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UNDERSURVEILLANCE

2 4 5
r o u n d e d u p a n e l e c t r o n i c s m a n o n Re i l l y ' s s t a f f , Cl a r e n c e Sc h n e i d e r , t o
g i v e h i m a h a n d .
W o r k i n g l a t e a t n i g h t , H i l l a n d Sc h n e i d e r u s e d s o m e o f t h e e x p e n s i v e
n e w g e a r t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w a s b u s i l y a c q u i r i n g . W i t h i t t h e y l i n k e d
O t e p k a ' s t w o p h o n e e x t e n s i o n s t o a t a p e r e c o r d e r h i d d e n i n H i l l ' s l a b o r a -
t o r y
. H o w e v e r , t h e s e t w o h i g h - p r i c e d e x p e r t s c l a i m e d t h a t t h e i n t e r f e r -
e n c e o n t h e t a p s w a s s o b a d t h a t t h e i r r e c o r d e r c o u l d h a r d l y h e a r w h a t
O t e p k a w a s s a y i n g . At f i r s t , t h i s p r o b a b l y w a s t r u e .
T h e d a y a f t e r t h e t a p w a s p l a n t e d , Cl a r e n c e Sc h n e i d e r c o m p l a i n e d t o
St a n l e y H o l d e n , t h e d e p o s e d c h i e f o f SY ' s e l e c t r o n i c s u n i t , t h a t h e h a d
b e e n u n a b l e t o c l e a r u p a h u m m i n g n o i s e o n a l i n e h e h a d j u s t t a p p e d
.
H e a s k e d H o l d e n ' s h e l p , b u t H o l d e n g u e s s e d w h o s e p h o n e w a s b e i n g
c o m p r o m i s e d a n d h e d e c l i n e d
.
T h e f o l l o w i n g d a y , M a r c h 2 0 , Re i l l y a l l e g e d l y c h a n g e d h i s m i n d a b o u t
t h e w h o l e t a p p i n g b u s i n e s s w h e n H i l l i n f o r m e d h i m o f w h a t h a d b e e n
d o n e . T h a t s a m e n i g h t Re i l l y s a y s h e s t o o d g u a r d w i t h Sc h n e i d e r o u t s i d e
t h e d o o r t o O t e p k a ' s o f f i c e w h i l e H i l l d i s c o n n e c t e d t h e i l l e g a l w i r e s
.
Re i l l y a n d H i l l l a t e r s w o r e t h a t n o c o n v e r s a t i o n s h a d b e e n r e c o r d e d . B u t
t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t m a d e t h e m i s t a k e o f a d m i t t i n g t h a t i t h a d s e v e r a l
t a p e s s t a s h e d a w a y .
T h e i m p r o b a b l e t a l e c o n c o c t e d b y Re i l l y a n d H i l l m i g h t b e a b i t m o r e
c r e d i b l e i f i t w e r e n o t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t O t e p k a c o n t i n u e d t o h a v e t r o u b l e
w i t h h i s p h o n e l o n g a f t e r t h e t a p w a s a l l e g e d l y d i s c o n n e c t e d
. Ea r l y i n
Ap r i l O t e p k a i n v i t e d Ru s s e l l W a l l e r t o h i s o f f i c e . Af t e r l i s t e n i n g t o t h e
s t r a n g e n o i s e s s t i l l e m a n a t i n g f r o m b o t h o f O t e p k a ' s e x t e n s i o n s , W a l l e r
s t a t e d f l a t l y , " Y o u r p h o n e i s b u g g e d . "
W a l l e r w a s n o t a m e m b e r o f t h e n e w i n n e r c i r c l e i n SY . H e h a d c r a c k e d
O t e p k a ' s s a f e a p p a r e n t l y u n d e r t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t Re i l l y a n d Ro s e t t i
n e e d e d t h e c o m b i n a t i o n f o r l e g i t i m a t e r e a s o n s a n d w e r e e n t i t l e d t o h a v e
i t . In h i s i n n o c e n c e , h e n o w w e n t t o Ro s e t t i a n d r e p o r t e d t h a t O t e p k a ' s
t e l e p h o n e w a s a c t i n g o d d l y . Ro s e t t i , o f c o u r s e , t o l d Re i l l y
. An d Re i l l y
d r o p p e d b y t o s e e O t e p k a
.
Al m o s t c h e e r f u l l y , Re i l l y r e m a r k e d t h a t h e h a d " h e a r d " t h a t O t e p k a
w a s h a v i n g t r o u b l e w i t h h i s p h o n e l i n e s . H e p r e t e n d e d t h a t h e h a d h a d
s o m e d i f f i c u l t y w i t h h i s o w n t e l e p h o n e . B u t i t h a d b e e n c h e c k e d o u t , h e
s a i d , a n d n o t h i n g w a s f o u n d w r o n g . T h e i m p l i c a t i o n w a s t h a t n o t h i n g w a s
w r o n g w i t h O t e p k a ' s p h o n e e i t h e r .
G e o r g e P a s q u a l e , t h e u n w i l l i n g W a r s a w c o m p a n i o n o f El m e r H i l l , w a s
t h e f i r s t t o c o n f i r m O t e p k a ' s g r o w i n g s u s p i c i o n s a b o u t t h e w i r e t a p p i n g
.
2 4 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
In M a y , P a s q u a l e t o l d O t e p k a t h a t h i s f o r m e r b o s s , St a n l e y H o l d e n , h a d
i n f o r m e d h i m t h a t O t e p k a ' s p h o n e w a s d e f i n i t e l y b u g g e d
. No t l o n g a f t e r
t h i s w h e n H o l d e n c a m e b y Ro o m 3 3 3 3 , O t e p k a s t a r t e d t o a s k h i m s o m e
q u e s t i o n s
. B u t H o l d e n s i l e n t l y s i g n a l e d h i m t o s t o p , p o i n t i n g a t t h e p h o n e
a n d a t t h e c e i l i n g t o i n d i c a t e t h a t e v e n n o n - t e l e p h o n i c c o n v e r s a t i o n s
w e r e b e i n g p i c k e d u p .
O t e p k a k n e w t h a t t h e r e w a s a d e v i c e t h a t c o u l d b e p l a c e d i n a p h o n e
w h i c h w o u l d t r a n s m i t a l l a u d i b l e s o u n d s e v e n w h e n t h e t e l e p h o n e w a s
i n i t s c r a d l e . H e w a i t e d f o r a n o t h e r o p p o r t u n i t y t o q u e s t i o n H o l d e n
e l s e w h e r e . H o l d e n h i n t e d t h a t a l i s t e n i n g d e v i c e h a d b e e n i n s t a l l e d i n t h e
w a l l s o r c e i l i n g o f O t e p k a ' s o f f i c e
. H e s a i d t h a t Ro s e t t i w a s c l u e d i n o n
t h e o p e r a t i o n a n d t h a t B e l i s l e a n d Sh e a w e r e i n c h a r g e o f t h e p h y s i c a l
s u r v e i l l a n c e o f O t e p k a o u t s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g a s w e l l a s w i t h i n i t
. La t e r ,
H o l d e n r e f u s e d t o t e l l h i m m o r e , c l e a r l y i m p l y i n g t h a t h e f e a r e d r e p r i s a l s
.
H i s f e a r s w e r e r e a l i z e d t o o
. Re i l l y a n d H i l l t a p p e d H o l d e n ' s t e l e p h o n e
a l i t t l e l a t e r j u s t b e f o r e H o l d e n s u f f e r e d a m y s t e r i o u s a c c i d e n t
.
O n Ap r i l 2 5 , s i x w e e k s a f t e r t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e o f O t e p k a w a s e s c a l a t e d
t o t h e s t a t u s o f a t e l e v i s i o n s p y d r a m a , J o h n Re i l l y w a s h a i l e d b e f o r e t h e
Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
. Se n a t o r Do d d , w h o h a d n o t a t t e n d e d a n y o f t h e
f o u r s e s s i o n s i n w h i c h O t e p k a t e s t i f i e d , w a s a t f i r s t q u i t e f a v o r a b l y i n -
c l i n e d t o w a r d Re i l l y
. " Iw a n t t o s a y , a t t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g , t h a t Ih a v e
a v e r y h i g h o p i n i o n o f M r
. Re i l l y , " Do d d b e a m e d b y w a y o f w e l c o m e
.
" Ih a v e n e v e r m e t h i m u n t i l t h i s m e e t i n g , b u t Ih a v e h e a r d a l o t a b o u t
h i m a n d Ia m v e r y h a p p y t h a t h e i s o n t h e j o b . "
It i s d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r Do d d h a d y e t h a d a c h a n c e t o g o o v e r O t e p k a ' s
r e v e l a t i o n s w h e n h e e x t e n d e d t h i s p r a i s e w o r t h y g r e e t i n g , j u s t a f t e r Re i l l y
t o o k t h e o a t h
. At a n y r a t e , Do d d ' s i n i t i a l m a g n a n i m i t y c h a n g e d q u i c k l y
t o i l l - c o n c e a l e d s u s p i c i o n a s Re i l l y b e g a n t o s p i n h i s e v a s i v e t a l e s
.
Re i l l y w a s t e d l i t t l e t i m e t e e i n g o f f o n O t e p k a
. H e d e s c r i b e d t h e " b a c k -
l o g " o f c a s e s t h a t h a d b u i l t u p i n t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n a n d , i n a n s w e r
t o a So u r w i n e q u e s t i o n , h e b r a n d e d O t e p k a " t h e b o t t l e n e c k o f b o t -
t l e n e c k s . " Am o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , Re i l l y s a i d , O t e p k a i n s i s t e d o n r e v i e w i n g
c a s e s " f o u r o r f i v e t i m e s . " 2
As k e d i f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a d t a k e n a n y a c t i o n o n t h e r e c o m m e n -
d a t i o n s i n t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s r e p o r t , Re i l l y b r a z e n l y p r e t e n d e d t h a t h e
h a d i m p l e m e n t e d s o m e o f t h e s u g g e s t i o n s
. In f a c t , h e s w o r e t h a t h e h a d
p u t t h e m i n t o e f f e c t b e f o r e
t h e r e p o r t w a s i s s u e d
. " O u r m i n d s r a n i n
p a r a l l e l c h a n n e l s , " h e u n c t u o u s l y a d d e d
. H o w e v e r , w h e n So u r w i n e a n d
Do d d p r e s s e d h i m f o r p a r t i c u l a r s , Re i l l y c o n v e n i e n t l y h a d a l a p s e o f
m e m o r y
. H e d i d n o t , h e s a i d , h a v e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n " a t m y f i n g e r t i p s
. " '
UNDERSURVEILLANCE

2 4 7
So u r w i n e i n q u i r e d a b o u t t h e s t a t u s o f t h e W i e l a n d c a s e . Re i l l y t r i e d
t o s l i t h e r a r o u n d t h a t o n e b y s t a t i n g t h a t i t w a s " p r e s e n t l y p e n d i n g i n t h e
De p a r t m e n t o f J u s t i c e
. " B o t h Do d d a n d So u r w i n e w a n t e d t o k n o w w h y
t h a t p r e c l u d e d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t f r o m t a k i n g a c t i o n
. Re i l l y a t l a s t
a d m i t t e d t h a t i t d i d n ' t , a n d s w o r e t h a t J u s t i c e ' s d e c i s i o n " w o u l d n o t
m a k e a d i f f e r e n c e " t o St a t e . *
W h e n So u r w i n e w a n t e d t o k n o w w h o w a s h a n d l i n g t h e c a s e i n SY ,
Re i l l y s a i d t h a t H a r r y H i t e w a s
. ( H i t e h a d n o t y e t r e c e i v e d t h e W i e l a n d
f i l e f r o m Ro b e r t M c Ca r t h y
. ) H e c l a i m e d t h a t O t e p k a h a d v o l u n t a r i l y
" d i s q u a l i f i e d " h i m s e l f b e c a u s e h e d i d n o t w a n t a g a i n t o " s i t i n j u d g m e n t "
o n a c a s e a b o u t w h i c h h e h a d t e s t i f i e d b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
. '
Do d d ' s w i n d w a s r e a l l y u p n o w . H e w a s b e g i n n i n g t o s e e t h r o u g h
Re i l l y ' s e v a s i o n s a n d i n t h e W i e l a n d t h i n g h e s m e l l e d s o m e t h i n g w o r s e
.
Am i n u t e l a t e r h e l o s t p a t i e n c e e n t i r e l y .
Re i l l y h a d j u s t h a n d e d o v e r t h e p r e s s r e l e a s e t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w a s
a b o u t t o i s s u e o n H a r l a n Cl e v e l a n d ' s a d v i s o r y c o m m i t t e e
. T h e Cl e v e l a n d
c o m m i t t e e ' s i n i t i a l r e p o r t h a d b e e n t h o r o u g h l y r e v i s e d a n d s c r u b b e d
s i n c e O t e p k a ' s d i s c l o s u r e b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e a m o n t h e a r l i e r
. B u t
Do d d w a s p l a i n l y s t u n n e d b y t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e c o m m i t t e e i t s e l f . H e
s h o o k h i s h e a d a n d m u r m u r e d , " T h i s i s s o m e b o a r d , Im i g h t s a y
. " 5
At t h i s p o i n t So u r w i n e s u g g e s t e d t h e y a l l g o o f f t h e r e c o r d . T h e m a t t e r
o f Cl e v e l a n d ' s a t t e m p t t o r e s t o r e t h e o l d Al g e r H i s s m e t h o d t o t h e U . N. ' s
h i r i n g o f Am e r i c a n s w a s c o v e r e d a t s o m e l e n g t h . B y t h e t i m e t h e y g o t
b a c k o n t h e r e c o r d Do d d w a s t h o r o u g h l y e x a s p e r a t e d
. " 1 m u s t s a y , " h e
f r o w n e d , " t h a t Ia m s u r p r i s e d a t t h i s t e s t i m o n y ; Ia m s h o c k e d b y i t . " 6
Re i l l y l e f t t h e h e a r i n g r o o m s o m e w h a t s h a k e n h i m s e l f . As s o o n a s h e
g o t b a c k t o t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e w e n t t o O t e p k a ' s o f f i c e
. H i s u s u a l l y
f l o r i d c o m p l e x i o n h a d t a k e n o n a p a l e r h u e a n d h i s h a n d t r e m b l e d n o t i c e -
a b l y a s h e s t r o k e d h i s f i v e o ' c l o c k s h a d o w
. B e h i n d t h e c l o s e d d o o r o f
Ro o m 3 3 3 3 , Re i l l y c o n f e s s e d t o O t e p k a t h a t Se n a t o r Do d d h a d g i v e n
h i m a " b a d t i m e
. " H e s a i d t h a t Do d d h a d q u e s t i o n e d h i m c l o s e l y a b o u t
O t e p k a ' s " v o l u n t a r y " w i t h d r a w a l f r o m t h e W i e l a n d c a s e .
T o O t e p k a ' s a m a z e m e n t , Re i l l y t h e n a s k e d O t e p k a i f h e w o u l d g e t h i m
o f f t h e h o o k
. Sp e c i f i c a l l y , h e w a n t e d O t e p k a t o t e l l Do d d t h a t h e h a d i n
f a c t " d i s q u a l i f i e d " h i m s e l f f r o m t h e W i e l a n d m a t t e r
.
O t e p k a r e g a r d e d Re i l l y w i t h c a l m d a r k e y e s t h a t c o n t a i n e d n o h i n t o f
h i s f e e l i n g s
. Ch a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y , h e d e c i d e d a g a i n s t e n g a g i n g Re i l l y i n a
d e b a t e o r a n a m e - c a l l i n g c o n t e s t
. In s t e a d , h e q u i e t l y i n f o r m e d h i m t h a t
* Re i l l y ' s c h i e f - o f - s t a f f , B e l i s l e , l a t e r o r d e r e d W i e l a n d c l e a r e d o n t h e g r o u n d s t h e J u s t i c e
De p a r t m e n t h a d d e c i d e d n o t t o p r o s e c u t e f o r t h e m a n i f o l d p e r j u r y W i e l a n d h a d c o m m i t t e d
b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e .
2 4 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
h e d i d n o t k n o w Se n a t o r Do d d p e r s o n a l l y
. If h e w a s c a l l e d a s a w i t n e s s ,
h o w e v e r , h e s a i d t h a t h e w o u l d t e s t i f y p r e c i s e l y a b o u t t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n
t h e y h a d h a d o n t h e W i e l a n d c a s e
.
T h a t n i g h t , B e n M a n d e l , t h e a g i n g r e s e a r c h d i r e c t o r o f t h e Se n a t e
s u b c o m m i t t e e , t e l e p h o n e d O t e p k a a t h i s h o m e
. M a n d e l h a d s a t i n o n
Re i l l y ' s t e s t i m o n y t h a t d a y a n d f o r s o m e r e a s o n h e t h o u g h t Se n a t o r
Do d d h a d b e e n u n n e c e s s a r i l y h a r d o n Re i l l y
. H e a s k e d O t e p k a t o c o n t a c t
Do d d a n d " c l a r i f y " t h e l i t t l e b u s i n e s s o f h i s h a v i n g " d i s q u a l i f i e d " h i m s e l f
f r o m t h e W i e l a n d c a s e . O t e p k a t o l d M a n d e l h e h a d n o i n t e n t i o n o f
r e s c u i n g Re i l l y f r o m a n y s i t u a t i o n h e h a d k n o w i n g l y g o t t e n h i m s e l f i n t o
.
H e i n t e n d e d t o t e l l t h e t r u t h , p e r i o d .
W h e n M a n d e l h u n g u p , O t e p k a c a l l e d So u r w i n e
. H e t o l d h i m a b o u t
M a n d e l ' s p l e a , a d d i n g t h a t h e t h o u g h t B e n h a d a c t e d i n g o o d f a i t h
. H e
a s k e d So u r w i n e i f h e c o u l d h a v e a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t w h a t
Re i l l y h a d t o l d t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e s i n c e i t i n v o l v e d h i m d i r e c t l y
. Se v e r a l
d a y s l a t e r So u r w i n e g a v e O t e p k a a t r a n s c r i p t o f Re i l l y ' s t e s t i m o n y
. H e
p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e r e w e r e s o m e o b v i o u s c o n f l i c t s b e t w e e n Re i l l y ' s
s t a t e m e n t s a n d h i s o w n , b u t h e t h o u g h t Se n a t o r Do d d , a t l e a s t , s a w t h a t
Re i l l y w a s t h e o n e w h o w a s l y i n g .
O n M o n d a y , Ap r i l 3 0 , Re i l l y a g a i n a p p e a r e d b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
.
Do d d i m m e d i a t e l y w e n t a f t e r h i m o n t h e W i e l a n d m a t t e r a n d t h i s t i m e
Re i l l y f o r s o o k w h a t e v e r c h a n c e t h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n t h a t h e h a d p r e v i -
o u s l y m i s u n d e r s t o o d O t e p k a ' s i n t e n t i o n s
. H e s a i d t h a t h e h a d t a l k e d w i t h
O t e p k a a f t e r h i s l a s t a p p e a r a n c e a n d t h a t O t e p k a h a d " a g a i n s t a t e d " t h a t
h e d i d " n o t w a n t t o i n v o l v e h i m s e l f i n a f u l l - t i m e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e c a s e
. " 7
B e f o r e h e w a s d o n e t h a t m o r n i n g , Re i l l y d o t t e d t h e w h o l e r e c o r d w i t h
l i e s
. T h e r e s e e m e d t o b e n o t h i n g h e c o u l d b r i n g h i m s e l f t o t e l l t h e t r u t h
a b o u t . So m e o f h i s f a b r i c a t i o n s a p p e a r e n t i r e l y u n n e c e s s a r y , e x c e p t i n t h e
l i g h t t h a t h e w a s w i l l i n g t o d o a n y t h i n g t o d e f e n d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s
a c t i o n s . At o n e p o i n t , h e e v e n w e n t s o f a r a s t o d e f e n d t h e Cl e v e l a n d
c o m m i t t e e ' s m o t i v e s i n t r y i n g t o r e v i v e t h e o l d H i s s - U
. N. h i r i n g f o r -
m u l a . '
H o w e v e r , Re i l l y d i d p u l l i n h i s h o r n s - s l i g h t l y a n d t e m p o r a r i l y - o n
h i s p r e v i o u s c h a r g e t h a t O t e p k a w a s a " b o t t l e n e c k
. " Am a z i n g l y , h e
a d m i t t e d t h a t m o s t o f t h e 1 5 0 - o d d a p p l i c a t i o n s a n d p r o m o t i o n s O t e p k a
h a d h e l d u p i n r e c e n t m o n t h s w e r e " Co m m u n i s t c a s e s
. " M o r e o v e r , h e
f u r t h e r a g r e e d w i t h So u r w i n e t h a t t h e y w e r e c a s e s w h i c h i n v o l v e d " s e r i -
o u s d e r o g a t o r y i n f o r m a t i o n . ' " B u t h e s t i l l c o m p l a i n e d b e c a u s e O t e p k a
* Vi r t u a l l y a l l o f t h e s e " Co m m u n i s t c a s e s , " a s Re i l l y c a l l e d t h e m , w e r e g i v e n s e c u r i t y
c l e a r a n c e s b y t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a f t e r O t e p k a ' s o u s t e r t w o m o n t h s l a t e r
.
UNDERSURVEILLANCE

2 4 9
h a d r e f u s e d t o h e l p h i m " e x p e d i t e " c a s e s f o r w h i c h t h e s e v e n t h f l o o r h a d
r e q u e s t e d q u i c k c l e a r a n c e s !
Fo l l o w i n g Re i l l y ' s m a g n i f i c e n t e n c o r e , So u r w i n e c o n t a c t e d O t e p k a
a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e y g e t t o g e t h e r . W h e n t h e y m e t , So u r w i n e r e p o r t e d
t h a t Re i l l y h a d p e r s i s t e d i n h i s p r e v i o u s t e s t i m o n y r e g a r d i n g t h e W i e l a n d
b u s i n e s s a n d o t h e r m a t t e r s . T h e g a p s b e t w e e n Re i l l y ' s a n d O t e p k a ' s
s t o r i e s h a d w i d e n e d c o n s i d e r a b l y . T h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w a s g r o w i n g m o r e
d i s t u r b e d b y t h e c o n f l i c t s a n d O t e p k a k n e w t h a t s o o n e r o r l a t e r h e w o u l d
b e e x p e c t e d t o r e s o l v e t h e m .
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T H EAT M O SP H EREINT H EH EARING RO O M W ASNO T ICEAB LY CH ARG ED
w h e n t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e c a l l e d J o h n Re i l l y b a c k t o Ca p i t o l H i l l
t o w a r d t h e e n d o f M a y
. T h e Se n a t o r s w e r e b e g i n n i n g t o g r a s p t h a t
s o m e t h i n g w a s d a n g e r o u s l y w r o n g i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e . T h e y h a d
n o t q u i t e p u t a f i r m f i n g e r o n t h e r e a l t r o u b l e , b u t i t w a s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e
O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y w a s , a t t h e v e r y l e a s t , b e i n g b a d l y m i s h a n d l e d
.
Se n a t o r s Do d d , Di r k s e n a n d Sc o t t a l t e r n a t e d a s c h a i r m e n a n d o b s e r v -
e r s a t Re i l l y ' s t h r e e l a t e s t c o m m a n d p e r f o r m a n c e s . So u r w i n e o n c e a g a i n
c o n d u c t e d t h e i n t e r r o g a t i o n , w i t h B e n M a n d e l a n d Fr a n k Sc h r o e d e r , t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s c h i e f i n v e s t i g a t o r , s i t t i n g w a t c h f u l l y b y
. At t h e v e r y f i r s t
s e s s i o n , Re i l l y r e v e a l e d h i s g r o w i n g s e n s e o f d e s p e r a t i o n .
La s h i n g o u t v i c i o u s l y a t O t e p k a , Re i l l y c l a i m e d t h a t t h e f o r m e r
s e c u r i t y c h i e f " h a d a g r e a t t e n d e n c y t o d w e l l i n t h e p a s t " a n d h a d t a k e n
h i s d e m o t i o n t o o h a r d
. " H e s e e m s e m o t i o n a l l y o v e r w r o u g h t o n t h a t
t o p i c , " Re i l l y o b s e r v e d . " H e d o e s n o t s t r i k e m e a s b e i n g a b a l a n c e d
i n d i v i d u a l . " '
O v e r t h e y e a r s , So u r w i n e h a d s e e n m a n y p e o p l e w h o t r i e d t o d e f e n d
t h e i r c o u n t r y a g a i n s t c o m m u n i s m b r a n d e d a s i n s a n e o r e m o t i o n a l l y u n -
b a l a n c e d . H e w a s n o t s u r p r i s e d t h a t O t e p k a s h o u l d b e s o b r a n d e d n o w
.
" Ih a v e b e e n w o n d e r i n g i f t h i s w a s c o m i n g
. " So u r w i n e n o d d e d h i s
2 5 0
DECISIO N

