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Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


Table of Contents

NEW Articles:
First Quarter 2006 Report: Breaking the Yoke of Dependence, more on the CAD CD, Tesla Turbine oiling system details - Ken Rieli

2001 Articles
January 1, 2001 January 10, 2001 February 1, 2001 March 5, 2001 April 2, 2001 May 2, 2001 June 18, 2001 July 9, 2001 August 27, 2001 September 10, 2001 September 11, 2001 October 22, 2001 November 27, 2001

Forward Introduction -- Ken Rieli, Founder Engine Case Selection Bearings Shaft Basics, and Pulling It All Together How to Build & Assemble Remaining Shaft Components Fitting Parts Together in the Real World, Introduction to the Hot Rotor Hot Rotor Case, Lubrication & Energetic Fluids Member Input: Pulse Combustion Project by a Tesla Turbine Enthusiast! Member Input: From California: A Member's Tesla Turbine Generator Project Member Input: More from Luis Mendonca: Pulse Combustion Update on the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Tesla Turbine Project! Combustor Improvements, Nozzle Construction & More Test Results

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Articles

December 24, 2001

Combustor Test Results, More on Nozzles & Combustor Sequencer Schematics Member Input -- Luis Mendonca's Pulse Combustion Turbine, and Samuel Falvo's Paper Turbine

2002 Articles
January 23, 2002 February 26, 2002 March 27, 2002

New Directions in Turbine Design Fuels Solutions Special Test: Tesla Disk Design Vs. Phoenix Hybrid Winglet Design, More on Inlet Nozzles Turbine Construction Details, Beyond Tesla, Our Comparative Tests Member Input: Samuel Falvo Performance Report, and Hamish Edgar on Tesla Disk Spacing

April 29, 2002

September 25, 2002 September 27, 2002

Member Input: John Faith's Compressed Air Turbine Project Combustion Models -- Getting the Most Bang for the Fuel Buck! Also: Pulse Combustor Wiring Diagram Correction Dynamics of Disk Spacing, Geometry, Horsepower & Torque Member Input: Richard Gideon's Experiments in Disc Geometry Improvements Also: 2002 End of the Year Review by Ken Rieli

December 5, 2002

2003 Articles
January 8, 2003

Worldwide Proliferation of Tesla Turbines -- "Build-to-Order Tesla Turbine Kits" and "Using Tesla's Turbine to Generate Electricity and Income" Developer of the Month! Richard Gideon's Continuing Experiments in Disk Geometry Improvements First Detailed View of the Global Cogenerator Turbine Developer of the Month! Nozzle Experiments by Richard Gideon Experimenter's Turbine Launch Chapter 1 Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual: Bearing, Oil Pump Case Chapter 2 Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual: Shaft Assembly Developer of the Month! More on Nozzles, Experiments by Richard Gideon

January 8, 2003

February 11, 2003 March 1, 2003 March 18, 2003 April 22, 2003 May 31, 2003 May 2003

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Articles

June 4, 2003

Chapter 2 (continued) Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual: Final Shaft Assembly Chapter 3 Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual: Hot Section Developer of the Month! Sean Doyle's AOL CD Tesla Turbine Project Time to Get Off the Grid! by Ken Rieli Chapter 4 Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual: Jet Oil System Understanding Turbine Basics -- Impulse turbines, reaction turbines, Tesla disk turbines Nozzle Design, Key to Turbine Efficiency -- Inlet nozzle, disk geometry, outlet nozzle Boiler Basics: Waste Oil Generator System -- Chest boilers, flash tube boilers, boiler operation Completing the Waste Oil Generator -- System description by Ken Rieli

July 11, 2003 August 1, 2003 August 20, 2003 August 20, 2003 September 2003

October 2003 November 2003

December 17, 2003

2004 Articles
January 27, 2004 February 25, 2004

2004 Free Energy Plan -- Solar steam turbo-electric generator system by Ken Rieli Solar Steam Turbine -- Examining the Curnutt solar furnace, construction basics, solar tracking by Ken Rieli Parabolic Reflector Basics -- How to design plugs for constructing a precise FRP solar reflecting dish by Ken Rieli Developer of the Month! Solid Fueled Flash Boiler Experiments -- Steve Redmond Solar Reflector Dish Mold: Shaping the Plug -- using a low-cost plywood template to shape sand & concrete by Ken Rieli Constructing the Fiberglass Solar Reflector Dish -- fabrics, resins, parting wax, FRP layup tips, and how to pop the dish from the mold by Ken Rieli Hanging the Dish on the Steel Mount -- stiffening techniques, sandwich construction vs. steel rib supports by Ken Rieli Solar Turbo-generator: Anatomy of a Two-axis Mount -- azimuth & elevation, tracking the sun's path to focus maximum solar heat energy by Ken Rieli Developer of the Month! Curnutt Style Furnace Project by Sean Capogreco Waste Heat to Electricity Tesla Turbine Project -- Ken's new custom designed turbine built for SVSU experiments using CFC refrigerant New 6-inch Turbine for Low Horsepower Applications! - Ken's closed loop solar turbine design; designing for load, energy transfer efficiencies, turbine sizing, storage options, containment vessel & more

March 18, 2004

March 2004 April 2004

May 2004

June 2004

July 2004

July 2004 August 2004

September 2004

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Articles

October 2004

Opposed Bearings & Stacked Plate Turbine Design - advantages of opposed bearings & overhung rotor designs; also stacked plate construction, by Ken Rieli Parabolic Trough to Produce Steam, Thermocouple Electricity - easy to build solar reflector for efficient energy transfer; direct heat to electricity using thermocouple effect by Ken Rieli Developer of the Month! Curnutt Furnace Update: Free Steam, Winter Heat by Sean Capogreco 2004 Review: Solar Turbo-generator Basics through New Turbine Designs by Ken Rieli

November 2004

Oct-Nov 2004

December 2004

2005 Articles
January 2005

2005 Looking Ahead at Complete Solar Systems Development, New Experimenters Tesla Turbine by Ken Rieli Introduction to Electronic Systems Development -- low-cost, easy to use developer's systems; front end computers, developer software & embedded processors for solar energy projects by Ken Rieli Developer of the Month! Fire from Ice! Sean Capogreco's Curnutt Furnace Project Solar Dish Aiming & Tracking System - Electronic System Block Diagram - aiming and tracking system overview, and how it relates to the system development hardware by Ken Rieli Targeting Subsystem: General Purpose Microcontroller for Intelligent Solar Tracking how discreet electronic components interact with the embedded processor by Ken Rieli Developer of the Month! Schematic for Solar Collector Sun Tracking - Richard Gideon shares solar technology More on the Embedded Microprocessor Solar Targeting System - how to connect LDR & phototransistor light sensors to the cpu by Ken Rieli New Life for an Old Engine Case - using a recycled engine case for a small turbine by Ken Rieli The New 4.5-inch Turbine Initiative - introducing our new 4.5-inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Hot Rotor Kit! by Ken Rieli Developer of the Month! Luis Mendonca's PDE Project

February 2005

February 2005 March 2005

April 2005

April 2005

May 2005

June 2005

Introduction to Solar Systems Programming - essential flowcharts, adding intelligence to an actuator power control unit for solar tracking by Ken Rieli New Life for Old Engine Case 2 - bearing plugs, air galleys, shaft preparation & case assembly by Ken Rieli

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Articles

July 2005

Solar Targeting: translating the flowchart into lines of software - sending data in one direction over a two-wire cable from PIC processor to PC by Ken Rieli More Programming Basics: examining a simple terminal program - receiving status values sent by the PIC processor to a PC; printing to a computer screen by Ken Rieli It's Alive! It's Alive! - wiring the dish & commanding it to move; equations & computer program for aiming the dish based on predicted solar position New 4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine, construction details Part 1 - baseplate, bearing housing end plates, hot rotor housing, case ring by Ken Rieli New 4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine, construction details Part 2 - exhaust port, fittings, new experimental air seal design, bearings, new dry sump system design by Ken Rieli 2005 Review- Moving on to Phase II - from basic technology & component builds to application

August 2005

September 2005

October 2005

November 2005

December 2005

2006
January 2006

Strategy for 2006 - energy independence, Experimenter's Tesla Turbine applications, new energy Open House - Ken Rieli Rebirth of the Tesla Turbine.pdf - 2003 Extraordinary Technology reprint, by Ken Rieli Tesla Turbine Primer.pdf - 2003 Extraordinary Technology reprint, by Ken Rieli

February 2006

Jan - Mar 2006

First Quarter 2006 Report: Breaking the Yoke of Dependence; CAD CD; Tesla Turbine oiling system details

Check out our Forum Archives for more information!


Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Nikola Tesla, bladeless turbine, disk, disc, 21st century transportation, motive power revolution, turbines for hybrid vehicles, direct drive, automotive turbines, aircraft turbines, vehicles, turbine engine, hybrid locomotive engines, sustainable energy, solar turbogenerator, electrical generators, distributed power, microturbine, microturbines, electricity, electric grid, unplug, co-generation, renewable fuels, renewables, solar, biomass, fuel crops, ethanol, methanol, alcohol, biodiesel, crop residues, forest residues, closed loop steam, hot gas, combustion, catalytic, pyrocatalytic, recyclable fuels, recycled waste oils, used motor oil, restaurant, grease, solvents, air pollution, pollutant emissions, diesel exhaust, particulate matter, particulates, environment, sustainable development, sustainability, NGO, global warming, environmentally sensitive technologies, clean energy, ozone, green energy, greenhouse gases, homeland security, energy security, fuel efficiency, carbon dioxide, CO2, carbon monoxide, CO, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ban the piston engine campaign, enabling technologies, environmental remediation, Ken Rieli

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Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Forward
This is January 1, 2001 -- the beginning of a new century and a new millennium. It is appropriate that we start out the 21st century with new technologies that will enable people across the world to take an active part in changing the future. If there is one thing that we learned from the 20th century, it's that greed economics -- the basis of all capitalism -- does not work and will end up in the boat with failed communism. Uncontrolled consumption of inexpensive fuels enabled the rapid growth of the U.S. economy for the last 100 years. During that time we have used more than half the world's available fossil fuel without making a better way of life for the greater part of the human race. Developing countries are attempting to duplicate the success of their U.S. mentor, but a key ingredient is missing: cheap fuel. We no longer have "boundless" supplies of fuel. The fact is, there is no more cheap fuel! Within a few short years, global oil production will peak and will begin a steady disparity between oil needs & oil supplies. America's success cannot be duplicated by any other country at this point. The times have changed, the resources have changed, and now mankind has to change. On this first day of the new century -- the new millennium -- we begin by taking a new step in a new direction. Greed must be replaced by intelligence and solid deductive reasoning. Old traditional businesses & industries must be replaced by new wisdom. There is no more room for old, ignorant stubbornness. Upon this note we launch the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club. In the following months, we will step through the process of building a 100-year old design which has never been fully utilized -- the Tesla Turbine. We will cover subjects such as how and where to obtain engine cases, bearings, shafts, etc. for low cost or less. We will also cover subjects such as energy sources, fuels, combustion techniques, and applications. In the end, members will have a good working knowledge of the Tesla turbine -- what makes it work, and how to get a working model together at low cost. With this knowledge in hand, we expect our members to change the world from its childish money-centricity to a mature attitude of wise management of limited global resources. We encourage all members to share their ideas, designs & discoveries with the world through this forum. As the founding fathers of the USA resounded in Liberty Hall: "United we stand, divided we fall!" Together we can beat the enormous problems of pollution, fuel & energy shortages, and rampant shortages of necessities for the poorest of people. If we don't care, who does? Let's go!

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Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Introduction
Back in the 1920's Nikola Tesla designed and built several versions of his boundary layer engine. Some people call it a turbine; Tesla referred to it as a thermodynamic converter. At PNG Inc. we refer to it as a mechanical fuel cell, or turbine. Due to the politics of the day a powerful cartel of automakers & fuel suppliers pushed the rotten piston engine technology in spite of Tesla's predictions & warnings that pollution from those engines would someday choke the land. Well, here we are nearly 100 years later and his predictions have come true -- big biz has made your worst nightmares come true, all for the love of money! This is our effort to fight back against what seems like insurmountable odds, but in fact is only an illusion of what we've been told. The entire U.S. and global economy depends on the spending habits of little people -- not big people. When enough little people decide they've had enough of big business BS and really want to change their dismal futures, they will team up with organizations like ours to responsibly provide new clean technologies at the very least for themselves, their families & friends. The goal of this club is to share very simple basic turbine building concepts, tips and practices that allow persons with small shops & simple machine tools to build high-quality, inexpensive, high-efficiency Tesla turbines. It is also our goal to provide an "open source" platform for other designers, engineers & hobbyists to share what they know and discover. It is also a place for service providers to advertise basics like machine services, etc. So with that said, let's get to work & start rolling back the pollution problem starting at the grass roots level!

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Engine Case Selection, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, build a low cost Tesla turbine

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Engine Case Selection -- page 1 of 3


February 1, 2001

This month we begin with the most basic engine component -- the case. In keeping with a low-cost philosophy we'll use as many off-the-shelf items as we can. Any engine case can be used to hang Tesla turbine components on, so put some time & thought into the end application: Will I use this engine for high horsepower or low horsepower work? Will it be stationary or portable? Since old, dead snowmobiles are in abundance here in Michigan we have access to thousands of cases designed for lightweight, mediumhorsepower use. Most two-cylinder snowmobile engines put out anywhere from 30 hp to 60 hp. The bearings for these engines are produced in large numbers so the cost is low for refitting new bearings into the case -- but we'll leave the indepth study of bearings for next month. Photos A and B show a typical two-cylinder Hirth snowmobile from the outside; photos C and D show interior views. Notice that the volute air compressor housing is an integral part of the case. This limits the direction of shaft rotation clockwise only (fan end) if a main shaft mounted compressor is planned. If belt-driven or electric compressors are used, the volute housing can either be used to mount components on, or simply cut off to get it out of the way. The next thing to consider is how the bearings and shaft will work inside the case. Photo D shows a close-up of the bearing-crank assembly. Since a new shaft and bearings will
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Photo A

Engine Case Selection, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, build a low cost Tesla turbine

replace this whole assembly, we need to figure how the bearings and shaft will be set into the case to prevent shaft creep -- or axial movement. This is important, to prevent end-hung rotor components from contacting each other. Photo D shows the right-most bearing secured in place by metal snap rings on both sides. The inner bearings also have snap rings on their inner surfaces, and the left outer bearing is free to move with shaft "growing" due to heat.

Photo B

Photo C

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Bearings, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, build a low cost Tesla turbine

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Bearings
March 5, 2001

Last month we covered case selection basics; by now most of you will have located a dead snowmobile engine or something similar, and have disassembled and cleaned it. The next (and most important) step is to decide on the right bearing to drop into the case. Bearing selection is not as straightforward as you might at first think. Some of the factors involved are: size load speed type material cooling lubrication price Since we are focusing on snowmobile engines, the simplest approach is to replace the original bearings with similar types. Although it is possible to use oil-journal, air-journal and magnetic bearings, a lot more engineering is required with these types.

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Most snowmobile cases are designed for a ball bearing with a bore of 30mm (millimeters), outer diameter of 62mm, and a width of about 14-16mm. Some engines are fitted with roller and ball bearing combinations, and some engines come with 72mm ball bearings at the outer positions with 62mm ball bearings at the inner. -- The Sachs case that we are using was originally fitted with 62mm ball and roller bearings. Ball bearings are used for higher speeds and their ability to handle both radial and axial loads equally.

Roller bearings will allow much greater radial loading, but at the cost of low axial loads and speed. Since the life of the engine is in the bearings, we need to examine the most important factor in maintaining long life. The first and most important factor is lubrication (and cooling). Bearings are rated for their LIO life factor -- which is basically: 90% of the bearings of a particular type will spin or turn one million revolutions at the maximum specified load before "flaking". Metal flaking from the rolling elements or races occurs as the bearing begins to break down. As flaking continues, the bearing destroys itself in a short time. So the goal is to prevent flaking at all costs. Some of the causes of flaking are: elevated temperatures high loads oscillations hammering The best strategy to deal with these destructive factors is: reduce the load on the bearing & use the best lubrication system possible. Since the lubrication system is the subject of a future session we won't go into detail here, other than to say that we'll use a jet lubrication method which will reduce heat & oscillation and allow us to use low-cost bearings at 23 times their rated speeds. Loading is really the main factor we need to address if we want to extend engine life. Since highly loading a bearing deforms the rolling element and causes it to flex as it turns, heat and metal fatigue lead to premature failure. Conversely, if there is no load at all, gaps between the rolling elements and the races allow oscillations

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Bearings, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, build a low cost Tesla turbine

& microscopic hammering to pit the surfaces -- leading to larger gaps between the elements, increased hammering and again, premature failure. The ideal situation is to have a certain amount of load (or pre-load) and stay as far under the maximum load rating as possible. Working with a snowmobile case limits us to certain maximum outer diameters on the bearing. Our Sachs case limits us to 62mm bearings. To increase the load rating we can do three things: decrease the shaft diameter use a wider bearing use roller rather than ball bearings By decreasing the shaft diameter we also decrease the load carrying capability of the shaft. Since the rotors are overhung beyond the bearings, the shaft can handle only a certain amount of rotor weight at high rotational speeds before flexing and eventually failing. So there is a trade-off between shaft loading and bearing loading. A good design will limit the horsepower to around 30-40 hp (which in turn limits the overhung weight). Shaft diameter should come in at 30-35mm with minimal keyways to reduce shaft integrity. Bearings should be as wide as possible to allow greater loads, and may be a combination of roller and ball types to give us good radial and axial load characteristics. The last factor to cover is price. While a good medium-speed ball bearing is priced at $12 - $20, roller types are about double that, and high-speed angular contact ball bearings are about $160 - $180 per piece. Since we are designing this engine for low cost, our approach is to use the lower-priced ball and roller types. A good place to start your data gathering is NTN Bearing Corporation. They provide an enormous amount of information online at www.ntnamerica.com and excellent technical manuals through their distributors. Also check out Boston Bearings, FAG, SKF, Fafnir, etc. Next month we'll cover shaft basics, and how to start pulling it all together. Until next time -- keep the 21st century engine technologies moving forward!
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Shaft Basics & Pulling it all Together, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, build a low-cost Tesla turbine

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Shaft Basics & Pulling it all Together


April 2, 2001

This month we are going to take a quick look at where the design is headed and then examine a couple of ways to turn a shaft and hang parts on it. Figure 1 shows a CAD model of the Sachs case we are using for our build along with bearings, spacers, a hot rotor assembly, shaft cooler and output pulley. This gives us a pretty good idea of the case related working parts -- excluding blower, combustor, and hot rotor cover. The first and most important step before turning the shaft is to plan out placement of the parts along the shaft length, then decide how the bearings, flanges, pulleys, etc. will be attached to the shaft.

The first example (Figure 2) shows a pressed-bearing assembly. Since we are designing a relatively low horsepower turbine, the outboard or over-hung weights and radial loads will now be excessive. A 1.125-inch (end shaft) diameter will be sufficient up to about 20,000 rpm. This will allow us to use low-cost 30mm and 35mm ball bearings in the assembly.

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Shaft Basics & Pulling it all Together, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, build a low-cost Tesla turbine

Figure 3 shows a stepped shaft using 35mm bearings on the inner races and 30mm bearings on the outers. (Click on image to view full size.) The dimensions shown are for the Sachs case, the shaft being symmetrical on both ends. If another case is used, the cuts in the shaft must be made to correspond with bearing placements in that case. Simply use the old crank assembly to figure out bearing placements, etc. Also when turning a shaft for pressed bearings the race or area of the shaft that the bearing contacts must have an interference fit of .0001 - .0005 inches. So a 30mm bearing must be turned to 30mm + (.0001 - .0005 inches). This requires a high-precision lathe to hold that kind of tolerance. If you don't have high-precision equipment, it may be better to have a shop do the work for you. If you are going to mount the bearings yourself, it's much easier if you put the shaft in your freezer for a few hours and heat the bearing to about 300 degrees F just before assembly. Remember to use a spacer between the bearings to keep shaft axial movement in check. Next, cut tapers on the shaft just ahead of the end threads. Tapers need only several degrees to be effective, and only about one inch in length. Finally, cut threads on the two ends leaving about one inch to an inch and a half for the flange nuts. Figure 4 shows an alternative shaft design using a tensioning system for mounting and centering shaft components. Even though this design uses more components, it allows the use of lower precision tools for turning the parts. There is also more flexibility in positioning components along the shaft, so more experimentation is possible. The shaft is simply a straight piece of rod that is turned down slightly along its length to ensure roundness. Finally, the ends are stepped and threaded for the last inch to inch and a half.

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Shaft Basics & Pulling it all Together, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, build a low-cost Tesla turbine

Although we will cover component fitting to this type of shaft in more detail later in the series, Figure 5 shows generally how flanges, bearings, etc. are centered and held in place with locking collars. In a tensioned shaft assembly the end flange nuts compress spacers and locking collars along the entire length of the shaft, so it enhances both stiffness and overall strength. This arrangement also allows the use of 35mm bearings in all four positions so our shaft diameter is larger, able to handle larger radial loads. Next month we'll look at how to build and assemble all of the remaining shaft components...

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Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

How to Build & Assemble Remaining Shaft Components


May 2, 2001

Last month we covered the basics of turning shafts. Keep in mind that within certain load constraints, there are several ways to fit shafts to bearings, flanges and pulleys. Even though interference fits are the simplest systems, tolerances are difficult to maintain on hobby-level equipment. The design we are using employs a system of locking collars to secure the shaft to bearings and other components. Photo A shows the shaft we turned in our shop -- complete with threaded ends and retaining pin holes. (Note: Click on the photo to view full size) In order to use low-cost ($12.50 each) high-speed (14,000 rpm) ball bearings, we turned this shaft down to 28.5 mm, allowing a 6 mm gap between the shaft and NTN 6007 (35 x 62 x 44 mm) bearing. Depending on the locking collar design, you could make the fit much tighter, but this gives us a good place to start. Bear in mind the shaft diameter and metallurgy have a lot to do with how much radial load you can place on the shaft end, so keep the shaft diameter around 1.125 inch or greater for the targeted 10-30 horsepower. If you already made your shaft to 1.25 inch (about 32 mm) you can still use the NTN 6007 or go up to a 40 mm bearing. This month we'll take a look at all of the shaft mounted components and the basics of designing and cutting them for any fit. Remember -- we are showing a design for our shaft size and bearings. Simply modify the parts for your shaft and case. Figure A shows our shaft with all of the axial mounted components. Bearings have been left out to show the locking collar sets more clearly. On the far end of the shaft we see a hot rotor flange, on the other end a drive pulley, with bearings and spacers between. The large 7/8 - 14 nuts on the two ends compress all of the parts between them. Axial loading of the bearing locking collars and flange/pulley collars centers and secures the components to the shaft. The spacers simply transfer the load and locate the parts along the length of the shaft. Without going into a lot of word-filled detail, the following pictures of our 3D CAD models should be self-explanatory.
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Keep in mind, we are working with a Sachs 440 case; the bearing locations for your case may be different. Also, as you compress the locking collars, some movement of bearings will take place -- you may need to use shim washers between some components, so make up or order washers to fit your shaft in various thicknesses (0.5 mm - 5 mm). The bearing locking collar consists of three pieces. The center ring is turned to slip inside the bearing inner race, a narrow slit cut on one side of the ring to facilitate expansion of the ring under pressure. If too much radial load distorts the bearing inner race, use a solid ring without the expansion slit. All three rings are cut with matching tapers (about 40 degrees) which fit together and convert a certain amount of axial load (from the end nuts) to radial load to secure the bearing to the shaft. The spacer set (Figure C) is simply a set of bushings used to maintain proper distance between shaft components, and to transfer axial loads to the shaft. The bushing center bore should be just enough to easily slip them over the shaft. Outer bushing diameters should be about 6 mm greater than the I.D. Lengths will vary depending on final bearing locations for the particular case being used. In the foreground of the shaft assembly (refer to Figure A) we see a pulley and locking collar (Figure D). Again we use a taper fit between the pulley and the collar. The collar has a slip fit over the shaft and is slit along one side to allow easier compression on the shaft. The mating taper is cut into the pulley (about 7 degrees taper). Just ahead of the pulley is a bushing spanning the distance between the pulley and the end nut & washer. Alternatively, several pulleys or one long pulley with several belt ways may be used for additional belts. Going to the back end of the shaft, you'll see our shaft cooling disk fan (Figure E). This device prevents excess heat from reaching the synthetic nitrile seals on the hot end of the turbine. This fan is simply made using 1/16-inch nickel aluminum, stainless or 4140 carbon steel plate with 1/8-inch spacers between. A snug slip fit over the shaft will be sufficient for these light weight disks. Just beyond the shaft cooling fan

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Building & Assembling Shaft Components, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, build a low cost Tesla turbine by Global Motive Power Revolution

is the hot rotor flange (Figure F). The flange with a slip fit outer plate clamps the hot rotor disks using (6) 5/16 or 3/8 inch bolts. Tapered collars are used on both ends of the flange to center and clamp the flange to the shaft. The taper angel cut into both the flange and collar can vary between three (3) degrees and seven (7) degrees to to gain the highest possible clamping force on this part. (Figure G) Last but not least, we cap the two ends with heavy duty washers and fine thread nuts. When the components are finally assembled, these end nuts will be cranked down to approximately 50-100 ft. lbs. to lock all of the shaft components to the shaft. Next month we'll see how all these parts fit together in the real world, and we'll start the hot rotor section.

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Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Fitting Parts Together in the Real World, Introduction to the Hot Rotor
June 18, 2001

Last month we discussed building the shaft-mounted components. Photo A shows our finished parts mounted with 35x62x14 mm bearings in our snowmobile case. (Click to view full size). Three parts not shown are the 60x4 mm bearing endrings, end seals, and shaft-cooling fan. We plan to order in 2.5-inch pipe for the end rings, turning down the pipe to 60 mm, then using a parting tool bit to cut the finished pipe to 4 mm widths. Seals will be ordered from Zatkoff to match a hardened and polished spacer between the end bearings and flanges/pulleys. The 4-6 inch shaft cooling fan will be made from either 1/8 inch aluminum or 1/16 inch steel and filled to the shaft between the hot rotor flange and seal spacer. For this month's work we'll concentrate on the hot rotor disk pack. The theory behind the Tesla turbine is simple. All objects are subject to "skin effect" anywhere in vacuumless space. Fluids such as air, water, oil, etc. tend to bond loosely to any surface. In aerodynamics studies we learn that this "boundary layer" extends several millimeters perpendicular to the surface, exerting less adhesive force as we increase distance from the surface. The Tesla turbine uses this surface adhesion effect to absorb and transfer the energy of high velocity gases into mechanical shaft power which can then be used to generate electricity or move a vehicle. By stacking a number of (highly polished) disks with narrow spacing between them, a high velocity gas directed in a tangential stream between the disks will transfer most of its energy to the disk pack (and finally to the shaft). The only other factor to keep in mind is that there must be an entry point for the gas (nozzle) and an exit port at the center of the disk pack. (See Figure A) There are several methods for securing the disk pack to to the shaft. Some experimenters simply fit the disks directly to the shaft using a compression nut on the shaft end and a square key fitted to a keyway milled into the disks and shaft. Our disk pack uses a modification of Tesla's advanced turbine design which secures the disks and spacers to a shaft-mounted flange. This allows us to build, assemble and balance the disk pack as an
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assembly. Using this approach gives us more freedom to experiment with various disks and spacers.

Figure B shows a fully assembled disk pack on our flange. (Click on picture to view full size.)

Figure C shows the same assembly exploded for easier viewing of the washers and star spacers. We're showing seven disks (two at 0.1875 inch and five at 0.0625 inch thick, 9.75 inch diameter) which will give us approximately 20 horsepower for running a 10 KW generator head. The disks must be highly polished stainless 316 or 4140 carbon steel, or any similar material able to handle at least 50,000 psi of tensile load. A high polish on the disk surfaces guarantees greater fluid adhesion, and results in higher efficiencies. Disks are generally 0.0625 inch thick, and the spacers are between 0.03125 inch and 0.0625 inch thick. The narrower the spacing between the disks, the greater the efficiency and torque. Although it is possible to build these parts in your shop, it will be much quicker and easier to have them lasercut from a shop so equipped. If you do the work yourself just make sure the disks fit your shaft or flange very closely. Also, when boring the (6) disk pack assembly bolt holes in the flange, disks and spacers, use an indexer or rotary table on your mill or drill press to ensure accurate placement of the holes every 30 degrees. The 0.1875 inch to 0.25 inch holes drilled around the periphery of the disk pack for securing the round washers also require accurate indexing. Finally, when bolting the disk pack together use six high-strength 0.25 inch to 0.3125 inch bolts for the flange, and either bolts or threaded inserts/rivets for the spacers/washers. Well that about wraps it up for this month; getting these somewhat complex spacers and disks milled yourself or
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made up by a fabricator should keep you busy for a while. Until next time, keep those metal chips flying!

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Hot Rotor Case, Lubrication & Energetic Fluids


July 9, 2001

This is the seventh and final regular article on how to build a Tesla turbine from discarded engine cases. After covering this month's topics of the hot-rotor case, lubrication and energetic fluids, you will have a working knowledge of applying boundary-layer turbine principles to any kind of motive power application.

Hot Rotor Case

In Figure A we see the completely assembled turbine just prior to fitting the hot rotor case components.

Figure B shows the hot rotor case back plate attached to an upper and lower plate, which are in turn bolted to the bearing case. The upper plate is locked down using the pre-existing cylinder tie-down bolts, while the bottom plate is secured using the engine mounting bolts.

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Spacing between the hot rotor case and the adjacent rotor pack is not critical for efficient engine operation. A clearance of approximately 0.125 inch is about right -- just make sure your shaft assembly has little or no end-play or else the disk pack will contact the housing! Figure C shows the outer case ring and nozzle installed. The clearance between the outer periphery of the disks and the case ring should be about 0.125 inch. The nozzle is simply a square or round channel welded to the case ring and positioned tangentially to the outer edge of the disk pack. Depending on the gas/fluid used, nozzle inserts of various diameters are secured inside the channel to obtain the highest fluid velocity. Efficiency increases as the square of the fluid velocity, so the faster you move the fluid, the more efficient the engine. Generally speaking, a convergent-divergent nozzle insert will yield the highest fluid velocities. Also, an important design tip to keep in mind: the width of the nozzle should never be wider than the disk pack -- this will ensure that gases will not escape past the end disks. Figure D shows the end plate bolted to the hot rotor case assembly. Again, the clearance to the disk pack is sufficient at about 0.125 inch.

Lubrication
Since the life of the turbine is in its bearings, special care must be taken in providing adequate lubrication for the speeds involved. The best ways of becoming familiar with bearing lubrication methods are to either download the information directly from NTN or Timken, etc. online, or order their bearing manuals. NTN's excellent manual -- catalog #2200II/E -- provides all of the know-how for lubricating their bearings for long life in the speed ranges we address. For very short test runs you can simply fill the case to the middle of the lower rolling elements -- using a high quality turbine/lathe oil. Mobil provides an excellent DTE 24 series oil which will work in place of turbine oil, and is relatively low cost -- about $10 to $12 per gallon. For extended engine use, use a lubrication method as described in the NTN manual -- splash, drip, circulation, spray, and jet, with jet methods allowing up to three times the rated bearing speed.

Energetic Fluids
To power your turbine you may use a number of fluids including compressed air, steam, hot gas, or a combination of all three. In fact, for certain applications such as torque converters and transmissions you can use heavier fluids such as water and oil.

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The application of Tesla's turbine to any power situation is only limited by the imagination!

Conclusion
Well, that about wraps it up for this series of articles. As some of you get your engines built and running I'm sure you'll have minor problems that need resolving. Drop us an email for help and we'll see what we can do. Coming up in future articles... feedback from a turbine enthusiast who built his own pulse combustion Tesla engine! Let us know how your project turns out!

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Pulse Combustion Project by a Tesla Turbine Enthusiast!


August 27, 2001

This month we are taking a look at pulse combustion as a means of powering the hot rotor. The following project was submitted by Luis Mendonca with permission to publish his work for the benefit of all turbine builders. We have included Luis' comments, photos and drawings; for more information contact him through his email.

Thu Jun 21 18:57:55 2001

Tesla Project
For several years I have been developing rocket and gas turbine engines. At one time I had the idea of building a pulse combustion turbine, so I developed several pulse combustion chambers working with conventional reaction turbines. Then I heard about a simple and reliable turbine, the Tesla turbine, and I built several models. The one in the pictures was projected to work on hot pulse combustion gases with a heat transfer to produce steam, to be injected also in the turbine. The disks are 400 mm in diameter and 26 in total. I have achieved 5400 rpm and 150 c temperature at the exhaust port (it's not shown in the picture because the engine was opened for the photo). I couldn't measure the Hp because I have no measurement equipment. Now I'm working on a new type of turbine design by me; it has only one disk and a pulse combustion boiler, works on steam and hot combustion gases all mixed at conventional time. I have already worked with 20000 rpm , no or few vibrations. The disk or turbine has no blades and works on a similar theory that Teslas do. I use propane or natural gas as fuel; at the exhaust I have condensated water an almost 0 pollution gases

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regards Luis Mendona lmgm@netc.pt

Mon Jul 2 17:10:28 2001

First Combustion Chambers


Hi, these drawings were my first experiences with pulse combustion chambers. I have made them all. (I will try to scan the real pictures.) These experiences gave me the idea of a simple pulse combustion chamber, similar to a pulse jet engine. The differences about normal pulse jet is that the valve is much more reliable, and has a servo or an electronic fuel injector. For the moment I am developing my new turbine with the pulse combustion boiler. When I finish it, I'll send some pictures on the test stand. Hope that you understand the drawings, Regards Luis Mendona lmgm@netc.pt

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From California: A Member's Tesla Turbine Generator Project


September 10, 2001

Don Thrasher, a bona fide experimenter from California, contacted us last April with plans to build a turbine generator. He is using a 36-inch rod from a hydraulic cylinder (2.5 inch diameter) for the shaft and eventually selected a VW engine block for his project. After recommending the type of materials to use for both the shaft & the disks, we sent along some DXF files so he could laser cut the disks. (See photos below) Don gave us permission to publish details of his project and we have included some of his comments and photos. For more information contact him through his email: Don Thrasher djtmat1@myyellowstone.net

Fri Aug 31 16:07:55 2001

Here are some pictures of my disks and washers. I plan on using the arc washer unless the regular star washer works better. Once I find a good setup I'll cut everything out of stainless and polish to increase the efficiency. -- Don
Wed Sep 5 20:27:07 2001

Since your last update I have been in contact with Pat Nealon thanks to your "members page." He is going to help me with the design of the combustion chamber as soon as I am able to provide him with a little more info. For now I plan to build a 40-50 horse turbo shaft. I have cut two disks out of 7 ga., eleven disks out of 16ga. and enough arced star washers out of 20 ga. to space all of the disks. I have only cut one of the regular star washers that you see in the pictures. ... I plan to use your cooling disk fans to duct out the heat from around the hot rotor assemblies and pump in fresh air. I will also use that high temp exhaust wrap on the input and output tubes -- they use it on
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headers to reduce the engine compartment temperature and it also increases the horse power by keeping the exhaust gasses hotter and moving faster. I will gladly accept any advice or ideas that people may have to offer on my design so far. Thanks for all of the help so far! -- Don
Sat Sep 8 16:41:52 2001

Here are some pic's of the compressor blade off of a turbocharger I plan to use to feed the turbo shaft... I will be using a T04 turbocharger from Garrett to run a combustion chamber and the exhaust from that will feed my turbo shaft. Don

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More from Luis Mendonca: Pulse Combustion


September 11, 2001

We just received the following project update by Luis Mendonca including more drawings. For more information contact him through his email.

Mon Sep 10 17:42:25 2001

Hi. Here are some of my ideas of pulse combustion chambers (the complicated ones, now they are much more simple). I will be glad to know that some one will use this ideas. If any questions...just ask. Luis Mendona lmgm@netc.pt

Mon Sep 10 18:18:23 2001

More to come... I will scan my pictures of more 2 Tesla turbines running on water vapor at 10 bar and 150 degrees c, on the power stand at the Coimbra Engineer University

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Update on PTBC Tesla Turbine Project


October 22, 2001

October is a very mystical time of the year. Projects that creep along during other months suddenly seem to pull together in October almost by a power of their own. That's the way it has been for our in-house turbine project. We have a pretty good line up of designs, experiments and updates from a couple of club members so hang on... here we go.

First of all I want to share a couple of photos of our efforts here in Michigan. The first photo shows our Sachs case with all the shaft components assembled and torqued down. The hot rotor flange is on the right, the output pulley on the left. Just below the bearing case are the disks, star washers and hot rotor case end plates -- as we received them from our laser cutter. The time and effort saved by having a local shop laser cut these parts was well worth the relatively low cost. For our first stage prototyping we are working with a low-cost 836 steel; for final prototypes we'll specify either 316 or 416 stainless for all of these parts. The next photo shows most of the parts assembled and ready for the hot rotor case ring and end plate.

Test Results
After final assembly of the hot rotor section we modified the outlet of our pulse combustor and attached it to the turbine nozzle. Although the combustor cycled properly, the rotor did not self start. The nozzle being a 1" x 1" square tube did not generate enough directed energetic gas between the plates. Most of the gas energy went around the disks and exited the hot rotor case without transferring power to the disk pack. After grinding a nozzle insert and fitting it into the nozzle tube, the resultant slot impeded the pulse combustion cycle (using low pressure air).

Conclusions
Tesla turbines do not operate under conventional turbine principles. Bladed turbines require large volumes of relatively low velocity fluid, whereas Tesla turbines require lower volumes of accurately-directed high velocity fluid. Tesla turbines work extremely well with steam, air, or hot gas fed to a slotted nozzle at around 80-160 psi. They do not work well with typical simple pulse combustor techniques.

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In order to get pulse combustion to work properly with a Tesla turbine, air and fuel must be delivered to the chamber at pressures suitable to deliver approximately 80-160 psi of hot gas to the working rotor nozzle.

Future Developments
In the coming months we plan to experiment with steam and improved combustion systems for powering up the hot rotor section.

Other Club Member Development Updates


Don Thrasher sent us this photo of his star washer improvements. (For more information on his generator project, see our September 10 article.)

Also, Luis Mendonca sent a number of photos showing some of his work with Tesla turbines. The photos show some of his early work with steam or compressed air driving a turbine; other photos show his more recent work with pulse combustion techniques.

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Combustor Improvements, Nozzle Construction, More Test Results on the PTBC Tesla Turbine, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, low cost Tesla turbines

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Combustor Improvements, Nozzle Construction & More Test Results


November 27, 2001

Here we are towards the end of November -- almost a full year of action-packed Turbine Builders Club activities. Last week we were busy entertaining family visitors, Yooper style, before sending the Trolls merrily on their way. For those of you who are unfamiliar with Michigan's Upper Peninsula, Yooper is a name for Upper Peninsula residents. A Troll is a down-stater who lives "under the bridge" (Mackinaw Bridge connecting two peninsulas), and Yooper-style entertainment involves beer, snowmobiles and shooting guns. By now most of you should have some semblance of a turbine put together, ready for trials. This month we will cover combustor improvements, construction updates, and more test results.

Combustor Improvements
Let's start with combustor improvements. Photo (a) shows our basic combustor with a new threaded exhaust tube and a couple of reducers. This allows us to step the exhaust down from a 2-inch tube to a 1.25-inch tube. The gas vaporizer was rerouted through the side of the 2-inch tube, making it a lot easier to connect the combustor to the turbine. Also shown in the photo to the right are the spark plug and vaporized fuel delivery tubes. Photo (b) shows a close-up of our fuel and spark controller/sequencer. (Click on image to view full size.) The potentiometer on the far right controls the frequency of the combustion cycle from about 1 cycle per second to about 100 cycles per second. The sequencer sends a control power pulse to an electronic gas valve immediately followed by a burst mode ignition pulse packet to the spark coil. We've tested the combustor in continuous and pulse modes. Continuous combustion delivers a massive amount of heat with very low velocity and kinetic energy. While this may be beneficial for steam generation, it is not ideal for kinetic energy machines like the Tesla turbine.

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Pulse combustion, on the other hand, delivers less heat volume, requires less fuel, and produces a very energetic, high velocity shock wave. While these shock waves will destroy piston and conventional turbine engines, the more robust Tesla design easily withstands and seems to work very well with this type of combustion. Photos (c) and (d) show our turbine assembled and fed with a compressed air line.

Photo (e) shows me with one of my helpers running a spin test on about 150 psi of compressed air.

Nozzle Construction
You may have noticed from Photo (c) that we are using 1-inch square tubing for our inlet nozzle. This allows us to use nozzle inserts with a horizontal slot profile, distributing high velocity gas equally across the width of the rotor or disk pack. Presently all of our initial tests use compressed air as the fluid. Refinements to our combustor technology will allow us to eventually move to hot gas. To shape a nozzle insert, we started with a 3-inch piece of 0.75" x 0.75" square steel stock. Using a small electric hand grinder, the square stock was carefully ground to approximate the cross section of an airplane wing. (See Figure 1). A (0.25-20) thread was tapped through the insert to attach and hold it in the 1-inch nozzle.

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In our first test the insert was oriented to configure the nozzle as a convergent type. (See Figure 2)

In the second test the insert was flipped 180 degrees to configure the nozzle as a convergent-divergent supersonic nozzle. (See Figure 3)

Nozzle Test Results


The air compressor we are using is relatively small. It takes about 10-12 minutes to pump up the 30-gallon tank to 150 psi. Even though the nozzle slot is only 0.125-inch by 1-inch wide, the air tank is exhausted in less than 30 seconds. Since the momentum and energy are both related to fluid mass times velocity, we had to use a 0.5inch feed line to the turbine nozzle to get enough air mass delivery. Using the nozzle insert in its convergent or subsonic mode, the turbine spooled up with no problem using an initial 150 psi tank pressure. It continued to spin until the air pressure dropped to 20 psi. Again, reconfiguring the nozzle with the insert oriented for convergent-divergent supersonic mode, the turbine spooled up easily on 150 psi. This time it continued to spin even when the air pressure dropped below 20 psi -indicating a higher energy transference efficiency when using supersonic nozzles. The conclusion is that the gas or energetic fluid must reach supersonic speed before entering the disk pack for highest overall efficiencies -- the turbine chamber and disk pack cannot be used as the divergent section of a supersonic nozzle.

Next month we'll review the year's accomplishments, make a few projections for progress in 2002, and make a few suggestions for design improvements -- maybe even have more test results.

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We'd also like to hear from others of you who have working turbines up and running, and what results you are getting. We'll only make progress by sharing what we know and discover.
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Combustor Test Results, More on Nozzles & Combustor Sequencer Schematics


December 24, 2001

Here we are in the twelfth month of our turbine builders club. A lot has been accomplished in 2001 -- if you have followed the designs in this column you should have a basic Tesla turbine assembled and operating on compressed air or steam. If not, all of the drawings and tips are on this site to get you up and running.

Combustor Test Results


We made a couple of minor modifications to our basic vortex combustor; a slotted tube was inserted between the combustion chamber and exhaust tube to help contain combustibles in the main chamber. Once the combustor was up to operating temperature the modification seemed to slightly improve firing reliability, but cold startup was still a problem even using propane. After choking the inlet to the main air induction blower and setting the fuel valve to full open continuous burn, the unit fired up with no problem. After just a few minutes of burn air inlet was opened to allow lean-burn mixing -- no problems. So the lesson here is that during cold start conditions the fuel-air mix must be on the rich side until the chamber heats up -- then it will function reliably in lean-burn mode.

Convergent-Divergent Nozzles
Recently we received an email questioning our explanation of convergentdivergent nozzle practice. Since both inlet and outlet nozzles are extremely important in achieving efficiency with a Tesla turbine, we were already planning to post a scanned page for study. Well, here it is, by the book -the convergent-divergent nozzle (Figure A).
Figure A Nozzles

Combustor Sequencer
Don Thrasher requested a copy of our combustion sequencer schematic. Referring to the block diagram (Figure B), the basic operation is as follows:

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Figure B Block Diagram

The variable rate main clock controls the combustion sequence and the frequency of the cycle. A rate control potentiometer varies the cycle from about one cycle per second to approximately 100 cycles per second. A cycle begins with the main clock sending a signal to the fuel gate valve driver transistor to open the (normally closed) fuel valve to admit propane gas into the combustion chamber, where the gas and blower-driven air are mixed. As soon as the fuel valve pulse goes low another pulse is sent to the signal logic gate, switching the 1000 hz clock to the spark coil driver. This in turn sends a high frequency spark burst to the plug, making ignition more reliable. Figures C, D, E & F show wiring diagrams for the power supply, sequencer, and coil drivers.

Figure C Combustor Sequencer Power Supply Figure D Combustion Sequencer

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Figure E Spark Coil Driver

Figure F Fuel Valve Driver

Member Input
Luis Mendonca sent us pictures of his completed pulse combustion turbine. This is a new design of his, and from the following pictures we can see that it is operational.

Click on picture to view this photo series

Samuel Falvo also sent us pictures of his air-driven Tesla turbine demonstrator made from cardboard and a soda straw. He says that everyone who sees it run (on lung power) is amazed at the amount of torque it produces for its size and energy input.

Click on picture to view this photo series

Winding Things Up
This year we've accomplished quite a bit -- we have: posted working drawings detailing how to build a high quality Tesla turbine from scrapped engine blocks
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built and tested the turbine with excellent results explored the basics of combustion What can we expect in the coming year (2002)? First of all we need to remind ourselves that the purpose for exploring new engine types is to someday move the world away from inefficient, polluting piston engines into motive power solutions that will ease the coming energy crunch, and allow us to once again breathe fresh air. Besides, problem solving and creating new working machinery is just plain fun. Since combustion efficiency is one of the biggest challenges facing mankind, 2002 will be the year for introducing new technologies to solve the fuel shortage and emissions problems plaguing the world today. It is our goal to be in the forefront of developing and delivering these solutions in the coming year. Stay tuned for more discoveries in the months ahead. Ken Rieli, CEO PNGinc
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Completed Pulse Combustion Turbine by member Luis Mendonca, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, low cost Tesla turbines

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Completed Pulse Combustion Turbine


December 24, 2001

We just received the following photos from Luis Mendonca. For more information contact him through his email: lmgm@netc.pt

Sun Dec 9 16:37:38 2001

Click on photo to view full size

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Air-driven Paper Model Tesla Turbine


December 24, 2001

Samuel Falvo II sent us these pictures of his PT-3 with comments following:

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Sun Dec 2 04:02:53 2001

"I was perusing your website and found that you had what appeared to be a nice combustor and an excellent turbine setup ready to be mated. Excellent news! I thought I'd jump in there and let you know that, with my exorbitantly extensive resources available to me, I have created and finished the third paper model turbine: the PT-3. It's a 4" diameter turbine with roughly 1/3rd of its active area ported for exhaust. The rotor assembly is constructed of a stack of 8 4" discs spaced roughly 1/32" apart using paper spacers (which double as "rivets" in traditional metal designs). The shaft is a plastic soda straw. The rotor housing is an octagon (the best I can do with corrugated cardboard to approximate a circle) in shape, and has ports for exhaust and intake. The bearings are raw -- the plastic soda straw just threads through some holes in the cardboard. However, these holes have been primed with graphite from a #2 pencil for lubrication. Results? I've *floored* everybody I've shown it to. Using breath power alone, I've gotten it to spin up to around 3000 RPM or so (based on the note it produces relative to my car's engine's note). My mechanically inclined friends try to put a load on the turbine by grabbing the straw. If they grab hard enough, of course, it does manage to stall. However, they're reaction every time is, "Holy $#!+! This thing has a *lot* of torque!" Keep in mind that this turbine has to overcome all the friction of paper-on-paper too! Just imagine what it'd be like if it sat on reasonable ball-bearings. My co-workers at the office always are playing with it. I know of several people here at the office who have their own straws just so they can blow into my rotor housing and make it spin."

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New Directions in Turbine Design, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, low cost Tesla turbines

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New Directions in Turbine Design


January 23, 2002

Here we are at the beginning of the year 2002 in the snowmobiling capital of the country, experiencing record snowfalls -- in the wrong direction. Instead of having several feet of accumulated snow on the ground, we have several inches. People who deny that we are well into global warming trends are like the classic ostrich -- with their heads stuck in the sand (or somewhere else!) The real purpose for experimenting with turbines is to arrive at a new engine design that will replace piston engines -- which account for up to half of the world's pollution problems. Those who believe the BS coming out of the White House about how a new welfare program for the auto industries will result in affordable fuel cell vehicles by 2008 ought to have their heads examined. After hundreds of millions of dollars thrown at them for the PNGV, we still don't have 80 MPG cars in our driveways. In spite of the rhetoric coming from politicians and industry "leaders", it's still up to us "little" guys to produce real technology.

Beyond the Box


This month we are going to look beyond the "Tesla Turbine Box" and examine a new direction for experimentation. We know that the boundary layer effect works in a typical Tesla type turbine with closely spaced disks. What we need to know is how well it performs compared to bladed-disk hybrid designs. In order to study such a comparison we need to build a couple of disk packs with identical spacing and modify only the elements between the disks. Referring to Figure A we see a typical Tesla configuration using his improved design with a star washer and round washer set. (Click on picture to view full size.)

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Figure B shows our new direction in simple bladed systems. There are many factors you have to keep in mind when working with blades or, in this case, wing cross-sections. Disk spacing will have a big effect on winglet lift and drag properties. Some of the variables include: wing profile angle of attack relative to the inflowing gas the changing angle of incidence as the rotor and gas change their working relationship Since we just completed working drawings and sent them to our laser cutter today, we won't have test results to post until next month. What we really need is input from club members who have experience in turbine design & development, particularly in the field of high-pressure combustors with high efficiencies. If we are going to solve these manmade ills of industry we need to get more scientists, engineers and experimenters to work on projects other than money-making and stocks-gambling. Until next time... Ken Rieli
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Fuels Solutions, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, low cost Tesla turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Fuels Solutions
February 26, 2002

As we mentioned last month, our main focus this year is combustion and how to effectively apply new combustion techniques to low-cost, easy-to-construct turbines such as the Tesla design. This in no way constrains us to a strict Tesla system, but merely serves as a starting point for more efficient design strategies. In order to obtain the best efficiencies from fuel to shaft horsepower we have to look at the entire process -from fuel in its unburned, raw state, through the transforming of gas kinetic energy into mechanical power, and finally, the exit of hot gas from the machine and the recovery or loss of energy in the entire system. First of all we have to decide on the combustion mechanism -- do we want a continuous burn or pulse burn? In previous discussions we finalized on pulse burn as a more efficient mechanism for reaching high velocity gas states with the lowest heat loss. A pulse burn mechanism is similar to the constant volume combustion model of the piston engine, rather than the constant pressure system of conventional turbines. While conventional turbines are higher than piston engines in horsepower per pound of engine, they are less efficient (in most applications) in terms of fuel efficiencies. To obtain good pulse combustion we need an energetic fuel that will burn easily even at low temperatures. Since our operations are located in northern Michigan, we usually have a few months of cold temperatures -useful for conducting certain cold condition tests. In Photo A you can see a simple test bed for determining which fuels are best suited to our work. The equipment used was all off-the-shelf and easy for anyone to assemble. The main system consists of an air compressor driving a paint sprayer which atomized the test fluid, spraying it past a spark plug driven by a high voltage furnace coil. Photo B shows another apparatus we dismantled from a fuel oil furnace. The main difference between the two devices is that the fuel oil gun uses a high pressure pump to drive liquid through a small nozzle for atomization. The paint sprayer uses medium- to low-pressure air to draw liquid from the tank by venturi vacuum, then forces it through an atomizing nozzle. The advantage of the paint sprayer system is that some fuel/air premixing is done in the sprayer. The advantages of the fuel oil gun are compactness and lower power requirements. As we eventually move towards a final design, we'll use elements of both systems for best overall results.

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Fuels
Some of the fuels we experimented with were: alcohols kerosene naphtha acetone toluene (xylene) fuel oil white gas (Coleman fuel) gasoline (motor fuel) soy oil mineral spirits Besides testing these liquids as single component fuels, we also blended various combinations to establish a baseline of characteristics. For instance, the alcohols would not mix with the oil group -- including naphtha, gasoline and mineral spirits. We even tried the gasoline additives designed to remove water from your automobile fuel tank. Although the alcohol and water mix, they in turn do not mix with gasoline -- which is why your car doesn't always perform right. Using the paint sprayer system, we tested all of the single and multi-component fuels for ignition, burn and smoke characteristics. Some preliminary results demonstrated that: Alcohol, acetone and toluene (xylene) would not ignite under cold conditions using our spark arrangement. Kerosene, fuel oil, naphtha, gasoline, white gas, and mineral spirits all ignited easily but burned with more or less energy. Soy oil burned easily in combination with kerosene, naphtha, mineral spirits, but also produced the most smoke. Of all the components we tested, the overall winner was mineral spirits. Even though mineral spirits is a multicomponent fuel with boiling points from 142 degrees C to 187 degrees C, it is more energetic than gasoline (motor fuel) -- which is a blend of hydrocarbons with boiling points from around 90 degrees F to about 435 degrees F. This witch's brew of white gasoline and industrial waste is not only expensive to produce, unstable in storage, mixed with 20% to 25% water during summer sales -- it is also part of the political haggling process in Washington to complicate the country with over 40 unique blends of fuel. What we have discovered is that all of the price haggling and political intervention and control over motor fuel is really unnecessary. By shifting the country to a simple distillate fuel like mineral spirits, we can eliminate all the various blends of fuels -- which will result in lower prices starting at the cracking plants. To utilize more of the fuels base, simple blends of mineral spirits with kerosene and even soy (and other plant oils) will move the country very quickly towards energy independence. Now comes the tricky part. Gasoline piston engines, as they are designed today, do not work well with mineral spirits, fuel oil, or even pure alcohol. Petroleum distillates detonate too easily in today's engines, resulting in rapid destruction of the engine. Slowing down the burn to avoid detonation results in poor fuel economy (as much as 40% of the fuel in your tank is simply blown out the exhaust port), which is why catalytic converters are mandated -- to burn the wasted
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fuel. This brings us to the next point. To utilize all of the energy in fuel we have to pre-process the fuel into a near 100% burnable state. Liquids do not burn -- only vapor or gas phase fuels burn! While carburetors and fuel injectors work to convert liquid fuels to vapor state, the fuel still acts as a quasi-liquid even in a hot cylinder. The only way we can achieve near-perfect combustion is to start with a gas phase or gas state fuel. Photo C shows one of our primary stage components for liquid-to-gas state devices. It's operation is really quite simple; a closefitting pipe is welded (gas-tight) around a smaller diameter threaded pipe. An inlet and outlet are welded to the outer pipe. As heat from an engine or combustor passes through the center (threaded) pipe, fuel is forced through the outer cavity, transforming it to a vapor/gas phase (dependent on the heat). Photo D gives us a brief glimpse at a parallel development project in an early construction stage. This fuel processor is designed to convert any liquid-state hydrocarbon into a gas-phase fuel for use in any type of engine -- gasoline piston, diesel piston, all types of rotary & turbine engines, etc. Well, that's it for this month. Next month we will feature a special test between a strict Tesla disk design versus a proprietary hybrid design of our own, using thin section winglets mounted between the disks. We'll also cover some of the inlet nozzle issues. Anyone interested in learning more about our fuel processor will want to link over to our PNGinc site. 'Til next time -- keep the motive power revolution rolling! Ken Rieli
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More on Inlet Nozzles & Special Test: Tesla Disk Design Vs. Phoenix Hybrid Winglet Design
March 27, 2002

Last month we examined how various hydrocarbons perform under cold conditions. By vaporizing liquid fuels and passing them over an ignition spark we were able to determined which would be suitable for all weather conditions. We also took a brief glimpse at a couple of our fuel processor components. We're going to start out this month's study by clarifying what makes the Tesla turbine operate and how components work together to produce an efficient design. We'll also take a look at how geometry changes to the disk pack affect efficiency.

As stated by Nikola Tesla, his disk turbine is best used as the primary stage of a multi-stage system, followed by a Parson's type bladed stage. The Tesla design is more efficient in converting high pressure, lower volume kinetic gases into rotary power, whereas bladed turbines are more efficient at converting lower pressure, high volume gas into power. A good starting point is around 125 psi - 150 psi of pressurized gas, air, etc. to feed to a disk type turbine. Between the supply of pressurized gas and the disk pack we need to insert a nozzle to convert static pressurized gas to a high velocity/high kinetic energy fluid. The best and most efficient way of doing this is to use a convergent/divergent nozzle. Figure 1 shows a model of convergent/divergent nozzle similar to a design published by NASA Tech Briefs (January 2001, pg. 60). Pressurized fluid enters the nozzle from the left at subsonic speed. As the fluid passes the largest diameter of the insert, it accelerates to the speed of sound. Continuing its flow to the right, the fluid expands rapidly, exchanging heat energy for supersonic velocity. The NASA design is easier to build than a DeLaval nozzle since the insert is machined rather than the casing. An added benefit is that the outflowing fluid converges upon itself to the center of the nozzle rather than following the outer casing. For more information visit www.nasatech.com, Mechanics section, paper #KSC-11883. After we achieve a supersonic flow of gas through the nozzle, the next challenge is to convert the highly energetic gas into work. Early bucket type turbines operated almost completely by impulse -- by the working fluid impacting the bucket. Today's axial flow turbines use blades mounted perpendicularly to a central hub, and rotate perpendicularly to
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the flow of gas through reaction -- or changing the direction of fluid flow. (Figure 2)

While the Germans were developing pure axial flow turbines just prior to WWII, Whitney and the British were developing a centrifugal-axial flow turbine. (similar in design to Figure 3)

The third type of conventional turbine uses centrifugal wheels both for compressing air and for the hot or working stage. (Figure 4) Work is extracted in this type of turbine using a combination of impulse and reaction forces on the hot rotor. (mixed flow)

Tesla Turbine Design


Tesla turbines fall into the centrifugal category, but differ in the energy exchange mechanism. Conventional centrifugal turbines use blades to convert kinetic energy to shaft horsepower. Tesla's design uses the viscous effect of closely spaced disks, along with a number of small round washers to extract and convert the energy. (Figure 5) Tesla stated that the round washers placed around the outer perimeter were absolutely necessary for start-up torque, and to give an advantage under highly loaded conditions. Understanding how the geometry of this outer periphery region interacts with the nozzle and the fluid passing through the nozzle is the key to disk turbine efficiency.

When Tesla was developing his turbine, a working knowledge of aerodynamics was held by very few people around the world. Even Tesla know very little about the subject, but he knew from extensive experiments what did and did not work. (Figures 6 & 7 show Tesla's inlet nozzles) Today we have a much better understanding of the key role aerodynamics plays in turbine design and operation, and this is the area where we can make relatively small changes to the basic design and obtain great improvements in
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performance.

Phoenix Winglet Design


By replacing the round washers in Tesla's original design with thin-section winglets we are able to convert the kinetic energy of the gas using wing lift force (reaction) rather than the drag force of a round washer. As the fluid leaves the trailing edge of a winglet it continues to give up its energy through viscous effect -- if the winglet angle of attack is sufficiently small.

From the Labs


In our experiments we built up two disk packs which were identical in every way except for the geometric shapes placed between the disks. The "control" disk pack was built to Tesla's specs (using a spacing of 0.125 inch between the disks) and was used to compare experimental variations in the second disk pack. We used a small air compressor to charge a 20-30 gallon tank to 100 psi for each test cycle. A frequency counter was used in conjunction with our custom built Hall-effect shaft rotation detector to compare runs. As long as every run begins with the same air pressure (100 psi), the disk pack configuration yielding the highest rpm is the most efficient. While I won't go into much detail this month concerning test results, here is a brief summary:

a) Tesla configuration average peak rpm: b) Phoenix winglets at 37 degrees angle of attack average peak rpm: 2040

1520

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Conclusions
Using a winglet in place of the outer periphery round washers of Tesla's design, we were able to gain approximately 30% higher efficiency. Based on other experimenter's test results with direct combustion and the Tesla configuration, we should expect our overall fuel to shaft efficiency to come in around 31% -- placing our design right between gas piston and diesel piston efficiencies.

Beyond Tesla
Next time we'll have photos of our test bed setup, and will discuss in more depth the aerodynamic differences between Tesla's original design and the Phoenix improvements. Till then, keep moving forward. We've got the sticks-in-the-mud on the run! Ken Rieli
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Turbine Construction Details, Beyond Tesla, Our Comparative Tests, Samuel Falvo Report, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Turbine Construction Details, Beyond Tesla, & Our Comparative Tests


April 29, 2002

I. Turbine Construction Details


In response to members' requests, we're going to start out this month by showing detail photos on how we attached the turbine case backplate to the bearing housing, and how the disk pack flange cleared the backplate. We have also included photos of the nozzle inserts and how they fit the case ring.

Ken Rieli
Section II -- Next Page >

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Hamish Edgar on Tesla Disk Spacing, efficiencies, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

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Hamish Edgar on Tesla Disk Spacing


April 29, 2002

Thanks to Hamish Edgar in New Zealand for sharing the following solutions. 02/12/03 update: Hamish can be reached at h.edgar@irl.cri.nz

Hi All, First I'd like to say that I completely agree with your philosophy... Commercially driven research is just going to give us more of the same. I've been lucky enough to get my hands on two of the papers about Tesla's device and go through them. (W. Rice, multiple disc pumps and Hasinger, shear force pump). I had a couple of interesting results. First, the efficiencies of Tesla's device go up as the flowrate through each disc pair decreases. Second was an analytical solution to how to determine disc spacing (this question seems to have been popping up a lot on this board). It's based on boundary layer theory and the Napier-Stokes equations for flow between two co-rotating discs. If the disc gap is too narrow, the flow will be choked. If the gap is too wide, the centre region will not have enough pressure and can even reverse flow. The solution they came up with was: 2P=(disc gap) x Square root of (angular velocity/kinematic viscosity). P was a dimensionless parameter, which under the best flow conditions would equal Pi/2. I had a look at this using charts of absolute viscosity, calculated values of density at various pressures and temperatures, and found that the disc gaps must be specifically matched to the fluid and working conditions (if all of this is right anyway). So, if the designer was building a gas turbine intended to rotate at 27000 RPM, spacing for the inlet air would be 0.25mm. As pressure increased through the stage(s), the spacing would change, until at the last compressor (now at 10 atm outlet), the spacing would be 0.11mm. For the hot gas turbine, spacing would be 0.14mm if it was dealing with 10atm pressure at 400 degrees Celsius (OK this isn't likely in gas turbines _ I didn't have data for viscosity above these temperatures). The important thing is that if the density of the gas changes, then the optimum spacing also changes. Also, notice how much smaller this gap is than what is being used by most experimenters? The gaps get even smaller at high speed, 0.06mm for outlet of a 10atm compressor stage spinning at 81000RPM. If the designer was building a hydro turbine, 20 degrees C, spacing would be 0.18mm for a turbine running at 3000RPM. If it was a feed pump handling water at 100 degrees C, spacing would be 0.08mm. For a steam turbine, spacings would be on the order of 0.09mm for 400 degrees C, 3.5MPa steam, or 0.52mm for 400 degree atmospheric pressure steam.
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Anyway, I hope that this is a help to people out there. Charts of viscosities, either absolute or kinematic, are in most good fluid mechanics textbooks. Hamish Edgar

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John Faith's Compressed Air Turbine Project , Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

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John Faith's Compressed Air Turbine Project


September 25, 2002

Thanks to John Faith in Seattle, Washington for sharing these photos of his project. For more information, contact John at jfaith@nwlink.com

I have built a small turbine with 2 inch diameter discs, and have run it with compressed air, but have not done any measurements for RPM or efficiency. The outlet holes in the discs were just done with a drill (not laser cut), which means the discs are easy to make. The design also uses no washers or bolts to join the discs, which I'm guessing is OK for such a small diameter turbine. I use a Sherline mill and lathe.

There are a couple differences in my turbine versus what I've seen recommended, mostly to simplify the design: The exhaust holes near the center of the discs were just made with a drill versus a more complex, laser-cut shape. I used two sizes of drill to make eight holes per disc. There are no posts to hold the discs together, but I've just used a threaded (6-32) bolt for an axle with nuts on either end. It seems to hold it together OK. On the inside exhaust half of the casing I made ridges to get a labyrinth seal type geometry. From what I've read in the TEBA newsletter, I'm not sure these are needed. The disc facing these ridges
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is plain, again for simplicity (and to save time). All pieces were made with scrap aluminum from parts of Xerox copiers. I haven't made any power or speed measurements yet, but I have connected it to a DC motor, generated a bit of electricity and turned on some small lights. I'd eventually like to make a larger unit for use in a hybrid-electric vehicle. Lots to do! John Faith

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Combustion, More Bang for the Buck, pyrocatalytic device, pulse combustion, ultra clean burner, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Combustion Models -- Getting the Most Bang for the Fuel Buck! -- Part I
September 27, 2002

In our last article we mentioned that our main focus in the next edition is combustion -- getting more bang for the buck. During the summer months we've been busy building equipment and testing it with a variety of fuels & blends of fuels to determine how we can get more power at a lower overall cost. Some of the experiments and subsequent demonstrations involved piston engines & new burner designs. We used a V6 3.8-liter Buick engine to determine a baseline to compare other experiments to. By pre-processing hydrocarbon fuels through pyrocatalytic devices into a vapor state and directly introducing the vapor into the engine, we were able to run this standard spark ignition engine on a multitude of fuels -- including alcohol, crankcase oil, and soybean oil. No matter what temperatures we subjected the hydrocarbons to, no matter what we did to pre-mix the fuel and air, the result was the same: fuel consumption remained at 14.7:1. One of our goals was to determine if we could in fact double or triple an automobile's mileage using techniques similar to those used by high mileage carburetor experimenters & advocates. Even though we didn't achieve a drastic improvement in fuel economy, the experimentation proved essential to our developments in ultra-clean burner technology. Now some of you may ask why we are concerned with ultra-clean combustion. Well, there are several good reasons. First of all, our main goal in working with boundary layer turbines is to replace the 100-year old I. C. piston gas and diesel engines with a new engine that delivers more power with less pollution, and a lower cost to produce & maintain. As environmental scientists it is our responsibility to provide key solutions to the global pollution problems facing the entire world today, and to drive these solutions into widespread use before the near-sighted industrialists can completely destroy natural ecological systems that are now on their way down. We've determined that no matter what you do to improve a gasoline or diesel piston engine, by nature they must pollute -- the basic chemistry and mathematics of their combustion cycles cannot be altered, or the engines simply would not work! Since fool cells will not be ready for widespread use for another 10-20 years, the only real solution to the global pollution problem is a low-cost disk-type turbine with improved efficiency and ultra-clean combustion. We are actually working with two combustion models to fill all of the applications of motive power. One model

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uses pulse direct combustion and the other uses a closed-loop steam (or other vapor) cycle. Both systems have their good points and bad points, so both are viable solutions -- depending on the application.

Pulse Direct Combustion


While not quite as clean burning as steam generator burners, pulse combustors are much cleaner than piston combustion cycles, and their simplicity makes them excellent candidates for automotive and other vehicular applications. Traditional pulse combustors use natural tube length frequencies to compress and detonate combustible mixtures. Our methods use valving, low pressure air compression, and spark timing to shape the "envelope of detonation", allowing us to create reliable pulse burn at much lower frequencies per tube length. The results, compared to continuous burn, are: more of the potential energy of the combustible mixture is transformed into kinetic gas energy, less into useless heat -- which transforms into higher overall engine efficiencies and lower NOx production. As the global fuel infrastructure migrates toward hydrogen gas, using pulse direct combustion will result in zero emissions. Even migrating to growable fuels results in zero net gain emissions! Also, by employing heat recovery systems on this design, overall efficiencies of 90% - 98% can be achieved.

Closed Loop Steam/Vapor Cycle


For applications where lowest possible emissions from fossil fuels must be realized, our second approach using our ultra-clean burner technology is the best choice. As mentioned earlier, our experiments with fuel processing for gas and diesel piston engines laid the ground work for our ultra-clean burner. Now a lot of people may say that they can get ultra-clean burn from natural gas or propane -- that's true. What we are talking about is getting ultra-clean burn from a mixture of crankcase oil and industrial solvents -- normally waste products from automotive & manufacturing industries. Some of you may have heard about these waste oil burners people are buying to burn-off waste oils in their shops. Claims of extremely clean burn are common -- but look at the color of the flame. Hydrogen burns with a yellow flame, carbon burns with a blue flame. If you turn on your gas stove and view the flame, you will see regions of colors -blue near the burner head, yellow near the flame tips, white between. A typical waste oil burner that produces a yellow flame is only burning the hydrogen content of the fuel. Our burner flames are identical to a gas stove flame -- complete combustion of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen -- from heavy waste oils!

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More Bang for the Buck 3, pulse combustion wiring schematic, ultra clean burner, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Combustion Models -- Getting the Most Bang for the Fuel Buck! -- Part III
September 27, 2002

Other Stuff
One of our members pointed out a mistake in our pulse combustor wiring diagram -- here's the correction:

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More Bang for the Buck 3, pulse combustion wiring schematic, ultra clean burner, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

Also, one of our PTBC members pointed out that we hadn't yet posted his materials. A while back we had a computer glitch that (more than likely) lost his data. Well, here is his contribution. Thanks Brad! Thu Sep 26 18:45:24 2002 I posted a message about my turbine for sale awhile back, and I don't see it in the forum anymore. Did something about it break the forum protocol causing it to be pulled? Or did it ever post at all? Here's the exact link to the turbine info: http://www.bradstanford.com/NewFiles/Turbine.html Just wondering, Brad Stanford http://www.bradstanford.com

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Dynamics of Disk Spacing, Geometry, Horsepower & Torque by Ken Rieli, disc geometry improvements, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

I. Dynamics of Disk Spacing, Geometry, Horsepower & Torque


Also -- Member Experiment in Disk Geometry Improvement; 2002 End of the Year Review
December 5, 2002

This month we are going to cover the boundary layer effect and it's relationship with disc spacing and torque. We'll also briefly review what the club has accomplished so far, and what we expect to accomplish in 2003. Finally, we will briefly discuss our vision for using global club R&D efforts to effectively reverse the ecological damage due to pollution and global warming.

We're going to start out the boundary layer discussion by reviewing a couple of emails sent by club members. Greg Rogers writes about disc spacing: "You state that you used a spacing of .125 inch between discs of the turbine when you compared your design to Tesla's design. However Tesla's design used spacing of around .03 - .04 inch. Using as high spacing as you are using you are not operating as a Tesla turbine but rather a centrifugal turbine using the action of buckets or wing shaped blades in your case. Also on your site some guy stated that the spacing needs to be even smaller than .04 inch which is around 1 mm. That the discs must be spaced closer to .1 - .25 mm, thus requiring high precision to take true benefit from the design." Also, Peter C from Long Island, New York writes: "I am working on a 12" dia x 45 pound Tesla turbine. I have a good idea of how to calculate HP based on dia., rpm, weight, etc. However when it comes to torque, I understand the concept but do not know how to calculate it on paper or measure it on my rotor shaft. Is there a "torque meter or devise" that indicates quantities of foot-pounds? (Besides my old automobile torque wrench) Can someone help me? Thanks -- Peter C."

Comments
First of all we'll look at some of Nikola Tesla's historic experiments to get an idea of the relationship between disk spacing, horsepower, torque, and efficiency. Tesla started out building a 6-inch turbine followed by a 12-inch, 9.75-inch, 18-inch and finally a 60-inch. With the smaller turbines he used a disk spacing of .03 inches (0.8mm), with disc thickness the
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Dynamics of Disk Spacing, Geometry, Horsepower & Torque by Ken Rieli, disc geometry improvements, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

same (.03"). Once he moved to 18-inch diameter disks, he increased both the disk thickness and spacing between them to .0625 inches (1.6mm). While working with the Allis Chalmers company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, his largest design -- a 60-inch diameter turbine -- was built using a disk thickness and spacing of 0.125 inches (3.2mm). Tesla's 10-inch turbine produced 110 horsepower, his 18-inch produced 200-300 hp, and the 60-inch produced 675 hp. Tesla also mentioned in his aircraft designs that for maximum efficiency the exhaust port should be reduced, but for maximum horsepower the exhaust size should be increased. In addition, Tesla stated that the greatest efficiency is achieved when the disks rotate at the speed of the fluid, but maximum torque is realized when the disks rotate at just over 50% of the fluid speed. Other factors that affect efficiency and power are the same as those affecting aircraft, cars or any aerodynamically sensitive object: surface finish and geometry. To put it plainly, it is virtually impossible to calculate the obtainable torque and horsepower due to aerodynamic complexities; however, if you follow the basic design and construction methods already established, you will achieve results that are relatively close to Tesla's experiments. Quoting from Tesla's own patent: "Owing to a number of causes affecting the performance, it is difficult to frame a precise rule which would be generally applicable, but it may be stated that within certain limits, and other conditions being the same, the torque is directly proportionate to the square of the velocity of the fluid relatively to the runner and to the effective area of the disks and, inversely, the distance separating them. The machine will, generally, perform its maximum work when the effective speed of the runner is one-half of that of the fluid; but to attain the highest economy, the relative speed or slip, for any given performance should be as small as possible. This condition may be to any desired degree approximated by increasing the active area of and reducing the space between the disks." If you start with disk spacing that is optimal for a particular working fluid viscosity, then the torque is directly proportional to the square of the working fluid velocity, relative to the disk speed, and relative to the effective area of the disks. Also, as the disk diameter decreases, torque drops off exponentially. If you decrease the disk diameter by half, the torque drops off by a factor of four, but the disk speed increases by a factor of two. While some theoretical calculations project a yield of only 2-3 horsepower for a 10-inch disk, the effect of the working fluid is obviously being overlooked. The best way to begin figuring horsepower and torque is through empirical (experimental) process. Tesla recorded approximately 110 hp for his 10-inch (9.75-inch disk diameter) turbine using 25 disks at 175 pounds of steam pressure. Even though he didn't record actual torque specs, theoretical calculations for boundary layer disks show an exponential increase of torque over horsepower. In other words, as the horsepower doubles the torque quadruples. Assuming a 10-inch turbine delivers approximately 110 hp, the torque would theoretically be in the

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Dynamics of Disk Spacing, Geometry, Horsepower & Torque by Ken Rieli, disc geometry improvements, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

neighborhood of approximately 216 newton-meters. Since 1 Nm = 0.7376 ft. lb., this translates into about 160 foot pounds of torque. This horsepower-to-torque relationship follows typical turbine characteristics; the 1987 Chevy turbine experiment resulted in a 120 hp bladed design delivering 350 ft. lb. of torque. One last piece of the puzzle we need to examine is the aerodynamic effect of the disk geometry. First of all, we want gas adhesion to the disk surfaces to be as great as possible -- which means the disks must be as highly polished as possible. Imperfections in the disk surface cause vortices in the gas flow, resulting in lose of adhesion, and lower energy transfer efficiencies. Next we have to consider the maximum boundary layer dimensions. An excellent study on the subject is H. C. Smith's Illustrated Guide to Aerodynamics. On pages 57-60 he covers the dynamics of the entire boundary layer, including the laminar region and turbulent region. On page 60 Smith states that the laminar region extends to 0.03 inches thick, or double that (0.06 inches) for two disks placed next to each other. He goes on to say that the transition layer is about 0.1 inches thick, with the turbulent region as thick as 0.5 inches. Theoretically then, a Tesla turbine will still work with up to 1.0 inch gap between the disks -- with greatly reduced torque. That explains why his turbines continued to work well even with a 0.125-inch spacing. To compensate for the torque loss, the diameter of the disks must increase as the spacing increases. Since larger gaps allow turbulent regions to operate, the energy transfer mechanism shifts from adhesion to turbulent parasitic drag. Of course, the fluid properties, pressures, etc. have a lot to do with laminar vs. turbulent flow also. Tesla used round washers around the periphery of the disks to assist in spooling up the turbine; these washers work on a strictly parasitic drag principle and are absolutely necessary to get the turbine moving when the gas back-pressure (due to centrifugal force) is at zero. One last thing to consider is that if the spacing between the disks becomes too small, an aperture closing effect causes the high velocity gas to go around the disk pack rather than through it. That's also why spacing between the disks and housing must be kept at a minimum -- or provide labyrinth seals to prevent gas blow-by. In conclusion, for a 10-inch turbine, disk spacing anywhere from 0.03 to 0.0625 inches is ideal, with 0.125 inches tolerable with larger (48-inch to 60-inch) turbines -- torque being the factor to watch. Ken Rieli

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Experiments in Disc Geometry Improvement, Richard Gideon, member, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines, disc geometry improvements

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II. Member Experiment: Richard Gideon


December 5, 2002

Experiments in Disc Geometry Improvement


I would like to end this December session with an excellent bit of experimental work performed by Richard Gideon. Note that his turbine is 6 inches in diameter, and the best results he obtained used a disk spacing of 0.048 inches, with 12 blades for spacers. Following is Richards email:

"Greetings from Illinois. About a year ago while looking at a number of Tesla web sites I ran across yours. As others have also noted it is fantastic. Unlike many sites that lament, "If only someone would build Teslas turbine it would solve all the worlds problems." You are actually experimenting and building machines. I salute your efforts to design and build a real practical working turbine and the time you have spent developing this site. Last spring you wrote about the improvement in efficiency you got by using your winglet design in place of round spacers. This immediately struck me as a tremendous improvement. However it got me thinking about how many winglets are enough? Are 6 better than 4, is 8 better than 6, etc. How many are too many? I then theorized that at some point when the spacing between them got small enough or the air pressure great enough this would nullify the lift effect of the winglet. Thus you would be left with only the reactive force on their bottom side. This then got me to wondering what if the circumference of the rotor discs, rather then being smooth, had a profile like a fine tooth circular saw blade? Also rather then the winglets what if across the face of the rotor there were a number of simple blades, like the paddles on an old sternwheeler steamboat. Would this help performance? If so what would be an optimum number? Naturally while it can be fun to sit around thinking and theorizing about the different ways of doing something you can only go so far with this approach. To really know if your ideas are any good you must actually build and try them out. Therefore that is what I did. The following is a description of the turbine I built and the results I got. Before starting to build a project like this you want to take great care to determine best size and shape for the completed device and choose just the right materials. To this end I determined that my turbine should have a 6-in. diameter rotor because I found a short length of 6in. I.D. aluminum tubing in my scrap bin that I could use as the rotor case. Also it was a size I would be able to comfortably machine on my 10-in. lathe. Similarly I determined that the rotor stack should be made up of exactly 7 discs of .036 thick CRS. Because it
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Experiments in Disc Geometry Improvement, Richard Gideon, member, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines, disc geometry improvements

was the only suitable material that I had on hand and only enough to make 7 discs. The ball bearings for the rotor shaft were chosen with equal care having been purchased a few years back at a local junk store for .50 cents apiece. The bearing supports and their base was made from a length of in thick by 2 wide aluminum bar, that was left over from a previous project. Finally the rotor shaft started out as a 1in. diameter steel bar also from my scrap bin. As you can see I obviously spared no expense in building my turbine. The overall design is a standard layout. The two bearings holders are mounted to a base plate with the rotor shaft running through them. The rotor is mounted on one end of the shaft and there is locking collar on the other end. On the side of the locking collar I machined a flag that runs through an optical sensor which in turn is connected to a frequency counter so I could measure the RPM. Also on the back of the locking collar I have a cork disc to act as a friction material for a simple pony brake so I can measure the output torque of the turbine. Lastly the air inlet nozzle is a rectangular port with a convergent/divergent insert. As described in one of your articles, this provided a definite increase in performance. I precisely determined that the best operating air pressure to test run my turbine was from 105 down to 80 PSI, which coincidentally are the limits that my air compressor operates at. Thus using the above air pressure limits, my first series of tests was to determine the optimum spacing for the rotor discs. I had made spacers with three different thicknesses and started with a stack that gave a spacing of .095 in. Note these spacers were on the rotor shaft only, there were no other spacers between the discs. As a result start-up torque and performance was, to say the least, less then exciting. But from what I know about Tesla design this was to be expected. All test runs were done with no load and starting at 105 PSI. RPM readings were then taken when the pressure had dropped to 80 PSI. The following graph shows the results I got with six different spacings. Each RPM reading is the average of four test runs. GRAPH 1 SPACING (in.) .095 .084 .070 .056 .048 .038 RPM (no load) 3390 3425 3495 3615 3615 3570

rotor without spacers to determine optimum disc spacing As can be seen maximum speed was obtained with a spacing of .056 to .048 in. I choose the .048 in. as the spacing for all the following tests. At this point I disassembled the rotor and tediously milled a bunch of saw teeth, .062 deep every 5 degrees,
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Experiments in Disc Geometry Improvement, Richard Gideon, member, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines, disc geometry improvements

around the circumference of the center discs. The two end discs I left plain to prevent air from leaking out from between the teeth. I then reassembled and test ran the turbine. Again I dissembled the rotor and this time milled 36 slots .036 wide & in. deep across the face of the rotor. Into these slots I would press and solder my blades. I started with only two blades and then test ran the turbine. I then added two more and ran the turbine with 4 blades. Then added 8 more and ran it with 12 blades, and finally added 24 more and ran it with 36 blades. Below is graph of the results: GRAPH 2 RPM (no load) SAW TOOTH 2 BLADE 4 BLADE 12 BLADE 36 BLADE 4845 5745 5835 6780 6750 GRAPH 3 TORQUE @ 1800 RPM SAW TOOTH 2 BLADE 4 BLADE 12 BLADE 36 BLADE 12 15 15 18 24 9 12 12 15 15 TORQUE @ 3600 RPM

Note: Torque readings are approximate due to inability to accurately read a wiggly pointer on the scale. From this it can seen that the saw tooth edge produced about a 1200 RPM increase in speed over the plain discs. With 2 blades added to the rotor the speed increased another 900 RPM. However 4 blades had little additional effect but with 12 blades again I had a substantial gain of about 1000 RPM. Finally it is interesting to note that at 36 blades the speed is just starting to drop off, thus 12 blades seems to be about the optimum number. At least when running a 6-in. rotor. I believe the reason for this is that with 36 blades I have two blades in the path of the air inlet at all times and this is causing a turbulence that in turn reduces the efficiency. However this was exactly what I was trying to prove one way or the other by going to 36 blades. Finally just for curiosity I ran the turbine with increasing loads and produced this last graph. It shows the obvious, that as the load is increased as the speed decreases and the torque will increase, up to a point and then the torque will start to drop off. Proving that these turbines really want to be run at high speeds. GRAPH 4

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Experiments in Disc Geometry Improvement, Richard Gideon, member, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines, disc geometry improvements

RPM 6678 4998 4350 3930 2910 2040 1620 1440 1290 1110 660 60

TORQUE 0 6 8.25 10.5 12 15 15.75 17.25 17.27 13.5 13.5 13.5

Hopefully this will be of some value to you or other experimenters, therefore if you wish please feel free to use this on your web site. Sincerely Richard Gideon Spotteddogs@iwic.net Richard -- your project is a fantastic experiment in disc turbine geometry improvements. The really interesting point you made is the fact that 12 blades were ideal for maximum energy transfer. Tesla used 12 round washers around the outer periphery of his 10 inch design, and we used 12 winglets with our 10 inch design 12 seems to be the magic number. Also notable is the experiment in spacing between the discs. Your best results hovered around 3/64 of an inch slightly more than Tesla used, and considerably less than the 1/8 inch spacing we used. One last test perhaps all of our club members would like to see is a comparison of your best configuration against a strictly Tesla design using round washers instead of blades around the outer periphery. Please keep us posted, and thanks for your results! -- Ken

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2002 End of the Year Review by Ken Rieli, disc geometry improvements, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

III. 2002 End of the Year Review


December 5, 2002

This year we focused most of our efforts on designing, developing and testing gas phase combustion technologies. By the beginning of summer we were able to feed any combustible hydrocarbon into a standard spark ignition automotive engine and get it to run smoothly. By the end of summer we had refined the gas phase process to a previously unprecedented ultra-clean burn from crankcase oil. Armed with this knowledge, we will soon be able to produce clean steam power from a toxic waste byproduct. Our club membership has steadily grown to over 270. We are projecting a rapid rise in new global membership as we focus more effort on the job at hand -- to provide a real technological solution to the world's pollution problem. When we started the club two years ago, we knew then that turbines had much greater potential to replace piston engines -- compared to fuel cells. Now with our progress beginning to outstrip the efforts of the largest automotive manufacturers worldwide, we can safely and confidently say that our solutions will absolutely fill in the gap between pistons & fuel cells. Most of the technology posted on the club is the result of a very small dedicated core of individuals. Now that more of our members are beginning to send in their test results, we see the potential beginning to rapidly grow. This coming year -- 2003 -- is going to be a real blockbuster! Several key events or milestones will move our meager efforts into world-class development. First of all, our goal for the year is to develop a closed cycle boundary layer turbine. By that I mean a complete stand-alone turbine -- including blower, combustor and hot rotor in one compact package. If the major car companies worldwide have failed to come up with a similar solution, how (you may ask) are we going to do it? Global joint development! -- It's going to take the efforts of all club members to move ahead. Within the first half of the year we plan to produce and ship an Experimenter's Turbine, consisting of a hot rotor section mounted on a bearing frame with an integral oiling system. This is being made available as an offthe-shelf product for experimenters to develop into a stand-alone system. Secondly, we are planning to produce -- in the second half of the year -- a complete ultra-clean waste oil burner. The basic burner can be used as a home heating unit, or as a building block for a steam turbo generator system. Since our focus for the year is to finalize development of both direct-combustion and steam turbine systems, we need the cooperation of all of our members to make the effort succeed. We are calling on our technical members -- particularly engineers with expertise in compressors, blowers, and combustion techniques -- to work with us to make Tesla (or modified) turbines a reality for world use. Even though big government and big biz doesn't see the need to clean up the emissions problem, we -- the

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2002 End of the Year Review by Ken Rieli, disc geometry improvements, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines

intelligent, powerful individuals of the world -- can made the difference, if we unite and work together without the shackles of greed politics & economics. The solution is within our grasp! Coming next -- (January 2003) Worldwide Proliferation of Tesla Turbines Ken Rieli CEO, PNGinc http://phoenixnavigation.com
Chairman, Global Motive Power Revolution Founder, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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Worldwide Proliferation of Tesla Turbines by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Worldwide Proliferation of Tesla Turbines


Build-to-Order Tesla Turbine Kits... and Beyond Using Tesla's Turbine to Generate Electricity - and Income January 8, 2003

This is January, 2003 -- the year of earth shaking events! We find ourselves in the middle of a global economic depression with no end in sight, and war-crazed idiots prophesying that stealing another country's oil will bring new hope and zeal to a failing economy. This is also the year that the banking & credit institutions targeted for the elimination of money, replacing cash with "Blue Chip cards". It is also the year -- mandated by law -- that all U.S. federal agencies must "switch on" their global networks, with the ultimate goal of ruling the world through militarism by 2010. (Yes, we do have the Joint Chief's "Vision 2010" document to prove it!) With the economy in the dumpster and the Republican war hawks drooling over oil, where does that leave the rest of us? Well, you've either lost your job, are destined to lose your job in the future, or you are cutting your ties with the system & planning to survive -- no matter what happens. The best plan for surviving what's coming is to begin organizing a camp as far from the city-based system as is possible and practical. In the meantime, you either have to continue with your present jobs, or create new jobs if your are presently out of work. U.S. unemployment figures rose to an 8-year high in December, with 1.7 million out of work.

Build-to-Order Tesla Turbine Kits... and Beyond


You may ask, "What does this have to do with the Turbine Builder's Club?" Well, everything. When we initiated the club in January 2001, our goal was to develop alternative energy systems to counteract the effects of pollution. Today we are well on our way to doing that. After experimenting for two years with basic boundary layer turbine prototypes, pulse detonation combustion and ultra-clean burners using fuel processing techniques on recycled oil, we are finally in a position to start pulling the pieces together. Our goals for the year are to:
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Worldwide Proliferation of Tesla Turbines by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

provide a means for Club members to build their own multi-fuel electrical power generators and, in the process, begin dealing with liquid pollutants outline a plan for entrepreneurs to run small businesses based on waste-to-clean electrical power technology. On the technical end of things, our plan is to begin production of turbine parts kits and assembled units. Presently we are working with a local machine shop to supply us with engine components. For those of you who want to learn by assembling your own engines with basic hand tools, and save some money in the process, we can offer boxed kits of parts. For those of you who prefer having the experts put it all together, we can offer fully- or mostly-assembled units -- depending on UPS weight limitations. Since our R&D company (PNGinc) does not generate a profit, we have to run production on a batched build-to-order basis. In other words, we have to collect payment from at least ten customers before we can order parts from the manufacturer. At this time we are completing our CAD drawings and submitting them to our manufacturer for price quotes on batches of ten, so we should have final pricing posted in the near future. So the first half of the year will be spent processing orders for the basic hot-rotor and bearing frame assembly. Beginning in June we will shift our focus to the ultra-clean burner -- running it on a blend of crankcase oil and solvent. Toward the end of the year we will take a look at flash tube boiler construction and electronics controls as the final elements for a complete system. For those of you who want to cycle through the process with us, you will end up with a high quality power generator able to produce several kilowatts of power on a continuous basis -- from waste oil.

Using Tesla's Turbine to Generate Electricity -- and Income


That brings us to the entrepreneurial end of things. Only about 200 million of the 600 million gallons (annually) of crankcase oil sold in the U.S. is recycled. That leaves about 400 million gallons going to waste -- usually dumped into our environment. With a drive on to clean up the cities and punish polluters, businesses that generate waste oils, and even individuals, find it hard to dispose of without paying a disposal fee. This is where a clever person might find almost limitless opportunities. From selling small power production systems to homeowners and small shop owners, to setting up larger systems for municipalities and industry, there is plenty of room for creating new businesses based on a clean process of converting waste to electricity. So that's the way we see 2003 unfolding. It's time for us to move ahead with the technology and start applying it to solving both environmental and economics problems by moving in the direction of recycling, conservation, and making the most efficient use of all of our resources.

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Worldwide Proliferation of Tesla Turbines by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

For those of you who are simply building a system for that "get away" place, this is an engine that will run on anything combustible. For those interested in environmental remediation business opportunities, this is a good place to start. Ken Rieli

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Richard Gideon's Continuing Experiments, Developer of the Month!, outstan...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Richard Gideon's Continuing Experiments in Disk Geometry Improvements

January 2003

This is the sort of activity we want all our members to get into. And now we're making it easy by providing our Experimenter's Tesla Turbine. Since these Tesla turbines can be powered immediately on compressed air, it is the ideal R&D platform. (We operate our unit intermittently on a very small compressor, so anyone can achieve significant results like ours.) Here is Richard's report:
(For background, see the December PTBC article: Experiments in Disc Geometry Improvement by Richard Gideon).

You mentioned it would be interesting to compare my data with a standard Tesla design. I agree. Therefore I built a stock Tesla rotor. Again the results are below. I made three test runs. I started with a rotor without spacers knowing that because my perfectly flat smooth polished discs were anything but perfectly flat smooth and definitely were not polished and that there would probably be a difference in speed. There was. The new rotor ran about 400 RPM faster then the first one. So with that as a new reference point, I then adding the spacers (12 on the perimeter and 6 in the middle) the speed increased almost 1000 RPM. After that I then cut a saw tooth edge on the center discs, this produced an additional 500 Plus RPM. NEW TEST DATA RPM (no load) NEW DISC WITH NO SPACERS NEW DISC WITH SPACERS (STANDARD TESLA) {+975 RPM} NEW DISC WITH SPACERS AND SAW TOOTH EDGE {+540 RPM} 3990 4965 5505

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Richard Gideon's Continuing Experiments, Developer of the Month!, outstan...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Finally I ran this last test. I started with a regulated 30 PSI (the lowest that I could go and still have the turbine start and run). I then recorded the maximum speed that it was able to obtain at that pressure. I then increased the pressure in 5-pound steps and recorded the following readings. Unfortunately 75 pounds was the maximum sustained pressure I could run before my compressor ran out of breath. The result is virtually a linear increase in speed as the pressure increased. Not quite what I expected. Any thoughts on this? 6-INCH DIAMETER ROTOR PSI 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Sincerely, Richard Gideon Spotteddogs@iwic.net Richard -- Thanks for sending the data. In answer to your question about linear increase in speed with incremental increases in pressure -- since the back pressure caused by centrifugal force on the gas increases linearly with rotor speed, the incoming gas pressure would also have to increase proportionately to oppose the back pressure. A couple of other interesting facts to keep in mind: Boundary-layer turbines are nearly powerless below 50% of their maximum speed. Also, maximum torque is realized at 50% maximum speed and decreases linearly as maximum speed is approached. Efficiency begins at 50% and increases linearly towards maximum speed. Horsepower begins at 50% and increases only 6% at maximum speed. One last thing -- your 6-inch turbine should spin at 35,000 RPM at maximum. -- Ken 360 660 960 1260 1500 1800 2040 2400 2640 3000 RPM

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Richard Gideon's Continuing Experiments, Developer of the Month!, outstan...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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First Detailed View of the Global Cogenerator Turbine by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, cogeneration, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

First Detailed View of the Global Cogenerator Turbine


February 11, 2003

We'll start this month with a brief review of our January article. In it we discussed the more rational approach to solving our economic and energy problems through widespread use of little-known technologies such as the Tesla turbine -- rather than the short-sighted approach of stealing oil. We also pointed out that with the growing unemployment problems around the world (due to greed economics), there is a new opportunity to create a large number of small entrepreneurial businesses based on boundary layer turbines & their applications. Finally, we outlined our plan to initiate this global revolution to 21st century turbine power by introducing a turbine kit followed by all of the necessary components to assemble a complete, high quality cogeneration system. On that note we'll move on to examine details of our new turbine design. Since a picture is worth a thousand words, we will simply show various parts details along with a brief description of the view.

View of turbine with hot rotor end cover removed

Turbine with hot rotor case removed, showing disk pack

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First Detailed View of the Global Cogenerator Turbine by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, cogeneration, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Disk pack with outer disk removed

View with all disks removed showing star washers & round washers

Close up of star washer set

Cut-away view of hot rotor flange fit to tapered shaft end

Cut-away view of case revealing shaft assembly

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First Detailed View of the Global Cogenerator Turbine by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, cogeneration, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Close up view showing internal oil pump & oil jets for bearing lubrication

Close up view of oil jet and bearing relationship

View of oil lubrication system including oil reservoir

Close up of oil jet and bearing

Jet oil system with shaft removed

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First Detailed View of the Global Cogenerator Turbine by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, cogeneration, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Another close up view of the oil jet & bearing relationship

Conclusion
Before we go I'd like to remind all of our club members that we all need to work together to successfully move the world from old, ailing technologies to the real 21st century engine. While many misguided people seem to think that fool cells will someday result in economically feasible power for electrical & transportation needs, nobody on the planet can predict exactly when this will happen. Tesla turbines are historically proven to work, and with some technical improvements will far surpass pistons and fuel cells. Making this revolution happen requires the collective genius of many members to not only work out the technical details, but also to manufacture, promote and support this new industry growth. We really can solve the world's major problems of hunger, disease and slave labor, but only by defeating monopolistic greed worldwide. For those of you who are serious about effecting global change, either build a turbine or buy one of our kits, and start experimenting. At the very least you will end up with a personal cogenerator system, contributing at least a small part in this necessary move. For those of you seeking new business opportunities, check out our latest PNGinc offerings for manufacturing franschises or the Sustainable Growth Alliance for alternative vehicle developers. Ken Rieli Coming next -- detailed parts drawings

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Nozzle Experiments by Richard Gideon, Developer of the Month!, outstandin...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Nozzle Experiments by Richard Gideon

March 2003

Recently I have been thinking about nozzles for the Tesla turbine. All the drawings that I have seen show either one or two nozzles with the second one being used to make a reversible turbine. I then began to wonder what if the two nozzles were pointed in the same direction. Might this be a viable alternative to increase the power of a turbine without going to a larger diameter or thicker rotor? From here obviously the next question was how about 3 or 4 nozzles, etc. As I have stated before I believe theory and some common sense make a good starting point but to really prove an idea there is nothing like a working model. Hence I designed a test turbine with multi-nozzles each of which could be individually easily turned on or off. My first concern was my extremely limited air supply. Obviously it would make no sense to build turbine so big that I would not have enough air to run it. After some experimenting I found that my air compressor could supply a reasonable amount of air for a reasonable amount of time through sixteen 1/8" diameter holes. Thus I determined that my rotor case would have sixteen 1/8" diameter nozzles. At this size I made no attempt to use a convergent/divergent design, they are just plain old round holes. Then because of the 1/8" diameter nozzles a 4-disc rotor is all that was needed to effectively cover their openings. The rotor case basically consists of two concentric rings. The inner ring has the 16 equally spaced nozzle holes. The outer ring has 16 threaded holes in line with the nozzle holes. This allows me to insert a screw onto which I have turned a sharp point on its end. The sharp point then acts as a needle valve and can shut off air to the nozzle. Conversely backing the screw out allows air through the nozzle. Supply air is delivered to the space between the inner and outer rings which functions as a manifold and delivers air to all the nozzles. I fitted a pressure gauge to the manifold so I could directly measure the pressure in the manifold and thus helped in maintaining a constant pressure for all the tests. I ran three types of tests, one for maximum RPM, one for torque at 6000 RPM and one to measure the time needed to use up a given amount of air. Each of these tests where run with the following nozzles open. First 1 nozzle open, then 2 open, then 3 open, then 4, then 6, then 8, and finally all 16 open. The results are shown in the following graphs.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc22a.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:01:50 PM

Nozzle Experiments by Richard Gideon, Developer of the Month!, outstandin...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

The graphs for maximum RPM and torque are self-explanatory. With the time graph I was trying to show efficiency, albeit in a round about way. I started each test run when my compressor had just shut off and the air tank was filled to its maximum pressure. I then timed how long the turbine could run before the compressor would restart at its lower limit. Between these two pressure points I figured I have a more or less constant volume of air to work with. Thus by comparing the time needed to use up this given quantity of air to speed gives an indication of how efficiently the each different combination of nozzles preformed.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc22a.htm (2 of 3)6/10/2006 9:01:50 PM

Nozzle Experiments by Richard Gideon, Developer of the Month!, outstandin...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

In conclusion it appears that if you are only interested in maximum torque, then the more nozzles the better. However if operating efficiency is important then 3 to 4 nozzles appears to be the limit. Richard Gideon Spotteddogs@iwic.net Another great job of engineering from Richard Gideon. Tesla mentioned in his work with the turbine that 12 or more nozzles would be feasible and increase the power density of the engine. With high quality engineering results obtained so easily from the Tesla turbine, did the entire automotive world make a mistake in developing the piston engine instead? -- Ken

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Experimenter's Turbine Launch by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, cogeneration, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Experimenter's Turbine Launch


March 18, 2003

For many of our club members and associates, this is the moment they've been waiting for -- final pricing and availability of an industrial quality Tesla Turbine Kit. Over the winter we've worked hard to: design a standard experimental turbine platform for hobbyists & developers around the world to work with keep the cost as low as possible for widespread participation in global sustainable growth Since we are not manufacturers ourselves, we have looked extensively for a manufacturing "partner" willing to work with us on a low-volume basis to provide the best Tesla turbine kit at the best price. In order to keep prices reasonable, we have to order in lots of 10 (minimum). Since our turbine builders club operates on a nonprofit basis, the only way we can provide this technology to our club members is on a build-to-order basis -- in lots of ten. Translated, this means that we have to wait until ten club members send in their prepaid orders before our manufacturer will fill the order. So for those of you who are interested in an engine kit, send in your order with a check or money order; as soon as we accumulate ten orders we can begin production. Those who order now can expect shipment in about 90 days -- or around the first week of July.

This month we are going to take a look at an exploded view of the Experimenter's Tesla Turbine with a list of parts (figure 1). As you can see from last month's pictures and this month's exploded view, there are quite a few parts that go into this design. One reason is that it is designed along the lines of Tesla's improved patents -- using a disk mounting flange rather than simply bolting the disks directly to the shaft. We have also integrated a pressurized oiling system into the design -- a first in the world of Tesla turbines. Experimenter's Tesla Turbine
Partial List of Parts Parts Description Part Number

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Experimenter's Turbine Launch by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, cogeneration, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Main shaft Bearing block Oil pump body Hot flange Flange disk Flange spacer Shaft spacer1 Shaft spacer2 Shaft spacer3 Shaft spacer4 Spring spacer1 Spring spacer2 Spring spacer3 Spring spacer4 Pulley End washer Oil pump disk1 Oil pump disk2 Oil pump spacer Engine stand Spacer tubing Nozzle asm Inlet asm HR case back HR case front HR back disk HR mid disk HR front disk Case ring asm HR rnd washer HR star washer

PT-21-10001 PT-21-10002 PT-21-10003 PT-21-10004 PT-21-10005 PT-21-10006 PT-21-10007 PT-21-10008 PT-21-10009 PT-21-10010 PT-21-10011 PT-21-10012 PT-21-10013 PT-21-10014 PT-21-10015 PT-21-10016 PT-21-10019 PT-21-10020 PT-21-10021 PT-21-10024 PT-21-10025 PT-21-10029 PT-21-10030 PT-21-10034 PT-21-10035 PT-21-10036 PT-21-10037 PT-21-10038 PT-21-10042 PT-21-10043 PT-21-10044

Figure 1 Some people may find it hard to justify spending close to $1,000 for a Tesla turbine kit, and I would be the first to agree with them if the end goal is simply to satisfy a hobby desire. As we have mentioned in other
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Experimenter's Turbine Launch by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, cogeneration, Tesla boundary layer turbines

sections of the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club and in the Global Motive Power Revolution site, we are here to develop real answers to the world's energy needs. For instance, this winter we've seen more sub-zero days in our area than anyone has ever recollected. When I saw the heating bill for February it just about floored me -- never has our heating bill been that high. One of the reasons is the long cold snap, but the more insidious reason is centralized utility company greed. Since we moved to Michigan's Upper Peninsula about ten years ago, we've seen prices on food, electricity & heat rise 150%. At the same time we've seen wages rise by a mere 10%. I don't know about the rest of you, but I've concluded that if something doesn't change fast, we're all going to lose the price-wage battle! Since greed knows no end, and government is assisting in the corporate ripoff schemes, we have to take the matter into our own hands and replace centralized utilities on a grassroots level. The way we are going to accomplish this is to provide complete co-generator systems on a global or widespread scale. The Tesla Turbine Kit is just the first component of this complete system. In the coming months our focus will shift from the turbine to our ultra-clean waste oil furnace technology, followed by steam flash boilers, and finally electrical generator systems. Club members participating in all of these stages will end up with a complete high efficiency cogenerator unit capable of providing both heat and electricity for residential and small shop use. Personally, that means I'll be able to "flip the bird" at the "energy providers" this coming winter. By delivering heat and power at a zero or near-zero cost, the Phoenix cogenerator will realize an energy cost payback in only three years (or less at escalating prices), while providing an ongoing energy security buffer as oil and gas prices begin to skyrocket and reserves wane. Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Kit O.K., so we've convinced you that this is a good technology deal -- what is it going to take to put one of these kits together? The tools I use to build up most of my prototypes are: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. 12 x 36 lathe (6-inch swing over the ways) drill press bench grinder stick welder (200 amp buzzbox) metal cut-off saw assortment of hand tools (drills, files, etc.) metal vise

Even though the entire engine can be built using hand tools, some of the fitting cuts such as the disk center bores are best done on a lathe. All of the precision cuts (such as the tapered main shaft and mating tapers in the hot rotor flange and pulley) are performed at the factory -- including the precision bores on the bearing blocks and oil pump housing.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc22.htm (3 of 4)6/10/2006 9:02:06 PM

Experimenter's Turbine Launch by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, cogeneration, Tesla boundary layer turbines

The bulk of the parts come rough from the laser cutter so they require post processing on a lathe, or careful hand filing. Basically we've made the kit easy enough for anyone with engine or car repair skills and access to the above mentioned shop tools to finish the engine in just a couple of weeks of spare time. Coming Up Next So what's ahead next month? In order to keep costs down, and to provide more hands-on training for our global audience, we've decided to publish our Tesla Turbine assembly instructions online. Beginning next month we will start with post processing the bearing and pump blocks, followed by shaft and engine stand assemblies. We'll finish the project with the hot rotor assembly and oiling system by the time the first ten units are ready to ship in July. Beyond that we'll continue with waste oil furnace secrets, and tube boilers by the end of the year. So now is the time for all of us to begin the process of getting off the grid, cutting our costs by cutting out the centralist utility extortionists, and maybe help the rest of the world do the same. Anyone interested in commercializing any of these technologies can do so by visiting our PNGinc web site at http://phoenixnavigation.com and studying our business programs. Ken Rieli

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Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual 1, Bearing, Oil Pump Case, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual


by Ken Rieli
April 22, 2003

Contents I. Bearing/ Oil Pump Case section a. Bearing case 1 & 2 b. Oil pump case c. Engine stand d. Optional paper gaskets vs. silicone II. Shaft section a. Oil pump plates and spacers b. Hot rotor flange and pulley c. Spacers and seal collars d. Preliminary fit e. Oil bearings and seals f. Final fit III. Hot Rotor section a. Hot rotor case b. Disk finishing and pack assembly c. Mounting on flange d. Case adjustments IV. Oil System section a. Oil jet fabrication b. Oil reservoir fabrication c. Pressure regulator d. Oil lines

I. Bearing/ Oil Pump Case

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Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual 1, Bearing, Oil Pump Case, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

The main engine case consists of: a. (2) bearing blocks b. (1) oil pump body c. engine stand plates
Figure 1 (Click to view full size)

We'll begin by cutting or filing bevels or chamfers on all of the corners and circular ends -- (cylinder and hole ends)

Figure 2

This can be done using any combination of machine or hand tools -- from simple flat and round files, to die grinders, mills and lathes. While there is no absolute radius or bevel value, generally a 0.0625 - 0.125-inch radius on most edges is sufficient. Outside bevels may look better with as much as 0.25-inch radius -- just make sure the bevel isn't cut too close to the main bolt through-holes.
Figure 3a

* It is important to keep in mind that the flat mating faces of the bearing and pump bodies are precision-fit cuts and care should be taken to avoid gouging or damaging the surfaces, or oil leaks may develop. When clamping the blocks in a vise, remember that aluminum is fairly soft metal -- always use plywood or pine buffers between the vise and the part being worked on.

