports................................................................................................ 24
Answers for American Tide Tables .............................................................................. 32
ASTRONOMICS RISING AND SETTING CALCULATIONS ................................. 37
PART I.......................................................................................................................... 37
Question 1. ................................................................................................................ 37
Question 2 ................................................................................................................. 39
Question 3 ................................................................................................................. 41
Question 4 ................................................................................................................. 43
Question 5 ................................................................................................................. 46
Question 6 ................................................................................................................. 47
PART II......................................................................................................................... 49
Question 1 ................................................................................................................. 49
Question 2 ................................................................................................................. 53
Question 3 ................................................................................................................. 57
Question 4 ................................................................................................................. 61
PART III ....................................................................................................................... 65
Question 1 ................................................................................................................. 65
ANNEX B Canadian Tide Tables................................................................................. 68
ANNEX C American Tide Tables ................................................................................ 87
ANNEX D Astro Tables ............................................................................................... 98
ANNEX E Miscellaneous Tables ............................................................................... 117
Tides
Introduction
This chapter discusses the theory behind tides and tidal streams and then details
instructions on calculating tides for Canadian and American ports. The last section
details the application of the tidal triangle in conducting passages.
Tides are the periodic motion of the waters of the sea due to changes in the
attractive forces of the moon and sun upon the rotating earth. Tides can either help or
hinder a mariner.
A high tide may provide enough depth to clear a bar, while a low tide may prevent
entering or leaving a harbour.
Tidal streams or currents are the horizontal motion of water due to changes in the
tide. Tidal streams may hinder the mariner by setting the ship towards dangers or slow
his progress. It can also aid the mariner by adding to the speed made good.
By understanding tides and making timely use of predictions published in tide and
tidal current tables, the navigator can plan an expeditious and safe passage.
Tide and Tidal Current Relationship

It is necessary to distinguish clearly between tide and tidal current, for the relation
between them is complex and variable. For the sake of clarity mariners have adopted the
following definitions: Tide is the vertical rise and fall of the water, and tidal stream
is the horizontal flow. The tide rises and falls, while the tidal stream ebbs and
floods.
Causes of Tides
The principal tide force is the differential forces generated through the gravitational
attraction of the bodies (earth-sun and earth-moon). The moon is the main tide
generating body and the effect of the sun is only about half that of the moon.
When the earth, moon and the sun are lying approximately on the same horizontal
axis in space, the tractive forces of the moon and sun are pulling in the same direction.
The resultant ranges in tides are greater than average and are referred to as spring tides
(see Figure 7-1). If the moon is between the earth and the sun (new moon) it is called
conjunction and if the moon is on the opposite side of the sun (full moon) it is
opposition .
Conjunction (not to scale)
Opposition (not to scale)

Figure 7-1: Spring Tides
When the moon and sun are almost at right angles to each other the tractive forces
are the weakest. This alignment is referred to as quadrature and the resultant tides are
called neap tides (see Figure 7-2), whose ranges are less than average.
Quadrature (not to scale)

Figure 7-2: Neap Tides
The centrifugal forces on the earth produced by the earth's orbit around the sun
and the moon's orbit around the earth also influences tides. The moon completes its orbit
around the earth once every 29.2 days (a lunar month). During that period its distance
from the earth varies. It can be readily understood that the closer the moon is to the earth,
the greater will be its attraction on the earth's surface. Perigee is the term used when the
moon is closest to the earth and hence the effect on tidal forces the strongest. Apogee is
the term used when the moon is furthest from the earth and hence the effect on tidal
forces the weakest. (See Figure 7-3.)
Apogee
257,000
Miles
Perigee
225,000
Miles
Figure 7-3: Apogee and Perigee

Since the Earth completes an elliptical orbit around the sun once every 365 days
(a solar year), it follows that its distance will vary. When the earth is nearest the sun (in
January) and the tidal forces are the strongest, it is said to be perihelion. When the earth
is furthest away from the sun (in July) and the tidal forces are the weakest, it is said to be
aphelion. (See Figure 7-4.)
Perihelion
(January)
Aphelion
(July)
Figure 7-4: Aphelion and Perihelion
Causes of Tidal Streams

The change in the tidal stream from flood to ebb, or vice versa, does not always
coincide with the high and low water. In certain channels and inlets, the change may not
take place until about half tide, because the land has a great effect on the direction and
strength of the tidal streams. Considerable research must, in most cases, be carried out
before accurate predictions of the set and rate of tidal streams can be predicted.
Streams may also be considerably affected in direction, duration and velocity by
the wind. No rule can be given for wind effects, but generally speaking, when the wind
and stream are in the same direction, the duration and velocity will be increased and
when opposing directions, the duration and velocity will be decreased.
The rate of tidal stream is generally given for spring tides; for neaps, the rate can
be taken as approximately one half the spring rate.
Types of Tides
There are three types of tides. They are classified according to the characteristics
of the tidal pattern:
a.
Semi-diurnal. There are two high and two low waters each tidal day, with
relatively small inequality in the high and low water heights.
b.
Diurnal. A single high and a single low water occur each tidal day.
c.
Mixed. The diurnal and semi-diurnal oscillations are both important factors and
the tide is characterized by a large inequality in the high water heights, low water
heights, or in both. There are usually two high and two low waters each day
(occasionally the tide may become diurnal).
Definitions (to be used in conjunction with Figure 7-5 where applicable)

d.
Tides. The periodical vertical oscillations of the sea in response to the tide-raising
forces of the moon and the sun;
e.
Tidal streams. The periodical horizontal oscillations of the sea in response to the
tide-raising forces of the sun and moon;
f.
High water. The highest level reached by the sea during one tidal oscillation;
g.
Low water. The lowest level reached by the sea during tidal oscillation;
h.
Maximum rate. The greatest rate reached in each of the two, more or less
opposing, directions by the tidal stream in one oscillation;
i.
Slack water. The periods, preceding and succeeding maximum rate, when the
tidal streams are at their weakest;
j.
Chart datum. The low water plane to which the depths of features permanently
covered by the sea, and the height of features periodically covered and uncovered
by the sea, are referred. The tidal levels and predicted high and low water heights
of the tide are also referred to this plane. By international agreement, CHART
DATUM SHOULD BE THE PLANE SO LOW THAT THE TIDE WILL NOT
FREQUENTLY FALL BELOW IT;
k.
Height of tide. The vertical distance between the level of the sea and chart datum;
l.
Range of tide. The difference between the level of successive high and low
waters;
m.
Mean water level. Average of all hourly water levels over the available period of
record;
n.
Springs. the range of the semi-diurnal tides varies mainly with the phases of the
moon, from new to full moon and vice versa. Springs are those semi-diurnal tides
of greatest range, which occur in each of these periods;
o.
Neaps. Those semi-diurnal tides of least range which occur in each period from
first quarter to last quarter and vice-versa;
p.
Higher Highwater Large Tide (HHWLT) and Lower Low Water Large Tide
(LLWLT). Average of highest high waters and lowest low waters, respectively,
from 19 years of prediction;
q.
Higher High Water Mean Tide (HHWMT) and Lower Low Water Mean Tide
(LLWMT). average of all the higher high waters and lower low waters,
respectively, from 19 years of predictions;
r.
Current. The horizontal movement of the water due to causes mainly

meteorological and geographical, other than the tide raising forces of the moon
and sun. It may be a progressive or fluctuating movement;
s.
Flow. The combination at any instant of tidal streams and currents;
t.
Reference Ports. Those ports for which predictions of the standard times and
heights of HW and LW are published; and
u.
Secondary Ports. Those ports for which tidal differences and ratios on a standard
port are published.
Canadian Reference Diagram
Figures 7-5 A and B
10
American Reference Diagram
RELATION BETWEEN TIDAL SURFACES, CHARTING DATUMS AND PHYSICAL FEATURES
Canadian Tide Tables

The Canadian Tide Tables predict the time and height of tides for Canadian and
some U.S. Reference Ports. Secondary Ports are listed with time differences and ratios
on Standard Ports.
The current tables list the times and rates of maximum water velocity in both the
ebb and flood direction. Additionally, the times of slack water, when the tidal stream
reverses direction, are tabulated. This information is tabulated for all current stations.
American Tide and Tidal Stream Tables
U.S. tables are published as two different publications, each consisting of separate
volumes.
Tide Tables
These tables are published in four volumes as follows:
a.
b.
c.
c.
Europe and West Coast of Africa (including Mediterranean);