2 5 1
l e o n i n e h e a d j u d i c i o u s l y
. " T h i s t h e f i r s t s u g g e s t i o n w e h a v e h e a r d f r o m
a n y b o d y t h a t M r
. O t e p k a w a s m e n t a l l y u n b a l a n c e d
. B u t Ih a v e b e e n
w o n d e r i n g i f t h a t w a s n ' t a b o u t d u e . "
T h e i r o n y w a s c o m p l e t e l y w a s t e d o n Re i l l y
. As e c o n d l a t e r , So u r w i n e
a s k e d , " H o w l o n g h a v e y o u n o t i c e d t h i s m e n t a l u n b a l a n c e ? " a n d Re i l l y
a n s w e r e d i n a l l s e r i o u s n e s s : " In o t i c e d t h a t s h o r t l y a f t e r Ia r r i v e d [ a t
St a t e ] w h e n Ih a d a s e s s i o n w i t h h i m t h a t l a s t e d , o h , a l m o s t f o u r h o u r s . "
Re i l l y a l s o q u e s t i o n e d w h e t h e r O t e p k a w a s b e i n g " h o n e s t " w i t h h i m ,
a n d h e f u r t h e r s u g g e s t e d t h a t " h e i s m i s l e a d i n g o n e o r t h e o t h e r o f u s , "
m e a n i n g h i m s e l f o r t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
. ' M o r e o v e r , h e c a l l e d Da -
v i d B e l i s l e " a s t r o n g e r m a n " t h a n O t e p k a , o f f e r i n g t h i s a s t h e r e a s o n h e
h a d s l i p p e d B e l i s l e i n o v e r h i s e v a l u a t i o n s c h i e f . '
W h e n t h e y g o t d o w n t o s p e c i f i c s , Re i l l y r a t t l e d o f f a l o n g l i s t o f g r i e v -
a n c e s a g a i n s t O t e p k a
. H e t r i e d t o c r e a t e t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t O t e p k a h a d
c l e a r e d a l l b u t o n e o f t h e m e m b e r s o f Cl e v e l a n d ' s a d v i s o r y c o m m i t t e e
w i t h o u t r a i s i n g a n y q u e s t i o n s a t a l l
. " T h e r e w a s o n l y o n e c a s e , M r .
So u r w i n e , t h a t w a s b r o u g h t t o m y a t t e n t i o n , " h e m a i n t a i n e d
. ' H e s i m i -
l a r l y p r e t e n d e d t h a t t h e r e h a d b e e n n o r e a l d i f f i c u l t y o v e r t h e Ad v i s o r y
Co m m i t t e e o n t h e Ar t s , n o r o v e r t h e m a t t e r o f a s p e c i a l c l e a r a n c e f o r
Ab b a Sc h w a r t z , t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t o r o f t h e B u r e a u o f Se c u r i t y a n d Co n s u -
l a r Af f a i r s .
T h e l i e s w e n t o n ,
a d n a u s e a m f o r t h r e e d a y s . Re i l l y , h a v i n g o v e r r u l e d
O t e p k a a n y n u m b e r o f t i m e s i n t h e l a s t y e a r , s w o r e t h a t h e h a d o n l y
" o v e r r u l e d h i m o n o n e o r t w o o c c a s i o n s
. " B u t , h e a d d e d , " Ic a n ' t f o r t h e
m o m e n t b r i n g a n y p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s t o m i n d
. " H e d e n i e d t h a t O t e p k a h a d
b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o r e p r i s a l s
. H e d e n i e d t h a t t h e W a r Co l l e g e a p p o i n t m e n t
h a d b e e n a p l o y t o g e t O t e p k a o u t o f SY
. H e d e n i e d t h a t t h e r e m o v a l o f
t h e In t e l l i g e n c e r e p o r t i n g f u n c t i o n h a d h u r t t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n . H e
d e n i e d , i n f a c t , e v e r y t h i n g t h a t w o u l d c a s t a n y d o u b t w h a t e v e r o n h i s
o w n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n SY , a n d a n y t h i n g t h a t m i g h t c o n f i r m t h a t O t e p k a
h a d t o l d t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e t h e t r u t h a b o u t t h e e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o n .
Af t e r Re i l l y w a s d o n e o n T h u r s d a y a f t e r n o o n , M a y 2 3 , So u r w i n e
p h o n e d O t e p k a a n d s a i d t h a t h e h a d b e t t e r c o m e s e e h i m . It w a s w e l l p a s t
5 o ' c l o c k w h e n O t e p k a a r r i v e d
. T h e t w o m e n s a t a l o n e a t t h e f a r e n d o f
So u r w i n e ' s l o n g , d i m l y l i t o f f i c e o n t h e t h i r d f l o o r o f t h e Ne w Se n a t e
O f f i c e B u i l d i n g
. So u r w i n e t o l d O t e p k a t h a t t h e c o n f l i c t s b e t w e e n h i s a n d
Re i l l y ' s s w o r n t e s t i m o n y n o w l o o m e d l a r g e r t h a n e v e r . In f a c t , t h e r e w e r e
d o z e n s o f s t a t e m e n t s t h a t w e r e t o t a l l y i r r e c o n c i l a b l e
. O t e p k a a s k e d t o s e e
t h e t r a n s c r i p t s o f Re i l l y ' s t e s t i m o n y
. Af e w d a y s l a t e r So u r w i n e s u p p l i e d
t h e m .
2 5 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
P o u r i n g o v e r t h e t r a n s c r i p t s , O t e p k a s a w c l e a r l y t h a t t h e Se n a t o r s
m u s t n o w b e l i e v e t h a t o n e o r t h e o t h e r , e i t h e r h e o r Re i l l y , h a d t o b e
l y i n g . H e t o o k n o t e
. o f Re i l l y ' s c h a r g e t h a t h e h a d b e e n m i s l e a d i n g t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e
. H e w a s d i s m a y e d , t h o u g h n o t s u r p r i s e d , t o s e e t h a t h i s
h o n e s t y , a n d e v e n h i s s a n i t y , h a d b e e n q u e s t i o n e d b y t h e De p u t y As s i s t -
a n t Se c r e t a r y o 1 ; . St a t e f o r Se c u r i t y .
Up t o n o w , O t e p k a h a d d o n e h i s b e s t t o k e e p p e r s o n a l i t i e s o u t o f h i s
o w n t e s t i m o n y b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
. H e h a d t r i e d h a r d t o f o c u s t h e
d e b a t e o n i s s u e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s
. H e h a d b e n t o v e r b a c k w a r d t o r e f r a i n
f r o m m a k i n g d i r e c t a c c u s a t i o n s a g a i n s t h i s s u p e r i o r s
. B u t h e s a w n o w
t h a t h i s e f f o r t s h a d g o n e f o r n a u g h t . H i s o w n n a m e h a d b e e n d r a g g e d
t h r o u g h t h e m u d a n d h i s m o t i v e s c a s t u n d e r t h e m u d d i e s t a n d m o s t
d a m a g i n g c l o u d o f a l l - t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r h e w a s e n t i r e l y s a n e
.
T h e r e w e r e o n l y t w o c o u r s e s o p e n t o O t e p k a a t t h i s j u n c t u r e
: e i t h e r h e
t o l d t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e t h e w h o l e s t o r y , o r h e h a d t o g o t h r o u g h
c h a n n e l s i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e t o d e m a n d r e t r a c t i o n s f r o m J o h n
Re i l l y
. H e h a d s e e n e n o u g h o f t h e Ne w O r d e r t o k n o w h o w f a r h e w o u l d
g e t w i t h t h e l a t t e r c o u r s e
. In a v e r y r e a l s e n s e , t h a t d o o r h a d b e e n b a r r e d
t o h i m s i n c e h i s m e e t i n g w i t h De a n Ru s k a n d B o b b y Ke n n e d y w a y b a c k
i n De c e m b e r 1 9 60 .
Fo r a f l e e t i n g m o m e n t h e w o n d e r e d j u s t w h e r e h e m i g h t s t a n d n o w i f
h e h a d n o t t a k e n s u c h a f i r m p o s i t i o n o n t h e m a t t e r o f W a l t W
. Ro s t o w
.
H e k n e w t h a t h e h a d g o t t e n o f f o n t h e w r o n g f o o t w i t h t h e n e w Ad m i n i s -
t r a t i o n r i g h t a t t h e s t a r t
. H e s a w t h a t h i s p r e s e n t d i f f i c u l t i e s s t e m m e d
d i r e c t l y f r o m t h a t i n a u s p i c i o u s b e g i n n i n g
. B u t h e a l s o s a w t h a t t h e c o u r s e
o f e v e n t s w o u l d h a v e b e e n i n e v i t a b l e i n a n y e v e n t
. So m e t h i n g m o r e t h a n
a c l a s h o f p e r s o n a l i t i e s w a s i n v o l v e d
. T w o v e r y d i f f e r e n t p h i l o s o p h i e s l a y
a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e m a t t e r . An d t h e o n e t h a t O t e p k a s o f i r m l y o p p o s e d
h a d a l w a y s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e e n d j u s t i f i e s t h e m e a n s
.
O t e p k a r e f l e c t e d a t l e n g t h o n t h e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
.
H e k n e w t h a t t h e De p a r t m e n t h a d o n i t s r o l l s m a n y m e n w h o h a d b e e n
d e f e n d e d a n d r e t a i n e d a f t e r i t w a s c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e y h a d
d e l i b e r a t e l y c o n c e a l e d m a t e r i a l f a c t s a b o u t t h e i r p a s t , s u c h a s f o r m e r
m e m b e r s h i p i n t h e Co m m u n i s t P a r t y
. H e k n e w o f m a n y o t h e r s , s i m i l a r l y
p r o t e c t e d , w h o h a d c o m m i t t e d f r a u d , e n g a g e d i n s e x u a l p e r v e r s i o n , l i e d
o n t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n f o r m s , l e a k e d i n f o r m a t i o n t o k n o w n Co m m u n i s t s , o r
s u p p l i e d c l a s s i f i e d p a p e r s t o p e o p l e w h o n e i t h e r h a d s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e s
n o r w e r e i n a n y w a y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t
.
H e k n e w t h a t W i l l i a m W i e l a n d w a s n o t t h e o n l y Am e r i c a n d i p l o m a t
w h o h a d u n d e r m i n e d t h e l e a d e r s o f f r i e n d l y f o r e i g n g o v e r n m e n t s i n
DECISIO N

2 5 3
o r d e r t o s u p p l a n t t h e m w i t h p e o p l e m o r e s y m p a t h e t i c t o t h e i r o w n v i e w s .
T h e r e w e r e c o u n t l e s s c a s e s h e c o u l d n a m e w h e r e t h e h i g h e s t o f f i c i a l s o f
t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a d s p i l l e d U
. S. p l a n s a n d m i l i t a r y p o l i c i e s t o t h e
p r e s s s i m p l y b e c a u s e t h e y h a d p e r s o n a l l y o p p o s e d t h o s e p o l i c i e s
.
" T h e c o n c e r n Ih a d - a n d h a v e - a b o u t t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e s e a n d o t h e r
St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s , " O t e p k a t o l d t h i s w r i t e r i n 1 9 68 , " h a s i n
m a n y r e s p e c t s a p a r a l l e l i n t h e c a s e s o f Al g e r H i s s a n d s o m a n y o f t h e
o t h e r s w h o w e r e u n m a s k e d a s Co m m u n i s t a g e n t s i n t h e 1 9 4 0 ' s a n d ' 5 0 ' s .
It a l s o h a s a p a r a l l e l i n a n u m b e r o f c a s e s i n En g l a n d . T h e d i s c l o s u r e s
a b o u t t h e c a r e e r o f ` Ki m ' P h i l b y s h o u l d b e a l e s s o n t o a l l o f u s , i f w e t h i n k
t h e l e s s o n s o f o u r o w n e x p e r i e n c e s h e r e i n Am e r i c a a r e i n s o m e w a y
` o u t d a t e d
. '
" P h i l b y r o s e s t e a d i l y , e v e n m e r c u r i a l l y , t h r o u g h t h e Fo r e i g n O f f i c e a n d
B r i t i s h In t e l l i g e n c e a l t h o u g h h e n o w b o a s t s , f r o m h i s h o m e i n M o s c o w ,
t h a t h e w a s a So v i e t a g e n t f o r s o m e t h i r t y y e a r s . T o r i s e l i k e t h i s , d e s p i t e
o b v i o u s a b e r r a t i o n s i n h i s c h a r a c t e r , h e m o s t c e r t a i n l y h a d t o h a v e p r o -
t e c t i o n
. W h e t h e r i t w a s p r o v i d e d i n n o c e n t l y o r w i t h d e l i b e r a t e m a l i c e t h e
r e s u l t w a s e x a c t l y t h e s a m e
. T h i s i s t h e s a m e k i n d o f p r o t e c t i o n t h a t
s c o r e s o f q u e s t i o n a b l e o f f i c i a l s h a v e r e c e i v e d f o r y e a r s i n o u r St a t e De -
p a r t m e n t .
" Ev e n d u r i n g m y t e n u r e a s De p u t y Di r e c t o r o f t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y
t h e r e w a s r e a l l y v e r y l i t t l e Ic o u l d d o a t m y l e v e l t o g e t t h e s e p e o p l e o u t ,
t h o u g h a n h o n e s t e f f o r t w a s m a d e t o k e e p m o r e o f t h e m f r o m c o m i n g i n , "
O t e p k a r e m a r k e d
. " Af t e r 1 9 61 , a l l t h e b a r r i e r s w e r e t o r n d o w n . Al l t h a t
r e m a i n e d w a s a s h a b b y p r e t e n s e t h a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w a s u p h o l d -
i n g t h e i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y l a w s . "
O t e p k a s a i d t h a t t h e r e w a s n e v e r a n y q u e s t i o n i n h i s m i n d b a c k i n 1 9 63
a b o u t r e s i g n i n g i n t h e f a c e o f J o h n Re i l l y ' s c h a r g e s
. T o h a v e q u i t u n d e r
t h e d a r k c l o u d t h a t Re i l l y h a d s p e w e d f o r t h w o u l d h a v e l e f t h i s n a m e
b e s m i r c h e d f o r e v e r
. B u t m o r e i m p o r t a n t , h e s e n s e d t h a t h i s r e s i g n a t i o n
w o u l d b e t h e f i n a l d e a t h k n e l l f o r i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y , n o t j u s t i n t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t b u t , a s So u r w i n e h a d p o i n t e d o u t , t h r o u g h o u t t h e f e d e r a l
g o v e r n m e n t .
O t e p k a r e c a l l e d s i t t i n g o n e n i g h t i n t h e s o l i t u d e o f h i s b a s e m e n t s t u d y
a t h o m e , b r o w s i n g t h r o u g h s o m e e x c e r p t s h e h a d n o t e d d o w n o v e r t h e
y e a r s f r o m t h e w o r d s o f o u t s t a n d i n g m e n h e a d m i r e d . O n e i n p a r t i c u l a r
r e i n f o r c e d h i m i n t h e d e c i s i o n h e w a s a b o u t t o m a k e i n M a y o f 1 9 63 .
O t e p k a , k n o w i n g t h a t h i s c a r e e r o f t w e n t y y e a r s a s a s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r w a s
r a p i d l y d r a w i n g t o a c l o s e , t o o k c o m f o r t f r o m t h e w o r d s o f Da n i e l W e b -
s t e r :
2 5 4

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
W h a t i s t h e i n d i v i d u a l m a n , w i t h a l l t h e g o o d o r e v i l t h a t m a y b e t i d e
h i m , i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e g o o d o r e v i l w h i c h m a y b e f a l l a g r e a t
c o u n t r y , a n d i n t h e m i d s t o f g r e a t t r a n s a c t i o n s w h i c h c o n c e r n t h a t
c o u n t r y ' s f a t e ? Le t t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s b e w h a t t h e y w i l l
. . . . No m a n
c a n s u f f e r t o o m u c h . . .
i n t h e d e f e n s e o f t h e l i b e r t i e s a n d c o n s t i t u t i o n
o f h i s c o u n t r y .
It w a s w i t h W e b s t e r ' s w o r d s i n m i n d t h a t O t e p k a a t l a s t m a d e h i s
f a t e f u l d e c i s i o n
. H e i n f o r m e d J a y So u r w i n e t h a t h e w o u l d o p e n u p c o m -
p l e t e l y w i t h t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e H e r e a l i z e d f u l l w e l l t h a t i t w o u l d
m e a n b r e a k i n g t h e T r u m a n d i r e c t i v e
. B u t t h e r e n o w w a s n o o t h e r w a y
t o c l e a r h i s n a m e a n d s t r i k e a b l o w f o r s o u n d s e c u r i t y
. T o o t h e r s , w h o
d o n o t s e e t h i s a r c h a i c o r d e r a s c a r r y i n g t h e f u l l f o r c e o f a l a w p a s s e d b y
Co n g r e s s , t h i s m i g h t n o t s e e m l i k e s u c h a b o l d s t e p
. B u t n o o n e w i l l
p r o b a b l y e v e r k n o w w h a t i t c o s t O t t o O t e p k a t o t a k e i t .
So u r w i n e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e b e s t w a y t o r e f u t e Re i l l y ' s t e s t i m o n y
w o u l d b e f o r O t e p k a t o i s o l a t e e a c h p o i n t o f c o n f l i c t a n d p r e p a r e h i s
r e b u t t a l i t e m b y i t e m . At O t e p k a ' s d i s c r e t i o n , h e s a i d , i t w o u l d b e w i s e
t o s u p p o r t e a c h o f h i s p o i n t s w i t h d o c u m e n t e d e v i d e n c e
. W i t h o u t s u c h
p r o o f , t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w o u l d b e i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f j u d g i n g o n e m a n ' s
w o r d a g a i n s t t h e o t h e r ' s . Ev e n t h o u g h t h e Se n a t o r s s e e m e d i n c l i n e d t o
b e l i e v e O t e p k a r a t h e r t h a n Re i l l y , t h e y m i g h t b e f o r c e d t o d e c l a r e t h e
w h o l e m a t t e r a t a n i m p a s s e u n l e s s O t e p k a c o u l d s u b s t a n t i a t e h i s c l a i m s
.
O v e r t h e n e x t t e n d a y s , O t e p k a p a i n s t a k i n g l y p r e p a r e d h i s c a s e
. O n
M o n d a y m o r n i n g , M a y 2 7 , h e b e g a n d i c t a t i n g h i s " b r i e f "
t o M r s . P o w e r s
i n Ro o m 3 3 3 3 . H e w a s e n t i r e l y a w a r e t h a t h e w a s b e i n g w a t c h e d , a n d
h e k n e w t h a t h i s e v e r y w o r d w a s p r o b a b l y b e i n g r e c o r d e d i n El m e r H i l l ' s
l a b o r a t o r y . B u t i t w a s t y p i c a l o f h i m t h a t h e d e c i d e d n o t t o h i d e
. H i s
c o n s c i e n c e w a s c l e a r . H e h a d n o i n t e n t i o n o f s n e a k i n g a r o u n d c o r n e r s t o
d e l i v e r i n f o r m a t i o n t o a Co n g r e s s i o n a l c o m m i t t e e , a s Da v i d B e l i s l e h a d
d o n e a f e w y e a r s b e f o r e t o s a v e h i s n e c k f r o m t h e NSAg u i l l o t i n e
.
O n W e d n e s d a y , M r s . P o w e r s f i n i s h e d t r a n s c r i b i n g O t e p k a ' s b r i e f
. It
r a n t o t h i r t y - n i n e p a g e s , d o u b l e - s p a c e d , a n d i t w a s c a r e f u l l y k e y e d t o
e a c h p o i n t i n Re i l l y ' s t e s t i m o n y
. Du r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g w e e k O t e p k a
a p p e n d e d t o t h e b r i e f , o r r e s u m e a s h e p r e f e r e d t o c a l l i t , a t o t a l o f
t h i r t y - s i x d o c u m e n t s t o s u p p o r t h i s o w n s t a t e m e n t s a n d t o r e f u t e Re i l l y ' s
.
T w e n t y - f i v e o f t h e d o c u m e n t s w e r e u n c l a s s i f i e d
; s i x w e r e l a b e l e d , " O f f i -
c i a l Us e O n l y " ; t h r e e w e r e m a r k e d , " Li m i t e d O f f i c i a l Us e
. " T w o b o r e t h e
u n m i s t a k a b l e r e d s t a m p , " Co n f i d e n t i a l . "
" Ir e a d t h e c o n t e n t s o f e a c h d o c u m e n t c a r e f u l l y , " O t e p k a l a t e r s a i d ,
" t o b e c e r t a i n t h a t Iw a s n o t g i v i n g a n y i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h w o u l d b e
DECISIO N