Figure 3b

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Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual 4, Shaft Assembly, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual II. Shaft Assembly


May 31, 2003

In section I we showed how to post-finish the (3) turbine case components. In this section we will show how to fit and assemble the complete shaft unit. The way in which this turbine is designed, there are only three semi-critical fits: a. bearing to case spring depth b. overall shaft spring depth c. hot rotor to case clearance In this section we'll cover (a) & (b) -- subject (c) will be covered in the next section of this manual. We'll start out by identifying the shaft assembly components.

Figure 1 (Click to view full size)

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Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual 4, Shaft Assembly, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Viewed from left to right we see: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. shaft end bolt washer hot rotor flange hot flange spacer shaft spacer 1 shaft spacer 2a (seal race) bearing 1 bearing spacer 1 (0.365 inch) shaft spacer 3a oil pump disk 1 oil pump disk spacer 1 oil pump disk 2 oil pump disk spacer 2 oil pump disk 1b shaft spacer 3b bearing spacer 2 bearing preload spring bearing 1a shaft spacer 2b shaft spacer 4 shaft spring spacer shaft spring pulley shaft end washer shaft end bolt

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Latest Nozzle Experiments by Richard Gideon, Developer of the Month!, out...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

More on Nozzles, Experiments by Richard Gideon

May 2003

I am back again with more nozzle experiments. Last fall in the members forum James Morris described a method on how to design a convergent/divergent nozzle for optimum performance. Knowing that my nozzle design was basically a hit or miss approach. (Actually more miss then hit.) I decided to try his advice. Briefly he stated that the convergent inlet to the throat of the nozzle should have a radius that is at least three times the height of the throat and that the angle of the divergent portion of the nozzle should be determined by adjusting this angle to give the lowest possible temperature reading when measured at the output of the nozzle. (His full description can be read in the members forum archive. 10-12-02) Armed with his knowledge plus checking my engineering handbook I decided to build a test nozzle that had both an adjustable throat and a divergent output. I placed a thermocouple at the output of the nozzle to measure the temperature and also aimed the nozzle to blow on the top of a small postage scale. With this setup I ran a number of tests with different size throat openings and with different lengths for the divergent portion of the nozzle. Using a regulated air supply then starting with the nozzle set to zero degrees and slowly increasing its angle the results clearly showed the temperature dropping and at the same time the air pressure on the scale increased. Once the lowest temperature and maximum pressure had been reached further increasing of the angle caused the temperature to rise and the pressure on the scale started to drop. Originally I planned to try to make a chart that could be used to look up the correct angle. However after making numerous test runs I discovered that having the precise angle is absolutely critical to achieving maximum efficiency and in all my tests this optimum angle only varied from about 1 to 3 degrees. At that point I found it impossible to measure the angle accurately enough to be able to make a useful chart. I then moved onto plan "B" and concluded that the best approach would be to design a new nozzle for my turbine in which the divergent portion would be adjustable. After constructing a new nozzle I "Tuning it" for best performance by taking its temperature and then mounting it on my original test turbine. I got the following results. In previous tests with my original nozzle and starting with air at 105-PSI and dropping to 80-PSI the maximum no load speed I was able to obtain was 6780 RPM. With the new super nozzle the maximum speed is now 20000 RPM! Thus proving beyond any doubt that my original nozzle was a piece of junk. I reduced the air pressure to a regulated 50-PSI this caused the maximum speed to drop to 18000 RPM. Next I
http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc25.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:03:29 PM

Latest Nozzle Experiments by Richard Gideon, Developer of the Month!, out...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

applied a load to the turbine slowing it down to 9240 RPM. At this speed the turbine produced approximately 27 in/ oz. of torque or about 3.9 HP. Recalling the results that I got with my multi-nozzle turbine a couple months ago I obviously had to try the new nozzle design in a multi-nozzle arrangement. To do this I then made two additional nozzles and mounted them on my original turbine. (Total of three nozzles 120 degrees apart.) Using the same air pressure as before the maximum no load speed stayed essentially the same but the acceleration time was cut in half. Appling a load to the turbine I slowed it down to 10200 RPM at which point I measured approximately 80 in/oz of torque that calculated out to about 13 HP. Attached is a drawing with a half sectional view of my nozzle showing its internal configuration and size.

Finally I would like to thank James Morris for his contribution. It is the piece-by-piece gathering together of information like this that will hopefully make the Tesla turbine into a practical engine. (Editor: Read James' 6/1/03 explanation of thermodynamics in the PTBC Forum)

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc25.htm (2 of 3)6/10/2006 9:03:29 PM

Latest Nozzle Experiments by Richard Gideon, Developer of the Month!, out...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

What we need now is for someone to develop a method of say burning waste oil in an ultra-clean manner so as to fire a flash tube boiler. Richard Gideon Spotteddogs@iwic.net This is an excellent piece of engineering work. It clearly unlocks one of the mysteries of the Tesla turbine. Tesla mentioned that the efficiency of his engine was dependant on the design of the inlet and outlet nozzles -- this experiment clearly shows the relationship between maximum gas velocity and maximum turbine speed, horsepower, and efficiency. Other members may find additional nozzle information at their local libraries under: "steam turbines". Nice job, Richard! P.S. Stay tuned in the months ahead for info on waste oil burners. -- Ken Rieli

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Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual 7, Final Shaft Assembly, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual


Shaft Final Assembly - 4
June 4, 2003

Now that all of the components have been trimmed to fit precisely, it's time to final-assemble the shaft and main case as a unit. At this point, if you haven't done so already, disassemble all shaft and case components. Working from the center outward, slip the oil pump plates and spacers onto the center of the shaft followed by spacers 3a and 3b.
Figure 4 Oil pump assembly (Click to view full size)

Locate this assembly in the center of the oil pump body. (See Figure 4) Before joining the bearing blocks to the pump body, the bearings, bearing spacers, preload spring and seals must be installed. Beginning with the left-hand bearing block, drop in the 0.365-inch thick bearing spacer, followed by the bearing. Next oil and install the outer seal using a seal collet and hammer. Similarly assemble the right-hand bearing block starting with the 0.274-inch thick bearing spacer, preload spring, bearing and seal. Next assemble the two bearing blocks on opposite sides of the oil pump body; use silicone sealer on the mating faces of the bearing blocks and pump body (along with any shim gaskets). Press the pump body and bearing blocks together and bolt together with the four (4) main engine bolts. (Figure 5) Since these bolts will be removed later for final hot rotor case assembly, precision placement and torque are not important -- simply tighten the bolts and nuts to squeeze out excess silicone sealer and maintain a parallel fit between the blocks. Continue populating the shaft with the remaining components as shown in (shaft assembly section) Figure 1. Since the (seal races) shaft spacers 2a and 2b are next in order, slightly oil their outer surfaces and carefully slip them over the shaft and through the seals -- making sure you don't damage the seal lips. With the seal races fully seated, apply a bead of silicone sealer around the circumference of shaft-to-spacer joint. This prevents oil from leaking down the

Figure 5 (Click to view full size)

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Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual 7, Final Shaft Assembly, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

shaft. An alternative is to use a very thin O-ring stretched over the shaft. Immediately install shaft spacers 1a and 4 followed by the remaining components. When you get to the main shaft compression spring (next to the pulley), this is a composite of five separate wave springs. Simply stack all five together as one unit -- aligning the waves together to make one compact heavy spring. Make sure that the slits in the springs are staggered (do not all line up). When all of the components are assembled, torque the end bolts down to approximately 170-180 foot pounds. Spin the shaft to ensure smooth operation. Coming next -- III. Hot Rotor Section
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Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual 8, Hot Section, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual III. Hot Section


July 11, 2003

The turbine hot section consists of three main parts: a. the rotor assembly b. the rotor case c. inlet nozzle (Figure 1)

Case Ring
Figure 1 Inlet nozzle (Click to view full size)

We'll start out by assembling the case ring. The assembly consists of three parts: a. case ring b. inlet tube c. inlet plate (Figure 2) Begin by welding the case inlet plate to the case inlet tube. Next fit the case inlet tube through the case ring hole -- making sure the tube is positioned 90 degrees tangent to the case ring -- then weld in place on the outside of the ring only. Finish by grinding the inlet tube to match the inner diameter of the case ring. (Figure 3)

Figure 2 Weld tube to inlet plate (Click to view full size)

Inlet Nozzle
Weld the nozzle tube to the nozzle plate. Next weld the inlet tube to the inlet plate.

Figure 3 Grind inlet tube (Click to view full size)

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Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual 8, Hot Section, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

End Plates
Finish the edges of the case end plates using a file or lathe bit. Next (using a lathe, mill or hand grinder) carefully cut a grooved slot on the inside faces of both end plates to accept the case ring. The groove should be cut 0.0625-inch deep, and just wide enough to allow the case ring to easily slip into the groove. (Figure 4)
Figure 4 End plate grooved slot (Click to view full size)

Next, the four holes that mount the case back plate to the main case must be counter-sunk to ensure that the main mounting bolts do not protrude beyond the back plate inner face. (Figure 5) Finish by beveling the outer case bolt holes with a deburring tool or oversized drill bit.

Figure 5 Back plate holes (Click to view full size)

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AOL CD Tesla Turbine Project, Sean Doyle, Developer of the Month!, outsta...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

AOL CD Tesla Turbine Project by Sean Doyle

August 2003

Hi Pam and Ken, I figured you and people out there would get a kick out of a Tesla engine made from AOL CD's. If anyone is interested of the details, I could send that at some point also. It has a total of 26 disks and has impressive torque. I haven't got an accurate measurement of the rpm's yet, but it is well beyond 12,000 rpm.

Click on image to view full size

Regards, Sean Doyle sean.doyle@thermo.com

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AOL CD Tesla Turbine Project, Sean Doyle, Developer of the Month!, outsta...s, improving Tesla boundary layer turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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Time to Get Off the Grid! Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Time to Get Off the Grid


August 20, 2003

Summer is almost over and we've witnessed significant events happening all over the world. Heat waves are causing blackouts here in the U.S., and thousands of deaths in France and other parts of Europe. There is ongoing strife in the Middle East over oil & lands, and the U.S. is caught right in the middle of the whole mess. All of these events are just the beginning signs of a general breakdown in global resources, fuels, food, water, etc. Most people have the attitude that there is no end to fossil fuels. Well I've got news for them -- by the end of this decade we are going to see gasoline and diesel prices go right through the ceiling. They'll be lucky to buy gasoline for $5.00 per gallon anywhere in the world. Already we've been put on notice this summer that natural gas and propane will go up 50% - 100% over the winter. All of this leads me to one and only one conclusion -- it's time to get off the grid! This year we need to begin pulling the plug on both heating and electrical utilities. This month we are finishing up our turbine construction manual with the lubrication section. With all of the information we've posted over the past couple of years, anyone interested in Tesla turbines should have plenty of construction suggestions to go on. It's now up to each one of us to push the development envelope faster and harder to come up with turnkey motive power solutions. Since fossil fuels are limited and will become very costly in the near future, it's time to concentrate our efforts on alternative fuels, such as growable plant products or solar energy. One of the beauties of designing a low-horsepower engine is that it can be powered from relatively small energy resources such as backyard solar collectors. In the next few months we need to focus on powering up disk turbines with steam & direct combustion. We need all of our club members to participate in the development process by brainstorming ways of obtaining high velocity gas from innovative sources.

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Time to Get Off the Grid! Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines

Together we can head off the coming energy shortages. Ken Rieli

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Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Assembly Manual IV. Oil System Section


August 20, 2003

The oiling system consists of: an internal centrifugal pump reservoir flow regulator oil jets connecting tubing It is designed to deliver a constant small jet spray of lubricant to allow extended operating speeds and long life to relatively inexpensive bearings. (Figure 1) Begin by mounting the reservoir to the bottom of the oil pump case with the short copper/brass fittings. (Figure 2) Following the oil tubing interconnection diagram, connect the pre-cut lengths of plastic tubing, securing each connection point with a clamp. (Figure 3) Just prior to installing the oil jets, pour half of the total amount (supplied in the kit) in each hole.
Figure 2 Mounting the reservoir (Click to view full size)

Figure 1 Jet oiling system (Click to view full size)

Figure 3 Oil tubing connection (Click to view full size)

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Understanding Turbine Basics


September 2003

Summer is over, fall colors are beginning to show up on the trees, and we are preparing for another winter season here in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. We expect to get our usual fair share of snow in this "snow belt" of the nation. We can average anywhere from 10-15 feet of snow per season in the Munising area, to 30 feet just west of us in the Houghton-Calumet area. Since we have a cold season here that lasts about six months, we have much higher heating bills compared to people living farther south. With the deregulated utility companies again threatening heating fuel hikes as much as 30 percent, we have to invent innovative ways of keeping the costs down -- like burning wood for heat, or figuring out ways to use waste products like recycled oils. As we mentioned some months back, by the end of the year we intend to publish a waste oil-to-electricity generator/co-generator plan for those of you who are looking for a way to cut your energy bills down to size, or pull the plug completely. Before we get to the complete system, it is necessary to revisit some of the basics of system components to understand what makes turbines work, and what makes them work well. Since future production of electricity (worldwide) depends on a solar-steam cycle as well as utilizing waste oils and coal, we are focusing our turbine builders club efforts on steam turbines. This month we are going to take a look at three distinct types of turbines: bladed impulse bladed reaction boundary layer disk After comparing the characteristics of the three, you may come to the same conclusions we have -- the Tesla type turbine fits the bill for the 21st century.

The Impulse Turbine


Referring to Figure 1 we see a typical bladed section of an impulse turbine. The key to understanding how any turbine operates is to understand the aerodynamic forces. In the case of the impulse turbine, high velocity gases operate on the concave surfaces of the blades almost exclusively. In
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other words, this is a "bucket effect" means of extracting energy. Gas directed into the concave surface of the blades and at an angle of about 45 to 85 degrees, relative to the shaft, will transfer power to the shaft through impulse. The unique characteristic of impulse engines is that the velocity of the gas decreases upon exiting the blades, whereas the pressure remains constant. Energy is transferred by changing the velocity of the gas -- not its pressure.

The Reaction Turbine


In Figure 2 we see a typical reaction turbine rotor. Notice the difference between the blade cross section of the reaction turbine compared to the impulse blade. The reaction blade acts like a wing section of a plane, whereas the impulse blade acts like the piston of an engine. In the reaction turbine, kinetic gas energy is converted to shaft power by decreasing the velocity of the gas and lowering gas pressure -- just like on an airplane wing. As gas enters from the left of the blade section and travels across the blade surface, there is a decrease in pressure on the upper surface, and an increase in pressure on the lower surface. As the gas leaves the trailing edge there is a decrease in gas velocity, pressure, and a downward angle -- resulting in a lifting or reaction force.

The Tesla or Disk Turbine


In Figure 3 we see a representative Tesla or disk turbine section. Notice that there are no blades -- simply narrowly spaced disks with round washers in the mid and outer periphery, and a star washer in the center. High velocity gas enters the disk turbine edge-on, or 90 degrees perpendicular to the plates. The gas is directed on a tangent to the plates -- in other words, the gas is vectored across the upper edge of the plates. As the gas enters the disk pack, it first encounters the outer washers. Spherical aerodynamics plays a key role in "spooling up" this type of turbine. The washers act as impulse elements on their leading edge, and as drag elements on their trailing edge (relative to the gas vector). This impulse-drag effect is essential in starting up the turbine.
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As the gas blows past the periphery washers, it spirals through the narrow disk spacing towards the center outlet. The spiraling gas tends to adhere to the disk surface just like air molecules adhere to aircraft skin, or as water adheres to boat skin. This interaction of adhesion and spiral gas movement pulls the disk in the direction of the gas. Because there is a drop in velocity and pressure, as well as a vector change in the gas path, this energy transfer must be classified as a reaction force transform. While the washers in this design operate as impulse elements, the plates act as reaction elements. One last, but very important, characteristic of this turbine is the gating or shuttering effect. When the turbine is spooling up to about 50 percent of its rated speed, kinetic gases pass through the plates with minimal back pressure. From 50% to 100% of rated speed (determined by gas velocity and disk diameter), centrifugal forces operating on the gas between the plates create a back pressure to incoming gas. As the turbine peripheral speed approaches the speed of the incoming gas, centrifugal gas back pressure closes the gate between the plates -- shutters off incoming gas. That's also why the turbine peripheral speed never attains parity with the incoming gas velocity -- the gate or shutter never fully closes. If it did, the turbine action would stop. This also explains: a. why the disk turbine achieves its highest efficiencies when disk peripheral speed comes closest to gas velocity, b. why torque increases as the rotor decreases in speed down to about 60 percent of rated speed, and c. why the turbine stalls below 50 percent of its rated speed. Next month we are going to revisit the importance of the inlet nozzle, and how it is the key factor in improving turbine efficiency. Until then, keep on building and experimenting. Ken Rieli

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Nozzle Design, Key to Turbine Efficiency


October 2003

October -- my favorite time of the year. Fall colors are in full swing, we've had an early snow already -- it didn't stick for long, but we are taking the hint. Time to get our wood supply in and plan for winter activities. Our minpins (miniature Doberman pinschers) are beginning to hibernate & demand more food for their winter fat, and the smaller birds are flocking south. But you won't find me in Florida again. You'd have to kill and bury me there to get me back to that hell on earth -- no, I'll take the North. The farther north the better! Last month we reviewed turbine basics -- similar to the article we recently wrote for Steve Elswick's "ExtraOrdinary Technology" magazine (July/August/ September edition). This month we are revisiting inlet nozzle design.

Three Keys to Tesla Turbine Efficiency


According to Nikola Tesla, the three key efficiency points of his turbine are: the inlet nozzle disk geometry the outlet nozzle Disk geometry is a simple matter of using the right material with the right spacing and the right number & position of spacers, or sandwiched elements. Starting with materials, use a good high strength stainless steel like 361 or 461 with as bright a polish as possible. Space the disks anywhere from 0.032 inch to 0.125 inch, with the narrow spacing developing higher torque, lower horsepower -- and conversely. Spacers should consist of a star type for the center, with 0.5 inch round washers placed at the mid and outer periphery positions. On a 10-inch turbine you would use six washers at the midpoint, 12 at the outer periphery.
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The exit nozzle is located at the center of the engine and controls key elements such as backpressure, horsepower, and overall efficiency. Generally speaking, the larger the exhaust opening, the higher the horsepower and torque, but efficiency suffers.

The Inlet Nozzle


Now on to the main subject of the matter -- the inlet nozzle. This is by far the most important element in achieving and fine tuning the efficiency of the disk turbine. A properly designed nozzle has a complex shape that determines the efficiency of converting gas pressure to shaft horsepower. The inlet nozzle is responsible for two important functions: 1. It converts gas pressure to gas kinetic energy. 2. It directs the gas kinetic energy, in parallel streams, into the turbine disk pack (or rotor). With this in mind, let's take a look at a couple of nozzle designs. First of all, we'll start with the traditional convergent-divergent nozzle, as shown in Figure 1.

Traditional convergent-divergent nozzle

The shape of the nozzle is extremely important in efficiently converting gas pressure, or potential energy, into gas kinetic energy. Steam or gas enters the nozzle at A and increases in velocity to point d (vena contracta). Beyond point d the increase in volume causes a rapid expansion of the gas, which in turn increases the velocity enormously and
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simultaneously cools the gas. After passing through the divergent portion of the nozzle, it is important to straighten out the flow with a parallel section on the end. A properly designed nozzle will efficiently convert a pressurized non-moving air mass into a high velocity gas moving several times the speed of sound (up to 4,000+ ft./second). The trans-sonic region of the nozzle is at the smallest throat diameter d, after which the gas goes supersonic in the divergent region. To design an efficient convergent-divergent nozzle, we start from the nozzle exit point and work backward. The parallel tube diameter must match the width of the disk pack -- or slightly less to guarantee that gas does not blow around the end plates. (For wider disk packs the nozzle would be elongated rather than round.) Let's take for example a disk pack that is 0.5 inch between the end plates. The nozzle parallel region would then be 0.5 inch in diameter. Working back from there, the Divergent angle is about 10 degrees, and the Divergent length is as long as possible or practical. The diameter d is based on: the working pressure of A the flow rate for a given turbine horsepower maintaining the highest velocity Generally speaking, we want to keep diameter d as small as possible and still develop sufficient high velocity gas to fully utilize turbine horsepower potential. In our example above, we may want to use a diameter d of about 0.125 inch to 0.25 inch. The last calculation we have to make is the radius R -- which is simply R = 3/2 d. For advanced experimental work a tunable nozzle could easily be made using a moveable tapered rod from point A to partially close off throat d. Finally we'll take a look at a nozzle design that follows the same convergent-divergent principles as the traditional nozzle, but allows a much easier method of construction. In Figure 2 we see basically a straight tube into which we center a carefully shaped insert.

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Nozzle designed for simplified construction

The insert must follow the same calculations as the traditional nozzle, and it must also be fastened exactly in the center of the tube. Next month we'll work on boiler basics, and then pull it all together in December. Until then, keep those projects rolling. Ken Rieli

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Boiler Basics: Waste Oil Generator System


November 2003

November -- we're beginning to see a bit of serious snow on the ground this month. It looks like it will be a good year for snowmobiling and dog sled races. Last year rumors were circulating that the famous Iditarod dog sled race held annually in Alaska might be moved to our neck of the woods -- due to global warming along the Pacific Coast. For several years in a row the race had to be postponed until late in the season due to unusually warm conditions. The race, which is normally held in late January to early February, was postponed until March for the last 3-4 years. And while much of the Western U.S. is experiencing prolonged drought, and is draining the world's largest underground aquaifer dry, we continue to happily receive our annual fair share of snow & rain to keep the Great Lakes full. It doesn't matter what the idiots of the world say about global warming -- it is real, and it is here to stay until greedy mankind puts a damper on emissions. With that said, let's begin this month's project.

So far we have covered most of the basics for assembling turbines, so now we have to take a look at powering up the turbine with some sort of energetic gas. Since our focus this year is on waste oil to electricity, the obvious gas is going to be steam. When considering boiler types, we can choose between either a chest or tube boiler.

Chest Boilers
A typical chest or tank boiler consists of a tank of water heated to produce steam pressure in the operating range of the turbine. Since we ultimately need between 80-150 psi of steam, a tank boiler could prove to be extremely dangerous if it let go. So using a bit of wisdom, we'll forego the tank route and concentrate on the flash tube boiler system.

Flash Tube Boilers


Even though we engineer in safety valves and a reasonable amount of extra material, there is always the chance of something going wrong, and even a tube boiler will blow. Fortunately, the quantity of steam in a flash boiler is low and, aside from a split tube, the dangers are drastically minimized. With sufficiently heavy sheathing around the boiler tubes, there is little chance of a ruptured line doing any damage outside of the turbine enclosure.
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Referring to Figure 1 we see a typical flash boiler system which is pretty much self-explanatory.

Figure 1 - typical flash tube boiler system

Boiler Operation
A heat source of around 80,000 Btu's enters a 4-inch to 6-inch casing which encloses a continuous loop of 0.125 inch to 0.375 inch (stainless) steel tubing. Stainless is the preferred tubing type, but if cost is a problem, automotive steel brake line can be used -although there is a tendency to rust. Copper is not a good choice due to the high heat involved. The tubing can be shaped in a simple spiral, but the preferred method is to run the tubing length-wise with tight bends at the ends. Automotive tubing benders are low cost and work well in this application. A larger number of capillary tubes is more efficient than fewer large diameter tubes. Efficiencies as high as 90 percent are now achievable in modern tube boilers. Beyond the tube boiler section you will need a stack leading to the outside -- remember, carbon monoxide kills!

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O.K. Now for the action end of things. Since this is a closed loop system, we show a continuous chain of events from the outlet port of the water pump, back to its inlet. The water pump must be capable of overcoming the back pressure from the boiler, so a unit that can produce anywhere from 200-500 psi is sufficient. The volume is very small -- only 38 lbs./hp/hour of water. If water is around 12 pounds per gallon, this works out to be about 7 gallons per hour for a 2 horsepower engine. Just past the water pump we need a check valve to control high pressure flares in the boiler. As steam exits the boiler, we need to monitor its pressure in order to control heat and water flow. Along with the pressure sensor, we need to monitor the heat values of both the incoming and outgoing combustion gas. This allows us to control the steam generation efficiency of the system, and to signal water feed problems. Beyond the steam pressure valve we see the necessary over-pressure safety valve (OPV) that opens if pressures rise beyond the prescribed limits. In our system it should open between 150-180 psi. Just past the OPV we see our turbine, followed by a steam-to-water condenser. The condenser can be something as simple as a car radiator, or a simple tube-in-tube water flow condenser like those used on boat air conditioner systems. A more elaborate condenser, but definitely the smallest, most efficient design, is the jet condenser. If return steam pressure is sufficiently high, the steam is used in a jet nozzle to induce water from a reservoir to mix with the steam to transfer heat to the water. If steam pressure is low, water must be sprayed into the steam through pressurized jets. A small heat exchanger is then used to extract heat from the water. From the condenser, we simply feed back to the water pump inlet. So that completes this month's boiler basics section. Next month we'll cover the entire system, including the waste oil burner, to complete the goal we set for 2003. Until then, work on your own experiments and share the results with us and the rest of the world. Ken Rieli

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Completing the Waste Oil Generator, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer disk turbines

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Completing the Waste Oil Generator


December 2003

Well, we have a lot more snow than in November. We're starting to see the annual Mecca of snowmobilers from down under (the Mackinac bridge). The Christmas season is just around the corner, and we're not only dreaming of a white Christmas, we're seeing it! The more the wind howls & the snow falls, the better we like it. Last month we covered steam boiler basics; this month we are going to pull it all together and show a complete system -- from burner to electrical storage.

Since utilizing waste oil requires pre-heating the combustor, this system is really designed for full-time operation. The real economy of this design is to run a 1 kW alternator, 24 hours per day, and to store the electrical energy in a bank of batteries. To recover latent heat for co-generation (facility heating), the basic steam generator can be expanded into a fullblown cogenerator by simply wrapping copper tubing around the hot sections -- burner, steam generator housing, and exhaust -- and pumping heater system water through the copper tubing.

System Description
Since the closed loop steam plumbing was described last month, we will move on to the parts that complete the picture.

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Figure 1 - waste oil generator system

On the left hand side of Figure 1 you will see the addition of the waste oil burner just ahead of the steam generator section. Also, to the left of the turbine you see the addition of a high speed alternator and battery bank. The burner is basically a tube closed on one end, with a pyro-catalytic element (0.5 inch pipe) running down its center. Feeding the pyro-catalytic element is a mixture of air and fuel. When starting the burner from a cold state, propane or natural gas is mixed with about 10 psi of continuous compressed air in a T fitting just ahead of the burner. Once the burner is good & hot, thinned and filtered waste oil is injected into the fuel/air mix line, while simultaneously shutting off the gas. If the burner was sufficiently heated and a balanced fuel/air mix maintained, a clean, smokeless, odorless heat will power the unit indefinitely. Also shown in the figure is a representative wrap of copper tubing around the burner. In a working system you would want to wrap the entire length -- from burner to exhaust -- for best heat recovery. The last part of the system is shown in the lower left corner. A 10-inch Tesla turbine will rotate at about 18,000 rpm, so a high speed alternator is required for direct drive highest efficiencies. Slower speed alternators may be
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used with a belt drive to lower rpm's. A simple two-wire connection to the batteries is all that's needed to keep them charged.

That completes the design for our waste oil-to-electricity system. This is only meant as a practical jump-starter design for our club members. We expect PTBC members to participate by working on the details of the system and sharing their findings with everyone else. Keep in mind that it takes a lot of engineering time to perfect all of the details and fine points of the design. The purpose of the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club is to foster voluntary cooperative action in solving some of the world's basic needs for food, utilities, etc. Together we can lick the problems, and lick the worldwide corporate greed in the process! Our goals in life should be much higher than merely satisfying the infantile need for security through selfish activities. So what are we all waiting for? -- This next year we will have even better designs and projects posted on the club site as we move toward global free energy methods. Stay tuned -- we have just begun to solve the energy crunch! Ken Rieli

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2004 Free Energy Plan, Tesla turbine solar steam electrical generator, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines, solar energy

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2004 Free Energy Plan


January 2004

Introduction
I don't know how many of you saw Bush's state of the union address -- or how many regularly watch world news at all. About this time of year we have several feet of snow on the ground and we half-hibernate indoors until Spring breaks. For us it's a real plus since we have more time to track world events and plan real energy strategies for a developing world. That crazy speech Bush gave mentioned nothing about putting people back to work, or capping the runaway inflation. All those phony numbers the government hands out are meant for religious republicans & other morons -- to keep confidence in a failing illegitimate administration. The real numbers for unemployment are between 10% and 18% , while inflation runs about the same. I don't know about anybody else, but my food & fuel costs go up at least 10% per year! It's high time for the U.S. population to take back liberty and freedom from the despots and tyrants in big business & government who have eroded the constitution over the years. Some practical things we can all do is to decrease our dependency on imported oil. Last year (2003) we concentrated on using waste oil to power a Tesla turbine in steam mode. We covered the basic construction of our turbine and the basics of pyrocatalytic burners, finishing up the year with a computer model of an entire system. This year we are taking a bold move into the ultimate space age "free energy" system -- solar to electricity.

Even though usable solar energy may be available for only six months out of the year in northern climates such as outs, it is still an important piece of the puzzle in reducing fossil fuel dependency. A complete solution for global energy needs is to combine all pollution-reducing, non-nuclear energy resources along with energy conservation practices. Some areas of the world such as Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and Central/South America are still in a developing world state. The people are, for the most part, money- and industry-poor, but solar energy rich. When this fossil fuel debacle begins to "play out" (around 2010-2020) those solar rich regions of the world will
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become the new energy gold mines. If the people living in those regions play their cards right, they may become the new 21st century energy barons of the world. In any case, those of us who are now working at reducing our out-of-pocket expenses for utilities will continue to be ahead of the big biz energy game.

Solar System Overview


A solar steam electrical generator system is basically the same as our waste oil system in that steam supplies kinetic gas energy to a small-horsepower Tesla turbine, which turns a geared-down or high speed alternator. Electrical energy is stored in a battery bank for on-demand use. The low energy steam may be recycled through a closed loop system (preferably) or allowed to vent into the atmosphere.

Referring to Figure 1, we see a CAD model of our proposed system. A solar steam generator system can be broken down into three main subsections: a. dish collector/steam generator unit b. sun tracking unit c. turbo-electric generator/storage unit Since we have already covered section (c) in past articles, we will only concern ourselves this year with the dish
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and tracking system. In future articles we will cover topics such as: dish construction steam boilers tracking electrical & electronics embedded processor hardware & software.

Conclusion
Even as many people here in the U.S. are falling on hard times, we see a need worldwide for responsible management of dwindling resources, and new initiatives in alternative energy. If we wait for idiots in government and big biz to move on these issues, it will never happen. This year we have an opportunity to lead the world in a real "free energy" direction. Solar energy is the future of mankind but somebody, or a group of somebodies, will have to pave the way. Are you with us? Ken Rieli

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Solar Steam Turbine, Examining the Curnutt Solar Furnace


February 25, 2004

Introduction
Last month we set the agenda for this year's work -- solar steam to turbine-electric power. I'd like to remind everyone that the purpose of this club is to inspire innovation in key areas of growth in the 21st century. It is absolutely necessary for all of us to develop real alternatives to overpriced sources of energy so we can regain control over our lives. As long as unregulated utility companies are allowed to gouge the general public, we'll never be free. As founders and directors of the Global Motive Power Revolution, my small staff can set the tone & direction of the revolution from centralized utilities; it is up to all of our members to experiment and share what they discover.

Overview of the Curnutt Solar Furnace


This month we are going to take a look at the first of two solar reflector designs -- the Curnutt solar furnace. Basically this design uses an array of (100) 12" x 12" flat glass mirrors all tilted to focus solar energy to a point approximately 12 feet from east to west, and azimuth adjusted to account for seasonal changes in the sun's (north-south) path. Charles Curnutt first developed this system in the late 1970's in 29 Palms, California for the same reasons we initiated this club effort -- to break the stranglehold of the government-big biz energy cartell, through decentralizing energy production. Charles' solar furnace design was first published in Mother Earth News magazine in their July/August 1978 issue, with further developments printed in January/February 1979, and finally in their Autumn 1980 "Guide to Home Energy". After seeing Charles Curnutt's solar furnace in operation and producing electric power from a homemade piston steam engine-alternator arrangement, Mother Earth News staffers designed and built their own unit. Their results were quite impressive.
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From a 10 ft. x 10 ft. array of mirrors, they reached temperatures of 1600 degrees (F) at the focal point, and produced about 6,000 watts of power. In one test session they reached 300 psi of steam pressure! Normally, operating pressures are in the neighborhood of 80 to 100 psi, depending on the water inlet pressure. Pressures as low as 60-70 psi are usable with a disk turbine -- however, the higher the pressure and fluid flow, the greater the power.

Mount Construction

hole in ground

hole with girder

girder with cement

post

mount

cross arm

The first thing to keep in mind with a solar tracking system is that the reflector must rotate from east to west on a substantial mount with a clear, unobstructed view southward. The ground portion of the mount we have used in the past for our dish systems consists of either a heavy duty Ibeam or 6-inch steel tube cemented into the ground with a couple yards of concrete. It's important to make sure that the concrete mass is sufficient for counteracting wind loading. A typical wind load on an 8-10 foot reflector at 60 mph is around 3,000 pounds. The I-beam or steel tube may extend some 5-6 feet above ground, or may be capped with a 0.5-inch plate just above ground -- ready for bolt-on extension. Make sure the steel section is perfectly level, before the cement begins to set up. On top of the steel post is the mount which holds the reflector array and allows it to rotate east to west. The mount must be lined up with the North Star, so make sure it is built with rotational adjustment in mind.

Reflector Frame
Next is the reflector frame. This frame does two things:

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holds the mirrors and steam generator head rotates on the mount to track the sun

reflector frame

mirrors on frame

The reflector frame is essentially a 10 ft. x 10 ft. square steel frame with eight vertical or horizontal legs positioned just slightly over 12 inches apart. One hundred (100) mirror holders are welded to the ten vertical/ horizontal legs. The mirror holders must allow movement in two planes so they can be aligned to focus on the steam generator head.

with generator head

The steam generator head is a steel heat exchanger, about 18" x 18" -- similar to a car/truck heater core. Pipe supports for the steam head can either run up the center or from the corners, both to support the steam head and to feed water/steam to and from the head.

with actuator

Finally, a tracking actuator is attached to both the rigid post/mount and the swinging frame.
http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc36.htm (3 of 4)6/10/2006 9:06:49 PM

Solar Steam Turbine, Examining the Curnutt Solar Furnace, distributed energy, solar electrical generator project, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

That about wraps up the basics of this Curnutt solar furnace. As we mentioned earlier, we are simply setting the course and direction of the project -- inspiring ideas for club members to act on. As with all of our projects, there are countless details in fabricating these systems. So let's get to work and see what can be accomplished this year.

Next month we are going to study a parabolic reflector design fabricted in FRP (fiberglass reinforced plastic). We intend to cover: basics of mould or plug construction FRP lay-up practical mount design reflective surfaces Until then, let's hear from our other club members who undoubtedly have experience and practical knowledge in solar-to-steam technology. Ken Rieli

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Parabolic Reflector Basics, distributed energy, solar electrical generator project, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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Parabolic Reflector Basics


March 18, 2004

Even though it doesn't look like it in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, spring is right around the corner. We still have about three feet of densely packed snow up here -- which makes this an ideal place for winter sports, but not so good for agriculture. When the warm winds from the South begin blowing, most of this white stuff will be gone in about a week. That will be the time to open the shop doors and start "burning metal".

Last month we looked at a 10 ft. by 10 ft. flat panel reflector array. This month we'll cover the basics of parabolic reflectors, and how to set up plugs to construct a precise FRP (fiberglass reinforced plastic) 9 ft. reflecting dish. The design and construction methods we are describing were developed by my company back in the 1980's when C-band dishes were the satellite system rage. We developed our methods to maintain a 0.015625-inch point to point accuracy over the entire face of the dish. The methods proved to work, as our dishes outperformed much larger dishes. While the application is somewhat different, the principles are the same -- whether reflecting radio waves or solar radiation. While last month's reflector could focus down to 12 inches by 12 inches, the parabolic reflector can theoretically focus down to an infinitesimally small point with extremely high temperatures. -- In fact, a solar furnace of this type could literally melt steel at its focal point! So where do we begin? First of all, we have to figure out how large a dish we want to construct. A good beginning point is 8-10 feet in diameter. Since we have done this once before, we'll use our 9 foot dish as an example. Let's start by determining the overall dimensions, focal lengths, etc. A 9 foot (108-inch) dish has an F/D (focus to diameter) ratio of 1 when the focal length is 108 inches. Therefore:

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Parabolic Reflector Basics, distributed energy, solar electrical generator project, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Focal Point = FD x Diameter. Dish depth + Diameter^2/(16XFP) A cross-sectional plot of the parabolic curve may be calculated in X and Y coordinates using the following equation: For X = 1 to Diameter/2 Y = X^2/(4*FP) The easy way to calculate the numbers is with a computer program. For those of you with Power Basic or similar programming language, here is a short program that does the job:
10 REM "PAR-1" 20 REM THIS PROGRAM ASSISTS IN THE DESIGN OF PARABOLIC REFLECTORS" SCREEN 12 30 CLS 40 PRINT " PARABOLIC REFLECTOR DESIGN" 50 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT 60 PRINT "PLEASE ENTER THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION" PRINT:PRINT:INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? (Y/N) ";P$ 70 PRINT:PRINT 80 INPUT "F / D RATIO: ";FD IF P$="Y" THEN LPRINT "FD: ";FD 90 INPUT "DISH DIAMETER (INCHES): ";DIA IF P$="Y" THEN LPRINT "DISH DIAMETER: ";DIA;"INCHES" 100 FP=FD*DIA: PRINT"FOCAL POINT: ";FP ;"INCHES" IF P$="Y" THEN LPRINT "FOCAL POINT: "FP ;"INCHES" 110 DEPTH=DIA^2/(16*FP):PRINT "DISH DEPTH: ";DEPTH ;"INCHES" IF P$="Y" THEN LPRINT "DISH DEPTH: ";DEPTH ;"INCHES" 120 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT "THE FOLLOWING TABLE IS GIVEN IN INCHES AND MILLIMETERS" 130 PRINT:PRINT "Press ENTER to advance coordinate list":PRINT 140 PRINT"X COORDINATE,Y COORDINATE,X mm COORDINATE,Y mm COORDINATE" IF P$="Y" THEN LPRINT"X COORDINATE,Y COORDINATE,X mm COORDINATE,Y mm COORDINATE" END IF 150 PRINT:PRINT 160 FOR X=1 TO 1/2*DIA:XMM=X*25.4 170 Y=X^2/(4*FP):YMM=Y*25.4 180 PRINT X,Y,XMM,YMM IF P$="Y" THEN LPRINT X,Y,XMM,YMM WHILE INKEY$="":WEND 190 NEXT 200 END

Chart 1: Program to calculate parabolic curve

Once you have all of the numbers for the reflector, it's time to layout the "cookie cutter". To translate the X,Y coordinates to a sheet of plywood, use the largest X,Y coordinates as the grid area, then add another 4 inches for good measure. For our 108" dish, with an FD of 0.357 and a radius of 54 inches, the Focal Point will be 38.51 inches, and dish depth is 18.91 inches. To create a cross-profile we'll need a sheet of 1/4-inch plywood approximately 60 inches by 12 inches. Layout a 1" by 1" grid on the plywood, and locate points on the grid using the calculated X,Y table.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc37.htm (2 of 6)6/10/2006 9:07:03 PM

Parabolic Reflector Basics, distributed energy, solar electrical generator project, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

To make it even easier, use our table below:


FD: 1 DISH DIAMETER: 108 INCHES FOCAL POINT: 108 INCHES DISH DEPTH: 6.75 INCHES X COORDINATE Y COORDINATE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2.314815E-03 9.259259E-03 2.083333E-02 3.703704E-02 5.787037E-02 8.333333E-02 0.1134259 0.1481481 0.1875 0.2314815 0.2800926 0.3333333 0.3912037 0.4537037 0.5208333 0.5925926 0.6689815 0.75 0.8356481

X mm COORDINATE 25.4 50.8 76.2 101.6 127 152.4 177.8 203.2 228.6 254 279.4 304.8 330.2 355.6 381 406.4 431.8 457.2 482.6

Y mm COORDINATE 5.8796296E-02 0.2351852 0.5291667 0.9407407 1.4699074 2.1166667 2.8810185 3.7629630 4.7625 5.87963 7.114352 8.466667 9.936574 11.524074 13.229167 15.051852 16.992130 19.05 21.22546

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Parabolic Reflector Basics, distributed energy, solar electrical generator project, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

0.9259259 1.0208333 1.12037 1.224537 1.333333 1.446759 1.564815 1.6875 1.814815 1.946759 2.083333 2.224537 2.37037 2.520833 2.675926 2.835648 3 3.168981 3.342593 3.520833 3.703704 3.891204 4.083333

508 533.4 558.8 584.2 609.6 635 660.4 685.8 711.2 736.6 762 787.4 812.8 838.2 863.6 889 914.4 939.8 965.2 990.6 1016 1041.4 1066.8

23.51852 25.92917 28.45741 31.10324 33.86667 36.74769 39.7463 42.8625 46.096296 49.44769 52.916667 56.50324 60.20741 64.02917 67.96852 72.02546 76.2 80.49213 84.90185 89.42917 94.07407 98.83657 103.7167

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc37.htm (4 of 6)6/10/2006 9:07:03 PM

Parabolic Reflector Basics, distributed energy, solar electrical generator project, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

4.280093 4.481481 4.6875 4.898148 5.113426 5.333333 5.55787 5.787037 6.020833 6.259259 6.502315 6.75

1092.2 1117.6 1143 1168.4 1193.8 1219.2 1244.6 1270 1295.4 1320.8 1346.2 1371.6

108.7144 113.82963 119.0625 124.413 129.881 135.4667 141.1699 146.9907 152.9292 158.9852 165.1588 171.45

Chart 2: Program data, for parabolic dish diameter 108"

Using a flexible ruler or thing strip of plywood or plastic, connect the dots to form a smooth curve. Your grid and curve should look something like this:

Next, carefully cut along the curve with a sharp razor knife and sand the edge. You now have your plug shaping cutter -- all that's needed is to finish the outer edge to form a structural outer rim on the finished dish.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc37.htm (5 of 6)6/10/2006 9:07:03 PM

Parabolic Reflector Basics, distributed energy, solar electrical generator project, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Next month we'll cover the basics of building the plug from common building supplies such as cement and plaster. Until then, let's see how many of you can build your own cutter using our numbers or coming up with your own. Ken Rieli

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Solid Fueled Flash Boiler Experiments, Steve Redmond, Developer of the M...ding member contributions, Tesla turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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Solid Fueled Flash Boiler Experiments by Steve Redmond

March 2004

I recently read with interest your discussion of flash boiler drive. It was a subject I was interested in last year just before I stopped work on my experimental engine. Last year I actually built an experimental flash boiler for solid fuel. It worked, though not well enough, and I thought I'd share the information I have on it with you and others here. I've seen several old articles on flash steam generation in gasoline torch fired boilers. These basically assume the form of copper or steel tubing wrapped in lengthwise flattened coils with an additional wrap of coil radially -corkscrew style. The coils were housed in perforated sheet metal tubes and employ superheat. They were used to power early model aircraft and boats. They were fed by a force pump run off of the steam engine. The engines were radial piston types with rotary valves. As you know I cast my own metal parts, both for the disk turbine, and the lathe and milling attachments I used to build the engine. The foundry unit I use for melting metal is a Dave Gingery style charcoal fired bucket type with a homemade fireclay and sand-mix lining. This easily melts aluminum, and reportedly can melt brass if you are patient enough and provide enough fuel. That means it can produce temps near 3000 F, and 1000 degrees F is a piece of cake... It occurred to me that the foundry might, with some re-design, make a good heat source for a flash boiler. I'm very interested in producing a solid fueled engine, rather than a fluid fueled one -- that's why the foundry furnace was of interest, as opposed to the gas torch designs of the early models. Solid fuels other than coal are renewable and common and work with the total carbon atmospheric balance we already have, rather than introducing bound carbon into it. So I basically built a new foundry, only this time, the chamber was sized to fit a coil of 1/4" copper tubing around a 2" central pipe which extended above the top of the foundry as an exhaust stack. I decided to fill the central pipe with charcoal briquettes. A tuyere of about an inch diameter ID pipe entered the bottom of the combustion chamber/pipe stack for forced air-in via a small high speed fan. The coils were protected from the direct flame of the combustion chamber but surrounded by 4" of fireclay/sand/ vermiculite insulating lining mix.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc38.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:07:34 PM

Solid Fueled Flash Boiler Experiments, Steve Redmond, Developer of the M...ding member contributions, Tesla turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

As an experiment without a force pump, I hooked the coil up to a needle valve in line with house water pressure (about 40 lbs.). I thought I might be able to possibly get 40 lbs. of steam pressure before the feed water was blocked and since my turbine had spun on 30 lbs. of compressed air, I might see some rotation. This was an admittedly crude setup, but I wanted to see whether it would work at a minimum level -- to decide whether it was worthwhile to pursue further. I fired the rig up, and after a few minutes did see steam issuing from the turbine exhaust. The rotor turned rather sheepishly and a trickle of water also exhausted the port. I couldn't adjust the feed water to get consistent steam. It was either running dry or dousing the rotor. That was about it. It was disappointing, but not discouraging, and as in any failure, provides insights into the practical needs of a successful boiler. These are no doubt conclusions others might have pointed out in advance, but you never know until you do it yourself. They are: 1.) accurate feed pressure and volume adjustment is essential to the running of a flash boiler. Much more critical than a conventional boiler feed. Feed metering is THE problem for flash boilers: feed must follow steam requirements of the turbine.. 2.) wet steam of marginal heat content will condense inside the turbine preventing spin-up 3.) steam should exhaust without condensing. 4.) a massive conductive turbine housing like mine (thick cast aluminum) will act as a condenser. Conventional steam engines used wood lagging (insulation) around steam cylinders to retard condensation 5.) I needed a larger combustion chamber. The small amount of fuel was burnt too quickly and a column of ash retarded heat development 6.) I needed better heat transfer to the coils. The protective pipe housing was too protective -- too thick. Oxide discoloration indicated that the heat was highly localized, rather than supplying the full length of the tube and coils. 7.) I needed higher pressure in feed and steam output. Enough surplus to prevent condensation in the engine. This would lead to some inefficiency, which would depend on the ratio of the minimum required exhaust pressure/temp to the total drop from input. As I said I'm not discouraged by the results, and I certainly believe that such a blast furnace/solid fueled flash boiler configuration could work on a demonstration engine -- if the feed design and combustion chamber proportions were properly worked out. On the positive side, the furnace's forced air input may yield better combustion efficiencies than older style atmospheric flash boilers, and may reduce emissions because of the extremely high heat, and controlled excess air. I also believe that there are inherent advantages in this configuration because of the massive insulation and small boiler coil volume -- in this case I hoped that if it occurred, a 1/4" diameter tube blow-out would be minor, contained in the furnace, and directed, if anywhere, up the stack. The biggest problem of steam adoption is the inherent danger of contained pressure in a large vessel. If we can
http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc38.htm (2 of 3)6/10/2006 9:07:34 PM

Solid Fueled Flash Boiler Experiments, Steve Redmond, Developer of the M...ding member contributions, Tesla turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

get past this, then small solid fueled generators may be viable. The final advantage is that this is a very simple design to build and experiment with by comparison with other boilers, and the fuel is considerably safer than gasoline or propane (the usual model engine choices) and easily extinguished with water. Best Regards, Steve Redmond steveredmond@sredmond.com Website: www.sredmond.com

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Solar Reflector Dish Mold: Shaping the Plug, using a low-cost plywood template to shape sand & concrete by Ken Rieli

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Solar Reflector Dish Mold: Shaping the Plug


April 2004 Continuing with dish plug construction from last month, it's time to assemble our giant "cookie cutter" and begin shaping the plug, or dish mold. The basic concept is to swing our plywood template in a 360 degree arc, shaping the sand, and finally the concrete lay-ups. To do this, we have to attach a vertical shaft to the plywood template, chuck the shaft into a bearing arbor, and firmly attach the arbor to a solid suspended cross beam (Figure 39a).

Figure 39a

Figure 39d

Figure 39b Figure 39c

Figure 39e

Next, mound up enough sand under the beam and swing the template in a complete circle to shape the sand into the base layer. Move the arbor vertically about 1.5 inch to 2 inches, wet the sand, and continue building up the plug with mortar mix (concrete and sand). Finish the plug by rotating the template and screeding a final layer of four parts concrete to two parts fine sand. Remove the arbor and template assembly, then allow the plug to set up (about ten days). The plug will have a bit of roughness to it and some ridges left behind from the screeding process. In order to get a perfectly smooth surface, we need to use plaster or joint compound to fill in all of the imperfections. Plaster is easy to sand and produces an excellent surface if enough effort is put into the finishing process.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc39.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:07:59 PM

Solar Reflector Dish Mold: Shaping the Plug, using a low-cost plywood template to shape sand & concrete by Ken Rieli

Once the plaster is finish sanded, blow off the dust and paint it with a dark latex color. Black is the best color for revealing imperfections in the finish, which can be corrected once the paint sets.

Figure 39h Next month we will continue with the FRP lay-up process... Ken Rieli

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Constructing the Fiberglass Solar Reflector Dish, fabrics, resins, parting wax, FRP layup tips by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Constructing the Fiberglass Solar Reflector Dish Mold


May 2004 Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic or FRP is used in many industrial processes and products due to its ease of use, and superior strength -- when used properly.

Although FRP is a general term for the process, the components used vary greatly. There are many different fabrics used -- from fiberglass to Kevlar -- and a number of liquid resins, including polyester, vinyl ester, urethane and epoxy. Polyester is a low-cost resin typically used in "bondo" to repair vehicles. Most larger products such as car bodies and satellite dishes are made using this plastic. While the cost is low, there are undesirable characteristics, such as shrinkage, that limit its use to medium precision work at best. Epoxy resin, on the other hand, is much stronger and exhibits much lower shrink rates, but costs quite a bit more. Since our dish will require between five and ten gallons of resin, it is best to buy it in bulk (5-10 gallon quantities), along with sufficient hardener. In laying up our dish, we used a high strength K-glass, 10 ounce (lightweight) fabric and epoxy resin. The fiberglass cloth was cut into overlapping pie-shaped pieces, with enough material left on the outer edge to form the 3-inch perimeter stiffener ring. The pie-shaped fabric pieces must overlap each other on the radial edges by at least 1 inch -- preferably 2-3 inches. Begin by waxing down the entire plug with several coats of parting wax, or simply a good quality floor wax. Another option is to use a parting compound -- typically sold at fiberglass supply houses. After the wax is completely dry and buffed, "paint" the entire surface of the plug with a slow-cure gel coat or bonding resin. Next, lay down one layer of the pie-shaped fiberglass wedges all the way around the plug -- taking care to overlap the edges. This should be done while the gel coat is still wet on the plug.
http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc40.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:08:34 PM

Constructing the Fiberglass Solar Reflector Dish, fabrics, resins, parting wax, FRP layup tips by Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Continue by mixing, pouring, and screeding bonding or lay-up resin into the first fiberglass layer until it is completely saturated. Follow with the next layer of fiberglass wedges (overlap edges), and saturate with more resin. The final lay-up should be about 3/16 inch thick, or 7-10 layers of 10 ounce fiberglass cloth. Depending on the ambient temperature, the lay-up should require a couple of days to fully cure (at 72 degrees f). We let ours cure for about a week, after which we popped the dish from the mold using wooden wedge shims driven around the perimeter. It took about 8 or 10 wedges, equally spaced around the perimeter and successively driven, to pop the dish. Next month we'll look at how to hang the dish on a steel mount. Ken Rieli

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Hanging the Dish on Steel Mount, techniques, sandwich construction, steel rib supports, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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Solar Turbo-generator Project: Hanging the Dish on the Steel Mount


June 2004 Once the dish is separated from the mold, it is relatively easy for two people to carry; my estimation is about 150 pounds weight. You will notice that the dish is also quite flexible, and will require additional support to maintain an ideal shape. A couple of approaches to stiffening the dish include: sandwich construction steel rib support Sandwich construction is a process of placing high density foam between the FRP (fiberglass reinforced plastic) layers during lay-up. High density foam, such as Divinycell or Klegcell, is used in the marine and aircraft industries to create stiffer and lighter structures. One simple method of creating a stiffer dish is to bond a number of 2-inch by 3-inch foam ribs to the back surface, using several strip layers of glass over the ribs. This should be done prior to separating the dish from its mold. The method we chose was to fabricate four steel, curved ribs and welding them to a central plate in order to form a cradle for the dish. This cradle was then attached to a 2-axis mount on top of a 4-inch by 4-inch heavy steel post.

Figure 41b

Figure 41c

Figure 41d

The post is in turn attached to anchor rails, and into a 4 ft. by 4 ft. concrete pad -- extending over 4 feet into the ground to resist windage.

Ken Rieli

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc41.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:08:50 PM

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Solar Turbo-generator: Anatomy of a Two-axis Mount, solar generator project, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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Solar Turbo-generator: Anatomy of a Two-axis Mount


July 2004 A few of you may wonder what a 2-axis mount is, and why we even need it. The two-axis mount is one of the key components to making our solar generator work at optimal efficiency, so it is important to spend a little bit of time understanding how it works. The two axes we are interested in are azimuth and elevation -- or az/el. Since the earth rotates on a pitched or inclined axis (not perpendicular to its orbit), the sun traverses the sky at varying elevations in respect to the horizon from day to day. At the winter solstice, the sun it at its lowest elevation; it's at its highest at the summer solstice. Between these two limits, the sun's path changes in elevation slightly from day to day. In order to keep the sun's heat energy tightly focused on our heat exchanger target point, it is necessary to swing the dish east to west, as well as north to south -- thus two axes. Photo 42a shows our 9 foot diameter dish as viewed from the side. Notice the two actuators -- one mounted in the vertical position, the other in the horizontal position.

Figure 42a Photos 42b and 42c show successive zoom-ins of the mount and actuator.

Figure 42b

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Solar Turbo-generator: Anatomy of a Two-axis Mount, solar generator project, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

In the closest view you can see the vertical wheel bearing assembly for swinging the dish east to west, tracking the sun's daily path. To the far right you can see the horizontal through-bolt which allows the daily small elevation corrections to be made.

Figure 42c

The actuators we are using are rated at 2,000 pounds of force, and were standard equipment for heavier satellite dishes in the 1970s and 80s. You can still find these actuators and their electronic controllers in junk yards, garage sales, etc. for next-to-nothing, so do some hunting around before buying new units. Another option is to use hydraulic systems -- but they are a bit more complex and harder to control. Ken Rieli

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Developer of the Month: Curnutt Style Furnace Project by Sean Capogreco, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club member article

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Curnutt Style Furnace Project by Sean Capogreco

July 2004

(July 9) I have a Curnutt Style Solar furnace coming online within the next few weeks. Like many inventors I am proud of what I have done and have hurdled many stall points.

The reflector frame is 7 x 9 feet and will accommodate 160 six-inch square flat mirrors. I have 120 that are mount ready and will order the other 40 to be cut once the existing set is installed. An 8 ft. cross arm that is a 4" I beam with pivot mounts is finished, along with the polar alignment post ready to be set in concrete. All these parts are made from steel. Now I am coming to the step where I mount the heat exchanger. However, I have yet to fabricate it. I looked at heater cores today -- Advanced auto Parts and Auto Zone -- and they are comprised of aluminum and copper, not suitable for the temperatures and pressures I am shooting for (1000 f. and 100 PSI).

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc43.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:10:25 PM

Developer of the Month: Curnutt Style Furnace Project by Sean Capogreco, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club member article

Is there an off the shelf solution for a STEEL heat exchanger? I have an idea about how to build it but as always would love to know of a shortcut. To start with I have a 3.5 inch Tesla turbine standing by with a 7 disk pack. I hope I burn it up as the casing is 1 inch thick home cast aluminum. (thanx Steve Redmond!) I've taken up aluminum foundry too. Runners are built of stainless. I don't care If I smoke my prototype turbine, as that would mean that I could plug in a bigger one. Next one will be better anyway. I've seen it run on 100 PSI compressed air at length and am satisfied that it will be fine for a while. so.... enough bragging about progress... where can I find an off the shelf heat exchanger that will sustain pressures of 100 PSI and temperatures of 1000 degrees? Sean - There are companies that sell stainless steel tubing and will fabricate it into the shape you require, but you can probably do that yourself with an automotive brake line bender. Since your target area is on 6 inches square, I would opt for a narrow slot flat plate design 8 inches by 8 inches square and about a 0.25 inch to 0.5 inch gap. - Ken Rieli

(July 23) Thank you. Heat exchanger is already being fabricated. Should be done by Wednesday next week at the latest. I have a 12 inch by 12 inch 12 gauge steel plate to mount on top of my stainless plumbing that will serve as a target to sight in the mirrors (hopefully this weekend.) Right now I'm finishing the upright structure that leads to the heat exchanger (cross members) for the vertical plumbing. ALL Stainless Steel. I have to admit I was floored at the end of February 04 when I saw your composite with the dish and the turbine concept because I already had it on paper and had been working with it for some time. Common sense rules!!! Here is where I'm at right now.

Figure 43b

Figure 43c Figure 43e Figure 43d

Wow this sucker was a LOT OF WORK... Whufff.. Sunburnt, bruised and cut up hands, blisters etc. But I'm on
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Developer of the Month: Curnutt Style Furnace Project by Sean Capogreco, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club member article

the home stretch now. We hit my Tesla Turbine with 100 PSI compressed air yesterday and she screamed like a router. Plenty of torque to drive 2, maybe even 3 alternators. First version prototype. Likely out of balance. I was already deep into this concept when I discovered your website this past winter. I am including last year's project in Storyboard format. Last year's aluminum frame was too flimsy.

Figure 43f

Figure 43g

Figure 43h

PS: mirrors are computer generated. To correct myself the heliostat dimensions are 7 x 10... Sorry. heavy sucker too. Ohh yeah, I may require guidance as to what to do with all this power. My electrical background is very limited. But I've spent a lifetime building and flying model Airplanes and jumping out of them. Sean Capogreco Raeford NC Sean - Great job! Thanks for sharing your project!
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Waste Heat to Electricity Tesla Turbine Project, Ken Rieli's custom built turbine, SVSU experiments using CFC refrigerant, Phoenix Navigation Guidance

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Waste Heat to Electricity Tesla Turbine Project


August 2004 This month we are going to take a look at a turbine we developed for a waste heat to electricity project at SVSU (Saginaw Valley State University). According to a professor at SVSU, both EPA and certain local environmental groups are interested in reducing the ecological impact of industrial hot water discharge. Their studies have proven that elevated water temperatures at industrial discharge points have changed the ecology of Saginaw Bay to an extent that both plant & fish populations are completely out of balance. Absolute proofs of this environmental/climate shift have led EPA to the conclusion that daily fines for these hot water polluters are now necessary. In order to come into compliance with new regulations, industry must lower the temperature of its discharge to a reasonable level. Since cooling requires energy, this runs contrary to energy and industrial efficiency -translating into high-cost products. What if you were to utilize this waste heat to produce electricity? All would be rosy again. Heat would be extracted from the water, and positive electrical energy would more than compensate for the added process. To make a long story short, we were approached by the SVSU project leader and asked to develop a custom turbine to operate on CFC refrigerant. The reason for operating on CFC refrigerant is that a relatively high pressure gas can be produced from a relatively low temperature. In fact, we are working with a technical group in the state of Washington that is producing about 100 psi from about 190-210 degrees f. hot water. Our part in the project was to simply develop the turbine component suitable for closed-loop gas operations. While the jury is still out on the results of their work, we should start getting some engineering numbers in on the project toward the end of this year (2004), or early next year.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc44.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:10:48 PM

Waste Heat to Electricity Tesla Turbine Project, Ken Rieli's custom built turbine, SVSU experiments using CFC refrigerant, Phoenix Navigation Guidance

When we designed this turbine, we utilized a few innovations, including: an all aluminum bearing case & integral stand seal cartridges tapered main shaft ends pressurized oil jets a spring-loaded shaft assembly

Image Gallery
Click thumbnail images to view full size:

Next month we'll begin work on a newly engineered experimenter's turbine which should prove to be a hot item with club members... Ken Rieli

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New 6 inch Turbine for Low Horsepower Applications

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New 6-inch Turbine for Low Horsepower Applications!


September 2004 As we mentioned last month, we are going to take a look at a new turbine design specific to low-horsepower systems. Solar collectors are thermal transfer systems. The available horsepower of solar systems is expressed in terms of Btu's one horsepower being equivalent to 2,542 Btu's - or roughly 2,500 Btu's per horsepower/hour. The work derived from a solar collector is dependent on several factors: First of all we must have sufficient sunlight and collector area. The collector must also have a relatively close parabolic profile in order to efficiently focus sunlight onto a small focal point. Overall system efficiency is directly tied to producing higher temperatures. The work extracted from a working fluid is proportionate to the temperature difference between the inlet temperature and the exhaust temperature. So higher temperature fluids steam, vaporized hydrocarbons, etc. - will yield more work through the turbine than lower temperature fluids. The collector must also aim at, and track, the sun in real time for best efficiency.

Designing for the Load


When we consider the overall system design, it is important to size the components to the load. Most homes draw about 18 kilowatt hours per day for normal use, so we will need a solar system that provides 18-20 kilowatts during a normal sunrise-sunset period of roughly 12 hours. -- Since the sun produces usable heat for only 8-10 hours, we will design for a 10-hour energy day. That means we will have to produce roughly 2 kilowatts for 10 hours per day, and store that energy for later use. Several storage options are: batteries hydrogen elevated water

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc45.htm (1 of 4)6/10/2006 9:11:16 PM

New 6 inch Turbine for Low Horsepower Applications

compressed air thermal sink, etc.

Energy Transfer Efficiencies


Another major design factor to consider is energy transfer efficiencies. Energy losses will occur in three major areas: 1. thermal to mechanical 2. mechanical to storage 3. storage to use Thermal to mechanical is the biggest loss and requires the most attention. Traditionally, single stage steam systems have been very low in efficiency - averaging about 8 percent for piston engines and 12 percent for turbines. High tech boilers developed in the auto industry have pushed that figure up to about 22% for pistons. Since most experimenters will take a more conservative approach to boiler building, we'll use the 12% figure. That means we will have to produce about 8-10 times the number of Btu's the engine will actually see at the inlet. Then, as the efficiency of a Tesla turbine is 30%-38% across the plates, that translates into a 30X factor at the focal point of the dish. -- Add in losses from the boiler to the turbine, and we are looking at a grand total of about 30X to 35X. In other words, we will have to concentrate 35 times the Btu's at the focal point! Next we throw in our 20% to 40% energy conversion and storage losses, and we are looking at a Btu demand of between 50-100 times the required daily kilowatt demand.

Project Heat Requirements


Let's say we need 18-20 kilowatts per day. With electrical conversion and storage losses factored in, we will want to produce 3 kW for ten hours. Converting back to horsepower (745 watts/hp), we will need about 4 horsepower from the turbine. Working back to the inlet nozzle (at 30% efficiency across the rotor), the turbine will require 12 horsepower of steam. Working back to the steam generator head, we will need to see about 120 horsepower of heat at the focal point (per hour). Translated into Btu terms, that's about 300,000 Btu's per hour. A properly designed 9-foot diameter dish will deliver 2,000 degrees at its focal point in direct sunlight -- which should be sufficient for our project. Now on to the turbine.

Water Conservation
Since a typical Tesla turbine requires around 40 pounds of steam per horsepower-hour, our system will consume about 1,200 pounds of water per day. On our residential well system that would be equivalent to ten tanks of water per day. Rather than waste 1,200 pounds of water every day, it would be more prudent to design
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New 6 inch Turbine for Low Horsepower Applications

our turbine as a closed-loop system. Besides saving water resources, it would also give us the option of working with other types of working fluids.

Turbine Size la Nikola Tesla


Another factor to consider is the size of the turbine. In the past we have demonstrated turbines using 10-inch rotors. In small horsepower systems, it will be more efficient to work with smaller, lighter weight rotors. Since Nikola Tesla's first model was 6 inches in diameter, this is a good place to start. Tesla's 10-inch turbine delivered 110 horsepower using 25 disks, or roughly 4.4 hp per slot. The difference in surface area between a 10-inch disk and a 6-inch disk is about 2.77:1 -- a 6-inch slot yielding 1.5 horsepower. A (3 slot) 6-inch rotor with four disks will theoretically deliver the required 4 horsepower.

The Containment Vessel


Since we are designing a closed-loop system, the turbo-generator unit must be enclosed in a hermetically sealed containment vessel to allow recycling of the working fluid. After building a couple of turbines using bearing blocks and industry standard rubber shaft seals, we found that the inherent friction caused by the seals robs a tremendous amount of start-up torque from the turbine -- in some cases disallowing spool up. To get around this problem, the entire turbine-generator unit must be placed in a containment vessel.

Bearing Options
Also, when using a water-steam working fluid, stainless bearings and turbine components must be used. One way around the use of exotic bearings and components is to use another type of working fluid such as CFC. Another way is to use a vacuum pump on the exhaust outlet to recover most of the spent steam through condensation. Figure 45a shows a computer model of our new 6-inch turbine design.

Next month we will show yet another method of constructing turbines using laminated techniques. In the meantime, let us know how your work is progressing. Ken Rieli

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Opposed Bearings & Stacked Plate Turbine Design, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club article, closed loop turbines, Ken Rieli

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Opposed Bearings & Stacked Plate Turbine Design


October 2004 Last month we took a quick look at a new 6-inch turbine design. This month we are going to study a couple of alternative construction techniques. In Figure 46a we see a six-inch turbine with a typical ring case and end plates. What's radically different from last month's design is the use of opposed bearings rather than an overhung rotor. Overhung rotor designs group the two bearings into a common bearing housing, whereas opposed bearing designs place the bearings at opposite sides of the rotor case. There are pros and cons for both designs. With a common bearing case design, we end up with only two oil seals instead of three - and it is much easier to align the bearings. It is also much easier to isolate the heat of the hot rotor from the bearings with the overhung design. Advantages of the opposed bearing design include fewer parts and a slightly lower cost of construction. In building the opposed bearing design, one of the endplates must be solidly welded to the base plate, or both endplates may be bolted to the base plate with angle brackets. In Figure 46b we see a modification of the opposed bearing design. Instead of using a case ring around the rotor, we use a plate lamination technique. Any number of plates may be stacked to form a rotor case. In our example we use a stack of four plates, with bearing bodies welded to the two outer plates. This design is both low-cost and easy to build. The case may be fabricated using 1/4-inch to 1/2-inch 6061 aluminum sheet stock. The inlet port may be drilled or slotted with an end mill. An advantage of the opposed bearing design is the smaller diameter shaft. Overhung designs must use a thicker shaft due to strong unsupported gyroscopic forces beyond the bearings. The opposed bearing design supports the rotor-induced forces between the bearings, allowing for smaller diameter shafts.
http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc46.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:11:55 PM

Opposed Bearings & Stacked Plate Turbine Design, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club article, closed loop turbines, Ken Rieli

Figure 46c gives us an exploded view of the stacked plate design. For more information on stacked plate designs, visit Robert O'Brien's website at www.obilaser.com Robert is supplying a small turbine for organic rankine cycle work at SVSU (Saginaw Valley State University) as a follow-up to a custombuilt 10-inch turbine we supplied them last May. During the course of engineering a turbine for closed-loop operations we used three (3) industry standard nitrile shaft seals to contain bearing lubricant and CFC refrigerant. We discovered that the amount of drag associated with the lipseal acted as a brake and prevented low power spool-up of the rotor. Since the 10-inch turbine is rated for about 20 horsepower, it will take at least several horsepower of gas to initiate spool-up. Presently we are working around this problem with new seal concepts that will effectively contain pressurized bearing lube. Once this problem is solved we will resume offering turbine products to our Club members. Next month we will cover yet another solar collector design for study. Until then, keep those turbine experiments rolling. Ken Rieli

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Parabolic Trough to Produce Steam, Thermocouple Electricity, Phoenix Turbine...rticle, Ken Rieli, Tesla turbines, solar energy, turbogenerator, electricity

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Parabolic Trough to Produce Steam, Thermocouple Electricity


November 2004 This month we are going to take a look at another type of solar reflector that is relatively easy to build. It is what some people refer to as the trough or parabolic trough reflector. (See Figure 47a) Trough reflectors may track the sun using either a single-axis or a dual-axis mount. Generally speaking, a dual axis mount will allow a trough reflector to deliver 10 percent more energy by eliminating end spill-off. Advantages of the trough reflector include: easy construction simple absorber tube setup efficient energy transfer Fluid temperatures in the absorber tube typically run in the 300-600 degree Celsius range in a 16-foot reflector in a hot sun. While water may be flashed into steam directly in the absorber tube, typically oil is used as the heat transfer fluid to a heat exchanger.

Trough Reflector Construction


To construct the trough reflector we will use the parabolic curve software covered in the March 2004 PTBC article, "Parabolic Reflector Basics". Once the parabolic coordinates are obtained, simply lay them out on a sheet of 4foot x 8-foot plywood. (Figure 47b) After cutting out the first form (Figure 47c), use it as a template to duplicate enough forms to span the length of the trough at about two-foot intervals (Figure 47d). An 8-foot long trough would require five (5) forms -- one every two feet.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc47.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:12:06 PM

Parabolic Trough to Produce Steam, Thermocouple Electricity, Phoenix Turbine...rticle, Ken Rieli, Tesla turbines, solar energy, turbogenerator, electricity

Fig 47c

Fig 47d

Fig 47e

Secure the forms to a square, stiff metal or wood frame and attach strip planking to the forms to follow the curve (Figure 47e). Sand the strip planking smooth, fill with Bondo and finish coat with a resin and fabric. Aluminum sheet or foil is bonded to the curved surface as the reflective coat. (Figure 47f)

Fig 47f

Fig 47g

The two-axis mount may be fabricated from 2-inch to 3-inch round or square steel tubing, and is driven by electric or hydraulic linear actuators. (Figure 47g) Solar tracking electronics will be covered in future editions of the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, so stay tuned for many more exciting technical tips coming in the months ahead.

Thermocouple Effect
One last thought: the trough collector is a good candidate for direct heat to electricity production using the dissimilar metal thermocouple effect. Several 1/2-inch copper tubes filled with a molten metal such as lead will produce an electrical flow when heated sufficiently at the focal point of the trough. Until next time -- keep those new energy experiments rolling. Ken Rieli

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Curnutt Furnace Update: Free Steam, Winter Heat, Developer of Month! Sean...ogreco, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines, sustainable energy

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Curnutt Furnace Update: Free Steam, Winter Heat by Sean Capogreco

October 2004

End of Summer
10/27/04 -- This summer's season of building was exhaustive, expensive, time consuming, yet lots of fun and tremendously educational. The dish that I referenced in July is mostly completed, now I am adding fine tuning adjustments and modifying the plumbing. It is not difficult at all to make steam for free. With winter inbound I'm curious the savings I can generate through winter heating utilities. As far as my current dish stands I've been able to make temperatures into the 930f range and steam pressures up to 40 lbs. Short term goals are a nose wheel and auto tracking control.

Record Temperature
12/05/04 -- Same batch of mirrors now reaches 1060F on a clear day. Soon to add another 11 Sq feet bringing the total collected area from 37 Sq feet to 48. As winter set in Skies are clearer and guess what? The sun being closer in wintertime must be lending itself to generate higher temperatures when we need them. Ambient temperature makes NO DIFFERENCE.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc48.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:12:24 PM

Curnutt Furnace Update: Free Steam, Winter Heat, Developer of Month! Sean...ogreco, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla turbines, sustainable energy

Figure 48d

Figure 48f Figure 48e

Figure 48g

Roasting marshmallows This is fun. Sean Capogreco

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2004 Review: Solar Turbo-generator Basics through New Turbine Designs, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club article, Ken Rieli, solar turbines, solar reflector

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2004 Review: Solar Turbo-generator Basics through New Turbine Designs


December 2004

Here we are at the end of another busy year. We've covered a lot of ground -- from turbine design to solar reflector design and construction tips & techniques. That pretty much wraps up the basics and lays the groundwork for the next phase: systems development. During this last year (2004) we touched very lightly on the details of solar turbo-generator systems. As we move into the development phase, we will concentrate much more on the details. There is still a lot of ground to cover before working systems are up and running. We haven't even begun to cover topics such as embedded electronics control of tracking, fluid management, etc. But we plan to cover that and more in the new year. This last year we have kept a close eye on global events such as global warming, oil reserves, upwardly spirally energy demand, and political events. Our work is right on schedule, and will be completed just before the real crisis begins to hit in 2008. It's important for all of us to work a bit harder this year to pull all of these technical ideas together into working systems. We would like to hear more from our club members around the world concerning their experiments and efforts in this new energy initiative. It seems like every time you turn around you are being hit with rising costs and more bills. Well, there is something we can all do about that. As we apply the basic knowledge covered here at the PTBC over the last few years to real initiatives in 2005 -- whether in waste oil burners or solar reflectors -- our efforts will slowly move the world in the right direction.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc49.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:12:40 PM

2004 Review: Solar Turbo-generator Basics through New Turbine Designs, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club article, Ken Rieli, solar turbines, solar reflector

Personally, I believe that our future and the future of the world lies in harnessing the sun to do a major portion of our work, and to provide the energy needed to change the way the globe is managed (mismanaged). The sun provides us with more than enough energy for world needs; it is up to us to learn how to harness it and use it for the good of mankind. Only through harnessing solar energy and the sun's more subtle indirect forms of energy, such as wind and geothermal, can we move into sustainable fuels such as biofuel and hydrogen. It will take wide scale harnessing of these free energies to finally break the shackles imposed by the energy cartel boys. But it's going to take all of us pitching in this year to make it happen. After covering a number of ways to construct turbines and solar reflectors, we should all have a pretty good ideal as to which direction to go in. The hardest part is to begin -- once your project is initiated, it seems to take shape on its own as you plug away. So with that in mind, let's make this a real breakthrough year in developing complete working solar turbo generator systems. We have most of the pieces to the puzzle, now let's put it all together. Until next month and the beginning of an exciting new year -- keep those turbines spinning! Ken Rieli

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Looking Ahead at Complete Solar Systems Development, New Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Kit, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Ken Rieli

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Looking Ahead at Complete Solar Systems Development & the New Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Kit
January 2005 Welcome to an exciting new year of motive power revolution! Since we first began the PTBC in January 2001, we've covered a lot of territory -- from building turbines out of old engine bearing cases to powering them with a number of fuel/energy options. In 2004 we began downscaling the size of the turbine to accommodate low-horsepower applications. We also began to look at the realities of solar powered turbo generators. We all know that global oil reserves are beginning to dry up, the cost of fuel is going up, and that pollution is out of control. Most people agree that hydrogen is the energy of the future, but how do you get to a sustainable hydrogen future when most product hydrogen comes from cracking oil? All leading scientists agree that the hydrogen future depends on free energy systems -- wind, geothermal, hydro and solar being the best pollution-free sources of power. Since solar energy has the highest energy density of these, we are going to continue to focus on this 21st century energy source. We've already covered the basics of building various types of reflectors and small-scale turbines. This year we are going to concentrate on the details of pulling it all together and making it work in real situations. By now all of you who are moving with us in the solar direction have already decided on the type of reflector you are going to build, as well as the size and construction methods of the turbine. Some of the subjects we plan on covering in 2005 will include: solar steam production electronic techniques of solar tracking engine control systems closed-loop steam systems design turbo generators We also plan on shipping turbine kit components and CAD drawings soon. All in all, this is going to be a great year for turbine engine progress, and I hope you will be there with us. I would also like to encourage more participation from our global club members. We need your input, even if it is only concepts or engineering knowledge. You don't have to wait for years of experimental data on your pet project -- share what you already know and you'll get more. Coming up in February we are going to discuss electronic development systems -- exactly how to put them together at the lowest possible costs, and how to come up to speed using them.
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Looking Ahead at Complete Solar Systems Development, New Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Kit, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Ken Rieli

Until then, stay with us in this motive power revolution -- we have the (piston) jug heads on the run and there's no turning back. Ken Rieli
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Introduction to Electronic Systems Development, solar energy, distributed power, Tesla turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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Introduction to Electronic Systems Development


February 28, 2005 Last month we talked about our vision for 2005, in which we focus primarily on solar applications of the disk turbine. Now that we have spent several years covering turbine building techniques, fuel systems and solar reflectors, it is high time to delve into the details and specifics of Carnot cycle (steam, vapor) systems -- with an emphasis on solar power. Last fall we talked about various solar reflectors, drive mechanisms and their application to turbo electric power. This month we are going to take a look at the electronic side of system development. At first many of you may think that electronics is way too mysterious to handle, but by the end of this series, both novice and pro will be able to assemble and program working embedded systems.

We're going to begin by examining a couple of development systems that I use for everything from combustion controllers to hacker-proof security keys. The "front end" for these easy-to-use development platforms is a basic X86 compatible computer. All X86 compatible computers are IBM compatible, and may be anything from an original 8088 IBM personal computer to the latest AMD 64 or Pentium IV. The "front end" computer generally handles functions such as: user interface embedded systems I/O (input/output) The developer software I use on my X86 computer is PowerBasic (www.Powerbasic.com). Although PowerBasic is available for either the DOS or Windows environments, I prefer the DOS version. DOS applications run faster and with fewer bugs and fatal errors. The second half of the development system is what we call the embedded processor. Embedded processors may be used in conjunction with the X86 front end computer, or they may be programmed to operate in a fully autonomous, robotic mode -- completely independent from the user interface. The determining factor is in how the two systems are programmed. Now some of you may already have programming experience in some language like C or C+ but we are going to show how to program in the easiest, most straight-forward fashion using Basic -- on both the front end and embedded target processor. We already mentioned that we use PowerBasic on the front end computer. PowerBasic is not only the easiest of programming languages to learn, but it runs just as fast or faster than the "C" language after compiling the code.
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Introduction to Electronic Systems Development, solar energy, distributed power, Tesla turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

And most importantly, Basic is the easiest language to debug, and the most universal for all parties to work with. The target/embedded processors we work with include the following architectures: X86 1802 8051 AVR PIC Of all of these, we prefer using PIC processor and development systems due to their ease of use, low cost, and language similarities to PowerBasic. Our processor of choice is the MicroChip PIC 18F84 part. It is low cost, easy to program, and operates with a minimum of auxiliary parts. The programming language we use is PicBasic Pro, which can be purchased directly from MElabs (www.melabs. com). MElabs also sells a complete line of development products, including a low cost programming board and application boards. An alternative embedded system would utilize MCS Electronic's BasCom language (www.mcselec. com) with the AVR/8051 processors. Another choice is to use ICOP Technology's 386 embedded system module (www.icoptech.com). At $65 for a single board and the ability to run Dos applications (compiled PowerBasic modules), this may be a very cost effective route for one-off designs. So you can see that there are a number of viable options for electronics development of our solar dish aiming and tracking system. Now let's take a closer look at our (IBM-PIC) development system. As mentioned earlier, the IBM/X86 computer is an ideal platform for the user interface and target processor I/O. An older computer may be used as the core of a dedicated development system, or the family computer may be used for this purpose. The Epic programmer (MElabs) is connected to the front end X86 computer using a parallel cable for programming. Once the PIC processor is programmed, it is removed from the Epic and inserted into a run or application circuit. A serial cable connects the run circuit back to the X86 for runtime interaction.

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Introduction to Electronic Systems Development, solar energy, distributed power, Tesla turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Programming setup

Runtime interaction

Application circuit That's all there is to the embedded processor development system. It is very simple, straightforward and easy to use once assembled.

Next month we'll cover the dish aiming and tracking system overview and how it relates to the system development hardware. In future editions we'll get more into programming development. Until then, get your hardware and software together and get ready for some hot robotics work. Ken Rieli
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Introduction to Electronic Systems Development, solar energy, distributed power, Tesla turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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Fire from Ice! Sean Capogreco's Curnutt Furnace Project, member project, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Developer of the Month

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Fire from Ice!


More on Sean Capogreco's Curnutt Furnace Project

February 2005

I am submitting these photo composites to offer a teaser of what this thing can do in the ice as well as in the hot summer.

"In freezing weather this device "sun cannon" captured 904 degrees F and easily generated a two minute surge of steam. It is a thermonuclear energy condenser. It operates on energy that is provided for the world, for free." - Sean Capogreco We've made a lot of headway since the beginning, but there is still a long road ahead. The good news is that my '04 dish is so much better than my '03 dish that I don't have to start over again. Augmentations and refinishing details are all that is necessary. This thing is certainly proving to be a useful energy asset and certainly worth doing. 1061 degrees F can be made useful in any household. That's only the beginning. Its going to capture even more of the solar flux within the same framework, and make better use of the heat.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc52.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:14:12 PM

Fire from Ice! Sean Capogreco's Curnutt Furnace Project, member project, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Developer of the Month

"In freezing weather we used the sun to make 904 degrees Fahrenheit. This resulted in a two minute surge of steam. This energy is free every day, for everybody." - Sean The contraption has weathered two Carolina Hurricanes, and still does its work in the dead of winter. Sean
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Solar Dish Aiming & Tracking System: Electronic System Block Diagram, ro...ol, dish concentrator, embedded processor, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Solar Dish Aiming & Tracking System: Electronic System Block Diagram
March 29, 2005 It appears that we are going to have an early spring this year. Birds have returned already and snow is melting rapidly. On the international scene we just saw another major earthquake hit Indonesia -- that's two major earthquakes within 100 miles of each other in just three months! Volcanic activity is picking up at Mt. St. Helens, and major melting in Greenland and the Arctic Circle is beginning to affect Gulf stream flow. The handwriting is on the wall, and Nikola Tesla's predictions are coming to pass. In the early 1900's when he was actively developing his turbine, he said that the use of piston engines rather than his turbine for global motive power would lead to widespread pollution-related catastrophes, and now the predictions have come true. -- But this is just the beginning. By 2008-2010 world oil supplies will begin to fall behind demand. Prices for fuel will skyrocket starting this year, and the U.S. will push to relax coal burning restrictions to take up the slack. Bush's short-sighted energy cartel scheme is to inundate the U.S. countryside with power lines, and create a huge central power production facility just over the Texas-Mexico border. If you think global warming and pollution are bad now, "You ain't seen nothin' yet!" To counteract a lot of this Howdy-Doody Knucklehead activity, we have a few interesting projects in the works.

Experimenter's Tesla Turbine


Presently we are downsizing our turbine from 10 inches to 4.5 inches. This will allow serious experimenters and developers to create real applications. These smaller turbines require much less energy to spool them up, and they fit better into our philosophy of distributed power down to the individual home level. We are working with our local laser cutter to begin manufacturing 4.5-inch disk components which will allow us to offer rotor disk kits in the near future. Since disk machining is the most complicated part of building a Tesla turbine, we are soon to offer a complete rotor kit to get more of our club members into the experimental arena.

Solar Turbo-generator
At the same time we are continuing our solar engine design and development efforts as our contribution to global improvements. Ultimately, the world must shift from fossil to renewable fuels. Most people believe that hydrogen is the fuel of the future. By using a free energy such as the sun, we are able to produce that future fuel -- hydrogen -- now. These smaller turbines, from 4.5 to 6 inches, are ideal engines for homebuilt solar concentrators. Since we can't persuade politicians and industrialists to do the right thing, we can enter into the space age on a
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Solar Dish Aiming & Tracking System: Electronic System Block Diagram, ro...ol, dish concentrator, embedded processor, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

grassroots level. Everyone can become an energy producer and cut out the power extortionists.

This month we are going to study a block diagram of the electronic system, which incorporates both the aiming subsystem and dish-concentrator drive subsystem. As we mentioned in last month's discussions, one of our goals is to create a stand-alone sun tracking system. Continuing along these lines, we also need a simple, low-cost but intelligent controller that may be easily updated with future enhancements. The best way to accomplish this is with an embedded processor. As we mentioned previously, we intend to use an IBM compatible PC for our development "front end", but it is the target processor (in this case a Microchips PIC processor) that will act as the onboard robotic "brain" to control aiming and tracking functions.

Electronic System Block Diagram

Electronic System Block Diagram Description


The heart of the concentrator tracking system is a PIC 18F84 processor. The CPU is a low-cost component under $10 - that can be ordered from suppliers like DigiKey. Experimenter project boards can be ordered through ME labs. A complete processor board (not including actuator drivers) can be built for about $20.

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Solar Dish Aiming & Tracking System: Electronic System Block Diagram, ro...ol, dish concentrator, embedded processor, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

The target acquisition module consists of four LDR's (light dependant resistors) or photo-eyes arranged in a quadrature array -- two vertically, two horizontally -- or both pairs mounted diagonally to the sun's path. The processor uses the LDR pairs as differential comparators. If light falling on one of the LDR's is stronger than the other, the corresponding actuator moves the concentrator up/down, left/right until the comparator signals are equal. The actuators and actuator power controllers we are using are surplus components from the C-band satellite dish era. These C-band dishes and satellites are still used today, but are rapidly being replaced with small dish systems. So there should be a lot of this equipment being given away by former owners. You can also check with local dish installers for older C-band equipment. In future editions of the PTBC we'll cover exact components and their interconnections, but for now we are studying the system overview.

System Description
The last part of the system block diagram is the PC serial interface. We discussed previously the fact that our embedded processor will drive the concentrator/dish autonomously -with no intervention on the part of the user. That's true, but there are times when you may want to override the usual cycle and control the dish remotely. That's where the serial interface comes in. In our design we will incorporate a software "hook" to allow us to take control of dish movement remotely using a PC compatible -- desktop, notebook, etc. A serial interface will also allow us to patch in other modules like real time clocks, ephemeris data, etc.

Conclusions
So there you have a good first look at an intelligent robotic system for finding and tracking the sun in two dimensions -- azimuth and elevation. As you have probably already guessed, this same system of tracking could be applied for other purposes such as laser guided missiles, etc. -- but we'll focus our efforts on much more beneficial programs such as power production. Next month we are going to look at the targeting subsystem in much more detail. We'll show exactly how the discreet electronic components are interconnected and how they interact with the embedded processor. Until then, continue gathering materials for your solar generator -- Spring is already here and the weather is right for you to begin building your own backyard free-energy turbo generator. One last thing -- we need your input. As your project progresses, send in your photos and experimental results. We're all in this energy crunch together, and we'll get beyond it through unified action. Ken Rieli
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:06 PM

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Targeting Subsystem: General Purpose Microcontroller for Intelligent Solar...or electronics, embedded systems, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Targeting Subsystem: General Purpose Microcontroller for Intelligent Solar Tracking


April 2005 Spring already in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Now this is really odd! We've been up here for over ten years straight, and on/off for over two decades, and we have never seen spring time this early. I don't know about the rest of you, but I've tracked the progression of global warming for a number of years, and the fact is -- it's here. About the only idiots still clinging to the "ain't happening" dogma are Bush, Cheney and a small group of republicans and industry-paid "engineers". Even knuckleheads can see that the earth is warming steadily as combustion and pollution increase, which makes somebody like Bush "dumber" than a moron. (Isn't political free speech fun? Let's use it before it's gone -- you never know how homeland security will be twisted around now that Gonzales is in.) Along with global temperatures rising we see the ozone layers around the North and South poles diminishing. The northern ozone hole extends down as far as northern USA, which is why the sun here in the U. P. is brighter and whiter than normal -- with less filtering of ultra-violet rays. That creates a situation that is both positive and negative for those who live here. It is positive in that solar energy is more abundant, but negative in terms of health. UV rays are extremely hazardous for your eyes and skin. Advisories in our local area call for everyone here to wear sunglasses at all times of the year on sunny days. So it looks like solar heat is going to be a good source of free energy for the duration. I'm all for it, as I'm sure neither you nor I will be able to keep up with the soaring costs of fuel. If China and India want to pay the skyrocketing costs of imported oil, let them have it -- we can do much better on alternative energy. Now if we can't get the Republicans to get their heads out of the sand and move the country from fossil to free energy, too bad. What the country puts up with, they'll have to answer for. But in my company and our turbine builder's club, we are moving on into the future!

This month, as promised, we are going to begin looking at aiming/tracking systems for our solar reflector. First of all we will want to study an old system presented in Mother Earth News some years ago. You can download the archived article at: www.motherearthnews.com/arc/2516/ . Another good online source of information is: www.redrok.com . You'll find a wealth of information there on the subject, as well as products for those not electronically inclined. A third source of information is our Developer of the Month -- Richard Gideon. This month Richard shares his designs & knowledge with our members in the article, Schematic for Solar Collector Sun Tracking.

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Targeting Subsystem: General Purpose Microcontroller for Intelligent Solar...or electronics, embedded systems, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

In a lot of these designs discrete components are used -- op amps, transistors, resistors, capacitors, etc.

op amp

transistors

resistors

capacitors

The design I am presenting uses a microprocessor -- in this case a PIC 16F84 which allows us much greater freedom of movement in four directions, and opens the door to intelligent robotics.

PIC 16F84 The PIC 18F84 is both low cost ($5-$10 each @ Digikey) and easy to use with low-cost development tools. The versatility of the processor is what I first look at when choosing a microprocessor. The 16F84 part is probably the most universally versatile chip I've worked with so far. Even though the chip has only 18 pins, there are two input/output ports -- one with 5 bits and another with 8 bits -- for a total of 13 general purpose pins. (See Figure 1)

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Targeting Subsystem: General Purpose Microcontroller for Intelligent Solar...or electronics, embedded systems, Ken Rieli, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Figure 1 - PicBasic Compiler circuit You will also notice from the above diagram that this chip requires very few discrete parts in order to function. In this example, the cpu may be programmed to blink the LED on/off to show it is "alive". Using MELabs' PicBasic Pro makes it really easy to assign particular functions to individual I/O pins. For example, RB2 and RB3 may be allocated to communicate with a PC-compatible through its serial port. RB4RB7 may be assigned sensor input tasks, with RB0 and RB1 driving LED's for visual feedback. Finally, RA1RA4 may signal relays for energizing tracking motors, with RA0 sensing a clock alarm input. So there you have a good idea of how to configure an easy to use, general purpose, microcontroller for intelligent solar tracking. If all of this looks daunting, don't worry about it -- for those of you who are not suited to developing microprocessor systems, we will make available a pre-programmed microcontroller board at the end of this series.

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Next month we are going to continue with our discussion on the microprocessor system. We'll take a look at how to connect cadmium sulfide and phototransistor light sensors to the cpu, and how to write a simple program to test the sensors and report to a host system. We will also take a look at a new 4.5-inch hot rotor kit we are planning to offer to our club members in the near future. We have just recently sent in a work order to our laser cutter for about 50 units, and we should hear back from him shortly. Until then, keep working on your project and let us know how you're doing on it. Ken Rieli
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:06 PM

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Schematic for Solar Collector Sun Tracking, Richard Gideon shares solar technology, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Developer of the Month

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Schematic for Solar Collector Sun Tracking


Richard Gideon shares his knowledge

April 2005

Ken, I just noticed in your November article you mentioned you were planning to develop an electronic circuit to enable your solar collector to track the sun. Well I have been there and done that. (See attached files) I designed this circuit a couple years ago to position a photoelectric panel that I have. The circuit has been working without any problems BUT the drive motor does need to be sealed from the weather, I am on my third attempt at trying to keep it dry. Basically I am using two photo resistive cells as sensors. They are mounted in a plastic box about 1 " apart with a 5" vertical light barrier between them. Similar to a sundial. When aligned in an East-West manner and pointed directly at the sun both cells will see the same amount of light. As the sun moves, assuming we are working with the flat earth theory, the vertical barrier will cause a shadow to be cast on one of the photocells. This imbalance is detected by the circuitry and a relay is closed starting the drive motor to reposition the collector panel. At the end of the day when the sun sets into a puddle of black, muddy, hot water, as believed by some, the circuitry senses this and returns the collector to the east for the start of the next day. Also the circuit is not affected by changes in light intensity and does not require any exotic parts to build. A "Radio Shack" could probably supply all parts needed minus the drive motor. If you wish feel free to use this circuit anyway you choose. Sincerely Richard Gideon Attachment: PCB Wizard - SUN TRACKER.pdf (23K)

Operation of Sun Tracker Circuit.


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Schematic for Solar Collector Sun Tracking, Richard Gideon shares solar technology, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Developer of the Month

With the photocells mounted on the solar collector and in bright sunlight and correctly aimed at the sun each photocell should produce about 3000 ohms of resistance. This value can be obtained by placing different pieces of translucent plastic over the cells; this is not a critical value. The plastic will also protect the cells from the weather. With both photocells seeing the same amount of light trimpot VR1 is adjusted to drive the output of voltage comparator IC1a low this is indicated by LED 2 turning off. As long as both cells see the same amount of light the circuit will not respond, even if a cloud has the nerve to pass between your solar collector and the sun. Now as the sun moves and the vertical barrier causes a shadow to be cast on the west photocell IC1a senses this change and its output will go high, turning on LED 2, and begins the slow charging of C3 through R5. After C3 has charged to the value determined by voltage divider R6 & R7, IC1bs output goes high this turns on transistor Q1 that in turn energizes relay RL1 causing the drive motor to start. The motor then runs turning the collector until the west cell again sees the full light of the sun, this returns the circuit to its initial state and the motor stops. The circuit then waits for the sun to move again and the whole process repeats. The purpose of the time delay provided by R5, C3 & D1 (D1 is used to discharge C3 at end of cycle) was because I designed the circuit to be used with a photoelectric panel and precise alignment to the sun is not required. After building the circuit it soon became apparent that if I did not wish the joy of having to listen to the sound of the drive motor start and run briefly every few seconds, then this time delay was necessary. So now at the end of the day after the sun has been turned off, the west photocell has one more duty to perform. It sends a voltage to IC1c and when compared with the voltage set by trimpot VR2 its output will go high turning on LED 1 and to transistor Q2 that energizes relay RL2 causing the motor to run in reverse, driving the collector back to the east for the start of the next day. Also the output of IC1c goes to IC1d, this turns on the output of IC1d that in turn prevents the possibility of transistor Q1 from being turned on. This then keeps relay RL1 from being energized and prevents lots of smoke and fire that would occur if both relays were allowed to be energized at the same time. Finally there are two switches SW1 & 2. These are limit switches mounted on the collector to control the maximum amount of rotation in the east and west directions.

Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:06 PM

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More on Embedded Microprocessor Solar Targeting System, LDR, phototransi...ergy, connecting light sensors, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Ken Rieli

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More on the Embedded Microprocessor Solar Targeting System


May 2005 This month we have several very interesting subjects to cover, but first of all, let's review where we are at politically, economically and energy-wise.

Who's got the paddle?


As we all know too well, by now the U.S. economy should be driven by a large percentage of alternative fuels and energy, but it isn't. The managers of this country have sold us down the river to the energy cartel. Congress and the White House have, in effect, committed treason against the people of the United States by accepting payola from lobbyists. Consequently inflation is out of control, taxes are skyrocketing as prices increase. All the oil drilling in Alaska won't bail us out of the hole we are in -- and the politicians sing lullabies to put the knuckleheads back to sleep. We are losing the war in the Middle East, spending hundreds of billions each year on war which gains nothing for the world, and we have over 11 trillion dollars in debt. In fact, the debt is so out of control, we can't even pay down the interest, let alone the principle. Nuclear war is looming on the horizon, mostly driven by madmen in the white house, and where does that leave all of us? -- Again up the creek without a paddle. In all my life I have never seen the world turn so bad in so little time -- ever since the moron of the white house got in. Then again, the entire congress gave away our Constitution to the little tyrant, didn't they? And not one Democratic senator stood up for the real President in the 2000 election! We've all been shafted by both sides of the aisle, and they (government officials) don't give a damn if we sink or swim. It's up to us to find and produce a working solution on the grassroots level. -- That's what this club is all about, and that's what we will accomplish this year.

In pursuit of real engineering data


There have been a number of attempts by us and other club members to establish an engineering guideline for disk turbine construction. A big part of the problem has been a lack of standardized tools to collect and process experimental data. This month all of that has changed. We have just recently picked up our first batch of 4.5inch stainless steel disks, and will begin offering rotor kits within the next couple of weeks. By standardizing the hot rotor/disk pack, we are able to place all of our experimenters on a level playing field. In the past we have built and tested much larger disk turbines, but they required an enormous amount of inlet energy to fully utilize their capabilities. As an example -- a 10-inch turbine with four plates requires about 10 horsepower of continuous air pressure to spool it up and maintain a constant output of about 4 horsepower.

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To make life simple, we have downscaled the size of the turbine to 4.5 inches and four plates, which allows all of our experimenters to gain real engineering data at an affordable cost. Not only will we gain the necessary data we are looking for, but in the end this small turbine will become the core technology for home stored energy systems. Even though the energy output of a small turbine is a fraction of a horsepower, it fits the design philosophy of continuous output, stored energy systems. I believe a turbine should be run at its peak efficiency point 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and that a continuous flow of electrical power from such an engine should be stored in batteries for later use. The three subjects we are going to cover this month are: 1. Continuing development of the microprocessor aiming/targeting system 2. Using a recycled engine case for a small turbine 3. Introduction of the new 4.5-inch rotor kit for the PTBC

Embedded Microprocessor Solar Targeting System


As we discussed last month, our targeting system uses a PIC 16F84 processor to acquire the target -- in this case, the sun. I refer to this part of the process target acquisition as opposed to aiming the dish. As we previously mentioned, Microchip's PIC processors along with ME Lab's PicBasic compiler comprise the best, lowest cost microprocessor development system for any project you may have in mind. The main reason for this position is the fact that PIC processors have general/universal use pins. These general purpose pins may be configured as inputs, outputs, serial communications, A/D converters, etc. In our application we would like to use four of the cpu pins as inputs for the four phototransistors/LDR's (light dependent resistors). Our four light gates are divided into two sets of two -- one set for azimuth, one set for elevation. Since the PIC processor pins may be used in either a digital mode or analog mode, we have a lot of design and operational leeway. If we choose to operate our light gates in digital mode, the function is similar to flipping an electrical switch on and off, whereas analog mode is like using a dimmer switch -- many steps/intensities of light. So what are the pros and cons of the two systems?

Digital mode
In digital mode we have only two states -- on/off. The light gate is set up to toggle between on/off states -depending on how much light falls on the "eye". The cpu in turn polls the input pin to determine the state and respond to any changes. In setting up such a system there are two distinct areas to work: mechanical and electronic.

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Mechanically, a pair of light gates must be mounted on a card with a shadow mask between them (Figure A). As the sun tracks from east to west, a shadow falls on the east located light gate, which in turn toggles the state of the circuit (Figure B). The cpu senses a state change and energizes the appropriate actuator to aim the dish into the sun and retoggle the circuit by eliminating the shadow. The same logic holds true for elevation.

Figure A

Figure B

Analog mode
In an analog system the cpu would not only sense the on/off or shadow/no shadow state, but also the intensity of the light/shadow effect. In fact, in an analog system the shadow mask may be eliminated and the light gates set at angles (30 - 90) to each other. (C)

Figure C

As the sun moves to the west, light falling on the westwardlooking light gate would be stronger than that falling on the eastward looking sensor. The intensity differential determines how far the dish must move to equalize the sensors. (D)

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Figure D

Electronics
On the electronic side of things, light gates may be wired for simple digital on/off response or for analog/ differential gradient response. When using an LDR (light dependent resistor), select one with a resistance value of approximately 3k-ohm to 10k-ohm in the on (lighted) state. Wiring for digital mode is shown in figure E, analog mode in figure F.

Figure E

Figure F

In digital mode, the LDR is used as a resistive shunt between cpu power and ground. When little or no light shines on the LDR, resistance is high (about 200k), so the cpu pin is held high. When sufficient light falls on the LDR, resistance drops to around 3k-5k, pulling the cpu pin low, and signaling a state change. In analog mode a charge timer circuit is set up using the LDR and a capacitor. The "Pot" command causes the cpu pin to supply a charge to the resistor/capacitor timer circuit. The timer circuit charge rate will vary directly with the amount of light illuminating the LDR. This in turn tells us the difference in light falling on a pair of sensors. Phototransistors and photodiodes may also be used as sensors, but their characteristics are very different from LDRs. While LDRs have a maximum and minimum resistance, phototransistors have an "off" state of nearly infinity with an "on" state of nearly zero. Because phototransistors have very little "on" resistance, it is easy to burn them out with excessive current. In all cases phototransistors and diodes must use current limiting resistors. A typical digital mode circuit using a phototransistor is shown in figure G, with a corresponding analog
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circuit shown in figure H.

Figure G

Figure H

In the digital circuit a 10k-ohm "pullup" resistor normally holds the cpu pin high. When light falls on the phototransistor the cpu pin is pulled low, signaling a state change. In the analog circuit a 1k-ohm resistor is placed between the cpu pin and the phototransistor creating a minimum low resistance value of 1k. Variations in light intensity will add or subtract resistance.

Next month we'll look at computer programs that will read sensor values and download them to our development system screen. Ken Rieli
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:06 PM

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New Life for Old Engine Case, disk turbine photo gallery, converting snowmobile engine to small turbine, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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New Life for an Old Engine Case


May 2005 I've had an old single cylinder snowmobile case sitting on a shelf for a couple of years, waiting for the chance to become a new age engine. Last year I began toying with the prospect of replacing the internal crank with a disk pack, while maintaining the opposed bearing configuration. This concept was also a key factor in downscaling from 10-inch rotors to 4.5inch rotors. The more we looked at it, the more we saw the wisdom in working with small turbines. We figured that if we personally had a need for small turbines in our experimental work, club members must also need a turbine that requires much less energy to arrive at real engineering data. So here it is -- a brief photo gallery of the project that kicked off the small turbine initiative.

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Ken Rieli
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New 4.5-inch Tesla Turbine Hot Rotor Kit, subassembly, Tesla disk turbine component kit installment program, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

The New 4.5-inch Turbine Initiative and Introduction of our 4.5-inch Hot Rotor Kit
May 2005 For a couple of years we have threatened to come out with a turbine kit, and the day has finally arrived! We have just recently picked up our first batch of laser cut, stainless steel hot rotor disks, and will soon begin shipping 4.5-inch hot rotor kits. This is not a complete turbine kit but rather, a do-it-yourself assembly kit for the most important component of the turbine. When we first talked about a turbine kit, awhile back, we were working with a 10-inch prototype. Now anyone who has worked with this size turbine knows that they require a relatively large energy source to spool them up and maintain a steady loaded state for deriving useful data. At the same time, metal prices began skyrocketing, in some cases doubling or tripling overnight. We had to come up with a solution that would allow us to keep experimental costs low and provide a standard engine platform for our club members to get involved in the developmental process.

Downsizing Rationale
Our solution was to downsize the physical size of the engine, re-engineer the system design to use lower-cost materials, and ship a series of subassembly kits rather than single all-in-one kits. By downsizing the turbine from 10 inches to 4.5 inches, we not only cut component costs, but we also cut the cost of energizing the engine. Instead of 20-30 horsepower compressors, we can use 3-5 horsepower compressors. That's just one example of how experimental costs are brought under control. Downsizing also follows our overall goal of developing practical fractional horsepower systems that will operate on alternative fuels such as waste/renewable oils, and solar collector steam. Last year we redesigned the bearing case to use lower cost round stock and plate materials rather than expensive square billets.