East Coast, North and South America (including Greenland);
West Coast, North and South America (including Hawaii); and
Central and Western Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
11
Tidal Stream/Current Tables

These tables are published in two volumes as follows:
a.
b.
Pacific Coast; and

Atlantic Coast.
Both sets of tables follow much the same format as the Canadian tables use,
Standard (Reference) and Secondary ports/stations. The tide tables also contain a section
for calculating the local mean time of sunrise/sunset.
Aide-Mmoire for Using Tide Tables

Canadian Reference Ports
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Extract the appropriate information from the question;

Draw a diagram if necessary;
Consider time zone, if DST is applicable, apply it by adding one hour to the
tabular times;
Extract the information from the tables;
Determine:
(1)
(2)
(3)
f.
g.
h.
range;
duration; and
of time/ of height, where = difference;
Enter the table and interpolate to get the reference column;

Enter the second table and interpolate to get of time/ of height; and
Apply the correction to the appropriate height or time.
Canadian Secondary Ports

a.
b.
c.
d.
Extract the appropriate information from the question;

Draw a diagram if necessary;
Find the secondary port in the index (look it up in the table of secondary ports);
Extract the following information:
Standard Port
HHW
Time Mean Large
e.
f.
LLW
Time Mean Large
HW
Mean Large
LW_____
Mean Large
Extract the appropriate information from the required day on the reference port;
Consider time zone, if DST is applicable, apply by adding one hour to the tabular
times; and
12
g.
Interpolate/extrapolate to find the required correction. The following formula may

help:
x=a
y b, where
x = difference in tabulated height from nearest standard
y = difference between mean and large for HW or LW of standard
b = difference between mean and large correction for HW or LW, and
a = difference between correction for mean or large and new correction.
Standard Port
HHW
Time Mean Large
+30 +5.0 +3.0
LLW
Time Mean Large
-020 -1.0 +2.0
HW
Mean Large
10.0 12.6
LW______
Mean Large
4.4 2.0
Secondary Port: Bumpkin Bay

Standard Port: Baggywrinkle Harbour
Times for Standard Port:
0200
11.2
0830
1.6
High water corrections:
x = 11.2 -10.0 = 1.2
y = 12.6 -10.0 = 2.6
b = 5.0 - 3.0 = 2.0
Therefore, x = a, a = x * b = 1.2 * 2.0 = 0.92 - 0.9

y b
y
2.6
Hence, correction = 5.0 - 0.9 = 4.1
Low water corrections:
x = 2.0 - 1.6 = 0.4
y = 4.4 - 2.0 = 2.4
b = 2.0 - (-1.0) = 2.0 + 1.0 = 3.0
Therefore, a = x * b = 0.4 * 3.0 = 0.5
y
2.4
Hence, correction = 2.0 + 0.5 = 2.5
Corrected tides for Bumpkin Bay are:
0230
15.3
0810
4.1
13
American Reference Stations

a.
Follow steps a. through e. as per Canadian Reference Ports;
b.
Enter the appropriate section of Table 3 and extract the differences in time or
height as required. No interpolation is required although it is permissible to do so;
and
c.
Apply the corrections to the appropriate height or time.
American Subordinate Stations

a.
b.
Follow steps a. through c. as per Canadian Secondary Ports;

Extract the following information:
(1)
the times and heights of tide for the appropriate day for the reference
station, and
(2)
DIFFERENCES:
Time
High
Water
c.
Height
Low
Water
High
Water
Low
Water
Correct the times and heights as required.
Tidal Stream Calculations

The calculations for tidal streams are very similar to that of the tides. Examples
are found in the tide and tables publications and you will have ample opportunity to
practice in class. In addition, you will be responsible for these calculations while ashore,
at sea in YAGs and while in the simulator.
Tidal Stream and Tides Graphs

Examples of tide graphs and tidal stream graphs can be found in Figure 7-6 and
Figure 7-7. It can be seen from the tide graph for Port Neville, Johnstone Strait (Figure
7-6) that the height of tide (HOT) at 1600 is 8.8 feet. Similarly, the tidal stream in Porlier
Pass (Figure 7-6) at 1000 is ebbing at a rate of 4 knots in the direction of 211 degrees
True.
14
Tides Graph
Figure 7-6 Tidal Graph
15
Tidal Stream Graph
Figure 7-7 Tidal Stream Graph
16
Questions on Canadian Tide Tables

Part I. Standard Ports
A. Times and Heights of High and Low Water
1.
What are the times and heights of high and low water at Fulford Harbour, BC on
14 January 03?
2..
What are the times and heights of high and low water at Vancouver, BC on 2
August 03.
3.
a.
What is the highest recorded extreme of tide at Alert Bay,BC?
b.
Which of the following reference ports has the largest large tide range:
Point Atkinson, Bella Bella, or Prince Rupert?
B. Times the Tide Reaches a Specific Height
4.
What is the first time during the forenoon of 20 April 03 in Vancouver BC that the
tide will fall to 8.7 feet?
5.
On 24 March 03 you are preparing to depart from the government wharf at

Campbell River BC. Alongside the wharf the depth of the water at chart datum is
7 ft and your draught is 12 ft. What is the first time in the afternoon that you can
depart the jetty ensuring a 2 ft clearance?
6.
Between what times will there be less than 8.5 feet of tide at Fulford Harbour BC
on 28 May 03?
7.
On 6 May 03 in Prince Rupert BC the ships divers are attempting to clear the
ships anchor which is fouled on a submarine cable. If the charted depth at the
anchorage position is 38 ft, when must diving cease on the anchor if your divers
are restricted to depths of 50 ft or less? The divers enter the water at 0700(+7).
8.
What is the last time after 1600(+7) on 28 June 03 that your ship with a masthead
height of 64 ft could proceed under the Second Narrows Lift Bridge in
Vancouver? The Bridge is undergoing repairs and is locked at a charted elevation
of 59 ft. You require 2 ft clearance for safety.
C. Height of Tide at a Specific Time

9.
What is the height of tide at 0215(+8) on 25 Mar 03 at Pt Atkinson, BC?
10.
How much water above chart datum is there at the time of your departure
0730(+7) from alongside in Prince Rupert, BC on 20 June 03?
17
11.
What is the vertical clearance under the First Narrows Bridge, Vancouver(charted
elevation 61m) at 1700Z on 20 October 03?
12.
What is the height of tide at 1300(+8) on 9 December 03 in Sooke, BC?
13.
How much water lies over a rock marked as dries 2 ft at 0530(+7) on 6 May 03
in Port Alberni, BC?
Part II. Secondary Ports

14.
What are the times and heights of high and low water on 9 May 03 at Khyex Point
in northwestern BC?
15.
What is your clearance on a Shoal (charted depth 4 ft) at Sooke Basin at 0700(+7)
on 19 April 03? Your draught is 6 ft.
16.
What depth is the minimum amount of water that will be over Romulus Reef
(charted depth 6.8 ft), Porlier Pass during the PM of 6 Dec 03?
For answers see Annex A.
18
Questions on American Tide Tables

Part I. American Standard Ports
1.
What are the times and heights of high and low water at Breakwater harbour,
Delaware on 7 Dec 03?
2.
a.
What are the times and heights of high and low water in Tampico Harbour
on 2 Mar 03?
b.
What is the range and duration?
c.
What time zone are you in?
a.
What are the times and heights of high and low water on the Savannah
River Entrance on 22 Aug 03?
b.
What time zone are you in?
3.
Part II. American East Coast

A.
Time the Tide Reaches a Specific Height
4.
You are scheduled to arrive in Boston mass, on 22 Aug 03. There is a sand bar in
the harbour approached with a charted depth of 24 ft. What is the earliest time
that you may cross the bar in the afternoon if you CO insists on 6 ft of safe water
underneath the ship at all times? Your draught is 23ft.
5.
You are required to enter Savannah, GA in the afternoon of the 28 June 03 to load
supplies. The Charted depth at the berth is 5 fathoms 1 foot. In order for the
crane to clear your mast the tide must be no higher than 8 ft 6 in. Your draught is
32 ft and the CO insists on 3 ft of water between your keel and the bottom.
When, up until 2359, can you load supplies?
B.
Height of Tide at a Specific Time
6.
What is the height of tide at 1100 on the 17 May 03 Bridgeport, Conn?
7.
The sill of a drydock in Hampton Roads is 17 ft below charted datum. You

draught is 18 ft. How much clearance will you have if you enter the dock at 1700
2 Apr 03?
19
8.
9.
10.
A jetty in Savannah, Georgia has an alongside depth of 20 ft. You are required to
remain alongside from 161600 until 212359 Nov 03. Your draught is 18 ft.
a.
What is the expected minimum clearance under your vessel?
b.
What is the clearance on departure?
a.
What is the height of tide at 2300 on 16 Nov 03 in Comodoro Rivadavia,