2 5 5
p r e j u d i c i a l t o t h e n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y o r t h e n a t i o n a l d e f e n s e i f i t w e r e t o
b e p u b l i s h e d b y t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
. T h e t w o p a p e r s m a r k e d
` Co n f i d e n t i a l ' w e r e o n l y t r a n s m i t t a l m e m o r a n d u m s t h a t r e f e r r e d t o c e r -
t a i n a t t a c h m e n t s . Id i d
n o t g i v e t h o s e a t t a c h m e n t s t o M r . So u r w i n e. T h e
m e m o s t h e m s e l v e s c o n t a i n e d i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h h a d a l r e a d y b e e n p u b -
l i s h e d b y Co n g r e s s i o n a l c o m m i t t e e s a b o u t c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l s . It w a s
o b v i o u s t h a t t h e s e t w o p a p e r s w e r e o v e r c l a s s i f i e d
. "
Ir o n i c a l l y , O t e p k a h a d h i m s e l f a s s i g n e d t h e v a r i o u s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s t o
m o s t o f t h e d o c u m e n t s h e d e l i v e r e d t o So u r w i n e
. T h e r e s u m e h e h a n d e d
o v e r r a n t h e w h o l e g a m u t o f Re i l l y ' s e x h a u s t i v e l i s t o f l i e s , b o w l i n g t h e m
o v e r o n e b y o n e
. W i t h i n t w o w e e k s a f t e r O t e p k a g a v e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
t h i s e x p l o s i v e p a c k a g e , f o u r m e m b e r s o f t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s m o b -
M c Ca r t h y , Ro s e t t i , Sh e a a n d T r a b a n d - w e r e h a i l e d i n t o Ro o m 2 3 0 0 t o
a n s w e r So u r w i n e ' s p r o b i n g q u e s t i o n s
.
B y t h e n O t e p k a k n e w h e h a d r e a c h e d t h e e n d o f t h e l i n e . T h e s u r v e i l -
l a n c e n e t t h a t h a d b e e n t h r o w n a r o u n d h i m i n M a r c h w a s t i g h t e n i n g
i n e x o r a b l y
. Fo r s o m e w e e k s h i s s u b u r b a n h o m e h a d b e e n w a t c h e d a l m o s t
e v e r y n i g h t b y a s t r a n g e m a n s i t t i n g i n a p a r k e d c a r . O t e p k a r e g a r d e d t h e
s t r a n g e r ' s p r e s e n c e a s j u s t a n o t h e r m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m a t i c
h a r a s s m e n t h e w a s n o w b e i n g s u b j e c t e d t o d a i l y a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t .
H e w a s i n c l i n e d t o s h r u g i t o f f
. B u t w h e n t h e s t r a n g e r t o o k t o p a r k i n g
d i r e c t l y a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t f r o m t h e O t e p k a h o m e a n d p e e r i n g a t i t t h r o u g h
b i n o c u l a r s , Ed i t h O t e p k a h a d h a d e n o u g h
. Sh e c o m p l a i n e d t o O t t o a n d
h e c a l l e d t h e l o c a l p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t
. As q u a d c a r s w o o p e d d o w n o n t h e
i n q u i s i t i v e s t r a n g e r a n d d e m a n d e d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n
. T h e p o l i c e f o u n d t h a t
t h e m a n , o n e Er i c St e i n b e r g , w a s e m p l o y e d b y a p r i v a t e d e t e c t i v e a g e n c y
.
O t e p k a k n e w i t w a s n o t u n u s u a l f o r t h e g o v e r n m e n t t o h i r e p r i v a t e e y e s
f o r s p e c i a l j o b s a n d h e p l a n n e d t o h a v e a c h a t w i t h St e i n b e r g t h e f o l l o w -
i n g n i g h t
. Un f o r t u n a t e l y , St e i n b e r g n e v e r s h o w e d u p a g a i n
.
It w a s d u r i n g t h i s s a m e p e r i o d t h a t J o h n F
. Ke n n e d y f o r m a l l y s t a m p e d
t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l s e a l o f a p p r o v a l o n t h e Ro s t o w i a n p o l i c y o f c o n v e r g e n c e
a n d d e t e n t e
. Up t o t h i s p o i n t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a d b e e n f e e d i n g i t t o
t h e p u b l i c i n s m a l l , c a u t i o u s d o s e s , a s Dr
. Ro s t o w h a d p r e s c r i b e d . No w ,
l e s s t h a n e i g h t m o n t h s a f t e r h i s d r a m a t i c d i s c l o s u r e t h a t t h e So v i e t s w e r e
b u s y i n s t a l l i n g n u c l e a r m i s s i l e s o n Cu b a , t h e P r e s i d e n t d e c i d e d i t w a s
t i m e f o r a m a s s i v e i n j e c t i o n t o p a v e t h e w a y f o r t h e l o n g - s o u g h t t e s t b a n
t r e a t y
. At Am e r i c a n Un i v e r s i t y o n J u n e 1 0 h e u n v e i l e d h i s f o r m u l a " n o t
m e r e l y [ f o r ] p e a c e i n o u r t i m e , b u t p e a c e f o r a l l t i m e . "
Sp e a k i n g o f t h e So v i e t Un i o n , h e d e c l a r e d t h a t " n o g o v e r n m e n t o r
2 5 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
s o c i a l s y s t e m i s s o e v i l t h a t i t s p e o p l e m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d a s l a c k i n g i n
v i r t u e
. . .
. w e m u s t r e e x a m i n e o u r o w n a t t i t u d e - a s i n d i v u d u a l s a n d a s
a Na t i o n - f o r o u r a t t i t u d e i s a s e s s e n t i a l a s t h e i r s . .
. e v e r y c i t i z e n s h o u l d
b e g i n b y l o o k i n g i n w a r d - b y e x a m i n i n g h i s o w n a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e
p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f p e a c e , t o w a r d t h e So v i e t Un i o n . "
T h e P r e s i d e n t w a r n e d Am e r i c a n s " n o t t o s e e o n l y a d i s t o r t e d a n d
d e s p e r a t e v i e w o f t h e o t h e r s i d e , n o t t o s e e c o n f l i c t a s i n e v i t a b l e , a c c o m -
m o d a t i o n a s i m p o s s i b l e
. " In s t e a d , h e u r g e d , w e s h o u l d " d i r e c t o u r a t t e n -
t i o n t o o u r c o m m o n i n t e r e s t s a n d t o t h e m e a n s b y w h i c h t h o s e d i f f e r e n c e s
[ s i c ] c a n b e r e s o l v e d
. " H e c a l l e d u p o n t h e Un i t e d St a t e s t o " h e l p m a k e
t h e w o r l d s a f e f o r d i v e r s i t y
. " T h i s w a s a f a r , f a r c r y f r o m t h e W i l s o n i a n
p r o m i s e t o " m a k e t h e w o r l d s a f e f o r d e m o c r a c y " f o r w h i c h t h o u s a n d s o f
Am e r i c a n s h a d d i e d i n Fr a n c e a g e n e r a t i o n b e f o r e
. It w a s a l s o a l o n g ,
l o n g w a y f r o m t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e At l a n t i c Ch a r t e r f o r w h i c h t h o u s a n d s
m o r e g a v e t h e i r l i v e s i n W o r l d W a r II
. B u t t h e i d e a l s o f a g r e a t n a t i o n
c a n s h r i v e l d r a m a t i c a l l y i n a m a t t e r o f d e c a d e s .
" Le t u s r e e x a m i n e o u r a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e So v i e t Un i o n , " M r
.
Ke n n e d y r e i t e r a t e d
. T h e m o v e t o w a r d p e a c e " w o u l d r e q u i r e , " h e s a i d ,
" i n c r e a s e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n t h e So v i e t s a n d o u r s e l v e s
. . . i n -
c r e a s e d c o n t a c t a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n . " H e t h e n a n n o u n c e d t h a t t a l k s
w o u l d s o o n b e g i n i n M o s c o w " l o o k i n g t o w a r d e a r l y a g r e e m e n t o n a
c o m p r e h e n s i v e t e s t b a n t r e a t y . "
Ni k i t a Kh r u s h c h e v w a s e c s t a t i c . H e l a t e r t o l d Av e r e l l H a r r i m a n , t h e
c h i e f U. S
. t e s t b a n n e g o t i a t o r , t h a t i t w a s " t h e g r e a t e s t s p e e c h b y a n y
Am e r i c a n P r e s i d e n t s i n c e Ro o s e v e l t . "
Re a d i n g t h e n e w s p a p e r a c c o u n t s o f P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y ' s r e m a r k s ,
O t t o O t e p k a u n d e r s t o o d a l i t t l e b e t t e r w h y De a n Ru s k a n d B o b b y
Ke n n e d y s o d e s p e r a t e l y w a n t e d h i m p u r g e d f r o m t h e De p a r t m e n t o f
St a t e . An d t h r o u g h h i s e x p e r i e n c e s s i n c e h e h a d b e e n p l a c e d u n d e r
s u r v e i l l a n c e b y t h e i r h i r e d h a n d s , h e u n d e r s t o o d , t o o , w h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t
a n d h i s a d v i s o r s r e a l l y m e a n t b y " c o n v e r g e n c e " w i t h t h e So v i e t Un i o n
.
ALLDURING T H EP ERIO DT H AT O T EP KAW ASUNDERCLO SESURVEIL-
l a n c e h e m a n a g e d s o m e h o w t o g e t o n w i t h h i s w o r k a t t h e De p a r t m e n t
o f St a t e
. Se n s i n g t h a t h i s e v e r y m o v e w a s b e i n g w a t c h e d , k n o w i n g t h a t
e v e r y w o r d h e u t t e r e d i n h i s o f f i c e w a s m o n i t o r e d , h e n o n e t h e l e s s k e p t
t r y i n g t o f u l f i l l h i s d u t i e s
. T h e l o n g h o u r s h e w a s f o r c e d t o t a k e o u t t o
t e s t i f y b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e h e m a d e u p a t n i g h t a n d o n
w e e k e n d s a t h i s d e s k i n SY
. Ev e n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f h i s v o l u m i n o u s
r e b u t t a l o f J o h n Re i l l y ' s f a l s e t e s t i m o n y f a i l e d t o d i v e r t h i m f r o m h i s
p r i m a r y t a s k
. Al t h o u g h h e r e a l i z e d t h a t h e m i g h t b e r e m o v e d f r o m h i s
j o b a n y d a y , h e n e v e r o n c e r e l a x e d h i s v i g i l a n c e .
Ab o u t t h e t i m e P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y w a s g e a r i n g u p f o r h i s h i s t o r i c
Am e r i c a n Un i v e r s i t y a d d r e s s , O t e p k a m a d e a n u m b e r o f c h i l l i n g d i s c o v -
e r i e s
. Ea c h o n e p r o v i d e d a d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e a s t o h o w f a r t h e Un i t e d
St a t e s h a d a l r e a d y m o v e d d o w n t h e p a t h t o w a r d c o n v e r g e n c e w i t h t h e
So v i e t Un i o n
. T h e f i r s t o f t h e s e d i s c o v e r i e s c o n v i n c e d O t e p k a t h a t t h e
Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n n o l o n g e r i n t e n d e d t o m a i n t a i n e v e n t h e e m p t y p r e t e n s e s
o f p a s t p o l i c i e s
.
Ea r l i e r t h a t s p r i n g , Re i l l y a p p r o v e d a p r o p o s e d c h a n g e i n r e g u l a t i o n s
t o p e r m i t t h e r e h i r i n g o f f o r m e r St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s w h o h a d
p r e v i o u s l y b e e n d i s m i s s e d o n s e c u r i t y g r o u n d s . Le o H a r r i s , a n a t t o r n e y
2 5 7
2 5 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
i n Ab r a m Ch a y e s ' o f f i c e , t o l d O t e p k a t h a t o n e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n s
f o r t h e r e c o m m e n d e d c h a n g e w a s t o g i v e J o h n P a t o n Da v i e s a c h a n c e
t o r e t u r n t o St a t e .
P o l i t e l y , O t e p k a p u t H a r r i s o n n o t i c e t h a t h e w o u l d o p p o s e a n y m o v e
t o b r i n g Da v i e s b a c k
. H e h a d h a n d l e d t h e Da v i e s c a s e h i m s e l f y e a r s
b e f o r e . T h e r e w a s i n c o n t r o v e r t i b l e e v i d e n c e t h a t Da v i e s h a d d e l i v e r e d
s e c r e t U. S
. d o c u m e n t s t o Co m m u n i s t a g e n t s i n t h e d a y s w h e n t h e Ch i n a
c a b a l w a s f a n a t i c a l l y w o r k i n g t o h e l p M a o T s e - t u n g t o p o w e r
.
O t e p k a r e m i n d e d H a r r i s t h a t a De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g b o a r d h a d u n a n i -
m o u s l y v o t e d t h a t Da v i e s b e f i r e d a s a s e c u r i t y r i s k
. H e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t
Se c r e t a r y Du l l e s h a d u p h e l d t h e d i s m i s s a l
. O t e p k a s u g g e s t e d t h a t Da v i e s
t a k e h i s c a s e t o t h e c o u r t s i f h e f e l t h e h a d b e e n d e a l t w i t h u n j u s t l y ,
i n s t e a d o f h a v i n g h i s f r i e n d s a t St a t e t a i l o r s e c u r i t y r e g u l a t i o n s t o s u i t
h i m . *
O t e p k a w a s c o g n i z a n t t h a t Da v i e s , w h o w a s n o w r u n n i n g a f u r n i t u r e
b u s i n e s s i n P e r u , h a d b e e n f l y i n g b a c k t o W a s h i n g t o n o f f a n d o n s i n c e t h e
a d v e n t o f t h e Ne w Fr o n t i e r . * * It w a s k n o w n t h a t t h e e x i l e d d i p l o m a t w a s
p r i v a t e l y a d v i s i n g t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n o n t h e Al l i a n c e f o r P r o g r e s s a n d
o t h e r m a t t e r s . No w t h e o l d p r o - M a o c a b a l , w i t h p a t r o n De a n Ru s k
o c c u p y i n g t h e o f f i c e o f Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e , o b v i o u s l y i n t e n d e d t o c o m -
p l e t e t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f J o h n P a t o n Da v i e s , m u c h a s i t h a d a t t e m p t e d
t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n o f Al g e r H i s s .
T h r o u g h t h i s n i g h t m a r e w o r l d , O t e p k a c o n t i n u e d t o m o v e w i t h h i s
c u s t o m a r y c a l m . Al m o s t e v e r y w e e k t h a t s p r i n g h e w a s c o n f r o n t e d w i t h
e f f o r t s t o r e i n s t a t e o l d s e c u r i t y r i s k s l i k e Da v i e s o r b r i n g i n n e w o n e s
.
So m e t i m e s h e w a s a b l e t o b l o c k t h e i r a p p o i n t m e n t s
. M o r e o f t e n h e w a s
n o t .
W i t h t h e s t r o n g b a c k i n g o f B o b b y Ke n n e d y , Fr a n k M o n t e r o , f r i e n d o f
t h e An g o l a n t e r r o r i s t s , w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y n a m e d , o v e r O t e p k a ' s o b j e c -
t i o n s , t o Ad l a i St e v e n s o n ' s s t a f f a t t h e U. N
. Fr e d T r a b a n d , w h o w a s s o o n
t o s u c c e e d O t e p k a a s w o r k i n g h e a d o f t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n , r e c o m -
m e n d e d M o n t e r o ' s c l e a r a n c e . O t e p k a , i n e x i l e b y t h e n , r e a d a b o u t i t i n
t h e n e w s p a p e r s . T r a b a n d a l s o i s s u e d t h e c l e a r a n c e f o r a n o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l ,
t h i s o n e w i t h k n o w n Co m m u n i s t c o n n e c t i o n s , w h o m O t e p k a h a d t u r n e d
* Am o n g
m a n y o t h e r t h i n g s , Da v i e s h a d l i e d u n d e r o a t h b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l
Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e d u r i n g t h e In s t i t u t e o f P a c i f i c Re l a t i o n s h e a r i n g s i n 1 9 5 1 - 5 2
. T h e
1 9 68 Su b c o m m i t t e e Re p o r t o n t h e O t e p k a Ca s e ( P a r t IV, p
. 3 1 ) r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e s u b c o m -
m i t t e e f o u n d t h a t " J o h n P a t o n Da v i e s , J r . , t e s t i f i e d f a l s e l y
. . . i n d e n y i n g t h a t h e r e c o m -
m e n d e d t h e Ce n t r a l In t e l l i g e n c e Ag e n c y e m p l o y , u t i l i z e , a n d r e l y u p o n c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l s
h a v i n g Co m m u n i s t a s s o c i a t i o n s a n d c o n n e c t i o n s . "
* * T h e f u r n i t u r e b u s i n e s s Da v i e s o p e r a t e d i n P e r u w a s r e l i a b l y r e p o r t e d t o b e a " c o v e r
o p e r a t i o n " s u p p o r t e d b y CIA.
ST RANG EINT ERLUDES

2 5 9
d o w n o n s e c u r i t y g r o u n d s . T h i s m a n w a s t h e n a p p o i n t e d t o t h e s t a f f o f
W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t , t h e De p u t y Un d e r s e c r e t a r y f o r Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , a s t a f f
w h i c h s u p e r v i s e s a l l p e r s o n n e l a n d s e c u r i t y f u n c t i o n s i n t h e St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t .
W h e n O t e p k a o p p o s e d c l e a r a n c e f o r a m a n w i t h a n o t o r i o u s p a t t e r n
o f p e r s o n a l m i s b e h a v i o r , i n c l u d i n g e m b e z z l e m e n t o f f u n d s f r o m h i s
c h u r c h , T r a b a n d l e c t u r e d h i m o n t h e n e c e s s i t y o f y i e l d i n g t o " r e a l i t y "
w h e n a p p l i c a n t s l i k e t h i s h a d h e f t y p o l i t i c a l b a c k i n g . O t e p k a r e j e c t e d t h e
c l e a r a n c e a n y w a y , a l t h o u g h T r a b a n d l a t e r i s s u e d i t . H o w e v e r , t h i s i n -
d i v i d u a l ' s r e c o r d w a s s o b a d o n i t s v e r y f a c e t h a t t h e P e r s o n n e l O f f i c e
d e c i d e d t o t u r n h i m d o w n r a t h e r t h a n r i s k t h e c h a n c e t h a t h i s h i r i n g
m i g h t b e c o m e p u b l i c k n o w l e d g e .
O t e p k a l o s t t h e n e x t r o u n d , t h o u g h , w h e n M r s . P a t r i c i a G l o v e r B a r n e t t
w a s a p p o i n t e d t o t h e B u r e a u o f In t e l l i g e n c e a n d Re s e a r c h a s a s p e c i a l i s t
i n Fa r Ea s t e r n Af f a i r s . H e r h u s b a n d , Ro b e r t W a r r e n B a r n e t t , h a d r e -
c e n t l y b e e n n a m e d De p u t y As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e f o r Fa r Ea s t e r n
e c o n o m i c a f f a i r s
. Y e a r s b e f o r e O t e p k a h a d r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t B a r n e t t b e
s u s p e n d e d i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y . No w h e r e f u s e d t o c l e a r
M r s . B a r n e t t , u n d e r t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s s e c u r i t y s t a n d a r d .
" Iw a s n o t i n a n y w a y i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t Se n a t o r M c Ca r t h y
o n c e c h a r g e d t h a t Ro b e r t B a r n e t t a n d h i s w i f e h a d c l o s e a n d c o n s t a n t
c o n t a c t s w i t h k n o w n So v i e t a g e n t s , " O t e p k a l a t e r i n s i s t e d i n a n s w e r t o
a q u e s t i o n . " M y j u d g m e n t o f t h e B a r n e t t s w a s b a s e d s o l e l y u p o n t h e
r e c o r d . "
In t h i s i n s t a n c e , t h e r e c o r d i s v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g i n d e e d . B o r n i n Ch i n a
o f m i s s i o n a r y p a r e n t s , Ro b e r t B a r n e t t w a s a l r e a d y l i s t i n g t o t h e l e f t
d u r i n g h i s s t u d e n t d a y s a t t h e Un i v e r s i t y o f No r t h Ca r o l i n a i n t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s
a n d a s a Rh o d e s s c h o l a r a t O x f o r d . La t e r , h e b e l o n g e d t o s u c h f l a g r a n t
Co m m u n i s t f r o n t s a s t h e o l d Am e r i c a n Le a g u e f o r P e a c e a n d De m o c r a c y
a n d w a s a n o f f i c i a l o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n o f f i c e o f t h e In s t i t u t e o f P a c i f i c
Re l a t i o n s
. H e c o n t r i b u t e d a r t i c l e s t o p u b l i c a t i o n s l i k e Am e r a s i a ,
w h i c h
w a s e d i t e d b y t h e So v i e t a g e n t P h i l i p J a f f e , a n d Ch i n a T o d a y , o f f i c i a l
o r g a n o f t h e Co m m u n i s t - c o n t r o l l e d Am e r i c a n Fr i e n d s o f t h e Ch i n e s e
P e o p l e . Al o n g t h e w a y , B a r n e t t a c q u i r e d a n i m p r e s s i v e l i s t o f i n f l u e n t i a l
f r i e n d s a n d a s s o c i a t e s , i n c l u d i n g Al g e r H i s s , H a r r y De x t e r W h i t e , Vi r -
g i n i u s Co e , La u c h l i n Cu r r i e , Fr e d e r i c k Va n d e r b i l t Fi e l d , a n d a h o s t o f
o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e o l d e s p i o n a g e c l u b s .
M r s . B a r n e t t ' s r e c o r d c l o s e l y p a r a l l e l e d h e r h u s b a n d ' s . It w a s o n l y
n a t u r a l t h a t t h e y s h o u l d h a v e t h e s a m e f r i e n d s a n d i n t e r e s t s
. Sh e h a d
w o r k e d f o r t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t b e f o r e , a n d h a d q u i e t l y d e p a r t e d w h e n
2 60

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
t h e w o r d g o t a r o u n d t h a t c h a r g e s m i g h t b e b r o u g h t a g a i n s t h e r
. Ro b e r t
B a r n e t t b r a z e n e d i t o u t a n d k e p t r i g h t o n m o v i n g u p t h e p r o m o t i o n
l a d d e r
. It i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t Se n a t o r M c Ca r t h y s a v e d h i m
. B y n a m i n g
B a r n e t t p u b l i c l y h e c r e a t e d a v a s t r e s e r v o i r o f s y m p a t h y f o r h i m i n t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t , a n d p o w e r f u l f r i e n d s r u s h e d t o h i s a i d w h e n O t e p k a
a n d Sc o t t M c Le o d r e c o m m e n d e d h i s s u s p e n s i o n
. ' O n e o f t h e m w a s
De a n Ru s k , w h o g o t i n t o t h e a c t e v e n b e f o r e O t e p k a m o v e d t o St a t e
.
` Du r i n g t h e 1 9 5 2 Co n g r e s s i o n a l h e a r i n g s o n t a x - e x e m p t f o u n d a t i o n s ,
Ru s k w e n t o u t o f h i s w a y t o d e f e n d B a r n e t t
. O n De c e m b e r 5 h e t e s t i f i e d
a s p r e s i d e n t o f t h e Ro c k e f e l l e r Fo u n d a t i o n , w h i c h h a d g i v e n f o u r s e p a -
r a t e g r a n t s t o B a r n e t t , o n e o f t h e m t h r o u g h t h e In s t i t u t e o f P a c i f i c Re l a -
t i o n s f o r a t r i p t o Ch i n a i n 1 9 4 0
.
" Ih a p p e n t o k n o w M r
. B a r n e t t b e c a u s e h e s e r v e d u n d e r m e w h i l e I
w a s As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e f o r Fa r Ea s t e r n Af f a i r s , " Ru s k s a i d
. H e
a d d e d t h a t i f t h e r e w a s " a n y p o s s i b l e q u e s t i o n o r d o u b t " a b o u t t h e l o y a l t y
o f a n y o n e u n d e r h i m , h e w o u l d h a v e k n o w n a b o u t i t
. W h a t h e w o u l d h a v e
d o n e a b o u t i t i s a n o t h e r q u e s t i o n , b u t n o o n e a s k e d h i m t h a t
. H o w e v e r ,
Ru s k ' s s w e e p i n g a b s o l u t i o n a p p a r e n t l y w a s s u f f i c i e n t t o r e m o v e a l l
d o u b t s a b o u t B a r n e t t , a t l e a s t i n h i s o w n m i n d
. " Ih a v e n o r e a s o n m y s e l f
t o r e g r e t t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p , " Ru s k d e c l a r e d
. " H e h a s d o n e a f i n e j o b o f
p u b l i c s e r v i c e a s Ih a v e o b s e r v e d i t d i r e c t l y
. " '
No w , w i t h O t e p k a o v e r r u l e d o n b o t h t h e h u s b a n d a n d t h e w i f e , t h e
B a r n e t t s w e r e b o t h h a p p i l y e n s c o n c e d i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , w h e r e
" t o g e t h e r n e s s " h a s m a n y m e a n i n g s .
Co n s i d e r a b l e p r e s s u r e w a s e x e r t e d o n O t e p k a t h a t s p r i n g t o i s s u e a n
e s p e c i a l l y s e n s i t i v e t y p e c l e a r a n c e t o Ab b a Sc h w a r t z , c z a r o f t h e B u r e a u
o f Se c u r i t y & Co n s u l a r Af f a i r s a n d a p r o t e g t o f Ad l a i St e v e n s o n
. In -
v o l v e d w e r e t o p - s e c r e t d o c u m e n t s t h a t Sc h w a r t z h a d n o r e a l n e e d f o r i n
h i s j o b b u t t o w h i c h h e w a n t e d a c c e s s a n y w a y
. Un f o r t u n a t e l y , Sc h w a r t z ' s
s e c u r i t y f i l e w a s l i b e r a l l y s p r i n k l e d w i t h a n u m b e r o f d u b i o u s c o n n e c -
t i o n s . It i s a m a t t e r o f p u b l i c r e c o r d t h a t h e w a s a c t i v e i n t h e v i v i d l y
t a i n t e d Na t i o n a l La w y e r s G u i l d , w h o s e m e m b e r s h a v e d e v o t e d t h e m -
s e l v e s u n s t i n t i n g l y t o d e f e n d i n g Co m m u n i s t s a n d Co m m u n i s t c a u s e s
. '
M o r e o v e r h e h a d f i r s t c o m e i n t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t , b a c k i n t h e H i s s e r a ,
o n t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f a s u s p e c t e d So v i e t a g e n t
.
Sc h w a r t z h a d w o r k e d i n Lo n d o n d u r i n g t h e p o s t w a r e r a f o r t h e In t e r -
g o v e r n m e n t a l Co m m i t t e e o n Re f u g e e s ( ICR) , w h i c h w a s h e a v i l y i n f i l -
t r a t e d a t t h e t i m e
. * Fr o m Lo n d o n h e f l i t t e d t o G e n e v a i n 1 9 4 7 a s a n
*
Am o n g t h e ICR' s m o r e i l l u s t r i o u s a l u m n i w a s H a r r y Co l l i n s , g e n i a l h o s t o f s e v e r a l
W a s h i n g t o n - b a s e d e s p i o n a g e r i n g s a n d f r i e n d o f W h i t t a k e r Ch a m b e r s d u r i n g t h e l a t t e r ' s
s e r v i c e a s a So v i e t c o u r i e r .
ST RANG EINT ERLUDES

2 61
o f f i c i a l o f t h e U. N. ' s In t e r n a t i o n a l Re f u g e e O r g a n i z a t i o n ( IRO ) , a n o t h e r
f a v o r i t e n e s t i n g p l a c e f o r q u e s t i o n a b l e c h a r a c t e r s . W h i l e l a b o r i n g i n b e -
h a l f o f t h e p o o r r e f u g e e s , Sc h w a r t z l i b e r a l l y f e a t h e r e d h i s o w n f i n a n c i a l
n e s t
. In f a c t , h i s l a w f i r m , La n d i s , Co h e n , Ru b i n a n d Sc h w a r t z , c o l l e c t e d
f e e s t o t a l i n g $ 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 f r o m IRO ' s s u c c e s s o r a g e n c y , t h e In t e r g o v e r n -
m e n t a l Co m m i t t e e o n Eu r o p e a n M i g r a t i o n ( ICEM ) d u r i n g t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s
w h e n Sc h w a r t z w a s i t s s p e c i a l c o u n s e l . *
Sc h w a r t z ' s m o r e r e c e n t r e c o r d i n h e l p i n g Ab r a m Ch a y e s , Ni c h o l a s
Ka t z e n b a c h , a n d B o b b y Ke n n e d y s u b v e r t t h e l a w w i t h r e g a r d t o i s s u i n g
p a s s p o r t s t o Co m m u n i s t a g e n t s a l s o t r o u b l e d O t e p k a . H e k n e w t o o t h a t
Sc h w a r t z w a s s t r i v i n g t o g e t $ 2 5 m i l l i o n i n f e d e r a l f u n d s t o s c a t t e r
a r o u n d t h e Fr e e W o r l d t h o u s a n d s o f u n s c r e e n e d Ru s s i a n r e f u g e e s w h o
w e r e s u d d e n l y t u r n i n g u p i n H o n g Ko n g , T u r k e y a n d o t h e r u n l i k e l y
p l a c e s
. An d h e w a s a w a r e o f t h e r o l e p l a y e d b y Sc h w a r t z ' s b u r e a u i n t h e
r e c e n t Cu b a n p r i s o n e r r a n s o m
. ( Sc h w a r t z l a t e r a d m i t t e d t o a Co n g r e s -
s i o n a l c o m m i t t e e t h a t Fi d e l Ca s t r o p i c k e d h a l f t h e r e f u g e e s w h o e n t e r e d
t h e U. S. o n t h i s d e a l . Al t h o u g h t h e p u b l i c w a s l e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t o n l y
v i c t i m s o f t h e B a y o f P i g s i n v a s i o n a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s w e r e i n v o l v e d , t h e
e m i g r e s
i n c l u d e d t h r e e h u n d r e d a n d t h i r t y - t h r e e n o n - Cu b a n s , i n c l u d i n g
n a t i v e s o f t h e So v i e t Un i o n , Ch i n a , P o l a n d a n d H u n g a r y . )
O n b a l a n c e , O t e p k a t h o u g h t i t w o u l d b e a g o o d i d e a t o h o l d u p t h e
s p e c i a l c l e a r a n c e f o r Ab b a Sc h w a r t z . T h i s p a r t i c u l a r c l e a r a n c e w o u l d
g i v e h i m a c c e s s t o In t e l l i g e n c e r e p o r t s o b t a i n e d b y i n t e r c e p t i n g t h e
c o d e d c o m m u n i c a t i o n s o f o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g Co m m u n i s t
s t a t e s
. Su c h c l e a r a n c e s h a d a l w a y s b e e n d e c i d e d o n a g e n u i n e " n e e d - t o -
k n o w " b a s i s
. T h e y h a d b e e n h a n d l e d w i t h d e l i c a t e d i s c r e t i o n a n d O t e p k a
h a d a f i r m u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h t h e U
. S. In t e l l i g e n c e B o a r d t h a t h e w o u l d
n o t i s s u e t h e m u n l e s s t h e " n e e d - t o - k n o w " c o u l d b e p r o v i d e d . No t o n l y
c o u l d t h i s n o t b e p r o v e d i n Sc h w a r t z ' s c a s e , b u t Sc h w a r t z h i m s e l f w a s
c l e a r l y n o t e l i g i b l e f o r t h e c l e a r a n c e b e c a u s e o f c e r t a i n s e n s i t i v e i n f o r m a -
t i o n i n h i s s e c u r i t y f i l e
. O t e p k a h a d s a t i n w i t h t h e In t e l l i g e n c e B o a r d
w h e n t h e r e g u l a t i o n s g o v e r n i n g t h e s e c l e a r a n c e s w e r e f i r s t d r a w n u p f o r
t h e Na t i o n a l Se c u r i t y Co u n c i l , a n d h e w a s o n s o l i d l e g a l g r o u n d i n
d e n y i n g Sc h w a r t z a c c e s s t o t h e d e c o d e d r e p o r t s .
Da v i d B e l i s l e w a s n e v e r t h e l e s s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t Sc h w a r t z s h o u l d h a v e
* T h e La n d i s o f t h i s f i r m w a s J a m e s M
. La n d i s , c o n f i d a n t o f t h e Ke n n e d y f a m i l y , w h o w a s
c o n v i c t e d f o r f a i l i n g e v e n t o t r o u b l e h i m s e l f w i t h f i l i n g i n c o m e t a x r e t u r n s f o r s o m e y e a r s .
La n d i s w a s f o u n d d e a d a t t h e b o t t o m o f h i s s w i m m i n g p o o l i n 1 9 64 .
H e
w a s f u l l y c l o t h e d ,
b u t h i s d e m i s e w a s o f f i c i a l l y t e r m e d " a c c i d e n t a l . "
2 62

