Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Books Chou, Ching-wen. Ten Years of Storm; the True Story of the Communist Regime in China,. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960. Print. This book discusses the Communist seizure of power and the effects of a "proletarian dictatorship" on the Chinese people. In addition, it provides detailed information on the foreign relations of China, the economics of the commune system, and information on the progression of intellectuals and their eventual suppression. However, it is a highly biased source, urging the Chinese people to rise up against their government. Nevertheless, it does provide an insight into Western views on the matter of the Cultural Revolution.

Esmein, Jean. The Chinese Cultural Revolution. Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1973. Print.

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This book is gently paced. It introduces the concepts of class struggle and the commune system. In later pages, the book gives a dense section on the polarization of the Party and its split between the centers of Tach'ing and Tachai as political models for continued development after the Tenth Plenum. It contains a lengthy discussion on the role of the Red Guards in moving the Cultural Revolution forward. The view given is generally that people rather than events drove the actions forward; as such, connections (guanxi) between such figures as Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, Lin Biao, and Peng Dehuai are given the focus. This is primarily intended to be a historical reference text rather than an analysis of the values at stake. Fairbank, John K., and Merle Goldman. China: A New History. Second Enlarged ed. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 1998. Print. "John King Fairbank was the West's doyen on China and this book is the full and final expression of his lifelong engagement with this vast ancient civilization. It remains a masterwork without parallel. The distinguished historian Merle Goldman
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brings the book up to date, covering reforms in the post-Mao period through the early years of the twenty-first century, including the leadership of Hu Jintao. She also provides an epilogue discussing the changes in contemporary China that will shape the nation in the years to come." We usually do not include direct quotes as long as this from texts in our annotations. However, we wanted to help the reader understand how important this was to us as a resource. Such words as these inscribed into the book jacket are most common trite platitudes praising the content of the text in a manner not suitable to historical analysis. We include this summary, however, because of this text's massive importance to the success of our project. Perhaps no other book was more important to us than this, because its concise and yet descriptive take on all aspects of modern China. Massive praise has been given to this book by leading newspapers such as The San Francisco Chronicle, the Washington Post, The Times of London, and the New York Times. The main point of consideration that our group gave to this text was Chapter 20: "The Cultural Revolution 1966Page | 3

1976." Fairbank describes the Revolution as a "fitting finale to China's twenty lost years begun in 1957 with the Anti-Rightist Campaign that dispersed with so many annotations." An analogy is given to "the President in Washington urging high school students all over the United States to put on armbands, accost, upbraid, and harass citizens on the streets and in their homes and finally take over city hall, local business firms, government services, and institutions." Thus, the CR is represented as an extension of Mao's autocratic tradition, inherited from the imperial dynasties of China. Another reason given is an effort by Mao and other top Party officials to "make 'democratic centralism' more democratic and less centralist," in other words, gradual transfer of power to the people. The role of Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four as the leaders of the Central Cultural Revolution Group in Beijing gives a unique interpretation of women's role in the founding of a modern China. In addition, Zhou Enlai's role in holding together the People's Republic from outside forces is shown to be a major theme of the CR. Foreign relations of the
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United States are interpreted as being highly sketchy and secretive. Several pages are spent by Goldman discussing the succession struggle after the death of Lin Biao/Lin Piao. Several hundred sources are included to discuss the roles of different groups in pushing the CR forward. The authors are both highly qualified. The late Fairbank was the Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and Director of the Center of East Asian Research at Harvard University and onetime President of the National History Association. Goldman is currently Professor Emerita at Boston University and associate of the Harvard Research Center named in honor of Fairbank's legacy. Overall, this was am extremely helpful source that we utilized extensively through all portions of our research. Our careful analysis reveals that in the end, this was an unbiased and primary-view source written by professional historians who have a large amount of experience in the research field. The large amount of sources can be found in Primary Sources in our bibliography under Books and Articles.

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Fan, Kuang Huan. The Chinese Cultural Revolution; Selected Documents. New York: Grove, 1968. Print. This book is a collection of documents that came from the time period of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. These documents from different figures during this time in China show many different viewpoints. Here, in these documents critical points of the Chinese Cultural Revolution are shown starting with the very spark that initially ignited the Cultural Revolution. These official documents collected in this book show the whole timeline of the events that occurred during this Revolution. These major parts of the Cultural Revolution include the initial reasons and explain the time before and compare it to later on. Also mentioned in this collection of documents is the time in which the Cultural Revolution was starting to grow and afterwards, more and more people were built up in this Cultural Revolution. Another critical event is the Party Decision, where it laid down the basic reasons and objectives for the revolution and the ways that the Party would execute the Cultural Revolution and is further explained in the 16 point
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decision. Besides these critical events of the Cultural Revolution, also explained greatly in this collection was the inspiration that the people had gotten to revolt just from the influence of the political events and leaders. Last but not least in the Cultural Revolution was the lasting impact it has on the world and here China tried to set up an example in the Cultural Revolution.

Feng, Jicai. Ten Years of Madness: Oral Histories of China's Cultural Revolution. San Francisco: China & Periodicals, 1996. Print. Feng Jicai, a noted author of fiction relating to imperial China, expands his perspectives on Chinese history by compiling stories of the tortures endured by innocent Chinese during the Cultural Revolution in his new book Ten Years of Madness. The book is a compilation of the stories of 24 people who went through countless sufferings while being "sent down" to the countryside, tortured by Red Guards and being declared "capitalist roaders," "counterrevolutionaries" etc. etc. One of the features that we found most helpful in this text was
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the appendix containing modern Chinese high school students' reflections on the events of the CR. They gave opinions that expressed a basic lack of knowledge on the issue. As a result we were able to see how other students our own age took in these opinions. In this way this was a very valuable resource. Because of the many different people presented, we thought that this was a very reliable source.

Ginneken, Jaap Van. The Rise and Fall of Lin Piao. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976. Print. This source included information on Chiang Ching and Chen Po-ta and Mao Tse-tung's aggresive political tactics. Mao's proposal for his new campaign was accepted as the Socialist Education Movement. This movement was intended to solve the problems which had caused difficulties in the Great Leap Forward.