Argentina?
b.
What time zone are they in?
What are the times and heights of high and low water at Roosevelt Roads, P.R. on
3 Apr 03?
For answers to these questions see ANNEX A.
20
Astronomics
Introduction
Rising and Setting
Finding the Zone Times of Sunrise, Sunset, and Twilight
On the daily pages of the Almanac the Local Mean Time of Civil and Nautical
Twilight, both morning, evening, sunrise, and sunset are tabulated. It will be noticed that
these times are tabulated for the three-day period and apply to the center day specifically.
For many purposes this accuracy is all that is necessary and interpolation for the day is
not required.
However, if accuracy is required, interpolation for the day is necessary. The
examples and problems in this book have been calculated for the specific day.
EXAMPLE
Find the zone times of Morning Civil Twilight, Sunrise, Evening Nautical
Twilight and Sunset in Lat 4140N 6218W on 01 July 89.
Morning Civil Twilight
LMT 0402
From Almanac for the nearest tabular latitude which is less that the true
latitude (40N), in the upper Civil Twilight column. Enter the table on
p.xxxii at the back of the Almanac (Table I). Go down the tabular interval
headed 5 (the interval between 40N and 4140N being 140N). Now
go horizontally across to the right until you reach the columns headed 20m
and 25m (the difference between the times tabulated for 40N and 45N is
actually 23m). A four way interpolation now gives a correction of 7m
which is subtracted because civil twilight at 45N is earlier than at 40N.
Now apply your longitude in time 6218W = 4h09m (to the nearest
minute) taken from the conversion table page (i) in the back of the
Almanac.
Corr - 07
0355
+0409
GMT 0804
Corr -0400
L time 0404
LMT
Long East: subtract
Long West: add
This gives GMT. Now apply your Zone to GMT to obtain zone time. In
this case we are in Zone +4
21
Now work out Sunrise, Evening Nautical Twilight, and Sunrise in the same way.
LMT for 40N

Correction
LMT
Long W
GMT
Zone
Zone Time
Sunrise
0435
- 6 min
4h29
+4h09
0838
- 4h00
0438 (+4)
E.N.T.
2047
+ 9 min
20h56
+4h09
0105 2 July
- 4h00
2105 (+4)
Sunset
1933
+ 5min
19h38
+4h09
2347
- 4h00
1947 (+4)
It is customary to use the time of civil twilight for pre-computing star sights, but nautical
twilight for total darkness problems.
22
QUESTIONS FOR ASTRONOMICS

RISING AND SETTING CALCULATIONS
Part I
Calculate the sunrise, sunset, morning nautical twilight, and evening nautical twilight for
the following dates.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
02 Jan 03
10 Jan 03
14 Jan 03
09 May 03
14 Jul 03
11 Aug 03
Lat: 4332N
Lat: 4435N
Lat: 2830N
Lat: 3650S
Lat: 5838N
Lat: 6920N
Long: 6220W (+3)

Long: 6330W (+4)
Long: 7115W (+5)
Long: 17452E (+11)
Long: 15400W (+9)
Long: 4030W (+2)
Part II
Calculate the sunrise, sunset, morning nautical twilight, evening nautical twilight,
moonrise and moonset for the following dates.
1.
2.
3.
4.
15 Apr 03
30 Jul 03
30 Sep 03
12 Oct 03
Lat: 4230S
Lat: 4021N
Lat: 4120N
Lat: 5821S
Long: 16941W
Long: 0732W (Z)
Long: 6347E (-4)
Long: 4600E (-4)
Part III
Calculate the moonrise and moonset for the following date.
1.
23 Jan 03
Lat: 2830N Long: 7115W
For answers to these questions see ANNEX A.
23
ANNEX A
Answers for Canadian Tide Tables
Part 1 Standard Ports
1.
Fulford Harbour, BC 14 January 03

DST? - No
2.
0450
0755
1210
2030
10.2 ft
9.8 ft
10.5 ft
2.3 ft
3.11 m
2.99 m
3.20 m
0.70 m
1210
2030
10.5 ft
2.3 ft
3.20 m
0.70 m
Vancouver, BC
Highest
Lowest
2 August 03
DST? Yes
3.
0350
0750
1420
2110
8.5 ft
12.5 ft
4.3 ft
15.1 ft
2.59 m
3.81 m
1.31 m
4.60 m
1420
2110
4.3 ft
15.1 ft
1.31 m
4.60 m
a.
b.
4.
Recorded Extremes For Alert Bay

Highest High Water 19.3 ft
Lowest Low Water -0.7 ft
Lowest
Highest
5.9 m
-0.2 m
Prince Rupert
Large Tide Range Largest
Vancouver, BC
20 April 03 (+3)
DST? Yes
0200
0705
1430
10.2 ft
14.1 ft
1.3 ft
3.11 m
4.30 m
0.40 m
24
2155
15.1 ft
4.60 m
0300
0805
1530
2255
10.2 ft
14.1 ft
1.3 ft
15.1 ft
3.11 m
4.30 m
0.40 m
4.60 m
0805
X
1530
14.1 ft
8.7 ft
1.3 ft
14.1
-1.3
R= 12.8
1530
-0805
D = 7h25
14.1
-8.7
HD = 5.4
= 0805 + 3h21
= 11h26
Column 8.5
5.
Campbell River, BC 24 March 03

DST? = No
Charted Depth = 7 ft
Draught = 12 ft
Clearance = 2ft
Clearance + Draught = Charted Depth + HOT
2 ft + 12 ft
= 7ft + HOT
7 ft = HOT
0335
0815
1620
11.5 ft
12.8 ft
3.6 ft
3.51 m
3.90 m
1.10 m
0815
X
1620
12.8 ft
7 ft
3.6 ft
1620
12.8
7
-3.6
-3.6
-0815
D = 8h05
R= 9.2 ft
HD = 3.4
= 1159
X = 1620 - D
= 1620 3h26
= 12h54 is last time in forenoon
Column 7.5
= 1159
6.
Fulford Harbour, BC 28 May 03 (+7)

DST? Yes
25
0210
0930
1715
2125
9.8 ft
3.0 ft
9.2 ft
8.2 ft
9.8 ft
0210
3.0 ft
0930
R = 6.8 ft D = 7h20
7.
2.99 m
0.91 m
2.80 m
2.50 m
9.8 ft
8.5 ft
HD= 1.3 ft
0310
2h
0510
9.2 ft
3.0 ft
R= 6.2 ft
1715
0930
D= 7h 45
9.2 ft
1815
8.5 ft
1h10
HD= 0.7 ft 1705
9.2 ft
8.2 ft
R= 1.0 ft
2125
1715
D= 4h10
8.5 ft
8.2 ft
HD 0.3 ft
2225
1h23
2302
Prince Rupert, BC 6 May 03 (+8)

DST? Yes
0335
1030
1650
2215
19.0 ft
4.9 ft
16.7 ft
9.8 ft
5.79 m
1.49 m
5.09 m
2.99 m
0435
1130
1750
2315
19.0 ft
4.9 ft
16.7 ft
9.8 ft
5.79 m
1.49 m
5.09 m
2.99 m
Depth + HOT = X
38 + HOT = 50
50 - 38
= 12 ft
HOT = 12 ft
0435
X
1130
19.0 ft
12.0 ft
4.9 ft
19.0
-4.9
R= 14.1
0435
-1130
D= 6h55
19.0
-12.0
HD= 7.0
2h47 - D 0435 + 3h27 = 0802 (+7)
26
Column 10
8.
Vancouver, BC 28 June 03 (+8)