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
h i s w a y . Al t h o u g h t h e a u t h o r i t y t o i s s u e t h e s e s u p e r s e c r e t c l e a r a n c e s h a d
b e e n d e l e g a t e d t o O t e p k a f o r n e a r l y a d e c a d e , B e l i s l e s i m p l y t o o k i t a w a y
f r o m h i m a n d v e s t e d i t i n h i m s e l f
. H e n o t o n l y h a n d e d Sc h w a r t z h i s
s p e c i a l c l e a r a n c e , b u t h e a n d Re i l l y l a t e r a p p r o p r i a t e d t h e s a f e w h e r e
O t e p k a h a d l o n g k e p t h i s f i l e s o n a l l St a t e De p a r t m e n t p e r s o n n e l w h o h a d
b e e n c l e a r e d t o r e c e i v e t h i s s e n s i t i v e d e c o d e d i n f o r m a t i o n
.
Su c h c h o r e s a s t h i s m u s t h a v e e a r n e d B e l i s l e a s p e c i a l p l a c e i n t h e
h e a r t s o f t h e Ke n n e d y s . H e c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n u n a w a r e t h a t Ab b a
Sc h w a r t z h a d c o n t r i b u t e d a s u b s t a n t i a l s u m t o J a c k Ke n n e d y ' s P r e s i d e n -
t i a l c a m p a i g n . * M o r e o v e r , b e f o r e t h e 1 9 60 e l e c t i o n Ab b a h a d w o r k e d
h a r d t o b r i n g a b o u t a r a p p r o c h e m e n t b e t w e e n J a c k a n d M r s
. El e a n o r
Ro o s e v e l t , a n o l d f r i e n d o f h i s .
Fo r t h e s e a n d o t h e r s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d t h e Ke n n e d y s , Sc h w a r t z w a s
r e w a r d e d w i t h Sc o t t y M c Le o d ' s o l d j o b i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
.
De a n Ru s k h a d t o s p l i t o f f SY f r o m t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e B u r e a u o f
Se c u r i t y a n d Co n s u l a r Af f a i r s b e f o r e Ab b a c o u l d s t e p i n , h o w e v e r
. Ev -
e r y o n e k n e w t h a t t h e Se n a t e m i g h t k i c k u p i t s h e e l s i f Sc h w a r t z h a d b e e n
m a d e o v e r l o r d o f SY t o o . As i t w a s t h e r e w a s e n o u g h t r o u b l e g e t t i n g t h e
Se n a t e t o a d v i s e a n d c o n s e n t t o h i s n o m i n a t i o n i n 1 9 62
. O n t h e f l o o r o f
t h e Se n a t e , St r o m T h u r m u n d o f So u t h Ca r o l i n a r a i s e d a n u m b e r o f
e m b a r r a s s i n g q u e s t i o n s a b o u t Ab b a ' s p a s t a c t i v i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e q u e s -
t i o n o f w h e t h e r Sc h w a r t z h a d v i o l a t e d t h e Fo r e i g n Ag e n t s Re g i s t r a t i o n
Ac t . * * 6
O t e p k a ' s b a t t l e w i t h B e l i s l e o v e r t h e s p e c i a l c l e a r a n c e f o r Ab b a
Sc h w a r t z r e a c h e d i t s u n s e e m l y c l i m a x i n M a y 1 9 63
. Du r i n g t h i s s a m e
m o n t h O t e p k a l e a r n e d t h r o u g h o n e o f h i s c o n t a c t s i n t h e T r e a s u r y De -
p a r t m e n t o f i n t e r e s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t De p u t y As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y o f
St a t e H e r b e r t K
. M a y w h o h a d s u c c e e d e d Ri c h a r d G o o d w i n , a Ke n n e d y
p r o t e g e , a s s e c o n d i n c o m m a n d o f t h e B u r e a u o f In t e r - Am e r i c a n Af f a i r s
.
It s e e m s t h a t M a y w a s u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n b e c a u s e h e h a d f a i l e d t o f i l e
a n y i n c o m e t a x r e t u r n s f o r t h e y e a r s 1 9 5 3 t h r o u g h 1 9 61 . O t e p k a r e p o r t e d
t h e m a t t e r t o Re i l l y , n o t i n g t h a t De p a r t m e n t r e g u l a t i o n s p r o v i d e d f o r t h e
i m m e d i a t e d i s m i s s a l o f a n y e m p l o y e e o r o f f i c i a l w h o h a d w i l f u l l y f a i l e d
t o s u b m i t f e d e r a l t a x r e t u r n s . Re i l l y ' s r e a c t i o n w a s t y p i c a l
. H e s e n t o n e
o f h i s i n v e s t i g a t o r s t o g r i l l O t e p k a a b o u t h i s l i a i s o n w i t h t h e T r e a s u r y
De p a r t m e n t .

$ 1 7 , 0 0 0 t o b e e x a c t .
In r e p l y i n g t o Se n a t o r T h u r m o n d ' s q u e s t i o n s , Se n a t o r J o h n Sp a r k m a n o f Al a b a m a , v i c e
c h a i r m a n o f t h e Fo r e i g n Re l a t i o n s Co m m i t t e e , s p o k e o f Sc h w a r t z ' s l a w f i r m h e l p i n g t h e
Ne t h e r l a n d s g e t l o a n s f r o m t h e U. S
. H o w e v e r , T h u r m o n d m a y h a v e h a d a n o t h e r c o u n t r y
i n m i n d
. Sc h w a r t z w a s k n o w n t o h a v e c l o s e t i e s w i t h t h e In t e l l i g e n c e s e r v i c e o f Is r a e l
.
ST RANG EINT ERLUDES

2 63
La t e r t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w a s f o r c e d t o d r o p H e r b e r t M a y f r o m i t s
p a y r o l l w h e n Se n a t o r J o h n J
. W i l l i a m s o f De l a w a r e p u b l i c l y e x p o s e d
M a y ' s t a x d e l i n q u e n c y
. B u t M a y w a s a l l o w e d t o r e s i g n w i t h o u t p r e j u d i c e
a n d h e w a s n e v e r p r o s e c u t e d
. In f a c t , h e w a s g i v e n a $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 - a - y e a r j o b
w i t h t h e Co m m u n i c a t i o n s Sa t e l l i t e Co r p o r a t i o n , a v i r t u a l s u b s i d i a r y o f
t h e g o v e r n m e n t h e h a d b e e n c h e a t i n g f o r s o m a n y y e a r s
.
O n e i n c i d e n t p i l e d a t o p a n o t h e r , e a c h a d d i n g f r e s h e v i d e n c e o f t h e t r u e
m e a n i n g o f c o n v e r g e n c e
. P r o b i n g c o n s t a n t l y b e h i n d t h e p a p e r c u r t a i n s
o f o f f i c i a l r e p o r t s Re i l l y a n d h i s c r e w d i d t h e i r b e s t t o k e e p f r o m h i s v i e w ,
O t e p k a m a d e s e v e r a l m o r e f r i g h t e n i n g d i s c o v e r i e s
.
P e r h a p s t h e l a s t p e r s o n i n SY o n e w o u l d e x p e c t t o f i n d i n v o l v e d i n t h e
o n c e d e l i c a t e b u s i n e s s o f i s s u i n g s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e s w a s t h e b e a r d e d
t o a s t o f W a r s a w , 1 3 l m e r H i l l
. Y e t t h e r e H i l l w a s , h a p p i l y p o a c h i n g o n
O t e p k a ' s o l d d o m a i n
.
Fo r s o m e m o n t h s H i l l h a d b e e n n e g o t i a t i n g c o n t r a c t s w i t h p r i v a t e
c o m p a n i e s f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d m a n u f a c t u r e o f w i r e t a p p i n g a n d
d e t e c t i o n e q u i p m e n t
. In w o r k i n g o n t h e s e c o n t r a c t s e m p l o y e e s o f t h e
c o m p a n i e s c o u l d h a v e a c c e s s t o c l a s s i f i e d i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t m i g h t b e q u i t e
h e l p f u l t o t h e So v i e t s .
Un d e r t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s s e c u r i t y r e g u l a t i o n s , t h e c o m p a n i e s a n d
t h e i r e m p l o y e e s w e r e s u p p o s e d t o b e c l e a r e d b y SY ' s Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i -
s i o n
. B u t H i l l h a d g o n e a h e a d a n d l e t t h e c o n t r a c t s w i t h o u t e v e r c o n s u l t -
i n g O t e p k a
. In e f f e c t , H i l l h a d t a k e n i t u p o n h i m s e l f t o i s s u e b l a n k e t
c l e a r a n c e s t o t h e c o m p a n i e s a n d t h e i r e m p l o y e e s
. W h e n O t e p k a p r o -
t e s t e d , H i l l m e r e l y p l e a d e d i g n o r a n c e o f t h e r e g u l a t i o n s
. Ne e d l e s s t o s a y ,
n o o n e e v e r r e p r i m a n d e d h i m .
In t h e m o n t h o f M a y , O t e p k a u n c o v e r e d t h e m o s t d a m n i n g e v i d e n c e
t o d a t e o f t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s a n t i - s e c u r i t y c a m p a i g n
. H e f o u n d t h a t
Da v i d B e l i s l e h a d s t a r t e d c l e a r i n g St a t e De p a r t m e n t a p p l i c a n t s w i t h o u t
s o m u c h a s g o i n g t h r o u g h t h e f o r m a l i t y o f o r d e r i n g t h e r e q u i r e d b a c k -
g r o u n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a t a l l
. M o r e o v e r , B e l i s l e w a s n ' t e v e n b o t h e r i n g t o
g e t s e c u r i t y w a i v e r s f r o m t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e f o r s o m e o f t h e n e w
p e o p l e t h e s e v e n t h f l o o r h i e r a r c h y w a s p u t t i n g o n t h e p a y r o l l
.
O t e p k a ' s r e v e l a t i o n a b o u t Se c r e t a r y Ru s k ' s w h o l e s a l e i s s u a n c e o f
w a i v e r s i n 1 9 61 - 62 h a d p r o v e d t o o i r r i t a t i n g
. It h a d n o w b e e n d e c i d e d
t o a v o i d a r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e w a i v e r s c a n d a l b y t h e s i m p l e e x p e d i e n t o f
s c u t t l i n g t h e s e c u r i t y r e g u l a t i o n s e n t i r e l y . O b v i o u s l y , t h i s d e c i s i o n h a d
t o b e m a d e a t a v e r y h i g h l e v e l
. Ve t e r a n b u r e a u c r a t s l i k e Re i l l y a n d
B e l i s l e w o u l d n e v e r r u n s u c h a r i s k o n t h e i r o w n
.
T h u s , t h e l a s t v e s t i g e o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m h a d
2 64

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
n o w b e e n d u m p e d o v e r b o a r d , a n d w i t h i t t h e l a w s s o p a i n s t a k i n g l y
p a s s e d b y t h e Co n g r e s s , s i g n e d b y p r e v i o u s P r e s i d e n t s , a n d u p h e l d b y t h e
Su p r e m e Co u r t .
W h i l e O t e p k a k e p t f o c u s e d o n h i s j o b , Re i l l y a n d h i s s t o o g e s i n SY
s t a y e d f o c u s e d o n O t e p k a
. T h e y w e r e s p e n d i n g t h o u s a n d s o f m a n - h o u r s
a n d t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f t a x d o l l a r s t o r a i l r o a d O t e p k a o u t o f t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t . O t e p k a , b y n a t u r e a f r u g a l m a n , o c c a s i o n a l l y b r i d l e d a t a l l
t h e w a s t e
. Du r i n g M a y a n d J u n e h i s a s s i s t a n t , Fr e d T r a b a n d , w a s d e v o t -
i n g m o r e a n d m o r e o f h i s t i m e t o s e c r e t c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h Re i l l y , B e l i s l e ,
Ro s e t t i , a n d o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s M a f i a
. Cl a r e n c e
Sc h n e i d e r , El m e r H i l l ' s l i s t e n i n g d e v i c e " e x p e r t , " s p e n t h o u r s h u d d l e d
w i t h T r a b a n d i n t h e o f f i c e n e x t t o O t e p k a ' s .
W h e n O t e p k a c h i d e d T r a b a n d f o r g i v i n g t o o m u c h t i m e t o t h e s e a c t i v i -
t i e s a n d a s k e d h i m p o i n t b l a n k w h e t h e r h e w a s s p y i n g f o r Re i l l y a n d
B e l i s l e , T r a b a n d f l a r e d u p
. P o u n d i n g h i s f i s t o n O t e p k a ' s d e s k , t h e t a l l ,
c a d a v e r o u s s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r v e h e m e n t l y d e n i e d r e p o r t i n g o n O t e p k a
.
" Y o u h a v e n o r e a s o n t o d i s t r u s t m e ! " h e s h o u t e d i n r i g h t e o u s i n d i g n a -
t i o n . It w a s a g o o d a c t , b u t n o t v e r y c o n v i n c i n g
. T r a b a n d w e n t b a c k t o
h i s d e s k t o k e e p h i s e y e o n O t e p k a ' s b u r n b a g s o h e c o u l d m a k e t h e n e x t
c a l l t o J o e Ro s e t t i .
In J u n e , t h e t e m p o o f h a r a s s m e n t p i c k e d u p
. Re i l l y a n d B e l i s l e b o m -
b a r d e d O t e p k a w i t h s n i d e n o t e s , r e p r i m a n d i n g h i m f o r t h e m o s t r i d i c u -
l o u s t h i n g s
. O n J u n e 1 8 Re i l l y s e n t h i m a m e m o s a y i n g t h a t h i s s e c r e t a r y ,
M a r i e Ca t u c c i , h a d n o t e d f r o m h e r r e c o r d s t h a t O t e p k a h a d t a k e n n o
c l o s i n g a c t i o n o n H a r l a n Cl e v e l a n d ' s s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e
. Re i l l y , a p p a r -
e n t l y t r y i n g t o b u i l d a s p e c i o u s c a s e f o r O t e p k a ' s " i n e f f i c i e n c y , " c h a r g e d
t h a t h e h a d n o t r e s p o n d e d t o a B e l i s l e i n q u i r y o n t h e Cl e v e l a n d m a t t e r
w a y b a c k i n J a n u a r y .
O t e p k a r e p l i e d , i n m o d e r a t e t o n e , t h a t h e h a d a n s w e r e d t h e B e l i s l e
q u e r y w i t h i n s e v e n d a y s a n d a t t a c h e d a c o p y o f h i s m e m o t o p r o v e i t
.
H e a l s o r e m i n d e d Re i l l y t h a t Cl e v e l a n d h a d b e e n c l e a r e d b y Se c r e t a r y
Ru s k o n Au g u s t 1 1 , 1 9 61 ( h e r e f r a i n e d f r o m m e n t i o n i n g t h a t i t w a s o n
a b a c k - d a t e d w a i v e r ) , a n d n o f u r t h e r c l e a r a n c e w a s n o w c a l l e d f o r
. H e
s a i d h e w o u l d b e h a p p y t o e x p l a i n w h y h e h a d k e p t Cl e v e l a n d ' s s e c u r i t y
f i l e . B u t Re i l l y n e v e r a s k e d h i m
. In s t e a d , h e c u r t l y d e m a n d e d t h a t
O t e p k a s u r r e n d e r t h e Cl e v e l a n d f i l e t o h i m .
T H ESAM EDAY REILLY ISSUEDH ISB UM B LING REP RIM ANDO FO T EP KA
f o r t h e " n o n c l e a r a n c e " o f H a r l a n Cl e v e l a n d , t h e r e c u l m i n a t e d a s t r a n g e
s e r i e s o f i n c i d e n t s t h a t w e r e l a t e r t o f i g u r e p r o m i n e n t l y i n t h e o f f i c i a l
c h a r g e s a g a i n s t t h e d e p o s e d s e c u r i t y c h i e f .
M a n y m o n t h s e a r l i e r , P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y h a d a s k e d t h e St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t t o l o o k i n t o a r e p o r t t h a t La t i n Am e r i c a n Co m m u n i s t s h a d i n f i l -
t r a t e d t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n o f Am e r i c a n St a t e s a n d o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l
a g e n c i e s m a i n t a i n i n g o f f i c e s i n W a s h i n g t o n . T h e d e p a r t m e n t p l a y e d
h i d e - a n d - s e e k w i t h t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s r e q u e s t f o r w e e k s o n e n d . Fi n a l l y , i n
l a t e Ap r i l , a m e e t i n g w a s c a l l e d b y St a t e ' s B u r e a u o f In t e r - Am e r i c a n
Af f a i r s t o d i s c u s s t h e n e x t s t e p
. T h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y w a s r e p r e s e n t e d
b y J o h n No o n a n , m a j o r d o m o o f t h e f i l e r o o m .
No o n e b o t h e r e d t o n o t i f y O t e p k a o f t h i s m e e t i n g , b u t e a r l y i n M a y ,
B e l i s l e g a v e h i m a c o p y o f No o n a n ' s r e p o r t . O t e p k a d i s c o v e r e d t h a t
No o n a n h a d c o m m i t t e d h i m a n d t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n t o c o n d u c t t h e
i n v e s t i g a t i o n , w h i c h , a s w e s h a l l s e e i n a l a t e r c h a p t e r , w a s m e r e l y a n
e m p t y m a k e - w o r k a s s i g n m e n t .
At t a c h e d t o t h e No o n a n r e p o r t w e r e t h r e e o t h e r d o c u m e n t s . O n e w a s
a c o n f i d e n t i a l m e m o r a n d u m t o W h i t e H o u s e a i d e M c G e o r g e B u n d y . It
h a d b e e n p r e p a r e d b y G e o r g e N. M o n s m a i n In t e r - Am e r i c a n Af f a i r s a n d
2 65
2 6 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
w a s s i g n e d b y o n e J . T . Ro g e r s f o r W i l l i a m H
. B r u b e c k , a n a i d e t o De a n
Ru s k .
W h e n B e l i s l e t u r n e d o v e r t h e m a t e r i a l t o h i m , O t e p k a p l a c e d o n e o f
h i s e v a l u a t o r s , J o s e p h Sa b i n , i n c h a r g e o f t h e p r o j e c t
. H e a l s o d i r e c t e d
Ra y m o n d Le v y , a n o t h e r e v a l u a t o r , t o p r e p a r e a m e m o f o r B e l i s l e d e -
s c r i b i n g t h e p l a n n e d
m o d u s o p e r a n d i .
X e r o x o r T h e r m o f a x c o p i e s o f a l l t h e p e r t i n e n t d o c u m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g
t h e m e m o t o t h e W h i t e H o u s e , w e r e m a d e f o r t h e g u i d a n c e o f SY p e o p l e
t a k i n g p a r t i n t h e i n q u i r y . Le v y , Sa b i n a n d a n e v a l u a t o r n a m e d No r m a n
Do e a l l g o t c o p i e s , f o r w h i c h t h e y w e r e h e l d a c c o u n t a b l e
. So d i d T r a -
b a n d , Ra y Lo u g h t o n a n d Ca r l B o c k , t h r e e s u p e r v i s o r s s e r v i n g u n d e r
O t e p k a .
T h e s e c o n d w e e k i n J u n e , J o e Sa b i n c o m p l a i n e d t o O t e p k a ' s s e c r e t a r y ,
M r s . Eu n i c e P o w e r s , t h a t h i s c o p i e s w e r e i l l e g i b l e a n d a s k e d f o r s u b s t i -
t u t e s . M r s . P o w e r s c a l l e d M o n s m a i n In t e r - Am e r i c a n Af f a i r s a n d h e
p e r s o n a l l y b r o u g h t h e r h i s c o p i e s t o b e r e p r o d u c e d f o r Sa b i n
.
At t h i s p o i n t , t h e b u r n - b a g b r i g a d e ' s a c c o m p l i c e , J o y c e Sc h m e l z e r ,
c a m e i n t o t h e p i c t u r e
. Ch e e r f u l l y , s h e v o l u n t e e r e d t o m a k e c o p i e s f r o m
M o n s m a ' s m e m o
. W h e n t h e m a c h i n e c o p i e s s t i l l t u r n e d o u t i n d i s t i n c t ,
s h e g r a c i o u s l y o f f e r e d t o t y p e t h e w h o l e s e t . O n M o n d a y , J u n e 1 7 , J o y c e
g a v e M r s . P o w e r s t h e t y p e d p a g e s s h e h a d f i n i s h e d
. B u t s h e s t i l l h a d m o r e
t o d o .
T h e n e x t m o r n i n g , J u n e 1 8 , M r s
. P o w e r s c a m e t o w o r k l i m p i n g b a d l y .
Sh e h a d t w i s t e d h e r a n k l e a n d b y n o o n h e r w h o l e f o o t w a s p a i n f u l l y
s w o l l e n . O t e p k a s e n t h e r t o t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t d i s p e n s a r y w h e r e a
n u r s e a d v i s e d h e r t o h a v e t h e f o o t X - r a y e d i m m e d i a t e l y
. At 2 : 3 0 p . m
.
O t e p k a a n d J a c k No r p e l g o t a w h e e l c h a i r f r o m t h e d i s p e n s a r y , t o o k M r s
.
P o w e r s d o w n t o t h e g a r a g e u n d e r t h e b u i l d i n g , a n d d r o v e h e r t o Si b l e y
H o s p i t a l .
B e f o r e l e a v i n g t h e o f f i c e , h o w e v e r , t h e c o n s c i e n t i o u s M r s
. P o w e r s
a s k e d J o y c e Sc h m e l z e r t o r e t u r n t h e B u n d y m e m o a n d o t h e r m a t e r i a l t o
M o n s m a a s s o o n a s s h e h a d f i n i s h e d t y p i n g i t . W h e n t h e X - r a y s t a k e n
a t t h e h o s p i t a l r e v e a l e d a f r a c t u r e d b o n e i n M r s . P o w e r s ' f o o t , s h e w a s
t a k e n h o m e a n d d i d n o t r e t u r n t o w o r k u n t i l t h e f o l l o w i n g M o n d a y , J u n e
2 4 .
W h i l e M r s . P o w e r s w a s g o n e , M r s . Sc h m e l z e r h a d f r e e a c c e s s t o
O t e p k a ' s o f f i c e a n d t o t h e s a f e w h e r e h e s t o r e d h i s c u r r e n t w o r k
. T h i s s a f e
c o n t a i n e d t h e i l l e g i b l e c o p i e s o f t h e La t i n Am e r i c a n p r o j e c t m a t e r i a l s h e
h a d d u p l i c a t e d e a r l i e r . Id e n t i c a l c o p i e s l a t e r t u r n e d u p i n t h e e x h i b i t s
FRAM E- UP