The Great Cultural Revolution in China,. Rutland, VT: C.E. Tuttle, 1968. Print. This was a highly useful text in our research. It began by analyzing the origins of the revolution and
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its humble beginnings. The authors believe firmly that the word "cultural," more than the word "revolution," conveys the weight of the birth of the purging track. A detailed discussion is given on the historical and cultural impact of reforms in noncentral areas such as revisionism in literature and art, new debate in philosophy after the failed Hundred Flowers Campaign, and even the reform of traditional (Peking) opera. In later sections the authors clearly express the viewpoint that the People's Liberation Army (PLA) took a major role in the Cultural Revolution. The full text (translated) of many of Marshal Lin Biao's field directives to the "comrades" are included. Commentary is also given on Mao's Central Cultural Revolution Group, headed by his wife Jiang Qing, and the development of the Red Guards. However, we found that other sources had better qualified information on the Red Guards and thus placed low priority on those areas. The section that we found the most helpful in our research was "Documents Proclaiming the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution." The full text of the Chinese Communist Party's Central Committee
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decisions (Decision on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution and Communique of the CCP Central Committee) are given along with 20+ pages of insightful commentary by leading scholars in the field. All in all, we found this to be a highly qualified and well-written text. It was the basis for much of our research on cultural aspects.

Joseph, William A., Christine Wong, and David P. W Zweig, eds. New Perspectives on the Cultural Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1991. Print. This book is a symposium discussing modern perspectives on the events, and more importantly, the people, who reigned during the Cultural Revolution. The witty volume starts by narrating Mao's resignation from his Chinese Communist Party office as President of the People's Republic of China and his subsequent replacement by Liu Shaoqi, who was subsequently ousted and purged by the Central Cultural Revolution Group led by Mao Zedong's wife Jiang Qing and her associates, the
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Gang of Four. The text then skips onto Marshal Peng Dehuai, the Minister of Defense. Marshal Peng's letter to Mao, intended to be a warning against rash actions that might impact his future as China's "Paramount Leader," instead served as an inflammatory insult to him; according to his personal doctor, Chairman Mao felt that he was being attacked for being too Marxist-Leninist. Naturally, Mao ordered Peng's expulsion from the Politburo and subsequent purge. This order, like so many others, was transferred to Mao's infamous Red Guards by Premier Zhou Enlai. Zhou is described by the editors as a dogmatic, linking personality. According to the back cover fold, Zhou was "the glue that stuck together the clashing heavy machinery of the Communist Party." Because this text is a symposium rather than a unified text, it gave us the unique opportunity to experience the Cultural Revolution through several paradigms: 1. Communist Party leader allied to Chairman Mao Zedong 2. Communist Party leader (neutral) 3. Communist Party leader (defector) 4. Intellectual or political reformer 5. Peasant or person "sent-down" to the countryside 6.
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European observer 7. American observer 8. Japanese observer As listed above, the paradigms here represent the entire spectrum of political opinions, from revolutionary Communist zealously holding up Mao Zedong thought to disappointed observers living in capitalist Western countries. The next major topic covered after Premier Zhou Enlai was the August 1966 Eleventh Plenum of the CCP Central Committee, Secretariat and Politburo held at Shanghai. The main occurrence at the conference was the demotion of Liu Shaoqi to number eight in the CCP hierarchy and promotion of Marshal Lin Biao to number two (thus making him Chairman Mao's putative successor). The role of the Red Guards was also undisputedly important in the security of the events moving forward. It was these factionalized youth in the countryside that launched the main wave of Mao's attack on lower Party officials. They carried out in bulk and en masse the third phase of the Cultural Revolution: the nobly named "seizures of power" in cities that were in reality massacres of loyal Party leaders. According to the source, "the climax of the Cultural Revolution was reached at the Ninth Party
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Congress in April 1969." This Congress was, in essentiality, a rump session of the military and other inexperienced politicians jockeying to get closer to the great man himself. In this manner we can compare this movement to the last days of the French monarchy in the 1790s when kings such as Louis the fourteenth gathered a lavish court at Versailles and had them compete to present him with his clothes each morning. There was also a lot of information in this source about the early period foreign relations of the People's Republic. For instance, China's involvement in development efforts in Fourth World countries such as Tanzania (such as the Tan-Zam Railway in Africa) was considered a major failure. For this reason, foreign minister Chen Yi was forced to make self-criticism no less than five times. In the end we see a major comparison of these later periods of China to imperial Confucianism and its autocratic and authoritative traditions rooted in the Mandate of Heaven. In this highly credible source we obtained large quantities of information for the construction and thesis in our site. Historical analysis shows
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that the numerous perspectives make this a nonbiased and informational resource that yielded countless hours of discovery.

Lawrance, Alan. China under Communism. London: Routledge, 1998. Print. This first-hand account and reaction to the Cultural Revolution is written by Alan Lawrance. He visited China and witnessed the events that took place in China during the rise and fall of Mao Zedong, an infamous Chinese chairman that brought it to be a communist state. Alan Lawrance details and comments on such events such as "The Great Leap Forward", "The Cultural Revolution", and "A Great Power Triangle".

An, Pyo ng-jun. Chinese Politics and the Cultural Revolution: Dynamics of Policy Processes. Seattle: University of Washington, 1976. Print. These sources provided specific details on Mao's "Great Leap Forward." Mao called for a conference of leaders at Ch'engtu and proposed crucial decisions
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including an educational reform encouraging the combination of study and labor.

Trager, Frank N., and William Henderson. Communist China, 1949-1969: A Twenty-year Appraisal. New York: New York Univ., 1970. Print. An account and interpretation of Communist China, written by Frank N. Trager and William Henderson, explains their view of Chinese events in the mid20th century. They believe that the events, although just happening less than a century ago, are still very influential to the modern history of the Communist China State. In addition, to them, the "complete makeover" of China's politics and society in such a short time is an amazing feat. One of these revolutions can only happen if there is a great force pushing against the original society. In this case, the peasants the great leader, Mao, stepped in to fill this "force". The authors go further to discuss the changes in the society and ideas of the people, and how they affect the modern china and the world.

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Yu, Chun. Little Green: Growing up during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster for Young Readers, 2005. Print. This touching book written by an accomplished author describes a personal account of the Cultural Revolution through a collection of poignant poems. The series of poems are informative narratives and through them we are able to access the life of a young child during the Cultural Revolution. An interview with the author shortly followed the reading of the book. The poems convey emotions, as well as the many events which surrounded the authors life. These all contribute to our general understanding of the Chinese Cultural Revolution.