Turbine Component Kit Installment Program


Finally a big cost-cutting strategy we initiated is to run larger batches of fewer parts and to offer sub assembly kits in a series of projects, over time. This is a type of installment program that should make it a whole lot easier

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for club members to acquire a working turbine. The way this works is pretty simple. We have subdivided the turbine into about five main components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hot rotor Shaft assembly Bearing case Hot rotor case Oiling system

As we mentioned earlier, we have already picked up our first batch of disks from the manufacturer. We have enough inventory to make up 45 hot rotor kits. Once these are shipped out we will go on to the shaft assembly, bearing case, hot rotor case, and oiling system -- in sequence -- running these kits in similar batches. At the same time we will continue taking orders for and shipping hot rotor kits -- until everyone who wants a turbine has one. This is beneficial in a number of ways: Some club members may want only the hot rotor section and will fabricate their own shaft and bearing block. Others may want the whole turbine but are working on a budget and must spread the cost out over time. Still others may want only the rotor kit for a paper weight or engineering toy. Whatever the case, this seems like the best approach for everyone. Not only does it make experimenting with the disk turbine affordable, but it also puts everyone on a level playing field. The only way we can arrive at real global engineering data is to begin with a standard component. This first hot rotor kit is that standard component. Once a standard is established, experimental efforts can be focused in critical areas: inlet nozzles seals bearings closed loop systems energy systems applications

No Shop Tools/Time? - Finished Turbine Components, CAD CD's


Now for those of you who do not have the skills, time or equipment, look for finished components at reasonable costs on our website. And while the kits come with minimal assembly instructions, we will continue our time-honored tradition of posting detailed manufacturing and assembly instructions on the PTBC club website. Last but not least, watch for our soon to be completed CD of CAD files -- for those of you who want to build your own from scratch.

Conclusion
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New 4.5-inch Tesla Turbine Hot Rotor Kit, subassembly, Tesla disk turbine component kit installment program, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

As we continue to see skyrocketing prices for fuel, food and other necessities of life, we also see a general lack of responsibility and concern on the part of government and industry. -- Our destiny is in our own hands! It is our goal at PNGinc to use our Phoenix Turbine Builders Club as a means of preparing the world for hard times ahead. By conquering basic global problems such as power, heat and new energy resources, we can begin to reverse the damage to our ecosphere, and take back control of our lives from the industrial/ governmental cartel. Are you with us? Ken Rieli, CEO - PNGinc
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:06 PM

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Luis Mendonca's PDE Project, PTBC Member of the Month! Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Luis Mendonca's PDE Project

May 2005 Editor: The following message was edited somewhat to clarify details lost in translation.

All I will say is true. I have developed a pulse detonation engine which is very simple in construction, and most of all is very cheap to build. In past years I have developed electronic fuel and ignition systems for the pulse work. My surprise... pulse combustion doesn't need to be complicated. It's a mechanical wonder that works unbelievably without electronics. We have to enter in the mind of the engine, make it simple and it will work. It is not a pulse jet engine! It wont burn valves... no rotary valves. One of the prototypes. A small one is a dream engine. You can mount it in a plane, fly it in the atmosphere, go up and to the stratosphere and go out and it will run in space. (This part is theoretical but feasible at low price) and you can turn the aircraft around and come back. In resume, I really have some things working. At present time I live in a place that people can really see these things working, but have no knowledge or opinion about it, they don't believe in what they can't understand, so there lies the engine in the backyard and it will stay there. My question! Is there any one interested in developing this kind of engine and aircraft? Luis Mendonca Email: lm.gm@oninet.pt

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Luis Mendonca's PDE Project, PTBC Member of the Month! Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:08 PM

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Introduction to Solar Systems Programming, Flowcharts for Solar Tracking Actuator Power Units, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Introduction to Solar Systems Programming


June 2005 Last month we covered basic circuits connecting light dependent resistors (LDR's) and phototransistors to PIC processors. We also gave a first-hand look at our 4.5" turbine project using an old snowmobile case), and we announced our new 4.5-inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbine program.

Update: 4.5-inch Tesla Turbine Components & Kits


The 4.5" hot rotors and kits are moving slowly but surely, with some international sales beginning to trickle in. We are extending our rotor kit offer until the end of August, after which time only fully assembled rotors will be available -- so get yours while they last! Also in August we will continue with the remaining turbine components: bearing case, shaft, and hot rotor case. Members who have already ordered rotors and rotor kits will have priority as new components become available.

Adding Intelligence to an Actuator Power Control Unit


Going on to the electronics portion of this month's article, we'll start out by looking at a typical actuator power control unit. Photos 57h, 57i and 57j show an early "antenna positioner" as used in the good old days of large diameter satellite dishes.

These units used electronically controlled power relays to supply both forward and reverse current to the actuator motor to extend or retract a ram capable of about 2,000 pounds of force. As our project progresses, our "smart controller" - using a PIC processor - will interface to this "dumb" actuator controller to automatically aim the dish toward the sun for optimal heat concentration.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc57.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:17:21 PM

Introduction to Solar Systems Programming, Flowcharts for Solar Tracking Actuator Power Units, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Essential Flowcharts
Continuing from last month's discussion of the PIC processor solar targeting/tracking system, we'll take a look at the basics or introduction to system software development. Before we jump into the actual writing of software algorithms, it's best to organize and plan for the intended results. Not only is it easier to follow a planned itinerary, but there is a lot less error debugging in the long run. It's like writing a term paper or business plan -the results are usually better when you follow an outline. The outline of a software program is the flow chart. Since our development system uses both a PC "front end" and an embedded PIC processor "target", our developmental process will include an X86 software module for the PC, and a PIC software module for the reflector aiming system. Let's begin with a simple set of software modules to read light values from an LDR/phototransistor and report these values to our front end PC.

PIC flowchart (get and send light intensity value)

PC flowchart (capture and display data)

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Introduction to Solar Systems Programming, Flowcharts for Solar Tracking Actuator Power Units, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

As you can see, the basic principles of program design are straightforward and simple. Next month we'll take a look at translating the flowchart into actual lines of software. Until then, let's keep our grassroots motive power revolution moving forward. Ken Rieli
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:06 PM

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New Life for Old Engine Case 2, bearing plugs, air galleys, assembly, Tesla turbine, snowmobile engine, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

New Life for an Old Engine Case - Part 2


Bearing Plugs, Shaft Preparation, Air Galleys & Case Assembly
June 2005 Continuing on with our snowmobile case project, photo 57a shows the bearing plugs after they were heliarced onto the case halves and then turned on our shop lathe for 15mm x 45mm ball bearings.

Photo 57b shows the inside of the case halves after turning the welds and boring a one-inch hole for the shaft and seals.

Photos 57c and 57d show a detail of the air galley drilled through both bearing plugs for air seals. We discussed in previous club articles the need for frictionless shaft seals. Our solution is to use a pressurized air and labyrinth system to prevent contaminants from entering the bearings and to contain lubricating oil in the bearing section.

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New Life for Old Engine Case 2, bearing plugs, air galleys, assembly, Tesla turbine, snowmobile engine, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Photos 57e, 57f and 57g show the new turbine case assembled and ready for the internal components.

Next month we'll show how the rotor and shaft assembly fit the case. Ken Rieli

Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:06 PM

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Solar Targeting: translating the flowchart into lines of software, solar turbine targeting system, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Ken Rieli

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Solar Targeting
Translating the Flowchart into Lines of Software
July 2005 By now some of our club members may have their electronic development systems set up and operational. This month we are going to cover programming the PIC 16F84 CPU to look at the high/low state of one of its pins, and then send a data statement via a programmable serial line. First of all, let's review a wiring block diagram (figure 1) of the 16F84:

Figure 1 The CPU is wired for run mode. You will notice on pin 6 we have set up a toggle switch to change the status of the pin from low to high. When the switch is open, pin 6 is pulled to ground or low state. Closing the switch pulls pin 6 high through the 4.7 kohm resistor, resulting in a state change.
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Solar Targeting: translating the flowchart into lines of software, solar turbine targeting system, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Ken Rieli

Pin 9 is wired as a simple RS232 serial interface which may be plugged into any PC that comes with a standard serial port. This will allow us to communicate between the PIC and PC. Now, following our flow chart from last month (figure 2), we will write a program for the PIC processor that will look for the status of pin 6 and then transmit that value across the serial cable.

Figure 2 Figure 3 is an example of program code to do the job.

Initialize: Input 6: Output 9: Low 9 Main: If Pin 6=1 Then Highvalue Lowvalue: Serout 9, N9600,("Low") Goto Main Highvalue: Serout 9,N9600,("High")

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Solar Targeting: translating the flowchart into lines of software, solar turbine targeting system, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Ken Rieli

Goto Main Figure 3 We begin by initializing the PIC pins for data input or output. Since we are using only pins 6 and 9 initializing is quick. We next set up a loop to continuously transmit status data. In the main part of the program we set up a conditional statement. If the toggle switch is closed, the If/Then statement is satisfied and execution branches to "Highvalue", sending the word "High" across the serial lines (Pin 9). The loop is completed with the Goto Main command. If pin 6 is low, the If/Then statement does not branch to Highvalue. Instead the Lowvalue routine is executed and a "Low" data word is transmitted. That about wraps things up for now. Next month we will continue with our programming basics by examining a simple terminal program for PC's using the PowerBasic language. Until then, keep up the good work. Ken Rieli
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:06 PM

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More Programming Basics, Examining a Simple Terminal Program, solar targeting system, solar turbine power, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Ken Rieli

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More Programming Basics


Examining a Simple Terminal Program
August 2005 Continuing on our computer programming study, this month we will look at the basics of receiving status values sent by the PIC processor to a PC and then printing those values to a computer screen. - Let's get started. Even though PICBasic and PowerBasic are both Basic compilers, program statements are written in quite different ways. Last month we showed how we send data in one direction over a two-wire cable from a PIC to a PC. Let's briefly examine a wiring diagram to make the hardware connection.

Figure 1 In Figure 1 we see that pin 5 on the PIC processor and pin 5 on the PC 9-pin serial connector are both ground. Pin 9 on the PIC is the transmitter and Pin 2 on the PC is the receiver with a 1 kohm resistor between them for current limiting. The 9-pin female serial connector may be found at any Radio Shack store. Telephone line may be used for the cable as long as the length is relatively short. Twisted line or coax is best to reduce interference noise from fluorescent lights, etc. Let's move on now the programming. As I mentioned earlier, we will be using PowerBasic to program the PC. Other Basic compilers such as Visual Basic may be used, but the syntax of the programming statements will vary. Again, we are following the flowchart (figure 2) covered in our June 2005 article.

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More Programming Basics, Examining a Simple Terminal Program, solar targeting system, solar turbine power, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Ken Rieli

Figure 2 Figure 3 is a simple Terminal program with a continuous loop looking for data at the serial port.

Initialize: Screen 12: Defint A-Z: $COM 1024 Open "Com2:9600,N,8,1" For Random as #1 CLS Locate 2,16:Print "Solar Tracker Communications Demo" Beep:Delay 5 Print:Print Main: While 1 While Not Instat While LOC(1)<>0 Line Input #1,Status$ Print Status$, Wend

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More Programming Basics, Examining a Simple Terminal Program, solar targeting system, solar turbine power, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Ken Rieli

Wend Wend Quit: End

Figure 3 The initialize routine sets up the PC computer with a VGA screen, Com 2 serial port, and then prints an opening statement on screen, delaying 5 seconds before beginning data polling. The "Main" routine is an endless loop that waits for a block of data on the serial line. The "High" or "Low" data statement sent from the PIC is received and then printed to screen in columns. That about wraps things up for now on the basics of programming telecommunications between PIC and PC systems. Of course, developing more complicated software for running a solar tracking system takes a lot more time and effort, but that's what our experimenter's club is for. So members who are more inclined toward the high tech end of things will really begin to take the lead in developing our Solar Tracking Turbo Generator System. Next month we'll start wiring up our dish and see if we can get it to move. Till then, keep on driving this motive power revolution forward. Ken Rieli
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:06 PM

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It's Alive! It's Alive! actuator test results; computer program for aiming the dish, predicted solar position, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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It's Alive! It's Alive!


Wiring the Dish & Commanding it to Move
September 2005 Last month (August) we talked about wiring up our solar reflector actuators and moving the "dish". You can see in Photo 1 the orange colored #16 electrical cable wired from the utility box to the two actuators. After powering up the lines with one of our actuator controllers, the results were mixed - both positive and negative. What do you want first - the good, the bad, or the ugly? Let's just take it in order. The good: The east-west swing actuator powered up and worked flawlessly; with a slight modification in the pivot or swing point, we can achieve somewhere around a 120 degree swing -- which is enough for about 8 hours of direct sunlight during the summer. The bad: The elevation actuator powered up, but did not raise the dish. Apparently the weight of a heavy fiberglass dish is too much for the plastic gear train. In the future we will need to use a stronger actuator or a lighter dish. The ugly: It looks like it's time for a new paint job on the dish mount.

Aiming the Dish based on Predicted Solar Position


To complete this year's research on the solar collector portion of our solar turbo-generator system, I am including the following equation study and computer program for calculating the sun's position relative to any point on the earth's surface, and any time of day. The following "Solar Calculation Details" were found on the NOAA website (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) at: www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/calcdetails.html

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It's Alive! It's Alive! actuator test results; computer program for aiming the dish, predicted solar position, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

General Solar Position Calculations


First, the fractional year y is calculated, in radians. y = (2*Pi/365)*(day_of year - 1 + (hour-12)/24) From y, we can estimate the equation of time (in minutes) and the solar declination angle (in radians). eqtime = 229.18*(0.000075+0.001868*cos(y)-0.032077*sin(y)-0.014615*cos (2*y)-0.040849*sin(2*y) declin = 0.006918-0.399912*cos(y)+0.070257*sin(y)-0.006758*cos(2*y)+ 0.000907*sin(2*y)-0.002697*cos(3*y)+0.00148*sin(3*y) Next, the true solar time is calculated in the following two equations. First the time offset is found, in minutes, and then the true solar time, in minutes. time_offset = eqtime - 4*longitude + 60*offset where eqtime is in minutes, longitude is in degrees, timezone is in hours from UTC (Mountain Standard Time = +7 hours). tst = hours*60 + minutes + time_offset where hr is the hour (0-23), mn is the minute (0-60), sc is the second (0-60). The solar hour angle, in degrees, is: ha = tst/4 - 180 The solar zenith angle (Phi) can then be found from the following equation: cos(Phi )= sin(lat)*Math.sin(declin)+cos(lat)*cos(declin)*cos(ha) And the solar azimuth (Theta, clockwise from north) is: cos(180-Theta) = -(sin(lat)*cos(Phi)-sin(declin))/(cos(lat)*sin(Phi))

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It's Alive! It's Alive! actuator test results; computer program for aiming the dish, predicted solar position, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Sunrise/Sunset Calculations
For the special case of sunrise or sunset, the zenith is set to 90.833 (the approximate correction for atmospheric refraction at sunrise and sunset), and the hour angle becomes: ha = +/- arccos (cos(90.833/(cos(lat)*cos(declin))-tan(lat)*tan(declin)) where the positive number corresponds to sunrise, negative to sunset. Then the UTC time of sunrise (or sunset) in minutes is: sunrise = 720 + 4*(longitude-ha)-eqtime where longitude and hour angle are in degrees and the equation of time is in minutes. Solar noon for a given location is found from the longitude (in degrees) and the equation of time (in minutes): snoon = 720 + 4*longitude - eqtime

And here is their Suncalc program to calculate the sun's position relative to your location and time:

10 ' SUNCALC 20 'Program to compute sun position, sunrise, solar power collection, etc. 30 ' 40 'general comments 50 ' 60 'To use, adjust the constants in the next section to reflect your earth 70 ' position, the day and time on which you want to find the sun, and 80 ' the direction you want to face a solar collector. Default values are 90 ' noon on the solistice in DeKalb, IL, USA with sunlight falling on 100 ' a horizontal stretch of ground. 110 'Program runs in UBASIC, available in Simtel archives www.simtel.net 120 ' On a PC, type 'ubibm', then 'load "suncalc'; type 'system' when 130 ' done. Other forms of BASIC will probably work with some fiddling. 135 ' You'll need to know: #pi=3.1416; atan(x)=arctangent function. 140 'Note: 'energy collection' is a multiplier. It's the fraction of the 150 ' energy received by an equal-sized collector in constant full-frontal 160 ' sun. Assuming no air or shading, this is 1.40 kilowatt/m^2, spread 170 ' among all wavelengths. I don't know what it reduces to with air 180 ' absorption. If your collector is wavelength-sensitive, there is a 190 ' different number which depends on the absorption spectrum of air. 200 'Times in this program are relative to local solar max (here, "noon") 210 ' This moment is actually (12+xx) o'clock GMT, where xx=Longitude/15. 220 ' (Of course this is not usually an integer, e.g. might be 17:45 GMT)
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It's Alive! It's Alive! actuator test results; computer program for aiming the dish, predicted solar position, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

230 ' Convert to local time by subtracting the appropriate number of whole 240 ' hours (ROUGHLY the integer nearest to xx) -- don't forget to adjust 250 ' for daylight savings time as well. I decided not to get involved 260 ' with the conversion; you'll see Longitude is not really used below. 270 'Notes on the model used (see accompanying text file): We ignore 280 ' the finitude of sun's distance to earth (23491 earth radii) 290 ' eccentricity of earth's orbit (dist=3.40% greater July4 than Jan4) 300 ' non-sphericity of earth (radius=0.34% larger at equator than poles) 310 'Written by dave rusin, rusin@math.niu.edu, on 4/10/94 320 ' Released to the public domain. No warranties, of course. 330 ' This program is not intended to be beautiful, fast, robust, or 340 ' amazingly accurate, but is mathematically sound. For improvements, 350 ' or for details of calculations, please contact the author. 360 ' 370 'user input section 380 ' 390 point 4:' specifies extra accuracy in UBASIC computations. 400 Slant=23.45:' angle of inclination of axis to earth orbit 410 Latitude=+42:' data for DeKalb, Illinois, USA 420 Longitude=+89:' consult an almanac or atlas to get your coordinates 430 Days=91:' days since March equinox 440 Timex=12.0:' hours since midnight at which you want to find the sun 450 Nx=0:Ex=0:Ux=1.0:'outward normal on solar collector (North,East,Up) 460 ' "up"=(0,0,1);"northwest"=(1,-1,0), etc. 470 ' 480 'now solve the problems at hand 490 ' 500 print 510 print "Earth computations, latitude";Latitude;","; 520 print Days;"days after March equinox." 530 print using(2,3),"Solar collector facing ";Nx;", ";Ex;", ";Ux 540 print "Times relative to local noon (=solar max)" 550 gosub 630:' internal calculations 560 gosub 1400:'calculations for a moment 570 gosub 1640:'calculations for a day 580 gosub 1960:'calculations for a year 590 end 600 ' 610 'subroutines follow 620 ' 630 'internal data conversions 640 ' 642 'need to normalize so nx^2+ex^2+ux^2=1. 645 Length=sqrt(nx*nx+ex*ex+ux*ux) 646 Nx=Nx/Length:Ex=Ex/Length:Ux=Ux/Length 650 Alpha=Slant*#pi/180:'convert to radians 660 Theta=Latitude*#pi/180:'note: we don't actually use Longitude 670 Psi=Days*2*#pi/365.25 680 Noon=atan(tan(Psi)*cos(Alpha)) 690 if cos(Theta)*cos(Psi)*cos(Noon)<0 then Noon=Noon+#pi 700 'glossing over cases where phi, psi, or theta = +- pi/2 710 Phix=Noon+(Timex-12)*2*#pi/24 720 return
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It's Alive! It's Alive! actuator test results; computer program for aiming the dish, predicted solar position, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

730 ' 740 'compute apparent solar position: 750 ' (N,E,U)=cartesian coords, (Ang1,Ang2)=spherical. 760 ' Also compute energy flux here. 770 ' 780 N1=-sin(Theta)*cos(Psi)*cos(Phi) 790 N2=-cos(Alpha)*sin(Theta)*sin(Psi)*sin(Phi) 800 N3=+sin(Alpha)*cos(Theta)*sin(Psi) 810 N=N1+N2+N3 820 E=-cos(Psi)*sin(Phi)+cos(Alpha)*sin(Psi)*cos(Phi) 830 U1=cos(Theta)*cos(Psi)*cos(Phi) 840 U2=cos(Alpha)*cos(Theta)*sin(Psi)*sin(Phi) 850 U3=sin(Alpha)*sin(Theta)*sin(Psi) 860 U=U1+U2+U3 870 if E=0 then Ang1=#pi/2 880 if E<>0 then Ang3=atan(abs(N/E)) 890 if E>0 then Ang1=atan(N/E) 900 if E<0 then Ang1=atan(N/E)+#pi 910 if U=1 then Ang2=#pi/2 920 if U=-1 then Ang2=-#pi/2 930 if abs(U)<1 then Ang2=atan(U/sqrt(1-U*U)) 940 'now u=sin(ang2),e=cos(ang2)*cos(ang1),n=cos(ang2)*sin(ang1) 950 if U<0 then Energy=0:goto 980:'you get no energy with sun below horizon 960 Energy=(N*Nx+E*Ex+U*Ux)*100:if Energy<0 then Energy=0 970 ' (assuming collector is one-sided: no energy if sun is behind it). 980 return 990 ' 1000 'Technical problem: how to solve A*cos(phi)+B*sin(phi)+C=0 for phi. 1010 ' 1020 F=sqrt(A*A+B*B) 1030 if F=0 then Nroots=0:goto 1150 1040 'actually the equation with a=b=0 DOES have solutions if c=0 too 1050 'but having inf many solutions is in our setting like having none 1060 A=A/F:B=B/F:C=-C/F:' now a^2+b^2=1 1070 if B=0 then X=A*#pi/2:goto 1100 1080 X=atan(A/B):' then a=+-sin(x),b=+-cos(x) 1090 if B*cos(X)<0 then X=X+#pi:'now what we need to solve is sin(x+phi)=c 1100 if abs(C)>1 then Nroots=0:goto 1150 1110 if abs(C)=1 then Phi1=C*#pi/2:Root1=Phi1-X:Nroots=1:goto 1150 1120 Phi1=atan(C/sqrt(1-C*C)):' =arcsin(c) 1130 Root1=Phi1-X:Root2=#pi-Phi1-X:Nroots=2:goto 1150 1140 'difference is 2*arccos(-C/sqrt(A^2+B^2)). This gives day length. 1150 return 1160 ' 1170 'calculate day's energy accumulation 1180 ' 1190 'probably possible to get a closed form integral of sun*normal,but 1200 ' seems easier just to do numerical integration: 1210 Total=0 1220 Numpoints=100 1230 for I=1 to Numpoints 1240 Phi=2*#pi*I/Numpoints

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It's Alive! It's Alive! actuator test results; computer program for aiming the dish, predicted solar position, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

1250 gosub 740 1260 Total=Total+Energy 1270 next I 1280 Total=Total/Numpoints 1290 return 1300 ' 1310 'ho-hum routine to print times nicely 1320 ' 1330 print using(3,0),int(X);":"; 1340 X=X-int(X) 1350 X=int(0.5+60*X) 1360 if X<10 then print " 0"; print using(1,0),X;:goto 1380 1370 print using(3,0),X; 1380 return 1390 ' 1400 'show data for the moment 1410 ' 1420 print 1430 print "Observations about this moment" 1440 print "******************************" 1450 print "At ";:X=Timex:gosub 1310:print ","; 1460 print " sun appears to be at coordinates: "; 1470 Phi=Phix 1480 gosub 740 1490 print using(2,3),"N=";N;" E=";E;" U=";U 1500 if U=1 then print "straight overhead":goto 1600 1510 if U=-1 then print "straight underneath":goto 1600 1520 print "Sighting is "; 1530 if E=0 then print "due ";:goto 1550 1540 print using(4,2),abs(Ang3)*180/#pi;" degrees "; 1550 if N>0 then print "north, and ";:goto 1570 1560 if N<0 then print "south, and "; 1570 print using(4,2),abs(Ang2)*180/#pi;" degrees "; 1580 if U>=0 then print "up.":goto 1600 1590 if U<0 then print "down ... but you can't see it." 1600 print "Relative energy collection rate is ";using(4,2),Energy; 1610 print " percent maximal" 1620 return 1630 ' 1640 'show data for the day 1650 ' 1660 print 1670 print "Observations about this day" 1680 print "***************************" 1690 A=cos(Theta)*cos(Psi) 1700 B=cos(Alpha)*cos(Theta)*sin(Psi) 1710 C=sin(Alpha)*sin(Theta)*sin(Psi) 1720 gosub 1000 1730 'note:similarly one can find e.g. when sun is due west, etc. 1740 if Nroots>0 then 1780 1750 print "No dawn or dusk that day -- sun is all day "; 1760 if sin(Psi)*cos(Alpha-Theta)>0 then print "shining" else print "hidden" 1770 goto 1920
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It's Alive! It's Alive! actuator test results; computer program for aiming the dish, predicted solar position, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

1780 Dawn=(Root1-Noon)*12/#pi+12:Dawn=Dawn-24*int(Dawn/24) 1790 Dusk=(Root2-Noon)*12/#pi+12:Dusk=Dusk-24*int(Dusk/24) 1800 if Nroots=2 then 1830 1810 print "sun touches horizon just at";:X=Dawn:gosub 1310:'nroots=1 1820 print ".":goto 1880 1830 if Dawn>Dusk then X=Dawn:Dawn=Dusk:Dusk=X:Root1=Root2 1840 print "This day has";using(3,2),Dusk-Dawn;" hours of daylight: "; 1850 print "Dawn at ";:X=Dawn:gosub 1310 1860 print ", dusk at ";:X=Dusk:gosub 1310 1870 print "." 1880 Phi=Root1:gosub 740 1890 print "Sunrise at bearing ";using(3,2),Ang1*180/#pi;" degrees." 1900 Phi=Noon:gosub 740 1910 print "High sun at angle ";using(3,2),Ang2*180/#pi;" degrees" 1920 gosub 1170 1930 print "Energy collected is ";using(4,2),Total;" percent maximal" 1940 return 1950 ' 1960 'show data for the year 1970 ' 1980 print 1990 print "Observations about this place - energy collection per day" 2000 print "*********************************************************" 2010 print "Solistices:"; 2020 Days=0:gosub 630:gosub 1170:print using(4,2),Total;" % maximal" 2030 print "June equinox:"; 2040 Days=91:gosub 630:gosub 1170:print using(4,2),Total;" % maximal" 2050 print "December equinox:"; 2060 Days=273:gosub 630:gosub 1170:print using(4,2),Total;" % maximal" 2070 return

This information will prove to be valuable to those of the who prefer to aim a solar collector based on predicted solar position rather than an active sensor feedback system. While an active sensor system may prove to be slightly more accurate, a purely predictive control mechanism will provide more than sufficient results for high efficiency solar heat conversion. The method you utilize is strictly up to you. That wraps up our focus on the collector end of things for this year. It's already September up here in the north country and snow is just around the corner. Next month we are going to take a look at the new turbine we have designed and have begun building for several of our club members. Until then, keep your projects active and moving forward -- let us and the world know how you are progressing. Ken Rieli
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:08 PM

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It's Alive! It's Alive! actuator test results; computer program for aiming the dish, predicted solar position, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


FREE Open Source Forum http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htm

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4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine, construction details, baseplate, bearing housing end plates, hot rotor housing, case ring, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine


Construction Details - Part I
October 2005 Last month we concluded our discussion of solar collectors, and are moving on to a firsthand look at our new, complete 4.5-inch Tesla turbine. We'll begin this month's article by showing methods of constructing parts of the turbine.

Photo 1 shows how we cut 6-foot lengths of 6061 aluminum for the base plate, bearing housing and plates, and hot rotor housing end plate. We use a 10-inch carbide circular blade and slowly slice the slab into appropriate lengths.

Photo 2 shows round billet 6061 aluminum before and after boring for bearings.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc61.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:18:53 PM

4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine, construction details, baseplate, bearing housing end plates, hot rotor housing, case ring, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

In Photo 3 we have bored and tapped the bearing housing for air and oil fittings.

Photo 4 shows the 5-inch hot rotor case ring with the inlet and inlet flange wire welded together, and just prior to cutting the inner and outer ring diameters. Since the aluminum is soft, the inlet material protruding into the case ring is simply cut at the same time with a lathe bit. If we were using stainless steel for the ring, it would be necessary to first grind the excess inlet material prior to turbine on the lathe.

Photo 5 shows a batch of finished turbine parts on the left - including alloy and stainless hardware for completing the turbine case. On the right we see the completely assembled turbine case.

In Photo 6 we see a close-up of our completed Tesla turbine case - awaiting the shaft, bearings, and hot rotor. That should give you an idea of both the quality and complexity of the numerous parts
http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc61.htm (2 of 3)6/10/2006 9:18:53 PM

4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine, construction details, baseplate, bearing housing end plates, hot rotor housing, case ring, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

that go into a Tesla turbine. Next month we'll continue examining a completely built-up turbine including the nozzle, air seal ports and oil ports. Until then, keep working on your own projects and let us know what discoveries you've made. Ken Rieli

Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:08 PM

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4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine, construction details 2, exhaust port, fittings, air seals, bearings, dry sump design, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine


Construction Details - Part II
November 2005 Continuing on from last month's description of our 4.5-inch new Tesla turbine builds, we see in Photo 1 a completed engine ready to spool up with 100-150 psi of compressed air or steam. As mentioned in previous articles, this turbine was designed for experimenters with less than industrial level resources. Because of its small rotor (both in diameter and disk number), anyone with very modest shop resources can power up this engine and obtain good experimental data. In Photo 2 we are looking directly into the exhaust port of the engine. If you look closely, you can see the exhaust slots laser-cut into the rotor assembly. The triangular hole pattern allows the experimenter to bolt an exhaust flange onto the end plate for steam recovery.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc62.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:19:11 PM

4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine, construction details 2, exhaust port, fittings, air seals, bearings, dry sump design, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Photo 3 shows the bearing retainer plate held on with six cap screws.

In Photo 4 we see a number of brass fittings, installed in the bearing block. The two hose barbs protruding from the side of the case are air seal inlets. Over the years we have tried using nitrile rubber shaft seals only to find that they exerted too much drag on the shaft for proper spool up. The air seals we designed use an array of channel cut into the shaft/spacer to aerodynamically trap gas around the shaft and resist the movement of air, oil or dirt along the shaft. A small air pressure (5-10 psi) charges the seal with positive pressure to create a more positive barrier. Keep in mind that this feature is in itself experimental and will require some minimal experimentation to find an ideal air pressure. Going on to Photo 5 we see three brass hose barbs on the other side of the engine. One is obviously the gas inlet for the hot rotor. The other two are oil inlet and outlet. The top fitting is also the oil jet. There are two small holes drilled in the bottom of the fitting pointed towards the bearings. Oil is ideally pulsed through these holes intermittently to lightly spray the bearings.

The 6005 ball bearing normally has an upper rpm limit of about 18,000 in an oil bath. By adopting a "dry sump" system we can increase the upper rpm limit by a factor of 3-4. Dry sumps drain off the oil immediately to an auxiliary oil holding tank so the bearings are never immersed in oil. To oil the bearings, a pulsed jet or mist of oil is injected into the side cage of the bearing at a small flow rate. Since this is also an experimental area in terms of pressure and pulse rate, we can begin with a much simplified system of a continuous jet flow. - In future experiments we will study pulsed injection flow.
http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc62.htm (2 of 3)6/10/2006 9:19:11 PM

4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine, construction details 2, exhaust port, fittings, air seals, bearings, dry sump design, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

The last photo is a shot from above. Notice the two set screws near the oil inlet. These set screws are used to exert a very slight pressure on the outer bearing races to eliminate bearing/case play.

Well, that concludes our first look at a relatively low-cost, industrial quality Tesla turbine. Ken Rieli
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2005 Review: Moving on to Phase II, from basic technology to application, Tesla disk turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

2005 Review: Moving on to Phase II


December 2005 This is north country where we live -- away from the hustle and bustle of the big cities, and just right for the kind of work we are doing. I grew up in one of the largest cities in the U.S. -- Detroit -- waning auto capital of the world. I say "waning" because European and Asian automakers are slowly but surely taking global market share from GM and Ford. With one in seven U.S. jobs tied to the domestic automotive industry, things don't look so good for us now. And it's not just the auto industry that's depressed. The republicans keep telling us that the economy is looking up -- but what about those climbing interest rates? The clown in the white house says that inflation is low (if you exclude food and fuel) -- but what about those climbing interest rates? The economy does indeed look good for republicans and other ilk who believe in, and actively worship, the religion of greed. But for the rest of us who must pay the ever-increasing costs of food and fuel, things look drastically different. One of the main reasons we began this club was to share information with other new engine enthusiasts, and try to inspire them to do the same. We have always believed that the way to truly change the world for the better is to get people to move at the grass roots level of global society. It's the masses of individuals who need to be set free from the high costs of greed capitalism, and empowered with new energy technologies to cut off the "money fix" from the utility industry. We've come a long way over the last few years. We have discussed numerous ways to build turbines, and diverse ways of powering them -- and all within the reach of regular people. You don't have to be a rocket scientist or rich utility magnate to exercise what we have shown. A number of club members have contracted us to custom-build for them turbines based on our 4.5-inch design, and that will keep us busy all winter long. We began the year with two main goals in mind: to offer a small turbine to our club members that would be an ideal size for home power generation, and to explore how we might capture and utilize the ultimate power source -- the sun. I believe we have succeeded on both fronts and, while the research, development and improvements to these basic systems will go on for years to come, it's time to move on to a new phase in our efforts. It's time to bring closure to Phase I and open up Phase II. In Phase I we explored basic technology -- how to build components of systems and how to get them to effectively work. In the coming years, Phase II will focus on the application of basic concepts. And as more of our club members begin working with our standardized turbine design, we will be able to begin extracting real numbers from real applications.
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2005 Review: Moving on to Phase II, from basic technology to application, Tesla disk turbines, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Ken Rieli
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:08 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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Strategy for 2006, Energy independence, Experimenter's Tesla Turbine appl...lar turbogenerator, wind power, Open House, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Strategy for 2006


Energy independence; Experimenter's Tesla Turbine applications; new energy Open House
January 2006 - the beginning of a new year, the beginning of the next phase of global domination. Some years back I predicted that gasoline would hit a record high of $3 per gallon between 2000 and 2005, followed by a global sustained price of $5-$10/ gallon between 2006 and 2010. The first prediction came true -- in fact, during hurricane Katrina gasoline topped $6 per gallon in Georgia. With demand for fossil fuels increasing globally instead of being offset by alternatives, my second prediction is sure to follow between now and 2010. One of the reasons we started the PTBC five years ago was to show the world a pathway to new motive power -- both electric and transportation power. We have succeeded in showing the way to the engine of the 21st century; now it's up to the rest of the world to someday follow -- but that won't be soon! We've said about all that's necessary to point people in the right direction -- now it's up to the world to put their resources begin the right direction. This year we are going to focus a lot more on specific applications rather than generalized basic research. Those of you who ordered turbines from us either have received them by now or will shortly. Now it's up to club members to develop their own complete systems to begin offsetting the ever-increasing utility costs for themselves and possibly others throughout the world. Here at our site, we are continuing development of solar turbo-generators, hybrids, and aircraft engines. We are also taking a serious look at wind turbines as part of the energy independence mix. To realistically move 100% off-grid will require a mix of new energy systems -- sun, wind and fire. Since wind power is about the easiest technology to work with system-wise, we plan on building a small wind turbine to give us minimal battery-stored power. We also plan on generating solar steam to power our 4.5-inch (overhung design) turbine. Also, our work in pulse detonation systems will continue for future applications. Since we are focusing on applications this year, the work will progress much slower than in previous years, so we are changing our monthly report to a quarterly report -- four per year rather than 12. That will allow us to get more work done and show more significant progress. For those of you who do not have your turbines built yet and are waiting for CAD files of our 4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine, that CD will be available shortly. For those of you who already have received your turbines from us, we have a few major improvements relating to bearing fit -- to reduce vibration and oscillation chatter. All of the machining for these improvements is free of
http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc64.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:19:47 PM

Strategy for 2006, Energy independence, Experimenter's Tesla Turbine appl...lar turbogenerator, wind power, Open House, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

charge -- you simply pay for materials and shipping. In conclusion, 2006 may be a bleak year for the energy dependent, but it will prove to be a good year for those of us working to get off the grid! Also, club members need to send us photos of what they are doing. You don't have to disclose how you are achieving your results, if it's a trade secret -- just show that you are making progress. One last item: During the month of August (1st through 31st) we will conduct a new energy Open House. Expect to see both technology and application displays, and come prepared for heated discussions concerning jackasses in government and industry! Ken Rieli
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:08 PM

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Published in ExtraOrdinary Technology magazine July 2003

Rebirth of the Tesla Turbine

Will the real engine of the 21st century please stand up!
By Ken Rieli Its been nearly 100 years since Nikola Tesla prototyped his first turbine engine, and the world is still waiting to see if it will ever amount to much. To understand why an engine with so much potential can languish in limbo for so long we have to view in retrospect the state of the engineering world at the time of its development. Just prior to the turn of the century (19th - 20th), gasoline and diesel piston engines were developed to the point where they could be used in vehicles. At the same time, Parsons and Curtis turbines were being developed for steam power plants. By the time Tesla began developing his engine, piston technology was fully entrenched in the auto industry, and the major players in electrical production GE and Westinghouse had already invested heavily in Parsons and Curtis designs. When Tesla finally did appro ach power producers and car producers, they simply were too far into their investments, and were not interested in considering new technology even if it was better.

During that same time frame, the U.S. oil cartel was cooking up a plan to subjugate the people of the U.S. and eventually the rest of the world by making everyone dependent on the new black gold oil. Engines such as Teslas that had the potential for lower cost and higher efficiencies did not fit into the profit schemes of the rich oil barons of that day. They saw Teslas dream of a pollution-free environment as anti-American, since it cut into their profit plans. Tesla and his technologies were systematically swept under the carpet until the great awakening in the late 1960s to early 1970s. Some of us who were starting college around 1969 discovered obscure books and articles in campus libraries that spoke of experiments and developments performed by a completely unknown inventor Nikola Tesla. The old book that I unearthed and read from cover to cover featured a man and his vast variety of discoveries in practically every area of science and how he developed working prototypes for most of these discoveries. I was fascinated with his earthquake machines, death ray concepts, and most of all by his turbine. Not having the opportunity or resources to do very much with it at that time, the knowledge slowly cooked on the back burner for another 25 years. Then in 1994 the turbine memory emerged as an answer to a pressing problem. At the time my company focus was on developing UAVs (Unmanned Air Vehicles). As we stepped through t he first design we discovered that engines being used by other designers for aircraft were either high-priced bladed turbines or gas piston engines that needed major rebuilding every 500 hours. The answer to the powerplant problem stuck out like a sore thumb Tesla turbines. In addition to being the answer to the UAV power plant problem, we also discovered along the way that the Tesla turbine is the answer to mans greatest challenges facing him in this century: rapidly increasing demand for electrical and automotive power. For a couple of years running weve studied serious global issues such as global warming, climate shift, the high costs of food & fuel, and how all of these factor into sustainable growth for everyone on the planet not just the top 1% to 5%. Sustainable Growth Sustainable growth is global progress without pollution overhead. It is the ability for mankind to move forward and create quality of living for everyone, even with a rapidly increasing population. The major impediment to global growth is greed. Greed economics has driven accelerated growth with profiteering for a select few, along with unchecked pollution for over one hundred years, and the result is devastating to our ecosystem and world health. Deregulated industries are accountable for most of the ills of mankind today including poverty, famine, disease, dwindling fuel reserves, and climate shift catastrophes (severe weather anomalies). The three main sources of air pollution are: internal combustion engines, coal-fired power plants, and the manufacturing sector.

The only viable technology capable of delivering the elusive sustainable growth formula more power, less pollution, lower cost is the Tesla or boundary layer turbine. While knuckleheads in government bank on fuel cells and IT as the saviors of mankind, anyone with half a brain knows that the fool cell and its requisite fuel infrastructure will not be able to move mankind from piston engines to the new system for another 50-100 years! In real terms, this means that the world will kill itself off in the mire of toxic waste before the idiots who now run the system (industrial-government cartel) deliver a timely solution. Piston engines must be tossed aside if we are t o save t he planet, and since fuel cells wont meet the deadline, whats left? The Tesla turbine. The Tesla turbine is the only technology now available to head off the rapidly compounding disaster that now plagues mankind: self-inflicted death by industrial to xins. That availability is why the Tesla turbine is the real Engine of the 21st Century! Decentralized Utilities The Bush energy program (written by the U.S. energy cartel) describes a Pollyanna-type future in which all Americans will enjoy abundantly flowing electrical power to rid them of the scourge of pollution and power deprivation. Lets stop right here and take a reality check First of all, the plan calls for constructing a large number of huge coal-fired power plants just across the Mexican border to evade air quality legislation. Next, the entire U.S. must be rewired with high voltage power lines crisscrossing the entire country. Bush also claimed in passing that Americans would be happy to give up their lands and properties to facilitate construction of this divine energy system. Again, the reality is plain to see: this is nothing but a ploy to secure Bushs rich buddies in a monopolistic, centralist utility extortion scheme over the American public. The reality is that we already pay too much for utilities much more than the cost of energy. To give you an example my electric bill for last month was round $53. I used $17 worth of electricity, and the rest was surcharges & distribution fees! Does anyone else smell extortion here? Its extortion because government refuses to put a cap on greed, and we the American public must have the utilities to survive. The obvious answer to the problem is t o decentralize utilities to place the power of selfdetermination back into the hands of the public, as it should be! This means providing the technology for every household and every business to produce its own heat and electrical power. There are a number of technologies that can be considered for a quick fix, but the only technology that fits into sustainable growth strategies is again, the Tesla turbine.

Some of the benefits we have to keep in mind when considering any engine technology are: a) b) c) d) e) f) All-fuel capability Quiet operation Long life High power density Pollution free Low cost t o produce and maintain

Of all technologies I have studied, the Tesla turbine is the only engine that fits all of these requirements, and is the only o ne capable of delivering on the decentralized ut ility strategy. Programs So many of you may agree with what weve said so far, but your big question is, How do I get involved, and were do I get hold of this technology for personal and business use? How can I secure my future through decentralized utilities? PNGinc has set up a number of programs for both local and global involvement from technology construction clubs to business and philanthropic activities. We believe that to make the world a better place for all of us, we must t ake back control of our lives from centralism worldwide. In other words, break up the monopolies. On a personal level we have formed the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club (www.phoenixnavigation.com/pt bc/home.htm), which is free for anyone to join. We started t he club by providing basic Tesla turbine construction diagrams and tips. Today we are able to offer a kit of parts that a mechanically inclined individual can machine and build into an industrialquality, low-horsepower Tesla turbine. The end goal of the club is to construct complete, all-fuel cogenerator systems for personal decentralized power (heat and stored electricity). With the recent introduction of the turbine engine component kit, we are well on our way to realizing this goal, as we bring more of the components online over the next 12-18 months. In addition to the free club, PNGinc also offers its expertise in the form of philanthropic work, sourcing turbine kits to researchers and providing consulting and joint venture opportunities to companies of all sizes. All of these programs are geared toward solving global growth problems by replacing old, dead-end technologies such as piston and conventional turbine engines with powerful, pollution-busting, cost-effective Tesla turbines. Future Growth The grass roots initiative in the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club is only the first shot at taking back control of our lives through decentralization. As mentioned above, the primary goal of the club is to work with our members t o build complete cogenerator systems at a hobby level and pace, making the project affordable for people around the world.

At the same time we are offering our technical expertise to small (or large) businesses in the fields of power production and vehicle powerplants. OEMs looking for a turbine component for their solar-steam or combustion-steam electrical power systems may find our engine kits ideal for first product, followed by larger units developed through our consulting or joint venture programs. Proprietary knowledge gained in our PNGinc labs such as improved disk geometry, ultra-clean burner and pulse detonation combustion techniques are key pivotal points for future growth in boundary layer engine systems. Advanced pro jects such as our Kinetic Energy Drive and aircraft propulsion systems, along with our initial cogenerator project, are destined to sweep aside both piston and fuel cell engine offerings. Conclusion After examining and comparing every known viable technology for pollution-free growth in this new century, weve concluded that there is no engine technology or type that comes even close to the Tesla or boundary layer disk turbine. Piston engines and bladed turbines had their shot in the 20th century and caused the polluted cesspool we all live in today. Fuel cells are too immature and wont be ready for another century. Like the Phoenix rising from the ashes of a former life, the Tesla turbine is now emerging to take its rightful place as the real motive power engine of the 21st century!

PNGinc website: www.phoenixnavigation.com

Published in ExtraOrdinary Technology magazine July 2003

Tesla Turbine Primer


By Ken Rieli The Tesla Turbine is a remarkable machine in terms of simplicity, robustness, efficiency, and applicability but little is known, even among todays engineers, about how it works and how well it performs alongside conventional turbines. Lets take a brief look at turbines in general and how the unique design and characteristics of the Tesla engine stack up. Turbines, for the most part, can be classified as either impulse or reaction engines. Impulse turbines convert kinetic energy to shaft power by deflecting the gas path using buckets or blades, resulting in decreased gas velocity. Reaction turbines use blades only in a compound energy conversion mechanism - which decreases both gas velocity and pressure, resulting in higher energy conversion efficiencies. Figure 1 shows a close up view of a typical impulse turbine blade array. High velocity gases (steam or direct combustion) pass through the blades, imparting radial motion to the rotor and shaft. Gas velocity is decreased while pressure remains constant across the blades. Equal gas pressure on both leading and trailing edges of the blades is characteristic of the impulse turbine.
Figure 1 - impulse turbine blades

Figure 2 shows a close up of typical reaction turbine blades. They are shaped to create a pressure drop across the blade surface resulting in a reaction force in a radial direction. Since there is both a decrease in gas velocity and pressure, reaction blades are more efficient than impulse types in imparting shaft power. The difference in gas pressure (lower pressure on the trailing edge) results in a greater axial load on the rotor assembly.

Figure 2 - reaction turbine blades

Figure 3 shows a typical Tesla/boundary layer disk turbine configuration. Notice that there are no blades whatsoever - parallel, closely spaced disks use aerodynamic skin adhesion effect to resist gas flow between the plates. Resistance to fluid flow between the plates results in energy transfer to the shaft. High velocity gas enters the disk pack through the inlet (upper right) in a path tangent to the outer edge of the disks. Outer-periphery round washers convert high velocity gas to shaft power through impulse and drag forces. As the lower-energy gas spirals toward the central exit port, adhesion, drag and centrifugal forces continue to convert kinetic gas energy to shaft rotational power. The energy conversion mechanism of Figure 3 - Tesla Turbine disks boundary-layer turbines is so efficient - even in just one stage - Tesla recorded an astounding 60% under ideal lab conditions using direct combustion. Compare this to bladed turbine best efficiencies of around 30% - 35%! The only area in which bladed turbines beat out Tesla turbines is in power density or horsepower per pound - but that advantage could be completely overturned through advances in disk turbine design. As you can see from Figure 4, the Tesla turbine is manufactured from simple stock materials - flat plate, tubing, round stock and aluminum square stock. This translates into potentially very low engine manufacturing costs (in large quantities). That, combined with the all-fuel capabilities of this engine, makes it the only choice for 21st century global power needs.

Figure 4 - PNGinc Tesla Turbine design

Breaking the Yoke of Dependence; CAD CD; 4.5" Tesla Turbine oiling system details, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

First Quarter 2006


Politics: Breaking the Yoke of Dependence; CAD file CD; 4.5" Tesla Turbine Oiling System Details
Political Section

Government-Industry Cartel: How to break free


Well, I guess the jury is finally in; Bush refuses to do anything about the oil price gouging perpetrated by his buddies in the oil industry. Few people realize that there are laws on the books empowering the government to protect the public against unfair and illegal pricing -- but as the white house hillbilly says, "I hayna-gonna innerfer wit biznez". So much for our pseudo-democratic society -- of the oil boys, by the oil boys, for the oil boys. It shows what has been working behind the scenes for a couple of decades. King Bush the first went to war against Iraq over secret Bush family oil deals with Kuwait, and in the process used illegal dirty nukes in southern Iraq. It's also a known, documented fact that the U.S. oil cartel approached little Bush years before the 2000 election and offered to make him king if he would do one little thing - invade Iraq and steal the oil wells, handing them over to the oil industry, as shown on the map laid out on his living room coffee table. Now we know for a fact that King Bush II did not win either election legally or fairly, so what is the real reason he was appointed to power -- to make war on oil rich nations and steal their reserves. Little Bush is guilty of the same war crimes as the old man: using dirty nukes in Baghdad just like the old man did in the desert! This tyrannical regime will stop at nothing to empower the rich, subjugate the poor and illegally undermine the U.S. Constitution by militarizing all civilian functions of government. Hang onto your hats -- you ain't seen nothing yet! Since Bush and the feds are facilitating, rather than regulating, gluttonous oil-rich friends, you can forget about them working for you. It's up to you to take your life and destiny in your own hands and create your own better world. The first step is to get off-grid and provide your won electrical power. From there you can progress to home heating and eventually to transportation. The goal is to cut off the "money fix" from the energy and government boys. By providing your own indigenous power, you become more secure, you save money in the process, and you gain freedom from ever-increasing energy bills. Ultimately we should all become self-sufficient & self-reliant in order to cure the most pervasive of societal diseases -- dependence on the industrial-government cartel. Eisenhower warned against the cartel when he was about to leave office, and more recently, the economist responsible for drafting & running the U.S. economy -from Roosevelt to Carter -- admitted that the big corporations had finally taken over and are now running the government.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/articles/ptbc65.htm (1 of 7)6/10/2006 9:21:39 PM

Breaking the Yoke of Dependence; CAD CD; 4.5" Tesla Turbine oiling system details, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

It's quite evident what is going on when the rich no longer pay their fair share of taxes, the lion's share of tax rebates goes to the rich, and all of the largest corporations not only do not pay taxes, but are paid tax dollars to exist. This is the true status of the U.S. welfare system. As Bush and the republicans are busy eliminating 140 social programs and destroying the foundation of Social Security, welfare checks to the richest individuals & corporations skyrocket through the heavens. For God's sake -- am I the only one on the planet who sees through the sleaze of the republicans and halfhearted democrats who are in a grand collusion with big biz against the cattle of the "united states"?

Activism Section

Tools to Set the Captives Free


This year we are going to show both club members and the rest of the world how to cut the ties with the gluttonous beasts of the system. We plan on finishing the Experimenter's Tesla Turbine details articles within the first two quarters. We are also busy on the turbine CAD files and should have our CD ready to ship by the end of the second quarter. For those of you who have not started on building a turbine yet, this is a great source of info, drawings and files that can be used with CNC machinery to mill finished parts for your own 4.5" home power turbine. This is a very low-cost avenue for all of our club members to instantly gain access to engineering details of a working unit. We expect this first CD to be a big success and plan to create and publish follow-on CD's loaded with working details on boiler systems, solar turbo-generators, etc. So now is the time to declare your independence and start living your own life of liberty and freedom!

Technical Section

4.5-inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Oiling System


Our focus in this article is on the 4.5" turbine oiling system. We'll start out by showing photos of a turbine we designed and built for a university several years back. In Photo 1 we see the framework for a typical "overhung" 10-inch turbine. From the bottom of the bearing block you notice clear plastic tubing running from a couple of brass hose barbs to a black metal container. Oil drains from the bottom of the bearing case to the rectangular reservoir, where it is eventually fed through a pump and back to the top oil jets.

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Breaking the Yoke of Dependence; CAD CD; 4.5" Tesla Turbine oiling system details, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

In Photo 2 you can see the complete oil system. Oil is drawn from the reservoir into the oil pump intake and forced upward through a small "gasoline" filter and onward to the two oil jets - one for each bearing.

Photos 3 & 4 show two more views of the closed loop oiling system. The clear plastic tubing running from the top of the reservoir to the center of the bearing block is both a fill tune/vent, and a "sight glass" to maintain oil levels.

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Breaking the Yoke of Dependence; CAD CD; 4.5" Tesla Turbine oiling system details, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Photo 5 shows how the oil jets were fabricated for this project. Garden variety brass fittings from a local hardware store were modified by soldering copper tubing extensions with end plugs, and drilling small diameter oil jet holes aimed toward the ball bearings when mounted in place.

Photo 6 shows our new oil jet designed for the 4.5" turbine. Notice how oil (water) sprays in two directions to cool both bearings simultaneously. It is important to orient the oil jet holes facing the bearings. Dimple marks have been drilled into the hex nut faces to indicate oil jet direction.

For a quick and easy oil reservoir we have used a small olive jar with holes drilled in the lid to accept plastic tubing (Photo 7). Usually the inlet tubing is shorter than the outlet or pickup tube. This allows the hotter oil to enter the reservoir at the top and give off its heat before migrating to the cooler bottom region, where it is siphoned off by the oil pump.

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Breaking the Yoke of Dependence; CAD CD; 4.5" Tesla Turbine oiling system details, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Photos 8 & 9 show the "little giant" centrifugal pump we recommend -- supplied by Surplus Center for around $40 plus shipping. The second view shows the pump with brass fittings picked up at the local hardware -- which simply screw into the pump -- no tapping required.

Photos 10 & 11 show a couple views of our 4.5" turbine with a few of the brass fittings installed. In the first (top) view we see the two angled hose barbs for the air seals (to the right). As mentioned in previous articles, air seals are necessary to eliminate drag from conventional nitrile shaft seals. The hose barb to the left is the oil drain fitting. Photo 11 shows another view of the oil drain line barb.

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Breaking the Yoke of Dependence; CAD CD; 4.5" Tesla Turbine oiling system details, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

In Photos 12 & 13 we see the complete closed-loop oiling system ready to go. Oil drains from the bearing block into the olive jar reservoir, is drawn from the bottom of the jar into the oil pump intake and forced under pressure upward to the centrally located oil jet. One thing to keep in mind -- these centrifugal oil pumps are not selfpriming. Oil must fill the tubing between the reservoir and pump, and the pump case before the pump will operate. If you want to regulate the oil flow, use an aquarium air flow needle valve between the pump and oil jet.

Well, that's it for now. We're doing all we can to set the world free from the cartel -- now it's up to the rest of you to get a hold of this information and "buy your stairway to heaven". You must invest your own time and resources to set yourselves free! And remember to get your CD in June of this year -- it's packed full of technical info on construction of our 4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine -- plus a complete set of our Phoenix Turbine Builders Club articles.
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Breaking the Yoke of Dependence; CAD CD; 4.5" Tesla Turbine oiling system details, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Also, remember to come see us in August if you plan on vacationing this year in our neck of Michigan's great outdoors. Ken Rieli
Last updated: May 25, 2006 12:57 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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Resources & Info

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


Developer Resources

Free!

Free!

Machine Shops
Sam Williams tinker@ccrtcblue.com I am a machinist and I would be willing to donate my time to making parts for those who need prototypes. Mass quantities would have to go through the shop like anything else. Any piece parts I can make on my own time and the only cost would be for stock material. Christopher Murphy Owner murphyc1@eircom.net Leighlinbridge, Co Carlow, Ireland I have a well equipped Machine shop, CNC lathes & Mills ,surface grinders, cylindrical grinders, gear hobbers, gear shapers, keyseater, broaching, slotting Website: precisionengineersireland.com OBI Laser Products 45 Bristol Drive Canton, CT 06019 Phone: 1-860-305-0038 Laser machining business I will be able to laser cut any custom design in plastics (acrylic, polycarbonate, etc.) if supplied with DXF files. Website: http://www.obilaser.com

Nearly 900 members worldwide may be looking for you!

Advertise Your Services Here!


Email ptbc@phoenixnavigation.com Robert O'Brien Owner rob@obilaser.com

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Resources & Info

Jeff P Journeyman Toolmaker jpflug@charter.net I am interested in helping design and manufacture prototypes for inventors especially in the renewable energy field. I have a web site that shows my small shop, including a few part samples that have been done in the past. www.geocities.com/promachine02

Roberts Machine Co. bobbyspaeth@yahoo.com Pennsylvania Confidential research & development. Complete machine shop services Reasonable rates. Can supply prototypes or production components for turbines.

Gary Wiltse Vice President Advanced Manufacturing Services Inc. 3110 S. 166th St. New Berlin, WI 53151 Phone: (292) 938-9713 Fax: (292) 938-9723 Custom cutting service employing two 5-axis Waterjets & horizontal cut-off saw www.amswaterjet.com

Art Bordeaux VP Engineering & Manufacturing Phoenix Fabrication, Inc. 141 Elliott Dixon Rd. Ayden, NC 28513 Phone: (252) 746-7300 Fax: (252) 746-7301 Precision metal fabrication

Parts & Supplies


Smalley Steel Ring Company 385 Gilman Ave. Wheeling, Illinois 60090 Phone: (847)537-7600 Fax: (847)537-7698 Website: www.smalley.com Bearing pre-load springs Manufacturer of: Flat wire compression springs Spirawave Wave Springs Spiral retaining rings Laminar seal rings Expanders
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Advanced Cerametrics Inc. Traditional, piezo fiber, and complex injection molded ceramics. Advanced Cerametrics, Inc. P.O. Box 128 Lambertville, NJ 08530-0128 Phone: 800-261-1208 or 609-397-2900 Fax: 609-397-2708 Website: www.advancedcerametrics.com

Resources & Info

Shims Email: info@smalley.com

DEEPAK FASTENERS LIMITED Sanjeev Bhatia Corp. Manager sanjeev.b@deepakfasteners.com ISO 9001 manufacturer/exporter Nuts, bolts, washers, clamps, threaded rods & more... Fasteners used in railway wagons, railway engines, agriculture pump sets, steel, cement, paper, chemical, fertilizer and atomic power stations, transmission towers and wind mill structures Deepak Fasteners Limited 4th Floor, The First Mall, Mall Road, Ludhiana 141001, Punjab, India Tel No. 0091-161-2774401-05. Fax. No. 0091-161-2449050, 2774400. Website: www.deepakfasteners.com

NTN Bearing Corporation www.ntnamerica.com Bearings

Services
Kohan Hawkins kohan18@hotmail.com Abilene, Texas -- Have milling machine, lathe, and welders. Would love to help in any TT project. Bert mrmig1@theriver.com Houston, Texas -- I have a CNC mill and lathe and can convert the files in SurfCam to G-Code for anybody that is interested.

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Resources & Info

Contact: Eur. Ing. Ashok Chadha CHADHA ASSOCIATES Mondorferstr. 70 53117 Bonn / Germany Tel.: + 49 228 66 3813 Fax: + 49 228 66 7160 Mobile: 0160-92937487 E-mail: chadhabonn@aol.com

Christopher C. Markham Cmarkham@AdjustableShelving.com Manufacturing Technician, Great American Shelving Inc. My entire design is based around the use of a turret press to produce the varied parts. Although not as clean as a laser, the system has worked well thus far. Any parts that can be punched in sheet metal I can probably do and would be happy to try. If I can help someone out I am more than willing.

NEED EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS OR TECHNOLOGIES FROM GERMANY/EUROPE? We source from hundreds of manufacturers to ensure that you buy at the best nett trade price possible. We serve Process, Power, Construction, Marine, Manufacturing Industries, & supply: Machinery ( Used or New ) Analysing-, Testing-, Measuring- & Control Instruments Electrical-, Electronic-, Hydraulic- & PneumaticComponents Hard-to-find Replacement/Spare Parts Industrial supplies Also open to other business opportunities. Your suggestions are welcome in this regard.

Development Tools
After decades of research and development work involving microprocessors, we've determined that the best tools for fast & efficient programming of embedded processors use BASIC language compilers. The systems we use on a regular basis are: PowerBasic (x86 systems) PICBasic Pro (microchip cpu's) BasCom (8051 and AVR cpu's) Development systems www.powerbasic.com www.melabs.com www.mcselec.com www.dontronics.com

Free listings on this page do not constitute an endorsement of products or companies by the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club.

Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:08 PM


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Tesla Turbines, Plans & Components, Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Hot Roto...Kit, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, disk turbines, development, Ken Rieli

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Tesla Turbines, Plans & Parts

PNGinc's 4.5-inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbine


Nikola Tesla's "powerhouse in a hat" is destined to become the Engine of the 21st Century -- now you can participate in advancing this New Power revolution!

We now offer 4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbines for researchers, product developers and hobbyists. This turbine will be the focus of our 2006 Phoenix Turbine Builders Club activities. Primary areas for experimentation include bearings, seals and nozzles.

We're also offering 4.5" Hot Rotor components separate from the rest of our turbine - for educators or Club members who have their own turbine project ideas.

Coming soon!

Finally, we are working on a CAD CD containing DXF files, drawings and information on our 4.5-inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbine - to be released this year.

PNGinc Experimenter's Tesla Turbines, hot rotors, Infinity Engine, Nikola Tesla, Tesla boundary layer turbines, Tesla disk turbines, bladeless turbines, Engine of the 21st Century, steam turbines, solar turbo-generator, cogeneration, solar thermal energy, all-fuel engine, recycled waste oil, solvents, renewable fuels, biodiesel, alcohol, heat recovery, combustible, wood, hay, stubble, alternative energy systems, self-sufficiency, emergency preparedness, energy security, off-grid, electrification, renewable power, sun, wind, biomass, research, product development, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

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4.5" Tesla Turbines

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club 4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbine

4.5-inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbine Hot Rotor, Bearing Block & Shaft Assembly, Hot Case

This is what a few of our members already have - and what most of you are missing. Designer Phoenix Navigation & Guidance Inc. Munising, Michigan http://phoenixnavigation.com/

Turbine type

Tesla boundary layer disk turbine

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/turbine45.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:24:10 PM

4.5" Tesla Turbines

Description

This experimental Tesla turbine consists of a hot rotor, bearing case, shaft assembly & hot case. Removable inlet nozzle section for experimentation Top brass hose barb -- oil jet Two side hose barbs -- labyrinth air seal pressure Lower hose barb -- oil return. Does not include oiling system; you must order one and install it yourself. (Try SurplusCenter.com to purchase oiling pump #2-1168 for around $40 USD) This is a dry sump system - no oil remains in the case. You must provide an external tank as an oil reservoir - metal, 8 to 16 ounces is sufficient - as well as an oiling pump & some clear plastic tubing for oil and air ( better to view oil movement).

Physical size Construction

Approximately 6" x 6" x 10" - 4.5-inch hot rotor/disk pack Turbines are designed & manufactured to the highest standard. Rotors are laser cut. The rest is custom built & hand assembled. The case is constructed from 6061 aluminum, the rotor is 304 stainless steel, the shaft is 834 carbon steel, shaft spacers are 6061 aluminum and bronze.

Weight Horsepower

13+ pounds Fractional horsepower Since horsepower is a function of gas momentum, disk geometry and nozzle design, it is difficult to specify an exact horsepower rating. A reasonable expectation is about 1/4 horsepower at 150 psi and 6 cfm. Typically, expect 1 hp steam in to produce 1/3 hp out. (If run 24 hours per day, expect 8 kWh of power per day.)

Fuel

Compressed air (3-5 hp) Steam - You may use any reasonable steam pressure and temperatures up to 150 psi and temperatures up to 700 degrees F. This Tesla turbine is designed as an experimenter's turbine. It is not intended for closed loop systems. However, it can be modified to operate in a minimal loss, closed loop steam system.

RPMs

Designed to run at 24,000 - 30,000 rpm with a load. Top unloaded speed is 40,000 rpm, but it is not recommended for prolonged unloaded runs.

Meantime before overhaul N/A Maintenance Unit Price (in U.S. dollars) N/A $1,500 + $50 shipping/handling inside U.S. Add $25 shipping/handling for orders outside U.S. Please read our Ordering Policy before proceeding with your order.

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4.5" Tesla Turbines

PNGinc Experimenter's Tesla Turbines, components, kits, Tesla Turbine Hot Rotor Component Kit, Infinity Engine, Nikola Tesla, Tesla boundary layer turbines, Tesla disk turbines, bladeless turbines, steam turbines, solar turbo generator, cogeneration, solar energy, all-fuel engine, recycled waste oil, solvents, renewable fuels, biodiesel, alcohol, combustible, wood, hay, stubble, alternative energy systems, Phoenix Turbine Builders Club

Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:08 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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Member List

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

Click image to view Member Countries

Newest Members

Julio Sela istz0016@terra.es Javea 03730 Alicante Spain 01/01/06

Jim jim021244@msn.com Millersville PA


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01/02/06 Enjoy experimenting and new/revisited forgotten technologies

Will Mcclane bobbiegreyhound@hotmail.com Bentonville Arkansas USA 01/04/06

peter kettenbeil peterscottk@ca.inter.net brossard Quebec Canada 01/05/06 Buckminster Fuller was my mentor. I have over 30 years of experience in renewable energies. My passion is Green Buildings which export energy to local grids at peak demand. Was a delegate\observer at the U.N. Climate Change conference in Montreal 2005....

peter kettenbeil peterscottk@ca.inter.net brossard Quebec Canada 01/05/06 Buckminster Fuller was my mentor. I have over 30 years of experience in renewable energies. My passion is Green Buildings which export energy to local grids at peak demand. Was a delegate\observer at the U.N. Climate Change conference in Montreal 2005....
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John Stafford Allen johninamillion@tiscali.co.uk Spilsby. Lincolnshire. United Kingdom

01/05/06 An elderly and clumsy enthusiast without shop/tools/funds or experience, limited understanding (at the moment), but none of the above has stopped me before!

FALAH DMAIRI falahdemery@yahoo.com Jerusalem Palestine http://www.ic-systems.ps/ 01/09/06

Bernard Messier megapart@videotron.ca Boucherville Quebec Canada www.maxidrill.com 01/09/06 Professional engineer. President of Maxidrill Inc. and BMA GEO-Energy Inc. Degree in geology and geotechnics. Certified designer for geothermal HVAC systems. Work presently to combine other sources of energy with the geothermal systems.

Ray Leckrone
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iitimothy27@sbcglobal.net Middleville Michigan USA 01/10/06 Plan on building a 10" IC turbine summer of 06. Sure wish I could ask Dr. Tesla a few question.

terrence thompson etthompson@iinet.net.au Myrtleford Victoria Australia 01/11/06

terrence thompson etthompson@iinet.net.au Myrtleford Victoria Australia 01/11/06

Nikoleta Soric Nikoleta.soric@skole.hr Zagreb Zagrebacka zupanija Croatia 01/11/06

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JC Steel jcsteel@modrods.com Phoenix Arizona USA ModRods.com 01/11/06 I am building the body of a "around town" high fuel mileage/alternative powered commuter vehicle and I am constantly researching different technologies that I can incorporate on this or any up coming projects! Thank you for you wonderful website and your valuable research information! J.C. Steel

Daniel Copil lujiku@yahoo.com Chicago IL

01/11/06 I'm very proud of Tesla.

ERIC NABERT bagginsofberwick@gmail.com BERWICK ONTARIO CANADA n/a 01/12/06

Jim DeBock jdebock@interbaun.com Darwell


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Alberta Canada 01/13/06 Fiddler (likes to fiddle around in the shop )

Jim DeBock jdebock@interbaun.com Darwell Alberta Canada 01/13/06 Fiddler (likes to fiddle around in the shop )

Buzea Lucian lucianbuzea@yahoo.com Brasov Romania

01/17/06

Miguel ngel Vargas logus@telcel.net.ve Caracas Venezuela 01/17/06 Wishing to construct a Tesla Turbine with a free source of energy to power my car o to produce electricity.

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Ogochukwu Mbonu ogoombonu@yahoo.com Port Harcourt Rivers Nigeria 01/18/06

Robin Schulemann robin@blueunion.com Evanston IL 60202 01/19/06

Mark Harding mhardin3@rochester.rr.com Corfu NY USA 01/20/06 Will be putting in some type of solar system in the next year or two.

kashyap pithva erkashyap@yahoo.co.in ahmedabad gujarat india

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krishshop,tripot.com 01/21/06

vishwanath sathe sfm812@vsnl.com pune india maharashtra 01/22/06 i am a small scale manufacturer special puprpose equipment ( evac and fill stations for refrigerants , brakes, radiators etc for automajors in india.auto people are not widely known for mercy. supply failure cannot be a basis for delivery delay people like me face serious problems with electrical supply ( more correctly -- the lack of it )as the supply is erratic , varying in quality and not easy to remedy for a small man like myself. independence is the way out . mr tesla along some others are heroes for me .i would like to make my own genserator and also point others to this so that they too will suffer less.please keep this information confidential . if you cannot then please erase it

MUGU GUYMAN mugu@magaguyman.com lagos okoko

01/26/06 very nice

Terry Couch terrco@msn.com Trenton GA USA 01/26/06

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DAVE SHELBY SMURF@DODGE9.COM COLLEGE STATION TX. USA 01/27/06 BUILDING WORKING TURBINE TO GEN ELECT.

Fred Seton radiant1@kvis.net Libby Montana, USA radiantdesigninstitute.co 01/29/06

Fred Seton radiant1@kvis.net Libby Montana, USA radiantdesigninstitute.co 01/29/06

Fred Seton radiant1@kvis.net Libby


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Montana, USA 420 Hwy 2 W. 59923 radiantdesigninstitute.co 01/29/06 inventor, radiant heat,co-generation turbine, clean bio boiler, hydro/air cooling system. www. radiantdesigninstitute.com and www.rohor.com

sebastien bourgeois seb1@techno-solis.com Saint Petersburg FL USA www.techno-solis.com 01/30/06 Solar pool heater mfg. co., looking into solar steam & power generation for end users.

Chris Geele geele@ureach.com Waldoboro Maine United States 01/30/06

Tim Easthope td_easthope@yahoo.com.au

Australia 02/01/06

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Jake Howk jhowk@engineering.uiowa.edu Bloomfield IA USA 02/06/06

Scott Torsey beamnup14@hotmail.com Seattle WA USA 02/06/06 concept designer for application implementation of emerging technologies

Francis Casey fcasey@infertech.com New Castle DE www.infertech.com 02/07/06

Francis Casey fcasey@infertech.com New Castle DE

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www.infertech.com 02/07/06

Suvabrata Dhar suvabrata_dhar@yahoo.co.in Kolkata West Bengal India 02/08/06 sir I am a b tech stident of 3rd yr Electrical Engineering ,i need schematic diagrams of 3-phase alternators for my college project .If you send me the aforesaid materials i would be highly obliged & be ever grateful to your club Thank you

roble abdi rcabdi@hotmail.com xamar somalia

02/10/06

Colin Tucker colintucker@tiscali.co.uk

United Kingdom 02/12/06 Apprentice trained aircraft propulsion engineer, now working in the automotive industry.

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javier alexis urizar kevin_mackalister@yahoo.com.ar posadas misiones argentina 02/14/06 i don't have a website...yet. ok. i tell you when i make one

Chetenne cheyenne@caltel.com Copperopolis California USA

02/14/06 Have unlimited energy supply at 200C+ solar furnace, now to harness it with a steam engine for electricity. Looking for most reasoanble alternative for 3rd world peoples.

Lacombe Milo laco_milo@zoznam.sk Bratislava Slovakia

02/15/06 Student

Ogan Bicer mob2b@ttnet.net.tr Ulus-ANKARA TURKEY Sanayi Cd 17/34

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02/17/06

MAURICIO CAMPO titanium@itelgua.com Guatemala Guatemala Guatemala 02/17/06

Adrianus Croes errien2@yahoo.com Aruba

02/18/06 Electronics engineer who is currently a teacher. Amazed about how much energy the sun delivers. Now I am interested in the highest possible efficiency for converting sun heat into rotation energy.

jim stansbury jimstansbury@npgcable.com lake havasu city az usa 02/18/06 anesthesiologist and inventor interested in renewable electric production

jim
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stansbury jimstansbury@npgcable.com lake havasu city az usa 02/18/06 anesthesiologist and inventor interested in renewable electric production

Lale Radosavljevic laleradosavljevic.yahoo.com Limassol Cyprus

02/19/06

pk sharma pk

02/19/06

pk sharma pk@sharmas.com calcutta wb india www.sharmas.com 02/19/06 looking for alternates to petrol cars
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Frank Belzile frankbel@shaw.ca Edmonton Alberta Canada

02/19/06 Interested in converting old c band satellite dishes into solar steam generators. Purchased a combo lathe milling machine from House of Tools and am ready to experiment in the construction of "bladeless turbine"closed loop system in wich steam exiting is condensed to create a vaccum,to further enhance the power output of the turbine to run a brushless permanant magnet 3phase generator

Frank Belzile frankbel@shaw.ca Edmonton Alberta Canada

02/19/06 Interested in converting old c band satellite dishes into solar steam generators. Purchased a combo lathe milling machine from House of Tools and am ready to experiment in the construction of "bladeless turbine"closed loop system in wich steam exiting is condensed to create a vaccum,to further enhance the power output of the turbine to run a brushless permanant magnet 3phase generator

David Moseley david@moseley.us Flagstaff AZ

02/19/06

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Tom Hanson tchanson@gmail.com Belmont California USA 02/20/06

Pratap Singh Thakur pratap_nova@yahoo.com Bangalore Karnataka India 02/22/06 I am an resercher engaged in experimenting in solar to electricity projects

Ed Livingston liedw@hotmail.com lenoir NC USA liedw@hotmail.com 02/22/06

gary mannis mannis@omegastarship.com.au melbourne victoria australia www.omegastarship.com.au 02/24/06


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currently working on an electrical vehicle where my interest is to apply a steam tesla turbine to set into motion an alternator/ganerator to charge the battery pack; feel free to contact me about specifications and details about the prototype that i have finished

gary mannis mannis@omegastarship.com.au melbourne victoria australia www.omegastarship.com.au 02/24/06 currently working on an electrical vehicle where my interest is to apply a steam tesla turbine to set into motion an alternator/ganerator to charge the battery pack; feel free to contact me about specifications and details about the prototype that i have finished

chris kruger kruger1@worldpath.net langdon nh usa none 02/25/06 built a small hydro electric plant---- am interested in organic rankine cycle -- but any renewable energy is good.

Vladimir Krstic krsticv@gmail.com Opovo Serbia Serbia and Montenegro 02/25/06 I am a big fan of Nikola Tesla but that is relativly normal,because hi vas Serb too. The greatest of all, if i may say.

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Ian Lee ian@xs-rider-training.co.uk Bradford United Kingdom West Yorkshire 02/25/06 Fully time served tool maker, starting to build a tesla turbine for vehicle use and generating equipment.

Benny Tafoya benny@fertilitrac.com Doylestown PA

02/27/06 President, BioSense Corporation

Faruque Newaz efaruque@hrcworks.com Dhaka Bangladesh

03/02/06

pk sharma pk@sharmas.com calcutta wb india

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www.sharmas.com 03/02/06 i am interested in nature based free energy driven engines.. tesla turbines.. quasi turbine.. gluhareff jet engines.. stirling engines.. solar concentrators.. wind power.. tidal power.. water flow power.. etc.. would love to work with like minded people

Chuck St. Louis chuck_stlouis@yahoo.com Guatemala Guatemala 03/04/06

Chibee Nwodo chibeeuk@yahoo.co.uk Port Harcourt Rivers Sate Nigeria 03/04/06 I am a computer network analyst with interest in alternative energy

Joaquin Pendleton jpen1@pacbell.net North Hollywood Ca USA 03/04/06 I love the tesla turbine and pump. I have been making small models for years. I am a watchmaker by trade and have a lathe and mill in my garage, it really helps. I need something to power the turbine besides compressed air. thanks Joaquin

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raymond borowiak raypsi@canada.com redford MI

03/05/06

chuck kuba ckuba@aol.com uniontown ohio usa none 03/05/06 none

Chad Underwood thelectriccompny@sbcglobal.net north highlands california us 03/05/06 I am newly charged with converting several standard homes to sustainable homes 5 to be xact and I will be using Tesla every step of the way so its time to learn the math and do it right skys the limit on this one guys chance of a lifetime.

Kyle Atwood kpatwood@centerxperts.net boise


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idaho usa 03/06/06

Yvan Poulin ypoulin@jimplease.com Mississauga Ontario Canada

03/06/06 Inventor - mechanical engineer

Clavon Watson Clavon.Watson@tobyhanna.army.mil Tobyhanna PA USA 03/08/06 I'm an Electronics Technician

Raj panta sabina@writeme.com Kathmandu Nepal www.guidetrk.ht.hp 03/10/06 Hey, I'm trekking guide in himalaya,if you could like to discover himalaya don't forget to cantact me I will be always here for you.my hibbies are reading books,travelling and photography.

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KEVIN DAY KEVDAY15@NTLWORLD.COM HEMEL HEMPSTEAD HERTFORDSHIRE ENGLAND 03/11/06

Craig Fazakerly dvtester@hotmail.com Howell MI USA 03/13/06 I am a self proclaimed tinkerer. My latest project is building a Tesla coil. After reading a biography on the electrical genius, I found out he invented many more mechanical inventions than I was aware of, the Tesla turbine being one. I am looking for solutions to the world's energy fixation, and this looks to be one of the more promising ones that I have seen. I consider myself a grass-roots inventor, and it appears that I am in good company on this list.

Kenneth Ahamba kennethahamba1@yahoo.com Atlanta Gerogia USA www.abc.com 03/14/06 I am a Banker as well as a principal consultant in business and accounting management.

Earl Aldridge

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gearl1@ntin.net Gainesville TX 76241 N/A 03/14/06

daniel jones dantjon76@hotmail.com Melbourne Victoria Australia 03/16/06

Kemal Burkay qdenergy@yahoo.com Orlando FL /USA www.qdsciences.com 03/16/06 I would love to joing with this clubs. And I know Genius Tesla is greatest investor scientist. Regards Kemal Burkay

DANIYAL DING daniyalding@hotmail.com

MALAYSIA 03/20/06 I conduct high voltage inspection via infrared thermal imaging and ultrasound. For all interested in
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alternative energy, search for words like 'joe's motor cell, free energy, Howard Johnson magnetic motor, magnetic motors, hydrogen powered corvette, overunity motors, ether energy, negative/cold energy. Tesla a very great MAN, but has been 'denied' a Noble place in science by ......

DANIYAL DING daniyalding@hotmail.com PETALING SELANGOR MALAYSIA 03/20/06 I conduct high voltage inspection via infrared thermal imaging and ultrasound. For all interested in alternative energy, search for words like 'joe's motor cell, free energy, Howard Johnson magnetic motor, magnetic motors, hydrogen powered corvette, overunity motors, ether energy, negative/cold energy. Tesla a very great MAN, but has been 'denied' a Noble place in science by ......

Tyler Sweat drevilchevy23@yahoo.com Post Falls ID USA 03/21/06 Getting into Teslas and starting to build them.

Dana Coffin dcent@comcast.net Lansdowne Pa www.dcent.fxtrainer.biz 03/22/06 area of personal interest: Physics engineering and inventor

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Prasanna Narasimha prasanna_tn@hotmail.com Bangalore Karnataka India 03/24/06 I am mechanical engineer, worked in hydraulic cylinder and circuit designs and now interested to learn about turbines....

Prasanna Narasimha prasanna_tn@hotmail.com Bangalore Karnataka India 03/24/06 I am mechanical engineer, worked in hydraulic cylinder and circuit designs and now interested to learn about turbines....

sarvesh chadda drimla@jla.vsnl.net.in jalanhdar punjab/ india india 03/24/06 i have developed 1.4 mtr solar parabolic cookers and have keen intrest in solar alternative power genration .look forward for some fruit full interaction on the same / related topics

Carlos Barrera globalturbo@yahoo.com.mx Monterrey N.L.


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Mexico geocities.com/gearturbine 03/25/06 I inform aboute the new Gearturbine, power by barr, with dextrogiro vs levogiro effect, an over-unit engine, to see details visit: www.geocities.com/gearturbine

Gerald Hartman megastarrind@hotmail.com topeks Kansas united states 03/26/06 Just went into R&D full time specializing in Alt Energy

Brendan Smith Chasesdad1@yahoo.com Sanford FL USA 03/29/06

Vikas Reddy ve23@cornell.edu Ithaca NY USA 03/29/06

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Peter Kropik kropik.p@utanet.at Pflach Austria

03/29/06 Start planing now for a future and be good to our planet

Peter Kropik kropik.p@utanet.at Pflach Austria

03/29/06 Start planing now for a future and be good to our planet

Patrick Mangan clockman@ptdprolog.net Bath Pa. 18014 03/30/06 Clock maker / inventor, currently making a computer controlled, titanium disk ceramic cased Tesla turbine / generator.

Chochain Lee chochain@yahoo.com Taipei Taiwan

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03/30/06

Michael Setterfield optrax@hushmail.com Singapore Singapore Singapore 04/01/06

ronk patel love2010_lovely@yahoo.co.in ahmedabad gujrat india 04/03/06

Dale Anderson dale@st8vrt.com Christchurch New Zealand www.st8vrt.com 04/08/06

pratibha kumari
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prati_bha2k3@yahoo.co.in ranchi jharkhand india 04/08/06 I m beginner in projecs line,and i want to do something different.

jianni yengkhom jiannileima@hotmail.com imphal manipur india 04/08/06 i'm vey inqisitive and innovative...i just need a proper guide to channel my ideas...

we rigdon weri812@aol.com augusta georgia

04/08/06

we rigdon weri812@aol.com augusta georgia usa 04/08/06 like working with my hands and allternet power and fuel sorces

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George Ayala kc2jxq@verizon.net Bronx NY

04/11/06

Vasco Moises Almeida Vascoa@hotmail.com Guimaraes Portugal

04/12/06

sangamanath KR ptbc@phoenixnavigation.com Bangalore Karnataka India 04/14/06 I am a CFD Engineer working in a Pvt. Farm. My area of Interest are Heat Transfer Analysis (Conjugate), Fluid Flow Analysis etc. I have carried out my Graduation in "Mechanical Engineering" and Post Graduation in "Thermal Power Engineering" my personel e-mail Id is rsan_2001@rediffmail.com

William Gray wgray@metalwebnews.com Bethpage


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TN USA www.metalwebnews.com 04/15/06 I am editor and webmaster of Metal Web News a how to do informational web site for metalweokers.

Hank McKim hankmckim@bluegrass.net Louisville KY USA 04/16/06 Just getting started and have a lot to learn.

Billy Good goodman8692743@yahoo.com Arthur Tn USA 04/16/06

Anne T Coleman atcoleman@danesfortt.nu Ormskirk Lancashire Great Britain 04/17/06 Sustainable development student (self study) Day time job (teaching) pays for build time in the workshop

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amir homayoun amirhomayoun@gmail.com Tehran Tehran Iran 04/19/06

Dana Coffin dcent@comcast.net Lansdowne Pennsylvania USA dcent@fxtrainer.net 04/21/06 We need to engineer for the 21st century and think outside the box. Time is short. IC is a dinosaur!

J. Chase Crafton craftoj@rose-hulman.edu Terre Haute IN United States 04/21/06

J. Chase Crafton craftoj@rose-hulman.edu Terre Haute IN United States 04/21/06


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Rantau Silalahi derrantau@yahoo.com Sleman Yogyakarta Indonesia 04/22/06 i'm a man, medium height, with glasses and i want to learn more about tesla turbine

NORM TELSMA SEVEPRIM@HOTMAIL.COM IPSWICH QUEENSLAND AUSTRALIA 04/23/06

Hilman Koto hilman_fistek2002@yahoo.com Yogyakarta DIY Indonesia 04/23/06 I am an undergraduate student in a university in Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University, at physics engineering major. Now I am in my last year and interested in turbin design, specially tesla turbine.

Alvey Street streeta@lionstar.demon.co.uk


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Chesterfield Derbyshire, UK

04/24/06

Hannu Hakli riippa@nic.fi Somero N/A Finland http://www.korvessa.net 04/24/06

Evan bunuip@queenslander.net Bundaberg QLD Australia 04/25/06 Have been intrested in Tesla from 7 years old

Nicholas Meister meisternicholas@yahoo.com southington CT United States I dont have one. 04/25/06 free energy!!

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Terry Boyll lunatech@yahoo.com San Diego CA USA 04/28/06

Michael Parrish exmwp@excal-inc.com Casper Wy USA

05/02/06 Metal casting foundryman in the business 30 years. I own a non ferrous foundry. Lost wax and sand casting.

ronald hyde chipmaker10 arab al united states 05/02/06 22 year machine contractor

steve hyde chipmaker10@yahoo.com arab al

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u.s. 05/02/06 22 year machine contractor

Marianne Meyer info@crestnetsales.com Abilene KS USA www.crestnetsales.com 05/04/06

Todd Warren todd@apollo-tool.com Westfield WI USA 05/04/06

Bob Thompson bthompson@btinternet.com Chester le Street Durham England 05/07/06

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Kameron Grandell ksgrandell@yahoo.com Coon Rapids Minnesota USA 05/08/06 Interested in alternate energy & power sources, including the Tesla Turbine.

Masaoud Rizvi masoodjr@rediffmail.com Lucknow INDIA Uttar Pradesh Have only email address. 05/08/06 Hobby Scientist & Researcher with a BSc Physics. Have developed a Gravity Engine, which runs for ever, without any prime mover.

Tim Payne tim@overdrives.co.uk Bradworthy Devon United Kingdom www.overdrives.co.uk 05/08/06 Grubby, hands-on, Mechanical Engineer, with an interest in getting things done in a non-conventional manner

peekay pk@sharmas.com calcutta wb india

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05/09/06

TJ Lee timsemail1960@yahoo.com dublin va usa 05/12/06

TJ Lee timsemail1960@yahoo.com dublin va usa 05/12/06

rikus veuger rikusveuger@hotmail.com bandung java indonesia 05/12/06 I already make a steam turbine made completely of stainless, runner diameter 300mm,double inlet, double outlet. I don't use small ring spacers at the outside like everybody say it have too, but still it spins of direct as I put on the steam. It is running at the moment easily 15000rpm but the power output is not as I expected. I connect the turbine to a 55kwatt screw compressor for testing. I am changing at the moment the spacers and will do a new test. I use a boiler of 1.2 ton output with a pressure of 3bar.This is my first turbine I made and am not so well known about the inlet nozzle shape. I think the shape is

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good because the turbine is running 15000rpm but still I am not sure if I am doing it the best I can. Can anybody give me an advice about disk space and inlet nozzle? all the best rikus veuger

Angela Smith lakesidelifers@comcast.net Ashburnham Massachusetts U.S.A. 05/14/06

Thor Thorson 32skidoo@charter.net Eau Claire Wisconsin

05/14/06

S Stanfield sstanfield@sssconsulting.com New Orleans LA USA 05/18/06

Gary Courtney gary_alaska@alltel.net

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Quitman Arkansas under construction 05/18/06 Builder of all things, have small hobby machine shop, would help project by making parts. Am interested in constructing 3 sq meter + tracking reflector and a turbine large enough to drive a 10 kw gen.

gianluigi paganotti g.paganotti@seraphicum.com cerveteri (RM) Roma Italy 05/22/06

Mansoor Khan mkhanmansoor@yahoo.co.uk London surry UnitedKingdom 05/23/06

deni irawan denimotor@hotmail.com indonesia bandung indonesia 05/24/06 just want to try anything

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Maynard Zastrow maynard_731@msn.com Rockford Illinois 05/30/06 I have been following the solar dish and turbine project for several years. I have an 8FT polished AL dish thats ready for a generator to be placed at the focal point. All I need are ideas on how to construct the generator. The dish is also ready for the sun tracker with actuators installed for azimuth and elevation. I like the idea of using a PIC to control the dish aiming.

Chris McVey cmcvey@resourceengineering.com Alachua Fl USA 06/01/06 Former Navy Nuclear Operator, currently CAD Manager for an architectural millwork firm.

cioc teodor ciocteodor@yahoo.co.uk BUCHAREST Romania 06/03/06 would like to join a team that constructs and tests tesla turbines..if possible. I'm a student at the Politechnic Univeersity, energetic engineering

E. Scott Mitchell scoottle@yahoo.com Ellicott City MD. U.S.A. 06/03/06

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Have been watching and listening and experimenting for 30 years, with little more progress than a dabble. Time to stop dabbling and dig in deep! Very interested in your plans to build a turbine in my shop to see if there is more I can do to remove the profit from price gouging utilities!!! thanx!

Thomas Hagen hagens62@hotmail.com Homer Alaska USA 06/06/06 I have been interested in & working on hydrogen/oxygen producing devices for a year or more. I have had limited success with adapting this to my vehicle to inhence my fuel economy. My best result was a 40% increase however stabulizing my performance is difficult. I view this as a viable adative for saving our natural resources & reducing polution of our environment. If there is anybody out there in a simular quest I could use some help. Two, three, or four heads are better then one. Thank you-Tom

Jerry Garrett jggarrett@journeyoil.com Deer Park TX, 77536 United States 06/07/06 I will be retiring soon to the Country and I will be trying to be energy dependent. I have excess to large volumes of Veg oil. I would like to be able to use this to provide electricy to home and shop without having to convert into Biodiesel. Will the turbine work with Veg oil. Thanks Jerry Garrett

Ian Hodgson xvxgrapevinexvx@yahoo.com Mindaribba NSW Australia 06/08/06 I wish to build and use a solar furnace, as an envirnmental showpiece.

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Tommie Ballard kemettlb2@yahoo.com 06/08/06

Robert Phelps rhphelps@yahoo.com Agawam, MA USA 06/09/06 I'm a very low tech tinkerer. This site seems to be the answer to a prayer.....a simple generating system to 'get off the grid'.

Last updated: June 08, 2006 11:45 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


FREE Open Source Forum http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htm Club E-mail: ptbc@phoenixnavigation.com

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U.S. Membership (J - M): 99


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Richard Jackson aiiadict@gmail.com Sacramento, California -- http://rich12345.tripod.com computer programmer, electronics engineer, robotics hobbyist, mechanical hobbyist, I love engines and machines. Donald James outlawtx@bga.com Henderson, Texas -- www.donaldbjames.com Retired electrical engineer. Worked for Fluor Engineers designing electrical power distribution systems for industrial plants. Bill Jefferson mordarak@hotmail.com Kent, Ohio William Jett wjett@techwareusa.net Charlotte, North Carolina -- www.techwareusa.com Computer Systems Integrator Owner (12 Years). Previous Manufacturing engineer with IBM (25 years). Very interested in alternative energy generator processes. I have some original and integrated designs which incorporate a Tesla Turbine into a solar electrical generators. Jim jim021244@msn.com Millersville, Pennsylvania -- Enjoy experimenting on new/revisited forgotten technologies Alexander Jimenez alex_nl@hotmail.com Rochester Hills, Michigan -- I am a Mechanical Engineer student interesting in building a vehicle that operates on water and which the mechanical components may be readily and cheaply replaced (in any location in the world) or fixed to allow for the vehicle to run 20+ years over a million miles.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memus1b.htm (1 of 13)6/10/2006 9:27:00 PM

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Larry Johnson teak1973@yahoo.com Sulfur, Louisiana Tad Johnson h2opowered@cox.net San Diego, California 07/30/04 Have built 10" Tesla Turbines with funding which ran out after 9/11. Now looking to build small units based on proven designs and design issues now solved. Shop is being built and equipment now being aqcuired. Equipment so far: Logan 10X36 Lathe, 7X10 Mini_lathe, 8X14 CNC vertical mini_mill, Thermal Dynamics Cutmaster 51 Plasma cutter (CNC XY plasma table being built now), Miller Syncrowave TIG welder, Millermatic Mig with aluminum spool gun, HTP maxi_mig, 4 ton shear, 10X24 Knee mill. Looking forward to building by Sept. 04' William Johnson B.B.John1@Juno.com Hayward, California -- Retired Civil Engineer David Jones brotherdavid@iname.com Jacksonville, Florida Jerry Jones JerryJonz@Hotmail.com Morgan Hill, California -- Retired senior citizen who likes to build things and has a fully equipped workshop. Jonathan Jones jjones277@yahoo.com China Lake, California -- I'm working on a personal project using a modified Tesla Turbine in a prototype automobile. Looking for anything that might help me with increasing disk efficiency. Scott Jordan sjordan@zbzoom.net Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -- Mechanical/marine engineer worked at sea for three years in US Merchant Marine now working on prototype electric propulsion and electric power generation for ships as a design engineer. Interested in building my own Tesla Turbine, looking for costs of doing the project to start with. Steve Jordan sjordan@zbzoom.net Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -- Mechanical/marine engineer worked at sea for three years in US Merchant Marine. Now working on prototype electric propulsion and electric power generation for ships as a design engineer. Interested in building my own Tesla Turbine, looking for costs of doing the project to start with.

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Peter Kaiser mort@oregoncoast.com Tillamook, Oregon Scott Kalloger scottcindy@joimail.com Three Rivers, California -- Greetings, I am just getting started at a project of my own, I hope I can be of help. Thomas Keaton thomas2@home.com Fremont, California -- I am an engineer working for Lockheed Martin Corp. I have been interested in the Tesla turbine for over 30 years. I have taught courses dealing with solar energy in the past. I have also been interested in other alternative energies including biogas. Thomas Keller tkeller1@neb.rr.com Lincoln, Nebraska -- Greetings. I have been working on a Gingery metalworking shop for some time, and expect to be able to start making castings and machining them within a year. My primary goal is to construct Tesla turbines, both for use as engines, and as pumps for air, vacuum and hydraulic fluids. Doug Kelly dkelly@4dv.net Denver, Colorado -- New to turbine technology. Interested in potential small-scale solar applications Robert Kennymore Jato_u@hotmail.com Rye, Colorado -- Brief? How brief? Hmm, 17 years old. Still in school. Obsessed with science, all science, pyrotechnics, chemistry, biology, physics, electronics, pretty much everything. I have never attempted to construct a turbine or any other form of internal combustion but it is my goal to accomplish this soon. I can probably get my hands on some metal working equipment soon so this will be a nice challenge for me. These interest me because of their immense power/weight ratio. I intend to put one of these in a vehicle at some point and am hoping to find some useable information about metal grades and parts and stuff that I would need to know to build one of these. Chuck Kessler chuckkessler@prodigy.net Clinton, Ohio -- Since I am off grid, I would like to build a turbine to give me power. Chris King aki11ez@hotmiail.com Kentucky

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James Klemmer lezerdking@yahoo.com Phoenix, Arizona - I'm interested in building a steam driven generator! Keith Klismith klis@g2a.net Stevens Point, Wisconsin Wendell Koprek contractonline1234@safe-mail.net Vancouver, Washington Mario Kovacevic macamaca33@yahoo.com Canberra, Australia Doug Kozma kozmami@comcast.net Mt. Clemens, Michigan -- I like to keep busy in my free time. I have built a tiny travel trailer for camping so as to maximize our camping experience while using a little energy when traveling. I am currently working on a modified babington burner. I have been looking for a way to harness the tremendous amount of heat energy it produces to generate electricity. I found TBC while looking for a steam engine i could build cheaply to generate the electricity. Rodney Kraft rckraft@yahoo.com Molalla, Oregon -- I'm VERY interested in the development of high energy sources that will remove and eliminate our need for the use of oil. Daryl Kranec dkranec@gmail.com Whitehouse Station, New Jersey Yuriy Krasnov yuriykrasnov@msn.com Cleveland, Ohio -- http://www.physics4u.com Ph. D. in physics and mathematics Brett Krell bkrell@hotmail.com Blooming Prairie, Minnesota

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T R Krishnaswamy venusengineers@eth.net Chennai, Tamilnadu, India -- We are manufacturers of biomass gasification systems and interested in the application of Tesla turbine for utilisation of waste heat. I am interested in all energy conversion devices Nathan Kudela natedi@comcast.net SF Bay, California The search for free energy! Philip Kulp pwkulp@hotmail.com Baltimore, Maryland -- Not an experimenter yet, but very curious! Glenn Kunsman glenn@rdsinc.net New River, Arizona -- www.rdsinc.net Designing an 18-20 inch turbine to run off solar supplied steam. Thomas Kwarciany tkwar@hotmail.com Bark River, Michigan -- Retired electrical engineer Chris Lacey christopher_lacey@yahoo.com Takoma Park, Maryland -- Very interested in trying composite materials and entirely non-metallic turbine construction possibilities. Plan to try some different configurations in the near future, on a very small scale of course. Steven Lai Steven_Lai@mykrolis.com Bedford, Massachusetts C. Wayne Lammers mlammers@midsouth.rr.com Memphis, Tennessee Retired with small machine shop. I have some definate plans and ideas for a new solar flash boiler to drive a TT to drive a generator. Am ready to start construction. Anyone in Memphis is welcome to bat around ideas and work on the project. James Lane jrlane789@aol.com Stockbridge, Georgia I'm a full time aircraft machinist (journeyman) and a part time Patent Attorney. I'm interested in building a demo Tesla turbine (maybe from aol disks) that runs on compressed air. I would like to find blueprints for such a device if anyone has them to share. I can also help out anyone who is interested in getting a Patent.

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Brad Lansing Bslansing@aol.com Tampa, Florida -- Just want to do research on how to power my home on alternate power sources to save money and the environment Octavio Latino octavio.latino@sbcglobal.net Berrien Springs, Michigan I am a mechanical engineer. I always wanted to find out about alternative power sources. So here I am to see if I can learn something or maybe eventually help out. Bryan LaVelle iowan@bigfoot.com Parkersburg, Iowa -- www.lavelle.us This is a pretty interesting website, particularly if it really produces what it says it can. My main interest is going off grid completely using a small turbine powered by solar steam, either a small heliostat or parabolic dish/mirror. I'm also interested in building my own generator, the idea being, that if I've built the system it will be 1) Simple, by default and 2) Maintainable by me. Charlie Lawson charlie@woodmoldingonline.com Richlands, Virginia -- I am a woodworker who tried to create some jobs in my home town. VERY BAD idea! In my nest life, I will be moving off grid and concentrate on making a living and not money. I am learning metal working and have an 11" rockwell lathe, South Bend Verneir Mill, and Taiwanese Mill/ Drill. I am very interested in Steam Power. I want to get back into molding and will need about 75-100 KW to run mill with waste heat used to heat home and dry lumber. Stanley Lee samson3540@yahoo.com Jones, Alabama -- By Trade I'm a Certified Structural Steel and Pipe Welder, I'm Also A certified Autobody Technician..... To Be Brief, The Bible Says that Their will BE a time of trouble Such AS their Never WAs Since their wAS a nation!! AND THE FIRST THING THAT WILL GO IS THE eCONOMY.... I LIVE IN THE COUNTRY, I HAVE A CREEK RUNNING ACROSS MY PROPERTY.. THEIRFORE I WANTED TO BUILD A TURBINE THAT COULD SUPPLY MY OWN ENERGY... SO I STARTED A SEARCH FOR HYDRO SOLAR POWER... yoUD BE AMAZED WHAT I FOUND OUT.... sINCE I'm A PIPE WELDER... i PLAN TO BUILD MY OWN HYDRO SOLAR SYSTEM...BUT IT WILL TAKE SOME RESEARCH... I'm PROUD TO BE A PART OF YOUR CLUB Jeff Leigh sleigh04@hotmail.com Cedar Hill, Tennessee Highly interested in the Tesla turbine design. Thomas Lemens thomas@bestweb.net New York, New York -- I am interested in renewable energy development.

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Frank Leslie fleslie@fit.edu Melbourne, Florida -- www.fit.edu/~fleslie I'm a retired system engineer who's become an adjunct professor at Florida Tech. I teach the renewable energy course ENS4300 (see website). I just got a Cband dish with expanded mesh and intend to cover it with "a reflector" (TBD) for nonimaging focus. Your website gives me many ideas to develop a thermal system. Frank Bradley Lewis brad@highfashionfaucets.com Escondido, California www.highfashionfaucets.co I am an experienced machinist. I am currently building a Tesla turbine to use solar energy to in turn charge batteries. Paul Lind Shutupjody@aol.com Black Diamond, Wisconsin -- Very interested in developing small tesla turbine for experimental aircraft application Zeb Linder zebtron79@yahoo.com Wisconsin Matt Loflin mattl@glemco.com Liberty Hill, Texas -- Full time amateur scientist Chris Longphre greenphre@hotmail.com Hood River, Oregon James Lotspeich jlotty@hotmail.com Dayton, Ohio -- I have been tracking the Tesla Turbine forum for about two years now. I intend to build a turbine when time and finances permit, however, I lack an engineering background so some of the things that are taken for granted in this forum tend to baffle me. I'm committed to studying enough to learn though. Gregg Lowney greg@swatsusa.com Tempe, Arizona www.swatsusa.com Research and consulting, integrating computers with mechanics. John Lowrey jmseale@aol.com Oklahoma City, Oklahoma -- i like creating a bad thing, science. i work at a machine shop. would like to build a turbine to see if it really works

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Chi-tien Lui lui@ctlny.com New York, NY -- ctlny.com I was the last liberty ship Electrician from Taiwan. In US I'm a Sony professional Video sales and service company. At 60 years old I want to help in stopping the "Greenhouse effect" for our next generation Steve Luttermoser bitty750@msn.com Duvall, Washington -- Very interested in rotationally absorbing Technologies Greg Lyman glyman@flowserve.com Pleasant Grove, Utah -- Interested in Current State of the Art. Would like to start a project. Steve Mackelprang rollin45@peoplepc.com West Jordan, Utah -- I've been scrounging materials for several years, its time to start building. Erneso Madird erniebird@hotmail.com Merced, California John Mahler fehukenaz@netscape.net Eugene, Oregon -- I have been working on Tesla turbines for 40 years. Most of that time, 30 years, it was all intellectual. I have recently, in the last 10 years, built several models. I have a 6" diameter model in construction at present. I have many interruptions but anticipate its completion by next year. It incorporates a proprietary improvement which eliminates case friction and eddy losses. It remains to be seen how much, if at all, this improves performance. I have other ideas which may be patentable. Therefore, I cannot discuss them. I am curious how the developers you honor, protect their insights, discoveries, and improvements. James Malis James.Malis@AKSteel.com Butler, Pennsylvania Chris Markham Cmarkham@adjustableshelving.com Lynchburg, Virginia -- I recently completed my first real turbine... Any parts that can be punched in sheet metal I can probably do and would be happy to try. If I can help someone out I am more than willing.

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Edward Marolda ed.Marolda@worldnet.att.net Wayne, New Jersey -- Retired, electronic tech for over 40 years. I go back to the radio tube days also when the transistor radio came out. Did work for Gen transistor Co with the micro chip Div. N.Y. Dave Mathews dave_mathews@mail.com Ozark, Missouri -- I have just recently discovered the Tesla turbine and would like to use same as a compressor. However I have not been able to find any Info regarding the same. I would welcome any info your members would have on this subject. JD Matson JDMatson@hotmail.com Tamarack, Michigan -- Trying to figure out why Tesla's motor is not under every car hood... Tony Meineke meineket@tce.com Indianapolis, Indiana John Mendenhall john@mendenhallstudio.com Willamina, Oregon -- www.mendenhallstudio.com Very Interested in Tesla and his designs. Very anxious to learn more as time goes on. Patrick McDermott zentekcorp@AOL.com Vienna, Virginia -- I hold a patent on a solar concentrator concept (US 6,302,099 B1)and am looking for ways to convert 20x-100x sun illumination into steam or other working fluid, then to grid compliant AC using microturbine based generators somewhere in the 1-10 kw range, but scalable to higher. The TESLA approach may be a good candidate. Stephen McDow irisher@hotmail.com La Center, Washington -- Long time fan of Tesla's work. Have built several of his designs (L. Oscillator, HF coil, etc.) but they have all been his electronics. I joined "TEBA" a few years ago and I always wanted to build the turbine.