2 6 7
a c c o m p a n y i n g t h e s t a t e m e n t o f c h a r g e s a g a i n s t O t e p k a . T h e y h a d a l -
l e g e d l y b e e n f o u n d - w i t h t h e i r c l a s s i f i e d l a b e l s n e a t l y c l i p p e d o f f i n a
b u r n b a g Re i l l y ' s s c a v e n g e r s p r o d u c e d . O t e p k a l a t e r c h a r g e d ( a n d t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t n e v e r r e f u t e d h i m ) t h a t t h e s e d o c u m e n t s h a d b e e n
p l a n t e d i n h i s b u r n b a g a s p a r t o f a d e l i b e r a t e f r a m e - u p .
Si g n i f i c a n t l y , e i g h t o f t h e t h i r t e e n o f f i c i a l c h a r g e s a c c u s e d O t e p k a o f
" d e - c l a s s i f y i n g " t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r d o c u m e n t s o n J u n e 1 8 - t h e d a y h e
d r o v e M r s . P o w e r s t o t h e h o s p i t a l . B u t n o m e n t i o n w a s m a d e o f w h o
d e l i v e r e d t h e m t o t h e b u r n - b a g b a g s u r v e i l l a n c e t e a m , a l t h o u g h J o y c e
Sc h m e l z e r w a s s p e c i f i c a l l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h s e v e r a l o t h e r d e l i v e r i e s .
Co i n c i d e n t a l l y , t h e v e r y n e x t d a y a f t e r t h e " m u t i l a t e d " d o c u m e n t s
m y s t e r i o u s l y p o p p e d u p i n O t e p k a ' s b u r n b a g , f o u r m e m b e r s o f Re i l l y ' s
s h i l l e l a g h s q u a d t r o o p e d u p t o Ca p i t o l H i l l t o a n s w e r a n u r g e n t s u m m o n s
f r o m t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e
. T h e y w e r e J o e Ro s e t t i ,
Ro b e r t M c Ca r t h y , T e r e n c e Sh e a a n d Fr e d T r a b a n d
. El m e r H i l l w a s
s u p p o s e d t o g o t o o , b u t a s J o h n Le a h y , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a t t o r n e y
w h o a c c o m p a n i e d t h e m , e x p l a i n e d , " M r . H i l l i s o u t o f t o w n a n d o u t o f
t h e c o u n t r y
. " ' T h e b o y s h a d a l r e a d y g u e s s e d t h a t t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
w a n t e d t o q u i z t h e m o n t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e o f O t e p k a , w h i c h b y t h e n w a s
a m a t t e r o f c o m m o n k n o w l e d g e i n W a s h i n g t o n , t h o u g h t h e d e t a i l s w e r e
s t i l l o b s c u r e .
Se n a t o r Ed w a r d M o o r e Ke n n e d y , a m e m b e r o f t h e p a r e n t J u d i c i a r y
Co m m i t t e e b u t n o t o f t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e , w a s o n h a n d t o p r o v i d e a l i t t l e
m o r a l p r o t e c t i o n f o r h i s M a s s a c h u s e t t s c o n s t i t u t e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r
b r o t h e r J a c k ' s o l d a i d e Ro s e t t i . It w a s a n u n u s u a l b u t r e v e a l i n g a p p e a r -
a n c e , a n d t h e o n l y t i m e T e d Ke n n e d y e v e r s h o w e d u p a t a n y o f t h e
O t e p k a c a s e h e a r i n g s .
T r a b a n d w a s t h e f i r s t o n t h e s t a n d , a n d t h e f i r s t t o p e r j u r e h i m s e l f . A
m i n u t e o r t w o a f t e r t a k i n g t h e s o l e m n o a t h , h e d e n i e d h a v i n g a n y p a r t
i n t h e " p h y s i c a l s u r v e i l l a n c e " o f O t e p k a . At t h i s p o i n t , Co u n s e l So u r w i n e
d e t o n a t e d h i s b i g g e s t b o m b s h e l l t o d a t e . " Do y o u h a v e a n y k n o w l e d g e o f
a n y e l e c t r o n i c s u r v e i l l a n c e o f M r . O t e p k a o r o f h i s o f f i c e , o r h i s t e l e p h o n e
c a l l s ? " So u r w i n e a s k e d . " No , s i r , " r e p l i e d t h e s u r p r i s e d T r a b a n d , " Ab s o -
l u t e l y n o t . "
T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t h i n t t h a t t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w a s o n t o t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t ' s i l l e g a l w i r e t a p p i n g g a m e . It m u s t h a v e c o m e a s q u i t e a
s h o c k . In f a c t , t h e r e v e l a t i o n s h o o k T r a b a n d s o b a d l y t h a t a m o m e n t l a t e r
h e w a s s p i l l i n g t h e b e a n s , o r a f e w o f t h e m a t l e a s t , a b o u t t h e b u r n - b a g
b r i g a d e . H o w e v e r , h e s a i d h e h a d " n o k n o w l e d g e o f w h a t w a s f o u n d " i n
2 68

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
t h e o n e b u r n b a g h e a d m i t t e d r e p o r t i n g t o Re i l l y ' s o t h e r h e n c h m e n , a n d
h e c o u l d n ' t r i g h t l y s a y " w h o e x a m i n e d i t . " *
T e r r y Sh e a t o o k h i s c u e f r o m T r a b a n d . H e t o o a d m i t t e d a r o l e i n t h e
b u r n - b a g d e t a i l . W h e n So u r w i n e p r e s s e d h i m , Sh e a s a i d Re i l l y h a d g i v e n
h i m t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t h e w a s t o l o o k " f o r a n y t h i n g t r a n s m i t t i n g i n f o r -
m a t i o n i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s c o m m i t t e e . " ' An o t h e r y e l p i n g c a t w a s
n o w o u t o f t h e b a g a n d t h e h a n d s o m e T e d d y Ke n n e d y , s i t t i n g p l a c i d l y
n e x t t o Se n a t o r Do d d , m u s t h a v e i n w a r d l y s q u i r m e d .
Sh e a c o u l d n ' t r e c a l l a n y o t h e r i n s t a n c e w h e r e a St a t e De p a r t m e n t
o f f i c i a l ' s b u r n b a g h a d b e e n s e a c h e d s i n c e h e h a d s h i f t e d o v e r f r o m NSA
n e a r l y a y e a r b e f o r e . O t e p k a , o b v i o u s l y , w a s t h e o n l y m a n i n t h e De p a r t -
m e n t u n d e r s u s p i c i o n f o r l e a k i n g i n f o r m a t i o n , a l t h o u g h a c u r s o r y s c a n -
n i n g o f t h e Ne w Y o r k
T i m e s
i n a n y g i v e n w e e k w o u l d h a v e r e v e a l e d o n e
o r m o r e s u c h l e a k s , l e a k s t h a t w e r e o f t e n i n j u r i o u s t o t h e n a t i o n a l
s e c u r i t y .
B e f o r e h e w a s d o n e , Sh e a l e t a n o t h e r l i t t l e k i t t e n e s c a p e f r o m t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t ' s b a g o f t r i c k s . H e d e n i e d e v e r s e a r c h i n g O t e p k a ' s o f f i c e
a f t e r h o u r s , b u t h e d i d a d m i t t h a t h e k n e w Re i l l y h a d p e r s o n a l l y s e a r c h e d
O t e p k a ' s f i l e s a n d s a f e . O n t h e w h o l e , Sh e a ' s t e s t i m o n y h a d b e e n r e f r e s h -
i n g l y s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d .
J o e Ro s e t t i w a s n e x t . H e w a s s o u p s e t t h a t w h e n So u r w i n e a s k e d h i m
w h a t h e k n e w a b o u t t a p p i n g t e l e p h o n e s i n SY h e p l e a d e d , " Ex c u s e m e
.
Ia m a l i t t l e n e r v o u s . " Do d d , c o n s c i o u s o f t h e Ke n n e d y p r e s e n c e , h a s -
t e n e d t o r e a s s u r e h i m : " Do n ' t b e n e r v o u s . T h i s i s n o t a h o s t i l e h e a r i n g . "
3
Ro s e t t i w a s n o t s o n e r v o u s t h a t h e c o u l d n ' t l i e , h o w e v e r . H e s o l e m n l y
s w o r e t h a t SY n e v e r b r o k e i n t o i t s e m p l o y e e s ' s a f e s u n d e r a n y c i r c u m -
s t a n c e s . An d w i t h a p i o u s s h a k i n g o f h i s h e a d h e t o l d t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e :
" W e d o n o t c o n d o n e a n y m o n i t o r i n g o f p h o n e s o r a n y t h i n g o f t h a t
n a t u r e . "
So u r w i n e k e p t b o r i n g i n o n t h e s a f e c r a c k i n g j o b . Ro s e t t i h a d a l r e a d y
e s t a b l i s h e d t h e f a c t t h a t h e w a s Ch i e f o f t h e Do m e s t i c Se c u r i t y Di v i s i o n ,
b u t So u r w i n e w a s c u r i o u s i f h e k n e w w h a t r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w e n t w i t h t h e
j o b .
In c r e d i b l y , T e d Ke n n e d y i n t e r r u p t e d t o a s k : " Do e s h e h a v e t h e
c o m p e t e n c y t o k n o w t h a t ? Ij u s t d i d n o t k n o w w h e t h e r t h e w i t n e s s
u n d e r s t a n d s t h e f u l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e Di v i s i o n Ch i e f . M a y b e h e
* T r a b a n d ' s m u c h m o r e e x t e n s i v e r o l e i n t h e b u r n - b a g s u r v e i l l a n c e w a s l a t e r a d m i t t e d b y
t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t . T h e s t a t e m e n t o f c h a r g e s f i l e d a g a i n s t O t e p k a t h r e e m o n t h s h e n c e
w a s t o d e t a i l T r a b a n d ' s p a r t a n d t h e f a c t t h a t h e w a s p r e s e n t w h e n t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e b a g
w e r e e x a m i n e d .
FRAM E- UP

2 69
d o e s , b u t
I
j u s t w a n t t o k n o w t h a t , i f h e d o e s k n o w a n d u n d e r s t a n d w h a t
t h o s e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a r e o r n o t
. " '
" Y e s , s i r , " So u r w i n e n o d d e d
. T h e n , t u r n i n g t o Ro s e t t i a g a i n h e a s k e d :
" Y o u a r e a Di v i s i o n Ch i e f ? " Ro s e t t i r e p e a t e d t h a t h e w a s . T h e n h e w e n t
o n w i t h m o r e d e n i a l s a b o u t a n y k n o w l e d g e o f t h e t a p s o n O t e p k a ' s
t e l e p h o n e
.
Ro b e r t M c Ca r t h y ' s t e s t i m o n y c e n t e r e d o n h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h El m e r
H i l l i n l e t t i n g c o n t r a c t s f o r e l e c t r o n i c s r e s e a r c h a n d o n t h e W i e l a n d c a s e
.
M c Ca r t h y h a d t h e g a l l t o s a y t h a t a f t e r r e a d i n g O t e p k a ' s e v a l u a t i o n o f
W i e l a n d a n d t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e h e a r i n g s h e c o u l d n o t s e e w h e r e
W i e l a n d h a d " s l a n t e d " a n y o f h i s r e p o r t s o n Fi d e l Ca s t r o
. '
Fo r a t r o u p e o f a m a t e u r s , i t w a s q u i t e a v i r t u o s o p e r f o r m a n c e
. H a d t h e
f o u r a c t o r s c o n c e a l e d t h e i r o b v i o u s s t a g e f r i g h t a b i t b e t t e r , i t m i g h t e v e n
h a v e b e e n a c o n v i n c i n g o n e
.
H o w e v e r , i f t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e h o p e d t o f r i g h t e n De a n Ru s k f r o m
t a k i n g f u r t h e r a c t i o n a g a i n s t O t e p k a b y r e v e a l i n g t h a t i t w a s a w a r e o f t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s i l l e g a l w i r e t a p p i n g , t h e Se n a t o r s g r o s s l y u n d e r -
e s t i m a t e d t h e i r m a n
. Ru s k w a s f u l l y p r e p a r e d t o d e f y t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
a n d t h e w h o l e Un i t e d St a t e s Se n a t e i f n e c e s s a r y
. J o h n Re i l l y m u s t h a v e
k n o w n t h i s , o r s e n s e d i t
. If h e h a d n o t b e e n e n t i r e l y c o n f i d e n t t h a t h e h a d
t h e b a c k i n g o f Ru s k , a n d b e h i n d Ru s k t h e s h a d o w y p o w e r o f B o b b y
Ke n n e d y , h e n e v e r w o u l d h a v e f l o w n i n t h e f a c e o f t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m -
m i t t e e a s h e d i d j u s t e i g h t d a y s l a t e r .
O t e p k a s e n s e d , t o o , t h a t t h e d r a m a w a s b u i l d i n g t o a c l i m a x . O n t h e
a f t e r n o o n o f J u n e 2 5 h e s t o p p e d b y t h e d e s k o f J o s e p h Sa b i n t o s e e h o w
Sa b i n w a s c o m i n g w i t h t h e La t i n Am e r i c a n p r o j e c t
. O t e p k a s p o t t e d a f i l e
o n Sa b i n ' s d e s k t h a t h a d n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h t h a t j o b
. It w a s t h e s e c u r i t y
f i l e o f o n e Se y m o u r J a n o w , a f i l e w h i c h Re i l l y h a d i n s i s t e d O t e p k a
s u r r e n d e r t o h i m a w e e k e a r l i e r .
Se y m o u r J u d s o n J a n o w w a s o n e o f t h e o f f i c i a l s O t e p k a h a d b e e n
w a t c h i n g f o r s o m e t i m e
. H e w a s a s s i s t a n t a d m i n i s t r a t o r o f AIDf o r t h e
Fa r Ea s t a n d a s s u c h s u p e r v i s e d t h e e x p e n d i t u r e o f h u n d r e d s o f m i l l i o n s
o f d o l l a r s i n U
. S. f u n d s i n t h e O r i e n t . J a n o w h a d b e e n u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n
f o r a p o s s i b l e c o n f l i c t - o f - i n t e r e s t c a s e a l l e g e d l y i n v o l v i n g a c o n s u l t i n g
c o m p a n y h e h a d c o n t r o l l e d i n J a p a n j u s t p r i o r t o j o i n i n g AID. H e h a d
o s t e n s i b l y d i v e s t e d h i m s e l f o f h i s h o l d i n g s i n t h e c o m p a n y , Un i t e d St a t e s
Co n s u l t a n t s , In c
. , b e c a u s e i t w a s a l r e a d y d o i n g c o n t r a c t w o r k f o r AID.
H e t o o k c a r e , h o w e v e r , t o k e e p t h e h o l d i n g s i n t h e f a m i l y b y s e l l i n g o u t
t o a b r o t h e r - i n - l a w
.
2 7 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
B o r n i n Ne w Y o r k , J a n o w h a d m o v e d t o Ca l i f o r n i a w i t h h i s f a m i l y
w h e n h e w a s 1 2 a n d h a d a t t e n d e d t h e Un i v e r s i t y o f Ca l i f o r n i a , b o t h a t
B e r k e l e y a n d Lo s An g e l e s . T h e r e w e r e a l l e g a t i o n s t h a t h e h a d b e e n
a c t i v e i n Co m m u n i s t y o u t h o r g a n i z a t i o n s o n b o t h c a m p u s e s , b u t J a n o w
l a t e r d e n i e d t h i s u n d e r o a t h
. " Du r i n g W o r l d W a r IIJ a n o w w o u n d u p i n
Ch i n a a s a c i v i l i a n c o n s u l t a n t t o G e n e r a l Cl a i r e Ch e n n a u l t , c o m m a n d e r
o f t h e f a m e d 1 4 t h Ai r Fo r c e " Fl y i n g T i g e r s
. " H i s j o b i n c l u d e d c e r t a i n
In t e l l i g e n c e c h o r e s a n d h e s p e n t t h e l a s t f e w m o n t h s o f t h e w a r i n
Ch u n g k i n g w h e r e t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s Ch i n a c a b a l w a s b u s y s l i t t i n g
Ch i a n g Ka i - s h e k ' s p o l i t i c a l t h r o a t . It w a s i n Ch i n a t h a t J a n o w f i r s t m e t
Fo w l e r H a m i l t o n , w h o i n t h e 1 9 60 ' s b e c a m e t h e h e a d o f AID
.
Af t e r t h e w a r , J a n o w d r i f t e d t o J a p a n w h e r e h e w o r k e d , s t i l l a s a
c i v i l i a n , f o r t h e Su p r e m e Al l i e d Co m m a n d P a c i f i c ( SCAP )
. H e r e s i g n e d
f r o m SCAP e a r l y i n 1 9 4 9 w h i l e u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n b y Ar m y In t e l l i g e n c e
b u t h e s w o r e i n 1 9 63 t h a t h e h a d n o t k n o w n u n t i l t h e n t h a t a n Ar m y
i n q u i r y b o a r d h a d d e c l a r e d h i m a s e c u r i t y r i s k
. * H e s a i d t h a t a t t h e t i m e
h e h a d a s k e d h i s a t t o r n e y i n Ne w Y o r k , Fo w l e r H a m i l t o n , t o f i n d o u t
w h y h e w a s b e i n g i n v e s t i g a t e d , b u t H a m i l t o n r e p l i e d t h a t h e w a s u n a b l e
t o d e t e r m i n e t h e b a s i s f o r t h e c a s e .
J a n o w s p e n t t h e n e x t d o z e n y e a r s i n T o k y o , e v e n t u a l l y g e t t i n g c o n t r o l
o f t h e c o n s u l t i n g f i r m h e j o i n e d i n 1 9 4 9 . T h e r e w a r d s , f o r J a n o w a t l e a s t ,
w e r e h a n d s o m e . H e w o u n d u p p a y i n g h i m s e l f a s a l a r y o f $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 a y e a r
w h i l e t h e J a p a n e s e e n g i n e e r s a n d o t h e r n a t i v e h e l p m a d e d o w i t h m e r e
p i t t a n c e s .
It w a s a t o u g h d e c i s i o n t o g i v e u p h i s l u c r a t i v e T o k y o c o m p a n y w h e n
Fo w l e r H a m i l t o n , w h o h a d b e e n d o i n g l e g a l c h o r e s f o r h i s f i r m , a s k e d
J a n o w t o j o i n AIDr i g h t a f t e r t h e 1 9 60 e l e c t i o n
. B u t Se y m o u r J a n o w ' s
p a t r i o t i s m g o t t h e b e t t e r o f h i m , a n d h e a g r e e d t o s i g n o n t h e g o v e r n m e n t
p a y r o l l a t w h a t c a n o n l y b e d e s c r i b e d a s a g r e a t p e r s o n a l a n d f i n a n c i a l
s a c r i f i c e . Un f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y ,
w h i c h h a d j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r AIDp r e s i d e n t i a l a p p o i n t e e s w h o h a d t o b e
c o n f i r m e d b y t h e Se n a t e , d i d n o t a t f i r s t s h o w t h e p r o p e r g r a t i t u d e
. In
f a c t , O t e p k a o b d u r a t e l y r e f u s e d t o i s s u e J a n o w a c l e a r a n c e
.
T h e o l d a l l e g a t i o n s , w h i c h h a d p r o m p t e d t h e Ar m y i n q u i r y b o a r d t o
d e c i d e J a n o w w a s a s e c u r i t y r i s k , w e r e b u t o n e o f t h e s k e l e t o n s i n J a n o w ' s
b a c k g r o u n d t h a t O t e p k a f e l t u n e a s y a b o u t
. T h e r e w a s a m u c h m o r e
r e c e n t r e c o r d h e w a s . a n x i o u s t o g e t
. It s e e m s t h e U. S. Ar m y h a d a n o t h e r
i n v e s t i g a t i o n p e n d i n g o n Se y m o u r J a n o w j u s t t h e n . It h a d n o t h i n g t o d o
* T h e Ar m y i n q u i r y b o a r d w a s o v e r r u l e d b y t h e Se c r e t a r y o f t h e Ar m y o n J u l y 1 3 , 1 9 4 9 ,
a f t e r J a n o w h a d l e f t SCAR
FRAM E- UP

2 7 1
w i t h s e c u r i t y , b u t i t d i d c o n c e r n t h e p o s s i b l e i n v o l v e m e n t o f J a n o w ' s
c o m p a n y i n a n a l l e g e d i l l e g a l b u s i n e s s v e n t u r e
. O t e p k a i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e
Ar m y i n v e s t i g a t i o n b e c o m p l e t e d b e f o r e J a n o w ' s n a m e w a s s u b m i t t e d t o
t h e Se n a t e .
M o r e t h a n a y e a r w e n t b y a n d t h e Ar m y i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s s t i l l g o i n g
o n . J a n o w a n d Fo w l e r H a m i l t o n b e c a m e i m p a t i e n t . H a m i l t o n t o o k i t
u p o n h i m s e l f t o " c l e a r " h i s o l d c l i e n t a n d s e n t h i s e n d o r s e m e n t o v e r t o
t h e W h i t e H o u s e . Ra l p h Du n g a n , a s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n t t o P r e s i d e n t
Ke n n e d y , s e c o n d e d H a m i l t o n ' s " c l e a r a n c e " a n d t h e Se n a t e , u n d e r t h e
m i s a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t Se y m o u r J a n o w h a d b e e n c l e a r e d t h r o u g h n o r m a l
SY c h a n n e l s , c o n f i r m e d h i s a p p o i n t m e n t . '
O t e p k a k n e w t h a t t h e FB Ih a d r e p o r t e d t h a t i t h a d n o t b e e n a b l e t o
c o m p l e t e t h e J a n o w i n v e s t i g a t i o n b e c a u s e n o r e p o r t h a d a s y e t c o m e i n
f r o m t h e Ar m y . T h i s , i n i t s e l f , m a d e J a n o w ' s " c l e a r a n c e " i l l e g a l
. M o r e -
o v e r , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s c e r t i f i c a t i o n t o t h e Se n a t e t h a t t h e i n v e s t i -
g a t i o n w a s c o m p l e t e w a s p a t e n t l y f r a u d u l e n t
. T h e r e w a s n ' t m u c h O t e p k a
c o u l d d o a b o u t i t , b u t h e k e p t t h e J a n o w f i l e l o c k e d u p i n h i s s a f e , h o p i n g
t h a t h e c o u l d s t i l l g e t t h e m i s s i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e Ar m y i n J a p a n
s o t h e c a s e c o u l d b e r e o p e n e d .
La t e i n M a y a n e w s p a p e r s t o r y h i n t e d t h a t a " h i g h o f f i c i a l " o f AIDw a s
u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n a c o n f l i c t - o f - i n t e r e s t c a s e
. It a l s o m e n t i o n e d t h a t
t h e u n n a m e d o f f i c i a l w a s " a l e a d i n g a d v o c a t e " o f s h i p p i n g Am e r i c a ' s
s u r p l u s f o o d s t o c k s t o Co m m u n i s t Ch i n a . 8 Re i l l y a p p a r e n t l y p u t t w o a n d
t w o t o g e t h e r a n d c a m e u p w i t h f i v e . H e c o r r e c t l y r e c o g n i z e d t h e a n o n y -
m o u s o f f i c i a l a s Se y m o u r J a n o w ; b u t f r o m t h e r e h i s a d d i t i o n w e n t h a y -
w i r e : h e d e d u c e d t h a t O t e p k a h a d g i v e n t h e s t o r y t o t h e p r e s s
. Ir o n i c a l l y ,
O t e p k a d i d n o t e v e n k n o w a n y n e w s m e n v e r y w e l l a t t h e t i m e , a n d h e
h a d n e v e r b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r l e a k i n g i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e m
.
W h e n O t e p k a d i s c o v e r e d J o s e p h Sa b i n w o r k i n g o n t h e J a n o w f i l e
i n s t e a d o f h i s a s s i g n e d c h o r e , h e n a t u r a l l y a s k e d w h a t h e w a s d o i n g
.
Sa b i n r e p l i e d t h a t Re i l l y h a d p e r s o n a l l y i n s t r u c t e d h i m t o e v a l u a t e t h e
c a s e . O t e p k a , u s e d t o b e i n g b y p a s s e d b y Re i l l y , m e r e l y n o d d e d a n d w e n t
o n a b o u t h i s b u s i n e s s
. H o w e v e r , t h e n e x t d a y h e p a u s e d a g a i n a t Sa b i n ' s
d e s k a n d t h i s t i m e h e s a w t h a t Sa b i n w a s i n s e r t i n g s o m e n e w p a p e r s i n
t h e J a n o w f i l e t h a t r e f e r r e d t o h i m . M y s t i f i e d , O t e p k a i n q u i r e d a s t o
e x a c t l y w h a t Sa b i n w a s s u p p o s e d t o b e e v a l u a t i n g i n t h e J a n o w c a s e
.
Sa b i n ' s a n s w e r w a s t h a t h e d i d n o t k n o w
. It s t r u c k O t e p k a t h a t t h i s w a s
a p r e t t y f i s h y r e p l y f r o m a n i n t e l l i g e n t s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r a n d h e t o l d Sa b i n
t h a t h e w a s g o i n g t o h a v e a l o o k a t t h e n e w p a p e r s h i m s e l f
.
B a c k i n h i s o w n o f f i c e O t e p k a g l a n c e d o v e r t h e d o c u m e n t a n d i m m e d i -
2 7 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
a t e l y s a w t h a t Sa b i n h a d b e e n w o r k i n g o n a c h r o n o l o g y o f h i s h a n d l i n g
o f t h e c a s e . T h e c h r o n o l o g y m a d e i t a p p e a r t h a t O t e p k a h a d b e e n d i l a -
t o r y , i f n o t d e l i n q u e n t , i n h i s d u t y . O n e i t e m t h a t p u r p o r t e d t o p r o v e t h i s
w a s e n t i r e l y f r a u d u l e n t , a n d O t e p k a u n d e r s t o o d a t o n c e t h a t Re i l l y w a s
a t t e m p t i n g t o t r u m p u p a c a s e a g a i n s t h i m . H e h a n d e d t h e d o c u m e n t t o
M r s . P o w e r s a n d a s k e d h e r t o r u n o f f a c o p y o n t h e T h e r m o f a x m a c h i n e .
O t e p k a w a s s t i l l a t h i s d e s k w h e n a m o m e n t l a t e r Re i l l y p u s h e d b y M r s .
P o w e r s a n d b u r s t i n t o h i s o f f i c e . H i s f a c e w a s l i v i d w i t h r a g e a n d h i s h a n d
t r e m b l e d a s h e p o i n t e d a n a c c u s i n g f i n g e r a t O t e p k a . In a v o i c e c r o a k i n g
w i t h a n g e r , Re i l l y s h o u t e d
: " W h e n Ia s s i g n a c a s e t o a m e m b e r o f y o u r
s t a f f Id o n o t e x p e c t y o u t o i n t e r f e r e ! "
O t e p k a , h a v i n g b e c o m e a c c u s t o m e d t o Re i l l y ' s m e r c u r i a l t e m p e r a -
m e n t , s i m p l y r e p l i e d ,
" Y e s , s i r . " T h e n Re i l l y a c c u s e d h i m o f t a k i n g t h e
c h r o n o l o g y f r o m Sa b i n
. " Y o u t o o k i t ! " h e a l m o s t s c r e a m e d
. " W h e r e i s
i t ? Do y o u h a v e i t i n y o u r p o s s e s s i o n ? "
O t e p k a a c k n o w l e d g e d t h a t h e h a d t h e d o c u m e n t . " G i v e i t t o m e ! "
Re i l l y y e l l e d . " Id e m a n d t h a t y o u t u r n i t o v e r a t o n c e . "
Ro u n d i n g h i s d e s k , O t e p k a s t a r t e d f o r t h e o u t e r o f f i c e t o r e t r i e v e t h e
p a p e r s f r o m M r s
. P o w e r s . Re i l l y , a l m o s t a s b i g a m a n a s O t e p k a b u t
c l e a r l y n o m a t c h f o r h i m p h y s i c a l l y , s t o p p e d h i m . Fo r o n e f l e e t i n g s e c o n d
O t e p k a t h o u g h t t h a t t h e De p u t y As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e f o r Se c u r i t y
w a s g o i n g t o s t r i k e h i m
. B u t Re i l l y , f o r o n c e d e c i d i n g t h a t d i s c r e t i o n
m i g h t b e t h e b e t t e r p a r t o f v a l o r , o n l y d e m a n d e d i n a s o m e w h a t m o r e
s u b d u e d v o i c e i f O t e p k a h a d m a d e a n y c o p i e s o f t h e c h r o n o l o g y . Co o l l y ,
O t e p k a s a i d h e d i d n o t t h i n k c o p i e s h a d b e e n m a d e a s y e t t h o u g h h e
i n t e n d e d t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e
. H e t h e n w e n t o u t a n d g o t t h e p a p e r s b a c k
f r o m M r s . P o w e r s .
As O t e p k a s t e p p e d b a c k i n t o h i s o f f i c e , Re i l l y s n a t c h e d t h e d o c u m e n t
f r o m h i m a n d s t o r m e d o f f w i t h o u t a n o t h e r w o r d . H o p i n g t o g e t a n e x p l a -
n a t i o n , O t e p k a w e n t i n s e a r c h o f Sa b i n
. T h e e v a l u a t o r w a s n o t a t h i s d e s k ,
b u t a s e c o n d l a t e r h e c a m e i n t h e d o o r . O t e p k a i n q u i r e d i f h e w a s j u s t
g e t t i n g b a c k f r o m Re i l l y ' s o f f i c e . Sa b i n s h r u g g e d a n d a d m i t t e d t h a t h e
h a d b e e n t h e r e . B u t w h e n a s k e d i f h e h a d t o l d Re i l l y t h a t O t e p k a h a d
t a k e n t h e c h r o n o l o g y , Sa b i n d e n i e d i t . O t e p k a s h o o k h i s h e a d a n d r e -
t u r n e d t o h i s o w n o f f i c e
.
If Sa b i n h a d t o l d t h e t r u t h , h e c o n c l u d e d , i t c o u l d o n l y m e a n t h a t t h e
l i s t e n i n g d e v i c e St a n l e y H o l d e n h a d w a r n e d h i m a b o u t s i x w e e k s e a r l i e r
w a s s t i l l i n o p e r a t i o n
. So m e o n e m a y h a v e o v e r h e a r d h i m a s k M r s
. P o w -
e r s t o m a k e a c o p y o f t h e f r a u d u l e n t c h r o n o l o g y . If s o , t h a t m e a n t Re i l l y
a n d h i s m i n i o n s w e r e n o l o n g e r r e l y i n g s o l e l y o n a t a p e r e c o r d e r t o p i c k
FRAM E- UP