DST ? Yes
Last time after 1600 (+7)
CH Elevation + HHWLT = Mast Ht + Clearance + HOT
59 ft
16.5
64 ft
2 ft
75 66 = HOT
95 ft
0300
1055
1835
2330
13.1 ft
2.3 ft
14.4
11.8
3.99 m
0.70 m
4.39 m
3.60 m
0400
1155
1935
0030
13.1 ft
2.3 ft
14.4
11.8
3.99 m
0.70 m
4.39 m
3.60 m
1155
X
1935
2.3 ft
9.5
14.4
14.4
-2.3
R= 12.1
14.4
-9.5
HD= 4.9
1155
-1935
D= 7h40
Column 8.3
3h21
1935 3h21 = 1614 (+7)
9.
Point Atkinson (+8) 25 March 03 0215

DST? No
0030
0550
0940
1735
14.1 ft
11.5 ft
12.5 ft
3.4 ft
4.30 m
3.51 m
3.81 m
1.04 m
0030
0215
0550
14.1
14.1 ft
X
11.5 ft
0030
0030
27
-11.5
R = 2.6
-0550
D= 5h20
-0215
TD= 1h45
Column 5 = .8
D 14.1
14.1 - .8 = 13.3 ft (+8)
10.
Prince Rupert 20 June 03 (+7)

DST? Yes
0530
1200
1840
18.0 ft
5.2 ft
17.7 ft
5.49 m
1.58 m
5.39 m
0630
1300
1940
18.0 ft
5.2 ft
17.7 ft
5.49 m
1.58 m
5.39 m
0630
0730
1300
18.0 ft
X
5.2 ft
18.0
-5.2
R = 12.8
0630
-1300
D=6h30
0630
-0730
TD=1hr
Column = 1.5 = 1.0

18.0 1.0 = 17.0 ft (+7)
11.
First Narrows Bridge, Vancouver BC (+7) 20 October 03

DST? Yes
0635
1425
2050
0055
5.2 ft
14.4 ft
9.5 ft
11.2 ft
1.58 m
4.39 m
2.89 m
3.41 m
0735
1525
2150
0155
5.2 ft
14.4 ft
9.5 ft
11.2 ft
1.58 m
4.39 m
2.89 m
3.41 m
0735
5.2 ft
28
1000
1525
X
14.4
14.4
-5.2
R = 9.2
0735
-1525
D=7h50
0735
-0900
TD=2h35
5.2 + 2.3 = 7.5 ft

CH Elevation + HHWLT = Mast HT + Clearance + HOT
200ft + 16.5= 7.5
216.5 7.5 = 209
12.
Sooke 9 Dec 03 HOT at 1300 (+8)

DST? No
1210
2110
10.2 ft
2.0 ft
1210
1300
2110
10.2 ft
X
2.0
10.2
-2.0
R = 8.2 ft
1210
-2110
D=9hrs
3.11 m
0.61 m
1300
-1210
TD= 50 min
Column .5
10.2 - .2 = 10.0 ft (8+)
13.
Port Alberni BC 6 May 03
0530 (+7)
DST? Yes
0225
0930
1610
2105
9.8 ft
1.6 ft
7.9 ft
5.6 ft
2.99 m
0.49 m
2.41 m
1.71 m
0325
1030
1710
9.8 ft
1.6 ft
7.9 ft
2.99 m
0.49 m
2.41 m
2205
5.6 ft
1.71 m
29
0325
0530
1030
9.8 ft
X
1.6 ft
1030
-0325
D= 0705
9.8
-1.6
R= 8.2 ft
0530
-0325
TD= 0205
HOT DH = Clearance
X - 2 = Clearance
8.2 - 2 = 6.2
Column 4 = 1.6
X = 9.8
-1.6
8.2
14.
Khyex Point 9 May 03 (+7)

DST? Yes
On Prince Rupert
0030
0630
1325
2010
10.8 ft
16.7 ft
6.2 ft
16.4 ft
3.29 m
5.09 m
1.89 m
5.00 m
0130
0730
1425
2110
10.8 ft
16.7 ft
6.2 ft
16.4 ft
3.29 m
5.09 m
1.89 m
5.00 m
Khyex Pt = LHW = + 49 min

+ 1h54 min
0324
0819
1619
2159
15.
8.3 ft
13.6 ft
3.7 ft
13.3 ft
- 3.1
- 2.5
2.53 m
4.15 m
1.13 m
4.05 m
Sooke Basin 19 April 03 (+7)

DST? Yes
Charted depth 4ft
Draught 6ft
Draught + Clearance = Depth + HOT
6ft + 2ft = 4ft + HOT
8ft = 4ft + HOT
30
HOT = 4ft
0215
1055
1840
1950
10.2 ft
0.7 ft
7.5 ft
7.2 ft
3.11 m
0.21 m
2.29 m
2.19 m
0315
1155
1940
2050
10.2 ft
0.7 ft
7.5 ft
7.2 ft
3.11 m
0.21 m
2.29 m
2.19 m
1248
-0325
D = 9h23
9.3
-1.4
R= 7.9
0700
0325
TD= 3h35
HHW
+10 min
- .9 ft
LLW
+53 min
+ .7 ft
0325
0700
1248
9.3
X
1.4
X = 9.3 - H
= 9.3 2.6
X = 6.7
6 ft Clearance = 4 + 6.7
Clearance = 4.7 ft
16.
Romulus Reef Porlier Pass 6 Dec 03 (+8)

On Fulford Harbour
DST? No
0515
0920
1400
2140
10.2 ft
9.2 ft
10.2 ft
2.3 ft
HHW
Time 05
Mean + 1.6
0510
0953
1355
2213
2213@ 9.4 ft
11.8
-6.8 ft
5 ft @ 1400
3.11 m
2.80 m
3.11 m
0.70 m
LLW
Time + 33
Mean + 03
11.8 ft
9.5 ft
11.8 ft
2.6 ft
3.60 m
2.89 m
3.60 m
0.79 m
Charted depth 6.8 ft
31
Answers for American Tide Tables

1) Breakwater Harbour, Delaware, 7th Dec, 03
DST? NO
0057
0728
1350
1948
0.2
4.7
0.2
3.5
0728
1948
4.7
3.5 High water
0057
1350
0.2
0.2 Low water
2) Tampico Harbour, 2nd March 03

DST? NO
0011
0828
1621
2042
1.1
-0.3
1.0
0.8
0011
1621
1.1
1.0 High Water
0828
2042
-0.3
0.8 Low Water
B)
1.1
-0.3
1.4
1.0
-0.3
1.3
1.0
-0.8
1.2 = daily ranges
0011 0828 1621

-0828 -1621 -2042
8h17 7h53 4h21 = daily durations
C) 90 15 = + 6
32
3) Savannah River Entrance, GA, 22 August 03

DST? YES
0318
0928
1545
2220
5.9
1.2 +DST
7.0
1.7
0418
1028
1645
2320
0418
1645
5.9
7.0
High Water
1028
2320
1.2
1.7
Low Water
5.9
1.2
7.0
1.7
B) 75 15 = + 5
4) Boston, Mass, 22 August 03
DST? YES
0029
0643
1238
1855
1.7
7.3 + DST
2.3
9.1
0129
0743
1338
1955
1.7
7.3
2.3
9.1
DRAUGHT + CLEARANCE = CHARTED DEPTH + HOT

23 + 6 = 24 + HOT
29 = 24 + HOT
HOT = 5 FT
0743
X
1338
7.3
5.0
2.3
1338
-0743
D= 5h21
1338
X
1955
2.3
5.0
9.1
1955
-1338
D=5h33
7.3
-2.3
R= 5.0
9.1
- 2.3
R= 6.8
7.3
-5.0
TD= 2.3
5.0
-2.3
TD= 2.7
2h19 + 0743 = 0902
2h24 + 1338 = 1602
1602 is the earliest time in the afternoon we may cross the bar.
5) Savannah, GA, 28th June 03
33
0147
0730
1346
1945
DST? YES
0.8
7.1
0.3 +DST
8.6
0247
0830
1446
2045
0.8
7.1
0.3
8.6
0231
0.6
0331
0.6
DRAUGHT + CLEARANCE = CHARTED DEPTH + HOT