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Scott McLeod scottm@aaronoil.com Elberta, Alabama www.aaronoil.com I am Co-Owner of Aaron Oil Company a recycler of used oil and petroleum contaminated media. I am not an engineer but always felt I should have gotten the educational background for engineering. Instead, I've applied my natural engineering abilities and entrepreneurial instincts into building a successful used oil recycling business. In 3/02 I sold my company (Pensacola Pollution Control) to Aaron Oil Company where I am currently employed as process engineering consultant and capital projects manager. I have always had a deep interest in alternate energy and I am keenly interested in clean burning technology for used oil. Jerry McKit etennisdude@hotmail.com Pittsburg, Pennsylvania Patric Mcneil pjmals34@yahoo.com Phoenix, Arizona Roy Mcnully littlefoot@environmentalbenefits.com Hanover, New Mexico inquiring minds MUST know. thanks for being there. they may have killed tesla, but they can't get us all!!!!! Mike Meligan cty37562@centurytel.net Heppner, Oregon -- Full Blown Tesla NUT!! Kris Metaverso kmetaverso@aol.com Ontario, California -- www.usenclosure.com 10 years running a composite enclosure business. Motivation to build Tesla turbines- September 11, 2001 John McKinnon jmckinnon2@gmail.com Kyle, Texas -- I'm an auto mechanic by trade, amateur machinist for hobby. I'm interested in all alternative ways to produce energy but developing something new and challenging is always a thrill to me. I will build and experiment with a Tesla Turbine. Charles Miler royann@harborside.com Florence, Oregon

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Andrew Miller andrew_miller@alltel.net Monticello, Kentucky John Miller milaero@kansas.net Wamego, Kansas -- I am very interested in steam power --I think our forefathers really screwed up when they stopped developing it. Mike Miller davidmmiller@cox.net Kansas -- looking to build a turbine from disk brakes....and other homebrew material www.otherpower. com these guys have the hands on Raphael Milleret rmilleret@charter.net Yakima, Washington -- Mechanical engineer with experience in the aerospace and tooling sectors. I have built a model jet engine powered by propane, and I am looking forward to building my first Tesla turbine. I can help with structural, systems, combustion, and material property questions. I can also help with the FAA certification process if need be....... Edward Mills evmiv@hotmail.com Santa Rosa, California -- engineering student Fritz Mishler gyrobic@onlinemac.com Willamina, Oregon Ken, I read your article in ExtraOrdinary Technology. Because I have known about Tesla's turbine for many years it was exciting to see some one finally doing something about it! So I sent you a letter and sample of what I am working on to Florida. Yesterday I got a letter from them saying they would forward every thing to you if I would get an address for them to use. So would you kindly send me the address I should have them use. Respectfully, Fritz Mishler PS. It was a little challenging finding you on the internet!!! but I must say you have a great site and a great thing going!!!!!! J.R. Mitchell mitchellrus@msn.com Tampa, Florida Richard Mohammed dmohammed@interactsys.com Decatur, Georgia -- I am an Engineer involved in the Telephony field. I have always been interested in the turbine engine principles, and am very happy to have found this Website. Looking forward to the experiments.

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Trent Mohn tmohn1@neo.rr.com Shelby, Ohio -- I work as an Engineering Technician for an automotive supplier company. My passion has been to develop clean, efficient, high mileage automotive power. I would like to see this turbine type propulsion adapted to an internal combustion engine increasing its power without increasing pollution. Sean Momsen numba1stunna_420@hotmail.com Hartland, Wisconsin -- Interested in the Tesla turbine because not only of the advantages of helping the environment but also possibly using it as the exhaust portion of a turbo charger Tom Mooty tmooty@mindspring.com Decatur, Georgia -- Interested in finding low/no cost software for air/fluid flow computations. Any software applicable to turbine design. Have P-4 system running Win 2K. Thomas Moran thomas@teslaturbineandelectric.com San Diego, California -- Retired Automotive & Aerospace Engineer Joel Morgan jrmorgan@operamail.com Manlius, Illinois Jim Morris james_morris@sbcglobal.net Farmington, Missouri -- jmorris@holy_word.com I am a retired Registered Professional engineer with extensive experience in fluid dynamics and a working knowledge of thermodynamics. I would like to develop theoretical equations for designing Tesla pumps and turbines. These, with combustion analysis, could move Tesla design from cut-and-try to science... By the way, the failure to develop this science is not a product of corporate greed. It is rather that the design of these devices has never been reduced to a science. Very few companies would invest millions of dollars in a project that "might" work. If an engineer is not willing to bet his reputation on a project working, the management will never invest the money. This is not greed. It is just good sense. Ryan Morse ReefSilver@aol.com Peoria, Arizona Dan Morton danmorton@prodigy.net San Bernardino, California - Interested in solar energy.

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Bill Muenz cmuenz13@cs.com Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania -- habitual alternative energy tinkerer David Munn dmunn@flex.com Ocean View, Hawaii -- Trying to be the part of the solution. Neal Murray pvsneal@aol.com New York -- Involved in a turbine build design project. Gary Myers clubnatch@netscape.com Englewood, Colorado

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Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:07 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memus1b.htm (13 of 13)6/10/2006 9:27:00 PM

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Richard Tatham RTATHAM@NEO.RR.COM North Canton, Ohio -- I am a retired mechanical engineer. I have been puzzled as to why we (US) have never mass produced turbine powered cars. During my investigation, I found the Tesla Turbine. I may not actually build an engine, but I am very interested in the theory involved! David Tarantolo drdavidt@cox.net New Orleans, Louisiana Anthony Taylor ataylo53@bellsouth.net Owensboro, KY Robert Teeter bobt@teeter.com Hastings, Minnesota -- www.teeter.com Interested in solar and hydrogen, renewable energy sources Randal Terwillegar randal@terwillegar.com Phoenix, Arizona -- http://www.terwillegar.com/ Airframe & powerplant mechanic (Aviation), broadcast engineer (KPNX CH 12), avid Tesla technology enthusiast. High interest in alternate and non-traditional energy systems Bill Thomas whynotme17@hotmail.com Massachusetts -- Interested in Tesla Turbines for power generation Jeff Thorn jthorn@nycap.rr.com Albany, NY -- Interested in Tesla turbine design guides

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Don Thrasher djtmat1@peoplepc.com California -- Building a PTBC generator from a VW engine case & hydraulic cylinder shaft. (Check out his Tesla Turbine Generator Project on our PTBC!) Warren Thrasher awgraphics01@birch.net Dallas, Texas Philip Timmons philiptimmons@yahoo.com Arlington, Texas - Design and Build Electrical Engineer, Electrical Contractor Jarod Todd giroteck@hotmail.com Hauula, Hawaii Bruce Tollerud brucet@bixbyenergy.com Rogers, Minnesota -- http://bixbyenergy.com/ We are involved in the biomass energy field. Tom & Son luneedude@aol.com California. David Townsend typl@yahoo.com Hilliard, Ohio George Tracy gwtracy@aol.com Anaheim, California -- Engineer who designs power and pollution control systems Phillip Trout hownikan@comcast.net Arlington, Texas -- Builder of anything Tesla. Dennis Trubisky baker8412@aol.com Louisville, Ohio Mark Truesdale mark.truesdale@lafarge-na.com Centerville, Ohio -- Novice experimenter/entrepreneur. Waste reduction/ recycling/ reclamation expert. Despises forced reliance on corporate, greed driven utility service.

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Darren Tuss mailto:Tussdtuss@pierry.com Belgrade, Montana -- I am a Aerospace/Mechanical Engineer that has been interested in Tesla's inventions and innovations since high school. In fact, his work was a major influence in my decision to pursue an engineering career. Robert Van Deren tesla@beaverheadriver.com Dillon, Montana -- beaverheadriver.com Jack Van Geldern jackvg@vanray.com Riverside, Connecticut -- Have made a test Tesla leaf blower. It blows but need more precise disks for closer spacing and better performance. Can't wait to see a full engine work! Paul van Linden Tol paulaugust1@juno.com Brooklyn, New York -- I am an Librarian at the Brooklyn Public Library and have an interest in alternative sources of energy and/or energy saving devices. Eventually, I am hoping to put together a bibliography on this topic. The Tesla Turbine seems to fall in these categories. Lizardo Versoza lvarmphil@yahoo.com Los Angeles, California -- I am geologist/geographer, with passion for power generation and alternative fuel, and right now in the process of setting up a company for biodiesel manufacturing and distribution. James Vesely jvesely@edmsupply.com Downey, California -- interested in the Telsa turbine Chris Vintinner Vintinnerch@cvuhs.org Williston, Vermont Kurt Vogel kmtb@cableone.net Prescott, Arizona Carl Voigtlander hotironforge_2001@hotmail.com Berlin, Wisconsin -- I am working on a web site but not ready to publish it yet hope to soon! I love working on energy saving projects and would like to build a parabolic water heater for home use. I do blacksmithing as a hobby and I am able to create a lot of shapes to make items of interest for all.

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Eric Von Fange ericvf@thelightsource.com Fort Mill, South Carolina -- http://www.thelightsource.com/ I've been wanting to make a waste oil turbine to power my machine shop... Maybe someday I will... Thanks for your hard work. Rick Wadley rwadley@wadko.com Eagle Lake, Texas Jim Wagner graffixx2000@aol.com Whitehall, Maryland Doug Walker Kellwalk@attbi.com Beverly, Massachusetts -- Science teacher hoping to build a tesla turbine with class.... and expose them to alternative power options. James Wallace tradergem@hotmail.com Vacaville, California Paul Wallat wildearc@yahoo.com ? was Arizona -- I'm a Welder. I'm just compiling information at this point. Me and my one are moving into an Rv and hittin' the road so my first test models will have to wait. Todd Wallin todd@prosoftsolutions.com Pismo Beach, California -- www.prosoftsolutions.com I am a software engineer of 25 years and a hobby machinist. Looking forward to building one of the club's turbine kits. Mike Watson mybigfoot14@yahoo.com Nashville, Tennessee -- I love this stuff and agree with your motives. You guys got my full support. Joe Weatherby jweatherby@starband.net Marsing, Idaho -- I own a farm and some metal working machines including a lathe. I am setting up a hobby foundry, I am very interested in anything that can make this country energy independent. I make my living as a computer programmer / consultant but wish I could make my living as a farmer. Denny Weaver Denny@ljglaw.net San Antonio, Texas - ex navy nuclear power plant operator current international air line pilot

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Lex Webb extreme8@dslextreme.com North Hollywood, California -- http://extremeperformanceproducts.com/ William Weder wjweder@adelphia.net Dillsburg, Pennsylvania - Interested in solar power for the home. Excited that someone is trying to do something as a back_yard project. Want to learn what is possible. Bruce Weisberg Au Sable Forks, New York Ryan Wenzel wenzelli@aol.com Mooresville, North Carolina -- I build racecars in North Carolina . I'm extremely interested in anything that has alot of power and goes fast . I want to build an engine that lives up to tesla's expectations of 10 horsepower per pound . I haven't started yet but have been thinking about it very much . I understand how to build the engine but can't think of a proper way to build a combustion chamber . If anyone could give some insight or possibly drawings or pictures it would be greatly appreciated. Jerry Wheeler misterww225@yahoo.com Roy, Utah -- Electronics Engineer Bill White Jumpnkd@aol.com Alexandria, Virginia -- working in area of waste oil burning for heat and the idea of using it to power a turbine is interesting. 13" lathe, cnc wood mill, foundry, lots of toys!! Looking for a Milling machine Joseph Wickham angkinisone@yahoo.com West Valley City, Utah -- Simply an intrigued fan of Tesla who wants to have some fun. Jim Wiggins jimwig2000@yahoo.com Atlanta, Georgia -- geocites.com/jimwig2000 A neophyte in turbine knowledge. I came across the site and the exact design I had envisioned was there in glorious color. My idea had been in my mind's eye for over twenty years. A parabolic reflector -- concentrating solar to produce a high temp gas -- turning a turbine to produce electricity. Thanks for the great site. Albee Wilder brook@mcn.org Albion, California

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Will djswifte1@hotmail.com Sacramento, California -- Currently a student in mechanical engineering. Bill Williams vipond@theofficenet.com Kettle Falls, Washington Gary Wilson GAWILS9@AOL.COM Laguna Niguel, California Martin Wilson martwil222@aol.com New London, Connecticut Retired, and interested in Turbines. Jeff Winland jwinland@zoominternet.net Medina, Ohio Rick Winters RickWintrers@bellsouth.net Graceville, Florida DC Wise inbox0003@hotmail.com San Francisco, California John Witheld jwitheld@hotmail.com U.S. -- Merchant mariner interested in our PTBC project. Daniel Woody danwoody@skyenet.net Kokomo, Indiana -- I am very interested in the Tesla Engine designs and have some definite ideas on how to fashion a practical high power unit. I have been involved with electronic engine controller design for the last 20 years. Larry Wooten Camaro.zz@verizon.net Baltimore, Maryland John C. Wright toyfxr@cox.net Mesa, Arizona

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John Wrisley wrisley1000@yahoo.com Hayesville, North Carolina -- Retired - living on Social Security. About eight miles from town. In my side yard sits a 1991 Ford Escort with a royally defunct motor. Although the body and interior are in nice condition, the sale value of the car is about $150. Thus it is a great little candidate for an alternate power plant... Eric Yamada clkyamada@aol.com Clearlake, California -- Certified Flight Instructor, Airline Transport Pilot, Aviation Technician since 1976. Also an international business consultant specializing in world disaster relief business segment. Paul Zancanella paul.m.zancanella@boeing.com Seattle, Washington -- firefighter, vw enthusiast, woodworker, tinkerer, tesla and buckminster fuller fan Rick Ziegler ziegler@northlink.com Mayer, Arizona -- Long time student of Tesla turbines. Ziggy ziggy@instaview.com Indianapolis, Indiana Edward Zimmerman ezc@cccomm.net Fallon, Nevada -- I became interested in Tesla Turbines recently when a friend explained how efficient they can be. Conrad Zydervelt humvee@myway.com St John, North Dakota -- materials reuse alternative energy and biofuels

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Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:07 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memus2b.htm (7 of 7)6/10/2006 9:27:25 PM

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Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

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Adam Sachs asachs@aol.com Denver, Colorado -- Steam powered tesla turbine for auto, and power generation. 2 years and thousands invested, small machine shop. Gordon Sallee gordon.sallee@charter.net Trophy Club, Texas -- I have been working on a steam engine, powered by hydrogen, produced by electricity, generated by a generator driven a steam engine. I look forward learning more about your steam turbine engine kit. For my purposes I need more than a model however. Dean Salvadore deansalv@attbi.com Portland, Oregon -- I work for an Aerospace foundry as a Process Engineer. As a benefit of my job I know what alloys jet components are made of. I have wondered if anyone has tried to use the super alloys to build the Tesla Turbine to overcome the warping of the disks that has been claimed by some experimentation. I don't have a metal shop yet but plan on equipping myself someday. I really want to keep up on the developments of the turbine. Pat Salvati PatSmk400@aol.com Shelton, Connecticut -- I am in the process of building a kit plane and am interested in the application of a Tesla turbine for the powerplant. Any ideas? drop me an E-mail. Frank Sander fsander@midwest.net Sikeston, MO -- I am a Machinist/Mechanic JRNYMN 25 yrs experience. Presently employed at a coalfired steam generating plant with 2 600-MGW units. I became interested in the Tesla turbines a few years back but really never started building one till a few months back. I have not even gotten the discs built yet (I work slow) but I stumbled on this site and I have picked up some very interesting ideas. I have some various ideas myself that I will share when I get my disc design built. It is really great and refreshing to see a site where ideas and photos are being shared. The convergent/divergent nozzle is especially interesting and I hope to use this in my machine. later dudes

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Allan Sandy asandy@ibisltd.com Laurel, Maryland -- http://www.ibisltd.com/ I have designed a system to obtain hydrogen from electrolysis of seawater. This hydrogen fuel source to power personal craft of my own design. I am using one Tesla turbine to power two pumps used for lift, thrust, control and braking. Seek collaboration on Issues such a high pressure gas tanks, high/low pressure conversion valves, lightweight/high strength materials, machining, assembly and general manufacturing. Robert Sauer rjsuaer_53@hotmail.com Brielle, New Jersey - i am currently working on a hover craft that uses a three prop system that is configured like a tripod. need to be as light as possible. i am looking for adviee on building a turbine that produces 20hp @ 14000rpm Jerry Saunders sunstreamenergy@charter.net Jacksonville, Oregon -- www.sunstreamenergy.com I design and build renewable energy systems. Offgrid energy is my specialty. John Savage sugarbooger2@worldnet.att.net Wilmington Joe B. Savoie js642@yahoo.com Prescott Valley, Arizona -- I am working on a turbine driven generator powered by Hydrogen and Oxygen. Erich Schaal Schaale@oit.edu Klamath Falls, Oregon -- I'm a Jr. getting my Civil engineering BS at the Oregon Institute of Tech and I found your website a couple weeks ago. I am totally blown a way. Your mission is perfect and I had honestly been toying with the same idea and I'm so glad the movement has already begun. I hope to graduate and begin working on a whole list of clean energy sources to curb pollution. Thanks so much for getting the ball rolling! Dustin Scheve ftp000002@yahoo.com Madison, New York Leon Schmidt leonschmidt@beer.com Empire, Michigan -- I am interested in small scale distributed generation of electricity. I have a shop with metal working equipment. I am figuring out a design for a small turbine so I can order material and start experimenting. I also have a Zagi electric R/C airplane and would like to see if I can power it with a really small turbine engine.

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Keith Schoeck morgorg@tiscali.co.uk St. Louis, Missouri -- Interested in generating energy to reduce expenses and save the earth when hell breaks out. Ralph Schubert schubert_2@comcast.net Plantation, Florida Tim Schultz tim_schultz@pall.com Dexter, Michigan -- Engineer - Love machines of any type. Bob Schumacher bobsc3@yahoo.com Middlebury, Indiana -- 43 years old , Moving to IN from C.A. Background in Nuclear Power, Navy and Civilian. Speciality in Instrumentation and control. I am a conservative crossed with a hippy greenpeacer. This means I do not think the rain forests should be cut down but we do not own it... If we really care just buy it up to protect it. Yes we the people have to get off of our lazy butts. What has any government done well or efficiently? Nothing, That's why groups like this club could really make a difference. I look forward to working with others to see the clubs goals accomplished as soon as possible. Steve Schwartzkopf chipsinc@mindspring.com Phoenix, Arizona -- chipsinc.net I am a hobbyist at heart, engineer by trade. I have designed and built steam engines, pulse jet engines, gear reductions and many other projects in my spare time. Scott Scoble yourholiness_lv@yahoo.com Las Vegas, Nevada Jeffrey Scott jefscot@earthlink.net Peoria, Arizona -- Also known as Jake, I've built Tesla coils and am now interested in the turbine. Tom Sears sears-west@sbcglobal.net Carlsbad, California -- working on a solar electric system using a combined power/cooling cycle. Stefan Segal stefan_2000_2000@yahoo,com Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - An unflagging interest in energy production coupled with almost equal desire to free us from the energy cartels and their pollution of this planet

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Wayne Shekailo waynesva@starband.net Manassas, Virginia Mark Sherman fuelfresh@aol.com Phoenix, Arizona Richard Shooks rshooks@torchlake.com Ellsworth, Michigan Larry Short paladin_at_heart@yahoo.com Independence, Missouri Michael Shuetz travelinman@monroe.net Bothell, Washington -- Besides the Tesla Turbine, other engines of interest are Steam, Bourke, etc. Tim Sikora T2J3@aol.com Kettering, Ohio -- I'm an aero engineer working for the Air Force. I discovered the Tesla turbine concept online and became fascinated with it. I've built a 4.375 inch 6 disk unit that I'm experimenting with using shop air. I'm now building a dynamometer to evaluate changes in horsepower as I vary parameters. So far I've gotten it to 10000 rpm, without pushing it. I've backed off until I can convince myself that I'm not going to fail the disks structurally. Bill Siegel bsiegel@adelphia.net Wellington, Florida -- Curious... Thomas W. Sima thomaswsima@hotmail.com Streamwood, Illinois -- http://www.manisteeiron.appgas.com/ (The Movie) or http://www.ktlebeau. empexis.com/ If Tesla got 60% efficiency 90 years ago what would it take to get 90% efficiency and 2,800 bhp (SAE) and 3,000 lbs. ft. of torque in a package that would fit in an Indy 500 car and run on heavy waste oil or hydrogen/H20 steam??? Death to the piston dinosaurs! Walt Simmons sail(nospam)@centramedia.net Wheeler, Texas - Home machine shop. Moving off grid. Interested in homebuilt solar and wind power.

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Timm Simpkins timm50@hotmail.com St. George, Utah 04/30/04 Devoted tinkerer and thinkerer Dave Sipe n8qjudave@MSN.com Fletcher, Ohio Chaks Siva truemaann@yahoo.com Fairfax, Virginia Allen Slaughter chopperdoc@attbi.com Dallas, Texas -- schemer/helicopter turbine engine mechanic Jeff Slayton jslayton21@attbi.com Battle Creek, Michigan James V. Sleuter mtjvs1@humboldt1.com Mckinlyville, Califonia -- male, 48 yrs, machinist, interested in self-sufficiency, low cost water power plants & water pumps Ed Smith imsovereign@yahoo.com Albuquerque, New Mexico Edward Smith naturalistclimber@yahoo.com Carlisle, Pennsylvania -- I am interested in constructing an electric power generation system using a steam turbine driven by a solar water heater. Jeffrey Smith jps@gt.rr.com Orange, Texas -- Electronics Tech and Ultralight pilot. Looking for replacement for Two-stroke engines. John Smith watutson@rcn.com Hackettstown, New Jersey -- http://www.wmpinc.com/

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Ken Smith galedon70@hotmail.com Topeka, Kansas -- I have been interested in alternative energy sources for quite some time, and I'm especially fascinated by the bladeless turbine and it's possible uses. Mark Smith sparky353@comcast.net Waterford, Michigan Paul Smith paulsmith1001@attbi.com Lake Oswego, Oregon -- I am a retired prototype technician that loves to work on new things. I am getting my shop set up and will be able to experiment with some Tesla projects. Dot Sony blewis@mail.arc.nasa.gov United States -- Looking for suitable cases to begin the project. Chris Southerland csroot2000@yahoo.com Fresno, California William J. Sovitski wjsovitski@attbi.com Elizabeth, Pennsylvania -- I own a radiator repair service. I have a lathe, an old horizontal miller, welders, etc. I am not college educated but have a lot of experience with mechanical equipment. Louis Spencer Antiques35@hotmail.com Ashtabula, Ohio -- I am 21 year old Mechanic, that is interested in the construction and study of turbine engines. I would Like to develop a turbine car to run off of hydrogen, via electrical separation of water. I have developed a hydrogen generator and compressor unit, due to lack of funding I am not able to finish my project. Christopher Spohn cspohn8@yahoo.com Kansas City, Missouri Joshua Spotts jspotts@webaspire.com Saint Paul, Minnesota -- www.webaspire.com I've always been interested in Energy generation systems, but only ever as an armchair scientist. Recently though I have been looking at actually trying to learn something practical and to someday actually build something.

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Andy Springer aspringe@anvilcorp.com Bellingham, Washington -- I am a mechanical engineer working as a piping engineer for refinery and petrochemical plants. Gas turbine design is a hobby of mine and hopefully some day soon I will be able to build my first prototype tesla turbine. Marv Stark mhstark@hotmail.com Euless, Texas -- Metal casting, Off grid, Loner Kirk Steele pogo42@comcst.net Woburn, Massachusetts -- Retired US Navy, Nuclear Electronics Technician. Bored, looking for a "productive" distraction. I think I found one..... Phil Steenstra philsnginroom@aol.com W. Boylston, Massachusetts -- I just recently became aware of the Tesla turbine. I must confess I find it hard to believe the efficiency claims by its inventor. Most of my research and development work has been with conventional gasoline and diesel engines. I have made some inroads in improving thermodynamic efficiency. Trevor Steven Smaxmaker@myrealbox.com Wisconsin -- I recently heard about Nikola Tesla and now I can't get enough information about him. JOHN STEWART affordabrake@aol.com RALIEGH, NORTH CAROLINA Tom Stivers tomlinvon@aol.com Kansas City, Missouri -- Respiratory Therapist - Tinkerer, with an interest in advancing my field. Edward Strunk HoverEd2@cs.com Copiague, New York -- Machinist, Welder, INTERESTED!!! Student of Tesla David Swider dswider@gmail.com Denver, Colorado -- Weekend warrior interested in alternative energy and high temp storage media systems. Been tinkering with high temp focused arrays and optics to generate steam. Im fascinated with the Tesla Turbine design and its capacity to convert gas into usable energy. The waste oil idea is incredible!

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memus2a.htm (7 of 8)6/10/2006 9:28:13 PM

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Alan Swithenbank alans@cuervo.stanford.edu Stanford, California -- http://www.stanford.edu/~hydrobay/lookat/tt.html

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Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:07 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


FREE Open Source Forum http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htmhome.htm

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memus2a.htm (8 of 8)6/10/2006 9:28:13 PM

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Jeff Edwards halloweenking@comcast.net Newhall, California 20 year veteran of movie spfx, I have my own machine shop which includes 24X18x56 Kent CNC 3 axis mill,10x24 Hendey Lathe, 8X24 Hardinge lathe. I am building a 5" x 8 turbine. Billet aluminum housing with stainless steel runner. Ray Eisen erixhiegh@aol.com Las Vegas, Nevada Carl Ekberg catfish@fhtm.us Rutherford, Tennessee Joe Ellsworth joe@xdobs.com Heber city, Utah -- http://xdobs.com I am considering a Tesla turbine in a closed loop solar thermal electric generation system. We already have a primitive turbine that works on stirling principles but would be interested in comparing efficiencies, cost and maintenance requirements. We are designing for 10 year maintenance free operation. We are interested in a turbine that will be roughly 3 inches in diameter and want to see what the minimum pressure / flow requirements are to start the rotor moving. The Fluid flow will be a very wet steam or expanding water. Matt Erickson Mattt.erickson@gmail.com Minneapolis, Minnesota -- Very interested in this turbines, but I am quite a newbie and eager for information. Thanks Doug Erskin dersk@tc3net.com Morenci, Michigan

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Hector Escalera escalera66@hotmail.com Ganado, Arizona - Interested in alternative ways to use solar power. Mark Ettel 8by@msn.com Salem, Oregon -- I am the kind of guy who buys a pair of shoes one size too small because I got a deal on cornplasters. Nick Evans nick_g_evans@hotmail.com Omaha, Nebraska -- I'm a Computer Engineering student with a lot of interest in car engines and turbines. Soon to be working in Germany on automotive engine development. John Faith jfaith@nwlink.com Seattle, Washington -- I have built a small turbine with 2 inch diameter discs, and have run it with compressed air, but have not done any measurements for RPM or efficiency. The outlet holes in the discs were just done with a drill but (not laser cut), which means the discs are easy to make. The design also uses no washers or bolts to join the discs, which I'm guessing is OK for such a small diameter turbine. I use a Sherline mill and lathe. Patrick Farley farleypd@yahoo.com Austin, Texas James Faxley trib35man@hotmail.com Niota, Tennessee -- http://tribesman.netfirms.com I have perhaps the most valid need for new means of utilizing/saving energy on the planet. Rodney Felix rodneyf@rodneyfelix.com Santa Fe, New Mexico -- I have been interested in Telsa's work for some time now and came upon this web site in searching for info on Disc Turbines and this seems to be a great site. Don Fellwock mtw@dotnet.com Lomira, Wisconsin Sarah Ferguson SashaFerguson@gmail.com Waltham, Massachusetts -- I am interested in *lightweight* solar applications for use in an RV!... You folks look like you are doing absolutely great work--I look forward to joining and participating in the discussion/on-going development process...

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Jim Fetterolf sedekjacovt@aol.com Lees Summit, Missouri -- retired welder/machinist Jeffrey Fila nat_energy_tech@yahoo.com Flagstaff, Arizona -- www.selectwoodsinc.com Non fossil fuel technologies from advanced hybrid plasma arc technology Tyson Fitzpatrick fity0401@stcloudstate.edu St. Cloud, Minnesota -- Hi, I am a Mechanical Engineering student at St. Cloud State University who is extremely interested in alternative energy and 3rd world aid. I would like to be involved with renewable energy and Tesla research and development. Please e-mail me if you need help. James Fixemer jim.fixemer@us.schneider-electric.com Lincoln, Nebraska -- I am a degreed Engineer interested in developing a small steam turbine including boiler application Fixxit fixxit@patmedia.net New Jersey, USA -- Interests: Machining, astronomical clocks, orrerys, CNC, electronics, PIC microprocessors, Amateur Radio. I'm currently setting up a centrifugal casting machine in the garage. Just finished building a PID temp controller for the burn out oven. So many projects... so little time! Wesley Fletcher wes.fletch@verizon.net Clearwater, Florida -- http://www.aeroaire.com I am interested in the Tesla disk turbine as a compressor for refrigerant. Revisiting old technology with new materials and processes is a hobby of mine. Gary Flowers mavrick202003@yahoo.com Clarksville, Indiana Max Fortin max.fortin@wimadi.ang.af.mil Madison, Wisconsin

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memus1a.htm (3 of 13)6/10/2006 9:28:34 PM

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Grant Foxton methanolcat@yahoo.com Summitville, Indiana -- this is not about myself but I have been all through your site and I, how do I say this, all this information is extravagant, very informing, and real to life. I'm with you guys all the way on forms of new power, I heat my house with corn (it costs about $250 for one year, everyone around me using electric or gas pays up to 10 times that.) I'm all about saving money and this world, even though my wife thinks I'm a little crazy at times, lol. I'm a 32 year old tool and die maker with the access to the shop during closed business hours, I have built many things including a jet turbine engine (miniature of course). My capabilities are endless and I would love to become a member of this club and it's intelligent members. Rocco Franzeo Rocco15@cox.net Henderson, Nevada Andrew Frays athemag@yahoo.com Mendon, Michigan -- I am an electronics student and an electrical experimenter which led me to probe deeper into the inventions of the great Nicola Tesla. Machining is a hobby of mine so building a bladeless turbine out of old pipe fittings and a few chunks of scrap steel seemed like a fun project. I just wanted to see if this gadget really worked as well as portrayed. I came up with a hollow shaft design with 5 2-1/4" runners turned from a solid bar of scrap tool steel and made a housing out of 2-1/2" black pipe fittings. A 4-port nozzle was easily fabricated out of copper tubing. When I hooked the 120 psi compressed air in my shop to it it accelerated so rapidly that I think it was close to grenading before the air could be disconnected. Since then I have attempted to use the turbine as a water pump without much luck, due in most part to leaky pipes that were distorted during welding. The thought of a Tesla pump has compelled me to build another one but this time I have precision ! machined each component. It is now near completion and I would like to be a member of this club to share interest in this fantastic device. Jim Fredrickson jfredrickson@adelphia.net Colorado Springs, Colorado -- Have an active interest in learning how to take advantage of emerging and alternative energy technologies Steve French sm.french@attbi.com New Brighton, Minnesota -- Materials engineer interested in Tesla pumps and turbines for aircraft applications. Building an air compressor based on your sites discussions. Your site is the best yet for Tesla pump/turbine builders! Thomas Fritz tomfritz@direcpc.com Stone Creek, Ohio -- I'm a machinist and jack-of-most-things, and power generation is a favorite subject of mine. I'd like to do development work with Tesla turbines.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memus1a.htm (4 of 13)6/10/2006 9:28:35 PM

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Walt Froloff patentAlchemy@yahoo.com Aptos, California -- www.PatentAlchemy.com Im an engineer/programmer technophile now turned patent agent. Technology is my hobby and when time permits I investigate new ideas in energy and devices of all kinds. Big goal in life is contribution, to be able to claim a piece of the future. John Fockler blackwalnutfarms@yahoo.com Waterford, Michigan Max Fortin max.fortin@wimadi.ang.af.mil Madison, Wisconsin Doug Fox harlybum@aol.com Cambridge, Minnesota -- http://foxengineeringllc.com High Precision CNC machine shop at your service. Bill Gadberry BillGad@hotmail.com Bakersfield, California -- Just starting Neil Gaede neilgaede@yahoo.com Pittsburg, California -- geocities.com/neilgaede Ron Gaines ron_gaines@yahoo.com Jackson, California Jeremiah Garrison jeremiah_garrison@hotmail.com Chandler, Arizona Carl Geer icusnoopin@yahoo.com Rochester, New York -- I have an idea for a new type of personal aircraft and would like to use (6) hydrogen-burning, lightweight, Tesla turbines to power counter-rotating propellers. Mike Geery michaelgeery@yahoo.com Sanford, Florida - I have dreamed of building a solar powered turbine generator since 1958. This looks like it could be a reality

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Tom Gentilo intecinc@genext.net Wenatchee, Washington USA -- Mechanical and welding engineer, presently teaching at the local college. Bill George wmgeorge64@hotmail.com Ankeny, Iowa www.trinitytooling.com Instructor for Refrigeration, Heating & Air Conditioning. Machine_ metal shop as second job. Sam George sgeorge01@austin.rr.com Austin, Texas Retired engineer. Interested in low cost prime mover(s) capable of generating a few 100W to a few KW. Mark Giao spcfx@earthlink.net Cucamonga, California -- Energy generation enthusiast Richard Gideon spotteddogs@iwic.net Schaumburg, Illinois -- I am your typical mad scientist, I like to design and build stuff and things. I spend most of my time doing industrial engineering for others, redesigning their stuff into a product that can actually be built and making assemble tooling that will save them time and cut cost. For relaxation I build stuff for myself and am comfortable working with wood, metal, and electronics. I like old steam engines and am fascinated by Tesla's turbine. Mike Gile mighty_mikie1@yahoo.com Brownsville, California Remi Gits remi@zdicreative.com Chicago, Illinois -- Assembling parts -- looking at motorcycle cases. Andie Go Giap andie_go@hotmail.com Los Angeles, California -- I am home grown mechanical and electrical engineer. Like to build anything classical with a bit of new quantum physics and dynamics. Harley Goodwin harleyjunk@sandgems.net South Carolina -- Exploring Business opportunities related to renewables.

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Steve Gordon gordon4@llnl.gov Livermore, California -- chemist technologist interested in renewable energy Hugh Grant hbgrant@voyager.net Middletown, Ohio -- www.middle-america.com I build geodesic domes and would like to use a mesh of parabolic reflectors arranged on the surface to feed a turbine at the base of the dome. Robb Greathouse r_greathouse@yahoo.com Bay area, California -- Working with hybrid vehicles. I would like the next one to use a turbine as power source. Robert Green malauna007@mailcity.com Salem, New Jersey Robert Green rgreen999@lworld.net Laguna Woods, California -- www.greensteamengine.com I've been experimenting with steam power for some time and have invented a new patented device for converting rotary into reciprocal movement and vice versa. This has led to a new steam engine design that will be manufactured soon. Ryan Green customsites@juno.com Pocatello, Idaho Kirk Gremillion kirk_grem@hotmail.com Duvall, Washington -- Looking for efficient ways of generating DC electric power at off-grid locations. Steam seems to be viable. I am now investigating whether or not turbines are better than Pistons, and in particular if I can generate enough steam to drive a turbine. Steve Grevemeyer seg@tsmservices.com Boca Raton, Florida -- http://tsmservices.com/ John Grimm jgrimm@tds.net New Glarus, Wisconsin

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Trevor Gronseth tgronseth@fastdecks.net Royal Oak, Michigan -- Civil Engineer, just graduated from Umich, working on some solar heating stuff, have some wacky ideas I wanna try, etc. Jeff Guidry jguidry@cox-internet.com Breaux Bridge, Louisiana I am a machine lab instructor at the University of Louisiana in the Mechanical Engineering Dept. Joshua Guttman jguttman@enter.net Allentown, Pennsylvania -- I'm interested in understanding and building a basic turbine engine to experiment with the production of electricity Mayis Hakobyan www.mayisforce@yahoo.com Glendale, California -- I am 17, I am in high school, I like to invent new gizmos. Kenneth Hamel khamel@columbus.rr.com Delaware, Ohio Bruce Hancock neonmagic@yahoo.com Phoenix, Arizona Biff Hansen biff.cad@gmail.com Springfield, Missouri -- Lifelong interest in Tesla, only attempt to build one was in 1978 at college as an self study Phy 399 project. Never finished, but the dreams never died. Tyler Harding tyh@mindspring.com Maryland Robert Hargett hargee_98@yahoo.com Boise, Idaho -- I am a geologist and am very interested in the potential environmental, technological, and economic impacts of the Tesla Turbine.

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Dennis Harmon dharmon8@ESKIMO.COM Colombus, Mississippi -- http://dennisharmon.com Warning! Lawyer. At one time, I made my living as a mechanical engineer designing pollution control plants for utility boilers and smaller equipment in industrial applications. In the back of my head, I see possible applications for electrical in biomass. The pig farms have created great problems but methane production remains cost prohibitive. The digesters have no real room for improvement. I see no big improvement on boilers soon. The turbine generators look to me to give the best opportunity for quick improvement. Anybody thought about this? Robert Harris bob@bobthecomputerguy.com Montclair, California Gary Harrison garyh@att.net Belton, Missouri -- Seeking serious investor(s) in a Tesla powered car and power plant construction. I also have new designs that greatly enhance the performance of power generation using the Tesla pump/ turbine unit which also greatly extend ranges of electric vehicles or hybrids, developing more power than ever before. Serious inquiries only please. Sorry, I do not have time for idle chit chat. Those willing to sign non-disclosure/non-competitive agreement, with a contract for royalties, salary, and on-board work with me, need to inquire. One of my designs is capable of taking the land speed record from the British. Serious offers only please. Thank you. I will be going offline when war with Iraq starts, and become unreachable. Byron Harp bkhhvac@aol.com Okoee, Florida -- I am a Mechanical contractor looking for a future way to power my 1961 Thunderbird that makes the high horsepower that I now have with a big block, but without the low mileage and somewhat dirty exhaust. (tuned engines make more power at clean mixtures) Gary Harper pddad@hotmail.com Star City, Arizona -- I became interested in turbine engines during the 1960's when they were used in race cars. Paul Hart phart@plcmed.com Glen Carbon, Illinois Harvey Hawkins miigrouphheng@earthlink.net Houston, Texas I AM A RETIRED ENGINEER, INTERESTED IN THE TESLA TURBINES FOR ABOUT 30 YEARS. I HAVE ACCESS TO AN EXTENSIVE MACHINE SHOP WITH WELDING & PLASMA CUTTING AVAILABLE. MY CURRENT DESIGN PROJECT IS A COMBINED STEAM ENGINE AND EXHAUST TURBINE FOR AUTOMOTIVE POWER.

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Kohan Hawkins kohan18@hotmail.com Abilene, Texas -- Involved in alternative energy and enjoy it immensely! Have milling machine, lathe, and welders. Would love to help in any TT project. Mark Hayton mark_hayton@hotmail.com Carmel, Indiana - www.wavecycles.com I have been researching alternative energy for a few years now and have been researching steam power more recently. I am interested in learning more about the Tesla Turbine and building one. James Hayward jamesgang@mail.frii.com Brighton, Colorado -- I've been doing alot of experimentation and use of Biodiesel. This technology seems like the natural extension of that. I applaud all ground roots technologies that can be utilized and controlled by the everyday person. Patrick Head patrick@phead.net San Diego, California Steven Heagney Heag1@hotmail.com Davie, Florida Eric Heisler shlonkin@yahoo.com Salt Lake City, Utah -- www.geocities.com/shlonkin Engineering student and auto technician. Turbine building is a hobby of mine. I would like to try making a Tesla turbine soon. Henry Helbush hank@xoxearth.com.com Saratoga, California xoxearth.com Ray Henley rhenley@odwalla.com Dinuba, California -- PLC - Automation Engineer Don Hennick d.hennick@attbi.com Seattle, Washington -- thank you for all your great work I look forward to watching and perhaps building my own turbine soon, I am a custom metal fabricator and amateur machinist

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Andrew Hensley limoncell0@hotmail.com Fort Wayne, Indiana -- http://terriblelie.homedns.org/~andrew MS in Mechanical Engineering, built a TT to run on cold gas as a class project (out of my own interest), but used university money to do it, so I had to give it up to them afterwards. Now I want to build another to run on direct combustion (possibly pulsed combustion). Robert Hernandez pqsul@Yahoo.com Alhambra, California -- Would like to build a working unit. Guy Herzog gsdlinux@earthlink.net Chino Hills, California Bill Hicks blh5683@yahoo.com Clanton, Alabama Jerry Hicks gehixz@bellsouth.net Woodstock, Georgia -- Software developer specializing in embedded applications. Walter Hiester whiester@aol.com Palmyra, Pennsylvania -- Building the Tesla Turbine as described in Home Shop Machinist. Half way completed, now finishing runners Mike Hingle mikehingle@mac.com Boulder, Colorado -- Interested in promoting solar or plasma driven combustion-free, water vaporization/ condensation closed-loop cycles with radiant barriers, vacuum jackets & heat recuperators. Bill Hinote hinote@charter.net Paso Robles, California -- Primarily interested in personal composite aircraft; I'm looking for a low-cost jet engine for homebuilts. I'm also watching developments in the pulsejet engine. David Hoffman dchoffman1998@yahoo.com Ruskin, Florida William Holler governor@flashlink.net Rock Hill, South Carolina McAfeesSureBidAuction.com Self employed.. degree in Engineering

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Henry Hogg henryh@sympatico.ca Cloyne, Ontario, Canada Ray Holmes Ml2g@Yahoo.com Chicago, Illinois Mike Hoskinson michael.hoskinson.ctr@mda.mil Fairfax, Virginia Andrew House andrew.house@lycos.com Colorado Springs, Colorado Bobby Housos bhousos@premiersafeguard.com Houston, Texas -- Looking for someone with a machine shop to make some parts for his turbine project. Needs an engine case. Gregory Hoyal grhoy5@aol.com Index, Washington Nazmul Huda nazmulhuda@hotmail.com Connecticut -- Hi, I am new in Tesla turbine, even though I don't have enough knowledge to build my own Turbine, but I will observe this noble project. I am an IT professional and big enthusiast for Renewable energy/Sustainable Energy (SE). Recently I am studying on Micro-Hydro, Solar, and Wind technology in order to make electricity. I would like to help developing countries to make their own electricity who are living off the electric grid. Edward Hudgins imprezzadude@yahoo.com Burnsville, North Carolina P.A. Iggy utahfarmers@hotmail.com Delta, Utah Robert Imboden robertimboden@hotmail.com Clearwater, Florida

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Gerald Ingham StrictlyStainles@aol.co Waterloo, Iowa Corbin Irvin Cajunjoe_here@yahoo.com Geneva, New York A work in progress. I have yet to build a turbine but I have the majority of the parts. I procrastinate. Joe Irwin jirwin@foothillsnet.net Kentucky -- Looking into a project in which I think a Tesla turbine would be perfect for use as a blower/ compressor, spun with a high speed electric motor. If anyone has any data on air volume/pressure output, I would really appreciate it if you would share. If anyone who has built a turbine close to Telsa's original design and hasn't done so, connect a high speed motor to the shaft and see what kind of air it blows! Carl Iverson 0196@attbi.com Olympia, Washington USA Edward Ivory eji2004@yahoo.com Eagle Point, Oregon My father owns a CNC machine shop with 3 CNC Mills and 2 CNC lathes if you send a dxf file to the email He can quote you on the piece. We are very interested in building a tesla turbine for High volume air output, and any plans/DXF would be useful.

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Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:07 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


FREE Open Source Forum http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htm

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memus1a.htm (13 of 13)6/10/2006 9:28:35 PM

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Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

U.S. Membership (A - D): 112


Total U.S.: 510 Use Edit/Find on your browser to search for keywords on this page. Phillip Abbatiello unagog@optonline.net South Amboy, New Jersey -- Mechanical Engineering and Computer/Network Technology background. Mike Addison kaboose@harborside.com Brookings, Oregon -- I'm looking for information on on how the turbine can be used as a hydro electric turbine Timothy Agin tim80@cox.net Norman, Oklahoma -- Gas Turbine Equipment Specialist. Interested in Steam turbines for a variety of powerplants, both vehicular and stationary. Michael Anderson mike@m-l-z.com Great Falls, Montana -- http://www.m-l-z.net/ Very big into alternative energy and finding new and old ways of doing things. Ray Anonymous torq@swbell.net Texas - I first built a working model in 1979 based on a magazine article. I have tried several times to improve the design. I built a test stand that would allow me to vary the spaces between the disks while it was spinning. I used air as the working fluid. I used a hollow center shaft. Are you interested in knowing the results of my tests? Samuel Arbizo II sammymatik@hotmail.com Hemet, California -- I'm very interested in the possibility of using rotary engines in vehicles. Especially for high HP applications

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memus1.htm (1 of 14)6/10/2006 9:29:42 PM

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Richard Arndt arndt36@cwnet.com Elk Grove, California -- I custom build human powered vehicles. Kevin Atchley skatch28@cs.com Umatilla, Florida -- I am a designer for an architectural design-build firm, but I am interested in designing and building my own turbine-powered car! Dennis Baker dtemr@wizzards.net Elkton, Oregon -- We live on 40 acres in southern, coastal Oregon. I am interested in building a Tesla turbine for various uses here on the farm (i.e. power generation, pumping, etc). It seems I'm a year behind (or more) as I haven't begun my project as yet; however, I'll try not to pester too much! By the way, I would like to say that your website is the absolute best regarding in-depth information on the Tesla turbine. I too, believe that we need to better develop our resources; isn't it odd that this can be done (in part) by applying century-old technology! Toby Ballantine tcbal@aol.com Roslyn Heights, New York I have been working solid every night and day for a year on tesla "stuff". Have had success. Made a little cardboard turbine model that worked! wow. I build some coils, shoot lightning about from my fingers, all that stuff...but electrical or turbine powered flight, wireless transmission of power (especially) greening the deserts, providing hydrogen, a new electric grid, are just a part of my research. Boy do I need help. Seeing a psyche...lol. sined -- Toby Circus Ron Balmer rbalmer@tampabay.rr.com Clearwater, Florida Lokendra Bam lokenbam@hotmail.com Wichita, Kansas -- Interested in all kinds of Distributed Energy Generation & Storage technologies. want to exchange of knowledge and information on DERs. Kelly Barnes carman1959@aol.com Miramar, Florida - crazy car mechanic Lawrence Barrett bearairs@cox.net Maryesther, Florida -- open to all things Sureshbabu Basavayya srshb@yahoo.com Sunnyvale, California -- getting to know clean sustainable energy

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John Baxter 9aviator@bellsouth.net Titusville, Florida -- Highly interested in alternative power sources. Open to most ideas, primarily interested in Tesla Turbine based research. Matthew Becan thefocus@cashette.com College Place, Washington Im a chemist that wants the revolution to happen Robert Becker briar@mhtc.net Boscobel, Wisconsin -- I am a 21 year old Tesla lover from way back and I've been wanting to make Tesla engines ever since I heard about them. I hope you guys are as serious as you sound about repairing this filth that has been created by sins destruction. Scott Beckstrand ssb@byu.net Overton, Nevada -- http://itcert.ccsn.net Interested in electricity generation Paul D. Beizer pdb1@localnet.com Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Ed Beleski ebel4402@hotmail.com Long Island, New York Lee Bell leebell@leebell.net Wilmington, North Carolina - www.leebell.net retired gunsmith, home machinist, metal casting, recumbent trikes.....the list goes on Peter J. Benjamins pbenjamins@aol.com Huntington Beach, California -- Work in electronics communications - AS degree, Certified and Licensed Welder - qualify for AA degree, Machine Tool Technology - qualify for AA degree, Microcontroller and microprocessor experience. Benji benji_29@hotmail.com North Carolina BIOdiesel BENZ trace@tabbyinc.com Texas

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Dennis Berger ddennisberger@netscape.net Leland, North Carolina -- 23 years experience in product design, Electronic and software skill sets. Have been interested in alternate power generations for over 30 years. Randy Bernatow wrber@yahoo.com Fort Collins.com Oakley Berkemeier oakberk@frontiernet.net Castile, New York -- A hobbyist who loves to tinker. A longtime Tesla student. Excited to get info on building a workable unit. Bert mrmig1@theriver.com Houston, Texas -- I have a CNC mill and lathe and can convert the files in SurfCam to G-Code for anybody that is interested. Thomas Bevis tbevis@juno.com Cedartown, Georgia Anthony Billingsley abillin1@verizon.net Tampa, FLorida Dan Bishop drb580@aol.com Tucson, Arizona -- I am an entrepreneur looking to gain more knowledge about the Tesla turbine Jose Bittar jabittar@hotmail.com Miami, Florida Jacob Black jaredpb@color_country.net Colorado City, Arizona George Blass gblass1@earthlink.net U.S.A

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William E. Bobb w.e.bobb@att.net West Caldwell, New Jersey -- I am mechanically inclined and enjoy working and fixing machines! Paul Bohde bonniesbeads@citlink.net Fort Mohave, Arizona I am a jeweler with a strong mechanical background. I'm currently interested in the Tesla turbine technology as it applies to boat propulsion. Luis Bohorquez bohorquezblue@cs.com Tempe, Arizona I want to learn about the Tesla Turbine and all related to its technical design information. I want to see some of the practical results that the club members achieved. Thanks Mark Bottorff bottorml@hotmail.com Ferndale, WA - I'm interested in all things Tesla, verified or not. I'm also interested in highly efficient to free forms of energy. I believe that nearly everything can be improved. Barry Bowser inyusa@comcast.net Temple Hills, Maryland -- work w unusual manufacturing processes, energy processes, inventions, etc, and a US member of ULTRATESLAN Intl. Corp (Canada). Will be building the paper turbine approx 2 times the diameter and using a man. process to convert the paper into carbon fiber nanotubes to exceed the strength/weight of steel 20x. Will apply both Brown's Gas and Joe Cell gas to try to get over 400Hp from a 10" model for cars airplanes copters and motorcycles. Andrew Bowker phreeride@yahoo.com Edgewood, New Mexico -- I am a 23 year old Software engineer with 7 years experience including 4 years for the Gov. I would very like to help change the world by simply reducing our need for Oil. You may or may not be surprised that some of the current wars and problems could be fixed with lessening our need for Oil. Mitch Brack mjb0868@ksu.edu Manhattan, Kansas

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David Braddock dave@osemi.com Rochester, Minnesota -- www.osemi.com Ken, I have had an ongoing interest in solar power and turbines for some time. I can bring some experience in advanced materials from the semiconductor industry to the club at reasonable cost. I am interested also in solid state PV, and my small company has the capability to make the 37% efficient PV wafers that can be combined with a solar concentrator electrolyzer and turbine to form an entire system. Have you looked at the use of dual fuel (hydrogen + waste oil) in your tesla turbine? Adding 5-7% hydrogen could potentially increase the HP of the tesla turbine because shock wave from H combustion is so very fast. I look forward to purchasing a kit and participating... All the Best William F. (Bill) Brand meadowrand@aol.com Summerville, Georgia -- I have been retired but am not ready to quit for awhile. I have reading about the Tesla coil. Hydrogen has sparked a way to free yourself from the dependence on the power company. James Branford branper2000@yahoo.com Portland, Oregon Tim Brannon tbran2600@mindspring.com Fayetteville, Georgia -- shortly after sept.11th laid off aircraft systems and structures mechanic/machinist. Kevin Bray bloodkman@hotmail.com Apple Valley, California -- I am a student interested in Tesla technology, but mostly in the Turbine engine. I strongly desire to build my own turbine. And I hope the best for this club. Robert Brinkley bruzer88@hotmail.com Westland, Michigan Edward Briones eboy58@hotmail.com Mew London, Connecticut -- preparing to go off grid in 6 months Phil Bronson philbronson@hotmail.com Marysville, Washington Robert Brotherton djbrtb@kci.net Fleming, Colorado

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John Brubaker thewhitedogdad@peoplepc.com Ft Myers, Florida -- We are designing a sustainable system for our new home using parabolic solar steam generators Justin Bruen jbruen@frii.com Bellvue, Colorado -- roguecamp.com/heliostat Actually I know little about turbine design but I have designed a very simple solar tracking circuit that is capable of sub-degree accuracy. It can be built for about $20 I am currently using it in my non-computerized heliostats. Allen Burch bulletman700@hotmail.com Colorado Springs, Colorado -- I am a tinkerer and a motorcyclist, I am currently working on an electric motorcycle with the interest in building a Disc turbine to power a generator to recharge batteries. Todd Burdeinei todd@lvcm.com Las Vegas, Nevada -- Software developer. One day I will build one of these. Paul Burke email: NONE 515 N.Buena Vista St., Burbank, CA 91505 -- Please Snail Mail any information to me, THANKS Thomas Burke motekrub@7xme.us Fresno, California -- http://7xme.us I'm compiling info on sustainable self-sufficiency to make available and propagate. Evan Burroughs n7ifj@qwet.net Salem, Oregon Mike Buschur mabuschur@hotmail.com Coldwater, Ohio 06/05/04 I am a second class steam engineer that runs a 10 meg. turbine for a city power plant, we burn coal to fire the boilers. I am looking for a small turbine to build to run my home. I have built many boilers and a traction engine, Have my own machine shop with lathe, mill, broach, hyd. press and more. looking forward in starting this project. David Busse skytap@earthlink.net Kalamazoo, Michigan -- Nikola Tesla was one of my boyhood idols, and I have always known about the Tesla Coil - it was not until a short while ago that I discovered so much information about him and his work... If I had known of these things back then - so much would be different now. I am very glad to have found you all.
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Bret Cahill BretCahill@aol.com Tucson, Arizona -- Interested in low cost turbines and compressors for propulsion and power generation. Robina Campbell wilsonschunemann244@hotmail Woburn, Massachusetts -- am interested in health and want to be a natropath in the near future. William Robert Campbell CDOCTORROB@AOL.COM Jackson, Mississippi -- I am a motorcycle, atv, watercraft mechanic and have been in the industry for 14 years. I am very interested in combining turbine technology with these vehicles for a more efficient, reliable, cleaner source of power Patrick Cannon pcannon@avsbus.com Chattanooga, Tennessee -- http://avsbus.com I'm an electronics control designer for an electric and hybrid-electric bus manufacturer. Looking to get better efficiency from our Capstone turbines. Anthony Caplan tonycaplan@yahoo.com Hallandale, Florida -- I like to invent things... I am crazy about understanding how things work and then ways to improve them. Sean Capogreco seancap@earthlink.net Raeford, North Carolina Thomas Carpenter ki8as@charter.net Owosso, Michigan -- Interested in alternate power systems for cars and home. Am building a battery powered electric vehicle now. Bruce Case Pioneer@choiceonemail.com Stoughton, Wisconsin -- Mechanical Engineer, pilot, experimental aircraft builder, getting A&P mechanics Athanasius Francis Catalan astum56@yahoo.com Washington, District of Columbia -- Although I graduated from Electronics & communications Engineering interested in hydrogen powered rotary engines and now Tesla disk turbines power generation and power plant for wing in ground effect vehicle/model. As building engineer for 4 buildings trying to cut down cost of electricity and gas.

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Todd Cathorall spock@pikenet.net Pearl, Illinois -- I am really interested in any new technologies, especially ones that help better our world. I would really like to see us get away from our dependence on fossil fuels. Craig Chamberlin cchamberlin@itsmyplace.com Portland, Oregon -- http://www.itsmyplace.com In the process of getting my Sherline Mill and Lathe CNC'd. Plan to use them (among other things) to construct a TT with 5" dia runners, driven by flash steam from natural gas. Worked with a miniature TT which powered a high-speed dental handpiece (450500,000 rpm) using air bearings. Intend to use some of the variations which were used on that scale on a bit larger scale. Beyond that, I am a freelance programmer, 54 yrs old and have too many toys and not enough time. Dick Cheetam photographer_wu@yahoo.com San Francisco, California -- Interested in Tesla Turbines for automotive and aviation applications Steven Clark sdc@rattlebrain.com Santa Cruz, CA Fritz Clause fritzie@attglobal.net Las Vegas, Nevada Donny Closson Email withheld Anthem, Arizona Craig Collins drevilgenius@aol.com Chesterton, Indiana Bob Colvin bob321c@yahoo.com Annapolis, Maryland Gary-Paul "GP" Congdon road2indy@hotmail.com Corona, California -- Executive Recruiter, Father of two, Vintage midget racer... Trying to refine a Tesla Jetski application.

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Garrett Connelly garrett@ferrocement.com Bernardston, MA ferrocement.com Lived off grid from 1975-95. Don't have electricity at my shop now. Want formula for a constant focus point parabolic plane for development design project. Charles Cornett cptech@gbeinc.com Winfield, Kansas -- Interested in building solar powered turbine for home use. Eric Corson ericcorson@webtv.net Portland, Oregon -- Hvac serviceman with interest in alternative homemade energy systems and grid independance. Dick Craft wrcraft@aol.com Benton, Arkansas Tim Creed tcreed@bluegrass.net Louisville, Kentucky -- Electrical engineer. Curious about available methods to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Michael Croft mudge356@bellsouth.net Biloxi, Mississippi Sven Crouse svenc@snet.net New Canaan, Connecticut -- I work with computers, but enjoy renewable energy more and more as of late. What I find particularly interesting is passive solar, designing and building passive and active systems, and cost effective ways to build your own systems ( mostly thermal solar ). Currently designing a dish solar collector. The simplicity and relative ease of manufacturing this style of turbine (Tesla) intrigues me. I enjoy talking/emailing/collaborating about such things with others. Brian Crowson bsktblmom25@aol.com Topeka, Kansas -- I am new to the Tesla Turbine. I am interested in getting started. I have most basic tools and I have a friend who owns a machine shop. All I need is information...to put my resources to work. Paul Culton cultonp@canby.k12.or.us Oregon -- How would coating the discs with Teflon affect operation? With ceramic? What about concave or convex disc geometries? Has anyone explored these possibilities yet? If so, results?

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Robert Curry gafarmer@comcast.net Irving, Texas -- Another IT guy. Don't get to visit my family farm very often--it is 900 mi away. already grow pecans, occasionally grow soybeans (nice oil), going to grow canola. when my job moves to Toronto (maybe Bangalore) I'll have time to set up a modest machine shop and build a low pressure steam powered Tesla Turbine to eventually produce electricity. Gavin Curtis gavincurtis@yahoo.com Henderson, Nevada -- I am an electrical engineer with mechanical knowledge as well. I am familiar with the Tesla Turbine and have experimented with a crude version some time ago using a stack of hard disk drive platters (runners) and compressed air. I am interested in retrofitting an ultralight gyrocopter with a 60-90HP bladeless turbine instead of the conventional expensive piston engine. The Tesla turbine is reliable, more efficient, lighter and just plain "neat" than the conventional piston engine. Be nice to fly without a noisy engine.... Robert Czeranko rczeranko@juno.com Chandler, Arizona Brandon Dana kylameg@charter.net North Carolina -- Looking for engineering texts or other references on boundary layer physics. Joshua Daniels joshua@brokenwall.com Chula Vista, California -- www.earblades.com SWM seeks inexpensive, easily repaired and replicated energy source. Drug and disease free; insist on same. No Wankels. Paul Dathe pdathe@attbi.com Plymouth, Minnesota -- Engineer / Product Designer / Model Maker I have a keen interest in optimal development of Nikola Testla's great contributions. Sam Dean samrdean@aol.com Village Mills, Texas -- I am a machinist by trade with little electro- experience but am very interested in solar steam energy systems. I also share your political views. Thanks Liegh DeBose lndebose@hotmail.com Sacramento, California -- Engineering fanatic

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Edward Dec lip133@islands.vi St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands -- My primary interest in the workings of the Tesla turbines is whether or not they can be used to generate electricity for home use, (20-25k). How large would a unit with this ability be? What sources of reading material would you recommend? Brian Dehaven shady22@iquest.net Peru, Indiana Clint Demaray cdemaray@hotmail.com United States -- Former auto/marine mechanic interested in working with shops to retrofit older vehicles with turbines/gensets Ed De Reyes edereyes@lanset.com Sacramento, California Dan Dial milcrdan@earthlink.net Shelton, Washington -- dialdiscoveries.com I'm an independent engineer / inventor. I have been issued US patent number 6,375,412 B1 which is a support system to make the Tesla disk turbine / pump a viable product. The Dial Disk System (DDS) has been tested for pumping and hydroelectric applications. The design eliminates the turbulence and flexing problems that have plagued the Tesla disk turbine. 7 prototypes have been built so far ranging from pumps to hydroelectric turbines and all function. Thom Dickerson thomed@qnis.net Fresno, California Douglas Dilley rdilley2002@comcast.net Fort Wayne , Indiana -- love this kind of work and am very excited Nick DiZinno dizinno@yahoo.com Bay Shore, New York Dave Domm techno97@frontiernet.net Rochester, New York -- http://pages.zdnet.com/techno_rage/observationsonearthlings/ I look for things. Things to make me go.

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U.S. Members, A - D

Shon Donnell g2don@aol.com Springdale, Ar Bob Doris rpdoris@hotmail.com Prescott, Arizona -- As a Toolmaker/Clockmaker, I have on occasion while holding a completed clock wheel assembly by its pivots between thumb and forefinger, applied compressed air to the periphery of the wheel and marveled at the turbine effect and the high rotational speeds achieved. When time permits, I would like to construct a small Tesla turbine for educational and experimental purposes. Greg Downs gdowns@mpcproducts.com Skokie, Illinois www.mpcproducts.com Travis Draper draperic@isu.edu United States -- Studying the feasibility of using a turbine generator powered by a stationary bicycle. Dave Droz davedroz@hotmail.com Waterford, Michigan -- I am elbow deep in development of a hybrid electric vehicle driven by a PM DC motor and supplemented by a Free shaft turbine system powered by hydrogen generated on-demand by electrolysis. By managing between inductive and resistive load we hope to increase range -- Any feedback appreciated. Robert Drury rtdrury@earthlink.net Los Angeles, California 04/15/04 I want to build a solar power system for a house. Andrew Dudanowicz andyman1022@aol.com New Britain, Connecticut Brendon Dyment dymentroy@hotmail.com Tyne valley, California -- AS ONE WHO SEES THE BENEFITS OF CLEAN ENERGY THESE INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES SEEM TO BE THE ANSWER FOR THE FUTURE

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Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


FREE Open Source Forum http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htm

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memus1.htm (14 of 14)6/10/2006 9:29:47 PM

U.S. Members, N - R

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

U.S. Membership (N - R): 69


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Lionel Nanton lionel_nanton@non.hp.com Sacramento, California -- Garage based hobbyist that is interested in Tesla turbines and pumps. Pat Nealon pnealon@qwest.net Cheyenne, Wyoming -- Mechanical engineer has worked with combustion & emissions in burners/ incinerators. Phillip Nevling nevling@msn.com Portland, Oregon Tei Newman teilhardo@yahoo.com San Diego, California -- I am 16 years old and I have just embarked on a project to build my own Tesla turbine. There is very little info on the internet so I thought that maybe you guys would be the best source of knowledge. thanks Christopher Newton newtonc@eng.fsu.edu Tallahassee, Florida -- Mechanical Engineering Graduate student at Florida State University Travis Newton tnewton3@mcreccwb.com Reynolds Station, Kentucky -- Beginning tinker in the solar/electrical arts with interest towards selfsufficiency. Hieu Nguyen hieuis@comcast.net Renton, Washington

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U.S. Members, N - R

Tim Nichols exo-thermic@comcast.net Coppell, Texas - A lot of experience with HIGH temp focused arrays. I am interested in developing techniques to put that energy to work. Scott Nikolai kpride@dotnet.com Wisconsin -- Projects include a wood gasifier co-generator and turbines for his old tractors August Nixon abnengineering@cs.com El Monte, California -- 31 year old amateur automotive/technical enthusiast with limited (but ever increasing) home machine shop capabilities. Storman Norman K-man111@sbcglobal.net Fort Worth, Texas The time is NOW. Let's work together to make TT's as common as the IC piston powered engine! Please email me with anything to do with TT or if you have a project that you are working on which only lacks financial resources. I am trying to bring the two together. I am interested in TT's both as PUMPS as well as "engines." Vincent Noto vinhapnoto@yahoo.com San Diego, California http://researchxpress.net Strongly interested in solar thermal energy. Both patents and patent preparations in the field of solar collectors and high temperature storage media. Kem Obasih obaskem9@thermotec_systems.com Brookfield, Wisconsin -- I am interested in renewable energy and distributed power generation Brian O'Leary bpol@aol.com Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Obin Olson OOLSEN1@EC.RR.COM Wilmington, North Carolina -- I want to build a steam solar system to run my house from...can you help me ?? I need about 4kw a day of power Ryan O'Neal tht1ksguy@aol.com Kansas City, Missouri -- Bumped into this site while doing research for my TT ideas. Makes it difficult do to my real job (Project Design Engineer for pneumatic conveying and dust handling systems) since my head is full of a million applications for this underutilized technology. Eventually I'd like to see these used for off grid power production, cars, trucks and small plane use.

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U.S. Members, N - R

Dave Oltmann d37wo@aol.com Snellville, Georgia truck driver getting killed by high costs diesel refrigeration air conditioning. Paul Orlando paulorlando@sbcglobal.net Katy, Texas 05/01/04 Christopher Panzner cpanzne@yahoo.com East Islip, New York -- I am interested in an engine that does not eat all of my money. Nolan Parker justin_o_guy@yahoo.com Lindale, Texas -- I am planning on building a compressed earth block home & I need some sort of emergency back up generator, & I just heard about this Tesla bladeless turbine. Absolutely fascinating idea. What would it cost to build one large enough to provide limited power to keep a home going maybe for a few days, using only essential things in an energy efficient home? Just a Kinda sorta answer or guess will be very appreciated. Mark Parkert markparkert@hotmail.com Omaha, Nebraska Marshall Parks adiutores@hotmail.com Moline, Illinois -- I think that the Tesla engine is a marvel and I am delighted to find others to speak with about it. I am particularly curious about a Tesla engine for an automobile. If anyone else is dealing with this and knows something of the expense involved, I'm fascinated! Don Parrott solpar@aol.com Tempe, Arizona Maricopa -- Interested in clean air systems to power not only autos but homes also Joseph Pawelski Jpawelski@gmail.com Rochester, New York -- Senior Mechanical Engineering Student at Rochester Institute of Technology, interested in a continuation of the Rice Turbine research. Ken Pearson mysteremarine@cox.net San Marcos, California -- http://www.hydrolance.net/ Developing steam propulsion system. Am looking to assemble team of learned Tesla techies who want to see their efforts reviewed for possible inclusion and paid employment. The objective is to assemble 2 or 3 stage compounded multi-nozzle for scale up if the numbers are there (60% Thermal Cycle Efficiency is goal).

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K. Peckham kpeckham@mailpuppy.com Gatesville, Texas Neil Pelham rebelloggin49@aol.com Salem, Alabama Greg Pensiero gjp@wilbur-wa.com Wilbur, Washington -- If you search the archives of the Tesla Turbine forum, you will find a single message from Dr. Christian Daniel of Glycanmetal in Barcelona, Spain. I am a Mandated Representative in the United States for Glycanmetal and Dr. Christian. The answer to the question for generating a high pressure gas from water economically is sound. Marc Perlmutter m_perlmutter@yahoo.com New York, NY Gary Peterson glpeterson@tfcbooks.com Breckenridge, Colorado -- http://www.teslabooks.com/ I own and operate Twenty First Century Books, an online bookstore that specializes in materials related to the inventor Nikola Tesla. Am interested in Tesla pumps and turbines. David Petty ozarkdave@hotmail.com Seligman, Montana -- Retired, no money, lots of ideas! Problem solver, broad knowledge. Scott Pfeiffer aqesp@aol.com Renton, Washington -- Interested in Tesla Technology as an alternate to current I/C engines. Robert Polley robertpolley@aol.com Melissa, Texas -- Building ultra efficient 7000 Sq Ft home and utilizing as much renewable energy sources as possible Keith Polson paker@gte.net Plant City, Florida -- I've been a machinist for 31 years and have been planning a Stirling powered transportation project, but after reading about the Tesla turbine I see much more potential for power with a turbine.

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John Polzin phonedude@prodigy.net El Mirage, Arizona Bryan Porch jink544442270@aol.com Franklinville, New Jersey -- I am a Mechanical Engineering student looking to improve the state in which the environment is being used, and reverse the way it was damaged Jeffry Powers backwaterswamprat@yahoo.com Parksley, Virginia -- Interested in learning about the latest info on the Tesla turbine. Jonathan Pratt jonpratt76@hotmail.com Norfolk, Virginia -- Working on forming a new energy company utilizing Tesla Turbine technologies and other clean and 'efficient' environmentally friendly technologies. Seeking partners for prototype and product development. Brent Purcell bpurcell@alltel.net Toccoa, Georgia Patrick Ramsey railbird@bellatlantic.net Silver Spring, Maryland -- Teba member, own machine shop, steam is first love Don Rankin ranchrankin@sierratel.com Raymond, California -- I am really interested in the many applications of the Tesla turbine. I am going to buy some machine tools just because of the Tesla turbine. when I first stumbled onto it about five years ago, I could not believe it was not already in place as a mass motive power option. Andrew Ray ray.systems@worldnet.att.net Layton, Utah -- I have a project I am working on, and a Tesla Turbine is probably the only thing that will make it work. I have made a Tesla Turbine and have started testing it. Today is the first I've seen your site. I wish I found you sooner. Robert Redding rrredding@cox.net Phoenix, Arizona

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Jeff Redington jeffredington@hotmail.com Bellingham, Washington -- http://www.specialtymachineandautomation.com/ Machine Design and Automation Specialist. Samuel Rediske shokunin11@msn.com Oregon Michael Redler redlerm@yahoo.com New Haven, Connecticut -- Very interested in alternative energy, sustainability and appropriate technologies. Issued patent for solar tracher: US6,897,423 Steve Redmond skiprock@earthlink.net N. Easton, Massachusetts -- I work as a Documentation Specialist writing installation and continued airworthiness manuals for monitoring systems installed on turbojet engines for Altair Avionics, a division of Pratt and Whitney... I built a foundry and a Gingery metal lathe this winter... I fly ultralight planes, and have been building a replica of a 1928 Heath Parasol... I was a naval architect years ago and wrote WoodenBoat magazine's Designs column for several years. Rob Reed Robrgoofast@aol.com Oswego, New York -- looking to build a turbine to power my home! Jim Reem jim021244@msn.com Millersville, Pennsylvania -- I am an experimenter (61 years old) who enjoys tinkering with revolutionary designs. Brian Reid brian.reid@worldnet.att.net Monroeville, Pennsylvania -- Retired engineer looking for something interesting to do Martin Retherford res0b4hy@verizon.net Chino, California

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David Reuter dreutermi@aol.com Ann Arbor, Michigan -- http://members.aol.com/dreutermi Hello. My background is alternative powertrains for vehicles. My interest is electrical traction drives and my work has been in control systems of Hybrid vehicle powertrain. I enjoy technology and continue to try to apply my BSME and MSEE education and creative mind to finding environmentally friendlier more efficient alternative powertrains for land and sea. I Have been a long time follower of Tesla and just happen to stumble into your group. It looks interesting so I thought I would join it. Donald Reynolds dreynolds@hns.com Inwood, West Virginia Douglas Rice dougr@tigeronedevelopment.com Spokane, Washington -- www.tigeronedevelopment.com Louie Rice lrlady66@66cs.com San Jose, California Mary Rice lrlady@netzero.com Madera, California Ken Rieli krieli@up.net Munising, Michigan -- http://phoenixnavigation.com/ Founder of Phoenix Turbine Builders Club. Pam Rieli ptbc@phoenixnavigation.com Munising, Michigan -- Although I feel I'm running to catch up in many areas of science/engineering, I am totally committed to promoting disk turbine technology. This planet is in deep trouble & my grandkids deserve a better future than the living hell devised by global industrialists. Denver Risley bamarfo@aol.com Tulsa, Oklahoma -- I am a metal fabricator/welder by trade and also do a little blacksmithing. I am a big fan of Tesla's turbine so I was really excited when I found this site. This is exactly the kind of club that could be the start of something truly revolutionary. Time to stick it to the Man! Robert d_papabear@hotmail.com Johnson City, Tennessee -- Grand Ole Opry musician who is fascinated by anything mechanical or electrical...amateur inventor, and love gadgets...just getting turned on to "Tesla"...very fascinating.

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David Robinson dave@lawfrl.com Phoenix, Arizona Darrin Roenfanz dc_roenfanz@comcast.net Sacramento, California Phillip Rogen phillip.w.rogen@boeing.com Sumner, Washington - I thoroughly have enjoyed the discovery of and reading through this web site. I am impressed. Please add my name and number to your membership role. I am interested in being involved in use of the Tesla Turbine in my home and community. Neil Ross mailto:Rosschronis@tiac.net Douglas, Massachusetts Darwin Ruddell darwinruddell@syringa.net Idaho -- I am a big fan of Nikola Tesla. I have read everything I could find on him and played with some of his electrical concepts. Now I am interested in a more practical application. I want to build a pump for my parents ranch and Tesla's is the best. Timothy Rumbinas tjprint@kingcon.com Sutton, Vermont Richard Runie dkrunie@aol.com Wheeler, Michigan I'm A Retired Machine Repairman/Machinist & Have become Interested In The Tesla Turbine Through a Couple of engineer friends of Mine. I have long had a goal of calling our power company and telling them to get their stuff off my property. I've Explored other turbine designs and found them too complex to make. But the Tesla Turbine is Very Simple. I Think That I could make one very easily. Robert Rush rsrjr56@cox.net Chickasha, Oklahoma Ken Russell stingray615@juno.com Austin, Texas -- Interested in better technology, fuel economy and ending our dependancy on oil. The need for groups like this should be on everyones immediate agenda.

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Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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Latin America

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

Mexico, Central & South America Membership: 43


Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Colombia, Dutch West Indies, Mexico, Venezuela

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Jose Luis Aarao jlaarao@gmail.com Sao Paulo, Brazil Juan Manuel Afanador jmaycia@hotmail.com Bogota, Cundinamarca, Colombia Benjamin Alarcon Cid_the_knight@lycos.com Chihuahua, Mexico -- I want to build a turbine for a car... Larry Alexander alexall@statiaterm.com St. Eustatius, Nederlands Antilles. Dutch West Indies -- I like to learn about alternate power sources, I recently purchased a booklet on the Tesla Turbine from Lindsay Books. I intend to build a turbine as a compressor. Fernando Almeyda almeyda_87@hotmail.com Salina Sruz, Oaxaca, Mexico My goal: To form or joint-me to Mexican group interested on alternative energy systems how solar generator turbo from Tesla turbine. I am mechanical-electric; My specialty is measurement instruments. Andre Belle automahn@acepaging.com Barbados I am excited about building a turbine system, with a view to running my home completely on alternate energy.

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Latin America

Norberto Calvo magister56@yahoo.com.ar S.S. de Jujuy-Jujuy, Argentina -- http://www.tecnitron.com.ar/ Fanatic tester of some tesla designs, specially turbines. I live in Argentina, and my work is electronic engineering Fernando Cordeiro godnet@ig.com.br Rio de Janeiro, Brazil I work as a translator and just want some technical orientation. Raimundo Damasceno raimundodamasceno@globo.com Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil -- I am a professor of chemistry at the Fluminense Federal University (UFF). My research interest field is concerned with the conversion of biomass (e.g., agricultural residues, sewage sludges, organic industrial cake, etc) into a fuel similar to diesel oil. Biomass to liquid (fuel) BTL. This process is called Biomass to liquid (BTL). In addition, I am strongly involved with the Brazilian biodiesel program. Needless to say that I am strongly identified with the philosophy and purposes of the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club. I foresee an avenue for cooperation. I have projects in small towns, dried (same-arid) regions and am committed with sustainability of our threatened world. I am open to cooperation. Fernando D'Anna fdanna@uol.com.ar Marcos Jurez, Cordoba, Argentina Nelson Gonalves Corra Jr. nelson@conectnet.com.br Uberlandia, MG, Brasil www.conectnet.com.br I have interest in build a hydrogen generator to feed a pulse combustor and run a tesla turbine. Nicolas Egea negea7777@hotmail.com Mendoza, Mendoza, ARGENTINA -- I see interesting people is around here Sirius Fuenmayor siriusfuenmayor@terra.com Venezuela Jessica Gissella Maradey Lazaro jessicamaradey@yahoo.com Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia -- I think that the inventions of Nikola Tesla are very good for the improvement of efficiency energy transformation. I study Mechanical Engineering, I'm 22 years old. In this moment, I realize my project of graduate. Jorge Gomez jorggomez@hotmail.com Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Latin America

David Guerrero davidagustinguerrero@gmail.com Cordoba, Argentina -- Hello, i am interesting in Tesla turbine plans, please, send me anything about this Ilson Hulle ilson@escelsa.com.br Espirito Santo, Brasil -- Interested in building a hydrogen generator for use in a vehicle. Andres Felipe Rey Ladino colombia@gmx.at Bogot, Cundinamarca, Colombia -- Research project (Diplomarbeit): Numerical simulation of the flow field in a friction-type turbine (Tesla turbine). The work will be carried out at the Institute of Thermal Turbomachines and Powerplants at Vienna University of Technology. The commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT as well as the grid generation software GAMBIT will be used for the investigation. Both codes are available on the CFD-server (COMPAQ SC45) of the Computer Center of Vienna University of Technology. http://whitepages.tuwien.ac.at/oid/1479385.html Jose Lopez orl22orl@yahoo.com Tegucigalpa, Honduras -- i am a retired machinist who enjoys inventing things and working with electrical and mechanical machines. Jorge Loubet jorgeloubet@yahoo.com Durango, Dgo. Mexico -- Wow!. I never seen something like this. I'm very impressed about what you all are doing. By now, I'm next to retire, and I'm just beginning to build a heliostat powered Tesla turbine for pumping water to a tree plantation, which I'm planning to own. I know a high frequency generator using ferrite magnetics, would be cheaper and more efficient than a 60Hz bulky generator. One of the most important things, is that it is also cheaper than photovoltaic cells. All of you are on right way. Thanks! Bruno Mafrense bmafrense@yahoo.com.br Fortaleza, Cear, Brazil -- I am engineering student and am the two years studying and constructing Turbines TESLA. Mirza Yousuf Mahmood mirza7737@yahoo.com.mx Puebla, Mexico masters in physical chemistry. Interested in mechanical devices and plastics. Teaching thermal sciences to chemistry students and mechanical engineering students in a private university after retiring from a public university in Puebla, Mexico Carlos Marcico CMARCICO@IG.COM.BR TAQUARITINGA, SO PAULO, BRASIL

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memlatin.htm (3 of 6)6/10/2006 9:30:47 PM

Latin America

Federico Martin federico@riseup.net Capital, Buenos Aires, Argentina Walter Luiz de Miranda Junior jambockwhite@bol.com.br BH, MG, Brasil -- I'm a Dentist, no other technical background, don't know much about physics or electricity, but fascinated about free energy. Nahuel Miranda mirandanahuel@fullzero.com.ar Tanti, Crdoba, Argentina Pedro Morales private_pmc@hotmail.com Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mxico www.ednirapuato.com I wanna make my own Tesla turbine and I wish to contact with people in Mexico and any place of the world to work in energy alternative technics. I hope you send me your path in your experiments to be one more partner in this new Club. Jacobo Mundo jacobomundo@yahoo.com Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico -- I am interested this amazing machine Octavio Nez Martnez onunez38@hotmail.com Cihuahua, Mexico -- I wish to k now were can I buy the Tesla's Kit and what do they cost Orlando Pardo orlandopardo@hotmail.com Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia SOY ESTUDIANTE DE INGENIERIA MECANICA Y DESEO REALIZAR MI PROYECTO HACIENDO UNA TURBINA TESLA. (I am a student of mechanical engineering and desire to make my project doing a Tesla turbine.) Gus Palombo g_palombo@hotmail.com Argentina -- I am Aerospace Eng. I have a small machine shop, work in several project in small TurboJets and Helicopters parts if you need to know more about my jobs visit http://skytechaeronegines. netfirms.com Diego Petrus diego.petrus@sun.com Villa Elisa, Buenos Aires, Argentina -- diegopetrus.com.ar

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memlatin.htm (4 of 6)6/10/2006 9:30:47 PM

Latin America

Luiz Piazentini luiz.piazentini@poli.usp.br So Paulo, Brazil -- Estudante de Engenharia da Escola Politcnica de So Paulo Leo Principe leo@photoamazonica.com South America -- Working on a sustainability project in the Amazon. Wants to build a Tesla turbine using renewable fuels. Eduardo Ramos dudaramos@hotmail.com Maca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -- I'm developing a project for wastewater. I do the electrochemical idea to clean effluent. If Solar/Tesla generator can be economic avaiable, I can use this to improve my project. Gonzalo Sanchez gonzalo@tuyate.net Venezuela -- tuyate.net Sebastian Segura sebasegu@yahoo.com Argentina Ian Shaw ianapshaw@prodigy.net.mx Mexico Ariel H. Garcia Traba agt@tnt_ar.com.ar S. Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina -- www.tnt_ar.com.ar Marcelo Nunes Vasconcellos mnvg@usa.net Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -- I am a enthusiast of the scientific nature of the thing's Kurt Saint Victor ksaintvictor@yahoo.com Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -- I am an engineer working for an independent energy company. We are looking for an alternative turbine for electricity power generation. Lelio Vrancovich centro@xine.com.ar Villa Canas, Santa Fe, Argentina -- Interested in alternative energy sources.

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Latin America

MIRZA YOUSUF mirza7737@yahoo.com.mx Puebla, MEXICO -- Physical chemist teaching thermal sciences to the mechanical and chemical engineers in a private university after retiring from teaching in a public university
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:07 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memlatin.htm (6 of 6)6/10/2006 9:30:47 PM

Canada

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

Canadian Membership: 55
Alberta, B.C., Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan

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Joseph Archibald archie2@execulink.com London, Ontario, Canada -- I am a controls technologist looking at the turbine for power generation not using fossil fuels. Been looking at using cold water and low temp. steam. Jonathan Bartsch jon&korie@telus.net Sparwood, B.C., Canada V0B2G0 -- Electrical Hobbyist, I have completed two years of Electrical Engineering Technology @ SAIT & NAIT in Alberta, Canada. I'm currently a manager at retailer/ mechanical shop. Greg Bennett greg_bennett_307@hotmail.com Hillsborough, New Brunswick, Canada e4h-2z2 -- Interested in developing alternate technology for third world countries James Bererton mannasol@shaw.ca Okotoks, Alberta, Canada I am a renewable resources engineer specializing in low temperature power generation and high efficiency house design. I have an Engineering Physics degree and an industrial background in controls. Stuart Blaber sniffy@netscape.ca Athens, Ontario, Canada I'm 61 years old, retired electrical engineering technologist, and living in a 25 year old solar home (spelled shack). I am currently working on a sun tracking parabolic dish using an old 10 foot satellite dish to generate steam for waste pasteurization and home heating. The inclusion of electrical generation seems like a natural. Bob Boarder carbonphyberz@hotmail.com Toronto, Ontario, Canada

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memcanada.htm (1 of 7)6/10/2006 9:31:07 PM

Canada

Shawn Boss-Moodie Bobizo@gmail.com Guelph, Ontario, Canada A soon-to-be first year mechanical engineering student at University of Waterloo. My motivation for choosing this particular academic avenue is to provide me the opportunity to be in a position to actuate real change. My focus is on the integration of existing technologies and the creation of interdependent systems for use in structural applications. I want to revolutionize the way people build. I plan on creating buildings that have all of their component systems integrated to form complete, efficient, start-to-finish networks. Mass-produced self-sufficient 1/4-acre suburban homes that you get off the back of a truck. Townhouse complexes where eves-trough and street run-off are used in gray-water systems. Converted industrial spaces used as builders co-operatives with independents working in highly specialized environments, yet under the protective umbrella of a completely generalized collective whole. Idealistic, I know, but I'm young and I've lots of time to become cynical. Might as well use my ambition to obtain an unattainable dream rather than just reaching out for that last, pre-packaged, re-fried bean burrito. Peter Campbell campbellpeter@hotmail.com Port Williams, Nova Scotia, Canada I am interested in alternate energy technologies and hope to start a company selling environmental products. I am always interested in finding new suppliers so if you have something you think I might be interested in drop me an email. Mark Chorm mjchorm@shaw.ca Burnaby, BC, Canada A beginner of such, but a fan none the less Clay pvalley@telusplanet.net Canada -- love to learn Philippe Clement oneiraca2004@yahoo.ca Napanee, Ontario, Canada -- Curious hobby machinist Mike Coleby mike@fanman.ca Canada -- I am interested in alternate energy sources Stephan Coriveau coriveau@videotron.ca Montreal, Quebec, Canada -- I am very interested in Telsa turbine concept. I would like to build a prototype. Claudio Corsi claudioc@vianet.ca Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memcanada.htm (2 of 7)6/10/2006 9:31:07 PM

Canada

Dale Crittenden d.crittenden@ciaccess.com Dresden, Ontario, Canada Gilles Desormeaux manon.gilles@globetrotter.net Les Hauteurs , Quebec, Canada -- Retired Robotics Tech and Master Electrician We have purchased a minifarm ( 85,000 SF ) Will be experimenting with self sufficiency ie: solar heat, solar steam , ethanol production etc... I have 40 some years of industrial robotics and control experience and would like to do something interesting with that background , plus an ever increasing curiosity John Ferguson John@Woodnstuff.ca Bourget, Ontario, Canada -- www.woodnstuff.ca I live in on 88 acres in a rural area just 20 miles from Ottawa. I retired early and have enough time to play around at woodworking and other things that stir my imagination Matt Friesen m_friesen69@hotmail.com Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Bill Gadd bill.gadd@sympatico.ca Toronto, Ontario, Canada -- http://bill.gadd@sympatico.ca Welder, doing research for the application of the Tesla turbine to a Rankine Cycle engine Frederic Gagnon fred.gagnon@videotron.ca Jonquiere Quebec, Canada Stephane Gagnon sgtjato@aol.com Montreal, Quebec, Canada -- I'm an electrodynamics technologist and I have a radical design for bladeless turbines. Bryan Greer b.greer@shaw.ca North Vancouver, BC, Canada Bob Hatt mpt@ns.sympatico.ca New Minas, Nova Scotia, Canada

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memcanada.htm (3 of 7)6/10/2006 9:31:07 PM

Canada

Henry Hogg henryh@sympatico.ca Cloyne, Ontario, Canada ifred internetfred2000@yahoo.com Windsor, Ontario, Canada - www.internetfred.com projects in solar, wind and alternative energy Peter Kettenbeil peterscottk@ca.inter.net Brossard, Quebec, Canada -- Buckminster Fuller was my mentor. I have over 30 years of experience in renewable energies. My passion is Green Buildings which export energy to local grids at peak demand. Was a delegate\observer at the U.N. Climate Change conference in Montreal 2005.... Kurt Klingbeil kurtklingbeil@canada.com Vegreville, AB, Canada John Kurtz sue.john.kurtz@Sympatico.ca Toronto, Ontario, Canada -- I am a big fan of all of Tesla's ideas. Also very interested in products that do not use as much of Earth's precious resources. Currently working on a house made of Rammed Earth in Tamworth, Ontario. Using designs of Frank Lloyd Wright, another of my heroes. Mike Lacroix mandm@cogeco.ca Hamilton, Ontario, Canada -- Just an old tinkerer. Douglas Landry dougy2003_ca@yahoo.ca Toronto, Ontario, Canada -- I have talked with you a lot over the years by phone.......... Ed Lapa lapae@nrtco.net Pembroke, ON, Canada -- http://www.dealersneeded.com/enviro/ I am a Professional Engineer and member of the Ontario Professional Engineers Association. Graduate Queens University with B.Sc.(62) In Electrical Engineering. Graduated Ottawa University with M. Eng.(78) In Mechanical Engineering. Worked for 3.5 years at Canadian National Telecommunications as a Communication Engineer. Worked at Atomic Energy of Canada for 31.5 years. Reactor Operations Engineer NRX and NRU Reactors. Worked On the Super Conducting Cyclotron. Commissioning Manager in charge of upgrading NRX REACTOR Shutdown System. System Engineer in charge of Reactor Control Systems. Marc-Antoine Legault malegault@mecano.gme.usherb.ca Quebec, Canada
http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memcanada.htm (4 of 7)6/10/2006 9:31:07 PM

Canada

Joe Leier joeleier@sasktel.net Francis, Saskatchewan, Canada Alex Likhterman telecom@ica.net Toronto, Ontario -- I worked as a mechanical designer Joe MacEnaney jmcenaney@hotmail.com Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Victor Manea vmanea@rogers.com Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada -- Hello There, I'm a newbie, interested in experimenting with the combination solar collector-Tesla turbine for the purposes of generating electricity. Is there a set of plans for the current design by Sean Capogreco's system? Thank you very much, Victor Manea Alain Mc innis alainmci@hotmail.com Pincourt, Quebec, Canada Interested in building a system to provide 100% of energy for a single family home, electric and heat. Greg Miller gregrmiller@shaw.ca Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada Robert Morgan Squeezle42@Hotmail.com Red Deer, Alberta, Canada -- I am an Electrical Engineer, and a programming hobbyist. I am interested in all of Tesla's ideas and hope to reproduce for experiment all of his inventions some day. Nathan Morris nathanmor@hotmail.com Edmonton, Alberta -- HI. I am a machinist living in Edmonton \AB Canada I have long been interested in gas turbines I am currently looking for basic plans for building a small tesla type turbine. of special interest to me would be any information on combustion chambers. thank you Avery Michaels avery@hyperlinx.net Montreal, Quebec, Canada -- I would like to build a turbine and would like to contact someone who has perfected this. I want to power a car with it and then sell them. I would also like to know how to make a combustor and am interested in using Liquid Air as a fuel.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memcanada.htm (5 of 7)6/10/2006 9:31:07 PM

Canada

Dave Negrych negrych@accesscomm.ca Regina, SK, Canada Jean-Marc Noel barnac@videotron.ca Brossard, Quebec, Canada Reid Phillips laclobo@myway.com Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada -- ham radio Steve Pond spond@pubnix.net Ile Bizard, Quebec, Canada www.pondeneterpises.com Seriously looking for a power turbine for energy generation. Garth Reimer garth@teko.com Victoria, British Columbia, Canada -- www.teko.com interested in developing a Wells turbine (bidirectional fan) for harvesting solar/heat-driven, low-speed convection currents in an enclosed, insulated environment. assistance welcome! functioning prototype will be built in a very sunny environment, possibly the Caribbean Brad Schutzman bottomline@xplornet.com Oshawa, Ontario, Canada -- Moved to the country with my wife and two young boys 3 years ago. We have an R2000 home built on 5 acres and am upgrading all of the systems in the house to be as efficient as possible. Our main heat source is a heat pump supplemented by thermal piping from our new 135ft. well. I built a 5000 watt 16 hp generator and installed a generator panel on my service. We have used it 8 times in the last 1.5 years more that 2 hours and as much as 22 hours. We are seeing a trend in the instability of our power supply, and I have started researching solar generation for the past week. I am a novice inventor but want very much to build a generator with my neighbour to try and become more self sufficient. I am very excited to have found your web sight as I will be attempting to become an active member of your club. And hopefully a successful solar generator....lol I look forward to your updates, and look forward to the time I may contribute my experience. Ian Shauer ianandkim30@hotmail.com Surrey, BC, Canada Orest Sokil alexoas21@hotmail.com British Columbia, Canada

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Canada

Phil Thomas entoxsys@xcelco.on.ca Lambton Shores, Forest, ON, Canada -- Semi-retired, x Cdn Air Force tech. x Inst. sales and service tech. Investigating use of old C-Band parabolic dishes as solar concentrators to generate steam, hot water and electrical energy. Would like to know if 12' dish will generate enough steam to drive a TT which would be used to drive a 5Kw @ 3600cps? Mark Tompkins mark.tompkins@shaw.ca Vancouver, BC, Canada -- Professional Engineer interested in energy self-sufficiency. Totally agree on your take of the current unsustainable situation. Tracy Walker tracwalk@shaw.ca Powell River, BC, Canada Jordy Wallace bacspoof@yahoo.com Vancouver, BC Canada Tim Wise Wise_1@sympatico.ca Desboro, Ontario, Canada -- I work as a machinist in a small jobber shop, I am also a Tool & Die Apprentice with welding experience as well I am in charge of machine maintenance and rebuilding in our shop. Edward Yatsula ed.yatsula@sympatico.ca Eldorado, Ontario, Canada -- My interest in alternative power sources is becoming greater as the use of fossil fuels and POLLUTION become greater. The fact that this alternative power source can be actually built by anyone with limited skills and resources is the way to the future. I believe that all devices dedicated to the betterment of mankind as a whole should be free knowledge to all and not to be hoarded by a few. These devices are absolutely necessary if we as a species are to continue to inhabit this beautiful planet we call EARTH. Imagine a devise that would set the world free of being a slave to fossil fuels and the poisons that they create not to mention the poverty and destruction... imagine these scourges gone forever.
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:07 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memcanada.htm (7 of 7)6/10/2006 9:31:07 PM

Africa & Middle East

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

Africa & Middle East Membership: 20


Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Nigeria, South Africa

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ADEROJU ABIOSE PLASMANN@BLACKPLANET.COM MUSHIN, LAGOS I AM A FARMER AND HAVE BUILT SOME TESLA ENGINES YET. I WILL LIKE TO KNOW MEMBERS OF THIS CLUB FROM NIGERIA. I WANT TO BE IN CONTACT WITH THEM. pLEASE, KEEP UP THE TESLA SPIRIT HERE. IT WORKS TO KEEP MEN LIKE OFF GRID. Michael Akwajah michael.i.akwajah@exxonmobil.com Eket, Nigeria Elie Baaklini eliasbaaklini_1@hotmail.com Beyrouth, Lebanon -- I am a technician copiers and printers Behnam Bagheri behnam_bagheri@lycos.com Tehran, Iran Saeid Bagheri bagheri28040@yahoo.com Tehran, Iran -- I am a mechanical engineer in the field of hydro plants. Behrang Daryakenary behrangdarya@yahoo.com Tehran, Iran

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memideast.htm (1 of 4)6/10/2006 9:31:23 PM

Africa & Middle East

Stehan Du Toit staz@mweb.co.za Calitzdorp, Western Cape, South Africa -- I live in an area were there are still lots of people who still don't have electricity and use candle light and wood stoves. We have sunlight almost 365 days a year and temperatures as high as 45'c.Solar panels is just too expensive for these people and just not practical. Douglas Ebiowei cymawhyte@fastermail.com WARRI, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA -- MY COMPANY (ENERGY PROCUREMENT& SUPPLY SERVICES LTD). WE ARE CONSULTANT BASICALLY ON POWER GENERATION TO MAJRO OIL& GAS COMPANIES, SHELL, CHEVRON/TEXACO, ELF, AGIP, NNPC, MOBIL, ETC...RURAL POWER DEVELOPMENT, OFFSHORE ETC. Okeke Fidelis fidrach@yahoo.com Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria 07/27/04 I'm a student of mechanical engineering in one of the higher educational institutions in Nigeria. Cornelis Groesbeek cornelg@tiscali.co.za Johannesburg, GT, South Africa Fouad Habib habibf49@yahoo.com Beirut, Lebanon Rob Hitchings oneheart@imaginet.co.za Hogsback, Eastern Cape, South Africa -- www.returntomagic.co.za Designer/engineer/artist - hope to build Tesla turbine - others in S Africa? Contact me. Johan Kriel johandkriel@yahoo.co.uk Potgietersrus/Mokopane, Limpopo, South Africa -- animalsforafrica.co.za We have some of the highest if not the highest incidence of solar radiation on the planet. Unfortunately coal is plentiful and cheap, and instead of developing solar solutions we stay with fossils. We have many sites where a solar turbine may be an economically viable and competetive solution

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Africa & Middle East

Alex Moussa amoussa@teltac.com Beirut, Lebanon -- Solar and wind energy is my favorite, I always worked in hobby CNC and for now I am experimenting solar energy and biogas as sources of energy, my original study is in system control and automation but presently I am working in telecommunication, I hope you accept me in your club and thank you in advance Ibe Nmah kk4u@yahoo.com Owerri, Imo, Nigeria -- Im a student of high institution, studying electrical engineering. Emmanuel Nwosu goldroll2000@yahoo.com Nigeria -- I am a Petroleum engineer and an alternative energy hobbyist. Thinking of generating steam from solar energy to power turbine. Alaa Sadek alaasadek1999@yahoo.com Cairo, Egypt -- I am new to this and would like to learn more about solar energy. We have a lot of it here in Egypt! Iqbal Smanah iqbal_smanah@yahoo.com Amman, Jordan -- ww.e-zarqa.com i am researcher about solar steam turbines i like to make something like this .and to experiment it i have some good ideas i want to share them with some good persons Jan Swanepoel eljan@lantic.net Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa Developing alternative energy sources and would like design info aboutTeslar to be dricen by biodiesel, methane gas etc. Henry Wood henry@amdt.com.au Johannesburg, Gautang, South Africa -- www.henrywood.net I am a 26 year old engineer, I have been living in Johannesburg for only a month now but am every keen to build a solar generator in the city to inspire individuals and business alike. I have a strong back ground in electronic engineering and mechanical control systems but I am an enthusiastic mechanical engineer as well with skills in machining, fabrication and welding. I fund myself through freelance work but am very keen to get involved in interesting projects on a voluntary basis or to start new projects with likeminded people in the area.
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:07 PM

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memideast.htm (3 of 4)6/10/2006 9:31:23 PM

Africa & Middle East

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Tesla boundary layer turbines, open source turbine forum, alternative energy, low cost power generators, automotive turbines, renewable fuels, building tips, combustion techniques, free resources for hobbyists / engineers / engine designers, sustainable growth through clean motive power technologies

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memideast.htm (4 of 4)6/10/2006 9:31:23 PM

Asia Pacific

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

Asia Pacific Membership: 97


Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, PI, Thailand

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Evan bunuip@queenslander.net Bundaberg, QLD, Australia -- Have been interested in Tesla from 7 years old Greg Aitken gala2@bigpond.com.au Mount Gambier, South Australia, Australia -- I am fascinated by the diversity of alternate energy sources. I am presently improving my welding, fabricating and electronics skills in order to construct a "serious" energy system for my farm (and house) that may involve a solar tracking parabolic dish to create steam for a turbine, a darrieus wind generator and possibly the making of hydrogen. My friends all think I'm nuts but I truly believe in the strength of this technology. Sreni Anna asrenivasan@yahoo.com Coimbatore, India -- IT Analyst. So much concerned about health of our mother earth. Planning to plant infinite trees with friends, collecting resource. Educate people to use organic and naturally available things... Naseem Aziz dpepk@super.net.pk Karchi, Sindh, Pakistan -- Engineer, businessman selling chemicals and equipment to the local sugar Industry, tinkerer Nic Bailey nicbailey@hotmail.com Australia Kaushal raj Bhatt kaushalraj@giplindia.com Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India -- www.giplindia.com a professional mold designer, and very much interested in developing a tesla blower. bothered of increasing pollution.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memasia.htm (1 of 12)6/10/2006 9:31:47 PM

Asia Pacific

Allan Brady asbrady@tpg.com.au Wodonga, VIC, Australia Barney Bruce hibarney@hotmail.com Melbourne, Australia -- Studying Mechanical Engineering and keenly interested in more efficient power production. Currently working on Solar power plants. Ray Butterworth rayth1@hypermax.net.au Mount Gambier sa 5290, Australia -- retired water supply maintenance man Mark Camo mark@bushranger.net.au Sydney, Australia -- www.bushranger.net.au I have built a small working model of Tesla turbine. I am keen on building a direct combustion turbine of the same Flavour. Michael Chan michaelkhchan@gmail.com Malaysia Sandeep Chittora sandeep.chittora@gmail.com Delhi, India -- I am passionate about turbine design David K. Cordova dkcordova2@yahoo.com Bangkok, Thailand -- I am an Instrument Engineer whose work spans 25 years in power generation, petro-chem, liquid gas production and alternative fuels used for power generation Dennis Curnow kurnow@tpg.com.au Australia Srinivasa Desikan cheenuvelachery@yahoo.com Bangalore, Karnataka, India -- www.mssipl.com research student

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memasia.htm (2 of 12)6/10/2006 9:31:47 PM

Asia Pacific

Michael DRINKWATER micdrink@yahoo.com Hurstville, SYDNEY, NSW, Australia -- yahoo.com/group/Rainfall - I have been working on an Idea for an apparatus which will redistribute Rainfall. If feasible the apparatus will defeat drought, help fight Bushfires, provide water for our Cities, an reduce the destruction of storms like Katrina / Rita / Tracey (leveled Darwin in the 80s) , The heart of the system is an efficient steam driven turbine to produce electricity which will be used to further heat the steam so it will rise in a pipe . Matthew Fox matthew@delafield.com.au Carbrook, Queensland, Australia -- I have developed a valveless Thermo-acoustic pulse combustor that runs at a ignition frequency close to 20.000Hz James Frost frost@ihug.co.nz Auckland, New Zealand - Have built a Tesla Turbine however it hasn't been successful yet. Need a lot of power to drive it. Am very interested in the waste oil burner design. David Gagan inozzinblue@hotmail Sydney, N.S.W. Australia -- Interested in steam power - they stopped steam car competing in races year ago so fuel could take of ( so what's changed ) Antony George antgeo81@yahoo.co.uk Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India -- I am a mechanical engineering student very much interested internal combustion engine building & developing Sigit Gunawan sigitgunawan@telkom.net Surabaya, Eastjava, Indonesia --I am mechanical engineer Mogens Hansen mogens59@yahoo.com.au Melbourne, Victoria, Australia -- Interested in experimenting with different engines. Have built my own CNC machine and converted a milling machine to CNC. John Harris jfhdally@agn.net.au Australia Benz Hass rz_h88@yahoo.com Singapore Currently I'm interested in finding alternate energy

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memasia.htm (3 of 12)6/10/2006 9:31:47 PM

Asia Pacific

Pete Haywood snapdragon3@aapt.net.au Hobart, Tasmania, Australia inventor/builder/ self employed construction contractor / musician & tesla fan Grant Hazell gigrantorworm@yahoo.com.au Lismore, New South Wales, Australia -- Village-scale solar concentrator/steam turbine/generator/ compressor experimentalist Dereck Hemsworth dercil@hotmail.com Waikiki, WA, Australia Roger Hilderbrand mtn_k@yahoo.com Melbourne, Australia -- I'm a bit of a Midnight Engineer... Background in electronics and interested in everything that moves Bryce Hobbs brycenhobbs@yahoo.com.au Perth, WA, Australia Interested in learning about Tesla turbines how they work and how to build them also there technical possibilities Nasir Hussain sni@pk.netsolir.com Karachi, Pakistan -- A Chartered Hydrographer and owner of a dredging company biraj kakati biraj_kk@email.com Tezpur, Assam, India -- www.tezu.ernet.in I have completed M.Sc. in Physics with first class. Now I am doing M. Tech. in Energy. We have two papers related to this topic and I am also interested with this. So I need latest information. Hope to get... Ravi Kanade ravi_kanade@yahoo.com Bangalore, Karnataka, India -- Post graduate in heat power engineering, working as a senior engineer in design department of a steam turbine company. Gardharia Kaushik kaushik1969@hotmail.com Rajkot, Gujrat, India -- www.radhegroup.com hello all turbine builders i am new member to this club and want to develop a biomass fired turbine so kindly send us all information plz

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Amit Kawalkar amit_x86asm@hotmail.com Bangalore, Karnataka, India -- Loves aviation. Paul Killeen killeenpand@yahoo.com.au Andamooka, South Australia, Australia -- Interested in Solar Pond technology to run a Tesla turbine driven by Rankine cycle system. Leigh Kite lkite@tpg.com.au Canberra, Australia -- I've always had an interest in turbines, and tinkering. :) After recently becoming alarmingly aware of the impending peak oil crisis, its time to start checking this stuff out. Hilman Koto hilman_fistek2002@yahoo.com Yogyakarta, Indonesia -- I am an undergraduate student in a university in Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University, at physics engineering major. Now I am in my last year and interested in turbine design, specially Tesla turbine. Nicholas Kriesl nakriesl@dodo.com.au Warragul/Victoria/Australia -- I'm a Mechanical Engineer who has worked as a consultant in the Power Industry and have a keen interest to question the current practices in energy production. Sanjeev Kumar sam9264@yahoo.com Chandigarh, New Delhi, India -- I am an Energy Consultant working in DSCL Energy Services company. I am working over the Cheap Air Conditioning System and other Energy conservation techniques so that the Energy and Environment can be protected. Brian Leahy info@nettech.com.au Sawtell, NSW, Australia -- www.nettech.com.au 47 y/o invented and patented product to trap litter in stormdrains see at www.nettech.com.au Kunkiw Lee kunkiw@yahoo.co.kr Seoul, South Korea -- http://kunkiw.ye.st I was a social worker of CCF, retired and study clean energy now. I am much interested in magnet turbine and air engine. Wishing your kindly help me. Thank you. Peter Lin peterlin111960@yahoo.com.cn Ulverstone, TAS, AUS

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memasia.htm (5 of 12)6/10/2006 9:31:47 PM

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Indrakumar Lukram lukramindrakumar@rediffmail.com Imphal, Manipur, India -- It is only my keen interest, and not of much contribution from my end, that I am here. Further, I found your explainings very extra-vivid and simple. Thanks. Berthy Mailoa hdma@ptcpi.com Jakarta, Indonesia Mallik G.M. sidilu@bgl.vsnl.net.in Bangalore, Karnataka, India - just a beginner to learn what you have learnt Peter Manning peterm@picknowl.com.au Australia -- Retired Professional Mechanical Engineer, Railway Rollingstock & Locomotive (steam in early part of career), interest in Live Steam and Model Engineering with modest workshop facilities. Clive Memmott clivemem@hotmail.com NSW, Australia PRGNESH MODI phmodi1@yahoo.com Bharuch, Gujarat. India Solomon Mordecai solomon_mordecai@hotmail.com Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Ravi Murthy ravimurthy@hotmail.com Bangalore, Karnataka, India -- like to build a tesla aircraft Masrul Hanif Mustaffa me0107utn@yahoo.com Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia Upendra Nachegiriwar upendrarn@yahoo.com Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memasia.htm (6 of 12)6/10/2006 9:31:47 PM

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Paul Nelson pnelsonihc@nex.net.au Tooradin, Victoria, Australia -- As I live within spitting distance (5 metres from the back door) of a tidal inlet, I'm very interested in small forms of turbines, rates of flow required, harnessing issues etc. Would welcome information, comments & experience in this form of generation. Cheers. Pertti Nikkila perttisulevi@yahoo.con.hk Hong Kong, SAR Nathanial O'Grady nogrady@barloworldvolkswagen.com.au Melbourne, Australia Miki Oki mikioki38@aol.com Tokyo, Japan Daniel Owen dgo025@uow.edu.au Wollongong, NSW, Australia Adrian Pearce adrian.pearce@unicorngems.com Emerald, Queensland, Australia Michael Phillips mickphil@bigpond.com Charters Towers, Queensland, Australia David Raets davidraets@hotmail.com Australia -- Final year mechatronics engineering student. Interested in building tesla water pumps. Raghunath Kona kraghunath@ptc.com Pun, Maharashtra, India - Working as a Manager-Technical to support Auto OEM customers for CAD/ CAM/CAE products being used from Parametric Technology. Hugh Ravening designer@westnet.com.au Bunbury, WA, Australia -- I am a building designer interested in all sustainable technology and "low tech" solutions to housing and development. I run a small design practice from home and also lecture part time in sustainable design and 3d CAD at my local college.