2 7 3
u p h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n s ; t h e y h a d t o b e m a n n i n g t h e i r e l e c t r o n i c l i s t e n i n g
p o s t a t a l l t i m e s , a s St a n l e y H o l d e n h a d i n d i c a t e d .
B e f o r e a n o t h e r h o u r w a s o u t , G e o r g e W a r r e n , a Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r
o n Re i l l y ' s s t a f f , s h o w e d u p i n t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n w i t h a v e t e r a n
SY m e s s e n g e r . O t e p k a a n d h i s p e o p l e l o o k e d o n i n a s t o n i s h m e n t a s t h e y
d i s c o n n e c t e d t h e T h e r m o f a x m a c h i n e a n d c a r t e d i t o f f . W a r r e n m e n -
t i o n e d ,
e n p a s s a n t , t h a t t h e m a c h i n e w a s b e i n g r e m o v e d o n Re i l l y ' s
o r d e r s .
Se v e r a l p e o p l e o n O t e p k a ' s s t a f f , a n d a f e w f r o m o u t s i d e h i s d i v i s i o n ,
c o m m i s e r a t e d w i t h h i m t h a t a f t e r n o o n . In v a r i a b l y , t h e y t r i e d t o t e l l h i m
t h a t t h e y w e r e d i s h e a r t e n e d b y t h e b e h a v i o r o f Re i l l y a n d h i s h e n c h m e n
a n d b y t h e d i s r u p t i v e a t m o s p h e r e t h a t h a d p r e v a i l e d n o w f o r t w o - a n d - a -
h a l f y e a r s . B u t O t e p k a c u t t h e m s h o r t . H e s t i l l h a d n o i n t e n t i o n o f
e n c o u r a g i n g t h e p e o p l e u n d e r h i m t o c o m p l a i n a b o u t h i s s u p e r i o r s , r e a l i z -
i n g t h a t t h i s c o u l d o n l y d e s t r o y w h a t l i t t l e w a s l e f t o f t h e i r m o r a l e .
M o r e o v e r , h e d i d n o t w a n t t o s e e t h e m g e t t h e m s e l v e s i n t r o u b l e b y a i r i n g
t h e i r c o m p l a i n t s i n t h e c o n f i n e s o f a n o f f i c e w h e r e e v e n t h e w a l l s h a d e a r s .
At t h e e n d o f t h e d a y , O t e p k a t o o k t h e e l e v a t o r t o t h e u n d e r g r o u n d
g a r a g e u n d e r t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g . H e c o u l d n ' t b e c e r t a i n , - b u t
a s h e d r o v e h i s w h i t e B u i c k Le Sa b r e h o m e t h r o u g h t h e r u s h - h o u r t r a f f i c
h e f e l t t h a t t h i s m i g h t v e r y p o s s i b l y h a v e b e e n t h e l a s t d a y h e w o u l d b e
p e r m i t t e d t o f u n c t i o n a s t h e c h i e f o f SY ' s a l l - i m p o r t a n t Ev a l u a t i o n s
Di v i s i o n
. Un f o r t u n a t e l y , h i s h u n c h p r o v e d c o r r e c t . T h e i n c i d e n t o f t h e
J a n o w f i l e w a s b u t a p r e l u d e t o t h e f i n a l s h o w d o w n t h a t w a s t o t a k e p l a c e
o n t h e m o r r o w .
i
i
IT W ASJ UST FIFT EENM INUT ESB EFO RENO O NO NT H URSDAY , J UNE2 7 ,
1 9 63 w h e n t h e t e l e p h o n e r a n g i n O t t o O t e p k a ' s o f f i c e
. T h e v o i c e o f
M a r i e Ca t u c c i c u r t l y n o t i f i e d h i m t h a t " M r
. Re i l l y w a n t s t o s e e y o u
i m m e d i a t e l y . "
La Ca t u c c i ' s a l m o s t t r i u m p h a n t e m p h a s i s o f t h e l a s t w o r d
h i n t e d t h a t m o m e n t o u s d e v e l o p m e n t s m i g h t b e i n t h e o f f i n g . W i t h a n
a c h i n g s e n s e o f w e a r i n e s s , O t e p k a l i f t e d h i s h e a v y f r a m e f r o m h i s c h a i r
a n d s t a r t e d t o w a r d t h e o f f i c e o f t h e De p u t y As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e
f o r Se c u r i t y .
In t h e r e c e p t i o n r o o m , M r s
. Ca t u c c i , a p r i m s m i l e o n h e r t h i c k l i p s ,
m o t i o n e d O t e p k a t o Re i l l y ' s p r i v a t e o f f i c e w i t h a n e l o q u e n t j e r k o f h e r
h e a d . In s i d e , t h e f l o r i d - f a c e d Re i l l y s a t e x p e c t a n t l y b e h i n d h i s b i g , b r o a d
d e s k . Da v i d B e l i s l e w a s l o u n g i n g i n a c h a i r n e a r b y . Ne i t h e r o f t h e m r o s e
w h e n O t e p k a e n t e r e d .
" I' v e g o t s o m e t h i n g f o r y o u , " Re i l l y r e m a r k e d w i t h a p o m p o u s s n e e r
.
H e h a n d e d O t e p k a a b r i e f , t w o - p a r a g r a p h m e m o r a n d u m . It w a s d a t e d
t h a t d a y a n d a d d r e s s e d t o O t e p k a f r o m Re i l l y
. Ap l a y f u l s m i l e f l i t t e d
a b o u t t h e c o r n e r s o f Re i l l y ' s m o u t h a s h e s u g g e s t e d t h a t O t e p k a r e a d i t .
It t o o k O t e p k a a b o u t a d o z e n s e c o n d s t o t a k e i n t h e f i r s t p a r a g r a p h
:
Ef f e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y , Ia m t e m p o r a r i l y d e t a i l i n g y o u t o d e v o t e
\\\_, w ,

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. \\

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2 7 4
1 1
H IG H NO O N

2 7 5
y o u r f u l l t i m e a n d a t t e n t i o n t o p r e p a r i n g g u i d e l i n e s f o r e v a l u a t o r s
a n d d e v e l o p i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r m e r e l a t i v e t o u p d a t i n g a n d
r e v i e w i n g t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y h a n d b o o k
. Du r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s
t e m p o r a r y d e t a i l y o u a r e r e l i e v e d o f y o u r p r e s e n t o f f i c i a l r e s p o n -
s i b i l i t i e s
. Y o u w i l l , f o r t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h i s a s s i g n m e n t , o c c u p y Ro o m
3 8 - A0 5 . Su c h s t e n o g r a p h i c a n d / o r t y p i n g a s s i s t a n c e a s y o u w i l l
r e q u i r e t o c a r r y o u t t h e s e a s s i g n m e n t s w i l l b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e a s y o u
m a k e s u c h n e e d s k n o w n t o M r s . Ca t u c c i . . . .
T h e s e c o n d a n d l a s t p a r a g r a p h n o t e d t h a t O t e p k a h a d p l a n n e d t o t a k e
h i s v a c a t i o n a t t h e e n d o f J u l y a n d i n t o Au g u s t . M a g n a n i m o u s l y , Re i l l y
g r a n t e d h i m p e r m i s s i o n t o t a k e t h e a n n u a l l e a v e g u a r a n t e e d h i m b y Ci v i l
Se r v i c e
. O r a l l y , Re i l l y a s k e d i f O t e p k a h a d a n y " c o m m e n t s . " G l a n c i n g
a t h i s w a t c h , O t e p k a s a i d t h a t s i n c e i t w a s s o c l o s e t o l u n c h h e w o u l d
p r e f e r t o r e t u r n a n d d i s c u s s i t a f t e r w a r d
.
" O k a y , " s n a p p e d Re i l l y , r i s i n g b r i s k l y f r o m b e h i n d h i s d e s k . " Le t ' s
g o .
W i t h Re i l l y a n d B e l i s l e f l a n k i n g h i m l i k e t w o g u a r d s , O t e p k a w a s
m a r c h e d d o w n t h e c o r r i d o r s t o Ro o m 3 3 3 3 . As t h e y w e n t , c u r i o u s f a c e s
o f o t h e r SY p e r s o n n e l p e e r e d o u t o f o p e n d o o r w a y s . T h e f e w p e o p l e t h e y
e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e h a l l s t e p p e d a s i d e a n d s t a r e d o p e n l y w h e n t h e y s w e p t
b y
. Ev e r y o n e s e e m e d t o r e a l i z e t h e y w e r e w i t n e s s i n g t h e l o n g - a w a i t e d
e x p u l s i o n o f O t t o O t e p k a .
En r o u t e , Re i l l y t o l d O t e p k a t h a t h e w a n t e d t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s t o a l l
t h e s a f e s a n d f i l e c a b i n e t s u n d e r h i s c a r e . Us h e r e d i n t o h i s o u t e r o f f i c e ,
O t e p k a a s k e d a s t a r t l e d M r s . P o w e r s t o g i v e Re i l l y t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s .
T h e w o r d s w e r e h a r d l y o u t o f h i s m o u t h w h e n f i v e s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s b u r s t
i n t o t h e o f f i c e
. J o e Ro s e t t i w a s a t t h e i r h e a d a n d t h e o t h e r s i n c l u d e d
Ro b e r t M c Ca r t h y , Ru s s e l l W a l l e r , J o s e p h M c Nu l t y a n d Fr a n k M a c a k .
W o r k i n g s w i f t l y u n d e r a n o b v i o u s l y p r e a r r a n g e d p l a n , t h e y b e g a n c h a n g -
i n g t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s t o t h e d o z e n s a f e s a n d c a b i n e t s i n t h e r e c e p t i o n
a r e a
.
W i t h o u t a w o r d o f p r o t e s t , O t e p k a w e n t i n t o h i s p r i v a t e o f f i c e a n d s a t
d o w n b e h i n d h i s d e s k
. Re i l l y f o l l o w e d h i m a s f a r a s t h e d o o r , w h e r e h e
s t a t i o n e d h i m s e l f , a l t e r n a t e l y e y e i n g O t e p k a a n d s u p e r v i s i n g t h e a c t i v i t y
o u t s i d e . H e f r o w n e d m e n a c i n g l y w h e n O t e p k a g l a n c e d a t t h e t w o s a f e s
b e s i d e t h e d e s k . It w a s i n t h e s e t h a t O t e p k a k e p t h i s p r i v a t e f i l e s a n d t h e
m o s t s e n s i t i v e c a s e s h e w a s h a n d l i n g . O t e p k a k n e w t h a t i f h e m a d e a
m o v e t o w a r d t h e s e f i l e s Re i l l y a n d t h e o t h e r s w e r e p r e p a r e d t o p o u n c e
o n h i m
. It r a n t h r o u g h O t e p k a ' s m i n d t h a t t h i s w a s p r e c i s e l y w h a t Re i l l y
2 7 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
w a n t e d m o s t , t o p r o v i d e h i m w i t h " e v i d e n c e " o f O t e p k a ' s " e m o t i o n a l
u n b a l a n c e
. " O t e p k a d e c i d e d n o t t o o b l i g e
. H e m a d e n o m o v e t o t a k e
a n y t h i n g f r o m h i s s a f e s .
Re i l l y , s e e i n g t h a t O t e p k a w a s n o t t o b e p r o v o k e d , s t o o d g u a r d a t t h e
d o o r o n l y a f e w m o r e m i n u t e s
. T h e n , a b r u p t l y , h e o r d e r e d J o e Ro s e t t i
t o r e l i e v e h i m a n d s t a l k e d o f f t o w a r d h i s o w n o f f i c e
. Ru s s W a l l e r , p l a i n l y
i r k e d b y t h e d i s t a s t e f u l t a s k h e w a s r e q u i r e d t o d o , c a m e i n
. Un d e r
Ro s e t t i ' s w a t c h f u l e y e , h e b e g a n c h a n g i n g t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s o n t h e t w o
s m a l l s a f e s b y O t e p k a ' s d e s k .
St o i c a l l y , O t e p k a l o o k e d o n , r e a l i z i n g t h a t t h e w o r k o f t w o d e c a d e s
w a s b e i n g w r e s t e d f r o m h i m a n d i m p o u n d e d b y t h e Ne w O r d e r
. " T h e
f i l e s i n t h o s e s a f e s , a n d i n t h e d o z e n c a b i n e t s o u t s i d e m y d o o r , w e r e t h e
k e y t o a l l p e r s o n s i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w h o h a d e v e r b e e n a c c u s e d
o f b e i n g Co m m u n i s t s o r Co m m u n i s t s y m p a t h i z e r s , " h e l a t e r r e c a l l e d
.
" T h e y c o n t a i n e d t h e o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l o f t h e m o r e t h a n t w e l v e t h o u s a n d
e m p l o y e e s o f w a r t i m e a g e n c i e s t h a t w e r e m e r g e d w i t h St a t e i n 1 9 4 5 a t
t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g o f w h a t h a s b e e n t e r m e d t h e ` m a s s i v e i n f i l t r a t i o n ' o f
t h e De p a r t m e n t .
" T h o s e f i l e s i n c l u d e d v i t a l m a t e r i a l o n t h e Am e r a s i a
c a s e , o n t h e o r i g i -
n a l FB Ii n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e De p a r t m e n t i n 1 9 4 5 , o n t h e c r i t i c a l Co n g r e s -
s i o n a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n 1 9 4 7 , w h e n t h e T a b e r Co m m i t t e e w a s g i v e n a c c e s s
t o t h e f i l e s a n d c a m e u p w i t h o n e - h u n d r e d - a n d - e i g h t s e r i o u s s u b v e r s i o n
c a s e s . T h e r e w e r e i n t h o s e f i l e s t h e r e c o r d s o f s o m e s e v e n h u n d r e d - a n d -
s e v e n t y - f i v e c a s e s p r o c e s s e d b y t h e o l d Lo y a l t y Se c u r i t y B o a r d t h r o u g h
1 9 5 2
. T h e r e w e r e a l l t h e r e p o r t s a n d t h e a c t u a l c a s e s p r e s e n t e d t o t h e
Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s s i o n a n d t h e u n p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t s o f v a r i o u s H o u s e
a n d Se n a t e c o m m i t t e e s
. T h e r e w a s a l l t h e b a c k - u p m a t e r i a l o n t h e e i g h t -
h u n d r e d - a n d - f i f t y - e i g h t c a s e s Is i f t e d o u t f o r s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n i n 1 9 5 6
w h e n Ic o m p l e t e d t h e s u r v e y w h i c h c a m e t o b e c a l l e d t h e ' M c Le o d Li s t
. '
" M u c h o f t h i s m a y s e e m l i k e a n c i e n t h i s t o r y , " h e m u s e d
. " B u t l i t e r a l l y
h u n d r e d s o f t h o s e r e p o r t s p e r t a i n e d t o p e o p l e w h o a r e t o d a y i n h i g h
p o l i c y - m a k i n g p o s i t i o n s i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
. M a n y o f t h e m h a d
b e e n r e c o m m e n d e d f o r d i s m i s s a l b u t h a d b e e n k e p t o n b e c a u s e t h e O f f i c e
o f Se c u r i t y h a d b e e n o v e r r u l e d b y h i g h e r a u t h o r i t i e s w h o , I' m s o r r y t o
s a y , s i m p l y d i d n o t u n d e r s t a n d t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f o u r e v a l u a t i o n s o r o f
t h e b a c k g r o u n d m a t e r i a l i n t h e f i l e s
.
" M o r e o v e r , Ik e p t i n t h o s e t w o s a f e s i n m y o f f i c e t h e s e c u r i t y f i l e s o r
o t h e r d a t a o n s c o r e s o f o f f i c i a l s w h o h a d c o m e i n t o t h e De p a r t m e n t s i n c e
1 9 61 . It w a s m y d u t y t o w a t c h o v e r t h e s e c a s e s e v e n t h o u g h t h e i n d i v i d u -
a l s h a d r e c e i v e d c l e a r a n c e s
. Ic o u l d n o t p e r m i t m y s e l f t o f o r g e t t h a t m o r e
H IG H NO O N