32 + 3 = 31 + HOT
35 = 31 + HOT
HOT = 4
0830
X
1446
7.1
4.0
0.3
1446
-0830
D= 5h16
1446
X
2045
0.3
4.0
8.6
2045
-1446
D= 5h31
2045
X
0331
8.6
4.0
0.6
2045
-0331
D= 4h16
7.1
7.1
-0.3
-4.0
R= 6.8 HD= 3.1
8.6
-0.3
R= 8.3
8.6
-0.6
R= 8.0
4.0
-0.3
HD= 3.7
4.0
-0.6
HD= 3.4
2h57 + 0830 = 1127
3h02 + 1446 = 1748
1h46 0331 = 0145
We can load supplies between 1748 and 2045

6) Bridgeport Connecticut, 17th May 03
DST? YES
0556
1200
1805
-1.0
7.4
-0.2
0656
+DST 1300
1905
0656
1100
1300
-1.0
1300
X
-0656
7.4 D=6h 04
-1.0
7.4
-0.2
-1.0
1300
(-)7.4 -1100
R=8.4 TD= 2h
7.4 2.1 = 5.3 @ 1100
7) Hampton Roads, 2nd April 2003

DST? NO
34
0327
0933
1532
2143
0.0
2.6
0.1
2.8
2143
-1532
D= 7h15
1532
1700
2143
0.1
X
2.8
2.8
1700
-0.1 -1532
R=2.7 TD=3h42
1.5 + 0.1 = 1.6 @ 1700

You will have .6ft of Clearance
8)
Savannah Georgia, 16th-21st November 2003
Alongside depth - Draught + Hot = Minimum Clearance

20 ft 18 ft + Hot = Minimum Clearance
2 ft + 0.1 ft = 2.1 ft minimum clearance
2.1ft minimum clearance @ 2351, 20th Nov 03
1232, 21st Nov 03
B) Departure time: 2359, 21st Nov 03
DST? NO
0549
1232
1806
0045
8.9
0.1
8.6
-0.3
1806
-0045
D=6h38
1806
2359
0045
8.6
-0.3
R=8.3
8.6
X
-0.3
2359
-0045
TD= 46 min
0.3 subtract 0.3 = -0.6 @ 2359
9) 16th November 03, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina

DST? - NO
0331
0939
3.2
16.1
2126
2300
15.6
X
35
1539
2126
5.3
15.6
0408
3.6 (17th Nov)
15.6
-3.6
R=12.0
2126
0408
2126
-0408
D=6h42
3.6
2126
-2300
TD=1h34
15.6
-1.5
14.1 @ 2300
B) Time Meridian 45 West.

45 15= 9
Time Zone + 9
10. 3rd April 2003, Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico

On San Juan, Puerto Rico
DST? - NO
TIME
HW
+0 02
HEIGHT
LW
+0 20
0429
1000
1554
2241
0.2 ft
1.0 ft + Corrections
0.1 ft
1.4 ft
0449
1614
0.65
0.64 Low Water
1002
2243
1.63
1.67 High Water
HW
*0.63
0449
1002
1614
2243
LW
*0.63
0.65
1.63
0.64
1.67
36
ASTRONOMICS RISING AND SETTING CALCULATIONS

PART I
Question 1.
02 Jan 03
Lat : 4332N Long : 62 20W
(+3)
SUNRISE
Step 1:
45
4332
40
02 Jan
0738
____
0722
Step 2: 0738
- 0722
16 minutes
Step 3: Tabular interval = 5

4332 - 40 = 332
Using a tabular interval of 5, 332 and 16 min, you find 11 minutes
Step 4: Add this value (11 min) to the time closest to the Equator.
0722
45
0738
+ 11 minutes
4332
0733
0733
40
0722
Step 5: Conversion of arc to time
62
4:08
20W 0:01::20
4:09::20
Step 6: 0733
+0409
1142
- 0300
0842 (+3)
SUNSET
Step 1:
45
4332
40
02 Jan
1630
____
1646
Step 2: 1646
- 1630
16 minutes

4332 - 40 = 332
Step 4: Subtract this value (11 min) to the time closest to the Equator.
1646
45
1630
- 11 minutes
4332
1635
1635
40
1646
37

62
4:08
20W 0:01::20
4:09::20
Step 6: 1635
+0409
2044
- 0300
1744 (+3)
MORNING NAUTICAL TWILIGHT

Step 1:
45
4332
40
02 Jan
0628
____
0618
Step 2:
0628
- 0618
10 minutes

4332 - 40 = 332
0618
45
0628
+ 8 minutes
4332
0626
0626
40
0618
62
4:08
20W 0:01::20
4:09::20
Step 6: 0626
+0409
1035
- 0300
735 (+3)
EVENING NAUTICAL TWILIGHT

Step 1:
45
4332
40
02 Jan
1740
____
1750
Step 2: 1750
- 1740
10 minutes

4332 - 40 = 332
1750
- 7 minutes
1743
45
4332
40
1740
1743
1750
38

62
4:08
20W 0:01::20
4:09::20
Step 6: 1743
+0409
2152
- 0300
1852 (+3)
Question 2
10 Jan 03
Lat : 4435N Long : 63 30W
(+4)
SUNRISE
Step 1:
45
4435
40
Step 2:
8 Jan
0738
_____
0722
0738
- 0722
16 minutes
10 Jan
_____
11 Jan
0737
_____
0721
0737
- 0721
16 minutes

4435 - 40 = 435
0722
0721
45
0738
0737
+ 15 min
15 min
4435
0737 0736
0736
0737
0736
40
0722
0721
63
4:12
30W 0:02
4:14
(Add when West)
Step 6: 0736
+ 0414
1150 GMT
- 0400
0750 (+4)
39
SUNSET
Step 1:
45
4435
40
Step 2:
8 Jan
1636
_____
1651
10 Jan
_____
1651
- 1636
15 minutes
11 Jan
1639
_____
1654
1654
- 1639
15 minutes

4435 - 40 = 435
1651
1654
45
1636
1639
- 13 min
- 13 min
4435 1638 1640
1641
1638
1641
40
1651
1654
63
4:12
30W 0:02
4:14
(Add when West)
Step 6: 1640
+ 0414
2054 GMT
- 0400
1654 (+4)

Step 1:
45
4435
40
Step 2:
8 Jan
0628
_____
0618
0628
- 0618
10 minutes
10 Jan
_____
11 Jan
0627
_____
0618
0627
- 0618
9 minutes

4435 - 40 = 435
Step 4: Add this value (9 & 8 min) to the time closest to the Equator.
0618
0618
45
0628
0627
+ 9 min
+ 8 min
4435 0627 0626
0626
0627
0626
40
0618
0618
40

63
4:12
30W 0:02
4:14
(Add when West)
Step 6: 0626
+ 0414
1040 GMT
- 0400
0640 (+4)

Step 1:
45
4435
40
Step 2:
8 Jan
1746
_____
1755
10 Jan
11 Jan
1749
_____
1758
_____
1755
- 1746
9 minutes
1758
- 1749
9 minutes

4435 - 40 = 435
Step 4: Subtract this value (9 & 8 min) to the time closest to the Equator.
1755
1758
45
1746
1749
- 8 min
- 8 min
4435 1747 1748
1750
1747
1750
40
1755
1758
63
4:12
30W 0:02
4:14
(Add when West)
Step 6: 1748
+ 0414
2202 GMT
- 0400
1802 (+4)
Question 3
14 Jan 03
Lat : 2830N Long : 71 15W
(+5)
SUNRISE
Step 1:
30
2830
20
14 Jan
0657
____
0638
Step 2: 0657
- 0638
19 minutes
2830 - 20 = 830
41
Using a tab interval of 10, 830 and 19 min, you find 17 min. in Table I
Step 4: Add this value (17 min) to the time closest to the Equator which is 0638.
0638
30
0657
+ 17 minutes
2830
0655
0655
20
0638

71
4:44
15W 0:01
4:45
(Add when West)
Step 6: 0655
+0445
1140 GMT
-0500
0640 (+5)
SUNSET
Step 1:
30
2830
20
14 Jan
1722
____
1741
Step 2: 1741
- 1722
19 minutes

2830 - 20 = 830
Using a tabular interval of 10, 830 and 19 min, you find 16 minutes in
Table I
1741
30
1722
- 16 minutes
2830
1725
1725
20
1741
71
4:44
15W 0:01
4:45
(Add when West)
Step 6: 1725
+0445
2210 GMT
-0500
1710 (+5)

Step 1:
30
2830
20
14 Jan
0602
____
0547
Step 2: 0602
- 0547
15 minutes
42

2830 - 20 = 830
Table I
Step 4: Add this value (13 min) to the time closest to the Equator which is 0547.
0547
30
0602
+ 13 minutes
2830
0600
0600
20
0547