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Erik Reh wm_reh@yahoo.com.au Gin Gin, Qld, Australia -- I studied Informatics and live now in an area with plenty of strong sunshine and unreliable or no electricity. I am very much interested in a solar or alcohol powered turbine ( motor, generator ). Currently I'll try to learn metalworking and than I would like to build a tesla and/or stirling engine. Deepen Sabnis deepen6@rediffmail.com India -- www.shirgaokars.com I am a 45 Years old, Aeromodeller who wants to build a miniature steam turbine for my daughter's school. Will it be possible for anyone to give me some directions? I am novice in this field. Nasir Saeed nasir2saeed@yahoo.com Karachi, Sind, Pakistan -- I am trying to build a concentrated Solar Power system in Pakistan John Saunders johnsaunders@sasrealty.com.au Bunbury, Western Australia, Australia -- Real Estate Agent with an interest in affordable housing and sustainable energy Anthony Schnabel eraser@comcen.com.au Australia Rishi Shah shahrishi24@yahoo.co.in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India -- I am interested in developing Solar powered Turbine AC Generators and see a great potential of these in Energy Conservation Chris Sharp chrislsharp@yahoo.com Andamooka, South Australia, Australia -- Interested in Rankine engines (ROC) Ashley Shaw ashaw@pacdatasys.com.au Brisbane, Qld, Australia Chad Sheppeard sheppeard@ozemail.com.au Sydney, NSW, Australia

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George Sime geosime@optusnet.com.au Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Lambok Simorangkir lamboksimorangkir@yahoo.com Jakarta, Indonesia Bruce Simpson dontspam@yahoo.com New Zealand -- Building a gas-turbine powered go-kart using his homebuilt turbocharger-based gasturbine engine. Check out his web site at http://aardvark.co.nz/pjet/ Rajbir Singh jatt_moody@iitb.ac.in Mumbai, India -- http://www.desimunda.tk Undergrad mechanical engrg. student Upinder Sondh upinder.sondh@gmail.com Ludhiana, Punjab, India Lenny Spencer lspencer@bigpond.net.au Nhulunbuy, Northern Territory, Australia -- Live in remote Arnhem Land mining town and work in the steam power station Nenad Stojadinovic monprolab@monprolab.com Canberra, Australia -- www.monprolab.com My biz partner Peter and I have worked on several solar and alternative energy projects in the past. Peter's talents are in physics and analogue electronic design whereas I am a mechanical and electronics engineer, specialising in digital design. We have considerable experience in the design and construction of prototype and experimental machinery and would really like to see your Tesla project up and running. What do you need done? strafer 23mm strafer58@yahoo.com.au Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Sreeramamoorthy Subramanian assubra@vsnl.net Pune, Maharashtra, India A mechanical engineer with 3 decades of experience in automobile powertrain design. Working on turbine based power source for home application. I am also a visiting faculty with Indian Institute of Technology Chennai on IC engines. Your site is exciting. One need to work on turbine building based on Tesla design. Love to join your esteemed club and exchange ideas with your members for a revolutionary power source.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memasia.htm (9 of 12)6/10/2006 9:31:47 PM

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Surasan V.P. surasan@vsnl.com Trichur, Kerala, India -- I am graduate mechanical engineer and interested to know about hydro turbine Ken Sweet ken@okazaki_seizai.co.jp Okazaki, Aichi, Japan -- gotta make power from biomass Tze Yi Tay e_immortals@yahoo.com Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -- geocities.com/e_immortals I know nothing about Tesla, would like to learn how to build Turbine Engines... Zaheed Tejani zah_eed@hotmail.com Pune, Maharashtra, India -- I am a student of Mechanical Engineering at the university of Pune. Rajan Thapa rajankumarthapa@hotmail.com Kathmandu, Nepal -- I'm Mechanical Engineer. I've completed my M.Sc.In Mechanical Engineering from Saint Peterburg's Satate University of Technology and Design, St. Peterburg, Russia. Now I'm Working as Lecturer at Khowpa Engeering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal. Wibisono Tjahyono wibisonott@yahoo.com Surabaya, Jawa timur, Indonesia John Van van@lm.net.au Murray Bridge, South Australia, Australia Joseph Varella jvarella01@yahoo.com Balowcowi, Dismasalang, Masbate PI -- Completed review of available literature, hired several mechanical engineers and cad designers, collaborating with college that teaches Rankine cycle theory (college provides boiler, state of art machine shop with new CNC machines, required measuring equipment, CFD, design, and pulls together professionals in the field). We are trying to determine the commercial viablity of TT's. If viable we produce versions for solar, binary cycle, geothermal, and OTEC applications. RAJESH WALIA isakriti@yahoo.com AHMEDABAD, GUJRAT, INDIA -- MECHANICAL ENGINEER INVOLVED IN DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF PACKAGED STEAM BOILERS UTILIZING SOLID, LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUELS IN INDIA.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memasia.htm (10 of 12)6/10/2006 9:31:47 PM

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Gareth Walpole garethwalpole@hotmail.com Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia Mahes Waran kgmahesh001@yahoo.com Bangalore, Karnataka, India -- I am an energy engineer interested in all types of "build your own" things and my hobby is building models. Wibisono Wibisono wwibisono@cprk.com Jakarta, Indonesia Denny Widodo dennywidodo@yahoo.com Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia -- wanna learn more about renewal energy Deden Wilden wilden@umcntp.co.id Bandung, Indonesia -- www.umcntp.co.id I am mechanical Engineer and work as GM-VP for Turbine Service company, interest in all things rotate, has garage shop with small lathe and milling machine. I am proud to join the club, and looking for alternative prime mover steam turbine Phil Wood scrubbuddy@dodo.com,au Queensland, Australia -- Inventor and designer of electric motors plus I have a passion for the Tesla turbine and built a number of these. Currently working on a new turbine that is bladeless but works with adhesion principles. Rebeca Young iluminau2@hotmail.com Brisbain, Austrailia -- mad inventor Tony Young avyoung@iinet.net.au Perth, Western Australia -- http://www.iinet.net.au/~avyoung I have had the WMJ Cairns book The Tesla Disk Turbine for some time now and I think it's time I seriously looked into making it. My intention is to make a turbine so I can generate power for my house which is off the grid. This looks to be the place to find out how and I'd like to think I'll be of use to the group over time as well. Steven Yu slyu2001@hotmail.com Quezon City, Philippines

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Asia Pacific

Last updated: May 25, 2006 01:33 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


FREE Open Source Forum http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htm

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memasia.htm (12 of 12)6/10/2006 9:31:47 PM

Europe

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

European Membership: 125


Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Scotland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, U.K.

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Alexandru Acs serafimus@yahoo.com Brasov, Romania -- I'm opening to do something to produce low cost energy. But I think, this is a team work, for mankind benefit. I want to get involved in to reasonable project... Kimmo Ahola kimmoa@hotmail.com Sievi, Finland - I'm interested in using Tesla's development in reverse solution: blower. Any info about this is greatly appreciated. Oguz Argun o.argun@berlin.de Berlin, Germany - ME., Tesla turbine, hydrogen, geothermie Cosku Arsiray carsiray@elektrosonik.com.tr Ankara, Turkey Christian Daniel Assoun glycan@infonegocio.com Spain -- I manage a company related to high temperature chemistry (plasmas) - TESLA is a genius, I search one company able to build for my group one Tesla turbine in ceramics we could furnish as raw material (disks), because we need to work at high temperature 2000 K. John Bartle john@bartl999.fsnet.co.uk Kingsley, England - Marine Technician/Engineer Developing mechanical and electronic systems for marine survey. Home interests include developing solar energy projects and electronics.

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Kenneth Basterfield ken@basterfield.com Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom -- Electrical engineer, biodieseller, gasifier, beekeeper, glider pilot, power pilot Alan Blaikie a.blaikie@btinternet.com Earlston, Scotland - Model Maker, experiments with Tesla Turbine's Catalin Braica catalin@edulib.ro Craiova, Dolk, Romania -- http://www.edulib.ro/~catalin/ Allain Bernard briere@noos.fr Paris, France Danil Bullaert D.Bullaert@pandora.be Herentals, Antwerp/ Belgium -- I'm a very old man VERY interested in all kinds of alternative energy Chris Bureau chris.bur@wanadoo.fr Cosne, France Umit Caglar ucaglar@tepe-btc-sta.com Ankara, Turkey -- Electrical Engineer (MS) MATTIA CAMPOSTRINI mattiacampostrini@tiscali.it Bardolino, Verona, Italy -- www.energard.it Energy consultant Frank Celby info@ofc-tr.biz Ankara, Turkey -- Tesla Fan Richard Coleby richcol@talk21.com.uk England -- Bag closing machinery designer but my hobby interest is in large scale miniature steam locomotives. Looking into using a TT as a prime mover in a 1/5th full size locomotive. I have solid modelling and workshop facilities which allow me to transform my ideas into practice when time permits!

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Thomas Wilhelm Commondt thomas.commondt@mebb.net Parainen, Finland www.steamcastle.com I construct a steam power plant heated by wood. A small version intended for villa use. 3 to 9 kW max effect. I burn the wood in a high temperature ceramic wood burner making wood gas. By this burner and its high temperature burning, more than 1000 degrees centigrade, I burn the coal in the wood. That gives me a high efficiency. Best regards from Mr. Thomas Commondt Mick Cunningham mickdc999@btinternet.com Bolton, Lancs, England Thomas Dam bruunsvir@ofir.dk Denmark Zoltan Damian teslamacska@hotmail.com Budapest, Pest, Hungary Richard Davies richard@tollyboy.com United Kingdom -- web site http://www.tollyboy.com Model Engineer of many years experience. Currently a self employed Chastity belt maker and as a consequence of this am highly experienced in working in 316 grade stainless. (Editor's note: hmm...) Luca Dolermo giadaeluca@tin.it Savona, Italy Andy Dunn dunner@homebs22.fsnet.co.uk Weston-super-mare, Somerset, United Kingdom Stig Elvestad selvest@frisurf.no Norway -- Studying for mechanical engineer degree in Norway, my main project will be based on the Tesla turbine. Gabor Erdodi erdodi@chemres.hu Hungary

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Willi Euler willi.euler@iqsolutions-gmbh.com Heerlen, Netherlands -- We are suppliers and operators of electrical power generators and require technology to generate electricity from the engine-heat water generated on the units. Is the waste-heat turbine project completed and in production yet? We are interested to produce this unit in Germany, for the European market. Please advise whether a license can be obtained. Thank you. Emile Fakhoury emile_78@hotmail.com Paris, France -- Mechanical engineer Arjan Feskens A.Feskens@orange.nl Weesp, Noord Holland, the Netherlands Peter Finke peterfinke@vemeks.com.tr Turkey -- www.vemeks.com.tr We will start to build a Tesla Turbine for geothermal steam use to produce electric energy James Fitzsimons jfitzsimons@bluewin.ch Lugano, Switzerland Gordon Furness catmint@freeuk.com United Kingdom Paolo Galletti paolo.galletti@poste.it Vistrorio, Torino, Italy Lisardo Garcia Bongera lisardo@ya.com LUGO DE LLANERA, Asturias, Espaa Klaudio Gasparini kajo3@net.hr Visnjan, Istria, Croatia Michael Gilbert chuang@macmail.com Bradford, BD9 4DD, UK -- Very exciting. No engineering knowledge but want to keep informed of alternative energy sources/production

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Pedro Gimenez Peon pedrin22@yahoo.es Santa Pola, Spain -- i like renewable energy, special solar , but pv is very expensive, we need cheaper ideas Paolo Greco grecojr@libero.it Arese, MI, Italy Hubert Ggele goehub3@dnet.it Italy -- I am a 19 year old boy from Italy. Since many years I am very interested in the construction of a Tesla Turbine. Bob Golding photoman290@yahoo.com Penzance, Cornwall, U.K. Tesla is one of my heroes together with Frank Whittle and that bloke from the GPO who made the first computer, then was sent back to work with no credit for his work. Cant remember his name. I have built several Tesla coils and work for a company using them for special effects in the film and TV industry. would love to build a Tesla turbine running off solar steam or propane. George Grant ge0666@aol.com Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland -- I am a HVAC engineer and would like to build a small electrical turbine generator. Ross Guerin rossguerin1@hotmail.com London, Surrey, UK -- I am studying a Higher National Diploma in Motor Sport Engineering, at Brooklands College, in the UK. I am designing and building my own version of the Tesla Disc Turbine for my second year project. I would be very grateful if you could contact me with any information which could better me in my research into Dr Nikola Tesla. I would also be grateful if would could pass on any information to me about anyone else, who has designed and built a Tesla Turbine. Thank you very much, Ross Guerin Danijel Habek musper@sdf.lonestar.org Rijeka, Croatia -- www.rijekaonline.com Trying to build alternative energy cogen into a family-run hotel. Jim Hart jim65carole75@aol.com Ayr, Ayrshire, Scotland

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Bas Hermans bashermans@Hotmail.com Holland -- I am in instrument maker from Holland. I have already built an 5 cylinder motor 50cc. Robert Heuckelbach r.p.j.heuckelbach@arcadis.nl Netherlands Ben Hill t305100@lycos.co.uk United Kingdom Steve Holden steveholden@btinternet.com London, United Kingdom Karl Gustav Horgby kgh@ho.tranas.se Tranas, Sweden -- www.ho.tranas.se Frank Huxley Askgy@aol.com Wirral, England, Great Britain - www.turboclinic.co.uk turbocharger overhauler & operating mobile steam loco building locos steam turbo generators 6volt now going to tesla them OB Instefjord obster@tiscali.no Bergen, Norway Marek Jaroslawski mjski@wp.pl Olawa, Poland Anders Johansson dukedr@hotmail.com Norrker, ngermanland, Sweden - Hi! I am a 23 year old guy from Sweden who is interested in turbines and pulsejets. I have recently built a turbine powered go-cart and some other stuff and have started to read about the tesla turbine. When I have finished some other projects it would be fun to build a tesla, but until then I catch up on the theory... Peter A. Jonkers p.a.jonkers@hccnet.nl 4823 EK BREDA , The Netherlands

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Goebel Jurgen goebel.juergen@web.de Germany -- Interested in turbines using plant oil. Bal Karadia balventray@operamail.com Rugby, U.K. -- http://net-tech-support.com Work in IT ,interested in Tesla's ideas Juha Katajisto juha.katajisto@insolution.fi Tampere, Finland -- Control engineer, specialized in embedded systems and numerical data analysis techniques. Working in industry automation area, focused on renewable and distributed energy production networks. Very interested and passionate hobbyist of control and alternative energy systems. Knut Kongsrud khk@dl.no Hagan, Norway Jrgen Kramhller jkramh@hotmail.com Germany Lorenz Kuenzle cni@active.ch Altendorf, SZ, Switzerland Studied many theoretics about the tesla turbine, new into practical work on the engine. Try to build an engine running on diesel / jet-fuel to drive a electrical generator. Ian Lee Ian@ilee.tele2.co.uk United Kingdom -- Keen model engineer, apprentice trained Jig, mould & toolmaker Richard Lines linesrg@intonet.co.uk HUNTLY, Aberdeenshire, UK -- www.courtiestown.co.uk I live in rural Aberdeenshire and am actively looking at alternate energy options from wind turbines, hydro to more 'esoteric' Tesla derived 'air receivers'. I'm a seafarer by trade with a wife and two kids. I've some electronics ability and restore old Land-Rovers. I'm keen to determine if one of these devices might be able to help me out. Domagoj Lisicak dlisicak@hotmail.com Croatia -- Coming from country where Tesla was born, I was interested in his work since my childhood. Today at age 34 (and being B.Sc.EE) I would like to do something more practical than just reading books. I'm interested in non-pollution and non-nuclear way of producing/transfer of energy.

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Wesley Lorrez wesley_lorrez@hotmail.com Belgium If only we all could be Earthlings ... Antonio Loureiro antonio_loureiro@netcabo.pt Portugal -- Yes! I also hate pistons. Jose Luis josemdluis@gmail.com Quarteira, Algarve, Portugal -- I'm 39 years old, I'm a Blacksmith on my way to finish a bachelor's degree in electronics. I've always been interested in alternatives energies, solar and hydrogen. I'm hoping to start doing some experiments in my workshop. Luksic Luka luka.luksic@siol.net Novo mesto, Dolenjska, Slovenia -- llcustom.tripod.com/anim8 Mechanical experiments are my hobby. John Mack johnemack@hotmail.com Solihull, West Midlands, UK -- Retired engineering designer, model maker, interested in comparing a small TT with another simple rotor for compressed air flight. Glad to have found such a practical site. Charles Manley manleyc@btconnect.com United Kingdom -- http://tmtech.co.uk Design engineer with small company engaged in general engineering design and development of production machinery. Facilities include 3d cad system, Wire EDM, plunge edm, 4axis cnc milling, cnc turning, grinding, welding tig- mig- mma, heat treatment etc. Discovered Telsa turbine recently -- Interesting! Jacques Marachlian jmarachlian@yahoo.com Paris, France James Mason mason_james@btinternet.com Walsall, West Midlands, United Kingdom -- I am a trainee Electronics Design Engineer, I spent 10 Years as a Electrical Design Engineer until an Accident at work forced me to re-train, I am currently building a type of Solar Tracker, it's goal is not only solar tracking but of positional control for a telescope, both use X-Y axis I am currently using the Solar side of things for programme testing and to hopefully power the system once fully constructed!

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Luis Mendonca lm.gm@oninet.pt Portugal -- Has been developing rocket & gas turbine engines for several years. (Check out his Pulse Combustion Project on our PTBC!) Arjan Meskers arjanmeskers@hotmail.com Holland -- Hey, I'm Arjan Meskers. I'm an first year Engineer student. I discovered this site when I read about it on the forum on this site: http://home3.inet.tele.dk/kennethm/ It's a very very interesting site about pulsejets, ramjets and pressure jets. (I really love it!) I hope I can learn a lot from the information on this site. Ivan Milijic lamnja@yahoo.com Beograd, SRBIJA, SCG Peter Mills zulu@manx.net Sandygate, Isle of Man, United Kingdom -- Grew up in Rhodesia, lived in Zambia and South Africa. Built my own house in each country. Absolutely fascinated with alternative energy especially using scrap machinery, have already built vertical axis windmill out of car back axle and plastic oil drum, but have yet to fit car alternators. Thinking of ideas to build wind generated air compressor to run tools and Tesla turbine, but I am a bit thick...... airfield near our home was analyzed as best site in Britain for wind generation. The wind is whistling round the house as I type. Your site is great, I'm fascinated. Christopher Murphy murphyc1@eircom.net Leighlinbridge, co carlow, Ireland -- http://precisionengineersireland.com I am aged 55 years, married with 2 daughters, have a well equipped machine shop CNC Lathes, Cnc Mills, gear hobbers & shapers, surface & cylindrical grinders 42" dia, cylindrical grinders, keyseaters, slotters, etc. Manly Nash manlylobsanrampa@aol.com United Kingdom -- Hi, back in 1996 I invented what I call an integrated management security system, initially, for schools following the Dumblen massacre in 1996 in Scotland. I could not get in to mass production due to funds. I am definitely a student of Tesla and are about to set up a radio station on the web very soon to educate and link up with like-minded people across the world. I am not joining this esteem club but also would like to collaborate in the not too distant future. Cioc Nicolae-teodor ciocteodor@yahoo.co.uk Gheorghe Doja, Romania -- I'm a student at the Politechnic University in Bucharest,in energetic engineering. what i love most is flying.

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Roger Nilsson regorroger@swipnet.se Gothenburg, Sweden -- Columbi Egg is one of the Good Way Looking for the other Thousands Roger Jarin Novak japaja@quick.cz Czech Republic Miroslav Oliva mirek.oliva@interia.pl Tomaszow, Poland Tobias man Tobias@x3b.net Lule, NB, Sweden Jerry Ostrow jerry@familysiesta.com Gjovik, Oppland, Norway Onyeolu Oweerri onyeolu@yahoo.com LONDON, UK Eerikka Paita paitarikki@hotmail.com Helsinki, Finland Sam Peck s.j.peck@durham.ac.uk Durham, England -- www.dur.ac.uk/s.j.peck I'm an Engineering Student at the University of Durham, and I am considering developing the Tesla Turbine for a final year project and possibly a phd. Joe Peel Joseph.Peel@warwick.ac.uk Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, UK -- I am a student studying Engineering at Warwick University in the UK. Last year I designed a small Tesla turbine which was built as our years group project. To test the basic boundary layer effect, the turbine had disks of only 10cm diameter, no spacers or star washers and a simple ring of drill holes for the outlet. It did 6800rpm at 60psi. I've got some pics somewhere... Vlastimir Pejic pejic@teol.net Doboj, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina -- I am engineer

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Europe

Mauro, Pelatti npelatti@tiscali.it Florence, Italy -- I have a small metal working manufacturing business. I am interested in turbine Lars Persson lazze.lazer@telia.com Sweden -- Schauberger, Tesla, Moray, Bedini, Bearden and others with great ideas not yet accepted of all... Peter Pfister pepfister@hotmail.com 8320 Fehraltorf, Switzerland Thomas John Phillips planters1@ntlworld.com Conwy, County Conwy, North Wales U.K. -- Retired Hospital Engineer Interested in solar generators (Not PV'S) Ranko Pilic rpilic@shrieve.co.uk Tonbridge, Kent, UK -- Shrieve Morgan Platt morgorg@tiscali.co.uk United Kingdom Reidar Henrik Plesner henrikplesner@yahoo.no N-1366 Lysaker, Norway -- Mechanical engineer. Working on organic gasifier, using energy crops, wood residue, household waste etc. High energy "city gas" generated. Like to combine Tesla turbine with gasifier Kev Potter tracey@williams9255.fsbusiness.co.uk London, Kent, England Ray Power ray@croscom.net Macedonia -- http://www.empiredesign.com.mk I'm a communications technician and businessman. Have been looking into alternative energy sources as a hobby for some time and found this site very interesting. Living in Macedonia where pollution is terrible.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memeurope.htm (11 of 15)6/10/2006 9:32:13 PM

Europe

Juho Rastas tjrastas@netti.fi Finland -- I am automation engineer from Finland. At the moment I am working biofuel furnaces and I am interested making electricity with biofuel to home use. Jon Richards mr.crappy@virgin.net United Kingdom -- Work in engineering for a large U. K. based gas turbine manufacturer Ian Richmond ian.richmond@gartner.com Egham, United Kingdom -- gartner.com David Ritchie David.ritchie@ncl.ac.uk Newcastle-upon-tyne / Edinburgh, "The North", United Kingdom -- 3rd year naval architecture student, looking into doing a dissertation based around efficiency and practicality of using t-tbines to 'pump' water, in marine waterjet propulsion systems. Peter Robinson pgpr@quista.net TADLEY, UK -- Retired, interested in Tesla turbine as power source for ultralight autogyro. Gonalo Rodrigues salvu@sapo.pt Lisbon, Portugal - Oh, Sun!...So much energy wasted! Robert Ronstad 020408@stud.hials.no Aalesund, Norway -- www.ronstad.no Student Unver Rustem unver.rustem@btinternet.com London, UK -- www.insatinternational.co I am 55 years young. I live mostly in the UK (London). I am semi-retired and spend chunks of time in Northern Cyprus. I have installed a 5kW inverter, using 24x2v 300 A/h batteries, with just under 3 kWp of mono-crystalline PV. I am into hydrogen production and fuel cells and steam turbines, generating steam from large dishes etc. Northern Cyprus has 300 days of sunshine every year. I wish to make good use of the free energy. Marios Sahamis sahamismarios@mycosmos.gr Athens, Greece

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memeurope.htm (12 of 15)6/10/2006 9:32:13 PM

Europe

Samuiru samuiru_quest@yahoo.com Sofia, Bulgaria Kim Sand kim_sand@hotmail.com Denmark -- I find the Tesla turbine very interesting and I believe there is far more potential to be gained with further development of disc-materials and understanding of the dynamic-flow processes. I might even have some suggestions, but for the moment I shall only attend your site from time to time Mario Sansoni iasans@tin.it Brescia, Italia Jussi Sarvela Interteam@kolumbus.fi Espoo, Finland -- www.logmatic.com , www.formacont.fi Interested to produce or co-develop a portable Tesla-turbine/generator suitable to small electric vehicles and probably to home use. Duncan Saunders duncan.saunders@tiscali.co.uk Minchinhampton, United Kingdom (inventors of steam power and the Jet engine) I am a mechanic, with a view that we use very little gravitational force, stored energy seems to be forgotten and very few of natures freebies are used in our propulsion technology. Working with air and water vortexes, the tesla tubine, but more specifically the boundary layer is interesting to me Julio Sela istz0016@terra.es Javea, 03730 Alicante, Spain Sascha Simon saschasimon@web.de Bischheim, Germany -- Actual SQE Engineer at turbocharger manufacturer Victor Slawinski victorsla@lineone.net Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom -- I am Electrical engineer with good mechanical, practical 'how to do it'. I would like to build an unit turbine/generator to about 10kW. Mark Snee mark@snee.freeserve.co.uk U.K.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memeurope.htm (13 of 15)6/10/2006 9:32:13 PM

Europe

Mike Stoneman mike.stoneman@hunterstoves.co.uk Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom Marcin Szczepaniak szczepan@sieradz.info Sieradz, Poland Barry Turner btba09418@blueyonder.co.uk United Kingdom -- Working on Tesla Turbine fuelled by hydrogen. Also looking at the possibilities of using a Tesla Turbine Pump as a supercharger. Tom Thwaites thwaites.services@btopenworld.com Penriyh, U.K. -- Permacultural engineer Michael Trapani miketrapani@global.net.mt Mellieha, Malta - Engineer looking back in the past for solutions Ilker Tugcu ilkertugcu@yahoo.com Istanbul, Turkey Paul Wheeler theblacksmith3@hotmail.com Shrewsbury, shropshire, England -- Blacksmith and engineer for 22 years. Very interested in free energy John Winn jwinn776@aol.com Abingdon, England, U.K. Hikmet Yazgan hhyazgan@tnn.net Bursa, Turkey Lefteris Zacharioudakis compusci@cytanet.com.cy Pafos, Cyprus
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:07 PM

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Europe

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Undisclosed Location

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

Undisclosed Location Membership: 26


Use Edit/Find on your browser to search for keywords on this page.

John Azevedo jazevedo79@yahoo.com Undisclosed location -- I am a student looking for low cost test bed for my ideas, interested high horse power and high acceleration. Jasper Batjes BattjesFamily@aol.com Undisclosed Location -- Interested in building Tesla turbine using boundary layer blower and hot rotor, using Sachs 440 engine case and a common shaft. Also thinking of using propane fueled combustion chamber. Any advice or drawings concerning disk dimensions, disk surface areas, etc. would be greatly appreciated. Scott Beach scottgbeach@yahoo.com Undisclosed location -- Interested in the concept of using hydrogen peroxide to power a vehicle or run a Tesla turbine generator for electrical power. Bill Burts willyb@shadrach.net Undisclosed location -- Ex-military turbine engine mechanic. Building an ultralite using an old Hirth snowmobile engine. Investigating other 2-cycle engines for turbine build. Jed Brown 99brown@charter.net Undisclosed location Eric Cole eric@owlink.net Undisclosed location -- Wants to replace the gas ICE in a military surplus 4X4 with Tesla turbine/genset for wildlife management Kenneth Cook sonofman@kaltelnet.net Wellston, ??

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memundisc.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:32:37 PM

Undisclosed Location

John Evert johnd_82@yahoo.com Undisclosed location -- Looking for plans/schematics to build a 100 HP gas turbine engine EW worxdesigninc@yahoo.com Undisclosed location Frank caroline.newan2@btinternet.com Undisclosed location -- Marine engineer with 3 years on steam ships. Would be glad to help. Dan Garcia xadvocate@gmail.com Undisclosed location Geoff cccc4labs@aol.com Undisclosed location -- Interested in shock-wave turbines. (Editor -- Does anyone have info on these?) Bill Gronemeyer n1evg@aol.com Undisclosed location -- So far I have built 2 engines the first had 15 4" runners and the second has 40 2" runners. both work well on steam or compressed air. John Hunter johnhunter@surfree.com Undisclosed location -- Is anyone building a 1 hp Tesla turbine running on compressed air? A. Jacobs ethalnv@aol.com Undisclosed location -- Has fully equipped machine shop with lathes & horizontal boring mills. Interested in solar steam Tesla turbines. Josh josh@laggod.org Undisclosed location -- Building a small test turbine Lok Lai voonlok@hotmail.com Undisclosed location John Lausser debinjohn@aol.com Undisclosed location

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/memundisc.htm (2 of 3)6/10/2006 9:32:37 PM

Undisclosed Location

Jarrod Phillips The.Weasel@mailexcite.com Undisclosed location Arvil Porter arvil@bellsouth.net Unknown location K. Poulson poulsonk@yahoo.com Undisclosed location -- I have been involved in the design and building of two Tesla Turbines, 9.5" 60hp and 14" 150hp, and two Tesla Compressors, 14" and 35". This sounds like an interesting group and I look forward to the exchange of ideas. Leo Scott leo_s@263.sina.com Undisclosed location Larry Stretch lstretchlg@aol.com Undisclosed location -- Interested in Tesla turbines for years. Arnold Underberg underberg@bigfoot.com Undisclosed location -- interested in tesla and other turbine engines..... Unknown name hmbnzers@aol.com Undisclosed location Michael Yeargain Gardenofedenland@aol.com Undisclosed location -- I'm a nobody special
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Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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Missing Links

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Members

Members -- Broken Links: 4


Use Edit/Find on your browser to search for keywords on this page.

Yasin Akguen nisayweb.de Colombo, Sri Lanka -- I am a candidate mechanical engineer in his final thesis work in Sri Lanka. My aim is to find out a efficient micro hydropower solution to solve Sri Lankas energy problem. Thanks Yasin -- We need your complete email address. Nicholas Doucakis AARCHITET@AOL.COM Riverside, California -I'm pursuing the development of a steam powered generator. I was overwelmed to discover a group or club of individuals with my sane interests. Nicholas! I've tried to answer your emails three separate times with no success! Brian Johnson theanalyst Johannesburg, South AFRICA 07/02/04 I am an analytical chemist so am not too familiar with engineering principles but I do recognize the potential, I am definitely trying to build a solar powered generator NEED HELP PLEASE!!! Brian! We need your complete email address. Joel Neumann boatsmith2bytemeusa.com Palatine, Ill -- This looked like something that is very interesting and would like to know more about. I had heard form a person that there is all kinds of regulations concerning steam boilers. Is this some of the interest of this group? Thank you Joel Joel - complete email address.
Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:07 PM

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Missing Links

FREE Open Source Forum http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htm

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Translations

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


Translations

Try out this Language Translator! It's easy -- just copy & paste a page or URL into the box, select the translation you want, then save or print the results.

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/translations.htm6/10/2006 9:36:01 PM

Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla
Books, Info & Turbine-related Patents

Recommended reading:
Tesla's Engine -- A New Dimension of Power ($20), compiled by Jeffrey A. Hayes, published by TEBA TEBA Membership Manual ($35 join fee) Also back issues of TEBA articles listed on their web site The Tesla Disc Turbine ($10) by W.M.J. Cairns, Lindsay Books Illustrated Guide to Aerodynamics, 2nd Ed. ($20) H.C. "Skip" Smith, TAB books (McGraw-Hill) Manuals from bearing companies (NTN, Browning) contain valuable info on lubrication, etc. Also... brush up on trigonometry, and study principles of steam turbines at your local library

Nikola Tesla's Patents


Tesla Turbine U.S. Patent -- May 6, 1913

Books by or about Nikola Tesla

Improvements in the Construction of Steam and Gas Turbines British Patent -- September 25, 1922

My Inventions: Autobiography of Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla, Ben Johnston (Editor)

Tesla, Man Out of Time Margaret Cheney

The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla - by Thomas C. Martin

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/tesla.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:36:27 PM

Nikola Tesla

The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla - Nikola Tesla, David Hatcher Childress

More books & research papers are available at: Twenty First Century Books

Last modified May 24, 2006 08:09 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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Useful Charts & Data

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


Useful Charts & Data

RE: Tesla's formula for determining torque (from patent): Determining Torque Viscosity Gas Laws Absolute Pressure of Steam Standard Units of Measurement "Owing to a number of causes affecting the performance, it is difficult to frame a precise rule which would be generally applicable, but it may be stated that within certain limits, and other conditions being the same, the torque is directly proportionate to the square of the velocity of the fluid relatively to the runner and to the effective area of the disks and, inversely, to the distance separating them. The machine will, generally, perform its maximum work when the effective speed of the runner is one-half of that of the fluid; but to attain the highest economy, the relative speed or slip, for any given performance should be as small as possible. This condition may be to any desired degree approximated by increasing the active area of and reducing the space between the disks." First of all Tesla was describing a dynamic relationship between his disk turbine he was not describing an exact mathematical equation. In order to develop an equation that will work across fluids, you must deal with the mass and viscosity of the fluid. Several equations to start with are: a) momentum = mass x velocity b) kinetic energy = (mass x velocity (squared))/2 c) power = torque * angular velocity Engineers have also developed a working relationship between torque and fluid viscosity in the following equation: Torque = (3uVr^2)/2h where: V = velocity of the fluid in (meters/sec)2pi u = the viscosity of the fluid (air = .0000179) r = radius of the disk (in meters) h = half of the distance between the disks (in meters) Therefore: Torque (Nm) = (3(.0000179) x 628 x 1*2)/2 x 0.125 x .001 and Torque = 134.9 Nm for the other side of a 1 meter radius disk - Ken Rieli

Viscosity
Viscosity is the force exerted by layers of fluid passing over each other. Measurement is in poise

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/data.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:36:49 PM

Useful Charts & Data

() or centipoise, named after the Frenchman Poiseuille. One poise equals 1 dyne-sec/cm2. The Poiseuille equation relates flow volume to viscosity, pressure drops and physical characteristics of the pipe. Q = (P2 - P1)BR4 8L P = pressure R = pipe radius L = pipe length From: Computing with the Scientific Calculator, Casio Inc.

Gas Laws
The combining of Boyle's Law with Charles' Law results in the General Gas Law: P1V1 = P2V2 T1 Charles' Law is: V1 T1 V = volume T = absolute temperature C + 273 The volume of gas is proportional to the temperature. The higher the temperature, the greater the volume if pressure is constant. The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. If pressure goes up, volume goes down. The value of pressure times volume becomes constant. P1V1 = P2V2
= =

T2

V2 T2

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE OF STEAM


TEMP (F) ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (PSIA) TEMP (F) ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (PSIA)

32 35

0.08854 0.09995

210 212

14.123 14.696

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/data.htm (2 of 3)6/10/2006 9:36:49 PM

Useful Charts & Data

40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

0.12170 0.14752 0.17811 0.2563 0.3631 0.5069 0.6982 0.9492 1.2748 1.6924 2.2225 2.8886 3.718 4.741 5.992 7.510 9.339 11.526

220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

17.186 20.780 24.969 29.825 35.429 41.858 49.203 57.556 67.013 89.66 118.01 153.04 195.77 247.31 308.83 381.59 466.9 566.1 680.8

from the Extol of Ohio web site at http://www.extolohio.com/DATA/CHARTS/steam-table.html

Standard Units of Measurement


Mass: Length: Volume: Time: Temperature: Force: Pressure: 1 Kg = 1/0.45359237 lb = 2.205 lb 1 m = 1/0.3048 ft = 3.281 ft 1 m3 = 35.31 ft3 1 s = 1/60 min = 1/3600 hr 1 K = 1.8 R 1 N (kgm/s2) = 105 dyn = 0.2248 lbf 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 14.50 lbf/in2 = 750 mm Hg = 10.2 m H20 1 m3/kg = 16.02 ft3/lb 1 kg/m3 = 0.06243 lb/ft3

Specific Volume: Density:

Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:10 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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Links

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


Links

Submit your link!

Tesla Turbines
Phoenix Navigation & Guidance Inc. - www.phoenixnavigation.com First manufacturer of Tesla Turbine components in nearly 100 years! Now offering: 4.5-inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbines Tesla Turbine Hot Rotors Commercial hot rotor samples Custom built Tesla turbines (Soon) CD full of CAD files, drawings on PNGinc's 4.5" Tesla Turbine

Tesla Engine Builders Association http://www.execpc.com/~teba/main.html - fee-based membership; worthwhile Tesla turbine information, photos, projects

Turbine Projects
Frank Germano's Tesla Turbine site (in-depth historical Tesla info) http://www.frank.germano.com/nikolatesla.htm Robert O'Brien, OBI Laser Products offers acrylic Tesla turbine demonstrator kits. For information go to http://www.obilaser.com/ Steve Redmond's Tesla turbine from castings (includes overview of Tesla turbines) http://www. sredmond.com Bruce Simpson's Gas Turbine Go-kart Project (great links page!) http://www.aardvark.co.nz/pjet/ Lars Persson's Optimized Tesla turbine http://w1.418.telia.com/~u41802674/ & related designs: http://w1.418.telia.com/~u41802674/start.htm Carlos Barrera's new "Gearturbine" design www.geocities.com/gearturbine
http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/links.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:37:10 PM

Links

Related Sites
Steve Elswick's Tesla Turbine Info - Featured articles by Ken Rieli in "Extraordinary Technology" magazine (July August September 2003 issue) Lindsay Publications Inc. - The Tesla Turbine, from Popular Mechanics Magazine December 1911 by E. F. Stearns Twenty First Century Books Tesla-related books, research papers & links http://www.geocities.com/vair65_2000/tesla/ Yahoo Clubs: Tesla Turbine List Group Yahoo Clubs: Tesla Turbine List Group2 Interesting fuel injector design http://www.geocities.com/ufoengines/index.html - Dan White http://www.stanford.edu/~hydrobay/lookat/tt.html - The Tesla Boundary Layer Turbine (Last updated 16Oct2005) by Alan Swithenbank

Last updated: 05/04/06 05:09 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


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Developer of the Month

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


Developer of the Month!

May 2005 Luis Mendonca's PDE Project

Member Articles Archive


April 2005 Schematic for Solar Collector Sun Tracking - Richard Gideon shares his knowledge February 2005 Fire from Ice! Sean Capogreco's Curnutt Furnace Project

October 2004 Curnutt Furnace Update: Free Steam, Winter Heat by Sean Capogreco July 2004 Curnutt Style Furnace Project by Sean Capogreco March 2004 Solid Fueled Flash Boiler Experiments by Steve Redmond

August 2003 AOL CD Tesla Turbine Project by Sean Doyle

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/developer.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:37:45 PM

Developer of the Month

May 2003 More on Nozzles by Richard Gideon March 2003 Nozzle Experiments by Richard Gideon February 2003 Hamish Edgar on Tesla Disk Spacing January 2003 Richard Gideon's Continuing Experiments in Disk Geometry Improvements

December 2002 Richard Gideon's Experiments in Disc Geometry Improvements September 2002 John Faith's Compressed Air Turbine Project April 2002 Samuel Falvo Performance Report January 2002 Samuel Falvo's Paper Turbine

December 2001 Luis Mendonca's Pulse Combustion Turbine October 2001 Steam & Compressed Air Tesla Turbines by Louis Mendonca September 2001 From Don Thrasher in California: A Member's Tesla Turbine Generator Project August 2001

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/developer.htm (2 of 3)6/10/2006 9:37:45 PM

Developer of the Month

Pulse Combustion Project by a Tesla Turbine Enthusiast! Louis Mendonca

Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:10 PM

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About the Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


About the Club

Goals of the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club: Share basic turbine building concepts, tips & practices Enable individuals with small shops & simple machine tools to build highefficiency Tesla turbines Provide an "open source" platform for other designers, engineers, hobbyists to share what they know Provide a place for service providers to advertise machine services, etc.

Welcome!
As founders of this independent developers association, we're here to make your dreams of developing working technology come true. We are facilitators - who have no interest in becoming industrialists. The Phoenix Turbine Builders Club is a FREE resource, open to anyone who wants to build & experiment with the online Tesla turbine projects. Subjects covered in our articles include: low cost engine cases, bearings, shafts energy sources fuels combustion techniques applications Just start at the beginning and print the pages to study as you build your projects. The drawings and information are intended to stimulate experimentation and to provide clean motive power. The first Tesla turbine project begins with a series of articles written by Ken Rieli, CEO at Phoenix Navigation & Guidance Inc. and chairman of the Global Motive Power Revolution. In addition to exploring principles of boundary layer turbines, we have begun to develop a low-horsepower Tesla turbine into a solar steam co-generation system to cut the costs of heating & electrical power. In order to make this solar turbo-generator project a reality we are now offering 4.5-inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbines & Hot Rotor Components! Wed like to hear from you as you experiment with this 4.5-inch Tesla Turbine - or as you work out the bugs on your own unique projects!

http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/about.htm (1 of 2)6/10/2006 9:38:08 PM

About the Club

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


FREE Open Source Forum http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htm Club E-mail: ptbc@phoenixnavigation.com

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PTBC Turbine Tech Forum TOC

PTBC Turbine Tech Forum


[ Home | Contents | Search | Post ]

Welcome! We are in the process of creating a SPAM-FREE discussion forum so our dedicated Club members can participate in Tesla turbine developments in peace. More than likely our new Forum will be for registered users only... suggestions are welcome.

Last changed: May 24, 2006

http://phoenixnavigation.com/disc2_toc.htm6/10/2006 9:38:14 PM

Turbine Builders Club

Free!

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


Open Source Tesla Turbine Developers Forum

Turbine Builders Club Articles:

JOIN the CLUB!


865 members worldwide (as of Jan. 1, 2006)

*** 49 Countries ***


Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada (Alberta, B. C., Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan), Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dutch West Indies, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, PI, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Scotland, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, Venezuela, U.K., U.S.A.

Breaking the Yoke of Dependence - also, more on the CAD CD, plus 4.5" Tesla Turbine oiling system details - by Ken Rieli

ORDER NOW! PNGinc's 4.5" Tesla Turbines & Hot Rotors CD SIGN UP!
Are you interested in Experimenter's Tesla Turbine CAD file CD's for $24.95?

Latest News:
Get ready for the Experimenter's Tesla Turbine CADCD! - Also, invitation to celebrate the 100th Year of the Tesla Turbine!

Related activities:

Luis Mendonca's PDE Project

Share your discoveries with a growing army of disk turbine developers!

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Turbine Builders Club

Bravenet Hit Counter

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club, Experimenter's Tesla Turbines, 4.5-inch Tesla Turbine hot rotors, Tesla Turbine plans, drawings, CAD files, how-to, Nikola Tesla, bladeless turbine, disk turbine, disc turbine, DIY, do-it-yourself, self-sufficiency, 21st century transportation, motive power revolution, turbines for hybrid vehicles, automotive turbines, aircraft turbines, alternative vehicles, turbine engine, hybrid locomotive engines, sustainable energy, solar turbo generator, electrical generators, distributed power, microturbine, microturbines, electricity, electric grid, unplug, co-generation, renewable fuels, renewables, solar steam electrical generator, solar targeting system, solar collector construction, solar turbo-generator, solar heat, solar-to-hydrogen, waste heat recovery, biomass, fuel crops, ethanol, m ethanol, alcohol, biodiesel, crop residues, forest residues, closed loop steam, hot gas, combustion, catalytic, pyrocatalytic, recyclable fuels, recycled waste oils, used motor oil, restaurant, grease, solvents, air pollution, pollutant emissions, diesel exhaust, particulate matter, particulates, environment, sustainable development, sustainability, NGO, global warming, environmentally sensitive technologies, clean energy, ozone, green energy, greenhouse gases, homeland security, energy security, fuel efficiency, carbon dioxide, CO2, carbon monoxide, CO, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, Developer of the Month, ban the piston engine campaign, enabling technologies, environmental remediation, Ken Rieli

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The Revolution

Global Motive Power Revolution

About the Global Motive Power Revolution


About the GMPR, Global Motive Power Revolution Practical Global Environmental Remediation Plan Setting the Course for the Global Motive Power Revolution

The Global Cartel


Global Motive Power Cartel Pollution - 21st Century Weapon of Mass Destruction GMPR Declares War

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The Revolution

Sustainability Projects:
Agricultural ATVs for New World Growth Low-cost all terrain vehicles for sustainable agriculture Solar Turbogenerator Village Projects Sustainable energy for a developing world. Free energy, electrification. Future Fuels for Energy Independence! Electricity from waste heat, crop residue, waste hot water, wind, solar thermal...

Good, Bad & Ugly


Global Energy Triangle: More Power, Less Pollution, Lower Cost Global Balance of Power Shifts Towards New Energy Technologies Real Hybrid Vehicle Solutions Distributed Electrical Power Production Waste Oils, Solvents to Electricity Municipal Energy Independence through clean combustion

Global Motive Power Revolution


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm

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About the GMPR

About the Global Motive Power Revolution

Control Your Own Destiny!


The Global Motive Power Revolution is a non-government organization (NGO) comprised of technology leaders, environmental activists & real people who are dead serious about: stopping the spiraling increase in air pollution & global warming cleaning the environment for future generations replacing piston engines & inefficient turbines with clean-burning, low-cost turbines It takes committed individuals to assume responsibility for such awesome tasks, and the battle pits us against the combined manufacturing powers of yesterday's motive power Cartel: automotive companies, electric utility providers, the oil boys, commercial air transportation, shipping industries & the politicians who protect their markets. Our mission is to replace all piston engines & inefficient turbines with zero-emissions and near-zeroemissions turbines -- and this means we have to meet the Cartel's current production rates of new cars, trucks, heavy equipment, planes & ships PLUS retrofit older vehicles, vessels and aircraft. In a nutshell -- this is how the battle lines are drawn:

Our goals are to: The Cartel's goals are to:

http://phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/about.htm (1 of 3)6/10/2006 9:39:05 PM

About the GMPR

Profit from burning fossil fuels as quickly as possible (before reserves run dry) Sell piston engines & other inferior technologies as long as customers keep buying them

Force uncooperative government and industry into taking corrective action against escalating pollution problems. create a clean, New Century world through enabling technologies.

Since politicians aren't rocket scientists by nature, they rely upon the advice of powerful lobbying marketeers from big business -- and there lies the root of the problem. The best scientific minds don't work for big business or government. The so-called solutions generated by big biz are mere marketing ploys -- to fool the unknowledgeable public and politicians into believing that they care about the environment, and that they alone know all the answers. That just isn't the truth. The governmentindustry cartel has only profiteering in mind. They care nothing about saving your life. The geniuses who have the real solutions are individuals, working in their garages! Those of us who do hold these solutions need the cooperation and support of every individual, every organization, every company, every globally-minded politician to fight against the criminal activities of corrupt government & big biz. Pollution is a crime -- a weapon of mass destruction used against the ignorant. It kills slowly but surely. It must be stopped now! The founders of the GMPR have contributed everything we own because we figure the environment is so far gone, there is no other alternative. Every individual must take responsibility for the destiny of the world -- no matter what the cost. Face it -- greed capitalism is driving the world to extinction. This is your only opportunity to save your future, in spite of everything that politicians & industrialists conspire to do to you. Stop supporting polluters! Demand clean turbines and alternative fuels for all your motive power needs!

Global Motive Power Revolution


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm

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About the GMPR

Last updated: 05/04/06 05:02:45 PM

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Sustainability Projects

Sustainability Projects

Our vision for 21st century sustainable growth includes the proliferation of cleanburning turbine-hydraulic hybrid vehicles, low-cost solar steam co-generators in developing countries, and a wind turbine on every roof. Driving our technology development is a lifelong commitment to level the playing field so that poor nations can enjoy basic human rights to life, liberty and an unpolluted environment. Our project goals focus on the immediate implementation of a new sustainable growth engine for the world. -- The pathway to non-polluting motive power inevitably leads toward comprehensive replacement of piston engines with zero-pollution engines.

Global Motive Power Revolution


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm

Last updated: 05/04/06 05:02:52 PM

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21st Century Engine

The Engine of the 21st Century!

The fossil fuels that powered industrial growth during the last century need to go the way of the dinosaurs. Likewise, fossil-fuel burning engines piston ICEs, bladed turbines, and fuel cells dependent upon a petroleum-based hydrogen infrastructure must be scrapped. At present only 10-15% of the drivable world public has access to a vehicle. By 2010 a preventable tragedy will be in full swing as twice as many drivers hit the road. A global motive power revolution must occur now in order to prevent the human species from achieving mass suicide by automobile pollution. However, mans motive power progress spanning the past three centuries clearly indicates that widespread technology implementation doesnt occur until the following century: Steam piston engines developed in the 18th century were only fully utilized in locomotives & steamships during the 19th century. The internal combustion engine (ICE) was developed in the 1870's but not fully utilized until the 20th century. Although the turbine engine was fully developed in the 20th century, it was only partially utilized awaiting its full potential during the 21st century. Fuel cells now being developed will be ready for full utilization in the 22nd century. Since the fuel cell & its hydrogen infrastructure will not be ready for several decades, this is the time for people to pull together on the turbine engine of the 21st century, while still developing
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21st Century Engine

fuel cells. People must cooperate on this cycle of technological utilization for, without a radical shift from piston engines to turbines now, there will be no 22nd century for the worlds masses.

Global Motive Power Revolution


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm

Last updated: 05/04/06 05:02:59 PM

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Global Cartel

Global Motive Power Cartel

"Earth's natural resources belong to the people of the earth, not to individuals, and should be shared on an equal basis." Ken Rieli, founder GMPR Scope of the Problem
The four major sources of air pollution today are land vehicles, power plants, commercial ships and commercial aircraft. All use outmoded, 100-year old piston technology or inefficient turbine powerplants designed for the fossil fuel age. The multinational corporations that produce, sell, fuel and financially support these polluters form a powerful motive power Cartel. The Cartel of automakers (Big Three) are swallowing up car companies around the world, brainwashing the consumers into buying polluting piston technologies for the next 100 years. This in turn drives all vehicle manufacturers around the world to continue producing piston engines to maintain market share. In their rebuttals to criticism by environmentalists, U.S. automakers have publicly stated that they will not change until customers force them to change. In effect, the Big Three are standing united against the world's best interest in their refusal to develop and use low-cost, low-pollution turbine technologies and renewable fuels. Rather than cooperate with intelligent designers who have solid technologies now, they focus on go-nowhere exotic powerplants that will never be affordable for ordinary people. Similar resistance has been voiced by other Cartel members, who only budge when government regulation or customer resistance forces them to abandon environmentally destructive practices. Utilities Meanwhile, the government agencies which should have cracked the whip on polluting industries such as gas/diesel piston engine manufacturers (for example, the U.S. EPA) have relinquished responsibility to a self-regulating industry. The EPA will not force change because the motive power Cartel is in control. Result: fossil-fuel-burning piston engines are projected to be the engine of choice for another 20 years.

Is this the face of a man who has YOUR best interests in mind?!

Auto Cartel

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Global Cartel

Problem is, the world can't tolerate even ten more years of greenhouse gas emissions! Something must be done this year to begin to reverse the climate shift caused by man-made pollution.

Our Warfighting Strategy


Shipping The only way to deal with global pollution is with a global coalition force. The Global Motive Power Revolution invites world-wide participation by environmentally-aware organizations, government authorities, industry leaders, the most brilliant technologists, and adventure capitalists. We aim to promote earth-friendly regulations, manufacturing, design & distribution of end products which will solve the serious global pollution problem. Since the Cartel will never cooperate with intelligent people unless they are punished economically, we have to exert global economic pressure on those who insist on continuing piston engine proliferation. This means working with government officials to boycott all piston engine products made in the U.S., Europe or any country which pushes them. It also means pushing responsibility for radical change down to the individual level -- are YOU part of the problem? In other words, we're going for the throat. Those who insist on spreading "death by exhaust emissions" must be taken down. If the U.S. chooses to pollute their air and deplete their oil reserves, they must face the music when customers rise up against the Cartel and DEMAND new engines that burn renewable fuels!

Aircraft And of course...

the Oil Boys

21st Century WMD's

Global Motive Power Revolution


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm

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Sustainable R&D Net

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network

Sustainable R&D Net

Welcome!
The International Sustainable Growth R&D Network is a technology transfer program that involves research & development of critical technologies necessary for global sustainable growth. This not-for-profit organization stems from a lifelong commitment by its founders to level the playing field so that poor nations can enjoy basic human rights to life, liberty and an unpolluted environment. Our goal is to achieve rapid development of critical technologies for indigenous production in developing countries.

Related Activities:

Solar Turbine Power Project


ISGRDNs Phase I project is a solar turbine power generator for residential or small business electrical power, and village utilities.

Donor Matching
Village governments, relief organizations, health/education facilities & sustainability projects located in developing countries may publish their need for electrification on this site. Philanthropic organizations & individuals are encouraged to donate funding for system development & village demonstration projects.

Free Solar Technology Forum


Technical drawings, Tesla Turbine kits and solar-turbine system information is posted on the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club website for global access by those who wish to manufacture & distribute systems in areas which lack indigenous high technology solutions. Free technical consulting and project coordination is also provided via our online Technology Forum.
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Sustainable R&D Net

Developing Immediate Solutions for the Global Environmental Disasters Now Confronting the World
International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network, solar turbogenerator project, solar turbines, wind turbines, ultra-clean burning waste oil to electricity, free developer's forum, sustainable growth technology resource for developing countries, multi-fuel co-generators, solar-steam energy systems, disk turbines, Tesla boundary layer turbine technology, zero-emissions microturbines for distributed power, agricultural ATVs for sustainable development, autonomous surveillance UAVs for pollution monitoring, Kinetic Energy drives to replace piston engines, high performance Vortex marine in-water transmission systems

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network


http://phoenixnavigation.com/isgrdnet/index1.htm Email: sustainabletech@phoenixnavigation.com
Last updated: 05/04/06 05:03:07 PM

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About the ISGRDN

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network

About the ISGRDN

Click the link above to view our short slideshow. Founders: Ken & Pam Rieli For more information: Phone: 1-906-387-4373 Email: sustainabletech@phoenixnavigation.com

Developing Immediate Solutions for the Global Environmental Disasters Now Confronting the World
International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network, solar turbogenerator project, ultra-clean burning waste oil to electricity, free developer's forum, sustainable growth technology resource for developing countries, multi-fuel co-generators, solar-steam energy systems, Tesla boundary layer turbine technology, zero-emissions microturbines for distributed power, agricultural ATVs for sustainable development, autonomous surveillance UAVs for pollution monitoring, Kinetic Energy drives to replace piston engines, high performance Vortex marine in-water transmission systems

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network


http://phoenixnavigation.com/isgrdnet/index1.htm Email: sustainabletech@phoenixnavigation.com
Last updated: 05/04/06 05:03:09 PM

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I: Solar Turbogen

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network

I: Solar Turbogen

Solar Turbogenerator Project


Project description: Solar turbine-generator for residential & small business electrical power, village utilities: water pumps sewage pumps irrigation pumps battery storage System components include: low-horsepower boundary layer steam turbine parabolic dish small generator system Our goal is to turn every person on the planet into a power producer. The average U.S. household consumes 20 kilowatt hours of electricity per day. Armed with the solar turbine power generator that is the focus of our development effort, the rest of the world can reach this level -- without harming the environment. In addition to enabling the developing nations to set up independent utilities based on solar energy, plans for this turbogenerator system will be freely published online to encourage indigenous production in developing countries.

Developing Immediate Solutions for the Global Environmental Disasters Now Confronting the World
International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network, solar turbogenerator project, ultra-clean burning waste oil to electricity, free developer's forum, sustainable growth technology resource for developing countries, multi-fuel co-generators, solar-steam energy systems, Tesla boundary layer turbine technology, zero-emissions microturbines for distributed power, agricultural ATVs for sustainable development, autonomous surveillance UAVs for pollution monitoring, Kinetic Energy drives to replace piston engines, high performance Vortex marine in-water transmission systems

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network


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I: Solar Turbogen

http://phoenixnavigation.com/isgrdnet/index1.htm Email: sustainabletech@phoenixnavigation.com


Last updated: 05/04/06 05:03:25 PM

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FREE! Tech Forum

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network Forum


[ Home | Contents | Search | Post ]

Welcome!
This discussion forum has been hit by spammers and is no longer operational. We are in the process of creating a spam-free forum for those who wish to share information regarding solar, wind or biomass energy systems. Thank you for your patience.

Last changed: May 24, 2006

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Village Projects

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network

Village Projects

ISGRDN Village Projects


Do you know of a needy village or field facility (school, hospital, outreach center) that lacks electricity for basic lighting and/or water pumps? Post a description of the project here, along with contact information & interesting facts about your organization, energy needs, etc. In the event we pull together activists & funding for your specific project, we'll be able to build and ship a complete solar turbogenerator system to you.

Louis R. Calzadilla Project Manager Contacctos Mundiales Ltda. Ave. Colombia #3-29 Oeste Cali, Colombia Email: contacto@calipso.com.co Project description: We are developing energy efficient drying systems for application in the agroindustry sector. Targeted products include: coffee beans, cassava chips for flour production, bananas dehydration for flour, wet corn feed, dehydration of other agricultural products, etc.

Auke Idzenga R&D Coordinator Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation inc. (AIDFI) Lot 30, Block 12, Puentebella Subdivision Barangay Taculing Bacolod City, Negros Occidental 6100 Philippines Email: auke_idzenga@yahoo.com Our NGO is locally manufacturing and installing different RE technologies like: hydraulic ram pump, solar heater, biogas, treadle pump, heavy duty community hand pumps, Pelton and cross flow turbines (for pico hydro). Our most wanted technology is our own designed and very well working ram pump. Our other program is on organic agriculture and we organize agrarian reform communities. Recently we moved in the direction of small and medium enterprising with the farmers having control over production and processing. We design, manufacture and set up essential oil distillers
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Village Projects

but these need a lot of energy to distill and in the areas where we like to place them, there is no electricity. I came across the solar steam generator and I'm in ecstasy about your wonderful project !!! I'm working on low cost, decentralized technology for myself for the past 15 years here in the Philippines and in the poorest of the poor communities. Our technical department with 10 local technicians is operating on a self reliant basis. We wish we could include this technology in our assortment in the future. If possible we would like to avail of one system for an essential oil project and also to start production ourselves in the future. For pictures of our work please visit www.aidfi.tk (it got lost on the web but we are trying to recover it very soon).

^ Top of Page

Developing Immediate Solutions for the Global Environmental Disasters Now Confronting the World
International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network, solar turbogenerator project, ultra-clean burning waste oil to electricity, free developer's forum, sustainable growth technology resource for developing countries, multi-fuel co-generators, solar-steam energy systems, Tesla boundary layer turbine technology, zero-emissions microturbines for distributed power, agricultural ATVs for sustainable development, autonomous surveillance UAVs for pollution monitoring, Kinetic Energy drives to replace piston engines, high performance Vortex marine in-water transmission systems

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network


http://phoenixnavigation.com/isgrdnet/index1.htm Email: sustainabletech@phoenixnavigation.com
Last updated: 05/11/06 12:20:45 AM

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Activist Directory

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network

Activist Directory

Activist Directory
In order to deploy our technology to remote villages, we need an army of "enablers" -- individuals willing to help set up complete systems, then train local people to use them. We welcome the support of missionaries, environmental groups, relief organizations & individuals who are committed to our sustainable growth projects. (To be listed on this page, click on "Activist Directory Form" above.)

Peter Lee La Boissiere Balaguier D'Olt, Aveyron 12260 France Email: doddlee@waitrose.com Practical 58 yr old, happy to help out if a European can !

Majid Alladina Director VirtuaLiving P.O. Box 7301 Kampala, Uganda Email: malladina@utlonline.co.ug Am excited about hearing more

Thomas Burke Owner Thomas Burke Co. Fresno, California URL: under construction Email: arduine93704@yahoo.com

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Activist Directory

I have many ideas... Your group is a wonderful resource for my plans. If you haven't already -check out prof. Davidovits and the geopolymere institute.

Developing Immediate Solutions for the Global Environmental Disasters Now Confronting the World
International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network, solar turbogenerator project, ultra-clean burning waste oil to electricity, free developer's forum, sustainable growth technology resource for developing countries, multi-fuel co-generators, solar-steam energy systems, Tesla boundary layer turbine technology, zero-emissions microturbines for distributed power, agricultural ATVs for sustainable development, autonomous surveillance UAVs for pollution monitoring, Kinetic Energy drives to replace piston engines, high performance Vortex marine in-water transmission systems

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network


http://phoenixnavigation.com/isgrdnet/index1.htm Email: sustainabletech@phoenixnavigation.com
Last updated: 05/11/06 12:14:39 AM

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Donors

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network

Donors

Philanthropic Investment
Philanthropic organizations & individuals are encouraged to donate funding for: solar turbo-generator/wind turbine system development production, shipping & installation of complete systems for specific villages If you are ready to help change the world through a cash contribution, email us at sustainabletech@phoenixnavigation.com or phone Pam Rieli at 1-906-387-4373.

Developing Immediate Solutions for the Global Environmental Disasters Now Confronting the World
International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network, solar turbogenerator project, ultra-clean burning waste oil to electricity, free developer's forum, sustainable growth technology resource for developing countries, multi-fuel co-generators, solar-steam energy systems, Tesla boundary layer turbine technology, zero-emissions microturbines for distributed power, agricultural ATVs for sustainable development, autonomous surveillance UAVs for pollution monitoring, Kinetic Energy drives to replace piston engines, high performance Vortex marine in-water transmission systems

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network


http://phoenixnavigation.com/isgrdnet/index1.htm Email: sustainabletech@phoenixnavigation.com
Last updated: 05/04/06 05:10:20 PM

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R&D Updates

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network

R&D Updates

R&D Updates
PNGinc is now offering 4.5-inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbines & turbine components to facilitate this effort! Soon to be released: Tesla Turbine Plans CD (complete plans including CAD files, drawings, solar-steam articles) For information go to www.phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/ptbcproducts.htm Please visit the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club website for articles on constructing the solar steam turbine electric generator. http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htm Links to articles posted by project manager Ken Rieli include: NEW! Strategy for 2006 - Energy independence, Experimenter's Tesla Turbine applications, New Power Open House 2004 Free Energy Plan Solar Steam Turbine, Examining the Curnutt Solar Furnace Parabolic Reflector Basics Solar Reflector Dish Mold - Shaping the Plug, using a low-cost plywood template to shape sand & concrete Constructing the Fiberglass Solar Reflector Dish, fabrics, resins, parting wax, FRP layup tips Hanging the Dish on Steel Mount Solar Turbo-generator- Anatomy of a Two-axis Mount AND MORE... Plus: Developer of the Month - Curnutt Style Furnace Project by Sean Capogreco

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R&D Updates

Developing Immediate Solutions for the Global Environmental Disasters Now Confronting the World
International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network, solar turbogenerator project, ultra-clean burning waste oil to electricity, free developer's forum, sustainable growth technology resource for developing countries, multi-fuel co-generators, solar-steam energy systems, Tesla boundary layer turbine technology, zero-emissions microturbines for distributed power, agricultural ATVs for sustainable development, autonomous surveillance UAVs for pollution monitoring, Kinetic Energy drives to replace piston engines, high performance Vortex marine in-water transmission systems

International Sustainable Growth R&D Network


http://phoenixnavigation.com/isgrdnet/index1.htm Email: sustainabletech@phoenixnavigation.com
Last updated: 05/04/06 05:10:23 PM

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PNGinc Main Menu

Phoenix Navigation & Guidance


New Energy Technology Leaders
News

August 2006 Open House - New Power for a New World!

Who We Are

What We Have
Now available! Tesla Turbines! Hot Rotors! Turbine DIY Plans!

Who We're Looking For

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News & Events

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


News & Events

4.5" TT Update: As soon as Ken finishes the 4.5inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbine he's building for a member in California, it's on to the CAD CD's... We will resume turbine builds AFTER the August 2006 Open House.

Tesla Turbine Plans CD Coming Soon!


Helping You to Prepare for Hard Times Ahead.
Are you waiting for an Act of Congress to reign in the Oil boys? Get real. The Bush gang and Republican-dominated congress have trashed the U.S. economy and there's no relief in sight. Truthfully speaking, the national debt is NEVER going to be paid off, and our utility and fuel prices are going in only one direction -- UP. Maybe you think you can drag out your shiny gasoline/diesel generator during future blackouts and get by with candle lights. Personally, I like candles. Ken & I have lived in a couple of "survival" situations where candles, kerosene lamps and hauling water in jugs were our mainstay. We also spent three years in South American working with the very poor, who didn't have even candles. Down in Colombia, power company crews were constantly scouting rural areas for illegal hookups to their lines. As soon as they left, up went new lines. Believe me, life is boring without electricity. In times when traditional fuel is unavailable, you can't beat steam power derived from local resources: solar heat, waste oil, or easily-gathered combustibles, wood, hay, stubble... And if you can produce steam, you can generate electricity. Last year in our home-school, I read a story about the Titanic to our grandkids. We learned that it's not wise to head out without enough survival gear, or to wait until the last minute to flee from a sinking situation... Ken & I want to see all of our PTBC members and their families survive hard times ahead. That's why we invested our time & money into tooling and materials for the 4.5" Experimenter's Tesla Turbines. And it's why we're introducing the new Tesla Turbine Plans CD. On this CD, you'll find all the CAD files, drawings & articles you'll need to build (or have someone else build) the 4.5-inch Experimenter's Tesla Turbine. And you'll learn how to harness steam to make your own electricity. We hope all of our Club members take advantage of this offer while it lasts. You never can tell what twisted turns the economy will take... Pam Rieli

Concerning the PTBC Forum: We're considering a move to a "registered users only" discussion forum to replace our current PTBC forum which is under siege by spammers. If you have any leads on free forums that block spam, don't irritate with too many ads and is user-friendly, email Pam Rieli. We'd also welcome volunteers to help manage the forum.

FREE! Open House


21st Century Freedom Technologies - New Power for a New World Come celebrate the 100th Anniversary Celebration of the first Tesla turbine!

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News & Events

CD Sign Up Currently: 452 Add your name to the notification list. News Archives March 2006: TT Update, Open House, Join the 21st Century Power Revolution!

Hours: noon to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday throughout the month of August 2006. Location: PNGinc is located at E10074 County Road H58, east of Munising, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Highlights: View Tesla turbines and learn about this engine's impact on 21st century motive power development. We're also planning to display new technological directions in power and transportation including: Solar-steam VAWT wind turbine model (inside our wind tunnel) Static model of our turbine-hydraulic hybrid drivetrain High-performance aircraft planform model And for Phoenix Turbine Builders Club members who need workshop assistance, we will set aside time to help out if you bring your project with you. Click here for maps & local accommodations.

Last updated: May 04, 2006 05:09 PM

Phoenix Turbine Builders Club


FREE Open Source Forum http://phoenixnavigation.com/ptbc/home.htm

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Waste Oils, Solvents to Electricity, more power, less pollution, lower cost! waste oil co-generators, recycling, solvents, electrical generator

Waste Oils & Solvents to Electricity


Widespread Global Solutions for More Power, Less Pollution, at a Lower Cost!
Along with industrial growth we've witnessed a proportional growth in waste products, including oils and solvents. In fact, many medical ills are also tied to this rapid increase in liquid wastes. Numerous studies link the release of these toxins into the environment with the modern disproportionate rise in cancer, heart disease & all modern man-induced diseases. The only way to control this present scourge is through strict programs of containment & recycling, worldwide. No longer can we afford to allow the farmer, the industrialist, the government worker or the militarist to gamble with the health of the world through defiant dumping of toxins into our environment. By instating strict penalties for willful dumping -- and by using these waste products to produce needed electrical power -- we can solve two major problems at once. Ultra-clean burning technologies like those being developed in our International Sustainable Growth R&D Network will empower the world to deal with this century-old problem. For more information, check out our Phoenix Turbine Builders Club articles on how to build a waste oil turbo-generator system.

Global Motive Power Revolution The Revolution Main Page


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm Sustainable development solutions Pollution-free Energy through Enabling Technologies Free! Phoenix Turbine Builders Club! Campaign to Ban the Piston Engine Global Open Source Turbine Forum International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network Renewable, Biomass Fuels Formulas & Processes Phoenix Environmental Remediation Plan Clean-burning boundary layer turbines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Microturbine power plants for distributed power Catalytic technologies to reverse global warming Kids for a Secure Future,
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Waste Oils, Solvents to Electricity, more power, less pollution, lower cost! waste oil co-generators, recycling, solvents, electrical generator

environmental youth activists Last updated: 04/02/06 05:43:48 PM

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Solar Turbines

Solar Turbogenerators

Sustainable energy for a developing world.

The ISGRDnet (International Sustainable Growth R&D Network) was founded in 2003 by PNGincs officers, Ken & Pam Rieli, as a mechanism for moving technology to the public domain to be owned by the people of the world. Village governments, relief organizations & sustainability project leaders may post their need for electrification assistance on our free forum. Donors are encouraged to fund village demonstration projects. Our Phase I development project is a solar turbine-generator that can be used in drought-plagued regions to run water pumps for village wells and irrigation projects, or to power hospitals and schools. For underdeveloped, sun-rich countries, collected solar heat can also be used to manufacture hydrogen from sea water, providing them with a valuable export capability. Using a 10-foot dish collector & a small steam turbine generator, these low-cost systems can produce household electricity during daylight hours -- while generating hydrogen and charging batteries for nighttime power. Hydrogen can be used for cooking or for electrical power at night. Oxygen (from production of hydrogen) can be released outside to improve air quality, as in a virtual forest, or vented into the building as an aid to those with respiratory problems. Working public domain designs are being posted online (see below) for global access by those who wish to manufacture basic systems. At the same time, PNGinc is moving forward on advanced product development and offers technical consulting & licensing opportunities.

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Solar Turbines

As our solar turbine-generators enable global electrification, every home/village can become a positive generator of electrical power.

How-to information is posted on our Phoenix Turbine Builders Club:


2004 Free Energy Plan Solar Steam Turbine, Examining the Curnutt Solar Furnace Parabolic Reflector Basics Solar Reflector Dish Mold - Shaping the Plug, using a low-cost plywood template to shape sand & concrete Constructing the Fiberglass Solar Reflector Dish, fabrics, resins, parting wax, FRP layup tips Hanging the Dish on Steel Mount Solar Turbo-generator- Anatomy of a Two-axis Mount AND MORE...

Global Motive Power Revolution


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm

Last updated: 05/04/06 05:02:56 PM

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Municipal Energy Independence through clean combustion, alternative fuels,...s Program, multi-fuel Phoenix Fuel Processor, diesel, trucks, AFVs, PNGinc

Cleaners Cities Program

Municipal Energy Independence -- Don't Let the Lights Go Out!


Remember the 2001 energy crisis in California? The city of Los Angeles was shielded from outrageous price gouging during that crisis, because they were generating their own power. You, too, can keep the lights on by preparing for the next round of rate increases -- and we'll help you to clean your air at the same time! By the end of this decade, a global energy crisis will emerge that will affect every city & every consumer of electrical power. Around the globe, developing countries are following the energy-consuming footsteps of their industrialized neighbors in order to grow their economies. But global electrification is being built upon fossil fuel combustion -- coal, oil & natural gas. The problem is that once-abundant, low-cost fossil fuels are running out! Escalating market demand will soon outstrip supply, leading to outrageous prices & frequent blackouts. Many forward-looking corporations are setting up distributed power plants in order to avoid dependency on unreliable centralized utilities. However, these high-priced generating stations are not fuel flexible (leaving you at the mercy of fuel producers' prices), and they require constant, expensive maintenance. The GMPR has affordable solutions for you! Through PNGinc's consulting & partnership programs, we are able to supply technical expertise, design/engineering & program management to move you into the new era of distributed power. Our FREE Phoenix Turbine Builders Club website offers real-world Tesla turbine designs, 3D drawings, CAD files, turbo-generator systems designs & tips, and an active online forum of over 500 worldwide enthusiasts. The GMPR website is geared toward alternative energy info-sharing, with subjects ranging from global energy politics & technology analyses to practical how-to articles on distributed power from home-grown fuels & a growing list of related links. At this very moment, there are untapped fuel sources right under your very nose that your city could burn in distributed electrical power generation stations! Waste motor oils, restaurant grease & solvents are being disposed of, which could be recycled & used to run your own municipal power plant. And alternative fuels producers (perhaps local farmers) are searching for new customers -- like YOU. It's easy to get started on an energy secure future... Contact us today!

Global Motive Power Revolution The Revolution Main Page

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Municipal Energy Independence through clean combustion, alternative fuels,...s Program, multi-fuel Phoenix Fuel Processor, diesel, trucks, AFVs, PNGinc

http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm Sustainable development solutions Pollution-free Energy through Enabling Technologies Free! Phoenix Turbine Builders Club! Campaign to Ban the Piston Engine Global Open Source Turbine Forum International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network Renewable, Biomass Fuels Formulas & Processes Phoenix Environmental Remediation Plan Clean-burning boundary layer turbines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Microturbine power plants for distributed power Catalytic technologies to reverse global warming Kids for a Secure Future, environmental youth activists Last updated: 04/02/06 03:55:44 PM

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Distributed Electrical Power Production for more power, less pollution, lower cost, waste oil co-generators, recycling, solvents, electrical generator

Distributed Electrical Power Production


You may have heard from King Knucklehead (in the White House) and his big biz BS buddies that the solution to this country's electrical problem lies in crisscrossing the nation with high voltage power cables and shuttling electricity from one coast to the other. -- And don't get in their way, or they'll seize your property to build towers on it. Anyone who sees merit in this approach has to be a complete fool. To begin with, everyone knows that transmitting electrical power for any appreciable distance results in enormous line losses and higher costs. This rules out the centralized power production strategy of the rich & powerful. The real solution relies on what is known as distributed power. In other words, produce power close to the usage of that power to minimize losses. Participants in the International Sustainable Growth R&D Network are actively involved in a multi-fuel turbogenerator project for distributed power in developing countries. The 2003 project is rooted in a simple strategy: enable everyone to become a producer of electrical power, sharing power back & forth through short runs of power cables. Technologies already developed in PNGinc's labs prove that a power sharing strategy is now possible and is in fact the correct solution to the power shortage problems. Eventually even the centralized power producers will wake up to the fact that there is more profit in brokering energy than in producing it.

Global Motive Power Revolution The Revolution Main Page


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm Sustainable development solutions Pollution-free Energy through Enabling Technologies Free! Phoenix Turbine Builders Club! Campaign to Ban the Piston Engine Global Open Source Turbine Forum International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network Renewable, Biomass Fuels Formulas & Processes Phoenix Environmental Remediation Plan Clean-burning boundary layer turbines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Microturbine power plants for distributed power Catalytic technologies to reverse global warming Kids for a Secure Future,

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Real Hybrid Vehicle Solutions, kinetic energy drives, hydrostatics, advanced turbines, more Power, less Pollution, lower Cost

Real Hybrid Vehicle Solutions!

You've heard the big mouth in the White House decree that we no longer have to concern ourselves with auto emissions problems because zero-pollution fuel cell vehicles are right around the corner. Does anyone really believe that nitwit? First of all, fuel cells and their complementary components -- including electric motors, power storage & controller circuits -- do not have the power-to-weight densities of present internal combustion engines. Without a major breakthrough in electric motor physics, they will always weigh 10 times as much per horsepower as a piston type engine. Finally, practical fuel cells are being designed to burn methanol & gasoline -- not hydrogen -- which means they will continue to pollute until a hydrogen infrastructure is fully implemented (in the 22nd century). By then, the natural life cycles of the earth will be completely destroyed, leading to widespread famines & eventual "thinning of the human herd". The real and immediate hybrid solutions do not come from the big biz/big government cartel. Real solutions come from small, real solutions-providers like PNGinc. Our decades of experience in hydrostatic drives, along with more recent innovations in boundary-layer turbines and ultra-clean combustors, give us the technological edge in this new century. Only companies like ours with real, immediate hybrid vehicle solutions have the right to lead the world in this new age. Join us in this Global Motive Power Revolution in whatever capacity you are able!

Global Motive Power Revolution The Revolution Main Page


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm Sustainable development solutions Pollution-free Energy through Enabling Technologies Free! Phoenix Turbine Builders Club! Campaign to Ban the Piston Engine Global Open Source Turbine Forum International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network Renewable, Biomass Fuels Formulas & Processes Phoenix Environmental Remediation Plan Clean-burning boundary layer turbines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Microturbine power plants for distributed power Catalytic technologies to reverse global warming Kids for a Secure Future, environmental youth activists
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Global Balance of Power Shifts Towards New Energy Technologies, technolog...ustainable growth, developing countries, clean energy experts, consulting

Global Balance of Power Shifts Towards New Energy Technologies

This week all the leaders of the world -- with the exception of the United States -- are meeting in Johannesburg, South Africa to determine the course of global food/energy/ environmental issues in the new century. When George Bush announced his refusal to meet with the rest of the world to discuss global warming, climate shift & their debilitating impact upon food resources, the idiots of the U.S. energy consortium & religious rightwing nuts applauded. With oil prices reaching $30/barrel this week and threatening to go higher soon, a responsible leader of the U.S. economy wouldn't blindly stick his head in the sand hoping for the best. But big biz and rightwing socalled Christianity encourage this type of irresponsible & dangerous ignorance of the facts, so the task of true leadership in addressing the urgent needs of the world falls to us -- the real Christians. Today we have a world composed of two types of nations: rich industrialized countries emerging (poor) developing countries Clearly five sixths of the world falls into the emerging sector, and yet they only account for about 50 percent of global energy use and pollution. The balance of power is directly tied to the economics of the country, which in turn is tied to energy consumption. The only reason the Bush gang bombed Afghanistan, and is planning to invade Iraq, Iran, etc. is OIL! Ever since the stupid American public rejected Jimmy Carter's forwardlooking plan to reduce dependence on imported oil & switch to alternatives, the U.S. economy has been permanently tied to imported oil. Today it cannot grow without massive increases in oil and coal misuse -resulting in runaway pollution & accelerated climate-shift disasters. Emerging countries are demanding more of the global energy pie in order to catch up to Western prosperity. This means dwindling and over-burdened global oil reserves are about to be "maxed out" in short order -- no wonder the Bush gang wants to steal Iraq's oil! Well, this time around, world opinion is against the American public. Fat America will have to find other ways of fueling it's growth. In fact, the entire world must look to alternatives in this present decade. The balance of power no longer rests in the hands of big energy consumers like America & Europe --

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Global Balance of Power Shifts Towards New Energy Technologies, technolog...ustainable growth, developing countries, clean energy experts, consulting

instead, it belongs to nations who have the foresight to begin early to build new enabling technologies in massive numbers, selling real solutions to the rest of the world. All of our work at PNGinc is aimed at developing the basic concepts of these far-reaching key technologies that are absolutely essential to sustainable growth for any nation at any stage. It's our goal to provide real working alternatives to the decades-old misdirected strategy of the developed countries. Burning energy faster for growth is an already failed plan. With global warming upon us, climate-shift weather disasters are flooding the world, destroying crops and choking the air we need to breath -- if we plan on continuing to live on this planet! We offer our expertise and know-how to countries poised to move from the failed strategies of the old industrialized world, to the 21st century of sustainable growth & a clean environment. These new technologies we now possess in our labs are the keys to shifting the balance of power away from the unmovable conservative nations, into the hands of the emerging young, flexible, developing countries. We invite all the peoples of the world to join with us in partnership to guarantee the rights of the poor to a healthy and sustainable life. -- Ken Rieli

Global Motive Power Revolution The Revolution Main Page


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm Sustainable development solutions Pollution-free Energy through Enabling Technologies Free! Phoenix Turbine Builders Club! Campaign to Ban the Piston Engine Global Open Source Turbine Forum International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network Renewable, Biomass Fuels Formulas & Processes Phoenix Environmental Remediation Plan Clean-burning boundary layer turbines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Microturbine power plants for distributed power Catalytic technologies to reverse global warming Kids for a Secure Future, environmental youth activists Last updated: 04/02/06 03:55:43 PM

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Global Energy Triangle, more Power, less Pollution, lower Cost energy efficient technologies for sustainable growth

Global Energy Triangle: Power - Pollution - Price

After more than a century of uncontrolled, greedy, wasteful burning of fossil fuels, the world is entering into the new century with a debt of unprecedented proportions. The debt we are referring to is a debt of rapidly diminishing oil reserves, accelerating pollution resulting in climate shift, failing crops & widespread weatherrelated catastrophes. Along with these mounting problems is a rise in greed economics resulting in the rich getting richer, as the poor get poorer. Today only one sixth of the world enjoys the ill-gotten gain of the developed world. The greater percentage of the global population continues in its impoverished state, while the demand for growth in both developed & developing nations drains the world's oil and coal reserves. Since all developed countries were built on the burning of fossil fuels, they can only continue growing by burning ever-increasing amounts -- or they can change their evil ways through conservation & new energy implementation. It's obvious that there isn't enough energy in the world to allow five sixths of the world to waste energy as the developed countries have done. The time is now long overdue to overthrow the conservative energy barons of the past, and to emerge into a new century of sustainable growth. To this end the GMPR is dedicated to providing real, immediate, widespread global solutions for:

More Power, Less Pollution, at a Lower Cost!

Global Motive Power Revolution The Revolution Main Page


http://www.phoenixnavigation.com/gmpr/indexgmpr.htm Sustainable development solutions Pollution-free Energy through Enabling Technologies Free! Phoenix Turbine Builders Club! Campaign to Ban the Piston Engine Global Open Source Turbine Forum International Sustainable Growth Research & Development Network Renewable, Biomass Fuels Formulas & Processes Phoenix Environmental Remediation Plan Clean-burning boundary layer turbines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Microturbine power plants for distributed power Catalytic technologies to reverse global warming Kids for a Secure Future, environmental youth activists Last updated: 04/02/06 03:55:38 PM
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Future Fuels

Heat Recovery, Biomass, Solar & Wind Energy

Future Fuels for Energy Independence!

Solar Turbines & Wind Power


Projects in development at PNGinc's Michigan labs include: Low-cost, Small Wind Turbine Kit: New omni-directional SWT small wind turbine kit for off-grid, remote living applications. Easyassembly kit will be UPS shippable. Solar-Turbine Co-generation System: Solar thermal system comprised of a parabolic dish concentrator, dual-axis tracking system, compact steam-powered disk turbine/electrical generator unit

Biomass
PNGinc's future fuels research lab has experimented with combustibles and combination fuels. Now we're expanding our investigations to include growable fuels in our improved disk turbines to produce electricity while recycling crop waste. Our renewable fuel projects will include: growth of organic material application of derived fuel in our 21st century UCB and PDC turbines.

Heat Recovery
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Future Fuels

In collaboration with two North American universities, PNGinc provided technical expertise on a unique watershed protection project. The team focused on using an organic rankine cycle to extract heat from waste water discharged by industry into the aquatic environment. A Tesla turbine, using CFC's to improve efficiency, was supplied to produce electricity from the waste heat. PNGinc designed and built the first turbine and continues its involvement in similar important research projects.

High Efficiency Fluids for Closed Loop Turbines


PNGinc is investigating high-efficiency fluids for closed loop disk turbine systems. Single-stage team turbines have proven to be more efficient than steam-driven piston engines. Recently, European auto companies have pushed the efficiency of steam piston engines to 20-25% by using advanced boilers and closed loop systems. We expect to get 30-35% efficiency out of our single stage Phoenix Turbine by similarly reducing heat losses.

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Low-cost ATVs

Low-cost All Terrain Vehicles

Sustainable Agriculture for New World Growth

Economic stability and self-sufficiency are essential for a sustainable world. In our vision for a sustainable future, every village must own a low-cost agricultural ATV to facilitate growing & harvesting food/fuel crops. Designed by Ken Rieli & associates in the 1960's & commercialized in limited quantities, the vehicles hydrostatic drive is easy to build & maintain. This low-cost ATV will be resurrected as a village farm machine upon funding. rugged, multi-purpose 8-wheel ATV easy to manufacture simple to maintain

Global Motive Power Revolution


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Setting the Course

Setting the Course for the Global Motive Power Revolution

The global air pollution problem has been solved! Now is the time to act on our Global Remediation Plan. Many of you are undoubtedly concerned with the problems facing the world as we enter the new millennium. Others are curious about alternative engine technologies, and some are simply unaware of the serious state of the global environment. It's time to set the record straight -- let the chips fall where they may -- and figure out where we go from here. The biggest problem facing all of us today isn't Y2K. It isn't even data security. Global pollution is the most serious threat to man's future. We can live without modern conveniences -- we can even live without certain "necessities", but we cannot live in the ever-increasing cesspool of industrial waste! People frantically ask, "Why doesn't government act?" or "Why don't they (industry) produce without polluting?" The fact is, it isn't their job! For the last 100 years, both government and industry have taken a totally irresponsible position in dealing with pollution. Both have conspired to overlook the problem in favor of increasing revenues (increased profits and taxes). Now we are left with a problem that is so massive, air and water toxicity levels will reach human extermination levels within the first quarter of the 21st century. So if the problem is so widespread and toxic emissions are out of control, is there anything that can be done to avoid inevitable extinction? -- Yes, but it will take nothing short of a total revolution -- the Motive Power Revolution! Since government & industry refuse to take responsibility for their actions, the general public must do it in spite of them; after all, this is not a government of the rich... by the rich... for the rich! We are calling on all responsible citizens of the world to take control of man's destiny -- out of the hands of irresponsible politicians and industrialists -- and dictate to them terms of conduct. Otherwise, man won't survive much longer! To begin with, technologies that pollute heavily, such as gas & diesel piston engines, must be banned and immediately replaced with low-polluting, highhorsepower alternatives. Next, all other motive power devices such as power generators, commercial aircraft & ships, need to be improved to near-zero emissions. Production industry needs to be cleaned up or forced to go out of business.

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Setting the Course

Last but not least, we need to re-engineer worthless government which is occupied with golf games & perks rather than responsibility to the people!

Technologies already exist to carry out the Global Motive Power Revolution, but we need the cooperation of all responsible individuals around the globe to make it work! Join with us in making the real New World Order a reality! Ken Rieli, Chairman Global Motive Power Revolution

Global Motive Power Revolution


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Remediation Plan

A Practical Environmental Remediation Formula

The Phoenix Environmental Remediation Plan is a simple three-phase process:

Phase I completion: 01/01/03 -- PNGinc has completed Phase I of the Phoenix Environmental Remediation Plan. We have done our part in the development of boundary layer turbines as a viable replacement for piston engines, and our KE Drive (Kinetic Energy) project is underway. For more information on these developments, visit the PNGinc site. Replace piston engines & inefficient turbines -- globally -- with low-cost, lowpollution disk turbine engines. Replace gasoline & diesel fuel with biodiesel, alcohol fuels from biomass, and hydrogen Use catalytic technologies to separate carbon from the fuel prior to combustion.

The Phoenix Environmental Remediation Plan is the only practical approach to the serious global pollution problem. While there are many proposals from other sources, none have attacked the problem as completely -- to include factors such as implementation costs, ease of transition, and time-to-market. In contrast, we view the problem in its entirety, taking all of the major factors into account and deriving the best, most cost-effective solution for global execution. This is the only plan that outlines reclamation of greenhouse gases from the environment.

Phase I: Replacement of Highly-Polluting Engines


Just in case nobody has made it clear yet, I will state it here: The piston engine (particularly diesel) will never achieve low emissions status economically -- due to its inherent combustion characteristics. Besides being an inefficient energy converter, high pressures and high heat recombine fuel molecules into long hydrocarbon chains -- formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, etc. These chemicals are extremely toxic in typical city smog concentrations. It is absolutely necessary to immediately replace all piston-type engines with an alternative. Gas turbines produce only 50% of the toxic emissions of piston engines, even when using the same fuels. By implementing next-generation designs such as the Phoenix Kinetic Energy Drive & boundary layer Turbines, efficiencies increase, pollution decreases further, and low manufacturing costs allow widespread economical use. Turbines are the only high-horsepower alternative engines presently available. Pulling power, which is the key to maintaining a trucking-based economy, must weigh heavily in the solution. Truckers, fleet operators, environmentalists, politicians, the general public -- even truck manufacturers -- will be satisfied with the results of our piston engine replacement plan.

Phase II: Replacement of Fossil Fuels


The problem with burning fossil fuels (coal, gasoline, diesel, etc.) is that the net gain of greenhouse gases upsets the naturally-balanced ecosystem.

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Remediation Plan

The continuously climbing rate of CO2 production has exceeded the global plant-life conversion process. The results have suddenly become catastrophic: Man-induced global warming is now the cause of increasing earthquake and severe storm activity. Many of the plants that used to convert CO2 into plant life are being systematically eliminated by man and the greenhouse effect. We have reached the point of a total ecosystem meltdown in which the oxygen production centers of the planet (forests, jungles, etc.) are collapsing. Within 20 years, all animal life will be competing for dwindling oxygen reserves. In Phase II of our program, we eliminate the cause of CO2 net gains -- fossil fuels. In place of these fuels we use a natural-state-liquid fuel in order to continue using the fuel distribution system now in place. The only fuel now available that can satisfy energy demands without disrupting the fuel distribution infrastructure is alcohol. Methanol is cheaper to produce than gasoline, and is cleaner burning. Ultimately ethanol is the fuel of choice to replace gasoline & diesel. Since it is a bio-fuel, made from plant material, ethanol fuel combustion results in no net gain in greenhouse gases. Global use of alcohol will reduce pollution when used as a motor fuel, and will eliminate toxic emissions in fossil fuel production.

Phase III: Air Quality Improvement Process


According to environmental experts, even if all combustion were to cease immediately, 50% of air pollutants will remain in the atmosphere for another 100 years. In Phase III of our plan, we have devised a practical and economic means of rolling back greenhouse gas content. The best low-cost method of reclaiming CO2 from the environment is to use plant life. Plants convert CO2 into fiber; the fiber is turned into ethanol fuel. Once the fuel is pumped into the vehicle, a catalytic separator will remove all carbon from the alcohol chain, liberating pure hydrogen and oxygen for 100% pollution-free combustion. This cycle will dynamically draw carbon from the ecosphere, never to be re-introduced. So where will we get this futuristic molecular scrubber? Phoenix Navigation & Guidance Inc. has the designs & development is underway! Ken Rieli, Chairman Global Motive Power Revolution

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New Boiler Design

New Boiler Design


UPDATE, 5-18-2004: The new boiler design discussed below has recently been changed to use 3 spiral "pancake" tube coils, instead of 3 helical "barrel" coils. The "pancake" coils, which look like giant clock springs, are harder to bend than the barrel coils previously considered (& discussed below), but they allow the boiler to be more compact overall, and they allow use of a more conventional "premix-vaporizing" burner with less chance of coil sooting. I have also decided to use a finned top coil (economizer) to cut boiler weight and size. I found a relatively easy and cheap way to make my own finned tubing! Sooting can be a problem with finned tubing if the burner malfunctions, but I think that my burner will be easily maintained to avoid sooting, and the type of fins I plan to use should be easy to clean if they do soot up I am now constructing the pilot light and a downsized test version of the main burner. The pilot burner, closely based on the road-proven Stanley steam car pilot, is very nearly finished, and a greatly improved main burner construction has been blueprinted. Digression Recent increases in gasoline prices have led to increased interest in alternative fuels and alternative vehicle powerplants, and also increased visits to my web pages and more e-mails. My thanks to all visitors for your interest, suggestions, and moral support! Between the extra email traffic and increased drawing board and shop work, I have had trouble keeping up with inquiries, so my apologies for delayed replies. The burner I am presently working on should handle gasoline, gasohol, kerosene, diesel, and biodiesel without problems, and should be easily adaptable to burn hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and alcohol fuels. I also have ideas for solid-fuel burners which can cleanly burn wood/cellulose pellets, coal, and desulphured/demineralized coal dust (an abundant, economical fuel which is much cleaner than it sounds!). With the Lamont boiler design, I believe that burner controls should be easy to develop for any of these alternative fuels -- and as noted elsewhere on this website, steam cars can run beautifully on any of these fuels! If you are concerned about the future fuel situation, as I am, then check out the article (with many links for further study) at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization about "Thermal Depolymerization" (TDP). This is a simple new technology which economically & efficiently converts garbage, agricultural & landscaping waste, sewage, or any other organic material, into highquality crude oil, which can then be refined into any petroleum product (including gasoline) in existing petroleum refineries! Since the carbon in them comes from the atmosphere, oil and oil products from this process do not contribute to the "greenhouse effect" or "global warming" which some scientists believe may be occurring due to use of fossil fuels. I think that this proven yet mediaignored technology may very well be where most of our future fuel will come from. Instead of pumping Mother Nature's oil out of the ground, in the future we may make all the oil we need from abundant organic waste materials -- and/or from plant material farmed for fuel purposes! In the future, every farm, sewer plant, and trash dump may become an endless renewable oil well! Imagine vast fuel farms, watered by solar-desalinized seawater, spreading across the barren deserts of the planet -- or vast floating kelp farms on the open oceans, generating many times more oil than we use today! Such things may seem impossible when viewed from the perspective of today's mediagenerated "disaster mentality", but the human race has already transformed the world in many wondrous ways, by setting aside the perennial bugaboos of conflict, zero-sum thinking, negativity, and fear of changes, limitations, and shortages, and putting to work the amazing powers of science,
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New Boiler Design

productivity, and creativity! Whatever fuel or energy situation arises in the world of the future, it is my belief that the clean, versatile steam automobile will one day play a major role in providing fun, pleasant, affordable, and practical transportation for millions of people. (Tuesday, May 18th, 2004)

Wednesday, February 11th, 2004 It has been a while since I last updated this website, so I figured I'd write up a short report on the progress of my steam car project. The Big News is that I have changed the design of the boiler. Actually, the boiler design has gone through several changes since the multi-circuit once-through design noted elsewhere in this website, and none of those changes were documented here. That is probably not a bad thing overall; why waste visitors' time with several generations of drawing-board changes which never made it to the shop? The boiler changes are sort of a "good news/bad news" thing. The bad news is that every boiler design which I've worked on so far, has gotten larger and heavier than the previous designs. The good news is that these changes appear to be moving in the direction of increasingly realistic, affordable, and buildable boilers, with more easily-designed and reliable control over steam pressure and temperature. The boiler design mentioned elsewhere on this website, the first in my "steam car crash program" of the past few years, was a once-through type with 8 parallel circuits, a free-flame central burner, and radial outflow of burner gases. This would have weighed about 110 pounds. The "second generation" of boiler designs, starting around 2001, involved several water-level, water-tube type boiler designs, most with many more than 8 circuits, with boiler weights in the 150 pound range, and larger cases, approximately 23" diameter and about the same height. I'll spare you detailed reports on those, suffice it to say that those used flameholder-type vaporizing burners, similar to the burners in Stanley and White steam cars, for even flame distribution under the very heavily-fired tube stacks. Around the same time, I found George Nutz's article on "Lamont-system" boilers at http://www. stanleysteamers.com/lamont-1.htm, and followed the discussions of this boiler type among steam car students and builders on the internet steam car forums. The Lamont boiler is essentially a coil of metal tubing exposed to a fire, with water circulated through the tubing at 5 times or more the steam generation rate. On its way through the heated tubing, about 1/5 of the water (by weight) turns into steam, and the tube dumps this mix of water and steam into a drum, where the water and steam separate. The steam is drawn off the top of the drum, superheated (heated above its boiling point), and sent to run the steam engine, and the water is drawn off of the bottom of the drum, through a circulating pump, which pushes the water back through the heated tube to generate more steam. During every pass through the steam-generating tube, about 1/5 of the circulating water is turned into steam and removed from the system, so of course more water is pumped in by the feedwater pump to replace the water removed as steam. On its way to the drum, the cold replacement water goes through some coils of tubing called the "economizer", to pick up the last of the heat in the burner gases, thus preheating the incoming water and increasing the efficiency of the boiler. Overall, the Lamont boiler can be designed to be as efficient as any other type of boiler, about 80% efficient at full blast, and maybe 85-90% when only a little steam is being made (which is most of the time in steam car driving). A boiler could be made 99% or more efficient, but the extra tubing required would make it much heavier & more expensive, and water condensing out of the boiler exhaust would corrode
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New Boiler Design

things unless very expensive & often hard-to-work alloys were used. Now, the Lamont boiler has several advantages, as outlined in George Nutz's article and elsewhere. For one thing, much less tubing can be used, making the boiler lighter, less expensive, and easier to make than conventional steam car boilers of the past. This is because the rapid circulation of water through the steam-generating tube(s) sweeps off steam bubbles as they form. The layer of steam on the insides of the tubes does not conduct heat very well, which limits the amount of heat you can put into water through a given surface area of tubing. But if the steam layer is constantly swept off by fast-moving water, then a lot more steam can be made with the same amount of tubing -- or, the same amount of steam can be made with much less tubing! Also, with fast-moving water inside, more of the tube can be exposed directly to the fire, which puts a lot more heat into it ("radiant heating") than simply running hot gases over the outside of the tube ("convective heating"). Again, this means that you can use less tubing for the same steam output. Other advantages include no carbon buildup inside of the boiler tube due to overheating traces of oil in the feedwater, and it can use very simple control mechanisms due to the relatively large amount of boiling water inside the boiler -- it reacts more gradually to changes in water content and firing rate, with none of the "overshoot" or "oscillation" caused by control setting changes, which are problems with "once-through" boilers, especially very lightweight ones. These problems are what led me to drop the "once-through" boiler discussed elsewhere on this website, and start work on my "second generation" water-level boilers, which are not documented here. I did not adopt the Lamont concept right away, however. It has a few disadvantages which I could not see solutions to, so I continued design work on the "second generation" water-level boilers. One problem was the drum. This has to be a high-pressure steel drum, capable (in my system) of safely holding a pressure of 500 pounds per square inch with a large margin of safety, and big enough to hold at least one or two gallons of boiling water, and consequently heavy and difficult to build. Another problem was the pump. This has to handle the same temperatures and pressures, while pumping hundreds of gallons per hour of boiling water through the tube. It is not easy to find pump drive shaft seals which can handle the pressures & temperatures involved without leaking or generating a lot of friction, and an electric motor to run the pump has to be protected against high temperatures (approaching 500F) or else built to handle the heat. And the precisely-curved impeller blades of a typical centrifugal circulator pump are extremely difficult to design and machine. Another problem with the Lamont boiler is the superheater tube, which the steam from the drum runs through to dry it out and improve the performance and efficiency of the steam engine. To obtain good control of final steam temperature, which is needed for good and consistent performance and economy, the usual approach with Lamont boilers is to "hide" or "bury" the superheater tube behind part of the generating tube, so that it receives equal amounts of radiant and convective heat transfer at varying steam-generation rates. The complex and lengthy calculations required to do this are currently beyond my slowly-improving engineering knowledge and skills. For 2-3 years, these problems pushed me away from designing a Lamont boiler, despite off-and-on attempts at resolving them on the drawing board, so I continued work on my "second generation" water-level boiler designs, with some very interesting & unusual results. Then, in January 2004, I had one of those weird and exciting "Eureka!" experiences which inventors are prone to have. Within a few hours of brainstorming, I suddenly discovered astonishingly cheap, easy, compact, reliable, and lightweight solutions to the problems of circulating pump design, pump drive, steam/water drum construction, and superheat control! Out of the blue, the Lamont was suddenly fully buildable, with all of its advantages -- and with some new advantages which I had not previously been aware of! At this point I must apologize for disappointing the reader by not divulging all of these solutions! The
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New Boiler Design

details will be revealed soon enough, when the boiler is built and running. However, in the interest of "infotainment", a few basic parameters and details of my new boiler design can be revealed at present, without compromising possible future patent protection. The generating tube coils will consist of 3 nested vertical-axis helical barrel coils, one inside the next like those Russian nesting dolls. These will pick up both radiant and convective heat by virtue of completely surrounding the cylindrical firebox and being wound with gaps between the turns, through which the hot gases of the fire will travel to an annular exhaust flue surrounding the coils. A flameholder-type multifuel vaporizing burner in the center will provide evenly-distributed heat to generate and superheat the steam; thus, like the "first generation" once-through boiler discussed elsewhere on this website, my new Lamont system boiler will be a "radial outflow" type boiler. The steam/water drum will be relatively small, inexpensive, and lightweight, and will be located outside of the tube-coil case, right next to and probably behind it. As before, the burner will be provided with a pilot light to keep the boiler hot at all times for instant starting, with no warmup delay. If the car has sat unused for several days, the pilot will turn off automatically, and if the boiler then cools down for 48 hours or more before the next start, there will be a 2-minute wait while the burner and boiler automatically build up full steam pressure at the turn of a key. Details of the automatic shutoff and warmup systems have now been fully worked out. A new steam temperature/superheat control method has been fully worked out. Sounds mysterious, doesn't it? :) The "big picture" details are: boiler should weigh 180 lbs total, including drum and burner, measures 27" outer diameter by 18" tall, not counting the drum which is very small, burns 8 gallons per hour of fuel and generates up to 700 pounds per hour of steam at 500 pounds per square inch and 700 degrees Fahrenheit (actually, at full steaming rate, boiler pressure will drop to approximately 400 psi, with still lower pressures in the steam line and cylinders). Total materials cost for this innovative boiler design is approximately US$300, and numerous design features have been optimized to keep the fabrication simple, which would translate into a very inexpensive boiler in production, even in very limited production. For just one example, the helical barrel coils are far easier to wind, and have less flow resistance, than the spiral "pancake" coils usually employed in steam car boilers. For comparison purposes, a conventional monotube boiler as previously used in steam cars would weigh 300-400 lbs for the same output, and a Stanley boiler of the same continuous output would weigh in at about 500-600 lbs.. Controls will be extremely simple and reliable. A pressure-operated valve, similar to that used in Stanley steam cars, will turn on the fuel supply to burner when steam pressure is below the desired level, and will turn off the fuel/fire when full pressure (500 psi) is achieved. This burner will have a continuously-variable firing rate; the lower the steam pressure, the higher the firing rate, and the higher the steam pressure, the lower the firing rate. In the feedwater-control department, I do have an interesting tidbit for those who are contemplating or developing their own Lamont-system boilers. I discovered through various studies and calculations that with a constant circulation rate, the water level in a Lamont boiler's steam/water drum will vary according to the steaming rate. When the boiler is making lots of steam, the water level in the drum will be higher; when less steam is being generated, the water level will be lower. I have designed a simple feedwater control device which compensates for this water level variation, and this, along with another new feature of my boiler design, also allows the use of a smaller, lighter, more easily built, safer, and less expensive drum. As I write this, I am in the middle of working out the crucial circulating pump for the Lamont boiler. The solution in this department is to use a Tesla-type centrifugal disk pump, invented by Nikola Tesla, the very famous and ingenious inventor of alternating-current electricity and many other useful
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New Boiler Design

things, some of which are rather controversial to this day. This type of pump is an efficient watermover, very easily designed and built in a typical home machine shop, and currently in commercial production and widespread use for special applications where a conventional bladed impeller pump will not work, such as pumping liquid concrete. The Tesla pump consists of a stack of round disks with water inlet holes near their centers and a water-outlet volute housing surrounding them. Spacers keep the disks a fraction of an inch apart, and when the disks are spun by a motor or other drive means, the adhesion and viscosity of the water between the disks causes the water to flow down the center of the stack of disks and then outward. I have obtained an excellent instruction manual for designing and building efficient Tesla pumps, and am working out a Tesla circulator pump design for my Lamont boiler at the present time. Initial calculations leave me with no doubt that a very compact, durable, and easily built Tesla pump will be developed, which will circulate the water in my new Lamont-system boiler at the required pressure and flow rate, with complete success. It is a most fascinating device, and I think I will have lots of fun building, testing, and operating it! Thus concludes my February 2004 steam car progress report. I would like to add that the engine and most of the rest of my steam car powerplant have changed very little, if at all; the original designs noted on this website continue to survive regular "reality checks" and still look very likely to give excellent results -- promising a reliable, fully-automated modern steam car which will be affordable even in limited production, which will get the same fuel mileage as a comparable gasoline-engined car in city driving (which accounts for the majority of driving for most people), and which will deliver incredibly smooth, silent, easy running, with ultralow emissions and outstanding, effortless, tire-smoking acceleration on demand. It should be a lot of fun to drive! Peter Brow Wednesday, February 11th, 2004

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Steam Power

Wood Heat | Engines | Biofuels Home | Search | Subscribe Vegetable oil powered steam engine Steam Power - Mechanical and electrical power generation from steam. A steam locomotive is a steam engine, boiler, and other equipment assembled to produce a machine capable of movement on railroad tracks. A steam engine, on the other hand, is any machine that converts steam pressure into motion - typically using a piston cylinder method. Those machines that convert steam pressure into direct rotating energy are steam turbines. Home made solar powered (butane is the working fluid) steam engine powering a alternator producing electricity. http:// belizeone.com/BzLibrary/trust39.html Steve, I don't know if this will be of any interest, but I have just finished the steam engine shown in the attached images. Starting from scratch I first did a theoretical design, then used AutoCAD to draw it up and finally machined and welded it in my Shop. I started this last fall just after the Babington MK III was completed. Plans will be available for sale soon. I have a few more detail drawings to add. It is a nominal 1.0 horsepower engine, with a 3" bore and stroke, suitable for small generators or pumps, etc. Even a small car or a boat up to about 25 feet could be powered with this engine quite nicely. Originally I was going to have this coupled with a mono-tube flash boiler fired with a Babington burner burning used soybean oil of course. The result would be a car, "The Great Northfield Steam Runabout". Still heading for that goal. John Archibald Northfield, Minnesota

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Steam Power

Is steam power in your future?


http://www.backwoodshome.com/articles/goebel43.html by Skip Goebel
If youre thinking steam is old-fashioned, consider this: Almost a century ago, steam cars and ships attained speeds and efficiencies which are still difficult to attain, even with todays modern internal combustion engines. Steam is one of the most powerful and the most dangerous forms of independent energy. It is so powerful that here at Tiny Power, makers of steam engines, at least once a week we get a call from someone who is going to save the world with steam. Usually, it takes only a few minutes of conversation to reveal that the caller needs more education in the basics of steam engineering. This article is an attempt to answer some of the many questions people have about steam. And I guess the first question is: can it save the world, at least as far as your personal energy needs are concerned? That depends.