2 7 7
t h a n o n e - h u n d r e d - a n d - f i f t y o f t h e s e o f f i c i a l s h a d b e e n b r o u g h t i n o n
s e c u r i t y w a i v e r s s i g n e d b y Se c r e t a r y Ru s k . "
It w a s t e n m i n u t e s p a s t t w e l v e w h e n Ru s s e l l W a l l e r f i n i s h e d h i s w o r k .
In g r i m s i l e n c e , O t e p k a r o s e f r o m h i s d e s k a n d w a l k e d o u t o f h i s o f f i c e .
Re t u r n i n g f r o m l u n c h a n h o u r l a t e r , h e f o u n d t h e t h i r d f l o o r o f t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g b u z z i n g w i t h g o s s i p . Se v e r a l p e o p l e f u r t i v e l y
s t o p p e d h i m i n t h e c o r r i d o r s a n d s a i d t h e n e w s h a d s p r e a d t h a t h e h a d
b e e n a r r e s t e d o n c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s . O n e o f t h e m s i l e n t l y h a n d e d h i m a
c o p y o f a m e m o r a n d u m f r o m Re i l l y a d d r e s s e d t o a l l SY h e a d q u a r t e r s
p e r s o n n e l . Ci r c u l a t e d d u r i n g t h e n o o n h o u r , t h e m e m o p u t e v e r y o n e o n
n o t i c e t h a t O t e p k a h a d b e e n " r e l i e v e d o f h i s d u t i e s a s t h e Ch i e f o f t h e
Di v i s i o n o f Ev a l u a t i o n s
. " It a d d e d t h a t h i s d u t i e s w o u l d h e n c e f o r t h b e
" p e r f o r m e d b y M r
. Da v i d I. B e l i s l e . " At t h e b o t t o m o f t h e m e m o w a s
a s i n g l e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d
: " Un c l a s s i f i e d . " Re i l l y w a n t e d t h e w o r l d t o
k n o w i m m e d i a t e l y w h a t h e h a d d o n e .
B a c k i n h i s o f f i c e , O t e p k a f o u n d M r s . P o w e r s s i t t i n g a t h e r d e s k i n
t e a r s
. Re i l l y h a d s u m m o n e d h e r r i g h t a f t e r O t e p k a h a d l e f t f o r l u n c h a n d
p r e s e n t e d h e r w i t h a m e m o o f f i c i a l l y t r a n s f e r r i n g h e r t o SY ' s W a s h i n g t o n
f i e l d o f f i c e , w h i c h w a s l o c a t e d i n a n o t h e r b u i l d i n g
. W i t h o b v i o u s r e l i s h ,
Re i l l y h a d i n f o r m e d h e r t h a t s h e w o u l d n o l o n g e r b e d o i n g s e c r e t a r i a l
w o r k
. In s t e a d , s h e w o u l d b e p u t t o w o r k t r a n s c r i b i n g d i c t a p h o n e c y l i n -
d e r s .
O t e p k a l e a r n e d t h a t t w o o f h i s b e s t e v a l u a t o r s , J a c k No r p e l a n d B i l l y
H u g h e s , h a d b e e n s i m i l a r l y t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e f i e l d o f f i c e a n d d e m o t e d .
T h e c o m b i n a t i o n s t o t h e s a f e s i n t h e i r o f f i c e s h a d b e e n c h a n g e d b y
Re i l l y ' s s h i l l e l a g h b r i g a d e i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e i n v a s i o n o f Ro o m 3 3 3 3 .
Fo u r m o r e t o p e v a l u a t o r s - Ra y m o n d Lo u g h t o n , H a r r y H i t e , Fr a n c i s
G a r d n e r a n d Ed w i n B u r k h a r d t - w e r e s o o n t o f o l l o w O t e p k a a n d t h e
o t h e r s i n t o e x i l e . Al l o f t h e m h a d w o r k e d w i t h h i m o n t h e n o w d e f u n c t
s p e c i a l p r o j e c t a n d w e r e a p p a r e n t l y s u s p e c t f o r t h a t r e a s o n . In a d d i t i o n ,
H o w a r d T
. Sh e a , a v e t e r a n SY i n v e s t i g a t o r , w a s p u r g e d t o o , s i m p l y
b e c a u s e h e h a d m a d e t h e m i s t a k e o f e x p r e s s i n g s y m p a t h y f o r O t e p k a .
T h u s , n i n e p e o p l e i n a l l w e r e s u m m a r i l y r a i l r o a d e d o u t o f t h e i r c h o s e n
p r o f e s s i o n b y J o h n Re i l l y , a b l a t a n t p e r j u r e r a c t i n g u n d e r t h e o r d e r s o f
m e n d e t e r m i n e d t o c o m p l e t e t h e h i d d e n r e v o l u t i o n i n U. S. f o r e i g n
p o l i c y .
T h e r e h a d n e v e r b e e n a p u r g e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h i s i n t h e De p a r t m e n t
o f St a t e . Ev e n s u s p e c t e d So v i e t a g e n t s h a d a l w a y s b e e n t r e a t e d w i t h
c o u r t e s y a n d c o n s i d e r a t i o n . B u t De a n Ru s k , w h o h a d r a i l e d a g a i n s t
2 7 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
" g u i l t b y a s s o c i a t i o n " a s f o r c e f u l l y a s a n y a f e w y e a r s b e f o r e , w a s p e r -
f e c t l y w i l l i n g t o a p p r o v e t h e r e m o v a l o f e i g h t g o v e r n m e n t s e r v a n t s s i m -
p l y b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e t h o u g h t t o b e f r i e n d l y o r s y m p a t h e t i c t o O t t o
O t e p k a .
At t w o o ' c l o c k t h a t T h u r s d a y a f t e r n o o n , O t e p k a c a l l e d o n Re i l l y .
B e l i s l e , a p p a r e n t l y o n d o u b l e d u t y a s b o d y g u a r d a n d w i t n e s s , w a s a g a i n
p r e s e n t . O t e p k a a s k e d Re i l l y f o r a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e e v e n t s t h a t h a d
t r a n s p i r e d t h a t n o o n
. At f i r s t , Re i l l y r e f u s e d t o o f f e r o n e . H e s t a r e d a t t h e
w a l l a n d s h o o k h i s h e a d , s a y i n g t h a t h e d i d n o t w a n t t o e n t e r i n t o a
d i s c u s s i o n
. B u t O t e p k a p e r s i s t e d , a n d Re i l l y f i n a l l y s w u n g h i s s w i v e l
c h a i r a r o u n d t o f a c e h i m . Sc o r n f u l l y , h e s h o o k h i s f i n g e r a t O t e p k a , h i s
r e d f a c e t u r n i n g d a n g e r o u s l y p u r p l e .
" W h e n If i r s t c a m e o n b o a r d h e r e , " Re i l l y b a r k e d , " Ie m p h a s i z e d t o
y o u t h e n e e d f o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l l o y a l t y . "
" Iw i l l n e v e r , " r e p l i e d O t e p k a f i r m l y , " s u b o r d i n a t e l o y a l t y t o p r i n c i p l e
a n d t o m y c o u n t r y t o l o y a l t y t o a n i n s t i t u t i o n . "
Kn o w i n g t h e f u t i l i t y o f d e b a t i n g Re i l l y o n t h e s e g r o u n d s , O t e p k a
c h a n g e d t h e s u b j e c t . H e a s k e d Re i l l y t o c l a r i f y t h e n e w d u t i e s h e h a d
b e e n a s s i g n e d a n d h o w h e w a s e x p e c t e d t o g o a b o u t t h e m . Sp e c i f i c a l l y ,
h e w a n t e d t o k n o w i f h e w o u l d c o n t i n u e t o h a v e a c c e s s t o c l a s s i f i e d
m a t e r i a l .
" T h e n a t u r e o f y o u r j o b w o n ' t r e q u i r e i t , " Re i l l y a n s w e r e d .
" T h e n y o u a r e , i n e f f e c t , t e r m i n a t i n g m y s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e ? "
" No , n o , n o , n o , n o , n o , " Re i l l y s t a c c a t o e d , s h a k i n g h i s h e a d w i l d l y .
H e h a d a p p a r e n t l y j u s t r e c a l l e d t h a t i t w o u l d t a k e a f o r m a l d e c l a r a t i o n
t h a t O t e p k a w a s a s e c u r i t y r i s k t o l i f t h i s t o p - s e c r e t c l e a r a n c e s .
In s i s t i n g t h a t h e h a d n o t v i o l a t e d a n y l a w o r c o d e o f c o n d u c t , O t e p k a
a s k e d Re i l l y w h a t h i s f u t u r e s t a t u s w o u l d b e i n t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y .
" W e s h a l l s e e , " s n o r t e d Re i l l y .
O t e p k a n e v e r o n c e s h e d h i s c a l m . H e o u t l i n e d t h e m a t e r i a l h e t h o u g h t
h e w o u l d n e e d t o w r i t e t h e g u i d e l i n e s f o r e v a l u a t o r s a n d r e v i s e t h e SY
h a n d b o o k
. H e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t m u c h o f t h e m a t e r i a l w a s i n t h e f i l e s f r o m
w h i c h h e w a s n o w o b v i o u s l y b a r r e d
. H e w o u l d h a v e t o h a v e i t , h e s a i d ,
i f h e w e r e t o f u l f i l l h i s n e w d u t i e s p r o p e r l y
.
Re i l l y , w o r n d o w n b y O t e p k a ' s p e r s i s t e n c e a n d b a f f l e d b y h i s c a l m
m a n n e r , u n e x p e c t e d l y c a p i t u l a t e d
. H e s a i d h e w o u l d l e t O t e p k a s o r t
t h r o u g h t h e f i l e s
. T h e n , t u r n i n g t o B e l i s l e , h e i n s t r u c t e d h i m t o w a t c h
O t e p k a c l o s e l y d u r i n g t h e s o r t i n g .
W i t h B e l i s l e m o u n t i n g g u a r d o n h i m , O t e p k a r e t u r n e d t o Ro o m 3 3 3 3
a n d b e g a n s i f t i n g t h e f i l e s . M e t h o d i c a l l y , B e l i s l e e x a m i n e d e a c h d o c u -
H IG H NO O N

2 7 9
m e n t O t e p k a s e t a s i d e . As t h e a f t e r n o o n w o r e o n , h e r e p e a t e d l y u r g e d
O t e p k a t o " w o r k f a s t e r . " O t e p k a , i n a l a s t d e s p a i r i n g e f f o r t t o s a l v a g e
s o m e t h i n g o u t o f t h e w r e c k a g e f o r t h e f u t u r e o f SY , t r i e d t o i m p r e s s o n
B e l i s l e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e s e f i l e s i n a n o r d e r l y f a s h i o n .
Kn o w i n g t h a t B e l i s l e w a s t a k i n g o v e r t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n , h e a t -
t e m p t e d t o b r i e f h i m o n t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f s o m e o f t h e p r o j e c t s t h a t h a d
b e e n u n d e r t a k e n i n t h e p a s t . B e l i s l e e v i n c e d n o i n t e r e s t w h a t e v e r , o n l y
i m p a t i e n c e a t w h a t h e a p p a r e n t l y c o n s t r u e d a s O t e p k a ' s d e l i b e r a t e
d e l a y s .
T h e f o l l o w i n g m o r n i n g B e l i s l e r e s u m e d h i s s u r v e i l l a n c e . B u t h e s o o n
t i r e d o f w a t c h i n g O t e p k a s o r t p a t i e n t l y a n d p a i n s t a k i n g l y t h r o u g h t h e
f i l e s . B e l i s l e f i n a l l y s u m m o n e d Ra y m o n d La u g e l , t h e n e w Ch i e f o f SY ' s
Fo r e i g n O p e r a t i o n s Di v i s i o n , t o r e l i e v e h i m . B e f o r e h e l e f t , B e l i s l e m e n -
t i o n e d t h a t Re i l l y w a s l e a v i n g o n v a c a t i o n a n d w o u l d b e g o n e t h e e n t i r e
m o n t h o f J u l y . " It w a s l i k e a h i t - a n d - r u n d r i v e r f l e e i n g t h e s c e n e o f a n
a c c i d e n t , " O t e p k a r e m a r k e d i n 1 9 68 .
O t e p k a s p e n t a l l d a y Fr i d a y a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g M o n d a y u n d e r La u g e l ' s
g u a r d . M r s . P o w e r s w a s g i v e n a t e m p o r a r y r e p r i e v e t o a s s i s t h i m . O n
M o n d a y m o r n i n g , h o w e v e r , B e l i s l e s h o w e d u p a n d w i t h a s u r l y j e r k o f
h i s t h u m b o r d e r e d M r s . P o w e r s t o " p i c k u p y o u r t h i n g s a n d g e t o u t . "
W h e n La u g e l n o t i f i e d h i m t h a t t h e p r o j e c t w a s d o n e , B e l i s l e , f i l l i n g i n a s
Ac t i n g Di r e c t o r o f SY w h i l e Re i l l y w a s v a c a t i o n i n g , r u d e l y o r d e r e d
O t e p k a t o t a k e u p h i s n e w a s s i g n m e n t . O t e p k a w a s n o t i f i e d l a t e r t h a t h e
w a s f o r b i d d e n t o e n t e r e i t h e r t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n o r t h e Ce n t r a l Fi l e
Ro o m . Al l f i l e s w e r e b a r r e d t o h i m , a n d h i s f o r m e r c o l l e a g u e s w e r e
i n s t r u c t e d t o k e e p a w a y f r o m t h e i r o l d b o s s .
O n T u e s d a y , O t e p k a m o v e d i n t o Ro o m 3 8 - A0 5 , a n i s o l a t e d c u b b y h o l e
j u s t a c r o s s t h e h a l l f r o m El m e r H i l l ' s e l e c t r o n i c s l a b o r a t o r i e s . G e o r g e
W a r r e n , t h e Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r w h o h a d s u p e r v i s e d t h e r e m o v a l o f
t h e T h e r m o f a x m a c h i n e a w e e k e a r l i e r , a r r i v e d w i t h a p o r t e r t o d e l i v e r
t h e m a t e r i a l O t e p k a h a d b e e n p e r m i t t e d t o k e e p . T h e f i l e s w e r e d u m p e d
o n t h e f l o o r i n t w o c a r d b o a r d c a r t o n s . W a r r e n , e m b a r r a s s e d b y t h e t a s k s
h e h a d b e e n f o r c e d t o p e r f o r m , s t o o d b y t h e d o o r a n d r e m a r k e d w r y l y ,
" T h e t h i n g s Id o n ' t h a v e t o d o f o r m y c o u n t r y . " M a n y a t r u t h i s s p o k e n
i n
j e s t , a s t h e o l d s a y i n g h a s i t . G e o r g e W a r r e n ' s b r a v e l i t t l e j o k e w a s a n
a p t p a r a p h r a s e o f J o h n F. Ke n n e d y ' s c h a l l e n g e t o h i s c o u n t r y m e n . It w a s
a l s o t h e l a s t c i v i l w o r d O t e p k a e v e r h a d f r o m a n y o n e o n J o h n Re i l l y ' s
s t a f f .
En t e r i n g t h e l o n e l y e x i l e w h i c h w a s t o c o n t i n u e f o r m o r e t h a n f i v e
y e a r s , O t t o O t e p k a m a d e a p r i v a t e v o w t h a t h e w o u l d n e v e r s u r r e n d e r
.
2 8 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
H e f o u n d a f u l l - p a g e n e w s p a p e r p h o t o g r a p h o f W i n s t o n Ch u r c h i l l , o n e
o f t h e m e n h e m o s t a d m i r e d , a n d t a c k e d i t u p j u s t i n s i d e t h e d o o r t o
Ro o m 3 8 - A0 5 w h e r e a n y o n e e n t e r i n g o r l e a v i n g w o u l d b e c e r t a i n t o s e e
i t . Un d e r h i s b l a c k h o m b u r g , Ch u r c h i l l ' s e y e s w e r e a l i g h t w i t h a g r i m b u t
d e t e r m i n e d s m i l e , a n d h i s s t u b b y f i n g e r s f l a s h e d t h e f a m o u s Vf o r Vi c t o r y
s i g n
. In s c r i b e d i n b i g p r i n t b e l o w w a s a n e x c e r p t f r o m a s p e e c h t h e P r i m e
M i n i s t e r h a d d e l i v e r e d t o t h e b o y s a t H a r r o w , h i s o l d s c h o o l , i n t h e
d a r k e s t d a y s o f 1 9 4 1
. T h e s e w e r e t h e w o r d s O t t o O t e p k a r e s o l v e d t o l i v e
b y :
Ne v e r g i v e i n . Ne v e r , n e v e r , n e v e r , n e v e r ! Ne v e r y i e l d i n a n y w a y ,
g r e a t o r s m a l l , l a r g e o r p e t t y , e x c e p t t o c o n v i c t i o n s o f h o n o r a n d g o o d
s e n s e . Ne v e r y i e l d t o f o r c e a n d t h e a p p a r e n t l y o v e r w h e l m i n g m i g h t o f
t h e e n e m y .
T h e h a n g i n g o f Ch u r c h i l l ' s p h o t o g r a p h w a s n o t a g e s t u r e o f d e f i a n c e .
It w a s O t e p k a ' s q u i e t w a y o f i n f o r m i n g h i s s u p e r i o r s , a l l t h e w a y u p t o
Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e De a n Ru s k , t h a t h e i n t e n d e d t o c o n t i n u e h i s f i g h t f o r
s o u n d s e c u r i t y . Di m l y a t f i r s t , b u t w i t h i n c r e a s i n g c l a r i t y , h e c a m e t o
u n d e r s t a n d t h a t o t h e r s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s r e g a r d e d h i m a s a s y m b o l o f s a n i t y
i n a w o r l d t u r n e d u p s i d e d o w n .
O t t o O t e p k a k n e w t o o w e l l t h a t t h e s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m i n t h e De p a r t -
m e n t o f St a t e w a s a l r e a d y i n s h a m b l e s l o n g b e f o r e J u n e 2 7 , 1 9 63 . Re l u c -
t a n t l y , h e l a t e r a d m i t t e d t h a t t h e e v e n t s o f t h a t d a y w e r e t h e f i n a l c o u p
d e g r a c e o f t h e o n c e p r o u d O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y . Fo r i n t h e s h o r t s p a c e o f
t w e n t y - f i v e m i n u t e s t h a t n o o n h o u r , De a n Ru s k , a c t i n g t h r o u g h J o h n
Re i l l y , h a d s m a s h e d i t c o m p l e t e l y . W i t h o n e b l o w , t h e t o t t e r i n g s e c u r i t y
p r o g r a m w a s s i m p l y o b l i t e r a t e d . T h e f o r c e o f t h a t b l o w w a s f e l t t h r o u g h -
o u t t h e Un i t e d St a t e s g o v e r n m e n t .
If a n y c i t i z e n b e l i e v e s t h a t e v e n a r e m n a n t o f r e a l s e c u r i t y w a s l e f t a f t e r
O t e p k a ' s e x i l e , h e i s s a d l y a n d t r a g i c a l l y d e l u d i n g h i m s e l f . Al l t h a t r e -
m a i n e d w a s a n e m p t y s h e l l , a g r o u p o f o f f i c e s o n Fo g g y B o t t o m m a n n e d
b y f r i g h t e n e d b u r e a u c r a t s g o i n g t h r o u g h t h e m o t i o n s o f a p p r o v i n g c l e a r -
a n c e s f o r o f f i c i a l s h a n d p i c k e d b y r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s i n b u s i n e s s s u i t s w h o
w o u l d c o n t i n u e t o g u i d e t h e d e s t i n y o f Am e r i c a i n W a l t Ro s t o w ' s c h a o t i c
w o r l d a r e n a .
ALLT H RO UG H T H ESW ELT ERING SUM M ERO F1 9 63 ANDO NINT O T H E
e a r l y a u t u m n t h e w o r l d a t l a r g e r e m a i n e d b l i s s f u l l y u n a w a r e o f t h e p u r g e
o f O t t o O t e p k a a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e s f r o m t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s c r i t i c a l
O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y . No t t h a t t h e w o r l d w o u l d h a v e b e e n c o n c e r n e d i f i t
h a d k n o w n ; i t w a s a b s o r b e d t h e n , a s a l w a y s , w i t h m o r e m u n d a n e m a t t e r s ,
t h o u g h t h e r e w a s o n e t h a t s e e m e d m o r e p r e s s i n g i n t h a t s e a s o n o f t h e
s u n . T h e g r e a t s t a t e s m e n w e r e s t r u g g l i n g o n c e a g a i n w i t h t h e e v e r l a s t i n g
p r o b l e m o f s a l v a t i o n - o r r a t h e r t h e i l l u s i o n o f s a l v a t i o n a s r e v e a l e d b y
t h e Ro s t o w i a n p r o p h e t s i n t h e t a n t a l i z i n g g a r b o f t h e Nu c l e a r T e s t B a n
T r e a t y .
Ev e n a m o n g t h e h a n d f u l o f p e o p l e p r i v y t o O t e p k a ' s f a t e t h e r e w e r e
n o t m o r e t h a n a f e w w h o u n d e r s t o o d f u l l y t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e
T r e a t y o f M o s c o w a n d w h a t h a d h a p p e n e d t o t h e m a n i n SY . P r e s i d e n t
Ke n n e d y n e v e r g r a s p e d i t , n o r h i s b r o t h e r B o b b y
. De a n Ru s k k n e w , o f
c o u r s e , a n d c e r t a i n l y W a l t Ro s t o w
. B u t t h e i r c h i e f c o n c e r n a t t h e m o -
m e n t w a s t o k e e p O t e p k a ' s o u s t e r q u i e t a n d g e t t h e Se n a t e t o c o n s e n t
t o t h e t r e a t y , l e s t t h e s l u m b e r i n g n a t i o n a w a k e t o t h e i n t i m a t e r e l a t i o n -
s h i p b e t w e e n t h e t w o
.
T h u s c l o a k e d i n a n o n y m i t y , O t e p k a s t o i c a l l y s e t t l e d i n t o t h e r o u t i n e
t h a t w a s t o b e c o m e t h e p a t t e r n o f h i s l i f e f o r t h e n e x t f o u r y e a r s
. It w a s
2 8 3
2 8 4

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
a r o u t i n e o f t e n p u n c t u a t e d b y c r i s e s . Fo r t h e m o s t p a r t , h o w e v e r , o n e d a y
f o l l o w e d a n o t h e r w i t h a d r e a r y s a m e n e s s . O t e p k a ' s w o r k a d a y w o r l d a t
t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e h a d s h r u n k t o t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f a s o l i t a r y
c o n f i n e m e n t c e l l .
T h e s e n t e n c e i n v o k e d u p o n h i m b y De a n Ru s k b e g a n r i g h t a f t e r h e w a s
d r u m m e d o u t o f SY
. M u c h l a t e r , Do m B o n a f e d e , W a s h i n g t o n c o r r e -
s p o n d e n t o f t h e n o w d e f u n c t Ne w Y o r k H e r a l d T r i b u n e ,
m o v i n g l y d e -
s c r i b e d t h e t e m p o o f O t e p k a ' s d a y s , a t e m p o t h a t w a s t o p e r s i s t d u r i n g
t h e e n t i r e p e r i o d o f h i s l o n g e x i l e :
Fi v e d a y s a w e e k a w e l l - b u i l t m a n w i t h p l e a s a n t f e a t u r e s a n d c l o s e -
c r o p p e d h a i r d r i v e s i n t o t h e b a s e m e n t o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t o t h e
s e c t i o n r e s e r v e d f o r t o p - e c h e l o n o f f i c i a l s . H e p a r k s , e n t e r s a n e l e v a t o r
a n d r i d e s t o t h e t h i r d f l o o r , w h e r e h e w a l k s t o Ro o m 3 8 - A0 5 . . . .
O r d i n a r i l y t h i s d a i l y r i t u a l w o u l d s e e m l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e p a t -
t e r n h a b i t u a l l y f o l l o w e d b y t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f g o v e r n m e n t e m -
p l o y e e s i n W a s h i n g t o n .
T h e r e i s a v i t a l d i f f e r e n c e , h o w e v e r , w h i c h i s e e r i e , a l m o s t u n b e l i e v a -
b l e , n o t u n l i k e a n a n c i e n t G r e e k d r a m a : n o o n e s p e a k s t o t h e m a n a n d
h e s p e a k s t o n o o n e .
W h e n h e e n t e r s t h e e l e v a t o r t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n f a d e s t o a p a i n f u l
s i l e n c e
. In t h e c o r r i d o r s o n e o r t w o p e o p l e n o d i n m u t e r e c o g n i t i o n ,
b u t q u i c k l y l o w e r t h e i r e y e s .
In s i d e Ro o m 3 8 - A0 5 h e s i t s b e h i n d h i s b a r e d e s k t o f a c e a n o t h e r
m o r n i n g i n s o l i t u d e
. . . . T h e r e a r e n o d e p a r t m e n t a l i n s t r u c t i o n s o r
r e p o r t s o r c o m m u n i q u e s w a i t i n g f o r h i m . T h e r e i s n o m a i l . T h e r e i s a
t e l e p h o n e b u t i t i s m o r e o r n a m e n t a l t h a n f u n c t i o n a l s i n c e i t n e v e r
r i n g s .
T h e s o l e o c c u p a n t o f t h e r o o m i s , f o r a l l i n t e n t s a n d p u r p o s e s ,
n a m e l e s s . T h e r e i s n o n a m e p l a t e o n t h e d o o r , a s i s c u s t o m a r y w i t h a l l
h i g h - r a n k i n g St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s .
Ar o u n d t h e c o r n e r a n a m e p l a t e o u t s i d e Ro o m 3 3 3 3 r e a d s , " O t t o F
.
O t e p k a . " B u t i f y o u w e r e t o g o i n s i d e t o f i n d O t e p k a y o u w o u l d n o t
f i n d h i m t h e r e . H e i s t h e m a n i n 3 8 - A0 5 . . . .
O t e p k a i s a h u m a n i s l a n d , o s t r a c i z e d b y a l l o t h e r St a t e De p a r t m e n t
w o r k e r s . '
B o n a f e d e w e n t o n t o t e l l o f s e v e r a l i n c i d e n t s c o n n e c t e d w i t h O t e p k a ' s
c o n f i n e m e n t . " O n o n e o c c a s i o n , " h e w r o t e , " a f e l l o w e m p l o y e e v i s i t e d
O t e p k a i n h i s o f f i c e . W h e n t h e a s s o c i a t e r e t u r n e d t o h i s o w n o f f i c e h e w a s
i m m e d i a t e l y s u m m o n e d b y h i s c h i e f a n d o r d e r e d n o t t o c a l l o n O t e p k a
a g a i n . " As B o n a f e d e p o i n t e d o u t , t h i s m a n , l i k e m a n y o t h e r s " w h o s i -
T H EO UT CAST