71
4:44
15W 0:01
4:45
Step 6: 0600
+0445
1045
-0500
545 (+5)

Step 1:
30
2830
20
14 Jan
1817
____
1831
Step 2: 1831
- 1817
14 minutes

2830 - 20 = 830
Table I
1831
30
1817
- 12 minutes
2830
1819
1819
20
1831
71
4:44
15W 0:01
4:45
(Add when West)
Step 6: 1819
+0445
2304 GMT
-0500
1804 (+5)
Question 4
9 May 03
Lat : 3650S Long : 174 52E
(-11)
43
SUNRISE
Step 1:
35
3650
40
Step 2:
8 May
0642
_____
0651
9 May
_____
0652
- 0642
9 minutes
11 May
0644
_____
0654
0654
- 0644
10 minutes

3650 - 35 = 150
0642
0644
35
0642
+ 3 min
+ 3 min
3650 0645 0646
0645
0647
40
0651
174 11:36
52E 0:03::28
11:39::28
(Subtract when East)
0644
0647
0654
Step 6: 0646
-1139
1907 GMT
+1100
0607 (-11)
SUNSET
Step 1:
35
3650
40
Step 2:
8 May
1711
_____
1701
1711
- 1701
10 minutes
9 May
_____
11 May
1708
_____
1658
1708
- 1658
10 minutes

3650 - 35 = 150
1711
1708
35
1711
1708
- 3 min
- 3 min
3650
1708 1707
1705
1708
1705
40
1701
1658
44

174 11:36
52E 0:03::28
11:39::28
Step 6: 1707
-1139
0528 GMT
+1100
1628 (-11)

Step 1:
35
3650
40
Step 2:
8 May
0545
_____
0550
9 May
_____
0550
- 0545
5 minutes
11 May
0547
_____
0553
0553
- 0547
6 minutes

3650 - 35 = 150
0545
0547
35
0545
+ 2 min
+ 2 min
3650 0547 0548
0547
0549
40
0550
174 11:36
52E 0:03::28
11:39::28
0547
0549
0553
Step 6: 0548
-1139
1807 GMT
+1100
0507 (-11)

Step 1:
35
3650
40
Step 2:
8 May
1808
_____
1802
1808
- 1802
6 minutes
9 May
_____
11 May
1806
_____
1800
1806
- 1800
6 minutes
3650 - 35 = 150
45

1808
1806
35
1808
1806
- 2 min
- 2 min
3650
1806 1805
1804
1806
1804
40
1802
1800
174 11:36
52E 0:03::28
11:39::28
Step 6: 1805
-1139
0626 GMT
+1100
1726 (-11)
Question 5
14 July 03
Lat : 5838N Long : 154 00W
(+9)
SUNRISE
Step 1:
13 July
60
0259
5838
_____
58
0316
00W 0:00
10:16
14 July
_____
16 July
0305
_____
0321
0311
-1016
1327 GMT
0427 (+9)
(Add when West)
SUNSET
Step 1:
60
5838
58
Step 2:
13 July
2111
_____
2054
2111
- 2054
17 minutes
14 July
_____
16 July
2106
_____
2049
2106
- 2049
17 minutes

5838 - 58 = 038
46
2054
2049
60
2111
2106
+ 7 min
+ 7 min
5838 2101 2059
2056
2101
2056
58
2054
2049
154 10:16
00W 0:00
10:16
(Add when West)
Step 6: 2059
+ 1016
0715 GMT
- 0900
2215 (+9)
Nil
Nil
Question 6
11 Aug 03 Lat : 6920N Long : 40 30W
(+2)
SUNRISE
Step 1:
70
6920
68
Step 2:
9 Aug
0220
_____
0251
0251
- 0220
31 minutes
11 Aug
_____
12 Aug
0238
_____
0305
0305
- 0238
27 minutes

6920 - 68 = 120
0251
0305
70
0220
0238
- 19 min
- 17 min
6920
0232 0242
0248
0232
0248
68
0251
0305
47

07 2:40
32W 0:02
2:42
(Add when West)
Step 6: 0242
+ 0242
0524 GMT
- 0200
0324 (+2)
0224 DST
SUNSET
Step 1:
70
6920
68
Step 2:
9 Aug
2146
_____
2116
11 Aug
12 Aug
2128
_____
2102
_____
2146
- 2116
30 minutes
2128
- 2102
26 minutes

6920 - 68 = 120
2116
2102
70
2146
2128
+ 19 min
+ 16 min
6920
2135 2124
2118
2135
2118
68
2116
2102
07 2:40
32W 0:02
2:42
(Add when West)
Step 6: 2124
+ 0242
0006 GMT
- 0200
2206 (+2)
2106 DST
Nil
Nil
48
PART II
Question 1
15 Apr 03
Lat : 4230S Long : 169 41W
SUNRISE
Step 1:
40
4230
45
Step 2:
14 Apr
0628
_____
0633
15 Apr
17 Apr
_____
N/A
0633
- 0628
5 minutes

4230 - 40 = 230
Step 4: Add this value (2 min ) to the time closest to the Equator.
0628
?
40
0628
+ 2 min
+ ? min
4230 0630 0630
0630
?
45
0633
169 11:17
42W 0:02::44
13:61
(Add when West)
Step 6: 0630
+ 1400
2030 GMT
- 1000
0630 (+10)
SUNSET
Step 1:
40
4230
45
Step 2:
14 Apr
1733
_____
1727
1733
- 1727
6 minutes
15 Apr
_____
17 Apr
1728
_____
1722
1728
- 1722
6 minutes

4230 - 40 = 230
49
Step 4: Subtract this value (2 min ) to the time closest to the Equator.
1733
1728
40
1733
1728
- 2 min
- 2 min
4230
1731 1729
1726
1731
1726
45
1726
1722
169 11:16
41W 0:02::48
11:18::48
(Add when West)
Step 6: 1729
+ 1118
0447 GMT
- 1000
1847 (+10)

Step 1:
40
4230
45
Step 2:
14 Apr
0529
_____
0529
15 Apr
_____
0530
- 0529
0 minute
17 Apr
0531
_____
0533
0533
- 0531
2 minute

4230 - 40 = 230
Using a tabular interval of 5, 230 and 0 min, you find 0 minute
0529
0531
40
0529
+ 1 min
+ 1 min
4230 0529 0530
0530
0532
45
0529
169 11:16
41W 0:03::04
11:19::04
(Add when West)
0531
0532
0533
Step 6: 0530
+ 1119
1649 GMT
- 1000
0649 (+10)

Step 1:
40
4230
45
14 Apr
1831
_____
1831
15 Apr
_____
17 Apr
1827
_____
1826
50
Step 2:
1831
- 1831
0 minute
1827
- 1826
1 minute

4230 - 40 = 230
1831
1827
40
1831
1827
- 0 min
- 1 min
4230
1831 1829
1826
1831
1826
45
1831
1826
169 11:16
41W 0:02::48
11:18::48
(Add when West)
Step 6: 1829
+ 1119
0548 GMT
- 1000
1948 (+10)
MOONRISE
Step 1:
40
4230
45
Step 2:
15 Apr
1708
_____
1708
1708
- 1708
0 minutes
16 Apr
1737
_____
1733
(*use following date

in west longitudes)
1733
- 1737
4 minutes

4230 - 40 = 230
Using a tabular interval of 5, 230 and 0 min, you find 0 min in Table I.
Step 4: Add this value (0& 2 min) to the time closest to the Equator.
1708
1737
40
1708
1737
+ 0 min
- 2 min
4230 1708
1739
1708
1735
45
1708
1733
51
Step 5: 1735 1708 = 27 minutes

Using Table II (p.xxxii), a longitude of 16941W and a time of 27 min,
you find a time of 13 minutes (west = add this number (13 min) to the
time obtained in step 6)
169 11:16
41W 0:02::44
11:18::44
+0:13
11:31::44
(Add when West)
Step 7: 1708
+ 1131
0839 GMT
- 1000
1639 (+10)
MOONSET
Step 1:
40
4230
45
Step 2:
15 Apr
0430
_____
0427
0430
- 0427
3 minutes
16 Apr
0546
_____
0548

in west longitudes)
0546
- 0548
2 minutes

4230 - 40 = 230
0430
00546
40
0430
0546
- 2 min
+ 2 min
4230 0428
0548
0428
0548
45
0427
0548
Step 5: 0548 0428 = 01 hr 20 minutes