For the initial investment in this most labor intensive form of home power, you could probably buy a diesel generator and 5-10 thousand gallons of fuel with no significant changes in your lifestyle. If you plan to burn wood, you should know that it is a very established science to gasify wood and burn it in an internal combustion engine. This may be a more practical application for you. If you have a need for large quantities of controllable heat, say to heat a large home, chicken house, or even a kiln, steam plants excel in that the waste heat (exhaust) of a steam engine will give you excessive amounts of BTUs to play with. What is steam? What is steam? Water gone crazy with the heat is as good an answer as any. Water will actually turn into steam in a vacuum if its temperature maintains 40 degrees F. Conversely, at a pressure of 3200 lbs. per square inch, and a temperature around 720 degrees, steam becomes supercritical and actually has a density the same as water. Modern steam systems run at these pressures because steam, which is a super-radiant gas, absorbs and gives up heat much faster than water. Only dry steam produces usable work. Steam is a dry, clear, tasteless gas. The cloudy stuff you can see coming out of a kettle is actually just water vapor and has no use for our needs because if you can see it, all the work has gone out of it.
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Steam Power

Once water is turned to steam, you can raise the temperature of the gas and store more energy/work in it. We call this superheated steam and though it is a desirable condition, it is seldom used in small-scale steam plants. What we want to do with steam is extract work from it. Work is best described as the movement or change of velocity of mass. It takes energy to do work. To impart energy to a mass is one thing, and to transmit and use that energy is another. Water, in the form of steam, is an excellent medium to transmit energy. Water is a practical, safe and effective non-organic chemical that will readily absorb and transmit energy. To understand how this happens, try to think in differentials, i.e., differences in temperature, differences in pressure, or more specifically, differences in volume. As steam goes from one volume to another, work is done. An example of this is a piston going down in a cylinder creating more space or volume (expansion). As volumetric changes occur, temperature and pressure changes must also occur. These are laws of nature that you cannot change. We have units to measure the properties of mass. Generally, pressure is measured in pounds per square inch, volume in cubic feet, and temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. (I aint metric yet, folks.)
One of the small, high-quality steam engines made by the author's company, Tiny Power, Inc.

At this point, let me introduce you to the British thermal unit (Btu). Its the United States unit of measure, which is similar to the metric systems calorie. It is nothing but a unit of heat. One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. Conversely, if a pound of water drops one degree, it releases one Btu. When any fuel is burned, it gives off energy in the form of heat, and that heat can be measured in either Btus or calories. Well use Btus. An example is oak wood, which has 6-11 thousand Btus per pound. Consider it as potential energy or energy waiting to happen. When oxidized (burned), it releases energy, and if we make steam with that energy, we can use the steam to transmit that energy somewhere else to do useful work.

Other sources of Btus can be a hot spring or solar. Remember, what we are looking for is a difference in temperatures; the higher we can raise the temperature of water, the more work we can get out of the water. Unfortunately, the less the difference in temperature is, the greater the volume of water must be. For example, one pound of steam at 800 degrees has a certain amount of work in it; to produce the same amount of work at 400 degrees,
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Steam Power

you need a much greater amount of water. So, we take one pound of water from 60 to 212 degrees and it takes 152 Btus. (212 - 60 = 152) Now we add one more Btu and it all turns to steam at atmospheric pressure. Right? Wrong! Raising water temperature is easy; changing water to steam is a whole 'nother ballgame. It takes a lot of energy to change the physical state of matter. Remember, it is not wasted here; rather it is stored. To convert one pound of water from 212 degrees water to 212 degree steam (still one pound by weight) at atmospheric pressure takes another 970 Btus. If we contain all of this, as Steam launch Santa Cruz II, Echo Lake, California in a boiler, we get a pressure differential (inside vs. outside). That pound of water, at 212 degrees, had occupied only .2 cubic feet. The steam at 212 degrees and at atmospheric pressure (or 14.7 lbs. per square inch) will occupy 27 cubic feet. Now, if that steam isnt allowed to expand into those volumes because it is contained, we get an increase in pressure. It is this pressure that we will use to do our work. What type of boiler? The container in which we will make our steam is called a boiler. There are basically three types of boilers. The Fire Tube boiler. This is the oldest, simplest, and the one that creates the steadiest production of steam. It is also the most dangerous (tends to blow up). Therefore, no more on this one. Forget it, nada, noway, etc. Paste this sticker on your brain: There is a stick of dynamite in a gallon of water. The Water Tube. This is more efficient, safer, common, easy to build, etc. Basically, the design incorporates a series of tubes that stem downward from a drum and surround the combustion chamber (firebox). Steam is then drawn off the top of the drum where it is routed to its intended use by a pipe. (See figure 1.)

A common example of these types is a home heating boiler. Big ships and power plants use these designs as well. We have one in our 23' steamboat that burns wood, and it works rather well. Let me interject here that if you burn solid fuel (wood or coal), you will attend your boiler at all times. If you cant, just drop the whole idea. If you can, be prepared for perpetual bliss.

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Steam Power

The basic layout is as illustrated in the figure. Do not, by any means, use this illustration to design your own boiler. If you had to educate yourself by reading this article, you cannot, will not, and shall not build one of these. Remember, death is final (and painful). There are countless plans available that are approved, certified, and well tested. Steam is definitely a finalized science. If you look in the yellow pages, you will find certified boilermakers who will do the job right. Technically, you are breaking the law by building a non-certified boiler. Monotube or flash boilers. This by far is the most efficient, lightest, and safest boiler. It is easy and inexpensive to Figure 1. Water tube boiler construct. They work best on continuous, steady operation. However, with little reserve capacity, they are sensitive to fluctuations in fuel and water supplies, not to mention loads. The most common versions are portable steam cleaners. Modern motels use a variation as water heaters.

Basically, they consist of one continuous coil of tubing or pipe in various configurations. Hence the name Monotube. If we can provide exacting control of our fuel/water supply, then we have the ideal home-power boiler. Gas and liquid type fuels are the ideal type of fuel for monotubes because they are easy to regulate. And yes, there are approved designs out there for monotubes, and a professional can build them rather cheaply. Combustion facts A given amount of fuel needs a given amount of air to burn no more and no less. It also needs the right amount of space to burn. Not enough air and you get incomplete combustion. Too much air and youre heating air. Also, if we make the air meet the fuel too quickly, we get too hot a flame. Thats bad because at temperatures over 1800 degrees, the nitrogen in air and some other chemicals start to oxidize. Not only is that poisonous, but it is wasted energy.

A bigger steamboat

Combustion space is important because too little and we snuff the flame. Hold a lit candle so the flame touches an ice cube and if you look real close, there is an invisible layer of gas insulating the flame from the surface. That layer is
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Steam Power

unburned gases like carbon monoxide and is caused because the surface temperature was below the ignition temperature of the burnable gases. The rule is: Flame shall not touch metal. Also, too much space and we can lose our coefficients of radiation. Generally speaking, a boiler gets 60-70% of energy transfer from radiant energy, rather than hot gases.

The idea here is to gently unite air and fuel together and give it plenty of space or time to do its thing. There are set formulas for all of these factors, and your boiler builder will know what to do once you tell him what your needs are. Enormous torque Now that we have our steam, lets use it. We extract the work from steam by allowing it to expand in a controlled environment such as with a piston in a cylinder or a nozzle in a turbine. Turbines are nice, and I have one myself, but in home scale sizes, they are very inefficient. Its just a matter of physics and costs. I know there are plenty of folks out there that will argue this point, but if they can come up with an efficient, home-scale turbine and sell it at a reasonable cost, Ill buy it. So, were stuck with the piston (reciprocating) engine. Take heart. They work, they last, and theyve been around for a long time. Steam engines are quiet, heavy, long lasting, and if modern, easy to maintain (our larger models use sealed ball bearings).
One-half scale steam tractor

You can find plenty of used engines at old shipyards, refineries, ancient factories, mines, and railroads. Or you can buy a new one. Consider steam engines akin to a fast acting hydraulic cylinder with an automatic valve. The ram is connected to a crank which turns and gives useful work. It is important to note that most steam engines are designed to take steam on both sides of the piston, which makes it a single-stroke engine. That also makes piston engines produce enormous torque at almost any rpm. You can figure this torque by taking the square inches of the piston, multiplying that by the average cylinder pressure, and multiplying that figure by the length of the stroke measured in feet divided by 2. An example would be: A single cylinder engine has a bore of 3 inches and a stroke of 4 inches and runs at 100 lbs of average cylinder or mean pressure. A three-inch piston has approximately 7 square inches (3 x 3 x .7854) and a stroke of .33 feet. (4/12). 7 x .33 = 2.31. Times that by 100 pounds pressure x 2.31 = 231 and divide that by 2, and you get 115.5 foot-pounds of torque. In reality, however, there are friction and efficiency losses. Efficiencies are measured by how much steam/water an engine consumes to do a given amount of work. This is usually measured in pounds of steam/water per horsepower hour. In English, that means that for every horsepower produced for one hour, a certain amount of steam/water will pass through the engine.
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Steam Power

Our shop unit has been in use for the last 18 years producing 4000 watts an hour. It consumes about 250 pounds of water (that has been turned to steam) in one hour. 750 watts is considered one horsepower, and when you figure efficiency losses, that works out to about 47 pounds per horsepower hour (250 lbs divided by roughly 5.3 horsepower). Put another way, for every horsepower the engine produced, we evaporated 47 pounds of water to steam and passed it through the engine. There are engines that are much more efficient, but they cost a lot more than you want to pay. Efficiency is nice, but if the fuel is free, why should you care? Because the less wood you burn, the less you have to cut. Ive used as much as a cord of wood in 10 days, and for me thats too much work. All that brings us back to the question of why steam vs. other forms of independent energy? Because, if you have a use for large quantities of heat, the exhaust from the engine will give you just that. Steam engines and boilers are usually most efficient at full settings, all valves open, full fire, etc... so that brings us to the next subject: AC vs. DC In a home setting, electricity is the most common form of energy. Therefore, a steam engine/generator proves to be the most practical application. Generators are either A.C. or D.C. and both have their applications. At Tiny Powers shop, our 4kw Winco is A.C. Unfortunately, A.C. requires precise speed controls in the form of a delicate governor and heavy flywheel. I would suggest that most folks should use D.C. instead. D.C. is easier to make, control, and most importantly, you can store it. By making D.C. electricity and storing it, the steam system can run at max capacity for a short period (most efficient) rather than idle along all day (inefficient). It is practical because you can make your electricity early, then get on about your business.

I ran a 1kw D.C. steam power plant as a tourist attraction here in Branson, Missouri, for a time and fell in love with high voltage D.C. The system ran lights and motors at 120 volts. The only drawback is D.C. is hard on contacts and switches. You have to buy those expensive switches and breakers that are rated for D.C. Steam for home power Tiny Power has 13 different models of engines plus accessories, and we cater mostly to hobbyists such as retired machinists and steamboaters worldwide. However, our heart
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Steam Power

still yearns towards self-sufficiency. I myself am in the process of starting another company devoted to steam as a home power. I wont put it on the market until the system is foolproof, efficient, and affordable. The following design will show a practical concept of a homescale steam generator system. It is not an actual blueprint and I assume no liability for anyone who uses it as such. For those folks who think they are going to use their woodstove to make steam, please do the following: put me in your will, send the kids to live with grandma, give fair warning to the neighbors, and pay off your ocean-front property in Arizona.
This steamboat, with its typical power plant, was used in the movie Maverick Let us start with needs. Our home will need 2400 watt/hours of electricity per day. Since we only get 75% from a battery of what we put into it, we need to put in 3200 watt/hours (2400 / .75 = 3200). Even though 750 watts = 1 horsepower, there are inefficiencies in generators, belts, etc. A safe figure is a 30% loss, so 3200 watts over 70% efficiency = 4266 watts (3200 / .70 = 4571). Round up to 4600. Our horsepower requirement then is 4600 watt/hours divided by 750, which is 6.1 horsepower (4600 / 750 = 6.1).

Franz Nagel correctly points out the following corrections to this article: An amount of energy (= power times time) is not measured in watt/hours, but rather in watt*hours. Neither is a power (= energy per time) measured in watt/hours but just in plain watt. This assumed, the paragraph reads: Let us start with needs. Our home will need 2400 watt*hours [!] of electricity per day. Since we only get 75% from a battery of what we put into it, we need to put in 3200 watt*hours [!] (2400 / .75 = 3200). Even though 750 watts = 1 horsepower, there are inefficiencies in generators, belts, etc. A safe figure is a 30% loss, so 3200 watts over 70% efficiency = 4266 watts (3200 / .70 = 4571). Round up to 4600. Our horsepower requirement then is 4600 watt [!] divided by 750, which is 6.1 horsepower (4600 / 750 = 6.1). Using 47 lbs of steam per horsepower hour to be consumed by our engine, we take the 6.1 and multiply it by 47 and we get 286.7 or basically 287 pounds of steam/water is required. Well say that 1200 Btus per pound of water/steam will be required to turn the water to steam at our working pressure of 120 psi. So, 287 pounds of steam/water x 1200 Btus = 344,400 Btus are required (287 x 1200). Our boiler is 70% efficient, so 344,400 Btus divided by 70% gives us the figure of 492,000 Btus actually required (344,400 / .70 = 492,000). Our wood contains a heat value of 7,000 Btus per pound, so we need 70.3 pounds of wood (492,000 / 7,000 = 70.3). Lets spread the load over two hours, and we can see that we will burn 35.2 pounds of wood an hour (70.3 / 2 = 35.2),
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Steam Power

or about 35 pounds. To put that in perspective, that is a hefty armload of wood. Remember, these are real world figures and are dramatically different from what some pink-hands so-called educated type will come up with.

If you follow the illustration in Figure 2, notice the direction of flow of fuel and water. This is a monotube design and will use electric pumps and blowers, giving easy control. It will burn wood gas from digesters which heat the wood to ignition temperature but starve it for oxygen. This unburned gas is then mixed with heated air and burned at the base of the boiler. The combustion gases pass over the tubes of water and then over the air heater and on out the exhaust stack. The water will enter the outside coil, pick up heat, go into the heat exchanger (desuperheater) and into the separator. Steam will exit the top of the separator and into the inner coil which acts as a superheater. The excessively hot steam will pass through the desuperheater, releasing some Btus into the incoming water. The now tempered steam will head towards the engine, where it will do its work. The engine exhaust will travel into a coil which is inside the large tank and release its remaining heat into the water. Having done that, our steam will have condensed into water and is forced through a vacuum pump which exhausts into the hotwell. From this point, it is pumped back to the boiler via a high pressure feed pump to start all over again. Getting educated I cant emphasize enough the importance of getting educated before you tinker. Large sawmills usually have a power plant, and engineers are congenial folks who always want to show off their baby. Tour old ships or refineries, and dont be afraid to ask questions. Youll get more from somebody if you ask questions than if you try to tell them what you know. The ultimate education is to attend a steam club show. There are literally thousands every year. Chances are you are less than an hours drive from one. Make sure you bring the kids. The shows are definitely a family affair. Any hobby shop should be able to tell you where one is in the area. Also, check out the various publications available. There are several magazines about steam engines. All have a large classified ad section. We strongly recommend one called The Steam Show Directory listing over 500 steam shows in this country and Canada.
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Steam Power

Welcome to the fraternity. For further reading http://www.backwoodshome.com/articles/goebel43.html http://www.sensiblesteam.com http://home.earthlink.net/~dlaw70/12stmng.htm http://www.mikebrownsolutions.com/stmpwr.htm http://www.tinypower.com Live Steam P.O. Box 629 Traverse City, MI 49685 (Steam engines of all kinds, on the Web, too) Model Engineer 4314 W. 238th St. Torrance, CA 90505 (Premier model making magazine, covers toy steam engines too) Modeltec P.O. Box 1226 St. Cloud, MN 56302 (All kinds of working modelssteam, gas engines, hot air, etc.) Steamboating Rt. 1, Box 262 Middlebourne, WV 26149 (For the steamboat connoisseur, all sizes, great reading!) Iron Men Album P.O. Box 328 Lancaster, PA 17608 (Old steam tractors and stationary engines, large classifieds) Engineers & Engines 1118 N. Raynor Ave. Joliet, IL 60435
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(Loaded with old engines and machinery, large classifieds) Steam & Gas Show Directory P.O. Box 328 Lancaster, PA 17603 (Lists all shows in Canada and U.S. This is a must have)

PENNSYLVANIA LIVE STEAMERS, INC. P.O. Box 26202 Collegeville, PA 19426


Welcome to the Pennsylvania Live Steamers, Inc. new home on the World Wide Web. After our humble start in the apple orchard in 1946, we celebrated our 50th anniversary in 1996 at our present location at Rahns, PA. The 5 acre club site has 1 1/2" (7.250" ga), 1" (4.750" ga), 3/4" (3.531" ga) 1/2" (2.500" ga) track on the ground, as well as a permanent Gauge 1 loop (1.750" ga). We are presently involved with a 2600 foot track expansion project for the 1" and 1 1/2" loops with the 185 foot trestle scheduled for installation in the summer of 1998. http://dept.physics.upenn.edu/shop/pls2.html

Info: http://www.webconx.com/engines.htm http://www.easystreet.com/pnwc/museum/steam_tech_basic.html http://www.howstuffworks.com/steam.htm http://lexitech.com/bobrich/steam.htm


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http://www.herbert2.demon.co.uk/works.htm http://www.backwoodshome.com/articles/goebel43.html http://www.webtech.co.uk/traction/links.htm http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/6914/ http://users.erols.com/jadf/njls/steam.html http://www.nmia.com/~vrbass/steam/stmonlin.htm http://www.suntherm.com/ http://www.sensiblesteam.com/ The White Cliffs Solar Steam Engine The Training Center - http://www.boiler-training.com/

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Steam Power

Home Click Here!

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UNIFLOW STEAM ENGINES USING MEXICAN BUTANE ARE A PRACTIC...APABLE OF BEING MADE IN BELIZE- Belize Development Trust

REPORT #39 Jan 1999 UNIFLOW STEAM ENGINES USING MEXICAN BUTANE ARE A PRACTICAL HOME MADE REAL GENERATOR POWER SOURCE CAPABLE OF BEING MADE IN BELIZE.
Produced by the Belize Development Trust Below is a list of machine tools for the shop and method of construction of a Uniflow Steam Engine system. ( Information collected from the fertile mind of retired Canadian Engineer Peter Singfield living the Mayan village of Xaibe in northern Belize.) MACHINE SHOP REQUIREMENTS A basic "prototype shop:
q

The lathe like I had in Montreal, was a 48 in centers, 8 inch over the table -- 16 with throat out -- full metric and NC threading -- 5/10,000 min accuracy. Automatic feeds of course but manual tail stock. This is your standard Taiwan copy of a 1895 Southbend -- but improved. Used to cost around $3000 new with 4 jaw and 3 jaw + couple face plates and live centers etc. Plus the tooling -- high speed steel for aluminum and brass and stainless steel. Carbides, boring bars, drill chuck for head stock. Tapered drills, reams -- well you know the list. Milling machine: Combination boring bar and vertical milling machine. Taiwan again -- round $2000. Again tooling. Metal Band saw -- 6 inch. can be used as a small bandsaw. Around $200. But get a couple of good bimetal blades ($50 each). One basic drill press. Air compressor -- I like to use surplus refrigeration compressors with high pressure storage -- like 250 PSI -- then regulated to user pressure. No variation in line pressure that way. electric welder -- AC/DC Torches/cutting torch Bench Grinder- Stone for grinding carbides. Numerous hand tools.

q q

q q q q

Anyway -- you get the idea -- to be able to build just about any device -What to build: The solar powered boiler -- Using Butane as the working fluid there is no need to concentrate the solar energy to "amplify" the operating temperature. Ergo -- the solar collector is just a hot water heater -- best would be aluminum roofing that we can "anodise" here. That will give better than 80% absorption efficiency. Anodised

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UNIFLOW STEAM ENGINES USING MEXICAN BUTANE ARE A PRACTIC...APABLE OF BEING MADE IN BELIZE- Belize Development Trust

aluminum being the best "black-surface". This is the solar facing side of your solar water heater. The "cold" side of this thermodynamic engine would be a simple copper tube immersed in this hot water bath. Here the pumped/circulating butane (liguid when coming in and vapour when coming out) would absorb the "heat" to reach vapour phase for that pressure. An incredible increase in volume. From here is goes to a simple "uni-flow" steam engines. From the exhaust of the Uniflow is goes to the hot side -- that is where the hot gets cooled. This can be in the shade under the solar collector or in a well. I did measurements. Black object easily reaches 145 deg. F, in the sun here. The shade is normally less than 95 F. That gives us a delta T (change in temperature) of 50 deg. Plenty!! Later I can show you the math -- that tells us how much H.P. we can get from what size solar collector. It works out very nice!! Uniflo engines were invented just before turbines became common. It was the highest efficiency "piston" steam engines ever built. Got lost when turbines were introduced. Present advantage -- easy to build here in Belize!! I plan to "cast" the cylinders from cast iron. A very cheap material here. Easy to make up a foundry for. Uniflow designs are really well suited for compression/pumping -- they were used exactly for that purpose turn of the century -- for refrigeration, pumping water, compressed air for mines -- etc. In these style applications very high efficiency as there is no need to convert from linear to rotary motion. In my prototype shop in Montreal I once designed and build a "linear" alternator. This is quite simple. I used a simple car altenator -- but instead of rotating the armature I simple passed it back and forth through the stationary fields -- along the axis. I had two bushings supporting it in the center so it could reciprocate 4 inches. If you do this at 3600 rpm you get 60 cycle AC current. There is a unique property in using steam (or butane vapour) in that to reverse direction no energy is expended (or very little lost) as in the uniflow design you simply compress part of the charge in the apposing cyclinder where the power of stopping is saved and given back when uncompressing into the other direction -- including the "power" of an injection of steam. And the list goes on and on --If you ever get down here we'll have fun!! Wait till I tell you about my ideas to make a "Air"
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UNIFLOW STEAM ENGINES USING MEXICAN BUTANE ARE A PRACTIC...APABLE OF BEING MADE IN BELIZE- Belize Development Trust

shotgun. Like a pellet gun but using 2000 PSI air pressure to fire a 12 gauge charge of pellets at around 900 ft per second!! I have a whole list of "third world" projects. That is devices that third world people not only would really like to have -- but could afford to buy. I built a prototype uniflow "contruction" compressor once that was powerd by a water/steam boiler fed by chopped up chunks of car tires. You know -- one car tire has 300,000 BTU of heat energy in it. And this thing does not "smoke". Thought it would be great for compressed air for jack hammers etc. This can also be applied to a very large hydraulic pump -- like in running a hydraulic shovel. Or to a meat freezer made out of a semi-trailer reefer rig. Simply substitute the uniflow pump for the reefer compressor. If I remember -- it would need about one 15 inch car tire per hour for full capacity. I also keep thinking of wave action power supplies. For those living by the sea. And I have a couple of ideas on how to make some simple egg-beater style "vertical" windmills for where there is steady winds. That is by casting chicken wire in ureathane high density foam inside of plastic molds. Oh -- no one is recycling the toms of plastic thrown into the garbage here. Yet every dump here has people practically living in them to scavage anything they can. Would be easy to make cheap recyled plastic here. Oh -- the list goes on -- if only people were more engineering oriented!! That is what happened in Taiwan you know. 50 years ago they were more backward than Belize -- a lot more -- then we started seeing all kinds showing up at McGill University in Montreal -- all taking Engineering courses. Hey Terry -- believe me -- that is the only answer to successful intrigration of third world into modern world -- a very good supply of young, sharp, engineers. Not more civil servants and clerks -- or even welders, mechanics, carpenters or clerks! But engineers!

July 6TH, 2001- 6 years later, someone else discovers the Belizean Butane Stirling Heat Engine in Miami ??

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UNIFLOW STEAM ENGINES USING MEXICAN BUTANE ARE A PRACTIC...APABLE OF BEING MADE IN BELIZE- Belize Development Trust

http://www.sterlingsolar.com/engines.htm STERLINGSOLAR.COM Renewable Resource Power Generation Solar Powerplants featuring Rotary Valved ORC Engines & Gravity Cycled Feedpumps Sterling-Gonzalez Rotary Valves convert refrigerant compressors into solar powered refrigerant-charged vapor engines. Sterling has developed a thermally driven powerplant comprised of a heat collector, an evaporator, an ORC rotary valved piston engine, a condenser, and Sterling's proprietary "gravity cycled feedpump". The Sterling-Gonzalez rotary valve converts off-the-shelf refrigerant compressors into refrigerant-charged steam engines. Sterling seeks energy related partners or investors to help get its prototypes to market. Licensing opportunities are available. 2 U.S. patents have been issued for Sterling's unique cycle. Several patents are pending for rotary valve technology, enabling common compressors to be converted into refrigerant-charged engines. Optional equipment includes electric generator, PTO, refrigeration & air conditioning compressors, irrigation pumps. Sterling does not make nor use Stirling engines (spelled differently) . What is An Organic Rankine Cycle Engine? A Rankine cycle is a closed circuit steam cycle. An "organic" Rankine cycle uses a heated chemical instead of steam. The chemicals include refrigerants, like freon, butane, ammonia, and the new "environmentally safe" refrigerants. Why use a refrigerant? A refrigerant boils at a temperature below the temperature of frozen ice. Solar heat, for example, of only 150 degrees Fahrenheit from a typical rooftop solar hot water heater, will furiously boil a refrigerant. The resulting high-pressure refrigerant vapor is then piped to the organic Rankine cycle engine. That's all that our refrigerant engine needs in order to make power. The exhaust vapor is recycled in our patented closed-circuit piping system. Sterling's thermal power plant is unique in that its recycling pump consumes heat, not power. The result is that the powerplant's engine can be 15-50% smaller.

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UNIFLOW STEAM ENGINES USING MEXICAN BUTANE ARE A PRACTIC...APABLE OF BEING MADE IN BELIZE- Belize Development Trust

Why is it called "organic"? "Organic" is a term used in chemistry to describe a class of chemicals that includes Freon and most of the other common refrigerants. There is nothing natural about freon. Refrigeration was discovered in an early experiment with ammonia. Although it is toxic to us when concentrated, it is non-ozone depleting, non-global warming, environmentally safe, and is cheap to buy. Ammonia is used in many modern refrigeration systems. It can be economically utilized in our ORC (organic Rankine cycle) heat engine. Sterling's power plant can use any refrigerant. What fuels an ORC heat engine? The refrigerant working fluid can be heated by almost any heat source. Solar, geothermal, waste heat, wood, propane. High temperatures aren't necessary. A garden hose reaches the required temperature. Can the engine run at night without solar energy ? 1.)The storage of thermal energy is as easy as storing an insulated tank of solar heated water. In limited situations, Sterling's patented low temperature heat sink thermal storage system stores the heat of the sun as ice. It's many times more compact than storing heated water. The ice is used when needed to make electricity. 2.)Storage batteries are always an option. 3.)A tank of propane is an inexpensive back-up solution. The propane is used to heat the refrigerant. 4.) Sterling Solar Power Plants make electricity, which can be used to produce hydrogen by electrolysis. Fuel cell, an up and coming technology, need hydrogen to make electricity. Sterling's thermal converters will be used to produce and store hydrogen. Upon demand, fuel cells will convert the stored hydrogen into power.
Back to Main Belize Development Trust Page

Maintained by

Ray Auxillou, Silvia Pinzon, MLS, and Marty Casado. Please email with suggestions or additions.

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Index of /2000/biofuel/babington

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MK_III_Babington_Bur..> 30-Aug-2004 21:22 MK_III_Babington_Bur..> 08-Aug-2004 22:21 Natures_Babington_No..> 30-Aug-2004 21:22 Natures_Babington_No..> 08-Aug-2004 22:21 SA_STEAM_ENGINE_FLYW..> 30-Aug-2004 21:23 SA_STEAM_ENGINE_FLYW..> 08-Aug-2004 22:21 SA_STEAM_ENGINE_FLYW..> 30-Aug-2004 21:23 SA_STEAM_ENGINE_FLYW..> 08-Aug-2004 22:21 _vti_cnf/ bab2_small.jpg bab3_small.jpg bab4_small.jpg bab5_small.jpg babingtonp1.jpg babingtonp1_small.jpg babingtonp2.jpg babingtonp2_small.jpg babingtonp3.jpg babingtonp3_small.jpg babingtonp4.jpg babingtonp4_small.jpg babingtonp5.jpg babingtonp5_small.jpg boiler1_small.jpg boiler2_small.jpg 30-Aug-2004 21:23 08-Aug-2004 22:20 08-Aug-2004 22:20 08-Aug-2004 22:20 08-Aug-2004 22:20 30-Aug-2004 21:21 08-Aug-2004 22:20 30-Aug-2004 21:21 08-Aug-2004 22:20 30-Aug-2004 21:22 08-Aug-2004 22:20 30-Aug-2004 21:22 08-Aug-2004 22:20 30-Aug-2004 21:22 08-Aug-2004 22:20 08-Aug-2004 22:20 08-Aug-2004 22:20

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Lamont-1

The Forgotten Lamont Boiler


23 April 1998 by George K. Nutz HISTORY Navy Lieutenant Commander Walter Douglas Lamont was a brilliant engineer who advanced the idea of parallel flow forced circulation non-drum boilers in the late 1920's. The idea was originally proposed and tested by Martin Benson in 1856 and later experimented with by the great Herreshoff, but it was Lamont that brought the idea to fruition. Lamont was a great patriot as well as an inventor, and he died a sudden and early death; the headlines proclaimed "Navy Man Dies of a Broken Heart" and "Nazis benefit from invention spurned by U.S.". The Lamont boiler concept was lighter, safer, with much higher rates of heat transfer and evaporation per square foot than standard water tube boilers of his time. A large Lamont boiler of 100,000 pounds per hour of evaporation could be started in 15-20 minutes from cold and was ideal for peak overload conditions and was unaffected by high water salt content. The Navy and U.S. companies were committed to the B&W type and had no interest in his designs. Over one thousand were built in Europe, mainly by Germany and also Japan. When WW II broke out many of the fastest German and Japanese ships used Lamont boilers, including the Bismark, and could outrun our fastest steamers. These lightweight fast steaming boilers were made in outputs of up to 500,000#/hr at 1,420psi and 942 degrees steam. Lamont was very depressed that his inventions were used by the enemy and shunned in the U.S. and this led to his early demise. OPERATING PRINCIPLES: The Lamont boiler is like a big Doble F boiler in that it has a large helical furnace wall and helical coils top and bottom. The furnace is large and the water in the coils is force circulated at more than 5 times full boiler output. Thus very high heat transfer and radiation rates can be designed for with complete safety as the tube walls are nailed to a temperature a few degrees higher than the steam-water saturation temperature. Heat absorption rates as high as 60,000BTU/ft.sq. for the entire boiler surface were possible and evaporation rates as high as 47#/ft.sq obtained. Compare that to a Doble F with exhaust turbine fan booster at highest output of 26,000BTU/ft.sq. and almost
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Lamont-1

20#/ft.sq. evaporated and running at the ragged edge of possible tube overheating. The price to pay is a small outside vertical drum with a small circulating pump of a few psi. pressure differential that does the forced circulation in the very high heat areas of the boiler. In a Doble or White the circulation ratio is nominally one, with pumps momentarily off, zero and with pumps catching up, possibly two. The great success to the White and Doble F boiler was a fast control system and massive amounts of feedwater available as these boilers had a safety time constant of 15-20 seconds. The Stanley had such storage and water mass that simple control systems and low pump capacity could be used safely as the boiler at full output had several minutes of reserve water capacity before the crown sheet and lower tube temperatures would rise substantially. The upper sections of the Lamont boiler (bottom fired) were basically stacks of spiral coils cooled by incoming feedwater a la Doble. LAMONT ADVANTAGES: Very high heat transfer rates safely available, large reserve capacity due to water in vertical drum, simple control systems adequate with safety, forced circulation until drum runs dry (a pressure differential safety switch on the circulation pump can shut off fire), low carbon inexpensive lightweight thinwall tubing can be used with complete safety, large firebox allows for 45-50% of all heat transfer to be absorbed in fire box by radiation; this allows less spiral coil stacks needed for complete heat transfer and lower blower horsepower for convective heat transfer. Up to two minute time constant requiring smaller water pumping capacity, less tubing length and weight than a Doble F, virtually no salt or carbon buildup on inner tube walls as there is always considerable water in circulation to take everything back to the vertical drum and blown out of the bottom, no scale trap necessary for same reason (Abner Doble pointed out that deposits only occurred at the very end of the evaporation zone where there was no liquid and required periodic sandblast removal). Balanced radiant/convective superheater gives balanced output temperature under all load conditions and precludes the need of a normalizer system. Can be top or bottom fired with little design change. LAMONT DISADVANTAGES: Requires a small vertical external drum and the power to drive a small recirculating pump with high pressure pump seals. I have designed a small Lamont boiler for a
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Lamont-1

member of our club that could be used for car or boat so that we could have comparisons of its performance compared to a 20HP Stanley boiler, a 4OHP White boiler, and a Doble F 75HP boiler (electric blower without turbobooster). OUR SMALL LAMONT DESIGN: Member Rod Teel has agreed to build the prototype design for his future boat; it will have a 6gph. #1 oil firing rate derated from its total capacity of 8GPH. His design that has taken over 100 hours of theoretical heat transfer and stress analysis, uses 285 feet of tubing, has a total heating surface of 40sq.ft. (the Stanley has 100, White 46, Doble 80sq.ft.). The Stanley, if 14 inches in height, has 800 feet of tubing, the White 243 feet, the Doble F 558 feet. This Lamont boiler will be 22"0D and 28" high and weight with casing and burner a hopeful 325 pounds including the eight inch vertical drum. It should have a 80% thermal efficiency (the Stanley with 4GPH firing rate had 78%, the White with 48# gasoline/hour=8 gallons appears to have had 70%, the Doble F with a 78#/hr=13GPH had 80% efficiency. Again the small Lamont boiler should weigh all up 325#, the Stanley 500#+, the White 40HP 315# and the Doble F 484#. A comparison of heat transfer efficiency per square foot reveals the 20HP Stanley (with a 4GPH firing rate that some have pushed to 6GPH) has a heat rate of 4,200 BTU/HR/FTSQ. and evaporation rate of 3.2#/HR/FTSQ. without economizer. The White had a heat rate of 14,300 BTU/HR/FTSQ and evaporation rate of 10.6#/HR/ FTSQ with feedwater heater. The Doble F without the exhaust turbobooster had a heat transfer rate of 15,400BTU/HR/FTSQ and a evaporation rate of 11#/HR/FTSQ. The comparative Lamont has a heat rate of 21,400BTU/HR/FTSQ and an evaporation rate of 18#/HR/FTSQ. This is with a steam rate of 326#/hr for the Stanley, 488#/hr for the White, 886#/hr for the Doble F, and 700#/hr for the small Lamont. Let us look at another comparison where we compare the evaporation rate per pound of boiler weight. The Stanley evaporates 0.66# water per pound of boiler weight, the White 1.55#/#, the Doble F 1.83#/# and the proposed Lamont 2.2#/# boiler weight. I stress that the Stanley boiler and Doble F boiler were capable of increased output with modified burners and higher heat release, I mentioned the maximum Doble F performance on page one. Please forgive typographical mistakes and possible errors in data; I would certainly enjoy input from those of you closer to the cars and their data, so I could correct any mistakes made.

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BOILER COMPARISONS

BOILER TYPE

20 HP STANLEY

40 HP WHITE 315+#

75 HP DOBLE 484+#

LAMONT

BOILER WEIGHT COMPLETE TUBING LENGTH

500+#

325+#

800 FT

243 FT

558 FT

6GPH 250 8GPH 285

TOTAL HEATING AREA FIRING RATE FUEL TYPE STEAM RATE #/ HR THERMAL EFFICIENCY HEAT TRANSFER RATE 1000 BTU SQFT /HR EVAPORATION SQFT /HR EVAPORATION # BOILER WEIGHT APPROX SIZE DIA X HEIGHT RESERVE CAPACITY CIRCULATION

100 SQFT

46 SQFT

80 SQFT

8GPH 40 SQFT

4GPH /27#/ HR KERO 326 78 % 4,200

8 GPH /48# GASOLINE 488 70 % 14,300

13 GPH /78# GASOLINE 886 80 % 15,400

8 GPH /55# KERO 750 80 % 21,400

3.2 .66 23 DX 30 H

10.6 1.55 22 DX 24 H

11.1 1.83 23 DX 32 H

18.0 2.2 22 X 28 H PLUS 8" DRUM

LARGEST POOR

LEAST 1

MEDIUM 1

LARGE 5

I certainly believe the Lamont design has it over the other examples in simplicity of
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controls with higher heat transfer and water evaporation rates with less boiler weight, with almost absolute safety. One of the German boilers ran over 60,000 hours without maintenance including pump and seals. It does not require special tubing (the superheater is stainless) and as heat storage reserve is contained in the drum thin wall tubing can be used. Another advantage is that the entrance of steam/water mixture to the vertical drum is of tangential design giving the steam and water a centrifuge affect that acts as a dryer and aids in the forced circulation effect as the water inlet to the circulating pump is also tangential. I have refrained from using finned tubing as any malfunction of the burner can soot and clog finned tubing very quickly and none of us when on the road or water would want to deal with this situation. Several modern very high tech boilers have been built with finned tubing of ultra low weight with ultra fast control systems and I wonder how truly safe there were under fast load fluctuating conditions. The simplicity of the Lamont design and its advantages are worth consideration. On the next page will be a diagram of a Lamont peak load boiler, this boiler being very large did not have a helical coil in the firebox wall, but a continuously folded vertical wall of several parallel tubes.

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The last page is an artists conception of a small Lamont.

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Its all the same theory, circulate it all at 5-10 times boiler output and its perfectly safe! Back to Papers

Steamboats Forum

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Tesla

TURBINE
News Report

TESLA TURBINE

#393
Copyright 1996 - 2003

TESLA TURBINE

#393
Copyright 1996 - 2003

TESLA TURBINE

#393
Copyright 1996 - 2003

TESLA TURBINE

#393
Copyright 1996 - 2003

TESLA TURBINE

#393
Copyright 1996 - 2003

TESLA TURBINE

#393
Copyright 1996 - 2003

Photos a customer sent in of his Turbine

TESLA TURBINE

#393
Copyright 1996 - 2003

Electronic Projects

* LED3X Solar Tracker


A simple, accurate, low cost, single axis electronic solar tracker based on using green LEDs as photovoltaic light sensors.

* LED4 Solar Tracker with Simple Charge Controller


A simple, accurate, low cost, single axis electronic solar tracker based on using green LEDs as photovoltaic light sensors.

Electronic Projects
Last modified on 20040125 Go back to Red Rock Energy. Actuator Brad's-Trough CDS Sensor Tracker Chace Tracker Charger Charging Temperature Damage Rich DeMartile Diversion1 Efficiency EWB IO LED Solar Trackers MPPT Demoing my Tracker at the MREA Energy Fair New LED Solar Tracker NREL Maps Patent5622078 Making PC Boards PWM Relay Tracker Shunt1 Shunt2 Shunt3 Solar Trackers Surface Mount Codebook Terminals
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Electronic Projects

Tracker Economics Traxle TriPod Mount Under-voltage.


ewb

Electronics Workbench

I use Electronics Workbench Personal Edition. This program includes circuit design cad, simulation, and auto routing PC layout. I also use PSPICE at Unisys which has more capabilities but costs 6 times as much and needs to be renewed yearly.
pcb

Making PC Boards
apc

AP Circuits Canada Prototype Printed Circuit Board Fabrication Since 1988


twinstar

Twin Star Inc. Excelant 1 day turn around policy for prototype quantities. And their local to me. 4"x10" $100
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Electronic Projects

10"x10" $175 What a deal!


trc

TRC Circuits These guys make boards for me when large quantities are needed.
olimex

OLIMEX Ltd. 89 Slavjanska St., P.O.Box 237, Plovdiv 4000 Bulgaria Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Prototypes
expresspcb

ExpressPCB They give you a proprietary PC board cad program that allows quick turn around board processing. The program is easy to use if not overly simplistic. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Prototypes
far
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Electronic Projects

FAR CIRCUITS Printed Circuit Boards Thy make double sided non plated through service. No email! Custom boards may be made for $.50 square inch or $4.00 minimum per board for single sided, etched, drilled and solder coated. Custom double sided non-plated through holes, etched, drilled and solder coated boards may be made for $.75 per square inch or $6.00 minimum per board. A clear film negative is required for custom boards. Film from camera ready artwork is $8.00 per shot based on 8" x 10" film per shot. Quantity pricing available. Far Circuits reserves the right to change the pricing based on the complexity of the board.

smd

SMD Codebook

I generally design circuitry that uses surface mount soldering techniques. This link has a wealth of information about surface mount package shape and connection information.

This program is intended to serve as a guide to the manipulation of data that supports the concepts and methodology for developing surface mount land patterns that are identified in IPC-SM-782, "Surface Mount Design and Land Pattern Standard".

io

8 Bit I/O.

Prototype of an 8 Bit Experimental Bit Serial I/O.


I needed a universal I/O device for my computers. I had several requirements:
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Electronic Projects

1. The ports may need to be as much as 2000 ft from the computer. 2. Ideally the I/O ports need to be easily expandable from the same control output. 3. Speed should be medium. Capable of up to several thousand bytes per second.

With these requirements in mind, and some others, I decided on a variation of National Semiconductors "Micro Wire"(TM). In general this is called a "bit serial" interface. The interface is composed of shift registers connected in series. Each port is in a chain. Data bits are sent down the chain through the shift registers for output. Input data bits are similarly sent down the chain to be inputted into the computer. My standard bit serial I/O consists of 6 wires. The wires for the standard version use an RJ11-6 6 conductor flat telephone type cable. I also have a simplified 4 wire version. This 4 wire version is predominantly used for output devices only. Pins 5 and 6 are not used. This version eliminates the data input channel and has no self powering capability. Bit Serial Pin Designations.
Pin Color Name # 6 Blue Interface power 5 Yellow Serial Data Bit In 4 Serial Data Bit Green Out 3 Red Serial Clock 2 Black Data Strobe 1 White Ground

In some cases the printer port can supply all the power needed to run the interface.

IO
Bit Serial Interface Schematic.

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Electronic Projects

Diagram of RJ11-6 Connector.


RJ11-6 Interface Data Input -------------------------| ------------------------ | || W B R G Y B || || h l e r e l || || i a d e l u ||
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RJ11-6 Printer Port Adapter RJ11-6 Loop Through Connector -------------------------| ------------------------ | || B Y G R B W || || l e r e l h || || u l e d a i ||

Electronic Projects

|| t c e l e || || e k n o || ||-w -- | || | 1 2 3 4 5 6 | | | ----| | | | | | ---------| -------------------------View from the Cable side

|| e l e c t || || o n k e || | -w -- | | | 6 5 4 3 2 1 | | | ----| | | | | | ---------| -------------------------View from the Cable side

Cable to Plug Arrangement.


When choosing or building the cables that connect the computer and I/O boards together make sure they are the strait through type. In other words the cable has NO TWISTS in it. ________________ 6 Conductor < | | | Blue 6| Flat Cable > | | | Yellow 5|_______________< | | | Green 4| > | | | Red 3|_______________< | | | Black 2| No Twists > |_|___|___White_1| < > ______________ 6 Conductor < |___| RJ11-6 | Flat Cable > _| PLUG |_______________< |________________|________________> \ \ No Twists < \ \ > \ \ < -> < ________________ > |6 Blue | | | <___|5 Yellow | | | > |4 Green | | | <___|3 Red | | | > |2 Black | | | < |1_White___|___|_| > < ______________ > | RJ11-6 |___| <___| PLUG |_ >__|________________| < / / > / / < / / > --

Connection Diagram.
------------| |
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Electronic Projects

| |

| |------+ <-------------| | ------------| | I/O Board |------+ <-| Highest | | Addressed |------+ <-------------| | ------------| | I/O Board |------+ <-| Middle | | Addressed |------+ <-------------| | ------------| | I/O Board |------+ <-| Lowest | | Addressed |XXX <-------------- ^----------

Computer

Parallel Port Adapter

Interface Data Input Loop Through Connector

Interface Data Input Loop Through Connector

Interface Data Input Loop Through Connector Terminator

The Terminator, XXX, is built by connecting the Pin 4 Green and Pin 5 Yellow wires together in an RJ11-6 plug in the last I/O device in a string. Bit Serial Sequence of Operation.
1. Put one bit on the data bit out line. 2. Bring the data clock line high and then low. 3. Repeat until all the output data is shifted to the registers. 4. Bring the strobe line high and then low. The strobe line does double duty. It latches the output data into the output registers and drivers. It also clocks input data into the input shift registers that will be shifted in later. The first input bit is already present on the computer serial data bit input line. 5. Bring the data clock line high and then low. 6. Input each bit in turn. 7. As a check of the output continue to read in a copy of the output bits.
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Electronic Projects

8. As a check of the input reread the input twice.

Of course the faster the computer the faster the data can be transferred. This picture shows the RJ11-6 glued down. The next revision has the connectors soldered down in the normal surface mounted way.
movers

Satellite Dish Linear Actuator Driver.

Prototype of Bit Serial Quad Satellite Actuator Driver.


I needed to drive satellite dish type actuators for positioning components of my heliostats. I decided to design the interface such that it drives the most common, read cheap, types of these actuators. These generally have either limit switches or overrun clutches to prevent damage to the drive train. Another trait is the use of a single counter switch. The satellite actuators can draw upwards of 15 Amps when in overrun. This takes a robust transistor. I have chosen 30 Amp P and N channel power MOSFETs in a true high voltage CMOS H bridge configuration. The implementation can drive 4 actuators continuously without overheating, not even warm, not even in hot weather. The driver consists of an "exclusive or" gate driving the bridge. One input is from the computer software and the other is from the feedback actuator read switch. The job of the exclusive or gate is to apply power to the actuator motor driver until the condition of the feedback switch is the same as the movement bit from the computer. This process allows the computer to move the actuator in small single steps. The direction the actuator travels is determined by enabling pairs of transistors in the H bridge. One pair for movement outward and the other pair for movement inward. The computer keeps track of the position and the direction of the last movement. The computer repeatedly sends direction and movement commands to the four drivers. This action causes smooth and even movements to all actuators. The software makes all the actuators move in a manner such that they will all arrive at the required position simultaneously. This in effect makes the rate of movement of the actuators that need to move a small amount less than the actuators that need to move a large amount. My software can drive more than one of these driver boards so any number of actuators may be used. Neat huh!
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Electronic Projects

actuator

I've been compiling some data about the currently available linear actuators. I'm presenting the data here. I am also working on a simplified driver based on a PIC16C715 micro controller by MicroChip. It will be small and have over current protection.
terminals

Terminals.

Power Transistor Terminals.


The arrows in this picture point to examples of power transistors used as output terminals. The terminals are composed of two power transistors mounted vertically and back to back. Since they dissipate so little power they don't need heat sinks. The machine screw is used to clamp conventional spade terminals between the two transistors. I use hot melt glue to hold the nut in place. This picture shows the RJ11-6 telephone wire connection. There is also another RJ11-6 connector on the other end of the board. The second connector is used to connect to other boards. If this board is the last in the string a dummy data turn around jumper, or terminator, is used. This picture shows the RJ11-6 glued down. The next revision has the connectors soldered down in the normal surface mounted way.
led tracker

Tracker
sunpath

Sunpath diagram.
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Electronic Projects

carter

* SunSeeker Project
David Carter's PIC based solar tracker. Carter uses the a method that acquires the sun by alternately panning in azimuth then elevation.
demartile

* "Rich DeMartile" <rich_demartile@prodigy.net> * has a schematic of a solar tracker and mount based on a pair of CdS photo cells.
peterthinks

* "Peterthinks" <Peterthinks@hotmail.com> has made a solar tracker using RC servos. The system has a
tracker based on BEAM technology. The beam circuits powered the RC servos. The tracker used only the power of the sun to move.
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Electronic Projects

tag

* The Analog Guy Solar Trackers:


ST2-48V5A SINGLE & DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKER 56V 5A MAX ST2-12V DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKER 18V 0.5A MAX One of my competiters.
jamesley

Jamesley Dasse's Solar Tracker


Jamesley made this 2 axis PV solar tracker for a college project. His professor requires that he use a stepper motor drive. I designed a preliminary circuit for him to use. This circuit doesn't have rotation limits yet.

Electronics

Front View

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Electronic Projects

Stepper Drive

Rear View

LED7 Solar Tracker Schematic


relay cds

Cadmium Sulfide Relay Tracker Schematic.

CdS1
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Electronic Projects

This is about the simplest tracker I know of. It uses a Radio Shack 275-249A. Adjust the sensitivity of the CdS cells with a Sharpie permanent marker as described bellow, in the Chace tracker. The picture tells it all. This tracker is not as accurate as the electronic tracker but quite sufficient for use with PV panels.
limitops

How Limit Switches Operate

Limit switches are essential for servo motor operation with solar trackers. I made this diagram to help explain how they work. Top. Normal operation between limit switches. Middle. The left limit switch has opened to stop movement to the left. To move to the right again the diode conducts current that allows movement to the right. Bottom. The right limit switch has opened to stop movement to the right. To move to the left again the diode conducts current that allows movement to the left. Sellect a diode or rectifier rated at the maximum motor current plus some margine. Also the voltage should be at leat 100V and preferably 200V. Needles to say, the limit switch must operate before the mechanical limits are reached. If the mechanical stop is reached before the switch the motor can draw quite high currents and can destroy the solar tracker.
led1

LED1 LED Sensor Relay Tracker Schematic.


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Electronic Projects

LED1 I have been looking for truly low cost and yet accurate conventional solar trackers. The CdS tracker is pretty good but lacks accuracy and sensitivity. I was thinking about using PV cells as the sensor. I was experimenting with LEDs and noticed they generate voltage in sunlight. Bingo! This got me to thinking. They generate quite a bit of voltage. The green ones generate about 1.65V, some as much a 1.74V. Not the piddley .55 volts of a silicon PV cell. How is this so? Well, it turns out green LEDs are made from Gallium Phosphide, a semiconductor with a much higher bandgap voltage. I thought I had invented the use of LEDs as PV cells as I had never heard of this effect before. Well, after some investigating I found a number of references to this. The guys that had done the most work in this area were the people form the "BEAM" project. They make tiny
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Electronic Projects

solar powered robots and some used LED photo sensors. I had been using a very low threshold MOSFET in a TO-92 package, BS107P. The threshold is about 1.5V. If I put two LEDs back to back, one fighting the other, the one with more light intensity wins. I thought I could use this to switch the MOSFET. And it worked. By using one LED as a sort of power supply and the back to back pair connected from it to the MOSFET gate the circuit is complete. (This I have not seen elsewhere.) My implementation uses three power supply LEDs, aimed East, Up, and West. The sensor LEDs are aimed about 90 degrees from each other and at about 45 degrees either side of up. Of course the easterly pair will be a little to the east and the westerly pair a little to the west. This makes the center have a dead zone where tracking stops. The circuit is quite sensitive. It brings the panel back to the east just after sun rise. The accuracy is quite good. You can calibrate the sensor by bending or aiming the LEDs a bit.
led2

LED2 LED Sensor Relay Tracker Schematic.

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Electronic Projects

LED2 Circuit 1 tends to chatter the relays under certain lighting conditions as there is no built in hysteresis. This version uses a Schmitt trigger hex inverter circuit to eliminate the chatter. It works better but is more complex.
led5 led5s5v

LED5S5V Simplified LED low power tracker.

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Electronic Projects

LED5S5V I was looking for a much lower cost tracker for low power applications. One of these applications is a small lighting heliostat. This circuit uses small switching transistors. The maximum motor drive current is limited to about 250mA maximum at 5V. I've tested the circuit on voltages from 3V to 21V. With some component changes it should be useful to 63V in a 36V PV panel system although I haven't tried this yet. With higher voltage and the use of heat sinks on the bridge transistors much higher currents should be possible. The parts cost is very low. Parts cost estimated using Digikey prices. Ok, you can get stuff from the surplus stores but I will stick with Digikey. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2N2222 NPN transistor 2N2907 PNP transistor 91 Ohm 1/2 W resistor 5 KOhm 1/4 W resistor 22 nF capacitor 4 4 2 2 1 @ @ @ @ @ $0.21 $0.21 $0.06 $0.06 $0.08 = = = = = $0.84 $0.84 $0.12 $0.12 $0.08

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6. LED Green Lumex SSL-LX5093LGT 2 @ $0.12 = $0.24 Total = $2.24 $2.24, is this cheap enough?
led5s12v

LED5S12V Simplified LED low power tracker.

LED5S12V 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 2N2222 NPN transistor 2N2907 PNP transistor 750 Ohm 1/2 W resistor 47 KOhm 1/4 W resistor 100 KOhm 1/4 W resistor 22 nF capacitor LED Green Lumex SSL-LX5093LGT 4 4 2 2 2 1 2 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ $0.21 $0.21 $0.06 $0.06 $0.06 $0.08 $0.12 = = = = = = = $0.84 $0.84 $0.12 $0.12 $0.12 $0.08 $0.24

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Electronic Projects

Total = $2.36
led5connections

LED5 Connections
2l003

Grainger 2L003 Gear Motor This is a 12VDC gear motor from Grainger's. This controller works well with the 2L003. This motor is an off the shelf motor from Grainger's. Stock number 2L003. It's rated for .45 RPM at 50 In Lbs. The motor current is less than 100mA at 12V and about 50mA at 5V.
tamiya

Tamiya has a number of Model Gear boxes. The motors supplied are rated for about 3V. They draw a bit to much current for the 2N2222-2N2907 driver transistors.
led3

LED3 LED Sensor Electronic Tracker with H-Bridge Drive.

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LED3 I decided to make a commercial surface mount PC board using the LED2 sensor concept. It is quite sensitive and can track to a few degrees of accuracy in bright sunlight. If a blocking shadow is used the accuracy is better then 1/4 degree, that's about as good as you can get with an active feedback sensor. The board is a tiny .7"x1.4". This circuit uses power MOSFET drivers and is designed to operate satellite dish linear actuators, however most any DC motor can be used. The power drivers are capable of delivering about 10 amps of peak current, maybe more. When better transistors become available this current can be increased. The drivers operate the actuators in pulses of about .3 second every 3 seconds or a 10% duty cycle. This eliminates the needed for a heat sink on the transistors. Neat huh! I haven't decided if 10% is the best duty cycle to use. Less will make the tracking slower but, we don't need speed anyway. I will determine this when I get better weather. Slow tracking speed helps in partly cloudy condition. This prevents the tracker from making unnecessary movements when clouds move by. No electrical adjustments are required. The LEDs can be mechanically adjusted for optimum tracking performance by aiming them after the circuit board is mounted.
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led3shadow

To improve accuracy, ie. with concentrators such as troughs or dishes, a blocking shadow can be placed in front. The shadow just covers the two inner LEDs when aimed at the sun. Similar to the shadow on the Chace Tracker. I have used a band of metal about .5" in width at about 6" from the LED3. If the LED3 is used for E-W tracking the band is oriented N-S. Conversely, if the LED3 is used for N-S tracking the band is oriented E-W. The shadow device is not particularly critical. For instance, I have used black electrical tape on the weather dome and it worked well.
led3specifications

Power Supply Voltage

8 Volts to 22 Volts inclusive. The 8V minimum is specified to prevent damage to the MOSFET power drivers. The damage is due to operating them in the linear region with a load. This causes excessive power to be dissipated in the MOSFET with a resultant damaging temperature rise. The 22 volt maximum is defined by the voltage tolerance of 24V protection zener. This zener protects the power MOSFETs from seeing damaging breakdown voltages. During testing I had several failures when operating from a car battery while the alternator was running. It was determined that the alternator was producing voltage spikes in excess of the 30V breakdown specification of the MOSFETs. The 24V zener has an initial tolerance of 5%. So the maximum continuous voltage that can be applied before conduction can occur is 22.8V or so. Most PV panels don't output more than 22V in open circuit. You should check for sure. If they do go to high in voltage a simple power regulator should be added to limit the maximum voltage.

Load Current Continuous 5 Amp resistive. The power MOSFETs are rated at over 10A at 25F. A conservative derating of 50% is prudent especially in hot weather conditions.

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Load Current Intermitant 10 Amp intermitant at 10mS width once per timing cycle. The Power MOSFETs have an absolute maximum current rating of 30A, but this is with ideal conditions where the temperature is 25F and very fast gate rise times. The LED3 has a relatively slow gate rise time and may be operated at quite high temperatures sue to the weather. I think 10A at about 10mS is adequate for normal tracking applications. If higher current motors are required a power amplifier may be needed. See: http://www.redrok.com/electron.htm#power I should note that the satellite dish actuator I use normally consumes about 290mA of current at 13.8VDC. This actuator is capable of driving a 15' dish with 1500lb of force. You don't need a high powered drive, just a slow forceful one. Think slow! Operating Temperature -40F to 185F or -40C to 85C

The circuit board and sensor assembly of the Chace tracker. The circuit is not water proof so a protective plastic dome is needed. I have used 2 liter clear plastic soda bottles. They last a long time, at least 5 years for one I have used, probably a lot more. This circuit will fit into the 20 Oz. size. The plastic bottle chosen needs to have a round bottom, the type that comes with the black plastic bottom which is removed. The type with the molded in feet don't work very well as they diffract the light too much. Glass jars are even worse optically if looking through the bottom. Any one out there with a good idea for a better weather dome? In Minnesota I have snow that builds up on the top of the dome. This snow is quite reflective and can confuse the sensors as to the correct direction for the brightest portion of the sky when in the sky is overcast. It's easy to just brush the snow of but this is not always timely. I have experimented with putting black opaque paper inside the dome to eliminate the light from the snow. Another paper light blocker can be put under the sensors to stop the reflected light from the snow on the ground.
dome

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Dome on Chace tacker This weather dome is made from a 2 liter pop bottle.
jiff

I have tried and like using plastic Jiff Peanut jars

Jiff peanut butter jar with only the lid.

Jiff peanut butter jar.


dcb

DCB's implementation of the LED3 tracker with Pyrex Weather Dome.


This dome is made from an unusual deep style Petri dish.

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East View

West View

Assembled

Long View

Top View Without Dome View From Below The Base


doc

Doc's implementation of the LED3 tracker with a Fruit Jar Weather Dome.
Doc emailed this to me: The power produced from the system is run to the main house. In the house, the 120 volt service is connected to its own fuse box to run all of my 120 volt stuff. The LED3 increased the output of the 4 panel array by 50%, as compared to the output of an identical 4 panel array mounted on the roof. During mid-day, the power output of my system bulk charges the batteries and the C40 disconnects the solar panels to keep from overcharging the batteries. This never occurred before I installed the LED3. This is great!!
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PV Panel LED3 in Fruit Jar PV Panel

Power Controller

Panel with LED3


danbennet

Back of Mount

Battery Pack

Dan Bennet's Dish.


12 foot parabolic dish with 10,300 1" pieces of mirrors on it. It weighs around 1,200 lbs with the boiler .
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LED3 in Fruit Jar


wolfendale

Martin Wolfendale's implementation of the LED3 tracker with a machined plastic Weather Dome.
Martins PV panel mount is homemade and looks very nice. He is in Austrailia so things might seem a bit reversed to us northerners.

Overall View

Closer

Mount and Connections

Wearher Dome in Upper Corner

Closeup of Weather Dome

LED3
gary

Gary <gposavad@home.com> has suggested making the dome from Lexan. He wrote:
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Electronic Projects

It's fairly easy to make a perfect dome out of Lexan. Make a 2 piece mould out of whatever you can find that's the right size. Heat up a piece of Lexan in your oven at about 200F for about 5 min. Put it on the mould and press and release. Trim off the excess after it cools. If you want really good optics leave room in the mould for a piece of flannel on each side. Scratches are polished out with toothpaste. I Got this from EAA Sport Aviation to make nice wing tip strobe light covers.
mrea2001

Demo of my tracker at the 2001 Midwest Renewable Energy Fair

Look at all the people

Having fun igniting sticks of wood at the prime focus of the dish. That flash of white is smoke after about a second. It also melts holes in aluminum cans in about a second.

A small Stirling engine mounted where the electronics used to be on the small PrimeStar dish. Reflective Mylar was glued to the surface.

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The north view


mrea2002

View from the SE. This mount is similar to that of a Poulek Traxle. This mount is very sturdy compared to the conventional Daisy mount.

Demo of my trackers at the 2002 Midwest Renewable Energy Fair


led5dlighting led5spv

Solar trackers Two "Receiver Axis" heliostats Lighting "Receiver Axis" heliostat with dual axis LED5D5V solar tracker. Small PV Panel with LED5S5V solar tracker. This one is powered from the PV panel it controls.

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bisectordrive led5ddome

Dual axis LED5D5V solar tracker on Back of large "Receiver Axis" heliostat. Bisector Drive on large "Receiver Axis" large "Receiver Axis" heliostat. heliostat.
mrea2003

Demo of my trackers at the 2003 Midwest Renewable Energy Fair


mrea2003ledtv1c mrea2003ledtv1b mrea2003ledtv1&dome

mrea2003trackers

Prototype LEDTV1 solar tracker. The weather dome is a Lexan canister I got A bevy of 4 solar trackers and mounts. at Wall-Mart. The tracker is based on a MicroChip PIC12F675 8 pin microprocessor.

Prototype LEDTV1 solar tracker. In this case it drives an Alliance U-100 Tenna Rotor TV antenna rotator. This setup charged 2 junk car batteries to operate both this and the dish trackers.

Prototype LEDTV1 solar tracker. In this case it drives a Cornell Dubillar ham radio antenna rotator. It was great fun cooking mini killbasas on the Primestar dish.

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mrea2003smallpv

mrea2003heliostat

Lighting "Receiver Axis" heliostat Small PV Panel with LED5S12V solar with dual axis LED5D12V solar tracker. This one is powered from the tracker. This heliostat continuously small PV panel it tracks and supplies illuminated my Red Rock sign. power to it and the LED5D12V heliostat tracker.
ledshex3

The Red Rock Energy sign. I apologise for not taking the picture earlier because my tent was blocking the light.

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LED3 Schematic
ledshex3layout

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Layout
ledshex3molex

Molex Connector The tracker consists of pairs of LED photo sensors. Each pair controls the voltage applied to one terminal of the actuator motor.
led3operation

When the easterly pair says go west the minus terminal is grounded. When the westerly pair says go west the positive terminal is connected to plus and we get westerly movement. Or vise versa for easterly movement When they disagree then either both motor terminals are grounded or have plus on them, and we get no movement. There are four operational states for the sensors to be in. Each LED pair tends to move the tracker East or West. An LED pair tends to move to the West or An LED pair tends to move to the East. Each of the LED pairs controls one side of the H-bridge. LED Pair 1-3 LED Pair 2-4 H-bridge Left H-bridge Right Movement
West West East East West East West East Low Low High High High Low High Low Move West Stopped Stopped Move East

Note! Unlike most H-Bridge drivers where both sides are always driving the load this circuit has independent drives for each side. This
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allows the motor to stop when both sides are high or low. The motor moves when they are different. In addition, both sides have the top MOSFETs turned off most of the time until the clock enables movement by periodically pulling R9 and R11 low. Q3 and Q4 form a gated level shifter. To see how this driver works think of the bottom end of R9 and R11 being grounded when the top transistor is to be enabled. Also the driver for the left side are inverted from the driver on the right side. This is a method for returning the tracker to the east, for parking, if R2 and R3 are used. This way Q1A will be enabled and Q2B will be on when in the dark.
parking

In cloudy or overcast weather the tracker seeks the brightest part of the sky. At night it moves to the easterly parking position. The parking position puts the panel at a steep angle so night time snow doesn't accumulate as much in the winter. A westerly parking position is obtained by mounting the tracker upside down and reversing the leads to the actuator motor.
power

Some have expressed an interest in driving high powered loads beyond the capabilities of the H-Bridge driver transistors. To this end I developed several high powered driver circuits, (actually their almost the same circuit as in the relay trackers).
relaydc1

RelayDC1
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Relay circuit that uses DC relays with 12VDC coils. The DC motor in this case is a permanent magnet type that is reversible.
relayac1

RelayAC1 Relay circuit that uses AC relays with 12VDC coils. The AC motor in this case is a capacitor run type.
relayac2

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RelayAC2 Relay circuit that uses AC Solid State relays with 3 to 32 VDC control inputs. The AC motor in this case is a capacitor run type.
led3manual

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LED3Manual Some have expressed an interest in adding a switch to manually move the array for test purposes. One of these two circuits, when added between the tracker and actuator, will allow manual movement. The first circuit has a fast and slow position. The second circuit is slow only but simpler.

For Sale
I have the tracker available for sale for $35.00us fully assembled. This includes the power connector and 5 pins (an extra pin just in case). Shipping & handling in the US is $1.00us for any number of trackers. Shipping to most foreign countries with air mail it's $2.00us for any number of trackers. I accept checks and funds in US DOLLARS ONLY.
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Electronic Projects

Postal Address:

Red Rock Energy Duane C. Johnson <redrok@redrok.com> 1825 Florence St. White Bear Lake, Minnesota 55110-3364 USA
I also have a PayPal account, add $1.00us when using PayPal (already done when you click the correct PayPal logo. PayPal accepts moneys in your countries currency and pays me in my countries currency. To get the current exchange rate see:
currency

Currency Converter.
paypalled3us

LED3 Tracker shipped INSIDE the US using PayPal. $37us


paypalled3world

LED3 Tracker shipped WORLDWIDE using PayPal. $38us A kit of all parts is available for $20.00us. However I don't recommend this. See above for shipping & handling and the use of checks or PayPal. The assembly of the tiny surface mount parts is not trivial and only but the most experienced should attempt it. Soldering is done with solder paste and a low wattage temperature controlled iron set to 650F. I will not be responsible for fixing an assembly not done by me. You buy the kit at your own risk. Sorry.
paypalled3kitus

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Electronic Projects

LED3 Tracker Kit shipped INSIDE the US using PayPal. $22us


paypalled3kitworld

LED3 Tracker Kit shipped WORLDWIDE using PayPal. $23us Since I do the assembling variations can be easily made for such things as a change in the timing of the oscillator for other duty cycles or to disable the parking feature. I am currently selling the assembled units without the parking feature.
assemblyled3

Assembly Instructions for the LED3.


opperatingled3

Operating Instructions for the LED3.


led3energy

The circuit draws about 2.5mA when idling and 3.5mA when moving the actuator. It can operate at temperatures to -40F or up to 158F. Its designed to operate from a 12V lead acid power source. I use a 36V actuator on 12V. The daily energy consumed is quite small. My actuator draws about 290mA and can go from stop to stop and back in about 5 minutes. So: (.0025A * 24hr/day + (.290A + .001A) * 5min/day / 60min/hr) * 13.8V = 1.16Whr/day Or less than 2Whr/day, which is pretty small. A very small 3W or even a 1W PV panel and small gel cell lead acid battery is a good combination for the power source to run the system. I intend that this circuit will supplant the Chace tracker as its simpler to build and adjust. For two axis tracking two circuits are needed. However, for PV panels the second axis only adds about 5% on the average and may not warrant the added expense.
economics

Many have said that it makes no sense to use a solar tracker with PV systems as it is cheaper to just add an extra panel for every three. To this I say bunk.
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Using the NREL data: My link. http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/redbook/redbook_index.html I find that in Minnesota a single axis tracking PV panel will have a 40% increase in output in December and a 100% increase in June. In Minnesota: A PV panel with 15% efficiency in December tilted to your latitude plus 15 degrees. http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/redbook/atlas/ 2 to 3 kWh/m^2/day lets say 2.5 solar 2.5 kWh/m^2/day * 15% = .375kWh/m^2/day electric Or a single axis north-south tracking panel at lat. +15 deg. 3 to 4 kWh/m^2/day lets say 3.5 solar 3.5 kWh/m^2/day * 15% = .525kWh/m^2/day electric .525 / .375 = 140% This shows 40% improvement with a tracker in December. Lets do it in June: 4 to 5 kWh/m^2/day lets say 4.5 solar 4.5 kWh/m^2/day * 15% = .675kWh/m^2/day electric Or a single axis north-south tracking panel at lat. -15 deg. 8 to 10 kWh/m^2/day lets say 9 solar 9 kWh/m^2/day * 15% = 1.35kWh/m^2/day electric That's a 100% improvement with a tracker in June. Of course your location will have different results. For instance I just did it for San Jose, CA and got an increase of only 14% in both June and December. Clearly this is not a good place to do tracking. Here are the 4 maps that I used.
nrelmaps

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Electronic Projects

Click the map! The full set of maps from NREL are here. I don't have a cost for the tracking mount but the actuator I am using costs about $170us and my tracker is $35us. PV panels now are about $4us/W so a 100 watt panel costs $400us. Using a system of 3 panels this is $1200us. Since the tracker delivers at least 40% more output it would be fair to say that the tracker has an equivelant value of $480us in a 3 panel 300W system. I can't see the tracking mount would cost $480-$170-$35=$255 more than the equivelant stationary mount that has to hold at least 4 PV panels. Of course, the comparison is even better in June with the 100% increase. I am convinced that the best and strongest mount for PVs at ground level is one based on the design example of:
poulek traxle

* Traxle
Poulek Solar by Martin Poulek Gary A. Werner, President GWM Corporation Polar mount with tracker. The tripod support arrangement is very strong with light weight construction.
aps

* APS Solar's "Tilt Tracker".


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Similar to Poulek Solar's Traxle, with a clockwork tracker. The second axis, the tilt axis, is adjustable for a few percent improvement in total output. The actuators are hydraulic.
powerlight

* PowerLight
A bigger version, similar to Poulek Solar's Traxle
szymanski

* Martin Szymanski's variation of a Tripod Tracking Mount


tripod

TriPod Mount

This is my version of Poulek's mount. I call it the TriPod Mount. This mount is cheap and crude but easy to make, especially for
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demonstrations. It's easy to build and knock down. Its quite portable. It's made from PV plastic sewer pipe. 1. The legs are fitted with end caps. 2. The foot caps are drilled and have long bolts protruding through to be pushed into the ground. 3. The support legs have "I" bolts fitted to the top caps. 4. The main polar axis leg has a large bolt that is fitted through the "I" bolts of the support legs. (The Primestar mount doesn't allow the pipe to go all the way through so I made a compromise and have this large top bolt mounted to the dish support. Although the Primestar mount has a method to manually adjust for declination.) 5. The polar leg needs to rotate. To do this side pipes are glued on to the polar and one of the support legs. 6. The satellite dish linear actuator is fitted to the side pipes. 7. To set it up just adjust the support legs until the polar tube is aimed at the pole star. This is due north and angled at exactly your latitude. 8. To make sure the thing doesn't blow away I have a heavy nylon cord, ( not in the pictures ), tied from the top of the polar leg down to the earth. I used a screw into the ground dog leash stake. 9. Don't bolt the dish and PV panel to tightly. This will allow some manual adjusting. There are some compromises to this example. 1. The actuator can only rotate the polar leg about 150. A better way would be to have a pulley and cable to get the rotation to 270 or so. 2. The Primestar mount is not ideal. A better mount would allow the polar leg to protrude fully. 3. A longer polar leg would allow more rotation without interfering with the supporting legs. Improvements 1. For larger equipment one should make the tripod from steel cold water pipe. This would make things much sturdier. 2. Make the polar rotating device using a large pulley and cable to allow more rotation.
led4

LED4 LED Sensor Electronic Tracker with Simple Solar Charge Controller.

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LED4 The "LED3" light sensor works very well. It is sensitive, accurate, and cheap. A couple of years ago I had devised a simple solar charge controller I called "Shunt 2". I thought it would be a good idea to combine them into a single PC board called "LED4". The design philosophy for this tracker was to make it more robust and self contained. I included a charge controller for rechargeable batteries intending them to be NiCds to run the actuators. Since the charger is there it might as well be capable of running a large PV panel with lead acid batteries. It can also run a very small PV panel to charge the local NiCds or NiMH batteries. These batteries work well over a wide temperature range. I will test the ability of the sensors to be at the end of a long cable. I will test this using 1000' of 4 wire telephone cable. 8 wire Cat5 cable should also work with the extra wires driving the actuators.

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With the use of long Cat5 cable the main board can be inside a heated battery room. Of course you still have to run the heavy gauge main charging wire pair to the battery room. The advantage of having the batteries in a heated room is temperature compensation won't be needed.
ledshex4

LED4 Schematic LED4 Layout


led4connections

ledsensor01

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LED4 Pinout
led4features

Alternate LED4 Sensor Schematic

LED4 Features
Separate LED Light Sensors Under voltage Shutdown Protection Built In Charge Controller The signal sent back from the sensor can be sent a considerable distance since the current flow is minimal. However, static electric discharge could be a problem if the sensor is more than about 6 feet or so from the main board. If long distances are needed please Email me for advice. Shuts down the actuator motor drive when the battery voltage drops below about 10 volts. Designed for use with nominal 13.8 volt battery systems. The charger is designed for controlling 13.8 volt 125 watt PV panels. There is no provision for either temperature compensation or multiple charging strategies. The power MOSFET transistors are much more robust than in the LED3. It uses IRF5305 and IRLZ44N transistors from International Rectifier. The IRF5305 P-channel MOSFET has an on resistance of about 60mOhm and the IRLZ44N N-channel MOSFET has an on resistance of about 20mOhm. A 125 watt PV panel can deliver about 9 amps of current. The maximum wattage dissipated by the IRLZ44N shunt transistor under these conditions is about 1.6 watts continuously. The Schottky Barrier series protection diode is rated for about 9 amps. The H-bridge transistors are pulsed at about a 10% duty cycle. I'm rating the actuator maximum pulsed current at about 16 amps. If you want to continuously drive the actuator keep it below 5 amps. The IRF5305 has a maximum current rating of 110 amps and the IRLZ44N has a maximum current rating of 160 amps so if the currents are kept to below my system rating no heat sinks will be needed.

Larger Power Transistors

No need for a heat sink

Through hole construction allows the average home brew guy the ability to easily put the LED4 tracker Built with Through Hole Components together either as a kit or scratch built. I can supply the PC boards separatly for $9.00us.
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Operating Temperature Range


vdish1

-40F to 185F or -40C to 85C

Virgil Vinz's faceted dish with LED4 tracker in a Peanut Butter Jar Weather Dome.
This dish is to be used to run a small steam engine. The mirrors are 6" Lucite squares. The ribs are cut from parabolic sections. The receiver is a flash tube type. The spiral copper tubing is cast into an aluminum block. The Pyrex cooking dish is the transparent insulating cover. The backside is insulated with fiberglass. The indicated temperature is about 1100F. The concentration ratio is about 20X or so given the receiver is larger than the mirror tiles.
vdish1overall vdish1mount

vdish1steamgenerator

Steam Generator Mount Faceted Dish

Steam Generator

vdish1receiver vdish1melting vdish1flashtube

Melting aluminum cans with a blow torch. Copper flash tubes imbeded in the aluminum. The angle iron and steel plate mold is The tubing is 3/8th inch and about 4' in length. Front side of receiver painted flat heated and the cans poured in.
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black.
vdish1led4 vdish1ribs vdish1drive

Parabolic Ribs and Polar Tripod Mount

Belt Drive LED4 in plastic Peanut Butter Jar

concentratortemperature

Calculations of Concentrator Temperature Rise.


A number of people have asked the question: "How hot will my concentrator get?" or: "How much concentration will I need to get to a certain temperature?" Let's use this example: "A twelve foot dish focused to a 6 in., 3 in., or one 1 in., diameter receiver. How can you estimate the temperature of the various smaller diameters?" Lets review: X factor is the ratio of the captured sunlight area divided by the radiating surface area of the receiver. Assuming the back side is well insulated. 12' foot C-band satellite dishes have a focal length of about 10'. At least mine does. The sun has an image diameter of about 1/2 degree of arc. At 10' this perfectly focused diameter would be: ( 2 * tan( .5deg / 2 ) * 10' = .087' * 12"/1' = 1.04" That's for a perfect parabola. C-band dishes aren't nearly that accurate. So maybe the diameter is about 3".
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So firstly, you can't get to a 1" diameter. 3" is about (144"/3")^2 = 2304X 6" is about (144"/6")^2 = 576X "How can you estimate the temperature of the various smaller diameters?" The simple answer is you can't. Temperature of a receiver is only loosely related to X. The more important factors are: 1. Rate of heat removal. For instance if the heat removal is infinite then the temperature would be the same as ambient. 2. The selectivity of the surface of the receiver. Good selective surfaces such as black nickel oxide are pretty good and will attain a higher temperature due to not radiating as much heat back to space. 3. A limiting factor is the surface temperature of the sun. Generally considered to be about 10000F or about 5600C. 4. The quality of the reflectivity of the mirror. I usually assume this at 80% to 85% regardless of what the manufacturer of the Mylar films say. Another way to help in the understanding of receiver temperature is it is a kind of balance. The receiver, insulated on the back side, radiates into a hemisphere. The dish appears to cover a portion of the hemisphere. The ratio: (dish angular surface area) / (a hemisphere) * 10000F = Temp This implies that a receiver temperature is independent of X. And this is true. However larger receivers have other losses such as: 1. Convection loss 2. Process heat removal What are you trying to do?
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Generate steam? Steam receivers don't have to be particularly small as the temperatures are limited by the steam system. See our experimental receiver above. This dish has a no thermal output temperature rise of about 1100F with a concentration of about 20X. We estimate this is about correct for the dish angular area.
sphericalcollectormath

* Here is an Excel spreadsheet to do the math.


http://www.redrok.com/sphericalcollectormath.xls Another way to use this information on our system. 1100F = 0% efficiency. ( No output of steam.) 50F = 100% efficiency ( Perfect cooling of the receiver.) Other efficiencies are approximately linear between these. 837F = 25% 575F = 50% 312F = 75% Actually the lower temperatures will have higher efficiencies because convection losses are reduced. Does this make sense?
martins

<Martin Szymanski's> variation of a Tripod Tracking Mount

* Welcomb to Copperopolis
Martin's web page.

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View from the south. Martin lives in southern California about 100 miles from the ocean. This is why the array has a severe tilt back.

LED4 under test. Note! The LED sensors are directly mounted on the Weather dome using a glass lamp fixture obtained at main board and the remote sensor board wasn't used. Home Depot. That's an LED3 inside there.

Pre Construction

Base hole ready for concrete.


assemblyled4

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Assembly Instructions for the LED4.


opperatingled4

Operating Instructions for the LED4.

Actuator.
I have more circuits here along with a bunch of data about Satellite dish linear actuators. The circuits on this page are not finished nor fully tested.

chace1

Jeremiah Chace's Analog Solar Tracker Schematic.

Chace1

Tracker Schematic.
Some guys on the net have expressed a desire for a simple analog solar tracker to operate their concentrator projects. Jeremiah Chace sent me a schematic for such a tracker. His circuit was based on a Cadmium Sulfide, CdS, photo cell with a relay output. There were a couple of problems with the circuit. After some discussions with him I made some improvements and here are the results. The basic operation is essentially that of 2 separate photo sensor circuits in pairs. Each separate sensor circuit has a control pot to set it's sensitivity for bright sunlight.
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It is important to have a thorough understanding of the operation of the circuit in order to be successful in making the correct adjustments for acceptable operation. One must do the adjustments on a clear cloudless day. At the very least wait until the sun is between clouds. CdS cells have a wide variance in the resistance they exhibit in bright sunlight. Generally the resistance is too low for this type of circuit. I have found that the CdS cells can be modified to have higher resistance by painting the cells with a black marker. I use a Sharpie black permanent marker. I paint this on all sides and edges. If you get too much on it can be removed with fingernail polish remover or acetone. The correct amount of blackening is when the adjustment pot is approximately at mid setting when the circuit is tilted so about half of the cell is illuminated by sunlight and half covered by the light blocker. Repeat this painting of the cells until all 4 CdS cells are adjusted. I have found a helpful tool to make the adjustment easier. Just use a small mirror to reflect sunlight onto the CdS cell. By covering one cell with the finger and reflecting light onto the other cell the tracker can be moved at will. This allows the cell sensitivity adjustments to be easily made. The painting procedure would not be very easy to get accurate were it not for the pot. The settings seem stable but I haven't had very much time on the circuit. I suspect that the most problem would be the fading of the black marker. If this happens I suppose a different more permanent light filter coating could be devised. Possibly Parsons Black which is carbon lampblack in spar varnish. P.S. I have had about 4 months of operation on the tracker and have not seen any problems. There have been days where no bright solar radiation falls on the sensors the tracker just stays in the last position that movement occurred. The panel is not at the optimum orientation to gather the maximum amount of energy from this diffuse radiation during these times. In the long run this is not a problem. Of course the amount of energy is less than optimum during cloudy times. The gain due to tracking greatly exceeds the dim time loss.
chaceshadow

Sensor and shadow light blocker.


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Each CdS cell of a pair is on each side of a central light divider with a top light blocker. The light blocker is just wide enough to block both CdS cells when the sun is dead on center. In this example the light divider is made of rubber and the light blocker is an old aluminized 5.25" floppy disk write protector. The materials used are not critical. They need only be light opaque. The light divider should be black and non reflective. The blocker could be made from reflective aluminum foil to prevent heat buildup. Note! The CdS cells are highly angled in such a way that they are generally aimed at a portion of the sky that is away from the sun. This helps to get the platform moving in the right direction when far off track. If either CdS cell is uncovered by the light blocker it will conduct heavily and the associated power driver will move the actuator in such a way that the CdS cell is again covered. When neither CdS cell is exposed to bright light the actuator is prevented from moving. This leaves the tracker at the last moved to position. Little power is expended searching for a new position when in dim light. The light blocker is supposed to never let both CdS cell be exposed to bright light. However it could happen. If this condition occurs the actuator is prevented from moving or hunting. This saves power by moving only when necessary. This schematic is for one axis. The second axis is the same as the first and uses the other half of the LM339 comparator. When the sun is behind clouds the actuator is prevented from moving or hunting. When the sun comes back out the tracker will move toward it again. When the sun sets the platform remains aimed to the west. In the morning the easterly aimed CdS cell becomes active and the platform positions itself back to the east. In my example I have the light dividers about 2 inches long. If a tighter angular tolerance is desired the light dividers can be made longer.

Overall Layout.
The layout of the circuit has the CdS cells mounted on the eastern side of the board. The east/west, right ascension, pair is on the left. The north/south, declination, pair is on the right. The output power drivers are in the foreground.
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I have mounted the power MOSFETs in such a way that they form the output terminals. Another example is pictured in my heliostat I/O board shown here: Terminals. The PC board is all single sided using mostly 1/4 Watt resistors and capacitors mounted in surface mount fashion. This prototype construction technique is fast and easy to build. If the board is to be built in larger quantities a through hole board could be build with the parts in exactly the same location as the surface mount version. (Any one want one? Email me at: <redrok@redrok.com>) Here is my IRF9Z34N IRFZ34N LM339N resistors Pot D4AA15 CdS Cell Total 1998 US cost breakdown in single quantities. $1.82 * 4 = $7.28 Digi-Key $1.25 * 4 = $5.00 Digi-Key $ .49 * 1 = $0.49 Digi-Key $ .02 * 20 = $ .47 Digi-Key $ .22 * 4 = $ .88 Digi-Key $ .35 * 4 = $1.40 Jameco $15.42

A true surface mount board using conventional, tiny, surface mount parts would make the board about 1/2 the present size. All the components are available in surface mount form except the CdS cells. Even the power transistors can be had in surface mount. I don't think that the smaller sized board layout justifies the higher cost of the surface mount components.

Weather Dome.
How do you like the high tech weather dome? It is made of a 2 liter polyethylene plastic pop bottle. This plastic is pretty good in the UV of sunlight. Of course it can be easily replaced if it becomes clouded. Use the bottles with the black plastic base and remove it. The fancier Coka Cola bottles with the molded in feet don't work very well optically. I think a 1 liter bottle would work just as well and the wooden mounting would be smaller. I haven't tried a 1 liter bottle yet.
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The dome is not sealed from the weather in the picture. I will drill a hole in the wooden mount for the wires. The tapered sides to the wooden block will seal the dome to the block. The interior gets hot enough to vaporize any condensed moisture.

Experimental Goofy Demonstration Mount.


I needed a platform to test the circuit. I usually don't want to publish an untested circuit. I have had experience with circuits that don't operate as expected the first time. I sent Jeremiah a prototype, (Rev. A2), of the circuit and PC board to try out on his dish. Unfortunately he is moving his shop and couldn't try it out right away. I then decided to build a simple mount that I had been thinking about for a while. This is a simple design meant for use with PV panels. It uses 2 satellite dish linear actuators. One to move the platform east and west about +-75s in right ascension. The other to move the platform north and south a minimum of +/-23.5s in declination. The main pier is slanted to the south at an angle of 90 - the local latitude, (45s for me). The reason the pier is tilted south is to align the right ascension axis to the polar axis which is the bolt that holds the ascension member to the pier. A second brace will be installed under the pier for support if needed.

Right Ascension / Declination Head.


This is a close-up of the mount head. The declination mechanism is controlled by the second satellite dish actuator. It tends to move the declination platform around the axis on the ends of the right ascension mechanism. This picture shows the arrangement of the two satellite dish linear actuators. These actuators have adjustable limit switches. These switches are required by this circuit both to limit the travel and stop power from being wasted when at the limits. Actuators with limit clutches are unsuitable for this application. While they do stop when the limit is reached, their motor continues to consume power. This is disastrous when running on a storage battery. The actuators, which consume over 10 amps, will drain the battery in a short while.
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The magnitude of the declination movement is maximum when at the extremes of the right ascension and minimum in the middle of the travel range. This design leaves a lot to be desired.
1. It has limited travel. 2. The declination angle changes in a complicated way with the movement of the right ascension angle. 3. It probably is not very strong when at the extremes of travel. I used it only as a convenient means of testing the analog controller.
patent5622078

Brad A. Mattson's Active Solar Tracker Patent# 5512742 & 5622078.

Brad's PV Solar Tracking Panel and Controller.

This is one of Brad's patents for this mechanism.


bradtrough

Brad's Trough Collector.

This is Brad's patent for the solar tracking controller.

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shunt charger

Solar Charge and Diversion Controllers.


Most solar charge controllers are of the shunt type. They are easy to build and work very well. More complex controllers are the Maximum Power Point Controllers. I will describe several circuits that are based on a Zetex ZM33064 computer voltage monitor and reset circuit. While there are a number of companies and models of voltage monitors on the market I chose the Zetex ZM33064 because of its low cost, accuracy, low power consumption, but mostly for the low, 20mV, hysteresis characteristic. Most reset circuits operate in a similar manner to the Zetex ZM33064 and could be substituted in the circuits. I believe that power controllers based on voltage monitor circuits are significantly reduced in complexity due to the high integration of several power controller characteristics in a small 3 pin device that looks like an ordinary TO-92 transistor. In come cases it and a power MOSFET transistor are the only active devices in the circuit.
shunt1

A Simple Solar Shunt Charge Controller.


This is the simplest charge controller that I know of. OK, a really big zener is simpler but I don't know where to get one that can do the job. I have built several of these for different purposes and they work OK but I don't recommend there usage anymore because more advanced circuits exist today.

Shunt1
Simple Shunt Charge Controller.

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These parts can 5 Amp 40 Volt 12 Volt 1 Watt 1 Amp 50 Volt 10 Amp 25 Watt

be obtained from: Diode Zener Diode Diodes NPN Power Transistor Q1

Digi-Key or Farnell. SB540CT-ND 518177 $0.63us 1N4742ADICT-ND 368660 $0.26us $0.60us/10 1N4001DICT-ND 365117 $1.00us approximately FVT50-7.5-ND

7.5 Ohm 50 Watt Power Resistor Total

RL $3.22us $5.17us

Of course you will also need a 25 watt heat sink for the transistor. I don't know why but Digi-Key dropped their bipolar power transistors. You can get any NPN power transistor capable of dissipating 25 Watts possibly from Radio Shack. This is a version of an amplified zener diode with a Schottky diode used to prevent power loss through the panel at night.
shunt2
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A Better Solar Shunt Charge Controller.


Here's A better Solar Shunt Regulator. It can be made as large as you want. It's not as "simple" but it works better.

Shunt2
Shunt Charge Controller.

These parts can be 5 Amp 40 Volt 5.1 Volt .5 Watt 8.2 Volt .5 Watt 41 Amp 55 Volt

obtained from: Schottky Diode Zener Diode Zener Diode Logic Level MOSFET Q1 R2 R1 R3

Digi-Key or Farnell. SB540CT-ND 518177 $0.63us 368970 $0.21us 1N5231BMSCT-ND 369020 $0.21us 1N5237BMSCT-ND $1.73us IRLZ44N-ND 637488 $1.74us $0.22us ZM33064C-ND D4AA13-ND 633318

4.6 Volt ZM33064 Voltage Monitor 1 K Ohm Trim Pot 2.0K 24K Total With Optional Heater Resistor
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Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film

$0.28us/5 2.0K E BK-ND $0.28us/5 $4.86us 24K E BK-ND

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2 Total

Ohm 100 Watt Resistor

RL $12.45us $17.31us

AVT100-2.0-ND

Is this cheap enough?


How the Conventional Shunt Charge Controller circuit works. This shunt regulator is based on a Zetex ZM33064 computer under voltage reset circuit. The voltage monitor is an integrated circuit in a 3 pin package that in its normal usage is used to reset a microprocessor. The IN pin would normally be connected to a 5V logic bus. When the 5V bus voltage drops bellow 4.6V the open collector OUT pin is pulled down toward ground. In my circuit I use this output to switch the gate of a logic level power MOSFET. When the voltage is bellow 4.6V the transistor is turned OFF and the PV panel is allowed to supply power to the battery until the voltage goes above 4.6V. The Zetex ZM33064 has a hysteresis of about 20mV which is degraded to 100mV in the circuit. This helps to prevent the power MOSFET from going into linear mode and dissipating power in the transistor. When in regulation the transistor will switch On and OFF at a rate dependent upon the capacity of the battery and power available from the PV panel. The zener and resistors are used to divide the battery voltage down to the 4.6V range for the voltage monitor. Don't skimp on the power MOSFET. You might ask why use a transistor capable of passing 41 amps in a circuit designed for only 5 amps. The answer is in the cost and complexity of the heat sink. This transistor has only .022 Ohms of ON resistance. This power dissipation at 5 Amps is: 7 * 7 * .022 = 1.1 Watts. The transistor will get warm but not excessively and without a heat sink. Of course if the full 41 amps is passing through the transistor then: 41 * 41 * .022 = 37 Watts. This is significant and needs to be heat sinked for this amount of heat.
damage

Damage Your Panel With A Shunt Controller. Not!


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You might ask if there is a problem with the direct shorting out of the PV panels? Will this shorting damage the PV panels? The simple answer is NO! I have talked to several PV panel manufacturers. All have said that there are no detrimental effects to their panels. Now for the more complex answer. One of the reasons that you might want to use the optional heater resistor instead of directly shunting the panel is that the panel will run slightly cooler, which is a good thing. Think of it this way. when the panel is delivering it's peak load at a nominal efficiency of 15% much of the other 85% is dissipated as heat in the panel. If the panel is either open circuited or shorted then no power is delivered to the load and 100% of the influx is dissipated as heat in the panel. The shunt resistor, if selected properly, will have a voltage, not 0 volts, across it and dissipate nearly the same power that would have been delivered to the battery. The result is that the temperature of the panel will remain more constant. OK, so this is only a minor point but I wanted to explain it thoroughly. I suspect that environmental conditions, such as clouds passing by, vary the temperature far more than that caused by any power regulator. Besides, the manufacturers say there isn't a problem here anyway. I used the high current 41 Amp MOSFET because when operated at low currents it will dissipate only negligible power and prevent over heating. The optional heater resistor can be used to heat something such as water or the house in winter. It's not needed. Normally the transistor dead shorts the panel. This is not an error. It's standard practice for solar panels to be shorted in this way. There is no harm to the panel doing this. If you do use a large heat sink on the transistor this regulator is capable of much higher currents. Possibly as high as 41 Amps. (I haven't done this myself yet.) The MOSFET power driver circuit probably should be improved for very high currents during regulation. The best improvement would be to use a D flip flop between the voltage monitor and the transistor gate. This flip flop is clocked at about 100 Hz. This will cause the transistor to have a controlled and predictable gate pulse.
shunt3

The Best Solar Shunt Charge Controller.


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Here's the Best Solar Shunt Regulator. It's more complicated but it works better because it's temperature compensated. I have adding temperature compensation to the basic shunt PV regulator. Temperature compensation is needed when the battery pack is stored in a location where the temperature is not controlled, such as outside and near the PV panel, in hot or cold weather. Depending on the manufacturer, the charge voltage is adjusted by measuring the battery temperature. The specific value is mainly dependent on the internal RESISTANCE of the battery. This resistance is basically dependent on the CHEMICAL ACTIVITY in the battery. This chemical activity is dependent on the TEMPERATURE. The construction methods can also affect the change in internal resistance vs. temperature.
temperature

Most lead acid batteries have a temperature coefficient somewhere between: -.0025 V/(C * Cells) the minimum temperature coefficient. -.0036 V/(C * Cells) being recommended by Bill Dub if no other information is known. -.0040 V/(C * Cells) being recommended by Hugh Piggott. -.0050 V/(C * Cells) the maximum temperature coefficient. 13.8 Volt Lead Acid Battery Voltage vs. Temperature
C 50C 25C 0C -20 C F 122 F 77F 32F -4F LM50 Output 0.900V 0.750V 0.500V 0.300V 0.100V -.0050 V/(C * Cells) 12.34V 13.80V 16.23V 18.17V 20.12V -.0040 V/(C * Cells) 12.75V 13.80V 15.55V 16.95V 18.34V -.0025 V/(C * Cells) 13.07V 13.80V 15.02V 15.99V 16.96V

-40 -40F C

Shunt3
Temperature Compensated Shunt Charge Controller.
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These parts can be obtained from: 5 Amp 40 Volt Schottky Diode 5.1 Volt .5 Watt Zener Diode 5.1 Volt .5 Watt Zener Diode 41 Amp 55 Volt Logic MOSFET 4.6

Q1

$0.63us $0.21us $0.21us $1.73us $1.74us $0.49us $1.47us $0.22us $0.22us $0.28us/5 $0.28us/5 $0.28us/5 $0.28us/5 $0.28us/5 $0.28us/5 $7.26us

Digi-Key or Farnell. SB540CT-ND 518177 1N5231BMSCT-ND 368970 1N5231BMSCT-ND 368970 IRLZ44N-ND 637488 ZM33064C-ND LM2902M-ND LM50CIM3-ND D4AA13-ND D4AA55-ND 2.4K E BK-ND 2.7K E BK-ND 10K E BK-ND 20K E BK-ND 91K E BK-ND 200K E BK-ND 633318 400002 630937

Volt ZM33064 Voltage Monitor LM2902 Dual Operational Amplifier -40C to 125C Temp Sensor 1K Ohm Trim Pot R7 Ohm Trim Pot R8 Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film R3 Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film R5 Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film R4 Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film R6 Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film R1 Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film R2

500K 2.4K 2.7K 10K 20K 91K 200K Total

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With Optional Heater Resistor 2 Total Ohm 100 Watt Resistor RL $12.45us $19.71us AVT100-2.0-ND

How's that?! It's cheap and has temperature compensation too!


The bread boarding went well. I now have the circuit working. The LM2902 buffer Op Amp was required because the LM50 has a high impedance output. This output is not designed to drive even very low power powered loads. The LM50C is a new generation SOT-23 part from National Semiconductor. It reads temperature from -40C to 125C. The interesting feature of this sensor is that it outputs 10mV per C referenced to -50C. Vout=(10mV/C*TempC)+500mV for the LM50C
Temp Temp Vout C F 125C 257F 1750mV 100C 212F 1500mV 75C 167F 1250mV 50C 122F 1000mV 25C 77F 750mV 0C 32F 500mV -20C -4F 300mV -40C -40F 100mV -50C -58F 0mV

I mounted the LM50 on a little chip of PC board and soldered 3 wires to it. This allows the sensor to sample the battery temperature. To insulate the LM50 from possible damage I coated it with automotive "Oxygen Sensor Safe" RTV gasket cement from Permatex. The .47uF capacitor is needed when the LM50 is mounted remotely with wires. It's not needed if the LM50 is mounted near the Op Amp on the PC board.

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The two pots are very tricky to adjust because they interact with each other. The best way to set them is to substitute the LM50 with a voltage divider pot. It's also helpfully to substitute a resistor for the battery. The LM50 makes it easy to substitute an external voltage for the LM50 temperature output voltage. Just force the desired voltage onto the output pin of the LM50 connected to the OpAmp. The LM50 has a high impedance resistor divider output. No damage will occur if the voltage is kept between -1VDC and VCC+.6VDC, +5.7VDC in this case. Of course the two calibration voltages will be .3VDC and .9VDC. Temporary Test Circuit Used for Calibration.

Adjustment Procedure for Pots R7 and R8.


Determine which temperature coefficient you need from the manufacturers literature. 2. Introduce 0.300V, equivalent to -20C, and adjust R8 for the correct output voltage. 1. 3. Introduce 0.900V, equivalent to +50C, and adjust R7 for the correct output voltage. 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until no more changes are needed to either R7 or R8.

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I am not entirely satisfied with the circuit because of the sever interaction between the 2 pots when adjusting for different temperature coefficients. I think that one pot should be used to calibrate the sensor and the other to set the temperature coefficient with no interaction between them. I will consider a change in the future. Right now it works, don't fix it. Right now the circuit is acceptable and works from -40C to +50C. I tested it in my temperature chamber. The circuit tracked quite well with temperature. If you want the most accuracy possible you will have to calibrate the LM50. This is done by measuring the voltage output of the LM50 at two temperatures. Calculate the temperature coefficients for the sensor and introduce them into the standard equation. Vtemp=(10mV/C*TempC)+500mV Use this new equation to get the true output voltage for -20C and +50C and use them in the R7 and R8 adjustment procedure.

If you want to purchase a commercial shunt controller check out the Morning Star units at: Windsun or: Natural Energy Systems, Inc.
undervoltage

Under Voltage Protection.


Damage to the battery or load equipment can occur if the storage battery charge is run down to much. This could happen in many application such as these:
1. Sign Lighting. 2. Remote Instrumentation. The battery could be under charged for the nights lighting requirements and could become depleted. The battery could be under charged if the weather has not allowed enough solar energy to accumulate. In this case critical measurement equipment could be left running while unnecessary equipment is turned OFF. In my case the Peet Brothers Ultimeter 2000 weather monitor remains ON while the Kenwood 7930 2 meter transceiver is turned OFF. The weather monitor continues to record data. In water pumping applications it is sometimes desirable to have the pump operate on a continuous basis, even at night. A storage battery supplies the night time power to run the pump. However, if the charge gets below 50% the battery life suffers. Under voltage cutoff protection can solve this problem.

3. Water Pumping.

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4. Domestic Electricity. 5. Sensitive Equipment.

The battery could be depleted due to excessive usage. In this case critical equipment, such as the computer, furnace, or refrigerator, could be left running while unnessassary equipment is turned OFF. Some equipment must be shut OFF when the battery voltage is low. My Kenwood 7930 2 meter transceiver doesn't tolerate low voltage well.

Undervoltage
Under Voltage Protection Circuit.

These parts can be obtained from: 8.2 Volt .5 Watt Zener Diode 18 Volt .5 Watt Zener Diode -17 Amp -55 Volt P channel MOSFET .1 Amp 40 Volt NPN Transistor

Q2

$0.21us $0.21us $1.82us

Digi-Key or Farnell. 1N5237BMSCT-ND 369020 1N5248BMSCT-ND 931688 IRF9Z34N-ND 934677 2N3904DICT-ND ZM33064C-ND 2.00K X BK-ND 2.26K X BK-ND 10K E BK-ND 358824 633318

Q3 $1.60us/10 R1 $1.74us $0.54us/5

4.6 Volt ZM33064 Voltage Monitor 2.00K Ohm .25 Watt 1% Carbon Film 2.26K 10K Ohm .25 Watt 1% Carbon Film Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film

R2 $0.54us/5 R9 $0.28us/5

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20K 200K Total

Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film

RH $0.28us/5 R3 $0.28us/5 $4.52us

20K E BK-ND 200K E BK-ND

How the Under Voltage Protection circuit works. This Under Voltage Protection Circuit is based on a Zetex ZM33064 computer under voltage reset circuit. The voltage monitor is an Integrated Circuit in a 3 pin package that in its normal usage is used to reset a microprocessor. The IN pin would normally be connected to a 5V logic bus. When the 5V bus voltage drops bellow 4.6V the open collector OUT pin is pulled down toward ground. In my circuit I use this output to switch the Base of an NPN logic transistor, T3, which in turn operates the gate of a standard gate drive level P channel power MOSFET, T2. The power transistor, T2, is turned ON when the battery voltage is higher than a set point and OFF when below the set point. When the voltage is above 4.6V the output transistor is turned ON and the load is given power from the battery until the voltage goes below 4.6V. The Zetex ZM33064 has a hysteresis of about 20mV which is degraded to 100mV in the circuit. This helps to prevent the power MOSFET from going into linear mode and dissipating power in the transistor. This amount of hysteresis may not be enough for many applications. An extra hysteresis resistor, RH, can be added to increase the hysteresis to higher voltages. This could be used to prevent cycling of the protected load. The amount of hysteresis required is dependent on the internal resistance of the battery. When the load is removed, due to low voltage, the battery voltage increases. If the hysteresis is not large enough the protected load will be turned ON again. And the cycle continues. I can't give you an equation that predicts what this resistor should be. I can only suggest that you experiment with the value until satisfaction is obtained. The two resistors, R1 and R2, are used to divide the battery voltage down to the 4.6V range for the voltage monitor. The hysteresis resistor, RH, affects this calculation.
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Electronic Projects

Calculate the value of R2 for the Under Voltage Protection Circuit.


Vc Vm R1 RH Im R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 = = = = = 10.8V 4.6V 2.00KOhms 20.0KOhms Desired cutoff voltage. Threshold voltage of ZM33064. Lower voltage divider resistor. Lower voltage divider resistor. 180A Quiescent current of ZM33064.