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Interviews Yu, Chun. "Questions Concerning the Cultural RevolutionChun Yu." Telephone interview. 15 Feb. 2012. An interview with a primary source, Dr. Chun Yu, author of the book Little Green, revealed a firsthand look at life during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The answers provided revealed not only analysis of Mao and the communist party but also insight into the life of an average Chinese child during that time period. The interview lasted about 40 minutes and throughout that time a personal account of the Cultural Revolution was acquired. The interviewee was directly quoted in the project.

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Newspaper Articles Anderson, Raymond H. "Moscow Denounces Mao for 'Duplicity' in Policy." New York Times 27 Nov. 1966: 1+. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This New York Times publication presents the Soviet as it launches a verbal attack on the Chinese communist party. The article does not cite many historical events; however, they do well in in explaining the Soviet's disgust with the China's "anti-Soviet policy." The author himself has no formal bias; however given the article's presentation of the viewpoint of the Soviet Union toward China, it can be said that the article deals completely with the Soviet bias of China. In fact, the article lists many quotes from the Soviet party newspaper, Pravda. The newspaper, Pravda, was
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described to have claimed to have denounced the anti-Soviet character of the Cultural Revolution, in which throngs of youths, called the Red Guards have demonstrated repeatedly against the Soviet Embassy in Peking and repeatedly harassed and insulted diplomats.

Anderson, Raymond H. "Soviet Delegation to China Tells Of 'Crude Insults' During Tour." The New York Times 22 Nov. 1966: 13. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This New York Times publication presents the behavior of Red China to the Soviet Union. The author reports on a recent Soviet friendship delegation visit to China. Their visit was responded to with "hostility, intimidation and "crude insults" nearly everywhere during their tour." In fact, in a news conference, a Chinese official stated that "the policies of the Soviet Union were as villainous as those of Nazi Germany." The events written in the article clearly indicate a deteriorated China-Soviet relationship. The article is useful in describing
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such relationship during the Cultural Revolution through the behavior of the Red Guard and Chinese officials.

"Chinese Government Close Peking's Newspapers and Purge Its Staff." New York Times 4 Sept. 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This news broadcast, published in the New York Times, tells of the Chinese events during the Cultural Revolution. On September 4, the Chinese Communist Party shut down the Peking (Beijing) Newspaper. This was done to help rouse up the Red Guards, destroy all old ideas, and promote Communism. We used this source to help us better comprehend the chaos and distress that went through the American population during the 1960's and 1970's.

"Chou the Target of Red Criticism." The New York Times 12 Nov. 1966: 10. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 12 Nov. 1966. <http://proquest.umi.com>.
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This New York Times publication reviews a Chinese Communist newspaper in Hong Kong. The Chinese newspaper attacked the Premier Chou En-lai. The article mentions this as a possible indication of attempts to restrain the Red Guards. The article also reports on the actions of Chou En-lai as he appeared to become more against the Cultural Revolution, in general. The article cites Mr. Chou's words at the first appearance of the Red Guard: "The main task of revolutionary teachers and students both in Peking and in other parts of the country is to carry out great cultural revolution well in their own school." The author examined, "This statement appeared to be aimed at restricting the Red Guards' activities in the cultural revolution." This insight is invaluable to the discussion of the prominent leaders of the Cultural Revolution.

"Excerpts from Text of Chinese Communist Party Statement." New York Times 14 Aug. 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>.

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This article, published in the New York Times in late 1966, just shows snippets from government and peasant publications from China. In the year of 1966, the Cultural Revolution had just started, and a plethora of declarations and types of propaganda were being published in China. This article helped us know what types of things the Chinese were saying to each other, and helps us understand what it felt like to live in China in 1966

Frankel, Max. "Prestige of Red China Plummets." New York Times 14 Nov. 1966: 1+. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This New York Times publication reports from Hong Kong, a British colony at the time in the midst of China's Cultural Revolution. Key to the explaining China's diplomatic relations during the chaotic Cultural Revolution, the article proceeds to explain the actions of China on an international perspective. Frankel analyzes that the relations of China with the following regions: Soviet Union, Japan, Australia, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia,
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South Vietnam, Thailand, India, West Germany, France, Africa, Latin America, and the United States. There is no datable bias in the author's stance as he describes the events of the Cultural Revolution as a detriment to China on an international perspective. As a result, the article is crucial in reporting not only of the effects of the Cultural Revolution domestically but also of the Cultural Revolution on the reputation of China across the globe. However, the author's statement, lack support. The article takes the form of primarily the opinion article. It involves several generalizations, but as a citation it effectively summarizes a specific viewpoint using examples from many countries.

Grose, Peter. "Moscow Expels Chinese Students In Reprisal Move." New York Times 8 Oct. 1966: 1+. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This New York Times publication explains the action of Soviet Russia in expelling China student from the country. The facts and opinion the article presents
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allows insight to Soviet, Chinese, and United States perspective on international policy of China during the Cultural Revolution. There is no bias involved in the discussion of these views. It is useful to include such discussion as often an outside perspective yields enlighten insight of the specific event itself. The Soviet action was explicitly explained.

Grose, Peter. "Soviet Denounces Peking Red Guards." New York Times 17 Sept. 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. These article details of a Soviet Union newspaper article oriented towards the Chinese Communist Party. They warn of the Red Guards of China, the group of young people that are moving China through the cultural revolution, of going outside of the Chinese border. In addition, the Russian "Pravada"

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newspaper attacks some of the ways China is moving through this chaotic time.

Gross, Peter. "Korean Reds Join Soviet in Attack On China's Chief." New York Times 19 Sept. 1966: 12. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This New York Times publication reveals the Red Guard function during the Cultural Revolution. In summary the Red Guards acted as a violent means to strengthen Mao's power. In fact, on the articles second page, the article reports on the Red Guard's overtaking of several towns of China. Also, arising is an interesting point. It is the citizen resistance to the Red Guard's. In addition, it becomes evident that the Red Guard movement during the Cultural Revolution was motivated against the old order and its leaders. There is no determined bias from this article as it reports mostly on historical occurrences rather than generalized opinions. It does make a single discussion of the Red Guards and the rising opposition they face.