Using Table II (p.xxxii), a longitude of 16941W and a time of 01 hr 20
min, you find a time of 39 minutes (west = add this number (39 min) to
the time obtained in step 6)
52

169 11:16
41W 0:02::44
11:18::44
+0:39
Step 7: 0428
+ 1157
1625 GMT
- 1000
0525 (+10)
Question 2
30 July 03
Lat : 4021N Long : 07 32W
(Z)
SUNRISE
Step 1:
45
4021
40
Step 2:
28 July
0440
_____
0454
30 July
_____
0454
- 0440
14 minutes
31 July
0444
_____
0457
0457
- 0444
13 minutes

4021 - 40 = 021
0454
0457
45
0440
0444
- 1 min
- 1 min
4021 0453 0456
0456
0453
0456
40
0454
0457
07 0:28
32W 0:02::08
0:30::08
(Add when West)
Step 6: 0456
+ 0030
0526 GMT
SUNSET
Step 1:
45
4021
40
28 July
1932
_____
1918
30 July
_____
31 July
1929
_____
1915
53
Step 2:
1932
- 1918
14 minutes
1929
- 1915
14 minutes

4021 - 40 = 021
1918
1915
45
1932
+ 1 min
+ 1 min
4021 1919 1916
1919
1916
40
1918
07 0:28
32W 0:02::08
0:30::08
(Add when West)
1929
1916
1915
Step 6: 1916
+ 0030
1946 GMT

Step 1:
45
4021
40
Step 2:
28 July
0322
_____
0345
0345
- 0322
23 minutes
30 July
_____
31 July
0327
_____
0349
0349
- 0327
22 minutes

4021 - 40 = 021
0345
0349
45
0322
0327
- 1 min
- 1 min
4021 0344 0347
0348
0344
0348
40
0345
0349
07 0:28
32W 0:02::08
0:30::08
Step 6: 0347
+ 0030
0417 GMT
(Add when West)
54

Step 1:
45
4021
40
Step 2:
28 July
2050
_____
2027
2050
- 2027
23 minutes
30 July
_____
31 July
2045
_____
2023
2045
- 2023
22 minutes

4021 - 40 = 021
2027
2023
45
2050
+ 1 min
+ 1 min
4021 2028 2024
2028
2024
40
2027
07 0:28
32W 0:02::08
0:30::08
(Add when West)
MOONRISE
Step 1:
45
4021
40
Step 2:
30 Jul
0550
_____
0535
0535
- 0550
15 minutes
2045
2024
2023
Step 6: 2024
+ 0030
2054 GMT
31 Jul (*use following date

0700
in west longitudes)
_____
0649
0649
-0700
11 minutes

4021 - 40 = 021
0535
0649
30
0550
0700
+ 1 min
+ 1 min
2830 0536 0546
0650
0536
0650
20
0535
0649
55
Step 5: 0650 0536 = 01 hr 14 minutes

Using Table II (p.xxxii), a longitude of 07 32W and a time of 01 hr 14
minutes, you find a time of 2 minutes (west = add this number ( 2 min) to
07
0:28
32W 0:02::08
0:30::08
+0:02::00
0: 32::08
Step 7: 0546
+ 0032
0618
GMT
MOONSET
Step 1:
45
4021
40
Step 2:
30 Jul
2043
_____
2031
2043
- 2031
12 minutes
31 Jul (*use following date

2108
in west longitudes)
_____
2100
2108
-2100
8 minutes

4021 - 40 = 021
2031
2100
30
2043
+ 1 min
+ 0 min
2830 2032
2032
2100
20
2031
2108
2100
2100
Step 5: 2108 2032 = 36 minutes

Using Table II (p.xxxii), a longitude of 07 32W and a time of 36
minutes, you find a time of 1 minute (west = add this number (1 min) to
07
0:28
32W 0:02::08
0:30::08
+0:01
0:31::08
Step 7: 2048
+ 0031
2119 GMT
-0100
2019
56
Question 3
30 Sep 03
Lat: 4120N Long: 6347E
(-4)
SUNRISE
Step 1:
45
4120
40
Step 2:
29 Sept
0555
_____
0554
30 Sept
_____
0555
- 0554
1 minute
2 Oct
0559
_____
0557
0559
- 0557
2 minutes

4120 - 40 = 120
0554
0557
45
0555
0559
- 0 min
4120
0554 0555
0557
- 0 min
0554
0557
40
0554
0557
Interpolate between 0554 and 0557 to give you the time for 30 Sept 03
This gives you a time of 0555.
63
4:12
47E 0:03::08
4:15::08
Step 6: 0555
- 0415
0140 GMT
+0400
0540 (-4)
SUNSET
Step 1:
45
4120
40
Step 2:
29 Sept
1745
_____
1746
1746
- 1745
1 minute
30 Sept
_____
2 Oct
1739
_____
1741
1741
- 1739
2 minutes
57

4120 - 40 = 120
Using a tabular interval of 5, 120 and 1 min, you find 0 min. in Table I
1746
1741
45
1745
1739
- 0 min
- 0 min
4120
1746
1741
1746
1741
40
1746
1744 1741
Interpolate between 1746 and 1741 to give you the time for 30 Sept 03.
63
4:12
47E 0:03::08
4:15::08
Step 6: 1744
- 0415
1329 GMT
+0400
1729 (-4)

Step 1:
45
4120
40
Step 2:
29 Sept
0451
_____
0455
0455
- 0451
4 minutes
30 Sept
_____
2 Oct
0455
_____
0458
0458
- 0455
3 minutes

4120 - 40 = 120
0455
0458
45
0451
0455
- 1 min
- 1 min
4120
0455 0455
0455
0454
0457
40
0455
0458
58

63
4:12
47E 0:03::08
4:15::08
Step 6: 0455
- 0415
0040 GMT
+0400
0440 (-4)

Step 1:
45
4120
40
Step 2:
29 Sept
1849
_____
1845
1849
- 1845
4 minutes
30 Sept
_____
2 Oct
1843
_____
1840
1843
- 1840
3 minutes

4120 - 40 = 120
Using a tabular interval of 5, 120 and 4 min, you find 1 minute in
Table I
Table I
1845
1840
45
1849
1843
4120
1845 1842
1840
- 1 min
- 0 min
1844
1840
40
1845
1840
63
4:12
47E 0:03::08
4:15::08
Step 6: 1845
- 0415
1430 GMT
+0400
1830 (-4)
MOONRISE
Step 1:
45
4120
40
29 Sept
1000
_____
0946
30 Sept
1121
_____
1104
(*use previous date

in east longitudes)
59
Step 2:
1000
- 0946
14 minutes
1121
- 1104
17 minutes

4120 - 40 = 120
Using a tabular interval of 5, 120 and 14 mins, you find 4 mins. in Table I
Using a tabular interval of 5, 120 and 17 mins, you find 4mins. In Table I
0946
1104
45
1000
1121
+ 4 min
+ 4 min
4120 0950 0959
1108
0950
1108
40
0946
1104
Step 5: 1108 0950 = 1 h 18 mins.
Using Table II (p.xxxii), a longitude of 63 47E and a time of 1 h 18
minutes, you find a time of 13 minutes (east = subtract this number (13
min) to the time obtained in step 6)
63
4:12
47E 0:03::08
- 4:14::08
- 0:13
4:01::08
Step 7: 0959
- 0401
0558 GMT
+ 0500
1058 (-5)
MOONSET
Step 1:
45
4120
40
Step 2:
29 Sept
1953
_____
1939
1953
-1939
14 minutes
30 Sept
2035
_____
2016
(*use previous date

in east longitudes)
2035
- 2016
19 minutes

4120 - 40 = 120
60
1953
2035
45
1939
2016
- 4 min
- 5 min
4120 1949 2015
2030
1949
2030
40
1953
2035
Step 5: 2030 1949 = 41 minutes
Using Table II (p.xxxii), a longitude of 63 47E and a time of 41 minutes,
you find a time of 7 minutes (east = subtract this number (7 min) to the
63
4:12
47E 0:03::08
- 4:14::08
- 0:41
3:27
Step 7: 2015
- 0327
1712 GMT
+ 0500
2212 (-5)
Question 4
12 Oct 03
Lat : 5821S Long : 46 00E
SUNRISE
Step 1:
58
5821
60
Step 2:
11 Oct
0456
_____
0452
0456
- 0452
4 minutes
(-4)
12 Oct
_____
14 Oct
0448
_____
0443
0448
- 0443
5 minutes