= ( Vc - Vm ) / (( Vm / ( R1-1 + RH-1 )-1 ) + Im ) = ( 6.2V ) / (( 4.6V / ( 1.8181KOhms ) + 180A ) = ( = ( = = 6.2V 6.2V ) / (( 2.53mA ) / ( 2.29KOhms 2.26KOhms R2 Calculate the power in R2 Use a 1/4 watt resistor. Closest 1% value. 2.71mA ) + 180A ) )

WattsR2= ( Vc - Vm )2 / WattsR2= ( WattsR2= 6.2V

)2 / 2.26KOhms

0.017 Watts

I now have bread boarded this circuit and it works fine. I made a few changes to the circuit as published before. These were minor value adjustments. I also removed the adjustment pot. Next, I will make a PC board that includes the temperature compensated shunt regulator. I have shown, on the schematic, two outputs:
1. Bypass. This output is for critical equipment. It essentially bypasses the protection circuits. 2. Protected. This output is for the equipment that can be turned OFF when the low battery voltage is reached.

I have added two optional jumpers:


J1 J2 Enable Output. Disable Output. Enables normal operation of the controlled output. Forces the controlled output OFF.

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Electronic Projects

None Output ON.

J1 removed Forces the controlled output ON if J2 is not in place. J2, Disable Output, has precedence.

I hope that all of these designs will fulfill your needs. Obviously I can't know the specifics of your requirements. Please use general circuit design analysis to determine the proper size of the heat sink or the value and wattage of the optional heater resistance. Use good judgement when sizing the power MOSFETs for higher power applications. I have attempted to use components that will work with much higher current MOSFETs. One caution is the use of logic level vs. conventional gate drive transistors. The conventional gate drive transistors require that greater than 10 volts, some even higher, be applied to the gate to be fully turned on. Logic level gate drive transistors may be damaged by this high a gate voltage. Logic level gate drive transistors will be fully ON with 5 volts applied. Power MOSFET characteristics:
Gate Drive. Logic Level Gate Drive Power MOSFETs Greater than 5 Volts. Full rated current flow with low drive voltage. Greater than 10 Volts. The gate may breakdown with voltages greater than 10 volts. Conventional Gate Drive Power MOSFETs The transistor may be operating in the linear region which is usually very destructive. Full rated current flow.

If you have any questions or special requirements about these circuits just send me an Email at: <redrok@redrok.com>

diversion1

Diversion Controller.
Here's A type of Shunt Regulator called a Diversion Controller. It can be used to dump unwanted charging power into a diversion load once the battery is full.

Diversion1
Diversion Charge Controller.

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Electronic Projects

These parts can be obtained from: 5.1 Volt .5 Watt Zener Diode 30 Amp 100 Volt Logic Level MOSFET Q1 4.6 1K Volt ZM33064 Voltage Monitor Ohm Trim Pot RD R1 R2 R3

$0.21us $1.73us $1.74us $0.22us

Digi-Key or Farnell. 1N5231BMSCT-ND 368970 IRL540N-ND 740690 ZM33064C-ND D4AA13-ND 633318

2.00K Ohm .25 Watt 1% Carbon Film 24.3K 24K Total Ohm .25 Watt 1% Carbon Film Ohm .25 Watt 5% Carbon Film

$0.54us/5 2.00K X BK-ND $0.54us/5 24.3K X BK-ND $0.28us/5 $4.17us 24K E BK-ND

Is this cheap enough?


How the circuit works. The diversion controller works similar to the shunt regulator. In the shunt regulator the source charging current is shunted to ground when the battery is full. In the diversion controller the diversion load is activated when the battery voltage is full. The diversion controller has no charging diode and does have a diversion load. This diversion controller is based on a Zetex ZM33064 computer under voltage reset circuit.
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Electronic Projects

The voltage monitor is an Integrated circuit in a 3 pin package that in its normal usage is used to reset a microprocessor. The IN pin would normally be connected to a 5V logic bus. When the 5V bus voltage drops bellow 4.6V the open collector OUT pin is pulled down toward ground. In my circuit I use this output to switch the gate of a logic level power MOSFET. When the voltage is bellow 4.6V the transistor is turned OFF and the diversion load is removed to allowed the power to the battery until the divided voltage goes above 4.6V. The Zetex ZM33064 has a hysteresis of about 20mV which is degraded to 100mV in the circuit for 12V.(I haven't built one of these but I would expect the hysteresis to be 400mV for a 48V battery.) This helps to prevent the power MOSFET from going into linear mode and dissipating power in the transistor. When in regulation the transistor will switch On and OFF at a rate dependent on the capacity of the battery and power available from the PV panel. The two resistors, R1 and R2, are used to divide the battery voltage down to the 4.6V range for the voltage monitor. Don't skimp on the power MOSFET. You might ask why use a transistor capable of passing 30 amps in a circuit designed for only 5 amps. The answer is in the cost and complexity of the heat sink. This transistor has only .044 Ohms of ON resistance. This power dissipation at 5 Amps is: 5A2 * .044Ohm = 1.1Watts. The transistor will get warm but not excessively and without a heat sink. Of course if the full 30 amps is passing through the transistor then: 30A2 * .044Ohm = 40Watts. This is significant and needs to be heat sinked for this amount of heat. The total diversion load in this example is: 55.2V * 30A = 1656Watts. The diversion power can be increased by either using a larger transistor, paralleling more transistors, or paralleling more diverter controllers. Additional diverters can be staged by setting them at slightly different voltages. Calculate the Value of R2 in the Diversion Controller.

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Electronic Projects

Vc Vm R1 RD Im R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2 R2

= = = = =

55.2V 4.6V 2.00KOhms 1KOhms

Desired Diversion voltage. Threshold voltage of ZM33064. Lower voltage divider resistor. Divider Pot 180A Quiescent current of ZM33064.

= ( Vc - Vm ) / (( Vm / ( R1 + RD / 2 ) ) + I m ) - ( RD / 2 ) = ( 50.6V ) / ( 4.6V / ( 2.00KOhms + .5Ohms ) + 180A ) - ( .5Ohms ) = ( = ( = = = 50.6V 50.6V ) / ( ) / ( 1.84mA 2.02mA ) + 180A ) - ( .5Ohms ) - ( .5Ohms ) - ( .5Ohms )

25.05KOhms 24.55KOhms 24.3KOhms R2 * (( Vm / ( R1 + RD / 2 ) ) + I m

Closest 1% value. )2 Calculate the power in R2 Use a 1/4 watt resistor.

WattsR2= WattsR2= WattsR2=

24.3KOhms *

2.02mA2

0.099 Watts

pwm mppt

Pulse Width Modulating, PWM, Solar Power Regulators. Maximum Power Point Controllers, MPPC. Maximum Power Point Trackers, MPPT.
The Maximum Power Point Tracker is a special form of buck/boost, sometimes buck only, power converter designed to deliver the maximum possible power to a load, or storage battery, from limited input power sources. These work similar to a normal Pulse Width Modulating, PWM, voltage regulator except that the pulse width control is designed to track the maximum power available from the PV panel. Of course, when the battery voltage is high enough then the converter is shut down effecting charge regulation. PV panel output voltage, and consequently the maximum power point, varies in many ways. The maximum power point varies with temperature, light influx, cloud cover, dirt, and panel age. The important thing is that this maximum power point voltage rarely matches the battery voltage. These converters are sort of reverse voltage regulators that instead of controlling the output voltage, which is fixed by the battery,
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Electronic Projects

controls the input voltage. There are several ways to accomplish the control of this power conversion:
Fixed Ratio. Open loop power tracker. Closed loop power tracker. The simplest way is to just manually set the pulse width of the power converter. While this is not technically a controller because the pulse width is fixed it does produce some power gain over a shunt controller. A better way is to first characterize the panel voltage vs. the input light vs. output power. A photo sensor circuit controls the input voltage that the panel runs at. While these work reasonably well and more efficiently than the simple regulators they are not the optimum solution. In my opinion they are no cheaper to build than the better tracking circuit described next. More complicated and more accurate power tracking controllers use wattage sampling techniques to continuously find the optimal panel operating voltage. The way they work is to periodically introduce a small change in the controlled panel input voltage, measure the current, then calculate the input wattage. If the wattage has increased over the last sample then the next change in voltage should be in the same direction as the last change. However, if the wattage is less than the last sample then the next voltage change should be in the opposite direction to what the present change was. The panel voltage is continuously being adjusted in a dynamic way to see if the output power can be increased. While the panel voltage is technically never at the true peak point the error is negligibly small. The result of this voltage dance is the ability of the controller to track the maximum power point no mater what the input PV panel conditions.

Can the circuit be made simpler? YES!


Closed loop current tracker. It turns out that there is a major simplification in the control of maximum power point battery charger controllers. Delivered power is the multiplication of delivered current times battery voltage. Since battery voltage is relatively constant one needs to only use the delivered current to represent the approximate delivered power. No complex multiplication needs to be performed. In the above example where power was used to determine the direction of the change of the input voltage The simplified controller uses the change of the delivered current sample as the clue for determining the direction of the change of the input voltage.

I built a controller for a windmill alternator in about 1973 that used OpAmps and CMOS logic gates. Today I think I would use a simple microprocessor to do the controlling. Many micros have a built in AtoD converter and a PWM output. Use the AtoD to measure the output current and the PWM to control the pulse width of the pass transistor in the buck/boost converter. Future Plans: I am planning on designing an MPPT. I will be using a desktop PC as the logic element. I will use a simple buck circuit with the PWM controlled by the computer. A 1 bit integrating current sampling AtoD circuit will tell the computer if the power delivered is
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Electronic Projects

increasing or decreasing. The computer will always be slowly changing the pulse width wider or narrower. The direction of change is controlled by the polarity of the single bit AtoD. I have done these experiments. I was successful. I now plan to program a PIC micro processor to perform the function. The PIC I am interested in is the PIC12C672. This microprocessor is in an 8 pin dip. It has 4 A/D converters, an internal clock and is cheap. I hope this micro will do the job. I will keep you posted. Any questions or comments? Email me at: <redrok@redrok.com> For further study on how MPPTs work look at the various patents on the subject at my Neat Patents page: http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm#mppt Conclusion: If the power grid is available then there is no need of any form of PV nor other alternative power sources. The power grid provides a very stiff power source and can accommodate the use of simple low cost power supplies for most applications. However, not everyone has access to the power grid. Some also want that feeling of energy independence. Conventionally, PV panels have been the mainstay alternative energy source. They are also very expensive. MPPTs are a solution to increasing the power delivered by the PV panels. If the costs of the MPPT is low enough, and I think they are, the total cost of the power delivered can be reduced. MPPTs can benefit many applications where the input power is not very constant. Many alternative energy sources have highly compliant output power curves and require a more sophisticated power converter than a simple power supply. If one wishes to maximize the delivered power from highly compliant power sources MPPTs are what is required. MPPT can increase the power output of a PV system by about 20%. Much greater gains in power can be obtained by using solar trackers which constantly aim the PV panels at the sun. I estimate about 100% increase in power output in summer and 50% increase annually, and about even in winter can be obtained from solar tracking. The combination of solar tracking and MPPTs is an unbeatable combination. If you want to purchase a good MPPT check out the Solar Converters, Inc. unit at:
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Electronic Projects

windsun

Windsun, owned by Warren Lauzon.


solarconverters

Solar Converters Inc.


solarstar

SOLASTAR, Solar Powered Water Pumps.


rvproducts

RV Products, solar battery charging, monitoring, inverters and panels for your complete electrical independence! Here is a circuit in the "Ideas For Design" column of Sep.14,1998 ELECTRONIC DESIGN. Maximum-Power-Point-Tracking Solar Battery Charger by W. Stephen Woodward. Here is an article from Feb.4,1999 EDN magazine. Harness solar power with smart power-conversion techniques by Allan Petersen, Maxim Integrated Products.

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Electronic Projects

PV to DC motor MPPT Build this simple Mini Maximiser by Alan Hutchinson, Plasmatronics, Melbourne Circuit complete with PC board layout.

efficiency

Cost Efficiency in MPPTs, Maximum Power Point Controllers.


Now it can be argued that the cost of the MPPT controller is more expensive than adding an extra panel or 2 especially if it gains only about 20% over the shunt regulator. Also the MPPT is a single point of failure if only one is in the system. This is a site to get the data to compare different collector types.

For my location in Minnesota I get:


2 axis flat plate Flat Plate Tilted Lat+15 Deg 2 axis flat plate Flat Plate Tilted Lat Deg 2 axis flat plate June June 8-10KWHr/m^2/ day 4-5KWHr/m^2/day

Annual 6-7KWHr/m^2/day Annual 4-5KWHr/m^2/day December 3-4KWHr/m^2/day

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Electronic Projects

Flat Plate Tilted Lat-15 Deg

December 3-4KWHr/m^2/day

If I weren't a tinkerer I don't think I would purchase one for my system. I think a solar tracking panel rack would be more cost effective. These can deliver double the power output in summer and 40% in winter instead of only a gain of 20% in efficiency as with an MPPT and it's cheaper to boot. Warren Lauzon points out that in the middle of winter when the flat plate tracking collector is about even with non tracking collectors the MPPT has the advantage. <redrok@redrok.com>

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http://www.redrok.com/images/hbridge1.jpg

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theanalogguy

theanalogguy.com
Solar Trackers:
ST1 & ST2 Single and Dual Axis Light Seeking Tracker Controls 12-56VDC 5-20Amps

CPT1-24V5A SINGLE AXIS PULSE COUNTING CLOCKWORK TRACKER CT1-24V5A SINGLE AXIS CLOCKWORK TRACKER 26V 5A MAX

Esoterica Reflex-Regenerative Receiver Brainwave Entrainment Using Binaural Beats Sterile Air Wound Bandage

http://www.theanalogguy.com/6/12/2006 7:43:55 AM

http://www.redrok.com/images/ledrely1.gif

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New Document

actuator

Linear Actuators
discover

Discover Satellite
consumentenprijs

UK Belgium Malta Taiwan Jaeger Gentact Jaeger


Specification: MODEL Stroke Length Suggested Dish Size Static Load Dynamic Load Speed(Rated Load) Resolution(Reed) Resolution (Optical)

Consumentenprijs
borg

Borg Electronics Ltd.


gentact

Gentact

HEAVY 18"/24"/36" 2.4M~4.8M 3000lbs 1200lbs 5.2mm/sec 32Pulse/inch 83Pulse/inch 10 turns, 10K ohm 36 VDC

REGULAR 12"/18"/24" 1.2M~3.6M 1000lbs 550lbs 5.6mm/sec 48Pulse/inch 125Pulse/inch 10turns, 10k Ohm 36 VDC

MINI 6"/8"/10"/12" 60cm~1.5M 500lbs 300lbs 6.2mm/sec 76Pulse/inch 203Pulse/inch ---------36 VDC

jaegertaiwan

Jaeger Industrial Co., Ltd. webmaster@jaeger.com.tw

Taiwan

Resolution(Pot) Input Voltage Model Designation: H A R L 36 18 +

Example: HARL3618+ SuperJack Regular Modeli (Q: Heavy; H: Regular; D: Mini) Actuator (A: Acme; B: Ball) Reed Sensor. (R: Reed; O: optical; B: w/o sensor) Limit switches equipped DC 36V motor (24V motor available) Stroke length (12,18 and 24 inch standard / other stoke length is available upon request.) (6, 8 and 10 inch available either) Advanced

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jaegerusa

Jaeger USA, Inc. (770)458-0178 E-Mail to JAEGER U.S.A.

Atlanta, Georgia

Jaeger (Pro Brand)

j&d

J & D Electronics (888)379-9605 cpart@jd-electronics.com

Pro Brand HARL3018 18" $ 69.95 Acme Pro Brand ZARL3018 18" $129.00 Acme Large tube Pro Brand QARL3024 24" $139.00 Acme Pro Brand VBRL3024 24" $169.95 Ball Maynardville, TN Saginaw 24" $199.00 Acme Saginaw 24" $229.00 Ball Von Weise 18" $109.00 Acme Von Weise 24" $159.00 Acme

saginaw

Thomson Saginaw (517)776-4123 Literature Request


orourke

Saginaw, MI

Performance Pak Actuators (PPA)

Orourke Distributing (800)523-4730 Rees Douglas


motion

Moline, IL

Mechanical Motion
exlar

Mechanical Motion Venture Maxi Industrial Series 3000/1500 Lb -48" Ball Tube Limit/ Screw Gearbox Diam Clutch Type 8
venture

Sensor 6" Inc 1" Inc 1 3 1 6 2 12 3 18 6 36 8 48 0 00 11 22 33 44 55

Tube Mount 1

End 1

Venture (937)233-6832 Sales (800) 500-9275 Martin Mershad Special Products Dayton, Ohio Pace Electronics (612)542-9620 626 Mendelssohn Ave N Minneapolis, MN
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1 / 58 19 0 Non 12 A F 0 None 8 2.0" 1 LS 24 B G 5 Ball 1 Reed 7 1.5" 2 Clch 36 C H - Acme 2 Hall 3 Both 90 D J 3 Pot 110 E K Venture Maxi Ball 3000/1500 Lb -40" Venture Gold Plus 24" Ball Venture Gold Plus 18" Ball

1 Trunnion 1 1/2Flt 2 In-line 2 1/2Sw 3 Clamp 3 3/4Sw 4 HDClamp

New Document

55427-4306

Venture Maxi 8500 1000/ 250 52" Acme Venture Maxi 8500 1000/ 250 36" Acme Venture Maxi 8500 1000/ 250 24" Acme Venture Maxi 8500 1000/ 250 18" Acme Venture Mini Blackjack 7600 18" Acme Venture Micro Skylighter 7500 18" Acme Venture Ultra Power 1500 Lb 24" $279.95 Ball W Boot Venture Ultra Powered 36" $319.95 Ball W Boot Venture Super Power 24" $149.95 Acme Venture Super Power 36" $229.95 Acme Venture Super Power 52" $249.95 Acme Venture Action Packed 18" $169.95 Ball Venture Action Packed 24" $169.95 Ball Venture Valueline-18" $ 89.95 Acme Venture Blackjack 7600 18" Venture 18" Mini-T $ 48.95 Venture 18" Gold $ 79.95 Venture 18" Maxi $ 69.95 Pro Brand 18" SuperJack XL $ 78.95 Pro Brand 18" SuperJack II $ 48.95 Venture 18" $ 64.95 Von Weise 18" $ 99 SuperJack(Pro Brand) 18" $ 79 Venture Super Duty 24" $139.95 ??

skyvision

Skyvision (800) 543-3025 (800) 500-9275

satech

SATECH satellite@satech.com.au

Australia

consumer

Consumer Direct Warehouse

USA

central

Central Satellite info@centralsatellite.com


cband

MS

C-Band TV mportus@chatlink.com
mj

OR

MJ Sales satdish@vtc.net

??

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internet

Internet Electronics (877)849-8985 toll free feedback

FL

Von Weise 18" $ 89.95 Von Weise 18" $104.95 W Boot Von Weise 24" $134.95 Von Weise 24" $149.95 W Boot SuperJack(Pro Brand) 600Lb 18" $ 68.95 SuperJack(Pro Brand) 600Lb 18" $ 83.95 W Boot SuperJack(Pro Brand) 900Lb 18" $ 86.50 SuperJack(Pro Brand) 900Lb 18" $101.50 W Boot SuperJack(Pro Brand) 1200Lb 24" $109.95 Acme SuperJack(Pro Brand) 1200Lb 24" $124.95 Acme W Boot SuperJack(Pro Brand) 1500Lb 24" $139.50 Ball VBRL 3024 SuperJack(Pro Brand) 1500Lb 24" $154.50 Ball VBRL 3024 W Boot Venture Maxi 18" $ 97.95 Venture Maxi 24" $101.95 Venture Maxi 36" $169.95 Venture Gold Plus 18" $109.95 Ball Jaeger

jaegergermany

Jaeger
unlimited

Germany

Satellites Unlimited 914-586-4334 tomdee@catskill.net


satshop

Arkville, NY

Actuator 24" $199.00 Ball W Boot

SatShop info@mascom.de
telsat

Germany

Jaeger

Telsat Communications Ltd +64-6-356-2749 telsat@intec.gen.nz


worm

New Zealand

Von Weise 800 lbs 18" $90.00 US$ FOB Factory Von Weise 800 lbs 24" $98.00 US$ FOB Factory Saginaw Thompson 36" $230.00 US$ FOB Factory

Worm Drive

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An interesting method of making a worm drive is to use a flexible threaded rod turning against a gear. The gear has teeth formed by repeatedly running or pressing the threads into its surface. This idea was obtained from an issue of Sky & Telescope for use as a polar right ascension drive.

window

Flexible Gear Linear Actuator

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New Document

Virgil Vinz found this interesting window actuator from a Pontiac 6000. The actuator is a flexible plastic strip riding in a steel track. The strip is punched with holes that fit over a motorized sprocket. Think of this as a mutant sized 35mm film sprocket. Neat Huh!

ACT01
act01

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New Document

Proposed but untested, well somewhat tested now, SCR/MOSFET H-Bridge.


act023p

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SCR/MOSFET H-Bridge three


act021p

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SCR/MOSFET H-Bridge single

heliostats

Heliostats
ledhelo1

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The next two trackers are based on the ultra low power "Beam" technology pioneered by Mark W. Tilden. This controller is essentially 2 pairs of LED sensors in an H-bridge configuration. One H-bridge pair is for up/down motion and the other for east/west motion. This configuration has completely independent motions. A feature of this controller is the ultra low power consumed during idle time. It's probably around 10uA or so. The voltage monitor circuit shuts down the drive and lets a low power source such as a small PV panel charge the energy storage capacitors. When sufficient voltage is detected the energy stored in the capacitors is dumped to the H-bridge circuits. Quite high currents are provided to the motors making motion is short bursts.
ledhelo2

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3 LED Heliostat Drive I am currently working on. This controller is essentially 3 pairs of LED sensors in a 3-bridge configuration. The driver is capable of operating 3 actuators. The motors are connected in a Delta configuration. The apexes of the delta are connected to the center connection of each half-bridge. Of course only 2 actuators are required as the third is stationary and fixed. When a pair of LEDs turns on the associated top SCR the bottom SCRs of the other half bridges is turned on and movement of the shadow mask is toward this LED. In the absence of any turn on conditions all SCRs are off and no movement results.
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If 2 or more LED turn on conditions occur multiple SCRs in both the top and bottom will fire. In many circuits this would be a disastrous condition, however, in this circuit the only thing that happens is there is no movement and the storage capacitor is discharged. Actually this condition won't happen in normal circumstances when the light is bright. The LED sensors are arranged in a circle of 6 with a shadow mask sized to exactly illuminate each LED 50%. They are connected in pairs at opposite sides of the circle.
US4342501

Solomen US4342501 Radiant energy collector with focal point between the plane of the frame and earth Note, there is a U-joint at the base of the reflector.
US4930493

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Sallis US4930493 Multi-lever rim-drive heliostat Note, there is a U-joint at the base of the reflector.
US5945961

Price US5945961 Satellite Dish Mount. Note, there is a U-joint at the base of the reflector.
US4251819
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Vickland US4251819 Satellite Dish Mount. Note, there is a Ball-joint at the bottom of the reflector instead of a U-joint. Tipping of the reflector is resisted by the cross brace. A disadvantage is the motions are quit complex. OK, the U-joint has complex motion too but not as complex as the Ball-joint mount.
US4798949

Wilcox US4798949 Linear actuated optical concentrator Note, the specific detail of using a universal joint where the lower, rigid arm attaches to the mirror. This U-joint prevents tipping of the mirror left or right. The two linear actuators provide tilt and rotation to the mirror.
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New Document

US3945015

Gueguen US3945015 Satellite Dish Mount. Note, there is a U-joint at the center of the reflector.
3phtam

3 Tamiya model. (Hey, it looks kind of like a little robot!) A picture is worth way more than a thousand words. As US4798949 and US3945015 teaches us that a U-joint keeps the mirror from tipping I have a rigidly mounted U-joint at the top. The other U-joints could be ball joints if one can find ball joints that can take high angles. US4798949 needs the other 4 U-joints because of the use of linear actuators. These generally require that the far end be prevented from rotating. The U-joint solved this problem for him. But technically, only the single lower U-joint prevents the mirror from tipping. Note, US4342501, US4930493, US5945961, and US3945015 only use 1 U-joint.
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I worked out a method where I can eliminate the need for limit switches in the actuator. If a crank is used the motion can't run into the end and jam as in a linear actuator. The protection limit switches can be eliminated. My model uses a Tamiya Twin-motor gear box model 70097.

The crank mechanism can be scaled to large sizes with no foreseeable problems. Q. What if the controller gets confused and runs over the end and the crank moves to the upper part of the motion? A. Nothing bad happens. The controller just continues to move the crank in the same direction, (the control action is reversed), until the crank is back on bottom and normal control is resumed. If course, there is nothing wrong with using limit switches. In this type of mount pairs of actuators are generally operated: 1. For up/down motion the motors are driven in the same direction. 2. For East/West motion the motors are driven in the opposite directions.
tamiya

The model heliostat drive uses hobby gear boxes by Tamiya.

Model 70097

These guys have it for $9.98us.


como

And another with good specifications.

MFA/Como Drills Ondrives Ltd.


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New Document

thermostat

Thermostat for Solar Cooker


ledcook

DCB asked an interesting question. He was wondering if I could add a temperature control feature to the LED3 solar tracker. He wants to use the tracker to run a solar cooker. He said that with a dish concentrator the temperature in the oven can get to high. He suggested an input to the tracker could move it off axis to control the temperature. I have bread boarded a couple of circuits to try this. I also will try a thermostat version. However, the thermostat seemed kind of high in cost compared to the electronic version. Especially when settings of 350F are needed for baking. One could get carried away with this with oven timers and such. Thermocouples could be used here but they require opamps and cooking gust doesn't require that precise of a temperature accuracy. I will look at positive temperature coefficient sensors such as platinum or copper types. If a sensor resistance of about 1KOhm were used these could be more rugged than the diode sensors. Each of these circuits is connected to the LED3 5V regulator. The 2 diodes on the left are connected across R2 & R3. The essentially the circuit grounds the LED sensor pairs fooling the tracker into heading for home. The lower diode is the temperature sensor. It probably should have a glass case to take the temperature. OK, I know 350F is way above the normal operating temperature of semiconductors, but it works in this case. You will need to mount the sensor inside the oven and make connections with high temperature wire. I have some 30 gauge twisted pair wire wrap wire that has Kynar, (?), insulation. I twisted and crimped this to the diode to make a good mechanical connection. I also added solder. The solder may melt but still makes a good electrical contact. Other diodes may be used such as the emitter base junction of a power transistor. The choice of components is not critical at all. The resistor values have been chosen to allow operation to about 350F.
led3cok1

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New Document

Temperature control for the LED3 solar tracker. First try. The 1N914 at the bottom is the sensor.
led3cok2

Temperature control for the LED3 solar tracker. This works much better. The 1N914 at the bottom is the sensor.
small

The Solar Cooking Archive. http://www.solarcooking.org/tracker1.htm They have a neat solar cooker tracker described and sold by: Small Power Systems http://www.pacificsites.com/~sps/oven.html Small Power Systems It operates as a lazy susan with a drive wheel on the side.
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New Document

diftemp

Differential Temperature Sensors

Differential Temperature Sensors I've posted a couple of differential temperature sensor circuits. These are preliminary and should be used as the starting point for more in depth circuits that control output power.

instrumentation

Solar instrumentation
pv-i2v

http://www.redrok.com/actuator.htm (19 of 25)6/12/2006 7:47:52 AM

New Document

PV current to voltage converter. This circuit, when used with a small single PV cell, will do a good job of measuring the solar influx after calibration. It's based on the primary property that the short circuit current of a PV cell closely matches the incident insolation.

tilden

Tilden

Tilden H-Bridge http://people.ne.mediaone.net/bushbo/beam/BiomechMotorBridges.html


http://www.redrok.com/actuator.htm (20 of 25)6/12/2006 7:47:52 AM

New Document

by Mark W. Tilden This is a very neat design. Well worth studying how it works.

robots

Solar Robots
BEAM Solar Engine http://nis-www.lanl.gov/robot/html/plans.html by Mark W. Tilden Micro Power Solar Engine http://www.xs4all.nl/~sbolt/e-lezersbijdrage.html by Ken (K.G.A.) Huntington Alf http://wollongong.apana.org.au/~ben/alf/schematic.html by Ben Hitchcock A solar powered Alfa Romeo Matchbox car. Fred http://wollongong.apana.org.au/~ben/fred/schematic.html by Ben Hitchcock A little robot that searches for light. D2 Robotics http://www.panunzio.demon.co.uk/circuits.htm by David & Dean Many tiny robots. Dave http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Lofts/1121/beam/dave.htm by Justin Fisher Tiny photovore. Solarbotics Ltd. http://www.solarbotics.com/
http://www.redrok.com/actuator.htm (21 of 25)6/12/2006 7:47:52 AM

New Document

Skitterbot http://www.working-ideas-co.com/ Skitterbot. Cheap PV cells. Forever Flasher http://www.tripoint.org/kevtris/flasher.html Kevin Horton
suntrek

Suntrek http://www.suntrekenergy.com/ Small solar panels.


pagermotors

PagerMotors.com http://www.pagermotors.com/ Small solar panels and pager motors.

trackers

Other Solar Trackers


cdsrely1

http://www.redrok.com/actuator.htm (22 of 25)6/12/2006 7:47:52 AM

New Document

This is a non electronic analog tracker. It's very simple using only two relays and two Cadmium Sulfide, CdS, photoresistive cells. The relay is from Radio Shack 275-249A. The coil is rated at 12VDC and 200 ohms. The CdS cell has a full sunlight resistance of 50 to 75 ohms. This resistance is a little low for reliably dropping out of the relay when in shadow. I adjust the resistance by using a Sanford Sharpie Permanent marker. If you get too much marker on it can be removed with fingernail polish remover or acetone. This tracker is not as accurate as the electronic ones. It's perfect for flat panels thermal or PV panels.
ledshex2

http://www.redrok.com/actuator.htm (23 of 25)6/12/2006 7:47:52 AM

New Document

This is a greatly improved version of the LED sensor circuits with Schmitt Trigger Logic and MOSFET power drivers. This circuit fits onto a .7"x1.4" circuit board. The MOSFET drivers are capable of delivering about 10A to the motor load. They can do this because the power on duty cycle is about 10%.

tunneldiode

Tunnel Diodes http://www.panunzio.demon.co.uk/circuits.htm Excerpt from the GE Transistor Manual on Tunnel diodes.
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LED3 Solar Tracker Assembly

LED3 Solar Tracker Assembly


Introduction:
The Tracker PC board uses mostly surface mount parts. These components are difficult to assemble if you dont have the required skills and equipment. I am presenting these instructions for those who wish to attempt this task. The assembly should be done in the specific order outlined to minimize the risk of damage to the circuits in case there are solder shorts or misplaced components.

Caution:
The components in this circuit are susceptible to damage through static discharges. Use normal static discharge prevention techniques such as a grounded workbench, soldering iron, and personal grounding wrist straps. Also the outer edge of the board is connected to the negative power terminal and should be the first point touched when handling the circuit.

Assembly Tools:
1. A low wattage temperature controlled soldering iron that can be set to 650F. 2. Solder paste. I use Multicore RMA mild activation rosin based solder paste in a 25 mG syringe (RM10). This paste contains 2% silver for excellent wetting action. Digikey part number SN62RM10. 3. Small diameter wire solder. I use Kester RMA mild activation rosin based 37/63 solder in .020 wire size. Digikey part number KE1201. 4. Toothpicks to apply the solder paste. 5. Metal tweezers for manipulating the tiny components. 6. Magnifiers or high magnification reading glasses. I use 3.5 or 4 diopter reading glasses. 7. Solvents to clean the solder flux. I use Asitone, available at building centers. This should be done in a well ventilated area. Asitone is Flamable so be careful.
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LED3 Solar Tracker Assembly

8. A digital multi meter with sharp pointed probes for measuring resistance and voltage. 9. A current limited 12 volt power supply. Set to about .25 amps. 10. A bright light source for testing the tracker operation.

Assembly:
Whenever power is applied to the board it is wise to put a finger on the LM317LM to feel how warm it is getting. Any noticeable increase in temperature is an indication that the circuit should be immediately disconnected. 1. Apply all resisters, capacitors and transistors. 2. Add the connector to the backside of the board. The connector must be soldered on both sides of the board as my board manufacturer neglected to drill and plate these 4 holes. Do not solder the two center pins on the topside at this time. This will be soldered at a later time. 3. Measure the installed resistance of the components. 4. Check for shorts to ground at all component nodes. 5. Add the LM317LM making sure of the orientation of pin 1. Refer to the picture. Or an enlarges version at: http://www.redrok.com/images/ledshex3.jpg

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LED3 Solar Tracker Assembly

LED3
6. Apply 12 volts to the circuit through the connector. 7. Observe that the LM317LM is regulating to about 5 volts. And that there is about 1.4 volts on the four outer LED pad. 8. Add the 74HCT14. 9. Observe 5 volts on pin 14 and 0 volts on pin 7. 10.Observe pin 8 to see the oscillator output. This is mostly at 5 volts with short drops to 0 volts. 11. Add the 4 LEDs to the board. Leave the LEDs in the fanned out position as indicated by the position of the mounting pads. This gives the outer LEDs an additional 15 degrees angle. 12. Observe that the voltage on the input to pins 1 and 3 change voltage to between about 0 volts and 3volts when the LEDs are illuminated with a strong light source. Move the tracker about to see these voltages are changing.
http://www.redrok.com/led3assm.htm (3 of 5)6/12/2006 8:16:47 AM

LED3 Solar Tracker Assembly

13. Observe the voltage on the IRF7313 pads 1 and 3. These should be either 0 volts or 5 volts depending on orientation of the light source. There should never be 5 volts on the pins at the same time. (After final adjustment of the LED position its possible for them both to have 5 volts but not for now.) 14. Observe the voltage on the IRF7316 pads 1 and 3. These should be mostly at 12 volts with intermittent drops to about 4 volts depending on the orientation of the light source. For any orientation only on of the pins will be dropping to the lower voltage. 15. Add the IRF7313 and IRF7316 MOSFETs and solder the center two pins of the connector. 16. Make sure there are no shorts to ground or between the center connector pins. 17. Apply power and observe that the voltages on the center pins of the connector are pulsing dependent on the orientation of the light source. A test circuit with a pair of small red and green LEDs connected back to back and in series with a 470 ohm resister on the center pins of the connector will indicate which way the bridge is driving. The color indicates east or west movement dependent on the orientation of the light source. 18. Add the 1N5359 24 volt 5 watt zener diode between the positive terminal of the connector and the ground foil. The banded end is connected to the positive terminal. 19. Connect to a linear actuator and observe the operation of the actuator. The linear actuator must have limit switches, properly adjusted, with internal reversing diodes across the switches. This protects the driver from excessive current should the actuator run into the end of travel and stalls. 20. To temporarily disable the oscillator one can ground the foil on the backside of the board near the logo using your finger. This will activate the H-bridge continuously for testing.

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LED3 Solar Tracker Assembly

LED3 Schematic

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LED3 Solar Tracker Operating instructions

LED3

Solar Tracker Operating instructions


Introduction:
The LED3 solar tracker is designed to track the sun by moving itself into a position where it is aligned with the sun. To accomplish this the tracker drives a linear actuator. Generally this actuator moves a solar collector with the tracker mounted to it.

Caution:
This board is made with high impedance circuits and is subject to static discharges which can damage the integrated circuits. When handling the circuit make sure you are well grounded. Your probably grounded by standing on the earth when working with the circuit. You can touch the edges of the board as these areas are all connected to the negative power terminal.

Mounting:
The tracker can be mounted in several ways. 1. The easiest is to glue it along the bottom edge. Make sure the glue doesn't touch any of the circuit traces especially the timing capacitor area next to the 74AHCT14. 2. A small hole can be drilled in the corner of the board near the LM317LM. 3. The best way is to solder a metal bracket in the corner near the LM317LM. A small copper electrical ring lug works well for this.

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LED3 Solar Tracker Operating instructions

The board is designed to have the circuitry mounted on the down side or closer to the earth, not upward toward the sky.

Weather Dome:
A low cost weather dome to protect the circuit from the elements can be made with a 2 liter clear plastic soda pop bottle with the top cut off. The kind that has a black plastic foot. This foot is easily removed revealing a round bottom. I have uses a piece of 4"x4" wood with the corners rounded off. The plastic dome is snugly fitted over the wood.

This is a picture of my old Chace tracker with a 2 liter weather dome. Connections:
A Molex connector is provided for all electrical connection. Pins 1 and 4 are for the power in connections and pins 2 and 3 go to the motor actuator. The pins are designed to use 22 gauge or smaller wire. However, I have used 20 gauge successfully. The wire doesn't need to be very large even when 10 amp motor startup currents are encountered because the currents are in a low 10% duty cycle.

The connector can only go on one way. The wedge is toward the PC board.
If you want to remove a pin from the connector a small screw drive is inserted in the hole in the top to push the retaining clip down while pulling on the wire. The pin will come out. Make sure the retaining clip is slightly bent up before reinserting.

Adjustments:
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LED3 Solar Tracker Operating instructions

Once mounted the final adjustment is made by bending the outer LEDs to change the dead band. The closer the outer LEDs are parallel to the inner LEDs the less dead band one obtains. If the tracker moves in the wrong direction reverse the leads on the motor. I'm supplying the tracker without the eastward parking feature installed because I am not pleased with the sensitivity reduction the 22 megohm resistor causes. I am searching for a 100 megohm resistor supplier. This lack of a parking feature doesn't materially affect the operation of the tracker. If the parking feature is needed we can talk about it later.

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LED3 Solar Tracker Operating instructions

LED3 Schematic

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U.S. Solar Radiation Resource Maps

U.S. Solar Radiation Resource Maps:


Atlas for the Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors

These maps show the general trends in the amount of solar radiation received in the United States and its territories. They are spatial interpolations of solar radiation values derived from the 1961-1990 National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) and published in the Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors. The data from which these maps were generated can be found one directory down at http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/redbook.

1. Select data type


Maps of minimum, maximum, and average solar radiation data are available. Maps of average values are produced by averaging all 30 years of data for each site. Maps of minimum and maximum values are composites of specific months and years for which each site achieved its minimum or maximum amounts of solar radiation. Click on the button next to the type of solar radiation map you want to see. Average Minimum Maximum

2. Select a month
To see the 30-year averages for a particular month, click on the button next to that month. To see the overall 30-year average solar radiation atlas for all months, click on the button next to "Annual". January May September Annual
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February June October

March July November

April August December

U.S. Solar Radiation Resource Maps

3. Select an instrument orientation


Data from fourteen different collector orientations were used to make the solar atlas. Choose the orientation from the following list:

For descriptions from the Manual click here.

Single Axis Tracking Concentrator, East-West Axis North-South Axis Tracking Concentrator Tilted at Latitude North-South Axis Tracking Concentrator Two Axis Tracking Concentrator Two Axis Tracking Flat Plate Flat Plate Tilted South at Latitude Flat Plate Tilted South at Latitude - 15 Degrees Flat Plate Tilted South at Latitude + 15 Degrees Horizontal Flat Plate South Facing Vertical Flat Plate North-South Axis Tracking Flat Plate North-South Axis Tracking Flat Plate Tilted at Latitude North-South Axis Tracking Flat Plate Tilted at Latitude - 15 Degrees North-South Axis Tracking Flat Plate Tilted at Latitude + 15 Degrees

4. View the map (by pushing this button):

View The Map

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U.S. Solar Radiation Resource Maps

Return to RReDC home page ( http://rredc.nrel.gov )

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Poulek Solar Co Ltd - Photovoltaics panels & Solar panel systems

Off-grid and on-grid PV systems Solar water pumping systems Solar trackers Solar panels Concentrators Price list Installation Final checklist Inquiry form Picture gallery Reference paper (pdf)

PV systems and components


Best combination of trackers and bifacial modules
q q

Price EQUAL to standard fixed PV systems Annual energy surplus 45%

BUY TRAXLE BIFACIAL SAVE 30% of PV SYSTEM COST

1994-2006 Poulek Solar Co. Ltd | info & e-mail

http://www.solar-trackers.com/ (1 of 2)6/12/2006 8:18:35 AM

Poulek Solar Co Ltd - Photovoltaics panels & Solar panel systems

Quality Reliability Easy installation No maintenance Long life Low price

They are the main features of the solar trackers TRAXLETM.

"Bifacial tracking concentrator 0.5kW in Spain" courtesy Sveve Jasper.

Solar trackers - 1 kW system (ITER - Canary Islands)

Poulek Solar, Co. Ltd.


Velvarska 9, CZ-160 00 Prague, Tel: +420 603 342 719, Fax: +420 603 342 185, URL: http://www.solar-trackers.com More information: info@solar-trackers.com

PV systems TRAXLE - Solar trackers - Tracking concentrator - PV pumping Solar panels - Installation instructions - Economical features Reliability - Inquiry form - Final checklist - Picture gallery - The company

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Seguidor solar, seguidor solar, SEGUIDOR SOLAR, Seguidor solar, seguidor solar, SEGUIDOR SOLAR, Seguidor solar, seguidor solar, SEGUIDOR SOLAR, P2 energy. solar irrigation, PV arrays, PV applications, PV products. SONNENNACHFOLGER, SONNENENERGIE, nachfuehrung, nachfuehrungen, Nachfhrung, paneles solaires, componentes solares, energia fotovoltaica, photovoltaik SEGUIDOR SOLAR, Seguidor solar, seguidor solar, SEGUIDOR SOLAR, solar energy, solar panels, photovoltaic, BIPV, photovoltaik, ridge concentrator

p1

Copyright by Poulek Solar, Co. Ltd. Last changes 20th March 2006

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Solar and Wind Renewable Energy

Wind and Solar Renewable Energy

This Windmill is Really Dynamic

Located in Cooperopolis, California at an elevation of 1450 Feet


Installed is a 3000 Watt Whisper 175. The Electric bills are 1/3 rd of what they used to be. This Windmill is really dynamic in high
http://www.voltpress.com/ (1 of 5)6/12/2006 8:25:38 AM

Solar and Wind Renewable Energy

winds when it regulates mechanically.

Solar Panels

In addition it has added Solar Panels.


The systems tracks the Sun using a controller from Red Rock Energy and a Satellite Jack Arm. The tracking device is custom made. The accuracy is very good and the arrays are very synchronous throughout the day. They begin parking movement (East) exactly when the Sun dips below the horizon to get ready for the next day. The Photovoltaic panels are consisting of 24 Uni-solar 64's. On the day the picture above was taken the system was producing 2200 watts, both PV and Wind at 1:30 pm in Sept.

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Solar and Wind Renewable Energy

The System is Utility Tied.

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Solar and Wind Renewable Energy

A battery setup on a Trace 5500 watt inverter offsets the peak consumption times.
It can add ~10 Kwh or more per weekday (during peak times) to the grid. Using 16 Dynasty Sealed AGM Batteries 100 Lbs each. These are located below the house for a consistent temperature. They are recharged every night (non peak) along with renewable generation to get them ready for the next day peak off setting. I wish Trace added a calendar to the Inverter to shut off weekend peak shaving. For now just remember to adjust it for the weekends. Batteries have only a bout 700 cycles of discharge per life at about 50% shallow Depth Of Discharge. Forklift / Traction Batteries however use 80% D.O.D. and last 365 by 5 + years. I really think better storage capability exists today based on this fact. However there are other methods of storage such as Fuel Cells that if perfected can store larger amounts of energy.

Amorphous Panels are best because of. Click site below. http://www.gosolar.u-net.com/benifits_of_thin_film.htm

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Solar and Wind Renewable Energy

Uni-solar also make Roof Shingle Panels. Uni-solar They won't shut off if a cell is shaded from bird droppings or tree branches. Or break from shipping as there is no glass. They are also Golf ball, Baseball, and Pine Cone Proof. Tough Photovoltaic Panels. Another good Link for the Do It Yourselfer's is http://www.otherpower.com They have good true information on how alternate energy is created and used.

Weather at Site

Thanks for visiting, any questions regarding this site contact. hypowrd@starband.net

Click below to visit the following site

http://www.voltpress.com/ (5 of 5)6/12/2006 8:25:38 AM

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LED4 Solar Tracker Assembly

LED4 Solar Tracker Assembly


Introduction:
The LED4 Tracker PC board is resonably easy to put to gather as it uses all through hole parts. There are a couple errors on the PC board. These will be fixed in the next board spin. However I will show you how to do the fixes. The assembly should be done in the specific order outlined to minimize the risk of damage to the circuits in case there are solder shorts or misplaced components.

Caution:
The components in this circuit are susceptible to damage through static discharges. Use normal static discharge prevention techniques such as a grounded workbench, soldering iron, and personal grounding wrist straps. Also the outer edge of the board is connected to the negative power terminal and should be the first point touched when handling the circuit.

Assembly Tools:
1. A low wattage temperature controlled soldering iron that can be set to 650F. 3. Small diameter wire solder. I use Kester RMA mild activation rosin based 37/63 solder in .020 wire size. Digikey part number KE1201. 6. Magnifiers or high magnification reading glasses. I use 3.5 or 4 diopter reading glasses. 7. Solvents to clean the solder flux. I use Asitone, available at building centers. This should be done in a well ventilated area. Asitone is Flamable so be careful. 8. A digital multi meter with sharp pointed probes for measuring resistance and voltage. 9. A current limited 12 volt power supply. Set to about .25 amps.
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LED4 Solar Tracker Assembly

10. A bright light source for testing the tracker operation.

Assembly:
Whenever power is applied to the board it is wise to put a finger on the LM317LM to feel how warm it is getting. Any noticeable increase in temperature is an indication that the circuit should be immediately disconnected. These instructions are not completed yet. I am in the process of writing them. 1. Apply all resistors, capacitors and transistors. 2. 3. 4. Check for shorts to ground at all component nodes. 5. Add the LM317LM making sure of the orientation of pin 1. Refer to the picture. Or an enlarges version at: http://www.redrok.com/images/ledshex3.jpg

LED4

LED3
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LED4 Solar Tracker Assembly

6. Apply 12 volts to the circuit through the connector. 7. Observe that the LM317LM is regulating to about 5 volts. And that there is about 1.4 volts on the four outer LED pad. 8. Add the 74HCT14. 9. Observe 5 volts on pin 14 and 0 volts on pin 7. 10.Observe pin 8 to see the oscillator output. This is mostly at 5 volts with short drops to 0 volts. 11. Add the 4 LEDs to the board. Leave the LEDs in the fanned out position as indicated by the position of the mounting pads. This gives the outer LEDs an additional 15 degrees angle. 12. Observe that the voltage on the input to pins 1 and 3 change voltage to between about 0 volts and 3volts when the LEDs are illuminated with a strong light source. Move the tracker about to see these voltages are changing. 13. Observe the voltage on the IRF7313 pads 1 and 3. These should be either 0 volts or 5 volts depending on orientation of the light source. There should never be 5 volts on the pins at the same time. (After final adjustment of the LED position its possible for them both to have 5 volts but not for now.) 14. Observe the voltage on the IRF7316 pads 1 and 3. These should be mostly at 12 volts with intermittent drops to about 4 volts depending on the orientation of the light source. For any orientation only on of the pins will be dropping to the lower voltage. 15. Add the IRF7313 and IRF7316 MOSFETs and solder the center two pins of the connector. 16. Make sure there are no shorts to ground or between the center connector pins. 17. Apply power and observe that the voltages on the center pins of the connector are pulsing dependent on the orientation of the light source. A test circuit with a pair of small red and green LEDs connected back to back and in series with a 470 ohm resistor on the
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LED4 Solar Tracker Assembly

center pins of the connector will indicate which way the bridge is driving. The color indicates east or west movement dependent on the orientation of the light source. 18. Add the 1N5359 24 volt 5 watt zener diode between the positive terminal of the connector and the ground foil. The banded end is connected to the positive terminal. 19. Connect to a linear actuator and observe the operation of the actuator. The linear actuator must have limit switches, properly adjusted, with internal reversing diodes across the switches. This protects the driver from excessive current should the actuator run into the end of travel and stalls. 20. To temporarily disable the oscillator one can ground the foil on the backside of the board near the logo using your finger. This will activate the H-bridge continuously for testing.

LED4 Schematic

http://www.redrok.com/led4assm.htm (4 of 4)6/12/2006 8:27:29 AM

LED4 Solar Tracker Operating instructions

LED4

LED4

Solar Tracker Operating instructions


These instructions are not completed yet. I am in the process of writing them.

Introduction:
The LED4 solar tracker is designed to track the sun by moving itself into a position where it is aligned with the sun. To accomplish this the tracker drives a linear actuator. Generally this actuator moves a solar collector with the tracker mounted to it.

Caution:
This board is made with high impedance circuits and is subject to static discharges which can damage the integrated circuits. When handling the circuit make sure you are well grounded. Your probably grounded by standing on the earth when working with the circuit. You can touch the edges of the board as these areas are all connected to the negative power terminal.

Mounting:
The tracker can be mounted in several ways. 1. The easiest is to glue it along the bottom edge. Make sure the glue doesn't touch any of the circuit traces especially the timing capacitor area next to the 74AHCT14. 2. A small hole can be drilled in the corner of the board near the LM317L. 3. The best way is to solder a metal bracket in the corner near the LM317L. A small copper electrical ring lug works well for this. The board is designed to have the circuitry mounted on the down side or closer to the earth, not upward toward the sky.

http://www.redrok.com/ledshex4.htm (1 of 3)6/12/2006 8:27:46 AM

LED4 Solar Tracker Operating instructions

Weather Dome:
A low cost weather dome to protect the circuit from the elements can be made with a 2 liter clear plastic soda pop bottle with the top cut off. The kind that has a black plastic foot. This foot is easily removed revealing a round bottom. I have uses a piece of 4"x4" wood with the corners rounded off. The plastic dome is snugly fitted over the wood.

This is a picture of my old Chace tracker with a 2 liter weather dome. Connections:
A Molex connector is provided for all electrical connection. Pins 1 and 4 are for the power in connections and pins 2 and 3 go to the motor actuator. The pins are designed to use 22 gauge or smaller wire. However, I have used 20 gauge successfully. The wire doesn't need to be very large even when 10 amp motor startup currents are encountered because the currents are in a low 10% duty cycle.

The connector can only go on one way. The wedge is toward the PC board.
If you want to remove a pin from the connector a small screw drive is inserted in the hole in the top to push the retaining clip down while pulling on the wire. The pin will come out. Make sure the retaining clip is slightly bent up before reinserting.

Adjustments:
Once mounted the final adjustment is made by bending the outer LEDs to change the dead band. The closer the outer LEDs are parallel to the inner LEDs the less dead band one obtains.
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LED4 Solar Tracker Operating instructions

If the tracker moves in the wrong direction reverse the leads on the motor. I'm supplying the tracker without the eastward parking feature installed because I am not pleased with the sensitivity reduction the 22 megohm resister causes. I am searching for a 100 megohm resister supplier. This lack of a parking feature doesn't materially affect the operation of the tracker. If the parking feature is needed we can talk about it later.

LED4 Schematic

http://www.redrok.com/ledshex4.htm (3 of 3)6/12/2006 8:27:46 AM

http://www.redrok.com/images/chace1x.jpg

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http://www.theanalogguy.com/ST2-5A-D-WEB-31%20MAY%202005.htm

PICTURES: ST2-5A BOARD

BASIC CONNECTION SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

The ST2-5A, 10A and 20A are light seeking tracker controls designed for DC motor systems (typically linear actuators) with up to 48VDC maximum operating voltage (minimum operating voltage=10VDC). In unobstructed sunlight it typically tracks within 0.25 degree of actual sun position. The following normal operating modes apply: 1) Useable sunthe unit points toward highest illumination, which is usually the suns disk but may be the brightest part of the sky during variable cloud conditions. 2) Mostly obscured sun (e.g. cumulous clouds with breaks)unit pauses at last valid control point to wait for conditions to change. 3) Heavy overcast or nightunit moves to park position to await light level recovery. The PARK position is determined by S1-2 (East or West) and S1-3 (V=array vertical, HORIZ=array horizontal). Abnormal conditionstypically, motor failure or mechanical system jam: Tracker will attempt to move the array. If motor overcurrent condition is sensed, tracker will terminate drive and flash the PAUSE LED. Indicators on the control PCB: PWR, PRK, PAUSE, E/W DRIVE, UP/DN DRIVE. Notes on initial installation, power up and adjustments. The remote sensor needs to be attached to the array frame such that the mounting surface of the sensor is parallel with the plane of the arraywhere on the array is not critical as long as the sensor receives unobstructed sun during the hours when the array is expected to track. One second after power is applied, the tracker is active. If the ambient light level is above the track threshold, it will then commence tracking. There are three trimpot adjustments, two are for tracking accuracy and are used to compensate for component variations and slight misalignments of the remote sensor. The third is to adjust the light level at which the tracker control changes from track to pause and pause to parkthis single adjustment is for both the pause and park thresholdtheyre approximately proportional. Trimpot sensibilities: Light LevelClockwise for lighter Pause/Park threshold. Position trim E/WClockwise for West. Position trim UP/DNClockwise for Down (toward horizon). S1-1 (DLY) on the PCB controls the delay function. The idea here is that, during the initial installation, this is in the OFF position. In this state, everything happens instantaneously
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a useful condition when tweaking the track trimpots and setting the PAUSE/PARK threshold. When the DLY switch is in the ON position (for normal, unattended operation), the following delays are added to the system operation: A ten second delay is added to tracking corrections so that a requirement for a position change must remain constant for 10 seconds to be considered valid. This is to reject transient events such as something flying over the sensor and, in cases where the sensor is shaded by moving vegetation during part of the tracking day, to hold off and/or reduce movement during back and forth shading events which arent representative of true sun position and are not dark enough to invoke the PAUSE function. A ten minute delay is added to the change from PAUSE to PARK. This is for conditions of changing cloud cover (where the sun occasionally pokes through) to keep the tracker from sending the array back and forth between PARK and TRACK positions. Light conditions must remain below PARK threshold for 10 minutes or more before the controller will allow movement. (There is only a 10 second delay when changing from PARK to TRACK.) The tracker control PCB needs to be housed indoors or in a weatherproof enclosure. The following flavors of product are available (one $8 shipping charge will apply to each order): ST2-5A-1 axis. $125 Basic light tracking configuration. Maximum motor current is 5Amps per

ST2-10A-1

Same as above except up to 10Amps maximum motor current per axis. $160

ST2-20A-1 Same as above except up to 20Amps maximum motor current per axis. Note: due to connector and fuse limitations, corrections are done sequentially, first one axis, then the other. $170

ST2-5A-2 Same as type 1 with added limit switch inputs for those systems which dont have linear actuators with built in limit switches. $135

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ST2-10A-2

Same as above except up to 10Amps maximum motor current per axis. $180

ST2-20A-2 Same as above except up to 20Amps maximum motor current per axis-sequential axis correction. $190

ST2-5A-3 Snow belt version. This has special features and programming to deal with sudden heavy snowfall and icing events characteristic of the Great Lakes region. Please email for more detailed information. ( A special Remote Sensor is required: RSS2) $165

ST2-10A-3

Same as above except up to 10Amps maximum motor current per axis. $200

ST2-20A-3 Same as above except up to 20Amps maximum motor current per axis-sequential axis correction. $210

Single Axis Versions: ST1-5A-1 Same functionality as ST2-5A-1 but only single axis. $115

ST1-5A-2

Same functionality as ST2-5A-2 but only single axis. $120

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ST1-20A-1

Same functionality as ST2-20A-1 but only single axis. $135

ST1-20A-2

Same functionality as ST2-20A-2 but only single axis. $140

Accessories: RS1 Single Axis weatherproof remote sensor with 10 ft (3m) cable. $15 each.

RS2

Dual Axis weatherproof remote sensor with 10 ft (3m) cable. $20 each.

RSS2 Dual Axis weatherproof remote sensor with 10 ft (3m) cable for Snowbelt Application. $30 each.

EC2 $0.40/ft.

Extra remote sensor cable (4 conductor shielded) sold on a per foot basis.

UM2 Hard copy of user manual. If you have email, a FREE PDF version of the manual will be sent with shipping notice. If you need printed copy, a small charge applies. $2 each.

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http://www.theanalogguy.com/ST2-5A-D-WEB-31%20MAY%202005.htm

TSM2 Thermal System Modification: For those who are tracking solar concentratorsan open collector output is provided to drive a relay when the tracker senses useable light levels and a contact closure input which commands drive off focusto protect your system when there has been a loss of coolant or other such mishap. TSM2 is not available on the snow belt version. $20 per unit.

RI2 Remote Indicator: targeted at the snow belt version, this provides an output for a bi-color LED which indicates system statushandy if the tracker is far away and you want to know why its not following the sun. RI2 is not available with TSM2. This includes the parts on the board and a bi-color led for remote indication. A 2 or 3 conductor unshielded cable is required (depending upon your wiring schemeprovide your own wire or use EC2 above). $10 per unit.

ASA Air Shipment Addernormal shipping is ground, which takes up to 2 weeks in North America. Air shipping is usually less than half the ground time. $5 per order.

http://www.theanalogguy.com/ST2-5A-D-WEB-31%20MAY%202005.htm (5 of 5)6/12/2006 8:34:09 AM

INITIAL WEB PAGE 28 OCT 2004

SINGLE AXIS CLOCKWORK (SOLAR) TRACKER FOR SYSTEMS WITH PULSE COUNTER FEEDBACK Cost: U.S. $120 + $8 handling and shipping

Assumptions: -You're located in the Northern Hemisphere. -Your dish/motor system has "end of travel" limit switches built in. -Your linear actuator has a pulse counter which delivers pulses as the lead screw rotates. -You have 12 to 24 volts DC at dish motor rated current available to power the tracker and that this power is available continuously without interruption. -That you have some means of determining the pointing direction of your dish for the directions GEOGRAPHIC SOUTH and GEOGRAPHIC SOUTHEAST. -The tracker control PCB will be mounted in a weatherproof enclosure or location.

CONNECTION DIAGRAM Input voltage range: 12 to 24 VDC. Ouput (motor) current: 5A Maximum Absolute maximum input voltage: 40 VDC (output current derating applies over 26 VDC input). Motor connection: When A is positive and B is negative, the array should drive EAST. When the motor is running, REED SWITCH INDICATOR DS1 should flicker or change brightness. When the motor is stopped, DS6 may be ON or OFF depending on the specific position where the pulse wheel has stopped.

http://www.theanalogguy.com/CPT1-24V5A-A.htm (1 of 4)6/12/2006 8:34:30 AM

INITIAL WEB PAGE 28 OCT 2004

TRACKER SET UP INSTRUCTIONS 1) Before applying power, insure that the "SET UP/RUN" switch (S1) is in the "SET UP" position. 2) Apply power. The "PWR ON" LED should illuminate. The "RUN" LED (DS7) should be on continuously while S1 is in the "SET UP" position. 3) Press and hold the "EAST" pushbutton until the dish drives to its end of travel limit switch (while the button is pushed, DS4 should be illuminated), then release the button. 4) Press and release the "E-LIMIT" pushbutton once. 5) Press the "WEST" pushbutton (while the button is pushed, DS5 should be illuminated) until the dish is pointing GEOGRAPHIC SOUTHEAST, then release the button. 6) Press and release the "SE-SET" pushbutton. This establishes the first range constant reference. 7) Press the "WEST" pushbutton until the dish is pointing GEOGRAPHIC SOUTH, then release the button. 8) Press and release the "S-SET" pushbutton once. This establishes the second range constant reference. 9) Press and hold the "WEST" pushbutton until the dish drives to its end of travel limit switch, then release the button. 10) Press and release the "W-LIMIT" pushbutton. 11) Press the "EAST" pushbutton until the drive hits the east limit switch, then release the button. 12) At the next "solar hour* press the E-LIMIT button an additional number of times: SOLAR HOUR ADDITIONAL SOLAR ADDITIONAL BUTTON HOUR BUTTON PUSHES PUSHES 600 0 1300 7 700 1 1400 8 800 2 1500 9 900 3 1600 10 1000 4 1700 11 1100 5 1800 12 1200 6 *solar time referenced to 1200 representing sun due south
http://www.theanalogguy.com/CPT1-24V5A-A.htm (2 of 4)6/12/2006 8:34:30 AM

INITIAL WEB PAGE 28 OCT 2004

This establishes the essential (internal clock) time reference. 13) Move the "SET UP/RUN" switch to the "RUN" position. DS7 should begin flashing off and on at a 1 second rate. Moving the switch to the RUN position starts the internal clock. The tracker is now operational. The tracker will make an immediate correction to get to the proper starting point. At the end of the tracking day, the tracker will stay at the west limit until 2100 at which time it will return to the east limit position to wait for the next tracking day to start. ADJUSTING THE CLOCK: The clock is based upon a quartz crystal. There is always the possibility of long term error build up due to temperature variations or slight inaccuracies in initial calibration. The clock timing can be adjusted by pressing the EAST or WEST buttons to retard or advance the tracking (SET-UP/RUN switch is in the RUN position). The formula for calculating the required number of button pushes is: B.P. = total accumulated error (degrees) days error accumulated * 0.006 Wait for 5 seconds after making the last clock tweak before doing any other adjustmentsthis is to allow for the tweak information to be stored in non-volatile memory. MANUAL POSITION TWEAKING: If the initial set up is done approximately, or if there is a clock adjustment, there may be a need to tweak the array position manually. When the SET-UP/RUN switch is in the RUN position, the E-LIMIT switch drives the array EAST and the W-LIMIT switch drives the array WEST. Using this manual tweak doesnt affect any other operational parametersit just shifts the tracking range east or west as required. MOTOR FAULT PROTECTION: In the event of a motor system failure, if the tracker control doesnt sense motor movement for a period of 5 seconds following a drive command, and if the tracker control fuse doesnt blow, the output drive will be cut off. On subsequent direction reversal events (such as the night return), the tracker control will try to drive the motor for an additional 5 seconds before shutting down again. The types of things which will trigger this protection mode are: ->seized mechanical system ->shorted limit switch diode ->failed pulse counter ->shorted motor winding

http://www.theanalogguy.com/CPT1-24V5A-A.htm (3 of 4)6/12/2006 8:34:30 AM

INITIAL WEB PAGE 28 OCT 2004

Notes: Following a power interruption, the tracker defaults to a stopped condition, awaiting the required set up routine. With the exceptions of E-LIMIT and solar hour count, the other calibration points and the clock tweak are stored in non-volatile memory. This means that if there is a power interruption, a complete calibration cycle is not required. Following a power interruption, place SET-UP/RUN switch in the SET-UP position and complete the set up sequence: A) Press the "EAST" pushbutton until the drive hits the east limit switch, then release the button. B) Press and release the "E-LIMIT" pushbutton once. C) Go to step 12 of the initial set up procedure.

http://www.theanalogguy.com/CPT1-24V5A-A.htm (4 of 4)6/12/2006 8:34:30 AM

Available October, 2003:

SINGLE AXIS CLOCKWORK (SOLAR) TRACKER FOR SATELLITE DISH SYSTEMS (or other orbital mounts) Assumptions: -Youre located in the Northern Hemisphere. -Your dish/motor system has end of travel limit switches built in. -Your dish/motor system has a position feedback potentiometer built in. -The center position of your dish travel is geographic south. -You have 12 to 24 volts DC at dish motor rated current available to power the tracker and that this power is available continuously without interruption. -That you have some means of determining the pointing direction of your dish for the directions GEOGRAPHIC SOUTH and GEOGRAPHIC SOUTHEAST. -The tracker control PCB will be mounted in a weatherproof enclosure or location.

http://www.theanalogguy.com/CT1-24V5A.htm (1 of 4)6/12/2006 8:34:49 AM

Available October, 2003:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM Weatherproof light sensor is supplied with tracker. Input voltage range: 12 to 24 VDC. Ouput (motor) current: 5A Maximum Absolute maximum input voltage: 40 VDC (output current derating applies over 26 VDC input).

TRACKER SET UP INSTRUCTIONS

http://www.theanalogguy.com/CT1-24V5A.htm (2 of 4)6/12/2006 8:34:49 AM

Available October, 2003:

CLOCKWORK TRACKER PCB LAYOUT 1) Before applying power, insure that the SET UP/RUN switch (S1) is in the SET UP position. 2) Apply power. The PWR ON LED should illuminate. The RUN LED (DS3) should be on continuously while S1 is in the SET UP position. 3) Press and hold the EAST pushbutton until the dish drives to its end of travel limit switch (while the button is pushed, DS1 should be illuminated), then release the button. 4) Press and release the E-LIMIT pushbutton. 5) Press the WEST pushbutton until the dish is pointing GEOGRAPHIC SOUTHEAST, then release the button. 6) Press and release the SE-SET pushbutton. 7) Press and hold the WEST pushbutton until the dish drives to its end of travel limit switch (while the button is pushed, DS2 should be illuminated), then release the button. 8) Press and release the W-LIMIT pushbutton. 9) Press the EAST pushbutton until the dish is pointing GEOGRAPHIC SOUTH, then release the button. 10) At the next solar noon (when the sun is at GEOGRAPHIC SOUTH) press and release the S-SET pushbutton. This establishes the final position reference and the essential time reference. 11) Move the SET UP/RUN switch to the RUN position. DS3 should begin flashing off and on at a 1 second rate. The tracker is now operational. If the DAYLIGHT SENSOR is receiving enough light, the DAYLIGHT DETECT LED (DS4) will turn on and one minute later the TRACK ENABLE LED (DS5) will illuminate, indicating that tracking will commence. If the tracker doesnt make an immediate correction, the first correction will be in five minutes. The tracker will make corrections at five minutes intervals as long as the daylight sensor detects daylight and until the WEST limit is reached. When the WEST travel limit is reached and after the required one minute of uniterrupted darkness, the tracker will drive the dish back to the EAST travel limit to wait for the next day. If the light level drops too low during the day (heavy overcast or fog), the tracker will stop tracking until and unless the light level recovers at which point it will catch up to where its supposed to be. Price: US $120 + $8 Handling and Shipping

http://www.theanalogguy.com/CT1-24V5A.htm (3 of 4)6/12/2006 8:34:49 AM

Available October, 2003:

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Neat Patents

Neat Patents.
Last modified on 20040403
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* Delphion Simple Patent Searches. This website is one of the most fasinating locations on the web. This site has a history of real inventions. Be patient. The server is used heavily. The data is on archived CDs. The mechanical CD retrieval robot is slow at getting the next patent. Once the CD is in the drive the next pages should come through faster. Things have turned a bit ugly. Before you could see the full patent pages. Now you can only see the first page. To see the whole thing requires an expensive subscription.
howto

There seems to be a way around the front page limitation. You can still see other pages one at a time if you follow this procedure. Netscape procedure: 1. Search for the patent you are interested in. 2. Left click on the patent icon 3. Right click on the thumbnail you are interested in. 4. Select Copy Image Location 5. Paste this into the URL: bar. 6. Edit the image url: A. Edit the SCALE= to something like .200 .
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Neat Patents

B. Edit the PAGE= to the page you are interested in. 7. And hit return. Internet Explorer procedure: 1. Search for the patent you are interested in. 2. Left click on the patent icon 3. Right click on the thumbnail you are interested in. 4. Select Properties. 5. Cut and paste "Target URL" section into the Address bar. 6. Edit the image url: A. Edit the SCALE= to something like .200 . B. Edit the PAGE= to the page you are interested in. 7. And hit return. These are example of some URL command lines: To see the Delphion cover page. http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05473110__ To see individual pages http://www.delphion.com/cgi-bin/viewpat.cmd/US05473110__? SCALE=0.300&download_only=yes&BPS=8&page=1 Take care, Sabina ---------------------------

Go back to Red Rock Energy.


lancaster

* You Don't Really Want A Patent, Do You?


* Don Lancaster's Patent Avoidance Library.
Don discusses many of the pitfalls of obtaining and keeping patents. He makes a convincing argument that there is no need for obtaining a patent unless the gross sales are greater than $12,000,000.
neat

Neat Patents.
Awnings Bearings Brayton Candles Compressor Concentrators Cooling EMI

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Engines Flat Plate Heat Pipes Hydrogen Internal Combustion Ignitor Instrumentation Insulation Don Lancaster Lighting Mechanical Medical MHD MPPT Optics Pneumatic Dennis Polla Power Pumps PV Pyrolysis Rankine Receiver Refrigeration Robotics Scroll Stereolithography Stirling Storage Sundial Thermionic Thermoacoustic Thermoelectric Trackers Vane Vehicles Wacko Patents Water Wind Xerography. In almost all cases, things in parenthesis, "( )", are added information by me. US4318522 US4809675 US4890599 Dr. Thomason solar patents US5103802 Thermosyphon heat-storage and backup heat apparatus US4852547 Heat storage US4369764 Solar heat storage system US4343293 Solar domestic water heater US4284059 Heat storage and heat exchanger US4265219 Solar heating (cooling) system US4158358 Heat and cold storage apparatus US4146011 Solar energy US4139055 Solar heating (cooling) US4134544 Solar heating system US4132220 Solar energy collector US4102327 Solar heating (cooling) system US4082143 Solar energy US4048812 Solar-energy conserving US4029082 Heat and cold storage apparatus US3989031 Solar heat collector US3980130 Heat, cold and dry storage US3812903 US3412728 US3369541 US3295591 US3254703 US3254702
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US3236294 http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05473110__ http://www.delphion.com/cgi-bin/viewpat.cmd/US05473110__? SCALE=0.300&download_only=yes&BPS=8&page=1


Patent Link yr Category Awnings Inventor Description Awnings for RVs Shifting roll awning assembly with stowable support arms (White Consolidated Industries, Inc.) Camper Awning Tent canopy rain awning Tent Awning Bearings Pinkerton Magnetic bearing and method utilizing movable closed conductive loops Brayton Engines Bellofatto Converting solar energy into electric power Solar Brayton Method of and apparatus for producing power from solar energy Solar Turbine Method of and apparatus for producing power using compressed air Solar Turbine Receiver for solar energy Solar Turbine Gas turbine engine power plant using solar energy as a heat source Solar Turbine

US5636675 97 Awnings

Baka Malott

US5035253 91 Awnings Bearings US5302874 94 Bearings Magnetic Brayton US4189922 80 Brayton Solar

Bortles

US4942736 90 Brayton Solar

Bronicki

US5448889 95 Brayton Solar

Bronicki

US4683872 87 Brayton Solar

Fricker

US4262484 81 Brayton Solar

Jubb Stansbury

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US4172491 79 Brayton Solar

Rice

Method of more efficiently operating a heat storage-heat exchange system Solar Engine Candles Candle having thermal response Apparatus for manufacturing candles Method of molding an article in an expansible mold and removing the article from the mold Process for producing pasty paraffin Device on apparatus for pressing power or granules into candles Method of making a composite candle with powdered wax core Method of producing compression molded candles Apparatus and method for installing wicking in candles Automatic candle-wicking machine Compressors Isothermal compressor apparatus and method Isothermal Compressor Method and apparatus for compressing vaporous or gaseous fluids isothermally

Candles US5078591 92 Candles US4320575 82 Candles Molding Despres Karlsson McBride Glenn Cooper Bouchard Lafrance Perrault Karlsson

US4022862 77 Candles Molding

US5353827 94 Candles Paste

US4017231 77 Candles Powder

US4054636 77 Candles Powder US3702495 72 Candles Powder US4291458 81 Candles Wicking US3964858 76 Candles Wicking Compressor US4242878 81 Compressor

Menig

Renoe Flinn Marik

Brinkerhoff

US4027993 77 Compressor

Wolff

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US4975031 90 Compressor Rolling Piston

Bagepalli Imam

Rotary compressor with compliant impact surfaces Rolling Piston Membrane pump with tiltable rolling piston pressing the membrane Rolling Piston Vane hole cover for rotary compressor Rolling piston compressor with defined dimension ratios for the rolling piston Rotary rolling piston compressor with fixed vane having a relieved incline section Rolling piston compressor, and a cylinder therefor Hydraulic device ( This motor has a plurality of expansion elements strung in series.) Multiple Lobes Rotary fluid-flow machine with thin-walled annular piston ( Check out the slider/valve assembly in figure 5. ) Two stage gas compressor Multiple cylinder rotary compressor Rolling piston type expansion machine

US4332534 82 Compressor Rolling Piston

Becker

US5529469 96 Compressor Rolling Piston US5226797 93 Compressor Rolling Piston

Bushnell Swidowski Da Costa

US5007813 91 Compressor Rolling Piston

Da Costa

US5244366 93 Compressor Rolling Piston

Delmotte

US3942414 76 Compressor Rolling Piston

Eddy

US4580957 86 Compressor Rolling Piston

Fickelscher Schabert

US5322424 94 Compressor Rolling Piston US4452570 84 Compressor Rolling Piston

Fujio Fujisaki Chu Hattori Futamura Saito Ozu

US5616019 97 Compressor Rolling Piston

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Neat Patents

US5775883 98 Compressor Rolling Piston

Hattori Ozu Saito Morishima Otaka Futamura Hori Hirano Kojima Yuda Hwang Shin Ishihara Takei Hattori Okazaki Ishihara Takei Hattori Okazaki Kawaguchi Shirafuji Maeyama Sugita Yamamoto Kocher Szymaszek Nikolaus Matsuda Inagaki Ogawa Sasaya Matsuoka Yamazaki Tezuka Mochizuki Tanabe Miller

Rolling-piston expander apparatus

US4558993 85 Compressor Rolling Piston

Rotary compressor with capacity modulation Rolling piston rotary compressor formed with lubrication grooves Rolling piston type rotary machine

US5667372 97 Compressor Rolling Piston

US4669963 87 Compressor Rolling Piston

US4793780 88 Compressor Rolling Piston

Rolling piston type rotary machine with discharge passage in vane Low pressure container type rolling piston compressor with lubrication channel in the end plate Rotary gas compressor having rolling pistons

US4983108 91 Compressor Rolling Piston

US4507064 85 Compressor Rolling Piston

US5322424 94 Compressor Rolling Piston

Rolling piston compressor

US5522235 96 Compressor Rolling Piston

Reversible rotary compressor and reversible refrigerating cycle Plural-stage gas compressor

US4714414 87 Compressor Rolling Piston

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US5326233 94 Compressor Rolling Piston

Mochizuki Kawaguchi Sakai Sato Maeyama

Enclosed motor compressor of a two cylinder type

US4397618 83 Compressor Rolling Piston

Stenzel

Rolling piston compressor with locking device for the separating slide Modulated Rolling Piston Reversible fixed vane rotary compressor having a reversing disk which carries the suction port Solar Concentrators Solar energy collector Sun tracking solar energy collector (A dish is moved about a stationary receiver by means of tracks.) Swinging Dish Concave mirror constituted by a plurality of plane facets and solar generator comprising such a mirror Big Dish Solar energy collector including a weightless balloon with sun tracking means (Inflatable.) Balloon Dish Solar concentrator elevational drive mechanism (Dish used with Stirling Thermal Motors' solar stirling engine) Big Stirling Dish

US4598559 86 Compressor Rolling Piston

Tomayko Pandeya

Concentrator US4170985 79 Concentrator Dish Authier

US4111184 78 Concentrator Dish

Fletcher; James C. Perkins; Gerald S.

US4395581 83 Concentrator Dish

Girard

US4126123 78 Concentrator Dish

Hall

US5758938 98 Concentrator Dish

Osterwisch

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US4237868 80 Concentrator Dish

Overton

Solar heating balloon (Inflatable Tethered Balloon Solar Collector.) Balloon Lightweight, distributed force, two-axis tracking, solar radiation collector structures (One axis is polar and the other is heliostatic, or in another variation it is a receiver axis heliostat Power Kinetics, Inc.) Dish/Heliostat Tension solar mirror Solar energy concentrator and collector system and associated method (Casegrainian optics.) Casegrainian Solar concentrator (Based on a geodesic dome structure) Dish in a Dome Lightweight azimuth/ elevation mount Dish Radiant energy collector with focal point between the plane of the frame and earth (Tilt and rotate effected by 2 extensible actuators based on the U-joint mechanism. Similar to the Gueguen Dish and Sallis Heliostat.) Lighting Dish

US5325844 94 Concentrator Dish

Rogers Borton Durnin

US4608964 86 Concentrator Dish

Russo

US5529054 96 Concentrator Dish

Shoen

US4333446 82 Concentrator Dish

Smyth

US4535961 85 Concentrator Dish

Sobczak Cleveland Pons

US4342501 82 Concentrator Dish

Solomon; Murray

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Neat Patents

US5893360 99 Concentrator Dish

Stoumen Stoumen

Inflatable solar oven (This sounds like a half silvered mylar balloon) Solar Cooker Parabolic reflector with vary transverse width (Formed from crossed reflective sections. These flower petal like sections are bent into shape. The specific shape of the petals directly form a parabolic curve. Equations are given to develop the petal shape.) Petal Shapped Dish Satellite dish antenna apparatus (Winegard Company) Satellite Dish Apparatus for supporting large-dimension curved reflectors Many Faceted Dish Parabolic reflector comprising a plurality of triangular reflecting members forming a reflecting surface supported by a framework having a particular geometric pattern Many Faceted Dish Parabolic reflector comprising a plurality of triangular reflecting members forming a reflecting surface supported by a framework having a particular geometric pattern Many Faceted Dish

US4116541 78 Concentrator Dish

Weiss

US4568945 86 Concentrator Dish

Winegard; John R. Cowan; Keith B.

Wood; Douglas E. US4171876 79 Concentrator Dish


Sunflower <fox@harbornet. com>

Wood; Douglas E. US4295709 81 Concentrator Dish


Sunflower <fox@harbornet. com>

Wood; Douglas E. US4372772 83 Concentrator Dish


Sunflower <fox@harbornet. com>

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Wood; Douglas E. US4491388 85 Concentrator Dish


Sunflower <fox@harbornet. com>

Support carriage for a solar concentrator Many Faceted Dish Matrix solar dish Back Side How it's put togather Cone shaped Fresnel reflector (From 3M and lives in Chisago City, MN) Cone Dish Universal solar concentrator panel (Combination of multiple flat mirrors reflecting light onto a receiver. The receiver uses concentrator PV cells and water cooled heat output) Fresnel Dish Radiation concentrator (A Fresnel mirror made from an inflatable balloon with concentric mirror segments on the upper and lower surfaces. The combination of the two mirrored surfaces focuses solar energy behind the array. The combination reminds me of Gregorian telescope optics) Fresnel Totally internally reflecting thin, flexible film (Plastic material ruled with internal grooves to form parallel roof prisms. Forms 2/3rds of a retroreflector 3M and he lives in St. Mary's Point, MN) Plastic Sheet

Wood; Douglas E. US6485152 02 Concentrator Dish


Sunflower <fox@harbornet. com>

US4789921 88 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Aho; Kenneth A.

US4999059 91 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Bagno

US4552126 85 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Boyd

US4906070 98 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Cobb, Jr.; Sanford

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US4136674 79 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Korr

System for solar radiation energy collection and conversion (Looks like a heliostat floating in a moat of water.) Dish/Heliostat Solar cooker (A Fresnel mirror composed of concentric rings of conical mirror segments focusing in front of the array) Fresnel Dish Stamped concentrators supporting photovoltaic assemblies PV Concentrator Method for mass producing solar radiation reflectors Big Stirling Dish Modular solar concentrator Little Stirling Dish Fresnel spiral reflector and method for making same (A unique method of making a pseudo-parabolic reflector dish by cutting a spiral out of flat sheet reflective stock and winding it up to form the curved shape needed to concentrate solar energy.) Spiral Fresnel Dish Photograph Point focus solar concentrator using reflector strips of various geometries to form primary and secondary reflectors Fresnel Dish

US4561425 85 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Long; John B. Ware; Robert R.

US4716258 87 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Murtha; R. Michael
<murtha2@juno.com>

US4566432 86 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Sobczak Cleveland Pons Sobczak Cleveland Pons

US4457297 84 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

US4350412 82 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Steenblik Ho

US4784700 88 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Stern Cornwall Kaincz Mildice

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US5982481 99 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

Stone; Kenneth Blackmon; James

Alignment system and method for dish concentrators (Alignment and focusing method. The system uses a light source and detector at a position about 2 times the focal distance. A computer operates the light source and adjusts the individual facits.) Big Stirling Dish Variable entropy solar energy harvester (A Fresnel mirror composed of concentric rings of paraboloidal mirror segments focusing behind the array) Fresnel Dish Light-guide lens (Ya, the wacco run a car on water guy) Wierd Solar energy conversion system (Power Tower. Guy from Northfield, MN. Looks like Solar II with air heat transport. Describes mirrors moved with cables.) Power Plant Multiple mirror assembly for solar collector (Method of removing and stowing mirrors for protection in storms) Linked Mirrors Multiple mirrored apparatus utilizing solar energy Linked Mirrors

US4347834 82 Concentrator Dish Fresnel

York

US4275950 81 Concentrator Fiber Optics

Meyer; Stanley A.

US3924604 75 Concentrator Heliostat

Anderson

US5347402 94 Concentrator Heliostat

Arbogast

US4056313 77 Concentrator Heliostat

Arbogast

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Auger Acloque

Solar mirror having contiguous reflecting panels mounted on a movable frame (Interesting method of forming and controlling the curve in strips of mirrors.) Mirror Strip Heliostat Lightweight solar panel support (Heliostat elements supported on cables. Zomeworks Similar to the Dolan patent.) Zomeworks Hybrid solar central receiver for combined cycle power plant (Looks like Solar II with air heat transport.) Hybrid Solar Power Plant Solar system employing ground level heliostats and solar collectors (Heliostat and inline optical tracker) Inline Tracker Solar system employing ground level heliostats and solar collectors (Heliostat and inline optical tracker) Inline Tracker Heliostat apparatus (Heliostat actuation scheme that is defective as it uses parallelogram linkages) Linked Mirrors

US4832001 89 Concentrator Heliostat

Baer; Stephen C.

US5417052 95 Concentrator Heliostat

Bharathan Bohn Williams

US4227513 80 Concentrator Heliostat

Blake; Floyd A. Northrup, Jr.; Lynn L.

US4276872 81 Concentrator Heliostat

Blake; Floyd A. Northrup, Jr.; Lynn L.

US4218114 80 Concentrator Heliostat

Bunch

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US3906927 75 Concentrator Heliostat

Caplan; Harry W.

Solar-thermal power system employing adjustable curvature reflective panels and method of adjusting reflective panel curvature (Heliostat with mechanically adjustable flat mirrors. The tracker uses inline sensors) Inline Tracker Solar heat collection system (Vacuum formed concave heliostat mirror. Receiver axis tracker using a cable over pullys.) Heliostat Heliostats (A Hinge type heliostat mechanism that tracks similar to a TPole although much stronger than a TPole. See Sayre) Hinge Rim-drive cable-aligned heliostat collector system (Heliostat mirrors suspended on cables in linear rows. The mirrors are stowable for waether protection.) Mirrors on Wires ? (True ganged mechanical heliostat.) Mirrors on Wires Solar energy concentration system Solar Furnace

US4192289 80 Concentrator Heliostat

Clark; David J.

US4129360 78 Concentrator Heliostat

Deflandre Matarasso Traisnel

US4466423 84 Concentrator Heliostat

Dolan Sands

US3466119 66 Concentrator Heliostat

Francia

US4266179 81 Concentrator Heliostat

Hamm

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (15 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:09 AM

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US4063543 77 Concentrator Heliostat

Hedger

Servo tracking apparatus (Moves mirror by rocking mechanisms that tilt and rotate using linear actuators. My goofy tracker is similar to this.) Inline Tracker Ganged heliostat (In a frame similar to Arbogast) Removable Mirrors Solar energy collecting system using a primary reflector based on a pyramid structure Triangular Heliostat Process for the generation of information in space (Spaced based solar iluminated advertising) Space Advertising Heliostatic solar energy conversion (Heliostat field that uses tilt only mirrors for altitude adjustment. The field of mirrors rotates about the central tower on tracks for azimuth adjustment) Plan Tracked Mount Unified array for collection and concentration of solar energy (Heliostats built into buildings with conventional tower) Heliostat Buildings

US4110010 78 Concentrator Heliostat

Hilton

US4509501 85 Concentrator Heliostat

Hunter

US5949594 99 Concentrator Heliostat

Iglseder Arens-Fischer

US4365618 82 Concentrator Heliostat

Jones

US4137897 79 Concentrator Heliostat

Moore

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (16 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:09 AM

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US5979438 99 Concentrator Heliostat

Nakamura

Sunlight collecting system (Describes a secondary Gregorian mirror and a tertiary compound parabolic concentrator receiver, and inline tracker.) Heliostat Array Inline Tracker Tracker Heliostat for sunlight collecting system (Similar to the half angle gearing methods used in a receiver axis heliostat. In this case there are two half angle mechanisms, one for each axis of a TPole mount.) Heliostat Reflective solar tracking system (Half angle tracker employing gears. Similar to that describes to me by Jerimiah Chace. Receiver Axis Mount) Half angle tracker, single axis

US6231197 01 Concentrator Heliostat

Nakamura

US4586488 86 Concentrator Heliostat

Noto

US6227673 01 Concentrator Heliostat

Adjustable reflector (A Directable Mirror is an inexpensive panel approximately one meter O'Hara-Smith; Stephen square and a couple of inches C. thick. It is composed of a <sohara@best.com> plurality of spheres bisected with a mirror. Steve O'Hara-Smith) Spheres

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (17 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:09 AM

Neat Patents

US5945961 99 Concentrator Heliostat

Antenna dias system having constrained rotational movement Price; Russell E. (Mechanical tracker based on Gastonguay; Raymond the U-joint mechanism. J. Similar to the Sallis dish and Solomon Heliostat) U-joint Mechanism Lightweight, distributed force, two-axis tracking, solar radiation collector structures (One axis is polar and the other is heliostatic, or in another variation it is a receiver axis heliostat Power Kinetics, Inc.) Dish/Heliostat Multi-lever rim-drive heliostat (Unusual dual lever actuator based on the U-joint mechanism. Similar to the Gueguen and Solomon Dish but much more elegant.) Really Neat Heliostat Heliostat assemblies (A TPole type heliostat mechanism that looks similar to a Hinge although much stronger. See Deflandre) TPole Method of aligning and locating the mirrors of a collector field with respect to a receptor tower (Laser alignment of a field of mirrors) Iaser Heliostat Alignment

US5325844 94 Concentrator Heliostat

Rogers Borton Durnin

US4930493 90 Concentrator Heliostat

Sallis

US4209231 80 Concentrator Heliostat

Sayre

US4219729 80 Concentrator Heliostat

Smith

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Neat Patents

US4117682 78 Concentrator Heliostat

Smith

Solar collector system (Solar Power Tower and receiver and mirror field strategies.) Solar Power Plant Central receiver solar collector using mechanically linked mirrors Linked Mirrors Central receiver solar collector using mechanically linked mirrors Linked Mirrors Use of solar energy heat gathering and storing systems to increase farm crop yields (Heliostat to store solar energy for later use in agricultural ilumination) Agricultural Heliostat Solar reflector (Tensioned triangular membrain reflector.) Heliostat Lightweight heliostat system (Varner is from Ogilvie, MN.) Heliostat Concentrating heliostat for solar lighting applications (Escentially a Fresnel optical lens that reedirects the sunlight to a receiver. Tracking of the sun is accomplished by moving a plastic film from one roler to another. The film contains a plurality of optical lenses.) Heliostat on a Role

US4102326 77 Concentrator Heliostat

Sommer

USRE30960 82 Concentrator Heliostat

Sommer

US3981151 76 Concentrator Heliostat

St. Clair

US4251135 81 Concentrator Heliostat

Stone

US4488779 84 Concentrator Heliostat

Varner

US6025583 00 Concentrator Heliostat

Whitehead; Lorne A.

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Neat Patents

US4798949 89 Concentrator Heliostat

Wilcox Kudija

Linear actuated optical concentrator (This patent is the basis of a lighting heliostat I am working on) Heliostat Control of a heliostat field in a solar energy plant (Uses Gregorian and Cassigranian optics.) Heliostat Shadow Tracker Method of manufacturing high efficiency, broad bandwidth, volume holographic elements and solar concentrators for use therewith Holographic Concentrators Device for concentrating optical radiation (Using holograms and passive solar tracking. Operates in a similar manner to Luminescent Concentrators but with the advantage of utilizing a wider spectrum.) Holographic Tracker Solar energy concentrator (I don't understand how it works.) Inflatable Trough

US5862799 99 Concentrator Heliostat

Yogev Krupkin

US5517339 96 Concentrator Holographic

Riccobono Ludman

US5877874 99 Concentrator Holographic

Rosenberg

US4318394 82 Concentrator Inflatable

Alexander

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Neat Patents

US4552126 85 Concentrator Inflatable

Boyd

Radiation concentrator (A Fresnel mirror made from an inflatable balloon with concentric mirror segments on the upper and lower surfaces. The combination of the two mirrored surfaces focuses solar energy behind the array. The combination reminds me of Gregorian telescope optics) Fresnel Inflatable solar energy collector (A kind of inflatable greenhouse with a flat plate absorber.) Flat Plate Inflatable solar heat collector (A kind of inflatable greenhouse with a flat plate absorber.) Flat Plate Inflatable solar collector (A kind of inflatable watterbed with a flat plate absorber.) Flat Plate Solar energy collector including a weightless balloon with sun tracking means (Inflatable.) Balloon Dish Inflatable solar collector (Trough) Casegranian Trough

US4182307 80 Concentrator Inflatable

Brindle Shanfelt

US4160443 79 Concentrator Inflatable

Brindle Shanfelt

US4203425 80 Concentrator Inflatable

Clark

US4126123 78 Concentrator Inflatable

Hall

US4432342 84 Concentrator Inflatable

Lucas Sylla

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Neat Patents

US4237868 80 Concentrator Inflatable

Overton

Solar heating balloon (Inflatable Tethered Balloon Solar Collector.) Balloon Inflatable solar oven (This sounds like a half silvered mylar balloon) Solar Cooker Involute beam concentrator Involute Process for manufacture of fresnel lenses How to make Solar heat collector (A Fresnel primary lens focusing on an optical fiber through a secondary flat mirror) Fiber Optic Concentrator Line-focus photovoltaic module using solid optical secondaries for improved radiation resistance (Entech Inc.) PV Concentrator Line-focus photovoltaic module using stacked tandemcells PV Concentrator Passive solar collector (3M) PV Concentrator

US5893360 99 Concentrator Inflatable

Stoumen Stoumen

US4610518 86 Concentrator Involute

Clegg; John E. Benz Berkenkopf Fischer Lorenz Meier-Kaiser

US5870233 99 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

US4257401 81 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

Daniels

US5505789 96 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

Fraas O'Neill

US5344497 94 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

Fraas O'Neill

US5648873 97 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

Jaster; Paul A O'Neill

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Neat Patents

US5578139 96 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

Jones Harvey Fraser Murphy Northrup O'Neill

Stowable and deployable solar energy concentrator with fresnel lenses (Linear Fresnel lens onto a linear array of PV cells) PV Concentrator Roof-lens solar collector Built Into the Roof Bi-focussed solar energy concentrator (Entech Inc.) PV Concentrator Photovoltaic cell cover for use with a primary optical concentrator in a solar energy collector (Prismatic cover for concentrator PV cells Entech Inc.) Prismatic Solar concentrator and energy collection system Liquid Heater Solar energy collector having an improved thermal receiver (Entech Inc.) Liquid Heater Process for utilizing light radiation with the aid of fluorescent optical fibres and functional devices and apparatus using said process (This is not a concentrator but is Luminescent Technology.) Luminescent Technology

US3991741 76 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

US4545366 85 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

O'Neill

US4711972 87 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

O'Neill

US4069812 78 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

O'Neill

US4672949 87 Concentrator Lens Fresnel

O'Neill

US4812013 79 Concentrator Luminescent

Aurouet Blumenfeld Bourdinaud Calve Cavan Meyer Thevenin

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Neat Patents

US4222880 80 Concentrator Luminescent

Baur Greubel Knauer Krueger Blieden MacDonald Blieden Sill Blieden Yerkes

Arrangement for optical transmission of communications (This is not a concentrator but is Luminescent Technology.) Luminescent Technology Light collector Luminescent solar collector Luminescent solar collector Generation of electrical energy from sunlight, and apparatus Linear Lens Luminescent solar collector structure Luminescent solar collector structure Luminescent solar collector structure Diffuser fiber incident energy concentrator and method of using same Fiber Linear lens and method for concentrating radiant energy and multiplying phosphor luminance output intensity Linear Lens Slab-diffuser fiber incident energy concentrator Fiber

US4135537 79 Concentrator Luminescent US4153813 79 Concentrator Luminescent US4357486 82 Concentrator Luminescent

US4188238 80 Concentrator Luminescent

Boling

US4164432 79 Concentrator Luminescent

Boling

US4188239 80 Concentrator Luminescent

Boling

US4190465 80 Concentrator Luminescent

Boling

US4733929 88 Concentrator Luminescent

Brown

US4884860 89 Concentrator Luminescent

Brown

US4799748 89 Concentrator Luminescent

Brown

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Neat Patents

US5816238 98 Concentrator Luminescent

Burns Pavelka Chambers Wohlmut Chambers

Durable fluorescent solar collectors (3M) PV Concentrator Luminescent solar collector PV Concentrator Luminescent solar collector PV Concentrator Light-collecting system using coumarin derivatives as energy converters (No pictures) Fluorescent plastic controlled direction lamp Lamp Luminescent solar collector (Hybrid Luminescent and Thermal panel.) Luminescent Thermal Apparatus for converting light energy into electrical energy 3 Color Luminescent Superemissive light pipes and photovoltaic systems including same Thermal Luminescent Photovoltaic device with luminescent layers of differing composition Multilayers for Light Color Conversion Solar radiation concentrator 2 Layer

US4144097 79 Concentrator Luminescent US4127425 78 Concentrator Luminescent

US4544496 85 Concentrator Luminescent

Claussen Harnisch

US3934148 76 Concentrator Luminescent

Collins

US4175980 79 Concentrator Luminescent

Davis Sill Yerkes

US4110123 78 Concentrator Luminescent

Goetzberger Greubel

US5500054 96 Concentrator Luminescent

Goldstein

US3912931 75 Concentrator Luminescent

Gravisse

US4324946 82 Concentrator Luminescent

Gravisse

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Neat Patents

US5431742 95 Concentrator Luminescent

Kleinerman

Luminescent solar concentrators using light amplification processes (Luminescent laser iluminator.) Laser Fluorescent solar energy concentrato PV Concentrator Method and device for collecting light utilizing a light trap PV Concentrator Collector for solar energy PV Concentrator High efficiency multiple layer, all solid-state luminescent solar concentrator PV Concentrator Luminescent solar collector PV Concentrator Luminescent solar collector Fiber Optic Reflector-coupled fluorescent solar collector Fiber Optic Luminescent solar energy concentrator devices Shell Radiation concentrator and distributor CPC Light-guide lens (Ya, the wacco run a car on water guy) Wierd

US4149902 79 Concentrator Luminescent

Mauer Turechek

US4298802 81 Concentrator Luminescent

Quella Pape Reisfeld Neuman

US4367367 83 Concentrator Luminescent

US4488047 84 Concentrator Luminescent

Thomas

US4155371 79 Concentrator Luminescent US4159212 79 Concentrator Luminescent

Wohlmut Yerkes Yerkes

US4425907 84 Concentrator Luminescent

Younghouse

US4227939 80 Concentrator Luminescent

Zewail Batchelder Giutronich Mills

Concentrator Non Imaging US4327969 82 Optics

US4275950 81

Concentrator Non Imaging Optics

Meyer; Stanley A.

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Neat Patents

Concentrator Non Imaging US3970070 76 Optics

Meyer; Stanley A.

Solar heating system (Ya, the wacco run a car on water guy) Solar collector and heating and cooling system (A kind of leanto shaped structure with mirrors) Roof Top Heating & Lighting Method and device for collecting and exploiting solar radiation Radiant energy collector CPC Solar energy concentrator (Inflatable) Self reorienting solar tracker (Zomeworks) Liquid Mass Transfer Constant absorption solar furnace (An unusual conical shaped trough.) Conical Trough Centerless-drive solar collector system Trough Drive Solar sensor with linear concentration with a fixed receiver and movable mirrors (Similar to the Russell patent.) Solar energy concentrator system (Similar to the Carrizo Planes defunct solar power station.) 2X PV

US4398530 83

Concentrator Non Imaging Optics

Saunders; Norman B.

Concentrator Non Imaging US4496787 85 Optics US4002499 77 Concentrator Non Imaging Optics

Touchais Djelalian Winston Alexander

US4318394 82 Concentrator Trough

US4175391 79 Concentrator Trough

Baer; Stephen C.

US4967730 90 Concentrator Trough

Billheimer

US4559926 85 Concentrator Trough

Butler

US4148564 79 Concentrator Trough

Devin Guillemot

US4316448 82 Concentrator Trough

Dodge

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Neat Patents

US4241726 80 Concentrator Trough US4051834 77 Concentrator Trough US4454371 84 Concentrator Trough

Doebel Fletcher Miller Pohl Folino

Concave helix solar concentrator Portable, linear-focused solar thermal energy collecting system Solar energy concentrator system Primary reflector for solar energy collection systems (Describes how to make a Russell concentrator using road building equipment) Novel solar collector Solar concentrator for heat and electricity Tracking solar energy concentrator (Similar to the Russell patent except it doesn't have a movable receiver.) Solar power system, with high concentration, linear reflective solar panels Directing and concentrating solar energy collectors (Neat adjustable flexible concentrator built into the roof or wall of a house) Trough in a Roof Solar concentrator system (Gregorian Optics by Bomin Solar Research) Solar heat collector module (Low grade concentrator, apears to be about 2X, with wide input angles) Inflatable solar collector Casegranian Trough

US4131336 78 Concentrator Trough

Frosch Miller Stephens Garner Johnson; Colin Francis

US4077392 78 Concentrator Trough US6080927 00 Concentrator Trough

US4249514 81 Concentrator Trough

Jones

US4173213 79 Concentrator Trough

Kelly

US5851309 98 Concentrator Trough

Kousa; Paavo

US5365920 94 Concentrator Trough

Lechner

USRE30407 80 Concentrator Trough

Lightfoot; Daniel J.

US4432342 84 Concentrator Trough

Lucas Sylla

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Neat Patents

US5253637 93 Concentrator Trough

Maiden

Hyperfocal tracking solar thermal collector (Off axis parabolic trough) Off Axis Trough Bowed solar array (Method to use a cable to bow a segmented mirror into a parabola) Trough for Satellite Tensioned reflector support system Russell Trough Light-weight-trough type solar concentrator shell (Interesting method of making a stiff mirror. Similar to what I do for my heliostat mirrors. Honeywell) Solar mirror apparatus Light energy concentrating device Tanning blanket (3M Flat sheet with reflective embedded sawtoot patern. Fanselow is from my home town of White Bear Lake.) Concentrating solar beam collector PV Concentrator Side-collecting lightguide Flat Plastic Sheet

US5833176 98 Concentrator Trough

Rubin Fabbri Young

US4071017 78 Concentrator Trough

Russell, Jr.; John L. Potthoff

US4243019 81 Concentrator Trough

Severson

US4820033 89 Concentrator Trough US4359041 82 Concentrator Trough

Sick Snodgrass

Concentrator Trough US4476593 84 Fresnel

Fanselow; Dan L. Cobb, Jr.; Sanford Bergsten; Ronald E.

Concentrator Trough US4519384 85 Fresnel US6021007 00 Concentrator Trough Fresnel

Murtha; R. Michael
<rmmurtha@aol.com>

Murtha; R. Michael
<rmmurtha@aol.com>

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Neat Patents

US3868823 75

Concentrator Trough Fresnel

Russell, Jr.; John L. DePlomb

Concentrator, Method, and System for Utilizing Radiant Energy (Describes a stationary Fresnel trough where the receiver tube moves in a circular arc) Russell Trough Electromagnetic radiation collector system (One of David Wells' patents.) Fresnel Double Trough Fresnel Double Trough Radiant energy collecting apparatus (Similar to Wells) Fresnel Double Trough Solar energy collecting apparatus Fresnel Double Trough Cooling or Air Conditioning Pressure exchanging ejector and refrigeration apparatus and method EMI / RFI Supression components

US4281640 81

Concentrator Trough Fresnel

Wells; David N.
<laseraxe@erols.com >

US5592932 97

Concentrator Trough Fresnel

Yeomans

Concentrator Trough US5309893 94 Fresnel Cooling US5647221 97 Cooling Ejector

Yeomans

Garris, Jr.; Charles A.

EMI Gordon; Arnold S. Estes; Mark K. Andrejko; Roman

US5869788 99 EMI

Weighing scale with EMI/ RFI shielding (This patent references my patent. See Johnson) Magnetically-attachable EMI shielding cover for attenuating electromagnetic emanation (My patent for Unisys) Heat Engines

US5473110 95 EMI

Johnson; Duane C.
<redrok@redrok.com>

Engine

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Neat Patents

US5027602 91 Engine Carnot

Glen Edwards

Heat engine, refrigeration and heat pump cycles approximating the Carnot cycle and apparatus therefor Rotating vane compressor with energy recovery section, operating on a cycle approximating the ideal reversed Carnot cycle Thermodynamic process for a practical approach to the Carnot cycle Thermally electrogenerative storage cell and generator apparatus Hydraulic engine powered by introduction and removal of heat from a working fluid (Sounds like a Malone engine, liquid fluid version of a Stirling Engine) Hydraulic engine powered by introduction and removal of heat from a working fluid (Sounds like a Malone engine, liquid fluid version of a Stirling Engine) Inert gas fuel, fuel preparation apparatus and system for extracting useful work from the fuel

US5819554 98 Engine Carnot

Glen

US4691523 87 Engine Carnot

Rosado

US4419617 83 Engine Curie Point

Reitz

US5916140 99 Engine Liquid

Hageman

US5899067 99 Engine Liquid

Hageman

US4428193 84 Engine Magnetic

Papp; Joseph

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Neat Patents

US6094915 00 Engine Otto

Negre; Guy Negre; Cyril

Method and devices for eliminating the pollution of cyclic internal combustion engines with an independent combustion chamber (Internal combustion gasoline engine burning the fuel with compressed air. Apparently this company uses this patent MDI, Motor Development International) Device and method for thermal transfer using air as the working medium (See: Entropy Systems) Device for thermal transfer using air as the working medium (See: Entropy Systems) Prime mover system Two-phase reaction turbine Velocity pump reaction turbine Closed loop solar collector system powering a selfstarting uniflow steam engine Solar Rankine Double bubble wheel engine (Similar to the Minto Wheel. Minto didn't patent his wheel. Zomeworks) Solar Engine Power plant (Similar concept to Roesel) Liquid Piston Rankine Engine

US5765387 98 Engine Rankine

Amin

US5547341 95 Engine Rankine

Amin

US3750393 73 Engine Rotary US5236349 93 Engine Turbine US4332520 82 Engine Turbine

Minto; Wallace L. Keller Fabris House

US4627241 86 Engine Uniflow

Johnston

US4134264 79 Engine Vapor

Baer; Stephen C.

US4195481 80 Engine Vapor

Gregory; Alvin L.

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Neat Patents

US3901033 75 Engine Vapor US3636706 72 Engine Vapor

McAlister; Roy E.

Vapor pressurized hydrostatic drive (Similar concept to Roesel) Heat-to-power conversion method and apparatus Engine (I think this is a pair of half filled columns of liquid. Above the liquid is a compressible fluid. Hot and cold liquid is alternately sprayed into the fluid causing pressure changes. No image nor description.) Flat Plate Solar Collectors Swiveling solar reflector with multiple reflecting elements supported by prefabricated cambered members Swiveling Collector Method and apparatus for enhancing the pumping action of a geyser pumped tube Flat Plate Self-pumping solar heating system with geyser pumping action (I think this is the Copper Cricket) Flat Plate Passive solar heater fluid pump system (This pump uses a 2 pipe heat pipe to exchange heat from the thermal transfer fluid to the heated water) Flat Plate Building heating system Water Heater

Minto; Wallace L.

US3608311 71 Engine Vapor

Roesel; John F. JR.

Flat Plate

US4226506 80 Flat Plate

Auger

US4676225 87 Flat Plate

Bartera; Ralph

US4478211 84 Flat Plate

Haine; Eldon Bartera; Ralph

US4246890 81 Flat Plate

Kraus Kraus

US4458669 84 Flat Plate

Lee; Kap-Joong

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Neat Patents

US4419981 83 Flat Plate

Mori

Sun tracking apparatus Tracker Solar power generation and energy storage system (Solar Energy Limited) Inflatable Self pumped solar energy collection system (Uses a kind of single tube heat pipe.) Solar Water Heater Heat Pipes Device for transferring heat from one portion of a water reservoir to another (Zomeworks) Pond Ice Melter Entirely passive heat pipe apparatus capable of operating against gravity (Incorporates a bubble pump to bring condensed liquid to the top.) Up Side Down Thermosyphon with evaporator having rising and falling sections Two Pipe Self pumped solar energy collection system (Uses a kind of single tube heat pipe.) Solar Water Heater Heat pipe actuated valve Valve

US6223743 01 Flat Plate

Prueitt; Melvin L.