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Kamm, Henry. "Chou Describes Purge as 'Cultural Revolution'" New York Times 19 June 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. In this New York Times article, the former and first premier of China, Zhou (Chou) En-Lai, comments on the ongoing cultural revolution. Zhou En-Lai was the first premier under Mao Ze-Dong. In this address to Rumania (Romania) he states the purpose of the Cultural Revolution. Zhou says, they are trying to eliminate any way to restore capitalism in China, and to have communism be the only form of politics in China. In the cultural revolution, they are also trying to make a new way of Communist life, different from the one which Mao created a few years back. They hope that with this innovative form of reform, they can make China a powerful force in the world.

Lieberman, Henry R. "What We Do, and Don't, Know About China." New York Times 20 May 1951. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>.
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This newspaper article, published in the New York Times, is a detailed report of what China is like in the 1950's. It informs the American population of the social, political, and economic status of this communist super nation. In addition, it verifies information known by the public.

"Mao and Anti-Mao." New York Times 22 Jan. 1976. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. During the time of the Cultural Revolution, Mao stirred up revolutionary feelings in the young adults who were used to create havoc among the people as his last attempt to stay in power. During this time, Mao changed the Chinese culture dramatically using his Red Guards under his disposal to change the way the normal citizens would have looked at Communism as he ruthlessly exercised his power. During the Cultural Revolution, Mao uses his influence on the Red Guards to threaten and try to destroy any opposing beliefs and also to dethrone many of his political challengers, so that Mao could have complete power over all of China. During that
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time, the Red Guards terrorized citizens who were not supportive of Mao's actions and his Cultural Revolution. These groups would often ransack an unsupportive citizen's house and often destroy anything that was of foreign origin or that was of ancient Chinese cultures including ancient heirlooms. Another event that often occurred during this time was the numerous false accusations that were thrown at anti-Maoists. At the time, the Chinese image was being ruined due to the constant turmoil with the Red Guards terrorizing ordinary citizens who did not support Mao. Despite this turmoil that was occurring within China, there seemed to have no letup of the Chinese effort in the Vietnam War that was currently being fought at the time. During this time, many analysts could not decide whether the Chinese would put a bigger fight in Vietnam or if the Chinese attention would be more focused on their own Cultural Revolution. During the Cultural Revolution, China was put into much turmoil and people were often terrorized by the Red Guards who were directly brainwashed by Mao's actions

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"Maoists in Rally Denounce Tao Chu." New York Times 20 Feb. 1967. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. On February 19, 1967 Maoists rallied at Tiananmen Square and they publicly denounced Tao Chu, who used to be the head of the propaganda department for the communist party. Tao Chu, who was the communist party's First Secretary in the Central South China Bureau and also mayor of Canton, quickly rose to a higher rank at the beginning of the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution and just as quickly was put out of power when the Cultural Revolution began. Although the purpose of the rally was not clear, it was meant to go against those in Southern China who were resisting Mao's forces, especially Tao Chu.

"Maoists Winning Shanghai Control." New York Times 18 Jan. 1967. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This newspaper article, published in a special for the New York times, details about the opinions of the New York Times editors. They believe that
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although Mao Zedong and his Communist China are regaining control over the British Shanghai, but still not over Hong Kong. However, Communist China has launched several propaganda movements, in hopes of retaking Hong Kong.

"Mao's Dispute With Rivals Believed Near New Crisis." New York Times 20 Oct. 1966: 1+. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This New York Times publication intriguingly discuss the arising powers struggle between Mao Zedong and Lin Piao and the Anti-Maoists. The article went into publication one day after a mass demonstration of 1,500,000 Red Guards. The articles presents this historical occurrence as an indication of the imminent corroboration of the two communist leaders during the Cultural Revolution. In addition, the author investigates the use of media and the Red Guards to further Mao's control of the population of China. The articles serves as a vital source in explaining the use of media

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and other means to further the Mao's communist regime during the Cultural Revolution.

"Mao's Purge." New York Times 11 Sept. 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This article, written by the editors of the New York Times, expresses their opinion on the recent breakout of the Red Guards. They believe that this is just a "threat" that Chairman Mao is making to push other states away from attacking them. In addition, the writer questions how well Chairman Mao can continue to rule, and for how much longer. At this time, Mao was already 73-years old and the figurehead for Communist China.

Mohr, Charles. "Analysts Believe Drive by Mao Risks Major Economic Crisis." New York Times 8 Feb. 1967. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. During this time, analysts saw that if the cultural revolution's effects continued, it would make a giant setback to the country's economy due to the
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lessened food production and the industrial output. This, in turn, would ironically thwart Mao's Cultural Revolution, even more than the general public and opponent politicians could cause as some analysts believe. Because of this, many peasant workers refused to sell their crops to the state as another form for protest. In the long run, these dangers would have hurt the industry greatly. Mao's plans for the economic change during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was to put all his faithful supporters and highly loyal Red Guards in control of these enterprises so they could easily control and manipulate anti-Maoists. At the time, editorials that supported Mao argued against the economic warnings that any economic crisis would occur due to its belief that the vast majority of the population could summon any good economic savior when in any desperate time. This belief was strongly similar to the Great Leap Forward of the past, where Mao extracted peasants from farms and put them into factories. However, due to Mao's creation of new economic issues, many party leaders started to oppose him, which forces Mao to either compromise or
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to try to use his Red Guards to get rid of his opponents. In different provinces of China at the time, peasants used many methods to worsen the government and to try to escape giving in the yielded crops to the Chinese communist government. Although analysts of the time believed the Cultural Revolution would continue for a time, it would continue on shaky ground filled with many challenges.

Mohr, Charles. "Mao Is the Prophet - So Says Mao." New York Times 26 Feb. 1967. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. From this source, it was learned that Chairman Mao's previous thoughts and beliefs in the Chinese political system were Marxism-Leninism, but his own theories have grown further and further from the original roots of government that was used in the Soviet Union when it was under the rule of Joseph Stalin. Mao believed that a doctrine would be necessary to keep party members following a same policy. It was also learned that as Mao aged, he transformed from a flexible and pragmatic leader
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into one who was impatient and power-hungry. Because Mao was a military leader, he was often criticized that he would want an era of endless fame and would promote a very corrupt version of communism. Besides, his own theories and ideas were put into practice when he used not only the urban low-classed citizen but also the peasants in the communist revolution. Many Chinese believed that looking up problems in Mao's essays and works would find any answer for political problems which involve the theories of Marxism. Mao was also known as a very impatient and mistake-prone leader when it came to his policies. The largest example was his failed attempt of the Great Leap Forward, when it was later analyzed that he wanted to quickly change his government to pure communism within the time span of his life. The Great Leap Forward in 1958 showed how he wanted everything important to happen in his own lifetime so that he could achieve a pure communism for his own country and also to gain an endless amount of recognition. During the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution, the communist party was damaged due to the economic setbacks that would be caused
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especially with the factor of capitalism that may arise. Although the cultural revolution gets weaker at times, the revolution continued as long as Mao was alive and could bring changes to the country.