5821 - 58 = 021
0456
0448
58
0456
0448
- 1 min
- 1 min
5821
0455 0452
0447
0455
0447
60
0452
0443
61

46 3:04
00E 0:00
3:04
Step 6: 0452
-0304
0148 GMT
+0400
0548 (-4)
SUNSET
Step 1:
58
5821
60
Step 2:
11 Oct
1839
_____
1843
12 Oct
_____
1843
- 1839
4 minutes
14 Oct
1846
_____
1851
1851
- 1846
5 minutes

5821 - 58 = 021
1839
1846
58
1839
+ 1 min
+ 1 min
5821 1840 1843
1840
1847
60
1843
46 3:04
00E 0:00
3:04
1846
1847
1851
Step 6: 1843
-0304
1539 GMT
+0400
1939 (-4)

Step 1:
58
5821
60
Step 2:
11 Oct
0323
_____
0312
0323
- 0312
11 minutes
12 Oct
_____
14 Oct
0313
_____
0300
0313
- 0300
13 minutes
62

5821 - 58 = 021
Using a tabular interval of 2, 021 and 13 min, you find 3minutes
Step 4: Subtract this value (2 & 3 min ) to the time closest to the Equator.
0323
0313
58
0323
0313
- 2 min
- 3 min
5821
0321 0317
0310
0321
0310
60
0312
0300
46 3:04
00E 0:00
3:04
Step 6: 0317
-0304
0013 GMT
+0400
0413 (-4)

Step 1:
58
5821
60
Step 2:
11 Oct
2013
_____
2024
2024
- 2013
11 minutes
12 Oct
_____
14 Oct
2022
_____
2034
2034
- 2022
12 minutes

5821 - 58 = 021
2013
2022
58
2013
+ 2 min
+ 2 min
5821 2015 2018
2015
2024
60
2024
46 3:04
00E 0:00
3:04
2022
2024
2034
Step 6: 2018
-0304
1714 GMT
+0400
2114 (-4)
63
MOONRISE
Step 1:
58
5821
60
Step 2:
11 Oct
2012
_____
2020
2012
- 2020
8 minutes
12 Oct
2133
_____
2145
(*use previous date

in east longitudes)
2133
- 2145
12 minute

5821 - 58 = 021
2012
2133
58
2012
2133
+ 1 min
+ 1 min
5821 2013
2134
2013
2134
60
2020
2145
Step 5: 2134 2013 = 01 hr 21 min
Using Table II (p.xxxii), a longitude of 46 00E and a time of 01 hr 21
min, you find a time of 10 minutes (east = subtract this number (10 min)
to the time obtained in step 6)
46
3:04
00E
0:00
- 3:04
- 0:10
2:54
Step 7: 2134
- 0254
1824
+0400
22245(-4)
MOONSET
Step 1:
58
5821
60
Step 2:
11 Oct
0530
_____
0526
0530
-0526
4 minutes
12 Oct
0536
_____
0528
(*use previous date

in east longitudes)
0536
- 0528
8 minutes
64

5821 - 58 = 021
0530
0536
58
0530
+ 1 min
+ 1 min
5821
0531
0531
0537
60
0536
0536
0537
0528
Step 5: 0537 0531 = 6 minutes

Using Table II (p.xxxii), a longitude of 46 00E and a time of 6 minutes,
you find a time of 1 minutes (east = subtract this number (1 min) to the
Step 7: 0535
46
3:04
- 0303
00E
0:00
0232 GMT
- 3:04
+0400
- 0:01
0632 (-4)
3:03
PART III
Question 1
23 Jan 03
Lat : 2830N Long : 71 15W
MOONRISE
Step 1:
30
2830
20
Step 2:
23 Jan
0006
_____
0051
0051
- 0006
45 minutes
24 Jan
0013
_____
0051

in west longitudes)
0051
- 0013
38 minutes

2830 - 20 = 830
Table I.
Table I.
65
0051
0051
30
0006
0013
- 36 min
- 31 min
2830 0015
0020
0015
0020
20
0051
0051
Step 5: 0020 0015 = 5 minutes
Using Table II (p.xxxii), a longitude of 71 15W and a time of 5 minutes,
you find a time of 1 minutes (west = add this number (1 min) to the time

71
4:44
15W 0:01
4:45
+0:01
4:46
(Add when West)
Step 7: 0015
+ 0446
0502 GMT
- 0500
0002 (+5)
MOONSET
Step 1:
30
2830
20
Step 2:
23 Jan
1027
_____
1027
1027
- 1027
0 minutes
24 Jan (*use following date

1101
in west longitudes)
_____
1106
1101
- 1106
5 minutes

2830 - 20 = 830
Table I.
Table I.
1027
1106
30
1027
1101
+ 0 min
+ 4 min
2830 1027
1102
1027
1102
20
1027
1106
Step 5: 1102 1027 = 35 minutes
Using Table II (p.xxxii), a longitude of 71 15W and a time of 35
minutes, you find a time of 7 minutes (west = add this number (7 min) to
66

71
4:44
15W 0:01
4:45
+0:07
4:52
(Add when West)
Step 7: 1027
+ 0452
1519 GMT
-0500
1019 (+5)
67
ANNEX B Canadian Tide Tables
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
ANNEX C American Tide Tables
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
ANNEX D Astro Tables
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
ANNEX E Miscellaneous Tables
117
118
119
120
121
122

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Tides / Astro

Tide and Tidal Current Relationship

Conjunction (not to scale)

Opposition (not to scale)

Quadrature (not to scale)

Figure 7-3: Apogee and Perigee

Figure 7-4: Aphelion and Perihelion

Causes of Tidal Streams

Definitions (to be used in conjunction with Figure 7-5 where applicable)

Current. The horizontal movement of the water due to causes mainly

Flow. The combination at any instant of tidal streams and currents;

Canadian Reference Diagram

Figures 7-5 A and B

American Reference Diagram

RELATION BETWEEN TIDAL SURFACES, CHARTING DATUMS AND PHYSICAL FEATURES

Canadian Tide Tables

Europe and West Coast of Africa (including Mediterranean);

Tidal Stream/Current Tables

Pacific Coast; and

Aide-Mmoire for Using Tide Tables

Extract the appropriate information from the question;

Enter the table and interpolate to get the reference column;

Canadian Secondary Ports

Extract the appropriate information from the question;

Interpolate/extrapolate to find the required correction. The following formula may

Secondary Port: Bumpkin Bay

b = 5.0 - 3.0 = 2.0

Therefore, x = a, a = x * b = 1.2 * 2.0 = 0.92 - 0.9

American Reference Stations

Follow steps a. through e. as per Canadian Reference Ports;

Apply the corrections to the appropriate height or time.

American Subordinate Stations

Follow steps a. through c. as per Canadian Secondary Ports;

Correct the times and heights as required.

Tidal Stream Calculations

Tidal Stream and Tides Graphs

Figure 7-6 Tidal Graph

Tidal Stream Graph

Figure 7-7 Tidal Stream Graph

Questions on Canadian Tide Tables

What is the highest recorded extreme of tide at Alert Bay,BC?

On 24 March 03 you are preparing to depart from the government wharf at

C. Height of Tide at a Specific Time

What is the height of tide at 0215(+8) on 25 Mar 03 at Pt Atkinson, BC?

What is the height of tide at 1300(+8) on 9 December 03 in Sooke, BC?

Part II. Secondary Ports

For answers see Annex A.

Questions on American Tide Tables

What is the range and duration?

What time zone are you in?

What time zone are you in?

Part II. American East Coast

Time the Tide Reaches a Specific Height

Height of Tide at a Specific Time

What is the height of tide at 1100 on the 17 May 03 Bridgeport, Conn?

The sill of a drydock in Hampton Roads is 17 ft below charted datum. You

What is the expected minimum clearance under your vessel?

What is the clearance on departure?

What is the height of tide at 2300 on 16 Nov 03 in Comodoro Rivadavia,

What time zone are they in?

For answers to these questions see ANNEX A.

LMT for 40N

QUESTIONS FOR ASTRONOMICS