US4357932 82 Flat Plate

Stacy; W. Dodd

Heat Pipe

US3618569 71 Heat Pipe

Baer; Stephen C.

US4336837 82 Heat Pipe

Koenig

US5190098 93 Heat Pipe

Long

US4357932 82 Heat Pipe

Stacy; W. Dodd

US4082109 79 Heat Pipe

Sun Basiulis

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Neat Patents

US3817321 74 Heat Pipe

VON Cube Wagner

Cooling apparatus semiconductor elements, comprising partitioned bubble pump, separator and condenser means Heat Sink Hydrogen Plant for thermochemical water dissociation by solar energy (Magnetic ion separation) Magnetic Hydrogen generation as fuel by use of solar ultraviolet light process (Sunlight is separated into its infrared portion and its ultraviolet light portion.) Method for generating hydrogen (Generation of hydrogen gas from hot water by means of a metallic catalyst such as nickel powder and a chelating agent such as EDTA) Dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen using solar energy (Hydrogen and oxygen are separated from each other by centrifugal forces.) Centrifugation

Hydrogen

US4391793 83 Hydrogen

Boese

US4342738 82 Hydrogen

Burgund

US4588577 86 Hydrogen

Cardinal

US4071608 78 Hydrogen

Diggs

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Neat Patents

US4310503 82 Hydrogen

Erickson

Hydrogen production by multistaged intermediate oxidation-reduction (Steam is reformed to hydrogen in two or more successive stages by chemical reaction with intermediates, at least one of which is selected from tin, indium, germanium, molybdenum or WO2.) System for obtaining hydrogen and oxygen from water using solar energy (Separation through diffusion University of Minnesota) Diffusion Hydrogen generator utilizing solar energy to dissociate water (Separation through diffusion.) Diffusion Process for photosynthetically splitting water (Photolytic reactor which contains a water-suspension of a photoactive material containing a hydrogenliberating catalyst.) Fuel supply apparatus for internal combustion engines

US4053576 77 Hydrogen

Fletcher

US4332775 82 Hydrogen

Genequand Gross

US4476105 84 Hydrogen

Greenbaum

US3980053 76 Hydrogen

Horvath; Stephen

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Neat Patents

US4490349 84 Hydrogen

Horvath; Stephen

Hydrogen production (One of chamber walls is formed of a reactant such as iron which reacts exothermally with the superheated steam to liberate free hydrogen and to produce an oxidized compound such as ferric oxide. The other chamber wall is formed as a thin diffusion membrane permeable to hydrogen but relatively impermeable to steam and oxygen and hydrogen is extracted from the chamber by diffusion.) Production of hydrogen from solar radiation at high efficiency (Solid oxide electrolysis.) Production of hydrogen from solar radiation at high efficiency (Solid oxide electrolysis.) Pyrolytic conversion of organic feedstock and waste Controlled process for the production of thermal energy from gases and apparatus useful therefore (Ya, the wacco run a car on water guy) Electrical pulse generator Gas electrical hydrogen generator Gas generator voltage control circuit Hydrogen gas burner

US5658448 97 Hydrogen

Lasich

US5973825 99 Hydrogen

Lasich

US5589599 96 Hydrogen

McMullen McMullen McMullen

US4826581 89 Hydrogen

Meyer; Stanley A.

US4613779 86 Hydrogen US4613304 86 Hydrogen US4798661 89 Hydrogen US4421474 83 Hydrogen

Meyer; Stanley A. Meyer; Stanley A. Meyer; Stanley A. Meyer; Stanley A.

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Neat Patents

US4389981 83 Hydrogen US4936961 90 Hydrogen

Meyer; Stanley A.

Hydrogen gas injector system for internal combustion engine Method for the production of a fuel gas Process and apparatus for the production of fuel gas and the enhanced release of thermal energy from such gas Start-up/shut-down for a hydrogen gas burner Lower-energy hydrogen methods and structures ( An example of a patent being granted to "crank" science ) Process and apparatus for generating hydrogen and oxygen using solar energy Photoelectrolysis of water by solar radiation (thin film semiconductor.) Photo separatory nozzle (H-ION Solar) Separatory Nozzle Solar hydrogen generator (Separation through diffusion.) Photosensitive cell for the decomposition of water (Using catalysts)

Meyer; Stanley A.

US5149407 92 Hydrogen

Meyer; Stanley A.

US4465455 84 Hydrogen

Meyer; Stanley A. Mills Good Phillips Popov

US6024935 00 Hydrogen

US4233127 80 Hydrogen

Monahan

US4011149 77 Hydrogen

Nozik

US4405594 83 Hydrogen

Pyle; Walter R
<Hion solar>

US4019868 77 Hydrogen

Sebacher Sabol Van Damme Fripiat Nijs Marceau Francois

US4595568 86 Hydrogen

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Neat Patents

US4696809 87 Hydrogen

Vialaron Olalde Gauthier

Process and apparatus for thermolytically dissociating water (Rapid quenching of the gasses with cold water in the reaction cell.) Thermolysys of water Method of operating a fuel cell wherein hydrogen is generated by providing iron in situ (Using catalysts) Vaporization of Exhaust Products in Hydrogen-oxygen Engine Molecular sieve oxygen concentrator with secondary oxygen purifier (Separation through diffusion.) Microporous carbons for fuel gas storage (Hydrogen Storage) Internal Combustion

US5510201 96 Hydrogen

Werth

US3844262 74 Hydrogen Oxygen

Dieges; Paul Bertrand

US4880443 89 Hydrogen Oxygen

Miller Theis

US5614460 97 Hydrogen Storage

Schwarz Putyera Bandosz Jagiello

IC US5794601 98 IC Carburetor Ignitor Pantone

Fuel pretreater apparatus and method (The GEET carburetor) Ignitors Adjustable retrofit ignition kit for portable gas appliances (Hansen is from my home town of White Bear Lake.) Piezoelectric Ignitor Instrumentation

US5798601 98 Ignitor Piezoelectric

Hansen

Instruments US4343191 82 Instruments Flowmeter Cairenius

Fluid flow meter

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Neat Patents

US4462262 84 Instruments Flowmeter

Kahnke

Fluid flow sensing system (A ball rotating about a circular track By Honeywell) Fluid flowmeter (A ball rotating about a circular track By Honeywell) Measurement of solar radiation Direct ray solar meter and method XYZ Licht Meter Wide angle sun sensor Pyranometer for the measurement of solar radiation Method of and apparatus for measuring amount of solar radiation received directly Solar energy metering and recording system Measuring device for measuring concentrated radiation of light Sun meter Optical temperature measurement techniques utilizing phosphors (Luxtron) Insulation Double-glazed building panel and filling system Heat energy transmission control panel (Beadwall from Zomeworks)

US4331036 82 Instruments Flowmeter

Severson Volk

US4015116 77 Instruments Solar

Bahm

US4609288 86 Instruments Solar

Dodge Fletcher Fletcher Guicherd

US3875404 75 Instruments Solar US3876880 75 Instruments Solar

US4719344 88 Instruments Solar US4253764 81 Instruments Solar US5861947 99 Instruments Solar US4110049 78 Instruments Solar

Hiroyuki

Morrill

Neumann Younskevicius

US4560286 85 Instruments Temperature

Wickersheim

Insulation US4231202 80 Insulation Bead Wall Dube

US3903665 75 Insulation Bead Wall

Harrison

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Neat Patents

US4306387 81 Insulation Bead Wall

Hopkins Hardee

Controllable insulating effects by selective interposition of insulating particles in a cavity of an energy transmission panel assembly Light valve system and greenhouse utilizing the same Arrangement for selectively changing the radiation and vibration transmission properties of panels Solar panel with storage Replaceable foam insulation system Apparatus for thermally insulating a body Solar heating of water utilizing coverites. (Insulation for a solar pond) Lighting Yttrium oxide mantles for fuel-burning lanterns (Coleman) Quick disconnect clip for gas latern mantle (Warren is from my home town of White Bear Lake.) Warkinz Industries Mantle Mantle and spring clip assembly (Colemans attempt to circumvent the Kinzel patent. In my opinion this is an inferier clip which might cause one to break the other good mantle in a dual mantle lantern.) Colemans Mantle

US4147002 79 Insulation Bead Wall

Kautz

US4370837 83 Insulation Bead Wall

Larguia

US4446850 82 Insulation Bead Wall US4562674 82 Insulation Bubble Wall US3672184 72 Insulation Bubble Wall US4467786 84 Insulation Coverites Lighting US4533317 85 Lighting Mantles

Zilisch Nelson Zeilon; Sten Olof

Sorensen; Jens

Addison

US5116220 92 Lighting Mantles

Kinzel Warren

US5639231 97 Lighting Mantles

May Murray Swearingen Taylor Van Driest

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Neat Patents

US5261184 93 Lighting Solar

Appeldorn; Roger H. Jaster; Paul A Cobb, Jr.; Sanford

Skylight (Appeldorn is from my home town of White Bear Lake. 3M) Solar lighting reflector apparatus having slatted mirrors and improved tracker Heliostat Tracker Skylight (Abraham is from my home town of White Bear Lake.) Solar illumination device Modular natural lighting system Daylamp system (Fiberoptic and dish system) Light coupler (Fiberoptic and dish system) Method and apparatus for illuminating a spot inside of a tunnel of a highway (Fiberoptic and Luminescent (?) system) Light Pipe Tritium light Mechanical Devices Three-way clamp for structural assemblies (Robotic Originals.) Connector Structural system (Gordon Tube Products Company, Bronx, NY.) Connector

US4883340 89 Lighting Solar

Dominguez

USD364469 95 Lighting Solar

Eijadi Abraham DeKeyser Hansen Eijadi Bennett Kliman Learn Levens

US4593976 86 Lighting Solar US4349245 82 Lighting Solar US4720170 88 Lighting Solar US5560700 96 Lighting Solar

US4572613 86 Lighting Solar

Mori; Kei

US4788437 88 Lighting Tritium Mechanical

Urquhart Hart

US5094562 92 Mechanical Connectors

Anderson

US3834549 74 Mechanical Connectors

Burg Lieberman Fiorenza

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (42 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:12 AM

Neat Patents

US4923322 90 Mechanical Connectors

Burg

Clamped framework assembly and connectors used therewith (Uni Corp, Bronx, NY.) Structural framework system and clamp assembly (Uni Corp, Bronx, NY.) Square T clamp assembly for elongate members (Connector for wooden assemplies See Timber Ventures.) Pipe Connector Pipe coupler Pipe Connector Hand-driven wood splitter (See Smart-Splitter) Connector Electrically powered log splitter (Nut and screw type) Medical Devices Spinal cord stimulation (A method for spinal cord stimulation to treat orgasmic dysfunction. An Orgasmatron like in Woody Allen movie "Sleeper". (See Medtronic) Orgasmatron

US4864795 89 Mechanical Connectors

Burg

US5403110 95 Mechanical Connectors

Sammann

US4007993 77 Mechanical Connectors

Schwartz

US5704374 98 Mechanical Log Splitter

Abrahamsson

US4423759 84 Mechanical Log Splitter Medical

Seeger

US6169924 01 Medical Orgasmatron

Meloy; T. Stuart Martin; W. Joseph

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (43 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:12 AM

Neat Patents

US4084595 78 Medical TENS

Miller

Transcutaneous nerve stimulator (TENS) (I met this guy once. As I recall, Medtronics purchased the rights to the TENS. They did nothing to market or develop the device. Miller sued Medtronics for failure to market. Miller regained his patent rights and succesfuly marketed the TENS. He didn't have to return the $150,000 to Medtronics. I might have some details incorrect as it's been a long time. (See Medtronic) TENS Schematic Electro-magnetic impact massager Fitting and tuning chest compression device (I repaired this device for Dr. Leland G. Hansen. University of Minnesota) Circulation enhancing apparatus Cardiopulmonary resuscitation system with centrifugal compression pump (Cardiologic Systems, Inc.) Pulsator (Electromed, Inc.) Chest Thumper Pulsator Chest Thumper Miniature high-frequency ventilator (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

US5235967 93 Medical Thumper

Arbisi Mitchell

US4977889 90 Medical Thumper

Budd

US5000164 91 Medical Thumper

Cooper

US5772613 98 Medical Thumper

Gelfand Rothman

US5569170 96 Medical Thumper

Hansen; Craig N.

US5453081 95 Medical Thumper

Hansen; Craig N.

US5871008 99 Medical Thumper

Poon Kolandaivelu

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (44 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:12 AM

Neat Patents

US5769797 98 Medical Thumper US4838263 91 Medical Thumper US5056505 91 Medical Thumper US4982735 91 Medical Thumper

Van Brunt Gagne Warwick Hansen; Leland G. Warwick Hansen; Leland G. Yagata Noguchi

Oscillatory chest compression device (American Biosystems, Inc.) Chest compression apparatus (University of Minnesota ) Chest compression apparatus (University of Minnesota ) Artificial ventilator (Sumitomo Bakelite Company Limited) Magnetohydrodynamic Generators

MHD US4847525 89 MHD

Blumenau

Methods and systems for magnetohydrodynamic power conversion Magnetohydrodynamic method and apparatus for converting solar radiation to electrical energy MHD Generating system Method of manufacture of scroll compressors and expanders Thermoacoustic magnetohydrodynamic electrical generator MHD Electrothermodynamic (ETD) power converter ( OK, this isn't MHD. Its electrostatic instead of megmetic. ) Shock absorber and a hermetically sealed scroll gas expander for a vehicular gas compression and expansion power system

US4275318 81 MHD

Duncan

US4200815 80 MHD

Petrick Pierson Schreine Youtie

US4773144 88 MHD

US4599551 86 MHD Acoustic

Wheatley Swift Migliori

US4395648 83

MHD Electrothermodynamic

Marks

US5337560 94 MHD Gas

Abdelmalek

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (45 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:12 AM

Neat Patents

US4287443 81 MHD Liquid

Aladiev Dzhamardzhashvili

Liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic converter Method and system for converting solar energy into electricity (LMMHD See Hydromag International Association for Hydromagnetic Phenomena and Applications.) LMMHD High expansion magnetohydrodynamic liquid metal generator of electricity Method of foaming a liquid metal Double-duct liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic engine Double-duct liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic engine Solar driven liquid metal MHD power generator Liquid metal solar power system LMMHD Gas compression using a twophase MHD channel Generator section of a twophase flow liquid metal magnetohydrodynamic generator (LMMHD) Two-phase liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic generator

US4191901 80 MHD Liquid

Branover

US5637934 97 MHD Liquid US4183744 80 MHD Liquid US5473205 95 MHD Liquid

Fabris Fischer Johnson Haaland

US5637935 97 MHD Liquid

Haaland Lovelace Lee Hohl Tammen

US4388542 83 MHD Liquid

US4454865 84 MHD Liquid

US4831289 89 MHD Two Phase

Blumenau

US5614773 97 MHD Two Phase

Fabris

US3878410 75 MHD Two Phase

Petrick Cutting Amend Cole

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (46 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:13 AM

Neat Patents

MPPT

Maximum Power Point Trackers Bailey Haver Maximum power tracker (Open loop controller with photo sensor input.) Open Loop Power conditioning system for a four quadrant photovoltaic array with an inverter for each array quadrant (Multiple inverters for power transmittion) Negative impedance peak power tracker (Very slick circuit in its simplicity. I don't understand how it works?) Maximum power transfer system for a solar cell array (MPPT is controlled by PV open circuit voltage.) Open Loop Process and system for producing photovoltaic power Solar array maximum power tracker with arcjet load (MPPT powered by solar PV and drive a highly non linear plasma arcjet. Used for spacecraft propultion.) Power converter stabilization loop (Conventional design with the addition of a stabilization loop. Used to power telephone equipment from the line.)

US4580090 86 MPPT

US5677833 97 MPPT

Bingley

US5493204 96 MPPT

Caldwell

US4604567 96 MPPT

Chetty

US4390940 83 MPPT

Corbefin Vacelet Decker Baxter Lerner Campbell Rosenthal Cook

US5604430 83 MPPT

US5847549 98 MPPT

Dodson

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (47 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:13 AM

Neat Patents

US5293447 94 MPPT

Fanney Dougherty

Photovoltaic solar water heating system (a very simple multi stage loading mechanism using an open loop PV sensor) Microprocessor control of multiple peak power tracking DC/DC converters for use with solar cell arrays Self reconfiguring solar cell system Series / Parallel combinations Maximum power point detecting circuit (Neat circuit generates a PWM signal for the switching power comverter. The patent also describes several earlier circuits) System for maximizing efficiency of power transfer (Water pumping controller) Coupling network for improving conversion efficiency of photovoltaic power source Photovoltaic source switching regulator with maximum power transfer efficiency without voltage change (Good description of a circuit that both maximizes power transfer while maintaining a regulated output voltage)

US5327071 94 MPPT

Frederick Jermakian

US4175249 79 MPPT

Gruber

US5867011 99 MPPT

Jo Kim

US4916382 90 MPPT

Kent

US4873480 89 MPPT

Lafferty

US5027051 91 MPPT

Lafferty

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Neat Patents

US4204147 80 MPPT

Larrabee

Power transfer apparatus (Uses stepping motor controlled Variac to match PV array to load) Variac modulated converter Apparatus for controlling a solar array power system (This isn't new. It uses an XOR and FF to arbitrate power control. I built one of these in the '70s to controll a wind generator. I still have the PC board.) Self-excited power minimizer/ maximizer for switching power converters and switching motor drive applications (Uses an AD633 analog multipler) AD633 Solar power generation apparatus and power control device therefor Maximum Power Point Tracker Maximum power control for a solar array connected to a load Electrical power matching system System for Detecting and Utilizing the Maximum Available Power From Solar Cells

US5923100 99 MPPT

Lukens Moser

US5801519 98 MPPT

Midya Krein Turnbull

US5869956 99 MPPT

Nagao Fukae Takehara Kurokami Paine Cherdak Douglas Steigerwald Streater Dwyer

US3566143 71 MPPT

US4404472 83 MPPT US4494180 85 MPPT

US3696286 72 MPPT

Ule

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (49 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:13 AM

Neat Patents

US5001415 91 MPPT

Watkinson

Electrical power apparatus for controlling the supply of electrical power from an array of photovoltaic cells to an electrical head (Open loop controller) Wind turbine maximum power tracking device Photovoltaic array with twoaxis power maximization tracking (Maximizes PV array power output by driving the 2 axes of the mount. Not a true MPPT) Optics Combination solar powered cigarette lighter and telescope Air powered equipment Compressed air power engine Method of and means for driving a pneumatic engine Apparatus to convert a fourstroke internal combustion engine to a two-stroke pneumatically powered engine Method and apparatus for operating an engine on compressed gas Method of and apparatus for producing power from solar energy Solar Turbine Method of and apparatus for producing power using compressed air Solar Turbine

US4525633 85 MPPT

Wertheim Herbermann

US4868379 89 MPPT

West

Optics US5927272 99 Optics Pneumatic US4478304 84 Pneumatic Engine US5375417 94 Pneumatic Engine Delano Barth Robertson

US5515675 96 Pneumatic Engine

Bindschatel

US4292804 81 Pneumatic Engine

Rogers

US4942736 90 Pneumatic Solar

Bronicki

US5448889 95 Pneumatic Solar

Bronicki

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Neat Patents

US6044924 00 Pneumatic Vehicle Air

Adli

Hot compressed gas powered vehicle Pneumatic system for compressed air driven vehicle (Miller, now deceased, built several cars in Joplin, Missouri. These were based on a Ford Escorts chases. The engine was composed of 2 halves. Each half has two double acting cylinders in series for a total of 4 expansions. Each half was geared up, yes geared up 18 to 1, and directly connected to each front wheel. The storage tank was a light weight fiberglass pressurized to 3500psi. The high pressure was reduced through an expansion pressure regulator to 500psi. The engine power was controlled by a throttling valve to 0 to 500psi.) Air powered car Cryogenic powered vehicle Vehicle utilizing cryogenic fuel Air powered car Inventions of Dennis Polla Micromachining methods for making micromechanical moving structures including multiple contact switching system (General Electric Company)

US4370857 83 Pneumatic Vehicle Air

Miller

US4294323 81

Pneumatic Vehicle Nitrogen

Boese West Lee Noris

Pneumatic Vehicle US4106581 78 Nitrogen Polla

US5454904 95 Polla

Ghezzo Saia Bagepalli Imam Polla; Dennis L.

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (51 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:13 AM

Neat Patents

US5374792 94 Polla

Ghezzo Saia Bagepalli Imam Polla; Dennis L. Ghezzo Yakymyshyn Saia Polla; Dennis L. Muller Polla; Dennis L. Polla; Dennis L. Costin Erdman Peichel Polla; Dennis L. Costin Erdman Peichel Polla; Dennis L. Kim Polla; Dennis L. Peichel Erdman Costin Polla; Dennis L. Tamagawa

Micromechanical moving structures including multiple contact switching system (General Electric Company) Integrated microelectromechanical polymeric photonic switch (General Electric Company) Integrated pyroelectric sensor and method (University of California) Foldable lens delivery system (Micro Medical Devices)

US5367585 94 Polla

US4608865 86 Polla

US5607433 97 Polla

US5800441 98 Polla

Foldable lens delivery system (Micro Medical Devices) PZT microdevice (University of Minnesota) Miniature linear motion actuator (Micro Medical Devices) Microdevice for sensing a force (University of Minnesota) Microdevice with ferroelectric for sensing or applying a force (University of Minnesota) Microdynamical fiber-optic switch and method of switching using same (General Electric Company)

US5914507 99 Polla

US5629577 98 Polla

US5209119 93 Polla

US5536963 96 Polla

Polla; Dennis L.

US5208880 93 Polla

Riza Polla; Dennis L.

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Neat Patents

US5466932 95 Polla

Young Freidhoff Polla; Dennis L. Schiller Zurn Schiller Polla; Dennis L.

Micro-miniature piezoelectric diaphragm pump for the low pressure pumping of gases (Westinghouse Electric Corp.) Vertical field emission devices and methods of fabrication with applications to flat panel displays Power Amplifiers, Converters, Inverters, and Power Factor Correction

US5714837 98 Polla

Power US4554512 85 Power Amplifier US5225789 93 Power Amplifier

Aiello Caine Kimbrough

Switching amplifier with MOSFET driver circuit Four quadrant current mode switching amplifier Controllable four quadrant a. c. to a.c. and d.c. converter employing an internal high frequency series resonant link Circuit for preventing breakdown of a load resulting from wrong connection of a power source (Reverse battery protection circuit using power bipolar transistor. Works in a similar way to Zaidenweber,4423456. It uses the transistor a kind of backwards way with the collector and emitter swapped to get started.) Bi-lateral four quadrant power converter DC-to-DC switching converter

US4096557 78 Power Amplifier

Schwarz

US4171512 83 Power Bipolar

Tsuda; Shin

US4399499 83 Power Converter US4184197 80 Power Converter

Butcher Chan Lind Cuk Middlebrook

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Neat Patents

US5903448 99 Power Converter

Davila

Four quadrant flyback converter, method of operation thereof and power plant employing the same Electronic circuit for converting electrical energy Motor power control circuit for A.C. induction motors Low distortion alternating current output active power factor correction circuit using capacitor coupled bidirectional switching regulator Bidirectional control system for energy flow in solar powered flywheel Control system for an induction motor with energy recovery Coupling an induction motor type generator to A.C. power lines Electrical power generating system Four quadrant control circuit for a brushless three-phase d. c. motor Motor power factor controller with a reduced voltage starter Phase detector for three-phase power factor controller Power factor control system for AC induction motors Power factor control system for AC induction motors

US5726870 98 Power Converter

Lavieville Bethoux Carrere Meynard Nola; Frank J.

US4439718 84 Power Factor Correction

US5404093 95 Power Factor Correction

Cowett

US4649287 87 Power Factor Correction

Nola; Frank J.

US4417190 83 Power Factor Correction

Nola; Frank J.

US4473792 84 Power Factor Correction US4388585 83 Power Factor Correction US4644234 87 Power Factor Correction US4404511 83 Power Factor Correction US4459528 84 Power Factor Correction US4266177 81 Power Factor Correction US4052648 77 Power Factor Correction

Nola; Frank J.

Nola; Frank J.

Nola; Frank J.

Nola; Frank J. Nola; Frank J. Nola; Frank J. Nola; Frank J.

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Neat Patents

US4489243 84 Power Factor Correction US4433276 84 Power Factor Correction US4469998 84 Power Factor Correction

Nola; Frank J.

Solar powered actuator with continuously variable auxiliary power control Three phase power factor controller Three-phase power factor controller with induced emf sensing Low loss reverse battery protection (Revearse battery protection circuit using a power MOSFET This is a slic use of the reverse current mode of operation in a power MOSSFET, similar to the simulated free wheeling diode in buck regulators.) Reversed Current Flow in MOSFET Battery reversal protection (Revearse battery protection circuit using power MOSFETs in an interesting H bridge configuration Medtronic) Reversed Current Flow in MOSFET Pumps Thermal control system for solar collector (A bubble pumped solar receiver that dumps heat when the system is in over temperature conditions Zomeworks)

Nola; Frank J.

Nola; Frank J.

US6043965 00 Power MOSFET

Hazelton Strayer

US4423456 83 Power MOSFET

Zaidenweber; Gary A.

Pump

US4528976 85 Pump Bubble

Baer; Stephen C.

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (55 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:13 AM

Neat Patents

US4676225 87 Pump Bubble

Bartera; Ralph

Method and apparatus for enhancing the pumping action of a geyser pumped tube Flat Plate Heat-powered water pump (Thermally powered pump. The heat is used to vaporize fluid which acts as a kind of pistone to effect pumping with a pair of check valves) Water Pump Self-pumping solar heating system with geyser pumping action (I think this is the Copper Cricket) Flat Plate Passive solar heater fluid pump system (This pump uses a 2 pipe heat pipe to exchange heat from the thermal transfer fluid to the heated water) Flat Plate Storage type electric water heater having a closed circulation loop with a bubble pump (Hot water heater with. The pump works like the vertical type of engine block heater) Water Heater With Bubble Pump Autogenous solar water heater Bubble Action Pumps Ltd. Sorensen's bubble pump Solar Water

US4212593 80 Pump Bubble

Chadwick; Duane

US4478211 84 Pump Bubble

Haine; Eldon Bartera; Ralph

US4246890 81 Pump Bubble

Kraus Kraus

US4959526 90 Pump Bubble

Kurachi Mori Koizumi

US4607688 86 Pump Bubble

Sorensen; Wilfred

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (56 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:13 AM

Neat Patents

US4552208 85 Pump Bubble

Sorensen; Wilfred

Heat actuated system for circulating heat transfer fluids Bubble Action Pumps Ltd. Sorensen's bubble pump Solar Water Solar energy generator (Bubble Action Pumps Ltd. Box 1, 121 Counter St. Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7K 6C7) Bubble Action Pumps Ltd. Sorensen's bubble pump Solar Water Cooling apparatus semiconductor elements, comprising partitioned bubble pump, separator and condenser means Heat Sink Liquid metal electric pump LMMHD Fuel regulating valve Closed loop solar collector system powering a selfstarting uniflow steam engine Solar Rankine Closed loop solar collector system with dual chamber fluid supply arrangement Solar Water

US5351488 94 Pump Bubble

Sorensen; Wilfred

US3817321 74 Pump Bubble

VON Cube Wagner

US5080559 92 Pump Electric

Abbin Andraka Lukens Moreno Swedberg

US3566901 71 Pump Feed Active

US4627241 86 Pump Feed Passive

Johnston

US4397300 83 Pump Feed Passive

Johnston

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (57 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:14 AM

Neat Patents

US5685152 97 Pump Feed Passive

Sterling; Jeffrey Stephen


<info@sterlingsolar.com>

Apparatus and method for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy (Solar collector thermal storage and heat engine system. Very interesting feed liquid pimp with no movind parts. Feed water. Sterling Thermal Power) Liquid Feed Pump Apparatus and method for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy (Solar collector thermal storage and heat engine system. Very interesting feed liquid pimp with no movind parts. Feed water. Sterling Thermal Power) Liquid Feed Pump Heat transfer apparatus Heat transport apparatus Heat transfer system Photovoltaics Phototransistor for long wavelength radiation Pyrolytic conversion of organic feedstock and waste Solar energy collector device (Roofing tiles with PV and water cooling for domeestic heat.) Semiconductor photoelectric generator

US5974804 99 Pump Feed Passive

Sterling; Jeffrey Stephen


<info@sterlingsolar.com>

US5203399 93 Pump Pulse US4625790 90 Pump Pulse US5666814 97 Pump Pulse PV US4488038 84 PV US5589599 96 PV

Koizumi Okayasu Yamamoto Harrison Tien McMullen McMullen McMullen Fukuroi Yoshida Ohmura Bordina Zadde Zaitseva et al

US4946512 90 PV Flat Plate

US3948682 76 PV High Voltage

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (58 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:14 AM

Neat Patents

US4082570 78 PV High Voltage

House Irvin Kane House Irvin Kane

High intensity solar energy converter Stacked PV Method of fabricating high intensity solar energy converter Photovoltaic system including a lens structure (Stacked edge illuminated cells) Stacked PV Semiconductor photovoltaic generator and method of fabricating thereof Method for off-orientation point rotation sawing of crystalline rod material High intensity solar cell (Stacked edge illuminated cells) Stacked PV High intensity solar cell (Stacked edge illuminated cells) Stacked PV Method of making a high intensity solar cell (Stacked edge illuminated cells) Stacked PV Mobile sign with solar panel (ADDCO Blesener is from my home town of White Bear Lake.) Tube-in-tube thermophotovoltaic generator

US4174561 79 PV High Voltage

US4042417 77 PV High Voltage

Kaplow Frank

US4174978 79 PV High Voltage

Lidorenko Evdokimov Zadde et al Lin Gutsche Collier

US4228578 80 PV High Voltage

US4332973 82 PV High Voltage

Sater; Bernard L.

US4409422 83 PV High Voltage

Sater; Bernard L.

US4516314 85 PV High Voltage

Sater; Bernard L.

US5542203 96 PV Sign

Luoma Blesener Ashcroft Campbell DePoy

US5772793 98 PV Thermophotovoltaic

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Neat Patents

US5626687 97 PV Thermophotovoltaic US5753050 98 PV Thermophotovoltaic

Campbell Charache Baldasaro Egley DeBellis Scotto Malloy Scoles Hindman Rogers Diederich

Thermophotovoltaic in-situ mirror cell Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion device

US5932885 99 PV Thermophotovoltaic

Thermophotovoltaic electric generator (McDermott Technology, Inc.) Gas mantle technology (TPV Energy Systems, Inc.) Hydrocarbon fired room heater with thermophotovoltaic electric generator (JX Crystals Inc.) Generator with thermophotovoltaic cells and hydrocarbon burner (JX Crystals Inc.) Thermophotovoltaic electric generator using low bandgap photovoltaic cells with a hydrocarbon burner and enhanced catalytic infrared emitter (JX Crystals Inc.) Thermophotovoltaic generator Thermophotovoltaic technology (TPV Energy Systems, Inc.) Thermophotovoltaic system (TPV Energy Systems, Inc.) Thermophotovoltaic technology (Gillette)

US4877553 89 PV Thermophotovoltaic

US5651838 97 PV Thermophotovoltaic

Fraas Avery Samaras

US5512109 96 PV Thermophotovoltaic

Fraas Seal West

US5616186 97 PV Thermophotovoltaic

Fraas Williams Samaras

US5560783 96 PV Thermophotovoltaic US4707560 87 PV Thermophotovoltaic US4750943 88 PV Thermophotovoltaic US4584426 86 PV Thermophotovoltaic

Hamlen Hottel Nelson Parent Nelson

Nelson

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Neat Patents

US4826426 89 PV Thermophotovoltaic US5797997 98 PV Thermophotovoltaic US5512108 96 PV Thermophotovoltaic US4836862 89 PV Thermophotovoltaic

Nelson

Thermophotovoltaic technology (TPV Energy Systems, Inc.) Oxygen producing thermophotovoltaic systems Thermophotovoltaic systems Thermophotovoltaic system Solar thermophotovoltaic power conversion method and apparatus (McDonnell Douglas Corporation) Energy conversion (IBM) Solar energy concentrator system (Similar to the Carrizo Planes defunct solar power station.) 2X PV Thermal cracking of feed stocks into combustible gases Rankine Heat Engines Two fluid solar boiler Solar Boiler Rankine cycle power plant with improved organic working fluid (Neucler powered power plant Ormat Turbines Ltd.) Solar Boiler

Noreen Noreen Pelka Popovich Fleishman Stone Schneider Schmitt

US5932029 99 PV Thermophotovoltaic

US4316048 82 PV Thermophotovoltaic

Woodall

US4316448 82 PV Trough

Dodge

Pyrolysis Rankine US3901036 75 Rankine Boiler Martin

US4760705 88 Rankine Boiler

Yogev Mahlab

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (61 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:41 AM

Neat Patents

US5685152 97 Rankine Engine

Sterling; Jeffrey Stephen


<info@sterlingsolar.com>

Apparatus and method for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy (Solar collector thermal storage and heat engine system. Very interesting feed liquid pimp with no movind parts. Feed water. Sterling Thermal Power) Liquid Feed Pump Apparatus and method for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy (Solar collector thermal storage and heat engine system. Very interesting feed liquid pimp with no movind parts. Feed water. Sterling Thermal Power) Liquid Feed Pump Solar Receiver Apparatus for collecting, distributing and utilizing solar radiation Receiver for solar energy Solar Turbine Solar collector tube plate (Fin Tube Zomeworks) Radiant heat transfer panels (Fin Tube Radiant Technology very siminar to Baer for use with PEX flexible tubing.) Solar collector tube plate (Fin Tube) Solar steam boiler (Neat recirculating air insulation.)

US5974804 99 Rankine Engine

Sterling; Jeffrey Stephen


<info@sterlingsolar.com>

Receiver US4529830 85 Receiver Thermal Daniel

US4683872 87 Receiver Thermal US5143053 92 Receiver Thermal Flat Plate

Fricker Baer; Stephen C.

US5743330 98

Receiver Thermal Flat Plate

Bilotta Shaw

US4782889 88

Receiver Thermal Flat Plate

Bourne

Receiver Thermal Flat US4076025 78 Plate

Parker

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (62 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:43 AM

Neat Patents

Receiver Thermal Flat US4308858 82 Plate

Skillman

Solar energy collecting apparatus and methods (Collector built into the roof) Solar energy collecting apparatus and roll-formed metal building (Collector built into the roof) Solar heating of water utilizing coverites. (Insulation for a solar pond) Refrigeration or Airconditioning ? ( <Robert L. McWilliams III >in an email to me wrote: I did some serious and time consuming digging around, but I think I have at least narrowed down the time frame. The earliest reference I have to a patent for dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12, R-12, Freon 12) is 1934. It was originally patented by a joint venture company formed by E.I. DuPont de Nemours and General Motors. Freon was originally trademarked in 1931 by E.I. DuPont de Nemours and covered all of their halocarbon products. Allied Chemical Corporation began producing its own dichlorodifluoromethane in September 12, 1951 under the trade name of Genetron. 1951 - 1934 = 17, the number of years granted an original patent so 1934 looks like the year that R-12 was patented.

US4390010 83

Receiver Thermal Flat Plate

Skillman

Receiver Thermal Solar US4467786 84 Pond Refrigeration

Sorensen; Jens

US1953216 34 Refrigeration Refrigerants

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (63 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:44 AM

Neat Patents

The original patent number is 1,953,216. DuPont) Compressor-expander for refrigeration having dual rotor assembly (Uses air as the refrigerant The Rovac Corporation) Drop-in performance increasing substitute for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane refrigerant (George Goble) Drop-in substitute for dichlorodifluoromethane refrigerant (George Goble) Drop-in substitute for dichlorodifluoromethane refrigerant (George Goble) Drop-in substitutes for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) refrigerant (George Goble) Doped diamond for vacuum diode heat pumps and vacuum thermionic generators (See Borealis Technical Limited) Method and apparatus for vacuum diode heat pump (See Borealis Technical Limited) Method and apparatus for vacuum diode heat pump (See Borealis Technical Limited)

US3956904 76 Refrigeration Refrigerants

Edwards; Thomas

US6056891 00 Refrigeration Refrigerants

Goble; George H.

US5214929 93 Refrigeration Refrigerants

Goble; George H.

US5151207 92 Refrigeration Refrigerants

Goble; George H.

US5954995 99 Refrigeration Refrigerants

Goble; George H.

US6214651 01 Refrigeration Thermionic

Cox; Isaiah Watas

US6090893 00 Refrigeration Thermionic

Edelson; Jonathan Sydney

US6089311 00 Refrigeration Thermionic

Edelson; Jonathan

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (64 of 94)6/12/2006 8:40:44 AM

Neat Patents

Robotics

Scroll Compressors, Expanders, or Engines Adaptive robotic nervous systems and control circuits therefor (See BEAM - Robotics - Tek) Nervous Network Scroll Compressors, Expanders, or Engines Arai Maeda Bennett Hatfield Billheimer Caillat Weatherston Bush Caillat Balancing weight device for scroll-type fluid machine Rotary fluid pump or motor with intermeshed spiral walls Scroll Sequence Scroll-type engine Scroll-type machine with axially compliant mounting Modified wrap scroll-type machine Thick Scroll Rotary Engine (I believe this is the origional patent for a scroll mechanism.) ontrolled suction unloading in a scroll compressor Power unit for converting heat to power Scroll Engine Scroll manufacturing tool Scroll-type machine

US5325031 94 Robotics

Tilden; Mark W.

Scroll US4522574 85 Scroll

US3817664 74 Scroll US5094205 92 Scroll US4877382 89 Scroll

US4781549 88 Scroll

US0108182 05 Scroll

Creux

US4431388 84 Scroll

Eber Utter Edwards Fukushima Fukuhara Hiraga Griffith

US4738111 88 Scroll

US4436465 84 Scroll US4497615 85 Scroll

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Neat Patents

US4696084 87 Scroll

Hirano Fukami Maruiwa Itoh Sugimoto Ono Mukai Hirano Fukami Maruiwa Itoh Sugimoto Ono Mukai Iizuka Ochiai

Method for forming scroll members used in a scroll type fluid machine Rounded Edges

US4666380 87 Scroll

Scroll type fluid machine with prevention of stress concentration

US5362211 94 Scroll

Scroll type fluid displacement apparatus having a capacity control mechanism Fluid displacement apparatus with variable displacement mechanism Scroll compressor with endplate valve having a conical passage and a free sphere Variable capacity scroll type fluid compressor Scroll type compressor with variable displacement mechanism Scroll type compressor with variable displacement mechanism Compact scroll-type fluid compressor with swing-link driving means Method of fabricating scroll members Scroll-type liquid pump with transfer passages in end plate

US5873707 99 Scroll

Kikuchi

US5860791 99 Scroll US4673340 87 Scroll US4904164 90 Scroll

Kikuchi Mabe Negishi Mabe Terauchi Matsumoto Tsukagoshi McCullough Dieckmann Hosmer McCullough

US5240388 93 Scroll

US4892469 90 Scroll US4512066 85 Scroll

US4129405 78 Scroll

McCullough

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (66 of 94)6/12/2006 8:41:04 AM

Neat Patents

US5293850 94 Scroll

Nishida Sakamoto Komai Hidano Kobayashi Sato Arai Tanaka Fukushima Fukushima Sato Mabe Terauchi Sato Mabe Terauchi Satow Masuda Sugimoto Muta Terauchi Kawano Mabe Terauchi Mabe

Scroll type rotary internal combustion engine Scroll fluid machine having end plate with greater center thickness Air Compressor Scroll

US5775888 98 Scroll

US4326391 82 Scroll

Rankine-cycle-engine-driven cooling-and-heating system

US4747756 88 Scroll

Scroll compressor with control device for variable displacement mechanism Scroll compressor with control device for variable displacement mechanism Scroll compressor having discharge part communicating with two compression spaces simultaneously Scroll type compressor with displacement adjusting mechanism Scroll type compressor with variable displacement mechanism Scroll type compressor with displacement adjusting mechanism Completely dry and fluidtight vacuum pumps Vacuum Scroll Scroll type compressor with variable displacement mechanism

US4717314 88 Scroll

US4886434 89 Scroll

US4505651 85 Scroll

US4744733 88 Scroll

US4642034 87 Scroll

Terauchi

US3802809 74 Scroll

Vulliez

US4940395 90 Scroll

Yamamoto Mabe

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Neat Patents

US4773144 88 Scroll

Youtie

Method of manufacture of scroll compressors and expanders Three Dimentional Manufacturing of products.

Stereolithography US4863538 89 Stereolithography

Deckard

Method and apparatus for producing parts by selective sintering Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography Stirling Engines

US4575330 86 Stereolithography Stirling US5457956 95 Stirling

Hull

Bowman Berchowitz Urieli Wheatley Swift Migliori Kerwin Owens Norris Kamen; Dean L. Duggan Langenfeld

Microminiature stirling cycle cryocoolers and engines Thermoacoustic magnetohydrodynamic electrical generator Cantilevered crankshaft stirling cycle machine (It looks like this whole engine can be built with simple lathe tools.) Kamen Cycle Diagrams Crank Case Mechanical arrangements for piston-crankshaft devices (This is an interesting way to get Stirling motions) Crank and Eccentric High-efficiency heat-driven acoustic cooling engine with no moving parts (Thermoacoustic) Acoustic cryocooler (Thermoacoustic)

US4599551 86 Stirling Acoustic

US6062023 00 Stirling Engine

US4450754 84 Stirling Engine

Liljequist, Jon L.

US5901556 99 Stirling Refrigeration

Hofler

US4953366 90 Stirling Refrigeration

Swift Martin Radenbaugh

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (68 of 94)6/12/2006 8:41:05 AM

Neat Patents

US4602614 86 Stirling Solar

Percival Wells; David N.


<laseraxe@erols.com>

Hybrid solar/combustion powered receiver (One of David Wells' patents.) Hybrid Stirling Window for solar receiver for a solar-powered hot gas engine (One of David Wells' patents.) Hybrid Stirling Solar Storage Methods Electrochemical battery structure and method (An improved battery, the "Power Battery" (patented), which has a unique internal structure and electrochemistry. Power Technology ) Method and apparatus for accumulating, storing and releasing thermal energy Apparatus for storing solar energy in synthetic fuels (Heliostat) Solar heat storage systems (Carlson is from my home town of White Bear Lake.) Activator for initiating reaction in a heat pack and method for making same (See Heat and Comfort, Prism Technologies) Method of recharging a heat pack by microwave energy (See Heat and Comfort, Prism Technologies) Thermal energy storage methods and processes

US4475538 84 Stirling Solar

Percival Wells; David N.


<laseraxe@erols.com>

Storage

US6060198 00 Storage Battery

Snaper; Alvin A.

US4291755 81 Storage Chemical

Minto; Wallace L.

US4455153 84 Storage Chemical

Jakahi

US4194496 80 Storage Thermal

Carlson

US4872442 89 Storage Thermal

Manker, Charles F.

US4880953 89 Storage Thermal

Manker, Charles F.

US4402306 83 Storage Thermal

McElroy, Jr.; Robert C.

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (69 of 94)6/12/2006 8:41:05 AM

Neat Patents

US4265224 81 Storage Thermal

Meyer; Stanley A.

Multi-stage solar storage system (Ya, the wacco run a car on water guy) Thermal Storage Method and apparatus for accumulating, storing and releasing thermal energy Use of solar energy heat gathering and storing systems to increase farm crop yields (Heliostat to store solar energy for later use in agricultural ilumination) Agricultural Heliostat Sundials Sun clock Solar clock with digital time display (Uses fiber optics) Digital Sundial Digital sundial Digital Sundial Digital sundial (Digital Sundials International ) Digital Sundial Thermionic (Similar principal to the cathode in electronic vaccuum tubes.)

US4403643 83 Storage Thermal

Minto; Wallace L.

US3981151 76 Storage Thermal

St. Clair

Sundials US4255864 81 Sundials Glendinning; Scott R.

US4782472 88 Sundials

Hines; Stephen P.

US5596553 97 Sundials

Kellogg; Robert L. Scharstein; Hans Krotz-Vogel; Werner Scharstein; Daniel

US5590093 96 Sundials

Thermionic

US4188571 80 Thermionic

Brunson

Radiant energy to electrical power conversion system Solar Dish Thermionic-photovoltaic energy converter

US4528417 85 Thermionic

Chubb

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (70 of 94)6/12/2006 8:41:08 AM

Neat Patents

US6214651 01 Thermionic

Cox; Isaiah Watas

Doped diamond for vacuum diode heat pumps and vacuum thermionic generators (See Borealis Technical Limited) Doped diamond for vacuum diode heat pumps and vacuum diode thermionic generators (Similar principal to the cathode in electronic vaccuum tubes. See Borealis Technical Limited) Method and apparatus for a vacuum thermionic converter with thin film carbonaceous field emission (See Borealis Technical Limited) Thermionic electric converter Thermionic electric converters Thermionic electric converters Means and method of processing reservoirless thermionic converters Method for making a low work function electrode (Similar principal to the cathode in electronic vaccuum tubes. See Borealis Technical Limited)

US5981071 99 Thermionic

Cox; Rodney

US6064137 00 Thermionic

Cox; Rodney

US4303845 79 Thermionic US5780954 98 Thermionic US5942834 99 Thermionic US3807827 74 Thermionic

Davis Davis Davis De Steese Bowey

US6103298 00 Thermionic

Edelson; Jonathan Sidney Cox; Isaiah Watas

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (71 of 94)6/12/2006 8:41:12 AM

Neat Patents

US5874039 99 Thermionic

Edelson; Jonathan

Low Work-Function Electrode (Similar principal to the cathode in electronic vaccuum tubes. See Borealis Technical Limited) Low Work-Function Electrode (Similar principal to the cathode in electronic vaccuum tubes. See Borealis Technical Limited) Method and apparatus for improved vacuum diode heat pump (Similar principal to the cathode in electronic vaccuum tubes. See Borealis Technical Limited) Method and Apparatus for Photoelectric Generatioons of Electricity (Similar principal to the cathode in electronic vaccuum tubes.) Construction Method and Apparatus for thermionic generator (See Borealis Technical Limited)

US5810980 98 Thermionic

Edelson; Jonathan

US5722242 98 Thermionic

Edelson; Jonathan

US5973259 99 Thermionic

Edelson; Jonathan

US5994638 99 Thermionic

Edelson; Jonathan

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Neat Patents

US5675972 97 Thermionic

Edelson; Jonathan

Method and apparatus for vacuum diode-based devices with electride-coated electrodes (Similar principal to the cathode in electronic vaccuum tubes. See Borealis Technical Limited) Design Process for Stampable Photoelectric Generator (Similar principal to the cathode in electronic vaccuum tubes. See Borealis Technical Limited) Stampable Thermionic converter Thermionic energy production Solar-powered thermionicphotoelectric laser Collector for thermionic energy converter covered with carbon like material and having a low electronic work function Hybrid thermal electric generator (See Thermacore, Inc.) Seriesed Thermionic generator module with heat pipes (See Thermacore, Inc.) With Heat Pipes Transparent photocathode

US5981866 99 Thermionic

Edelson; Jonathan

US4667126 87 Thermionic US5028835 91 Thermionic US4168716 79 Thermionic

Fitzpatrick Fitzpatrick Fowler Israel

US5578886 96 Thermionic

Holmlid Svensson

US5492570 96 Thermionic

Horner-Richardson Anderson

US5219516 93 Thermionic

Horner-Richardson Ernst Iigami

US5598062 97 Thermionic

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Neat Patents

US5541464 96 Thermionic

Johnson LeVert

Thermionic generator Thermionic energy converters (Converter modules, shapped like "D" cell bateries, stack in tubes forming series strings) Thermionic energy converters Thermionic converter Solar energy electrical conversion apparatus Electromagnetic solar cell Solar energy converter Electromagnetic radiation transducer Method and apparatus for vacuum diode heat pump (See Borealis Technical Limited) Thermoacoustic RMS energy conversion. (Thermoacoustic) Thermoacoustic magnetohydrodynamic electrical generator Compact acoustic refrigerator (Thermoacoustic) High-efficiency heat-driven acoustic cooling engine with no moving parts (Thermoacoustic) Acoustic cryocooler (Thermoacoustic)

US4040903 77 Thermionic

Monroe

US4373142 83 Thermionic US3983423 76 Thermionic US4126149 78 Thermionic US4355195 82 Thermionic US4094703 78 Thermionic US4251679 81 Thermionic

Morris Rasor Britt Reitz Sansbury Williams Zwan

US6089311 00 Thermionic Refrigeration

Edelson; Jonathan

Thermoacoustic US5892293 99 Thermoacoustic Generator Electric Lucas Wheatley Swift Migliori Bennett

US4599551 86 Thermoacoustic MHD US5165243 92 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration Thermoacoustic Refrigeration

US5901556 99

Hofler

Thermoacoustic US4953366 90 Refrigeration

Swift Martin Radenbaugh

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Neat Patents

US4858441 89

Thermoacoustic Refrigeration

Wheatley Swift Migliori Hofler Wighard; Herbert F.

Heat-driven acoustic cooling engine having no moving parts (Thermoacoustic) Double acting pulse tube electroacoustic system (Thermoacoustic) Thermoelectric generators Thermoelectric energy conversion Nighttime solar cell Reversible thermoelectric converter Solar Trackers Tracking arrangement for a solar energy collecting system (Tracker that is stationary and controls a concentrator that moves. Position of the concentrator is set with an Inclinometer. Acurex Corp) Hybrid Stirling Solar lighting reflector apparatus having slatted mirrors and improved tracker (Heliostat lighting tracker. Used in a skylite) Heliostat Tracker Sun Sensor Sensor Orientable pyramid-shaped solar collector device Tracking solar module Optical Tracker

Thermoacoustic US5813234 98 Refrigeration Thermoelectric US5065085 91 Thermoelectric US5936193 99 Thermoelectric US5356484 94 Thermoelectric Tracker

Aspden Strachan Parise Yater Yater Yater

US4445030 84 Tracker Electronic

Carlton

US4883340 89 Tracker Electronic

Dominguez

US5914483 99 Tracker Electronic US5829427 98 Tracker Electronic US6018122 00 Tracker Electronic

Fallon; James J. Fallon; Gerald Gallois-Montbrun Hibino Tange Nagashima

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (75 of 94)6/12/2006 8:41:12 AM

Neat Patents

US5977475 99 Tracker Electronic

Hibino

Converging solar module ( Cylindrical refractive optics. See figure 4) Tracker using angleconverting cones (CPC, compound parabolic concentrator, cones observe diifferential portions of the sky) CPC Tracker Energy rays tracking device (Complete circuit diagram. Fairly complex and outdated but the idea is there) Sun position sensor for two axis tracking (Tracker for a geodesic dome) Solar system employing ground level heliostats and solar collectors (Heliostat and inline optical tracker) Inline Tracker Solar-thermal power system employing adjustable curvature reflective panels and method of adjusting reflective panel curvature (Heliostat with mechanically adjustable flat mirrors. The tracker uses inline sensors) Inline Tracker

US5023440 91 Tracker Electronic

Kuppenheimer

US4267441 81 Tracker Electronic

Monk

US4361758 82 Tracker Electronic

Rotolo

US4276872 81 Tracker Electronic Inline

Blake; Floyd A. Northrup, Jr.; Lynn L.

US3906927 75 Tracker Electronic Inline

Caplan; Harry W.

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Neat Patents

US4519382 85 Tracker Electronic Inline

Gerwin

Control system for heliostats and method (The tracking controller observes a reflected image of the sun. Similar to Hedger except the tracker is near the receiver) Inline Tracker Servo tracking apparatus (Tracks by looking at the position of the sun reflected in the mirror. Similar to Gerwin except the tracker is near each heliostat) Inline Tracker Sunlight collecting system (Describes a secondary Gregorian mirror and a tertiary compound parabolic concentrator receiver, and inline tracker.) Array Inline Tracker Central receiver solar collector using analog coupling mirror control (Tracking by means of placing a 2 axis sensor in align and in between the mirror and the receiver. Also describes several interesting mirror movement mechanisms including cable systems.) Inline Tracker

US4063543 77 Tracker Electronic Inline

Hedger

US5979438 99 Tracker Electronic Inline

Nakamura

US4172443 79 Tracker Electronic Inline

Sommer

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Neat Patents

US4223214 80 Tracker Electronic MPPT

Dorian Nelson

Solar tracking device (Tracking movement of collector by maximizing power output as in an MPPT. Operates on 2 axes. See West) Photovoltaic array with twoaxis power maximization tracking (Tracking movement of collector by maximizing power output as in an MPPT. Operates on 2 axes. See Dorian) Solar tracker (Using the open loop method. See the bibliography for calculating the sun's position) Sun tracker (Simple single axis. Two sensors with a divider blade) Shadow Tracker Solar tracker (2 axis tracker for a Fresnel solar array. Interesting method of making light sensor shadow mask) Shadow Tracker Automatic sun tracking apparatus (This circuit is almost exactly the same as a tracker I built in about 1972) Shadow Tracker Solar tracking control system using shadow detection ( Shadow tracker with the sensors on the inside of a box) Shadow Tracker

US4868379 89 Tracker Electronic MPPT

West

US4215410 80

Tracker Electronic Open Loop

Weslow Rodrian

US4349733 82 Tracker Electronic Shadow

Beam Beam

US4649899 87 Tracker Electronic Shadow Moore

Phelan US6005236 99 Tracker Electronic Shadow Phelan Miller

US3996460 76 Tracker Electronic Shadow Smith

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Neat Patents

US4262195 81 Tracker Electronic Shadow

White Scott

Solar tracking system (Dish tracker using differential light sensors) Shadow Tracker Solar sensor and tracker apparatus (Differential light sensor driving a reversible AC capacitor run motor. The electronics operate very similarly to my LED3 tracker.) Shadow Tracker Sun tracking device (Inline heliostat optical tracker. Figure 5 is a shadow tracker) Shadow Tracker Control of a heliostat field in a solar energy plant (Feedback control system for adjusting a field of heliostats. Similar to Gerwin except the tracker operates multiple heliostats. Also similar to a system I have been thinking about) Heliostat Shadow Tracker Sun tracking system (Inline heliostat optical tracker.) Shadow Tracker Solar energy sun tracker (Operates in a similar way to an emergency signaling mirror. See Vaerewyck) Signaling Mirror Tracker

US4107521 78 Tracker Electronic Shadow Winders

US4146784 79 Tracker Electronic Shadow Yekutieli; Gideon

US5862799 99 Tracker Electronic Shadow

Yogev Krupkin

US4190766 80 Tracker Electronic Shadow Young; Danny J.

US4013885 77

Tracker Electronic Signaling

Blitz

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Neat Patents

Tracker Electronic US4211922 80 Signaling

Vaerewyck Miller Anderson

Heliostat guidance (Uses the solar angle bisection method with a linear image sensor. Operates in a similar way to an emergency signaling mirror. See Blitz Westinghouse Electric Corp.) Signaling Mirror Tracker Device for concentrating optical radiation (Using holograms and passive solar tracking. Operates in a similar manner to Luminescent Concentrators but with the advantage of utilizing a wider spectrum.) Holographic Tracker Gas spring solar tracker (Zomeworks) Self reorienting solar tracker (Liquid mass transfer Zomeworks) Liquid Mass Transfer Solar heating device (Zomeworks) Liquid Mass Transfer Summer/winter solar control system (Zomeworks) Liquid Mass Transfer Sun tracker system for a solar assembly Sun tracker system for a solar assembly Sun tracker Tracker

US5877874 99 Tracker Holographic

Rosenberg

US4476854 84 Tracker Mechanical

Baer; Stephen C.

US4175391 79 Tracker Mechanical

Baer; Stephen C.

US3884414 75 Tracker Mechanical

Baer; Stephen C.

US4505255 85 Tracker Mechanical

Baer; Stephen C.

US5798517 98 Tracker Mechanical US5600124 97 Tracker Mechanical US5730117 98 Tracker Mechanical

Berger Berger Berger

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Neat Patents

US4110009 78 Tracker Mechanical

Bunch

Heliostat apparatus (Heliostat actuation scheme that is defective.) Heliostat Array Wind resistant two axis tracker for energy or radiation concertrators Heliostat Array Central focus solar energy system Tracker Satellite tracking antenna having a dish moveably supported at three points (Mechanical tracker based on the U-joint mechanism. Similar to the Sallis dish and Solomon Heliostat) U-joint Mechanism Static solar tracker and energy converter (Bimetalic strip movement) Bimetalic Solar tracking apparatus and system (Neat all mechanical Rube Goldberg using gears and cranks. Best used for solar instrumentation) Gears Inertially stabilized heliostat assembly Inertially dampened heliostat assembly Solar Energy Powered Heliotrope

US4870949 89 Tracker Mechanical

Butler

US4317031 82 Tracker Mechanical

Findell

US3945015 76 Tracker Mechanical

Gueguen; Michel

US4167936 79 Tracker Mechanical

Hackworth

US4368962 83 Tracker Mechanical

Hultberg

US3951510 76 Tracker Mechanical US4367913 83 Tracker Mechanical US3678685 72 Tracker Mechanical

Lloyd Logan Buckley Low Crawford

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Neat Patents

US5622078 97 Tracker Mechanical

Mattson

Linear/helix movement support/solar tracker (See picture)

US5512742 96 Tracker Mechanical

Mattson

Solar energy and tracking system (See picture) Reflective solar tracking system (Half angle tracker employing gears. Similar to that describes to me by Jerimiah Chace. Receiver Axis Mount) Half angle tracker, single axis

US4586488 86 Tracker Mechanical

Noto

US5945961 99 Tracker Mechanical

Antenna dias system having constrained rotational movement Price; Russell E. (Mechanical tracker based on Gastonguay; Raymond the U-joint mechanism. J. Similar to the Sallis dish and Solomon Heliostat) U-joint Mechanism Solar energy powered sun tracker (All pneumatic tracker producing a differential pressure to actuate a cylinder) Pneumatic Solar tracking apparatus for a gimbaled body (Weird ball sort of thing) Ball

US4027651 77 Tracker Mechanical

Robbins

US4442348 84 Tracker Mechanical

Snyder

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Neat Patents

US4266530 81 Tracker Mechanical

Steadman

Sun ray tracker (Mirrors moved and tilted in circular tracks) Circular Tracks Sun tracker with dual axis support for diurnal movement and seasonal adjustment (TPole with cable tilt. The cable changes the tilt throughout the day, pulling the panels towards the horizon at sunrise and sunset.) Cable Adjusted Variable support apparatus (Mechanical tracker similar to the U-joint mechanism I call it a ball-joiny mechanism. See Gueguen) Ball-joint Mechanism Solar energy powered sun tracker (See Baer US4476854) Liquid Mass Transfer Vane Compressors or Engines

US4172739 79 Tracker Mechanical

Tassen

US4251819 81 Tracker Mechanical

Vickland; Jack M.

US4262654 81 Tracker Mechanical

Ward

Vane Goto Sugiura Suzuki Hunter

US4566863 86 Vane

Rotary compressor operable under a partial delivery capacity Vane Internal combustion engine Vane Engine Alternative Vehicles

US3964442 76 Vane Vehicles

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Neat Patents

US5971091 99 Vehicles Electric

Kamen; Dean L Sugiura Ambrogi Duggan Heinzmann Key Skoskiewicz Kristal

Transportation vehicles and methods ( Very cool one or two man transportation where the riders stand on a platform. The platform is mounted on 6 wheels where only 2 are in contact with the ground. It balances on two wheels. It's capable of walking up a stairway.) It? Transportation vehicles and methods ( Electric wheelchair. The wheelchair is mounted on 6 wheels where only 2 are in contact with the ground. It's capable of walking up a stairway.) Kamen Water Tubular heating-pipe solar water-heating-system with integral tank Solar water panel Distillation apparatus with solar tracker High performance solar still Method and apparatus for air development and rejuvenation of water wells Pipe for elevating liquids through successively arranged accumulating and communicating portions, and device provided therewith Air lift pump system

US5975225 99 Vehicles Electric

Kamen; Dean L Sugiura Ambrogi Heinzmann

Water

US6014968 00 Water Collector

Teoh; Siang Teik

US4325788 82 Water Distillation US4235679 80 Water Distillation US4040486 77 Water Pump

Snyder Swaidan Kirkland

US4671741 87 Water Pump

Baumberg

US4579511 86 Water Pump

Burns

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Neat Patents

US4373867 83 Water Pump US4163035 79 Water Pump US5527461 96 Water Pump US5382137 95 Water Pump

Campbell

Pressure charged airlift pump (Using a Double Diaphram Pump down the well.) Aquarium water aeration device Airlift oil scavenger Multiple stage airlift pump Energy transfer device (Pumping action by shaking a tube of fluid. See: C. Mulvenna, P.Eng) Free piston fluid energy transfer device (Swashplate free piston pump. See: C. Mulvenna, P.Eng) Hydropower turbine system (University of Iowa) Hydropower turbine system (University of Kentucky) Windmills HAWT = Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine. VAWT = Vertical Axis Wind Turbine.

Gorsky Hill Lane

US4540344 85 Water Pump

Mulvenna

US4242053 80 Water Pump

Mulvenna

US5780935 98 Water VAWT US4441029 84 Water VAWT

Kao Kao

Wind

US4146800 79 Wind Electrostatic US4206396 80 Wind Electrostatic

Gregory Schurig Marks

Apparatus and method of generating electricity from wind energy Charged aerosol generator with uni-electrode source Charged aerosol wind/electric power generator with solar and/or gravitational regeneration Method and apparatus for capturing an electrical potential generated by a moving air mass

US4433248 84 Wind Electrostatic

Marks

US4494009 85 Wind Electrostatic

Yukl

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Neat Patents

US4288199 81 Wind HAWT Airfoil

Weisbrich

TARP Yaw track means for rotors (Turbine with augmenter.) Multifunctional tarp rotor strut vanes (Turbine with augmenter.) TARP Rotor system thrust, yaw and load control (Turbine with augmenter.) Toroidal accelerator rotor platform (TARP) (Turbine with augmenter.) Sailing system (Flexible boat sail looks like a toy pinwheel. The pinwheel rotates to provide rotary power.) Wind turbine

US4332518 82 Wind HAWT Airfoil

Weisbrich

US4540333 85 Wind HAWT Airfoil

Weisbrich

US4156579 79 Wind HAWT Airfoil

Weisbrich

US4276033 81 Wind HAWT American

Krovina

US4362470 82 Wind VAWT US3918839 75 Wind VAWT Darious US4718821 88 Wind VAWT Darious US4341176 82 Wind VAWT Darious US4383801 83 Wind VAWT Darious US4082479 78 Wind VAWT Darious US4355956 82 Wind VAWT Darious US4818180 89 Wind VAWT Drag

Locastro Giemsch Blackwell Feltz Maydew Clancy Orrison

Wind turbine Windmill blade Air foil with reversible camber Wind turbine with adjustable air foils (Movable air foil) Overspeed spoilers for vertical axis wind turbine Wind turbine (Flexible air foil) ????

Pryor Rangi South Ringrose Dahle ????

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Neat Patents

US4681512 87 Wind VAWT Drag

Barnard

Self-fairing windmill vane (Flapping sail. The working and furled sail positions and shapes are obtained by the shape of the sail spar without the use of either lines nor meshes.) Horizontal multidirectional turbine windmill (Savonius type rotor with augmenter.) Wind turbine rotor Wind turbine system using a Savonius type rotor Wind turbine system using a Savonius type rotor Wind turbine system using a vertical axis Savonius-type rotor Wind turbine system using twin Savonius-type rotors Wind turbine with Savoniustype rotor Wind motor (Flapping rigid sails) Wind turbine (Flapping sail louvers with the shapes determined by lines and meshes.) Overlapping sail wind turbine (Flapping rigid sails) Windmill (Flapping rigidly held sail.) Higher efficiency wind motor with receptors of diminished drag characteristics (Flapping rigid louvers.)

US4047834 77 Wind VAWT Drag

Benesh

US4359311 82 Wind VAWT Drag US4838757 89 Wind VAWT Drag US4715776 87 Wind VAWT Drag US4784568 88 Wind VAWT Drag US4830570 89 Wind VAWT Drag US5494407 96 Wind VAWT Drag US4527950 85 Wind VAWT Drag

Benesh Benesh Benesh

Benesh

Benesh Benesh Biscomb Chen Chen Chen Cummings Dall-Winther

US4208168 80 Wind VAWT Drag

US5525037 96 Wind VAWT Drag US4218183 80 Wind VAWT Drag

US4015911 77 Wind VAWT Drag

Darvishian

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Neat Patents

US3897170 75 Wind VAWT Drag

Darvishian

Wind motor (Flapping rigid hemispherical cups similar to a meteorological anemometer.) Windmill (Flapping sail has a similar action to Green without the mechanical communication through connecting lines. The sails are rectangular.) Valvular sail power plant (Flapping sail louvers with the shape determined by lines and meshes combined with a Savonius shape. The shape is an improvement over Chen.) Wind energy conversion device (Flapping rigid sail made from two sections joined and hinged.) Vertical-axis wind turbine with two-phase sails (Flapping Sail with interesting method to control the opening and closing of the sail by mechanical communication through connecting lines. The sails are triangular. As I see it, the basic improvement is in the mechanical communication through connecting lines. Similar patents without the communication lines are: DeBerg and Weisbrich. I believe these two patents are direct prior art because they, along with Green, maintain the shape of the sail by use of a single strait spar and

US4191507 80 Wind VAWT Drag

DeBerg

US4684817 87 Wind VAWT Drag

Goldwater

US3995170 76 Wind VAWT Drag

Graybill

Green; Robert R.
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Neat Patents

US5823749 98 Wind VAWT Drag

<rgreen999@aol.com>

flexible lines. Less similar prior art are: Chen and Goldwater. These patents maintain the shape of the sail using lines and meshes. Barnard obtains the sail shape with a single curved spar and without the use of either lines nor meshes. Other patents, Hillman and Rhodes, communicate the position of the working sail to the idle sail by use of a rotating shaft. This mechanism is similar to Green's use of communicating lines. All the flapping sail patents have similarities to Green's flapping sail patent. Green Windmill) Canvas Windmill

US0802144 05 Wind VAWT Drag

Harrington Wind powered motive apparatus (Flapping rigidly held sail with retraction mechanism for a portion of rotation. One sail communicates working position to the opposite idle position through a shaft.) Windmill (Savonius rotor with wind oriented shield.) Wind turbine (Flapping rigid sails) Vertical axis wind turbine (Flapping rigidly held sail with orientation mechanism for a portion of rotation.)

US3810712 74 Wind VAWT Drag

Hillman

US4474529 85 Wind VAWT Drag US4496283 85 Wind VAWT Drag

Kinsey

Kodric

US5226806 93 Wind VAWT Drag

Lubbers

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Neat Patents

US4288200 81 Wind VAWT Drag

O'Hare

Wind tower turbine (Savonius rotor built into the top of a wing shaped augmenter) Retractable wind machine (Savonius rotor made with sail sections) Flip-flop turbine vane module (Flapping air foil vanes operated positioned mechanically) Reverting wind wheel (Flapping rigidly held sail. One sail communicates working position to the opposite idle position through a shaft. This patent looks to be the same as one embodiment of Hillman's patent.) Wind turbine apparatus (Retractable sails) Wind power converter (Flapping sail has a similar action to Green without the mechanical communication through connecting lines. The sails are cone shaped.) Variable geometry windturbine (Flapping sail has a similar action to Green without the mechanical communication through connecting lines. The sails are parachute shaped.)

US4342539 82 Wind VAWT Drag

Potter

US4408956 83 Wind VAWT Drag

Price

US5083902 92 Wind VAWT Drag

Rhodes

US4545729 85 Wind VAWT Drag

Storm

US4364709 82 Wind VAWT Drag

Tornquist

US4021140 77 Wind VAWT Drag

Weisbrich

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (90 of 94)6/12/2006 8:41:23 AM

Neat Patents

US5520505 96 Wind VAWT Drag

Weisbrich

Wind amplified rotor platform (warp) (Flapping sail has a similar action to Green without the mechanical communication through connecting lines. The sails are parachute shaped.) Wind-driven prime mover (Flapping rigidly held sail.) Method for cleaning liquid developers Coated Corona Generating Electrode Method of cleaning an electrostatographic imaging surface Method of Cleaning an Electrostato-graphic Imaging Surface Photodetection Device and Method Comprising Phthalocyanine Corona Generating Electrode Structure For Use In a Xerographic Charging Method

US4365935 82 Wind VAWT Drag Xerography US3867170 75 Xerography US3723793 73 Xerography US3862801 75 Xerography

Zukeran

Ferguson Komp; Richard J Komp; Richard J Weigl Komp; Richard J

US3725059 73 Xerography

Komp; Richard J

US3789216 74 Xerography

Komp; Richard J

US3566108 71 Xerography

Weigl Komp; Richard J

wacko

Wacko Patents.
US5889383 99 Acoustic Battery Charger Teich System and method for charging batteries with ambient acoustic energy Process for the generation of information in space (Spaced based solar iluminated advertising) Space Advertising

US5949594 99 Advertising in Space

Iglseder Arens-Fischer

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (91 of 94)6/12/2006 8:41:28 AM

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US6025810 00 Antenna US5927272 99 Cigarette Lighter US4237868 80 Concentrator Dish

Strom; David L. Robertson

Hyper-light-speed antenna Combination solar powered cigarette lighter and telescope Solar heating balloon (Inflatable Tethered Balloon Solar Collector.) Ice hole fishing plug Device and method for thermal transfer using air as the working medium Device for thermal transfer using air as the working medium Device for conversion of centrifugal force to linear force and motion Electrostatically enhanced game (A video game where the looser gets an electric shock. Fun huh?) Bird trap and cat feeder Bird Trap Cat Feeder Greenhouse helmet Lower-energy hydrogen methods and structures ( An example of a patent being granted to "crank" science ) Fuel pretreater apparatus and method (The GEET carburetor) Magnetic ring Pantyhose with shaping band for cheeky derriere relief Permanent magnet motion conversion device Magnetic force generating method and apparatus

Overton Christian Gray Gray Amin

US4761909 88 Do any of you Ice Fish?

US5765387 98 Free Energy US5547341 96 Free Energy US4238968 80 Free Energy

Amin

Cook; Robert L.

Game with Shocking US4553748 85 Results US4150505 79 Gross US4605000 86 Helmets

Allen Harrison Voelker Anguita Mills Good Phillips Popov Pantone Teich Newmar Ecklin Johnson; Howard R.

US6024935 00 Hydrogen

US5794601 98 IC Carburetor US5989178 99 Medical Quackery US4003094 77 OK Trekers, Remember Julie Newmar?

US3879622 75 Perpetual Motion US4877983 85 Perpetual Motion

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (92 of 94)6/12/2006 8:41:28 AM

Neat Patents

US5402021 95 Perpetual Motion US4151431 79 Perpetual Motion US3811058 74 Perpetual Motion US5211172 93 Tracker US5556029 96 Weather Control Heliostat
friends

Johnson; Howard R. Magnetic propulsion system Johnson; Howard R. Permanent magnet motor Kiniski McGuane Lawless Wu Griese Rotary-to-Reciprocating Device Solar controlled sun tracker for a sunbather Method of hydrometeor, (clouds), dissipation

Friends Patents.
Baker; Donn US5583561 96 Digital Video
<donn.baker@unisys.com>

Johnson Sipple Gruendeman; Peter


<gruendeman@worldnet.att. net>

Multi-cast digital video data server using synchronization groups (Unisys) Static mixer nozzle configuration that removably receives a locking hub thereon Flowable material dispenser with chambers Serial connectors for motionless mixers Omnidirectional electro-optical receiver (From Fridley, MN) Integrated circuit package with integral heating circuit (Unisys) Apparatus and method for soldering (Unisys) Single-particle optical sensor with improved sensitivity and dynamic size range (One of David Wells' patents.)

US5575409 96 Mixer System

Gruendeman; Peter US5829639 98 Mixer System


<gruendeman@worldnet.att.net>

Horner Gruendeman; Peter US5829639 92 Mixer System


<gruendeman@worldnet.att.net>

Halat US4467194 84 Optical Sensor Foreman


<dforeman@goldengate.net>

US4561006 85 Soldering

Currie; Thomas P.
<thomas.currie@unisys.com>

US6123251 00 Soldering

McClain Tamarkin; Vladimir K.

US5835211 98 Optical Sensor

Wells; David N.
<laseraxe@erols.com>

http://www.redrok.com/neat.htm (93 of 94)6/12/2006 8:41:29 AM

Neat Patents

US5410403 95

Particle Measuring System

Wells; David N.
<laseraxe@erols.com>

Particle measuring system with pump adapted to maintain constant flow for different pressures and viscosities (One of David Wells' patents.) Magnetically-attachable EMI shielding cover for attenuating electromagnetic emanation (My patent for Unisys) Self-latching H-bridge system and apparatus (My patent for Unisys)

US5473110 95 EMI

Johnson; Duane C.
<redrok@redrok.com>

US6617913 03 EMI

Johnson; Duane C.
<redrok@redrok.com>

<redrok@redrok.com>

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Mother's Super-Simple Solar System

Issue # 48 - November/December 1977 MOTHER's Dennis Burkholder develops a $34.49 solar tracker that works better than some $200 units we've seen!

Anybody who's ever played around with solar energy (and that includes a lot of us these days) usually devotes a great deal of his or her early experiments to the fabrication and testing of flat-plate, parabolic, and other collectors of the sun's rays. And, sooner or later, he or she begins to think about how much more efficient (about 40% more) most of those collectors would be...if they only had some sort of mechanism built into them to keep them pointed directly at the sun all day long as it travels across the sky. Now, there are a lot of solar tracking devices floating around at the present time...based on everything from wind-'em-up clockwork mechahisms to silicon cells to bimetallic gizmos of one sort or another. The only trouble is that all these gadgets are either expensive, or complex, or must be recalibrated frequently, or require an outside source of power with constant frequency and voltage and a separate feedback path to correct their errors ... or some combination of the above. What the world (or, at least, the solar energy experimenters' section of it) has long needed is a supersimple, superinexpensive, superself-contained solar tracker that'll work dang near forever onand only onthe energy it receives directly from the sun.

http://www.motherearthnews.com/printable/1977_November_December/Mother_s_Super_Simple_Solar_Tracker (1 of 8)6/4/2006 7:43:49 AM

Mother's Super-Simple Solar System

FIG. 3-A: The sun's rays warm right tank but not the left one. FIG. 3-B: As pressure builds in right tank, liquid freon is forced into left one and collector tilts in that direction. FIG. 3-C: As the collector turns more and more directly toward the sun, its left tank also begins to heat. As pressure builds in that container, it begins to accept less and less liquid freon from the right tank. Equilibrium Is achieved when the two containers are equally exposed to the sun. The system, in short, wants to automatically "lock onto" the sun and track it all day long.

FIG. 4: The collector has been facing west (left). As the sun appears on the eastern horizon (to the right), however, the freon in Its unshaded tank has begun to warm and expand. This is pushing the piston down in the hydraulic cylinder and, as the contracting piston pulls on the eccentric arm fastened to the pivoted flat-plate collector, the solar collector is pulled over to face the fresh morning sun.

MOTHER's tracker does the job. Plumbing at foot of collector is part of circulating water system and has nothing to do with tracking mehanism. PHOTOS BY J. WEILAND

STEVE BAER TACKLES THE PROBLEM The folks here in MOTHER's research lab were impressed a year or so ago when Steve Baer (who often does such things) published a report entitled

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Mother's Super-Simple Solar System

"Gravity Drivers". Especially since one of the gravity drivers described in that paper looked something like the setup shown in Fig. 1. Now this is really a clever outfit. What you've got, you see, is a flatplate solar collector supported on a pivot so that it can follow the sun as It travels from east to west during the day. And the mechanism which makes the collector track the sun that way... is hardly any "mechanism" at all: just two long tanks filled with Freon 12, partly shaded from the sun, and connected together by a hose. Why Freon 12? Because unlike water, whichat sea levelboils (which is to say that its vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure) at 212F... Freon 12 boils at a somewhat lower temperature than -30F. Or, to say it the other way around, Freon 12 poured out into a bowl and exposed to the air will stay in that bowl (remain a liquid) only at temperatures colder than -30 F. At any higher temperature, it will simply boil away?evaporate?into the atmosphere. We can and do use this freon all the time (in refrigerators, air conditioning circuits, spray cans, etc.), however, and we do it quite easily ... merely by keeping it bottled up inside heavy coils of tubing, pressure containers, and other such "closed systems". When it is contained this way, the freon can build up a pretty good head of pressure (61.4 pounds/ square inch at 50F, 131.9 psi at 100F, 249.3 psi at 150F, 430 psi at 200F, etc.) but, as long as our closed system doesn't rupture, the freon is forced to stay right where we want it. It is also interesting to note that not all the freon in a closed system has to boil (change from a liquid to a gas) in order for the pressure inside that sealed coil of tubing, pressure bottle, tank, or whatever to increase in the dramatic way just described. Frequently, in fact (depending on the size and shape of a freon container and the way in which heat is applied to it), the pressure inside a bottle or tank of the liquid can be raised 50 or more psi by the boiling away (the changing from a fluid to a gas) of only a few drops of the trapped freon. Aha! Now we know why Steve Baer's tracking mechanism works. His two long tanks are filled with freon and laid perpendicular to the sun's rays so that Ole Sol's outpouring of heat energy will have the maximum effect on their contents. (The maximum possible surface of the tanks is directly exposed to the sun so that even the least amount of solar radiation will raise the temperature of the containersand the freon inside themas much as possible.) In addition to that, Steve's two tanks are connected by a heavy-duty hose.

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Mother's Super-Simple Solar System

Which means, when the two containers are equally exposed to the sunand thus, equally heatedthat the pressure inside one will exactly equal the pressure inside the other. And the two tanks will just sit there, getting warmer and warmer, with more and more of the liquid freon in each container boiling into a gas and forcing up the psi readings on the whole (two tanks and a hose) system. If the tanks were transparent, they'd look like Fig. 2... with more and more of the liquid freon in the bottom of each container boiling into the gas trapped in the upper portions of the tanks. Likewise, when the two containers are equally exposed to less and less of the sun's rays, their contents cool equally. And more and more of the gas in each tank is converted back into a liquidagain, on an equal basisand that's all that happens. But what if one of the containers is heated more than the other? Well, not a whole lot would happen if that hose between the two tanks ran from the top of one to the top of the other tank. A little gas would siphon from the hot container over to the cool one ... and that would be that. The hose on Steve's system does not run from the top of one tank to the top of the other one, though. It runs from the bottom section of one container to the bottom of the other. Which means? Which means that a slightly higher gas pressure in one of the vessels can push a lot of the liquid freon from that tank over into the other one. And, unlike a gas, that liquid freon is heavy. And when it shifts from the tank mounted on one side of the collector ... to the tank mounted on the other side ... it just naturally causes the pivoted collector to tip in the direction of the shifted weight. This action is illustrated in Fig. 3 ... which also shows the function of the shade mounted on each of the freon tanks. As you can see, by put: ting together a couple of tanks of Freon 12, a connecting hose, and two small shades just the way that he's put them together ... Steve Baer has created a remarkably simple and low-cost solar tracker that wants to "lock onto" the sun and follow it all day long. DENNIS BURKHOLDER IMPROVES THE BAER DESIGN All well and good ... at least In theory. When MOTHER researcher Dennis Burkholder built one of the trackers, however, he soon found that Steve Baer's beautiful theory left a great deal to be desired in the real world. For one thing, a collector equipped with one of the tracking mechanisms tended either to follow the sun very sluggishly (if at all) ... or to become so hyperactive about the whole idea that it wanted to endlessly "hunt" back and forth across an area extending 10 to 20 degrees on either side of Ole Sol's actual position. And for another, the mere shifting of the freon's weight

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Mother's Super-Simple Solar System

wasn't a very positive method of keeping the collector pointed at the sun: Even small vagrant breezeslet alone the real he-winds of a summer storm were enough to slam the trackerequipped flat plate from one extreme of its travel to the other. Clearly, as good as the basic idea was, Steve Baer's solar tracker could be improved. Which is just what Dennis did by [1] severing the hose that connects the two tanks of freon, [2] inserting a doubleacting hydraulic cylinder, [3] mounting the cylinder's case to the supporting base of the flatplate collector, and [4] connecting the cylinder's piston to an eccentric arm fastened to the pivoted collector itself. He also moved the shades from the outside edges of the two tanks to their insides (originally just to make the whole assembly more compact but, as you'll see, this change added a certain very important flexibility to MOTHER's tracking collector). What a difference! As soon as Burkholder's modifications (Fig. 4) were cranked into the Baer design, MOTHER's tracking collector became a real dream machine. Set the unit out in the sun facing any direction (as long as its, axis is lined up north/south, of course) ... and within 10 to 12 minutes the movable portion of the rig will have rotated around and locked on to the sun. And it'll then stay locked on, with no hunting and no slamming ... faithfully gazing directly at Ole Sol all day long until he finally slips beneath the western horizon. The collector then patiently watches that western horizon all through the night. Until the next morning when-thanks to the way Dennis has mounted its shades (so that the first rays of the sun fall on the uppermost cylinder of freon but not on the lower one) and its eccentric arm (so that as the high tank's freon boils, the collector is cranked around to make that side of the flat plate the low one)?the whole mechanism automatically turns to face the eastern horizon ... where it begins faithfully "watching" the sun move across the heavens again. THE PRICE IS RIGHT So there you have it: a supersimple, selfcontained solar tracking device that works just the way you want it to. And the price is right too! Dennisone of the world's more accomplished scroungers? picked up his double-acting hydraulic cylinder (which has a 1-1/4" bore and a five-inch stroke, but that's not at all critical) in a local junkyard for $2.00. Nine feet of type "M" hard copper tubing (for the freon tanks) set him back another $8.64. The four sweatweld end caps for the freon tanks cost $2.40, two 1/4" OD (outside diameter) flare by 1/4" IPS (inside pipe size) fittings 70, two 36-inch-long freon transfer hoses $13.00, two Schroder valves $2.00, three

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Mother's Super-Simple Solar System

pounds of oiled Freon 12 $4.50, and one small spray can of flat black Rustoleum $1.25. Grand total: $34.49. Which as anyone experienced in the field can tell you, ain't bad for such a slick little solar tracker. AMPLIFICATIONS AND DETAILS MOTHER's solar tracking mechanism, essentially, can be called a small and very slow "vapor engine". As Dennis has designed it, the apparatus consists of two reservoirs (both painted black to increase their absorption of the sun's rays) of a low-boiling-point working fluid (Freon 12). The reservoirs are mounted one on each side of a pivoted solar collector, and the two tanks are connected by freon transfer hoses to a double-acting hydraulic cylinder (one tank to one input on the cylinder and the second reservoir to the other). Each container of working fluid is shaded an equal amount so that when the sun moves across the sky the shadow from the shades will fall on one reservoir more than the other. This causes the tank with greater solar exposure to collect more heat and boil an increased amount of its working fluid. The difference between the higher pressure that this action creates in the warmed reservoir and the lower pressure maintained in the unwarmed reservoir works through the still-liquid freon to either extend or retract the piston in the hydraulic cylinder. As a result, the movement of the piston (which is connected to the pivoted collector through an eccentric arm) either pushes or pulls the solar absorption panel into alignment with the sun. Freon 12 was chosen as the mechanism's working fluid because it [1] provides, at typical operating temperatures, enough pressure to operate the system in a very positive manner ... but not enough to burst any of the tracker's components, [2] is compatible with all other materials used in the assembly, [3] is non-explosive and relatively non-toxic, [4] has a moderate price tag, and [5] is available almost anywhere in the world from any refrigeration service shop. Burkholder constructed the two freon tanks mounted on MOTHER's tracking collector from nine feet (4-1/2 feet each) of one-inch "M"-type (thin wall) hard copper tubing. He did this by soldering a sweat-weld sealing cap on each end of each tube. He also soldered a Schroder valve (a metal valve similar to the valve stem found on an automobile or bicycle tire, which may be purchased at most refrigeration and air conditioning repair shops) into each pipe near one end. It was then a simple matter to connect a vacuum pump to the Schroder valve, evacuate the air from a tube, and charge it half full with the oiled freon. (Note: The oil in the "oiled freon" is important. Unoiled freon will

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Mother's Super-Simple Solar System

quickly dry out the neoprene "0" rings inside the hydraulic cylinder and cause its piston to bind up and stop working.) The charged tubes were finished by giving them a coat of flat black Rustoleum. The shades used on MOTHER's rig were constructed from .032" scrap aluminum sheet ... but painted Masonite, plywood, or any other stiff weather-resistant material would have worked as well. The important thing to remember here is that your tracking mechanism will become increasingly sensitive as you make your shades taller and taller. Two 36"-long refrigerant transfer hoses (available from air conditioning and refrigerator supply outlets and most auto supply stores) were used to connect the two freon reservoirs to the double-acting power cylinder. They were attached to the tanks with fittings that automatically depressed the cores and opened them as they were screwed onto the Schroder valves. As already noted, the doubleacting hydraulic cylinder on MOTHER's tracking collector has a 1-1/4" bore and a five-inch stroke. Any double-acting cylinder with a bore of one to two inches and a stroke of four to ten inches, however, should work as well (you'll just have to build your collector's base and vary its eccentric arm to fit). If you can't find a $2.00 bargain cylinder the way Dennis did, try these sources of relatively inexpensive hydraulic gear: Palley Supply Company, Dept. TMEN, P.O. Box 2066, Whittier, Calif. 90610 or Surplus Center, Dept. TMEN, P.O. Box 82209, Lincoln, Neb. 68501. Bear in mind, as you design your version of MOTHER's tracker, that the relationship of the movable collector's center of gravity to its pivot point can be an important one. If the CG is too high, the collector can "slam" from one side to the other and not function properly at all. A lower CG, however, can smooth that erratic action right out and make your collector track slowly and smoothly, just the way it should.

ONE FINAL NOTE


After we'd had Dennis Burkholder's solar tracker working for a few weeks, we found out that Ole Dennie wasn't quite the genius we'd thought he was. A check of patents and papers in the solar energy field turned up the fact that [1] Dr. E.A. Farber and a couple of others working at the University of Florida's Solar Energy and Energy Conversion Lab had originated a very similar device almost a year before MOTHER's was built, and [2] still another similar tracker was patented in June of 1977 by Roland W. Robbins, Jr. of Ridgecrest, California. So great minds, as the old saying goes, still do run in the same channels. And, no matter who was first with this particular idea, MOTHER's team looks
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Mother's Super-Simple Solar System

forward to seeing one version or another of this simple, lowcost, trouble-free tracking mechanism put into very wide use.

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+9V
+12VDC

+9V
C6 .01F 7809 RG1

IN OUT REF

GND

C7 100F

C8 .01F

+9V

+9V

+9V

WEST PC1

EAST PC2 R3 1M

R4 10K

R8 100K R9 1M

R11 10K

D2

R2 10K 2 5 4 VR1 10K C1 .01F R1 1K C2 .01F

R5 100K

R6 100K 1 7

R10 4.7K

Q1 2N3904

IC1a LM339

1N4004 DRIVE WEST RL1

D1 1N4004 C3 1000F

6 R7 220K

IC1b LM339 C4 .01F

With sensors aimed at the sun adjust VR1 to the point where LED 2 will just turn OFF.
+9V
R12 100K R14 1M

+9V

+9V
DRIVE MOTOR

R15 10K

R17 100K

MT1

+9V

WEST LIMIT SW1 D3

11 14 9 8 IC1c LM339 10 12

VR2 1M

13

EAST LIMIT SW2 R18 4.7K Q2 2N3904 1N4004 DRIVE EAST RL2

IC1d LM339

R13 1M

R16 15K

C5 .01F

+9V
R19 100K

At end of day adjust VR2 to the point LED 1 will just turn ON. Start with the trim pot set ar GND. Turning it towards +9V increases the sircuit's sensitivity to light.

Q3 2N3904

R20 1K LED 1

SW3 (SWITCH OP[TIONAL)

R21 100K

Q4

R22 2N3904

1K LED 2

SUN TRACKER.pcb

page 1 of 2

Name .01F Capacitor 100F Electrolytic Capacitor 1000F Capacitor 100K Resistor (1/4W) 10K Potentiometer 10K Resistor (1/4W) 15K Resistor (1/4W) 1K Resistor (1/4W) 1M Potentiometer 1M Resistor (1/4W) 1N4004 Diode 220K Resistor (1/4W) 2N3904 NPN Transistor 4.7K Resistor (1/4W) 7809 (9V, 1A) Voltage Regulator DPDT Relay (12V) LED (Red) LM339 Operational Amplifier Motor (12V DC) PHOTORESISTIVE CELL SPST Switch

Quantity 6 1 1 7 1 4 1 3 1 4 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 3

SUN TRACKER.pcb

page 2 of 2

OPERATING 60 CYCLE INDUCTION MOTORS AS GENERATORS any motor can be used as a generator and any generator will motor under the proper Circumstances. The purpose of this paper is to describe the connections required to convert the two most common types of induction motors into AC generators. The two types of motors most readily Converted are three phase Squirrel cage Induction motors and capacitor start single-phase induction motors. Although the connections are different, both types of machines exhibit similar operating characteristics. Below is an outline form applying to either type of generator? The instruction, for connecting the machines and small parts that you will need are discussed later. STEP 1- Electricaly connect the unit as outlined under the connection section. STEP 2- Connect the machine by belt or other suitable means to a Source of mechanical power such as a gasoline engine. Turn the machine at about its nameplate speed. Most machines will be either about 1800 RPM or about 3600 RPM. STEP 3- With no loads of any kind connected to the generator, its voltage should build-up (usually a faint generator hum is audible). If you are using a Single-phase machine, be sure it is turning the same direction that it turned as a motor. Build up can be checked by momentarily connecting a light bulb across the output terminals to check for power. STEP 4- Reduce generator Speed until the machine will just keep the light bulb lit. You will find below this Speed, the generator will simply stop generating. STEP 5- with the generator Operating at minimum speed where it continued to generate, connect a light bulb load to the average load for the generator. If you have been using a smaller load to test for generator build-up, it may be necessary to increase the Speed a bit to maintain generating mode. STEP 6- set the generator speed by checking the generators output voltage. The faster you turn the generator the higher its voltage will become, etc. If a voltmeter is not available, a simple method is to compare the brightness of two bulbs of the same type, one plugged into the generator and the other plugged into the wall. The speed is about right when the bulbs are equally bright. RATING- your generator can be rated at 500 watts per motor horse- power, This is a comfortable rating and allows for some short time 0verload capacity. When selecting the loads for the generator remember that most electric motors require six to ten times their rated power when starting. As an example, a 1/3HP-freezer motor may require up to 3 HP worth of generating capacity to start it. High Speed portable tool motors are the main exception. These Series wound motors usually start quite successfully at 2 or 3 times their rated power current at rated voltage) level, Motor loads are best estimated by multiplying their nameplate volts times nameplate amps. This product is really V\ but can be used safely as watts for the purpose of generator rating. Your generator will produce sine wave power generally at a frequency slightly below 60 HZ. An electric clock with a second hand will read the exact frequency in seconds in one minute. CAUTIONSI- You are generating lethal voltages- use appropriate care. 2- The generator will not build-up its voltage when loaded. It must always be started with no load connected. 3- Running the generator at speeds higher than the nameplate rating may generate very high voltages and cause the capacitors to explode or the machine to flash over inside and catch fire. Speeds in excess or 4000 RPM may even cause the rotor to fly apart inside the machine.

4- Dont leave the generator unattended until it has run about 2 hours without overheating. A safe motor temperature is when you can barely hold your hand on the generator for 5- 10 seconds and no hot or oily smell is coming from the machine. Faults or dead shorts may be placed on the generator without harm since it will simply stop generating. TROUBLE SHOOTING- If the generator will not build-up voltage when initially operated at or near nameplate speed, the capacitors may be too small, If single phase it may be turning backwards, the connections may be incorrect, the machine may be faulty or the iron in the machine may have lost its residual magnetism and need to be flashed. All the fixes are evident except flashing. To flash it momentarily, connect a car battery across the generator output terminals while it is running full speed with no load. ONE second is more than enough time to flash the machine. MACHINE SELECTION-Either a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor or a capacitor type motor may be used. Of the two choices, the old three-phase motor makes a better selection. These usually can be located in motor shops, junkyards, etc, for very little investment. The size machine to use depends on the rating you need from the generator but generally should not exceed about 10 HP for a three-phase machine or 3 HP for a single-phase machine. Poor results can be expected below about 1/2HP for three phase or 1/6 HP for single phase. The best generators are machines rated at l700 RPM or higher. Lower speed machines can be used, but will require larger capacitors. THEORY OF OPERATION- For either type of machine, capacitors will be used to provide excitation to the machine. The excitation magnetizes the machines rotor. The magnetized rotor moving past the windings generates vo1tage in the windings. The machine voltage and frequency are determined by how many turns are in the windings, how fast the rotor turns and how much load is applied to the generator. REGULATION-At constant speed, capacitor excited Induction generators have rather poor regulation curves often running Iron 140 volts no load to l00 volts full load.

CONNECTIONS FOR THREE MACHINES Three-phase machines will say 3 phase on the nameplate along with the voltage rating and speed. For a 120 volt 60hz output, the nameplate should say 208 or 230/460 volts and the motor should have nine leads as shown below. CHART #1

The correct size capacitor can be selected from the following graph. Each plug will be capable of about 1/3 of the generators rating. There will be approximately 480 volts ac at the capacitors, so use care not to touch them when the generator is operating CHART #2

CONNECTIONS FOR SINGLE PHASE CAPACITOR TYPE AC MOTORS- these motors are the type with the little can on the outside of the motor. Generally, they are found on older refrigerators and freezers, air compressors, pumps, washing machines, etc. The outline below applies to these single-phase motors only. STEP 1- Run the machine as a motor to verify that it operates and note the direction or rotation. You should turn the machine this direction when operating it as a generator. If the motor is dual, voltage use the 120-volt connection. STEP 2- Carefully disassemble the motor. Inside, attached to one end bell of the machine, will be a

centrifugal switch mechanism. This starting switch will have contacts such that the circuit it controls opens when the machine speeds up. Solder a short section of insulated wire around this switch so that the circuit the switch controls is permanently engaged. STEP 3- Carefully reassemble the motor watching that no wires are where they will be hit by moving machine parts or cut by the end bells as you assemble the motor. STEP 4- Locate the capacitor and cut the two wires leading to the capacitor. Large motors may have two capacitors hooked together. A few motors have the capacitors located inside an end bell or in the base of the machine. In any case, the capacitor(s) will be a cylinder shaped object with 2 wires. STEP 5- Connect an ac oil capacitor to the wires that went to the original capacitor. The oil capacitor may be selected from the capacitor selection graph or use a capacitor of about _ the value shown on the capacitor you removed. This step completes the conversion for single (1) phase motors.

Induction Generator

An Easy to Build and Operate Induction Generator Believe it or not, nearly everyone you know has at least
one induction generator and probably more. That's right! You say that is impossible... well, read on!

Within every home in America there are motors that can be operated as generators. They may not be labeled as generators, but they will function just the same. These motors are often called "squirrel cage motors" and are in washing machines, dryers, water pumps and other devices too numerous to mention.

............................... Typical electric squirrel cage motors Besides being numerous and cheap, they will generate AC voltage of the purest sinewave. They use no brushes and do not produce any RFI.(Radio Frequency Interference) A motor converted to an induction generator will power flouresent and incandesant lights, televisions, vcr's, stereo sets, electric drills, small power saws and other items.

OK, what is so great about it? There is nothing complicated about the conversion,
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no weird rewiring, no complicated math...nothing! There are no brushes to wear out. They can not be overloaded; if too much of a load is applied to the generator, it simply quits generating. Removing the load will usually cause the generator to start again. Speeding up the motor will help if it doesn't start right away.

Yes, but... are there problems? Well, there is no active voltage regulation, but
keeping it within a tested load rating can keep it within any voltage parameters that you set. I feel that a voltage range between 105 and 126 volts is perfectly reasonable. A motor converted to an induction generator will not start another squirrel cage motor unless that motor is about 1/10 of the horsepower of the induction generator. In other words, a 1 horsepower motor used as an induction generator will start a 1/10 horsepower or less, squirrel cage motor. It is best to NOT use an induction generator to drive motors. The added inductance of the motor will cancel out the capacitive reactance of the capacitors and cause the generator to quit producing electricity. The generator will not start under a load. Not a problem! You shouldn't attach any load to a generator until it is at running speed. This is actually kind of a fail-safe feature. So far, that is about all of the problems that I've found and I consider those minor.

How do you convert one?

By adding capacitors in parallel with the motor power leads, and driving it a little above the nameplate RPM, (1725 RPM ones need to turn at approximately 1875 RPM, and 3450 RPM ones at 3700 RPM) the motor will generate AC voltage! The capacitance helps to induce currents into the rotor conductors and causes it to produce AC current. The power is taken off of the motor power leads, or the capacitor leads, since they are all in parallel. This system depends upon residual magnetism in the rotor to start generating. Almost all
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the motors I've tried begin generating just fine on their own, with the appropriate capacitor connected of course! If it doesn't start generating, try speeding the motor up. That will usually get it going. However, it is extremely rare to find one that doesn't start. If a motor doesn't start generating on the very first try, then apply 120 vac or even 12 or more volts DC to the motor for a few seconds. That will usually work to magnetize the rotor and your generator will start by itself from then on. It is important to not shut the generator down with a load connected to it. This tends to demagnetize the rotor and can cause it to not self-energize. That is, the motor will turn, but it will not produce voltage. It is not a serious problem since the rotor can be remagnetized by following the instructions in the paragraph above. I've only found one motor that would not consistantly generate (out of a dozen or so that I've tried over the years) and it was one with a bunch of wiring coming out of it; it may have been a multi-speed AC motor. I had a 120 volt AC relay in the circuit that temporarily added a 200 uf starting capacitor across the permanent 160 uf running capacitor (Using the Normally Closed contacts) to get it generating. When 120 volts was produced, the relay contacts opened up and removed the 200 uf from the circuit. That worked, but it was not dependable. I just gave up on that one. The capacitors used must be the type designated as "running" capacitors and NOT "starting" capacitors. Starting capacitors are used for a very short time, usually less than a second or two, and would be destroyed by being connected across the AC line continously. Running capacitors are designed to be connected while the motor is powered. NOTE: Make sure the caps say, "NO PCB's". PCB's aren't used anymore for capacitor construction because it was a dangerous chemical composition. If the caps are old, and you are not sure, don't use them. Be safe! It is necessary to experiment to find the best value of capacitance to get one working. Start with about 150 to 200 uf for motors 1 horsepower and under. More capacitance equals more voltage output. The final value should be able to produce about 125 VAC when it is putting out 60 hertz with no load. Then plug in100 watt light bulbs until the voltage drops to what ever lower limit you set. Mine will do about 1050 watts before dropping to 105 VAC.

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............................ Typical Running Capacitors...GOOD! .......................Starting cap...Bad!

In the following example, I used a 1 horsepower motor from a Sears water pump that I bought at a junk yard for $10.00. This motor was capable of operating off of 115 or 230 volts at 13 or 7 amperes respectively.

Typical waterpump motor

Motor: A. O. Smith 1 Horsepower : 115 / 230 VAC : 13 / 7 AMPS : 3450 RPM

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Capacitor: 200uf 330vac. This was made by paralleling 4 capacitors that were 65uf,
35uf, 50uf and 50uf. All of these were rated at 330vac or better. All test results are from this capacitor set. (NOTE: The final version of this generator has 225uf of capacitance.)

Output Capability: This Induction generator has an no load voltage of 125.9 VAC at
60 hz. The generator successfully powered 1050 watts of lightbulbs with a voltage drop of 10.9 VAC to a full load voltage of 105 vac. During the power test, the generator was driven by a 1.5 horsepower electric motor and there was a loss of RPM when the load was increased. I attribute some of the voltage drop to this lack of driving power.

The ex-motor, now an induction generator is driven by a well used 3.75 HP B&S lawnmower engine. A total of 950 watts of lights were ran for about 15 minutes with the generator only getting warm. The voltage went from 126 volts open to 110 volts AC under this load.

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Notice the capacitor set-up. Here I am trying a suggestion found in an old article, which stated that it is possible to use DC electrolytics connected in series, + to +, and - to - in an AC circuit. I have 4 capacitors rated at 850 uf, 400 VDC in series, for a total of 225 uf @ 1600vdc . The connection is like this: AC Lead to motor 0----+||------+||------||+------||+----0 AC Lead to motor Click here for schematic. Will it work? They seem to be doing just fine, with no sign of heating at all. If they fail or deteriorate, I'll post the info here on the web page.

New!New! I used this generator for 12 hours continously in the NC8V field day in very hot temperatures and adverse conditions on the weekend of June 26, 1999. The capacitors did NOT FAIL OR CHANGE in the least. So I can recommend this use of DC capacitors as a viable option. Of course standard disclaimers apply!

...................

Top Trace: 60 hertz / Bottom Trace: Capacitor phase shift. Overlaid waveforms. These traces show the phase shift within the capacitor/inductance combination. The inductance is from
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the motor windings. Traces were made by feeding a 10 v p-p 60 hertz voltage through a 47 ohm resistance to the capacitor/inductance combination. The top trace in the left picture is the input voltage to the resistor while the bottom trace is across the capacitor/inductance.

Waveform at 950 watt load.

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Note the enlarged gasoline tank. I made this modification in mid June of 1999. This generator was used at the NC8V field day event and performed perfectly where it ran approximately 12 hours. This one gallon tank allows the generator to run for 4 and 1/2 hours without refueling.

Notes on gasoline engines:


Make sure you get a reliable gasoline engine. Nothing is more frustrating that to have to fight with the engine while you need electricity! Nearly all the B&S engines that are used on lawn mowers with a direct connected mower blade depend upon this blade to act like a second flywheel for the engine. They have a primary aluminum flywheel inside the engine cover. The aluminum flywheel does not provide enough inertia to work without the blade. The symptoms are backfiring, jerking starter rope and difficulty in starting. You will probably have to change the aluminum flywheel to a cast iron one. The cast iron ones are pretty common in horizontal engines that are used in rototillers, etc. Usually junk yards or small engine shops will have them. (Also, make sure the magnet matches the one on the original flywheel; they have either
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one or two magnetic poles which are very obvious by sight.) However, if the generator rotor has enough mass, it may have enough inertia to keep the engine running fine with an aluminum flywheel. Just experiment. Go with solid state ignition if possible. Ignition points were fine in their day, but the solid state magneto's are great! Make sure the speed governer works and that the engine is cleaned and serviced reguarly. The small gas tank on these B&S will give you at least an hour of power. If you need longer running time, then find an engine with a larger gas tank. A gallon tank will give you lots of time with a small engine, probably over 4 hours or so before refueling. Check oil levels at each gas refill, etc. If you experience static on radios or TV's that you are powering by your generator: Sometimes ignition static can be a problem. Rubber boots should be placed over the sparkplug wire so that there is no wiring uninsulated, and then simply cover the sparkplug wire with braided wire and ground it near the magneto coil. Also clamp it around the sparkplug metal base. That will cure it. Static can be caused by the generator rotor bearings. (I have yet to have that problem!) But, just in case you do: Simply mount a little contact brush against the shaft of the generator rotor and that will successfully ground it and eliminate the static.

Once again I've got to thank Dewey King, NJ8V, for his never ending patience and help with the mechanical hurdles! His expertise in machining leaves me bewildered.

All disclaimers apply. I can in no way guarantee that you'll have the same success, but they do work. Be
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careful too! There is a lot of good ol' AC here and it can be dangerous. I'm not responsible for anything you do!

Misc.
A. This motor exhibits an internal resistance of about 1.5 ohms of AC resistance and .5 ohms of DC resistance. B. The capacitor current is approximately 11 amps. Remember, this current exists whether there is a load or not. However it is not 100% "real power", but it is capacitive, with the current out of phase with the voltage. The current, I, leads the voltage, E, in this case. The reason this current exists is to keep the generator "excited" by inducing current into the squirrel cage rotor conductors. Calculations seem to put the exciting power at around 55 watts. C. The reactance (Xc) of the capacitor (200 uf) at 60 hertz is 13.3 ohms. D. The reactance (Xl) of the motor is (3.8 mh) at 60 hertz is 1.4 ohms E. The capacitance and the inductance, being in parallel, does exhibit a resonance. This frequency is 183 hertz. F. The engine needs to turn this generator at about 3700 rpm to give 60 hertz output. (If your motor is a 1725 RPM one, then you'll need it to turn at about 1875 RPM) G. I don't have a clear understanding of exactly why this works... but it does!

Return to home
Modified Dec 8, 1998

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