Mohr, Charles. "Mao's Crisis Is His Own Doing." New York Times 15 Jan. 1967. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This newspaper article, written by Charles Mohr and published in the New York Times, details of how he thinks Mao Ze Dong is to be blamed for his crisis in China. Charles believes that there are several reasons that Mao is in this crisis. Mao had several conflicts with others, and sought to destroy them in the Cultural Revolution, which he started in 1966. In addition, this crisis only occurred because Chairman Mao and his second in command Lin Biao (Piao) wanted to seize complete control over his people. Because of this, they went to the extent of the failed Great Leap Forward, and now to the problematic Cultural Revolution. This source was used to help us learn of American Journalists opinion about the cultural Revolution.
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"PEKING CAUTIONS YOUTHS ON FORCE:Lin Piao Hails Red Guards But Urges Use of Reason." New York Times 1 Sept. 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This newspaper article, published in the New York Times in 1966 after the start of the Cultural Revolution, informs the American population on the events that are happening in China. On September 1, 1966, the Chinese Communist Party second in command Lin Piao (Biao) told the young, enthusiastic Red Guards that violence isn't the only answer to any revolts. Peaceful solutions to revolts is better for the country. We used this article to better understand the ideas and influence of Lin Biao.

"Peking Note Scores Soviet on Its Ouster of Students." The New York Times: 1+. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 24 Oct. 1966. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This New York Times publication announces several events pertaining to Soviet's expulsion of all Chinese students from Soviet Russia. It clearly
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becomes evident that the China and Russia relationship has worsened considerably during the time of the Cultural Revolution. The article gives no personal opinion; therefore, it remains as an unbiased source. Given that the New York Times is a well-known newspaper, it can be followed that facts presented are indeed accurate. The article is useful in its description of the rapidly deterring relationship between China and Russia. "Red China Says Some in Party Are Still Plotting Against Mao." The New York Times 4 Oct. 1966: 8. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This New York Times publication reports from Hong Kong on a rising concern from Beijing of some people in the Chinese Communist party plotting to "usurp the leadership of the party, the army and the government." The article also mentions several of these leaders. This information provides a novel aspect to our understanding of the Chinese Cultural Revolution.

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"The Red Guards: Mao's Marauders." New York Times 20 Nov. 1966: E3. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. The New York Times publication reveals prominent facts concerning the Red Guard during Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution. In doing so, the article maintains both the zealous and violent nature of the guard in effecting "revolutionary" motives.

Schwartz, Harry. "Mao and Stalin: Lessons of History." New York Times 30 Jan. 1967. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. In this newspaper article written by Harry Shwartz, he describes the Cultural Revolution as accounts of the Chinese radio's frequent reports of "revolutionists rebels" going against newspapers,
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factories, government official offices and banks and sabotaging these government related targets. Here, it was not that the Red Guards going against the government but the last bunch of the "old communist" government officials going against the "new communist officials". The "new communist officials" became known more often as the "Maoists" and the Maoists and Red Guards would often brutalize or publicly humiliate the communist officials. Also in this newspaper article, the author compared China under Mao against the Soviet Union under Stalin. He compares the revolution with the past Bolshevik revolution in the Soviet Union. The author states the prices and challenges both countries had to pay, but also states that Mao had to meet another challenge: his counter-revolutionists. Compared to Stalin, Mao had less of his own personal power over the army and was controversial at the time. Despite these challenges, analysts believed that similarly to how the Russians unified under Stalin's leadership to fight the Germans, China would unite if it was attacked. The key similarities and also

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its single most difference between China under Mao and the Soviet Union under Stalin could be compared.

Schwartz, Harry. "Mao, Confucious, and the Red Guards." New York Times 12 Sept. 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This article, written by Harry Schwartz, shows and undercover Lin Piao's (Biao) plan to take over the power of Mao Ze (Tse) Dong. Lin Biao is the current leader of the army at the time, and Mao's successor. Mao, however, is also trying to become the "official" successor of Confucious, the great philosopher that was followed by millions of Chinese for thousands of years. However, since Mao still has the support of the people, students, and mostly the army, he will be able to keep his power in Communist China.

"Soviet Red Guards Assail Some Newly Raised to Power." The New York Times 7 Nov. 1966: 3. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>.
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This New York Times publication describes the Red Guard as they begin to attack some of the Chinese leaders. The author in this article employs descriptive vivid details in enlightening the reader: "Drums rolled, cymbals crazed and angry, strident voices poured from loudspeakers." The Red Guards were obviously violent, revolutionary individuals.

Stewart, Ian. "Mao Gambles to Preserve Maoism." New York Times 18 Sept. 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This is the authors, Ian Stewart, account of the events that happened in China in the year 1966. Officially, 1966 was the year that the Cultural Revolution started, a movement created by Mao Zedong to help create order and stability in China. Commented by this author, he calls those events before this proclamation "Mao's Crisis". This source greatly benefitted us because it helped us learn more and understand the events leading up to the great Cultural Revolution.

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"Text of the Announcement by Red China." New York Times 29 Dec. 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This is the text of an announcement by Communist China's leader and chairman, Mao Zedong. Recently before, on December 28, 1966, Mao and his people had tested a nuclear bomb in the mountains of China. In addition, Mao announces this is great step forward for their country. Based on Mao's words, classes, if they exist, will always fight against each other. However, in a classless society, there will be less internal quarrel. In addition, China assures that the nuclear weapons are only for self-defense, in case any of the other nations, such as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the United States of America, ever attack or assault them.

Topping, Audrey R. "Through Darkest Red China." New York Times 28 Aug. 1966. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This first-hand account, by Audrey R. Topping, was when she was a part of a select few that were allowed to tour the mainland China during Chairman
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Mao's leadership. She details on the 17-day long encounter, and adds her own personal feelings. We used this source to understand better what life was like during Mao's rule from a person that visited China.

Trumbull, Robert. "Foes of Mao Near Peking Reported Quelled by Army." New York Times 24 Jan. 1967. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. On January 24 of 1967, under the leadership of Mao, the army took over a center of resistance in a small remote area in China, and this was the first time that the Chinese ever used the army to solve political problems apparently. Around that same time, it was reported that the Chinese army also took over the communist government center in Beijing. Mao said his Cultural Revolution would produce a new social class of peasants which would look down upon self interest and gain. Also implied by Mao was that after the Cultural Revolution was over, a new China would be formed, in replacement for the old China and its culture. At the time, the
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people who did not support Mao would be usually publicly disgraced including in front of large audiences, or even the radio or other communication methods that were used. Despite these possible methods of humiliation that may have been received from the Red Guards, many peasant brawls with the Red Guards still occurred, coming mostly from the poorer agrarian peasants who did not support or accept Mao's beliefs. It was quite obvious that in the Cultural Revolution, Mao started working his influence from the bottom of the social ladder until he had enough power and public influence to manipulate his political opponents and to change China into a state that he saw fit.

"Two Top Mao Foes Reported Ousted." New York Times 7 Feb. 1967: 1+. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. It was learned that during the Cultural Revolution, many political opponents of Mao were ousted from their political positions and among those ousted in the year of 1967 included Mao's top two political challengers: President Liu Shao-Chi and Teng HsiaoPage | 44

Ping. Mao and his supporters constantly pushed his opponents out of office to reduce the resistance that would be put up against the Cultural Revolution. During the very beginning of the Cultural Revolution, there were many places and provinces in China who were not yet influenced and controlled by Maoists at the time. It was understood that the Maoist influence spread across China mainly under Mao's military control and power. In order to further strengthen his influence and control across cities in China, Mao would often set up "worker communes". Another way Mao enforced his power across cities was by creating elected committees to promote Maoist ideas.

Vincent, Jean-Louis. "Life in Peking: Report from a Long Nose." New York Times 26 Feb. 1967. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. This newspaper article described what life was like in Beijing during the cultural revolution under Mao's influence. People of this time were really "threatened" to support Mao's actions due to the heavy threats from the Red Guards. The Red Guards
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were the kids, adolescents, and young adults who supported Mao's revolutionary actions for a new methods of reform in China. They supported changes in the education and changes in culture across the nation which only centered in on Mao's ruling era, showing how Mao was their godlike leader that should be "worshipped" and be in all of their everyday culture. Mao challenged all other forms of culture, from the ancient Chinese culture even to the western culture, and influenced young adults to follow his ideas as Mao brainwashed his followers. "Widow of Dr. Sun Red Guard Target." The New York Times 21 Sept. 1966: 1-4. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This New York Times publication describes the blatant actions of the Red Guard against the ideologies of the Nationalists and what was "Old China." The article reports on the vandalisms committed by the Red Guard to the widow's of Dr. Sun Yatsen Shanghai home. Apparently, the Red Guards had accused Miss Soong the sister of Mrs. Chiang Kai Shek of "falsely pretending to be a revolutionary."
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The Red Guards raiding her house confiscated much of her properties. Propaganda posters were also published against the Nationalist Party. It is quite evident for this New York Times article that the Communist Party during the Cultural Revolution despise the Nationalist Party as well as the individuals supporting it.

"Youth In Peking Alter City's Look." New York Times 18 Sept. 1966: 3. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://proquest.umi.com>. This New York Times publication describes the effect of the Red Guard on the aesthetic qualities of Beijing. Such qualities lead to alterations socially. The article is essential in describing the actions of the Red Guard during Mao's Cultural Revolution as well as the effects of the Red Guard in Chinese society. Both credible and unbiased in its report the article communicates the prominence and significance of Red Guard activities throughout Beijing.

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Photographs Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. Digital image. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. Throughout the rule of Chairman Mao Zedong, he always had Deng Xiaoping with him. And, after his death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping would rise up from the dust of Mao's failed Great Leap Forward and revolutionary ideas from the Cultural Revolution. Deng immediately started reforms on the devastated nation.

Mao Zedong and Jiang Qing, 1945. Digital image. Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Web. 20 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/363395/Ma o-Zedong#>. Mao Zedong's wife, Jiang Qing and referred to as Madam Mao, was a leading force in the start of the Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution, which
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started in 1966, was a attempt by Mao Zedong to destroy any enemies. However, Mao Zedong was also highly influenced by Madam Mao, which led to several unfortunate events caused by Mao.

Mao Zedong. Digital image. Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Web. 20 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/363395/Ma o-Zedong#>. This photograph, taken during Mao's era of leadership in Communist China, is of him waving to a crowd of supporters. Mao, in his time, was the most influential man in China and extremely popular. People from all parts of China would travel by foot and train for days just to have a glimpse of Mao Zedong.

Mao Zedong. Digital image. Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Web. 20 Dec. 2011. <www.britannica.com>. Mao Zedong was born into a peasant family in the province of Hunan. After going through primary and
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secondary schools, he signed up to be a solider in his home province. Later on, he created the Chinese Communist Party. Before 1949, when the People's Republic of China was created by Mao Zedong, Mao Zedong had led a peasant army against Chiang Kaishek and his Republic Army.

Mao's Followers. Digital image. Web. This picture shows many young students who eagerly followed Mao as radical revolutionists reading from Mao's Little Red Book. These students read quotes from Mao's book in search of the answer to all questions related to government and revolution. Here in the background is a large billboard of Mao Zedong.

Red Guard destroys old Chinese Ideas. Digital image. Web. This image perfectly shows one of the many goals in the Cultural Revolution. At the time, millions of Red Guards tried tirelessly to destroy all Chinese Culture. In this picture, a female red guard is lecturing and reinforcing their goals. In this case,
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they are destroying old signs that tell of a old culture. In the Cultural Revolution, which spanned from 1966 to 1976, millions of artifacts and old treasures were destroyed. It truly was a revolutionary idea to reform a nation, and created a devastating impact.

Red Guards Burn Ancient Chinese Artifacts. Digital image. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. This image depicts the destruction caused by the Red Guards to items that define a countries history. Buddhism, a widely practiced religion throughout Asia, was banned during the Cultural Revolution. Here, Red Guards are burning old Buddha statues. This so all old Chinese ideas are destroyed, and Mao Zedong can rebuild China under his visionary.

Struggle Session. Digital image. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. During the Chinese Cultural Revolution, all old ideas were destroyed. Anyone who supported the old ideas, would be led by the Red Guards to a Struggle Session. Essentially, these were sessions in which

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they people were humiliated in front of thousands of people.

Secondary Sources Books Kallgren, Joyce K. The People's Republic of China after Thirty Years: An Overview. Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1979. Print. This evaluation of the People's Republic of China, written by University of California, Berkley East Asian Studies, focuses on the political and social changes that occurred after Mao Zedong came into
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power. They highly praise the leadership of the Peoples Republic of China, specifically Mao Zedong, for the great successes China has today. Also, it touches on the topic of the foreign policies of Communist China during Mao's rule, and how effective the economic growth was in the long term. Finally, it explains how big social changes occurred in the just a short span of about two decades.

Encyclopedia Articles Schram, Stuart R. "Mao Zedong." Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com>. Encylopaedia Britannica, a highly credible encyclopedia, details of the life and accomplishments of the famous Mao Zedong, the man who brought China under Communist control and lead China through several crisis, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. Mao Zedong was born to peasant family in the province of Hunan. He attended primary and secondary school in Hunan, then applied as a soldier in the Hunan provincial army. After the formation of the Republic of China in
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1912, Mao switched from trade to trade, eventually graduating from Changsha Normal School and Peking University. The main useful information that we derived from this article was its highly specialized terminology and information on the Great Leap Forward. The author, the acclaimed historian Stuart Schram, views the Great Leap Forward as the precursor to the Cultural Revolution. For this reason there are huge quantities of information on the relations between the two. In the end, however, this source was simply too biased to be used majorly in the construction of our website. Stuart Schram, a neoconservative, had opinions that did not match the most common ones presented in the Cultural Revolution. We included a special note, however, on the page entitled "Impact."

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Interviews Leighton, Christopher. "Questions Concerning the Chinese Cultural Revolution." Telephone interview. 13 Feb. 2012. This interview with Dr. Christopher Leighton, an assistant professor of history at MIT, greatly helped us understand the Cultural Revolution on a second-hand perspective. Our source was very well accomplished as he holds a Ph.D in History and East Asian Languages from Harvard University. From his responses, we were able to find much more concerning the economic, political, and social effects of the Cultural Revolution as well as its implications for the future. The interview lasted about forty-eight minutes throughout which valuable opinions were collected.
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Newspaper Articles Barboza, David. "Chameleon Mao, the Face of Tiananmen Square." New York Times 28 May 2006. Print. Chameleon Mao is truly "The Face of Tiananmen Square." This massive oil painting (15 x 20 feet) hanging on China's front door has come to be one of the most famous symbols of the role of the state in people's daily lives. According to the source, "If Mao's Little Red Book was the national bible, Mao's official portrait was the national stamp." The
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author, David Barboza, is a highly credible source based in Shanghai. He is a Yale University graduate and has written over 1,500 articles for the New York Times on the subject of the role that the Chinese government has played in "propping up" the country's economy.

Photographs Photograph. MIT History Faculty. MIT, 2000. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. <http://web.mit.edu/history/www/Leighton/leighton.ht ml>. This picture was used to depict Dr. Christopher Leighton, one of the interviewees for the project. Dr. Leightons information can be seen in an annotation above.

Photograph. Chun Yu. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. <http://www.chunyu.org/chunyu_content.htm>.

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This photograph was used to depict one of the interviewees quoted in the project. Chun Yu was the author of a very useful book that we utilized in our research.

Videos "Biography of Mao Tse-tung." Cal Poly CLA - College of Liberal Arts. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. <http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/mao.bio.html>. The history faculty and Ph.D. students at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo offered a succinct description of the events that passed during Mao Zedong's life,
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especially his family life and the role of Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four in instigating the Cultural Revolution. The source also discusses Mao's role as a young Communist leader at the Hunan soviet in Changsha. According to the source, during his tenure as a librarian at Beijing University, Mao "partly due to his relative poverty during his student years that he never identified completely with the cosmopolitan bourgeois intellectuals who dominated Chinese university life." We believe that this is one of the keystones of the beginning of the 1949 Revolution and this quote is featured prominently at the heading on our website. Another valuable note we garnered from this source was its analysis of the Cultural Revolution itself. The authors discuss the CR as a tool for Mao to destroy his rivals: first Liu Shaoqi, then Lin Biao after Mao had no use for him. In the later paragraphs there was an analogy to Deng Xiaoping's purge of Hua Guofeng after Mao's 1976 death. Helpful notes are also given on the early foreign relations spurred on by Mao and Zhou Enlai, in particular the CCP program of railroad-building in Tanzania. Overall, this was
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an extremely useful source. As discussed earlier, we found great use for it in the construction of our website.

Websites Barboza, David, Michiku Kakutani, Edward A. Gargan, Nicholas D. Kristof, Fox Butterfield, John F. Burns, Didi K. Tatlow, Edward Wong, Adam Century, Li Bobo, Shao Heng, Minxin Pei, Xiyun Yang, Jonathan Kaiman, Shi Da, Archer Wang, Scott Savitt, Richard Bernstein, and Bruce Weber. "Mao Zedong News - The New York Times." Times Topics - The New York Times. 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestop ics/people/m/mao_zedong/index.html>. As the New York Times index of all information on CCP/CPC Chairman Mao Zedong/Mao Tse-tung, this has been an invaluable resource in finding recent assessments of Mao Zedong's impact on the Chinese people. Several articles by Nicholas D. Kristof highlighting recent CPC assessments of Mao's legacy
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show that when considering a large research project like our own, it is important to take into account both the long-term and short-term features of the impact. In addition, there are a host of multimedia resources provided by the webmaster at the right sidebar. Also on the right sidebar is information about some of the classical texts on Mao, such as MacFarquhar and Schoenhals' Mao's Last Revolution, Chung and Halliday's Mao: The Unknown Story and Zhisui's The Private Life of Chairman Mao. This served primarily as a "portal" in our research. It was most helpful because it provided links to many opinions from leading scholars in the field, from Kristof (neo-conservative) to MacFarquhar (postmodernist). Because of this information we were able to refine the details in our page about the long-term impact of the Cultural Revolution.

"BBC - History - Mao Zedong." BBC - Homepage. Web. 24 Nov. 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mao_z edong.shtml>.

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This website from the BBC did not give as much information as some of the sources listed above. However, it worked as a useful overview of Mao Zedong's life and his impact on more recent history. As a group, we felt that the most important aspect of the page was its conciseness. Because many of the primary sources we referenced had a wide variety of data and opinions on the subject, this short article in the BBC database helped us to focus on finding credible facts rather than simply rolling through raw data. A nice perk of the site was its linking to other articles, thus giving us an opportunity to see the connections in the subject. Since the study of connections (some might call it "connectology") is so important to historical understanding and analysis, this acted as a more credible replacement for, say, a Wikipedia article. The image at the top of the page was also used (see below). Overall this was a refreshing break to our harder research, and it was highly credible as well.

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"The Cultural Revolution -- Bibliography." The Cultural Revolution. Washington University. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/culturr.html>. This website describes the cause and buildup to the Cultural Revolution, as well as the revolution itself. The Cultural Revolution started primarily because Mao Zedong was losing power after his failed Great Leap Forward in 1958. During the Cultural Revolution, Mao aimed to eliminate the Four Olds: old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits. In addition to Mao leading the young, Red Guards against the Four Olds, Mao Zedong's wife Jiang Qing led the revolution against cultural aspects, such as plays. She selected eight Operas that were "Models" and were made mandatory for all citizens to attend. One example of an opera is "The Red Women's Army" which talks about organized women fighting in battles for a better China. In addition, Jiang Qing sent children to rural areas to learn from peasants. This, she hoped, would help close the gap between the rich and the poor.

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"Faculty and Staff." CSU Department of History. California State University, Fullerton. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. <http://hss.fullerton.edu/history/facultystaff.asp>. As we are fully aware of, a good project could be made even better with personal interviews with experts of the area. We used this website to help located and understand more about the experts that we hope to talk too. "The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China, 1966-1976." Powering Silicon Valley | San Jose State University. San Jose State University Department of Economics. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cultrev.htm>. After the failures of the Great Leap Forward in 1958. Mao Zedong resigned from active rule for a short time, leaving Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping to help recover the economy. However soon after when Mao felt like he had lost all control, he started the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China, or commonly known as the Cultural Revolution. This website, in addition, talks about four important figures in China during the time. This
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list includes Jiang Qing, Lin Biao, Chen Boda, and Kang Sheng. Jiang Qing was Mao's wife and a very influential revolutionist in the cultural and social aspects. Lin Biao, Chen Boda, and Kang Sheng were all important political figures during the time. From 1966 to 1976, Mao Zedong closed down all schools so students could join the Red Guard and help support his movement. This website helped us learn more about the political changes that occurred during the Cultural Revolution, including Mao's efforts to rid of other Chinese figureheads, such as Lin Biao and Deng Xiaoping.

"Introduction to the Cultural Revolution." Stanford University. Stanford University. Web. 31 Dec. 2011. <http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/115/CRintro.pdf>. The "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China", or known as the Cultural Revolution was a movement created by Mao Zedong to recreate the dominance of the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) in the 1960's. It was created due to the failed Great Leap Forward, and growing power of the other officials. In addition, some of the officials, such
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as Liu Shaoqi and Premier Zhou Enlai started to plot against Mao Zedong. The Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966, allowed Jiang Qing (Mao Zedong's wife) to revolutionize cultural aspects and have nothing go against the morals of communism. However, since Mao Zedong wanted to rid of the old ideas, he employed students around the country to enforce his policies. They were known as the Red Guard. Mao Zedong even went to the extent of closing down all schools and universities to free up their time so they could rebel. However, soon after in 1968, the country had fallen into an out of control chaos. Because of this, Mao Zedong used the People's Liberation Army to quell the violence. Although officially the Cultural Revolution continued, there was less violence. Another turning point in the revolution was when Mao Zedong's successor and leader of the People's Liberation army Lin Biao attempted to assassinate Mao Zedong. This occurred soon after Lin Biao was named Mao's successor. This highly informational source helped us to understand the events that occurred during this chaotic time.

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"Maoists Step up Efforts to Train More 'Revolutionary Tiger Cubs'" New York Times 5 Feb. 1967. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. In this newspaper article from New York Times, we learned that during the Cultural Revolution, the biggest extremists who supported Mao were not knowledgeable adults, but instead they were young children, who were basically brainwashed by all of Mao's teachings. Even though Mao's indoctrination was already very successful in manipulating young children, he and his supporters were still not satisfied with the results and wanted more extremism and passion to further support Mao and increase his own power and to further reduce the influence of the old communist government. In the education system of China at the time, children were taught not the typical arithmetic and language skills, but instead they were taught to recite and memorize Mao's own quotes and were taught to be "able to guide their own actions" based on how Mao would respond. Children of the time also had very strong opinions due to the heavy brainwashing they received at school and from Mao's supporters, and later on
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children would be able to recognize and support Chairman Mao and would always disrespect landlords who were often against Mao's ideas for his version of government, which would often hurt landlords. Children were also sometimes taught how to fight when in battle against any of Mao's enemies, and they were taught to hate Americans especially due to the Vietnam War that was going on at the time. It was learned from this helpful newspaper article that children of a young age were brought up to support Mao in extremist methods.

"People's Republic of China: III." Chaos at Maryland. University of Maryland. Web. 30 Dec. 2011. <http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/prc3.html>. This passage, titled The Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-1976, tells of the events that occurred in China during this time and especially by Mao Zedong. Opposition during the Cultural Revolution happened mainly because of Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi. These two individuals were the ones that Mao Zedong tried to eliminated during the Cultural Revolution. However, soon after in 1966, Mao was able to regain
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power with help from Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, and Chen Boda. In addition, Mao Zedong employed the People's Liberation Army to help use force to control the population.

Trueman, Chris. "Mao Zedong." History Learning Site. Web. 19 Dec. 2011. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/mao_zedong.htm >. The source provides facts about Mao's impact on China. Opposing Red Guards encouraged youths to criticize Mao's leadership. However, anyone deemed to have a superior attitude or behavior was considered an enemy. This source is useful for a general idea of the Cultural Revolutions happenings.

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