2 8 5
l e n t l y s y m p a t h i z e w i t h O t e p k a , " s h u n n e d h i m a f t e r t h a t " r a t h e r t h a n
d a m a g e h i s c a r e e r . "
T h e t w o s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s i n i t i a l l y p u r g e d w i t h O t e p k a w e r e i s o l a t e d
e v e n m o r e e f f e c t i v e l y
. O t e p k a a t l e a s t s t i l l h a d a n o f f i c e i n t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g
. B u t J a c k No r p e l w a s p o u n d i n g t h e b r i c k s o u t o f
SY ' s W a s h i n g t o n f i e l d o f f i c e , a s s i g n e d t o t h e k i n d o f r o u t i n e c a s e s h e h a d
h a n d l e d y e a r s b e f o r e a s a n o v i c e b r e a k i n g i n w i t h t h e FB I
. B i l l y H u g h e s
w a s b a n i s h e d f r o m t h e c a p i t a l e n t i r e l y
. O n J u l y 1 0 h e w a s o r d e r e d t o
Ne w O r l e a n s a s a n i n v e s t i g a t o r , e v e n t u a l l y w i n d i n g u p i n M e m p h i s f o r
a l o n g a n d v e r y l o n e l y s t r e t c h .
At f i r s t , O t e p k a h a d n o i n k l i n g o f w h a t t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e i n t e n d e d
t o d o w i t h h i m
. In h i s a n o m a l o u s p o s i t i o n h e t r i e d t o f e e l h i s w a y ,
c a u t i o u s l y a s a l w a y s
. H e t o o k a w e e k ' s v a c a t i o n i n t h e m i d d l e o f J u l y a n d
r e t u r n e d t o 3 8 - A0 5 o n M o n d a y , t h e 2 3 r d
. T h e f o l l o w i n g m o r n i n g h e
w a l k e d i n t o h i s o l d o f f i c e t o h a v e a l o o k a r o u n d
. H e w a s t h e r e o n l y a f e w
m i n u t e s , b u t s o m e o n e t i p p e d Da v i d B e l i s l e b y t e l e p h o n e
. W h e n h e
s t e p p e d i n t o t h e c o r r i d o r B e l i s l e s w o o p e d d o w n o n h i m . Fr o w n i n g
s t e r n l y , h e a d m o n i s h e d O t e p k a i n h i s h a r s h , b e l l i g e r e n t v o i c e : " Y o u a r e
n o t t o h a v e a c c e s s t o t h e s p a c e o c c u p i e d b y t h e Di v i s i o n o f Ev a l u a t i o n s . "
M i l d l y , O t e p k a m a d e t h e p o i n t t h a t h e w a s n o t u n d e r a n y c h a r g e s a n d
t h e r e f o r e s h o u l d b e f r e e t o m a i n t a i n p u r e l y p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t s w i t h h i s
c o - w o r k e r s
. P a r r o t - l i k e , B e l i s l e s i m p l y r e p e a t e d h i s c o m m a n d
. T h e n e x t
d a y O t e p k a r e c e i v e d a n o f f i c i a l m e m o r a n d u m c o n f i r m i n g t h e o r d e r
.
Du r i n g t h i s s a m e w e e k Ed i t h O t e p k a n a i v e l y t r i e d t o r e a c h h e r h u s -
b a n d b y t e l e p h o n e a t h i s o f f i c e
. J o y c e Sc h m e l z e r a n s w e r e d t h e c a l l a n d
i n f o r m e d Ed i t h t h a t " M r
. O t e p k a i s n o l o n g e r h e r e
. " It w a s a p p a r e n t t h a t
M r s
. Sc h m e l z e r h a d o r d e r s t o g i v e t h i s s t a n d a r d r e p l y t o a l l c a l l e r s
i n q u i r i n g f o r O t e p k a
. T h e u n m i s t a k a b l e i m p l i c a t i o n w a s t h a t h e h a d
a l r e a d y b e e n f i r e d .
T h e p h o n e i n 3 8 - A0 5 w a s r i g g e d s o t h a t O t e p k a c o u l d t a k e n o i n c o m -
i n g c a l l s h i m s e l f
. T h e r e w a s n o b u z z e r o n t h e i n s t r u m e n t , w h i c h w a s
m e r e l y a s i l e n t e x t e n s i o n o f t h e t e l e p h o n e i n t h e a d j o i n i n g o f f i c e
. T h e
s e c r e t a r i e s a n d c l e r k s t h e r e h a d t o k n o c k o n h i s d o o r a n d t e l l h i m t o p i c k
u p h i s p h o n e w h e n a c a l l c a m e i n
. T h e y c o u l d e a s i l y h a v e l i s t e n e d i n o n
h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n s o n t h e i r o w n e x t e n s i o n , o f c o u r s e
. B u t t h a t p r o b a b l y
w a s n ' t n e c e s s a r y
. El m e r H i l l ' s w i r e t a p l a b w a s r i g h t a c r o s s t h e h a l l f r o m
O t e p k a ' s n e w o f f i c e
.
T h e l a s t w e e k o f J u l y O t e p k a l e a r n e d t h a t h e w a s u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n
b y t h e FB If o r a l l e g e d v i o l a t i o n o f t h e Es p i o n a g e Ac t
. H i s f o r m e r s e c r e -
2 8 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
t a r y , M r s . Eu n i c e P o w e r s , a n d s i x o f h i s e r s t w h i l e a s s o c i a t e s - No r p e l ,
H u g h e s , Ed w i n B u r k h a r d t , Fr a n c i s G a r d n e r , H a r r y H i t e a n d Ra y m o n d
Lo u g h t o n - w e r e h e r d e d o n e - b y - o n e b e f o r e t w o FB Ia g e n t s a n d i n t e r r o -
g a t e d a t l e n g t h a b o u t O t e p k a ' s a c t i v i t i e s .
M r s . P o w e r s w a s s u b j e c t e d t o t h e m o s t e x h a u s t i v e q u e s t i o n i n g
. H o u r
a f t e r h o u r s h e w a s c o n f r o n t e d w i t h o f f i c i a l St a t e De p a r t m e n t d o c u m e n t s
a n d m e m o r a n d u m s , m a n y o f w h i c h s h e k n e w O t e p k a h a d k e p t i n t h e
p r i v a t e s a f e t h a t h a d b e e n s e i z e d b y Re i l l y a n d h i s c r e w o n J u n e 2 7
.
W i t h a s p l e n d i d s h o w o f s p i r i t , M r s
. P o w e r s f i n a l l y i n f o r m e d t h e FB I
m e n t h a t i t w a s J o h n Re i l l y t h e y s h o u l d b e i n v e s t i g a t i n g , n o t O t e p k a
. Sh e
s a i d i t w a s p e r f e c t l y o b v i o u s t o h e r a n d t o e v e r y o n e e l s e t h a t h e r f o r m e r
b o s s w a s b e i n g f r a m e d
. No n e t h e l e s s , t h e i n t e r r o g a t i o n c o n t i n u e d , r e l e n t -
l e s s l y , o n a n d o n
. At l a s t s h e w a s e x c u s e d , o n l y t o b e c a l l e d b a c k l a t e r
b y t h e FB Ia g e n t s t o s i g n a b r i e f s t a t e m e n t r e g a r d i n g h e r k n o w l e d g e o f
O t e p k a ' s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h J a y So u r w i n e
. W h e n s h e w a s r e c a l l e d a t h i r d
t i m e , t h e t w o a g e n t s s t a r t e d t o a s k t h e s a m e q u e s t i o n s a l l o v e r a g a i n
. M r s .
P o w e r s s t e a d f a s t l y m a i n t a i n e d t h a t s h e h a d a l r e a d y t o l d t h e m e v e r y t h i n g
s h e k n e w . Re l u c t a n t l y , t h e y l e t h e r g o .
J o y c e Sc h m e l z e r w a s a l s o i n t e r r o g a t e d b y t h e s a m e t w o FB Im e n
.
O t e p k a n e v e r l e a r n e d w h a t t h e y a s k e d h e r , o r w h a t s h e t o l d t h e m
. H e
o n l y k n e w t h a t M r s . Sc h m e l z e r r e t u r n e d t o h e r o f f i c e i n t e a r s
.
At h a l f - p a s t 1 0 o ' c l o c k o n W e d n e s d a y m o r n i n g , Au g u s t 1 4 , O t e p k a
w a s h i m s e l f s u m m o n e d f o r q u e s t i o n i n g b y t h e FB I
. H e w a s a s k e d t o
a p p e a r a t 1 p . m
. a t t h e W a s h i n g t o n f i e l d o f f i c e o f t h e B u r e a u , l o c a t e d i n
t h e o l d P o s t O f f i c e B u i l d i n g o n P e n n s y l v a n i a Av e n u e . T h i s g r a y - s t o n e
e d i f i c e , w i t h i t s t a l l t o w e r a n d m e d i e v a l b a t t l e m e n t s , w a s j u s t o n e b l o c k
f r o m t h e o l d Fa r m Cr e d i t Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n w h e r e O t e p k a h a d b e g u n h i s
g o v e r n m e n t c a r e e r t w e n t y - s e v e n y e a r s b e f o r e .
Af e w m i n u t e s b e f o r e t h e a p p o i n t e d h o u r , O t e p k a w a l k e d t h r o u g h t h e
d o o r s o f t h e a g i n g s t r u c t u r e a n d t o o k a n e l e v a t o r t o t h e s e v e n t h f l o o r
. T h e
i n t e r r o g a t i o n r o o m , o n e o f a d o z e n c u b i c l e s r a n g e d a r o u n d t h e r i m o f a n
a n c i e n t a u d i t o r i u m , w a s s t i f l i n g i n t h e m i d - Au g u s t h e a t
. An o l d - f a s h -
i o n e d e l e c t r i c f a n r o t a t e d l a c o n i c a l l y f r o m a h o l l o w p o l e i n t h e c e i l i n g ,
h a l f - h e a r t e d l y s t i r r i n g t h e s u l t r y a i r .
T h e t w o FB Ia g e n t s , Ro b e r t B y r n e s a n d Ca r l G r a h a m , w e r e c o r d i a l
a n d c o u r t e o u s
. Ra t h e r a p o l o g e t i c a l l y , t h e y e x p l a i n e d t h a t t h e y w e r e
c o n d u c t i n g t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n h i m a t t h e r e q u e s t o f " h i g h e r a u t h o r i t y "
i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f J u s t i c e
. O t e p k a t o o k t h i s t o m e a n t h e At t o r n e y
G e n e r a l , Ro b e r t Ke n n e d y , r a t h e r t h a n J
. Ed g a r H o o v e r , w h o i s a l w a y s
T H EO UT CAST

2 8 7
i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e B u r e a u , n o t w i t h t h e p a r e n t d e p a r t m e n t . *
O t e p k a w a s i n v i t e d t o s i t d o w n a t a s m a l l w o o d e n t a b l e n e a r t h e c e n t e r
o f t h e b a r r e n r o o m
. T h e FB Im e n t o o k c h a i r s a l i t t l e t o o n e s i d e a n d h e
h a d t o t w i s t h i s l a r g e f r a m e t o f a c e t h e m
. T h e y w e r e a t p a i n s t o a s s u r e
h i m t h a t t h e r o o m w a s n o t b u g g e d
. " It d o e s n ' t m a k e a n y d i f f e r e n c e t o
m e , " O t e p k a r e p l i e d
. " Ih a v e n o t h i n g t o h i d e . "
T h e i n t e r r o g a t i o n , w h i c h w a s t o c o n t i n u e f o r t h r e e l o n g , h o t d a y s ,
b e g a n
. In r e s p o n s e t o t h e p r o b i n g q u e s t i o n s p o s e d b y B y r n e s a n d G r a -
h a m , O t e p k a f r e e l y a d m i t t e d h i s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h J a y So u r w i n e . H e t o l d
t h e m a b o u t t h e m e m o h e h a d w r i t t e n f o r So u r w i n e , a n d w h y . H e d e -
s c r i b e d t h e d o c u m e n t s h e h a d t r a n s m i t t e d w i t h t h e m e m o , a n d e x p l a i n e d
w h y t h e y w e r e n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v e t h a t h e h a d b e e n t e l l i n g t h e t r u t h t o
t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
.
O t e p k a r e v i e w e d a n e n d l e s s p a r a d e o f o f f i c i a l d o c u m e n t s . H e r e c o g -
n i z e d m a n y t h a t h a d b e e n t a k e n f r o m h i s c o n f i s c a t e d s a f e . Re i l l y h a d
o b v i o u s l y s u p p l i e d t h e m t o t h e FB Ii n t h e h o p e o f p r o v i n g t h a t O t e p k a
w a s a s p y
. T h a t h e w a s a c c u s e d o f e s p i o n a g e f o r a c o m m i t t e e o f t h e
Un i t e d St a t e s Se n a t e r a t h e r t h a n f o r a f o r e i g n p o w e r m u s t h a v e s e e m e d
s o m e w h a t s t r a n g e t o t h e t w o FB Ia g e n t s
. B u t t h e y h a d n o a l t e r n a t i v e
e x c e p t t o g e t o n w i t h t h e i r j o b
.
W i t h o u t h e s i t a t i o n , O t e p k a i d e n t i f i e d t h e d o c u m e n t s a s h a v i n g o n c e
b e e n i n h i s p o s s e s s i o n . M o s t o f t h e m , h o w e v e r , h e h a d n e v e r c o n s i d e r e d
d e l i v e r i n g t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e . H e b e g a n t o g e t t h e d r i f t o f t h e Re i l l y -
Ru s k p l a n w h e n t h e a g e n t s c o n f r o n t e d h i m w i t h c e r t a i n p a p e r s f r o m
w h i c h t h e c l a s s i f i e d l a b e l s h a d b e e n c l i p p e d
. H e h a d n o k n o w l e d g e o f w h o
h a d c l i p p e d t h e m a n d h e s a i d s o
. " At n o t i m e , " h e t o l d t h e FB Im e n , " d i d
Ic l i p a n y d o c u m e n t o r i n s t r u c t a n y o n e e l s e t o d o i t i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e
t h e r e m a i n i n g p o r t i o n s o f t h e d o c u m e n t t o a n y u n a u t h o r i z e d p e r s o n . "
O t e p k a r e a l i z e d t h a t c l i p p i n g t h e l a b e l s o f f a n y c l a s s i f i e d p a p e r f o r t h i s
p u r p o s e w a s a c r i m i n a l a c t
. At t h e t i m e , h o w e v e r , h e s t i l l c o u l d n o t b r i n g
h i m s e l f t o b e l i e v e t h a t h i s s u p e r i o r s w e r e a t t e m p t i n g a n y t h i n g s o c r u d e
a s a d e l i b e r a t e f r a m e - u p
. H e c r e d i t e d t h e s e v e n t h f l o o r w i t h m o r e f i n e s s e
t h a n t h a t
. B u t h e w a s s h o r t l y t o f i n d t h a t t h e h i e r a r c h y ' s m e t h o d s w e r e
n o m o r e p o l i s h e d t h a n Re i l l y ' s , w h i c h i n d e e d t h e y c o n d o n e d
.
O n t h e s e c o n d d a y o f t h e FB I' s s t u d i o u s l y p o l i t e g r i l l i n g , O t e p k a w a s
g i v e n a c h a n c e t o d i c t a t e a l e n g t h y s t a t e m e n t . In i t h e r e f u t e d t h e c h a r g e
* It w a s n e a r l y t w o y e a r s l a t e r b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e e x t r a c t e d
t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t h a t t h e FB Ii n v e s t i g a t i o n o f O t e p k a h a d b e e n
r e q u e s t e d b y t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e i n a m e s s a g e t o t h e De p a r t m e n t o f J u s t i c e . ' J o h n Re i l l y
h a d h a n d - c a r r i e d De a n Ru s k ' s r e q u e s t t o J u s t i c e .
2 8 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
t h a t h e h a d d e l i v e r e d a n y c l a s s i f i e d i n f o r m a t i o n t o a n " u n a u t h o r i z e d
p e r s o n . " H e c i t e d t h e l a w e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e r i g h t o f a l l Ci v i l Se r v i c e p e r -
s o n n e l " t o f u r n i s h i n f o r m a t i o n t o e i t h e r h o u s e o f Co n g r e s s o r t o a n y
Co m m i t t e e o r m e m b e r t h e r e o f . " T h e l a w p o i n t e d l y s t a t e s t h a t t h i s r i g h t
" s h a l l n o t b e d e n i e d o r i n t e r f e r e d w i t h . " 3
W i t h o u t m i n c i n g w o r d s , O t e p k a d e f e n d e d h i s r i g h t , u n d e r t h i s l a w , t o
p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n s e c r e t
e x e c u t i v e s e s s i o n . Al l i n f o r m a t i o n " w a s g i v e n o n l y i n d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p
t o m y t e s t i m o n y , " h e m a i n t a i n e d . " T h e w h o l e r e c o r d o f m y s t a t e m e n t s
w a s c l a s s i f i e d b y t h e c o m m i t t e e a s ` Co n f i d e n t i a l
. ' Ih a v e n o t i n a n y s e n s e
i g n o r e d t h a t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . Ia m a t a l o s s t o u n d e r s t a n d , t h e r e f o r e
. . . w h o
i s t h e ` u n a u t h o r i z e d p e r s o n
. ' Iw o u l d f i n d i t i n c r e d i b l e t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e
Ch i e f Co u n s e l o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s Se n a t e Co m m i t t e e o n t h e J u d i c i a r y
i s s u c h a p e r s o n w i t h i n t h e p u r v i e w o f s o m e l a w Ia m a l l e g e d t o h a v e
v i o l a t e d . "
" T o m e , " O t e p k a s a i d i n h i s s t a t e m e n t , " l o y a l t y t o . . . m y c o u n t r y i s
p a r a m o u n t . . . . Is i n c e r e l y a l w a y s h a v e b e l i e v e d t h a t h e w h o h a s t r u t h
o n h i s s i d e i s a f o o l a n d c o w a r d i f h e f a i l s t o o w n i t b e c a u s e o f o t h e r m e n ' s
o p i n i o n s . "
W h e n h e c a m e b a c k f o r t h i s t h i r d s e s s i o n w i t h t h e FB Io n Fr i d a y
m o r n i n g , O t e p k a w a s g i v e n a t r a n s c r i p t o f t h e s t a t e m e n t . H e r e a d i t o v e r
c a r e f u l l y a n d s i g n e d i t . Ab o u t h a l f - p a s t t w e l v e , Ag e n t B y r n e s t o l d h i m
t h a t So u r w i n e h a d b e e n a t t e m p t i n g t o l o c a t e h i m . H e c a l l e d t h e s u b c o m -
m i t t e e o f f i c e a n d So u r w i n e i n f o r m e d h i m t h a t t h e Se n a t o r s w a n t e d h i m
t o r e s u m e h i s t e s t i m o n y a t o n e o ' c l o c k . Ex c u s i n g h i m s e l f , h e h u r r i e d
f r o m t h e FB Io f f i c e t o Ca p i t o l H i l l .
W i t h o u t k n o w i n g i t , O t e p k a w a s b r e a k i n g a b r a n d - n e w St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t r u l e i n g o i n g u p t o t h e H i l l t h i s t i m e . H e h a d t e s t i f i e d b e f o r e t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e t h e p r e v i o u s M o n d a y w i t h t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s p e r m i s s i o n
a n d w a s s c h e d u l e d t o a p p e a r a g a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y . H o w e v e r , h e w a s
n o t i f i e d t h a t t h e s e c o n d h e a r i n g h a d b e e n p o s t p o n e d u n t i l f u r t h e r n o t i c e .
Si n c e h e h a d b e e n t i e d u p w i t h t h e FB If o r t h e b e t t e r p a r t o f t h e n e x t
t h r e e d a y s i t w a s n o t u n t i l t h e f o l l o w i n g M o n d a y t h a t h e r e t u r n e d t o
3 8 - A0 5 t o f i n d t w o m e m o s o n h i s d e s k . B o t h w e r e f r o m Re i l l y a n d
a d d r e s s e d t o a l l p e r s o n n e l i n t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y . T h e y e x p r e s s l y
f o r b a d e SY p e o p l e t o t e s t i f y o r h a v e a n y f u r t h e r c o n t a c t s w i t h t h e Se n a t e
s u b c o m m i t t e e o r i t s s t a f f w i t h o u t a d v a n c e p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W i l l i a m
Cr o c k e t t , t h e De p u t y Un d e r s e c r e t a r y o f St a t e f o r Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n .
T h i s " g a g r u l e " a s t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e c o r r e c t l y c a l l e d i t , h a d g o n e i n t o
e f f e c t o n Au g u s t 1 4 , t h e d a y a f t e r Se c r e t a r y Ru s k p e r s o n a l l y o r d e r e d i t
. '
T H EO UT CAST

2 8 9
It w a s p r i m a r i l y a i m e d a t O t e p k a , w h o h a d d i s c l o s e d i n h i s Au g u s t 1 2
t e s t i m o n y w h a t h a d t r a n s p i r e d w h e n Re i l l y t o s s e d h i m o u t o f t h e Ev a l u a -
t i o n s Di v i s i o n . B u t b e c a u s e o f h i s e n f o r c e d i s o l a t i o n a n d t h e l e n g t h y FB I
i n t e r r o g a t i o n , t h e r u l e d i d n o t c a t c h u p w i t h h i m u n t i l Au g u s t 1 9 a f t e r
h e h a d t e s t i f i e d a s e c o n d t i m e
. B y t h e n O t e p k a h a d r e a d i n t o t h e s u b c o m -
m i t t e e r e c o r d a s m a l l m o u n t a i n o f r e v e a l i n g i n f o r m a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g t h e
3 9 - p a g e m e m o h e h a d p r e p a r e d f o r So u r w i n e , a l o n g w i t h t h e a t t a c h -
m e n t s .
Al t h o u g h o n l y s p a s m o d i c a l l y e f f e c t i v e , t h e g a g r u l e w a s t o r e m a i n i n
e f f e c t f o r t h e n e x t t w o y e a r s . Ev e r y St a t e De p a r t m e n t w i t n e s s s u m m o n e d
b y t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w a s s t r i c t l y i n s t r u c t e d b y De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s t o
r e f r a i n f r o m d i s c u s s i n g t h e m e r i t s o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e
. T h o s e f e w b r a v e
s o u l s w h o f a i l e d t o f o l l o w t h e s e o r d e r s w e r e p r o m p t l y s u b j e c t e d t o r e -
p r i s a l .
De s p i t e Ru s k ' s g a g o n h i s s u b o r d i n a t e s , t h e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m -
m i t t e e d e c i d e d t o p u s h a h e a d w i t h i t s i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e
.
T h e r e w e r e a t l e a s t t h r e e St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s w h o m t h e Se n a t o r s
h a d n o i n t e n t i o n o f l e t t i n g o f f t h e h o o k , n o m a t t e r h o w s t r e n u o u s l y De a n
Ru s k a n d t h e W h i t e H o u s e m i g h t w r i g g l e a n d s q u i r m . T h i s " l y i n g t r i o , "
a s t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e l a t e r b r a n d e d t h e m , w a s c o m p r i s e d o f J o h n Re i l l y ,
El m e r H i l l a n d Da v i d B e l i s l e .
H i l l h a d e n s n a r e d h i m s e l f i n a t a n g l e d w e b o f l i e s a b o u t t h e w i r e t a p
o n O t e p k a ' s p h o n e w h e n h e h a d t e s t i f i e d b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e o n
J u l y 9 . H e d e n i e d , u n d e r o a t h , a n y k n o w l e d g e w h a t e v e r o f t h e t a p
. T h r e e
w e e k s l a t e r B e l i s l e f o l l o w e d s u i t , a n d o n Au g u s t 6Re i l l y m a d e t h e
p e r j u r y u n a n i m o u s . '
T h e s u b c o m m i t t e e n o w h a d t h r e e m e d i u m - s i z e d Fo g g y B o t t o m s h a r k s
a l l c a u g h t u p o n o n e v e r y s h a r p h o o k . In s t e a d o f r e e l i n g t h e m i n , h o w -
e v e r , t h e Se n a t o r s d e c i d e d t o p l a y o u t t h e i r l i n e i n t o t a l s e c r e c y
. Q u i t e
o b v i o u s l y , t h e y h o p e d t h a t De a n Ru s k w o u l d g e t t h e m e s s a g e a n d
p r o m p t l y r e s t o r e O t e p k a t o t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n
. O n c e a g a i n t h e y
u n d e r e s t i m a t e d t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e .
Fo r s i x m o r e w e e k s t h e c a s e r e m a i n e d i n a s t a t e o f s u s p e n d e d i n a n i m a -
t i o n . O t e p k a , s t i l l c o n f i d e n t i n t h e p o w e r s o f t h e Co n g r e s s , s h a r e d t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s o p t i m i s m
. H e h a d h e a r d t h a t t h e FB Ii n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o
t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s a l l e g a t i o n s t h a t h e h a d v i o l a t e d t h e Es p i o n a g e Ac t h a d
c o l l a p s e d o f i t s o w n u n w i e l d y w e i g h t . M o r e a n d m o r e h e t e n d e d t o
r e g a r d h i s e x i l e a s m e r e l y t e m p o r a r y a n d h e l o o k e d f o r w a r d t o g e t t i n g
b a c k t o w o r k
. T h e a t m o s p h e r e i n SY , h e b e l i e v e d , w o u l d c e r t a i n l y b e
c l e a n s e d b y t h e Se n a t e p r o b e .
W H ENT H E FB I
INVEST IG AT IO NO FO T EP KAFAILEDT O DEVELO P EVI-
d e n c e t h a t c o u l d s u s t a i n a G r a n d J u r y i n d i c t m e n t a g a i n s t h i m u n d e r t h e
Es p i o n a g e Ac t , t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e h o p e d De a n Ru s k a n d B o b b y
Ke n n e d y w o u l d r e l e n t a n d b e g i n a s e a r c h f o r a s u i t a b l e s o l u t i o n
. O t e p k a ,
a s m u c h a s a n y o n e , s h a r e d t h i s h o p e
. Du r i n g t h e n e x t m o n t h h i s o p t i -
m i s m s t e a d i l y g r e w .
In m i d - Se p t e m b e r O t e p k a t o o k a n o t h e r w e e k o f h i s v a c a t i o n t o d r i v e
h i s d a u g h t e r J o a n n e t o Sa i n t Lo u i s , w h e r e s h e h a d e n r o l l e d a s a f r e s h m a n
a t W a s h i n g t o n Un i v e r s i t y
. H e h a d n e v e r d i s c u s s e d h i s o f f i c e p r o b l e m s
w i t h J o a n n e a n d h e d i d n o t d o s o n o w . Li k e a n y o t h e r t e e n a g e r g o i n g o f f
t o c o l l e g e f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , s h e w a s f i l l e d w i t h a m i x t u r e o f a n t i c i p a t i o n
a n d e x c i t e m e n t
. H e r f a t h e r h a d n o d e s i r e t o c a s t a p a l l o v e r h e r i n i t i a l
a d v e n t u r e w i t h h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n b y b u r d e n i n g h i s o n l y c h i l d w i t h h i s
o w n p r o f e s s i o n a l d i f f i c u l t i e s .
O t e p k a w a s g l a d t o g e t a w a y f r o m W a s h i n g t o n f o r a f e w d a y s . Dr i v i n g
o v e r t h e Al l e g h e n i e s a n d o u t i n t o t h e b r o a d M i d w e s t e r n f a r m l a n d s
b e y o n d , h e f e a s t e d o n t h e s i g h t s o f a b o u n t i f u l l a n d i n t h e f u l l n e s s o f y e t
a n o t h e r h a r v e s t
. It w a s , h e r e m i n d e d h i m s e l f , a c o u n t r y w o r t h p r e s e r v i n g .
M o r e t h a n o n c e h e a s k e d h i m s e l f i f t h e p e o p l e w o u l d w a k e u p b e f o r e
t h e i r f r e e d o m h a d b e e n s t o l e n f r o m t h e m e n t i r e l y
. B u t h e d i d n o t s e e i t
2 9 0
UNDERCH ARG ES

2 9 1
a s h i s m i s s i o n t o a w a k e n t h e m . H e h a d f a i t h t h a t t h e d e m o c r a t i c s y s t e m ,
w i t h i t s f r e e p r e s s , w o u l d f u l f i l l t h a t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .
St o p p i n g o f f i n Ch i c a g o f o r a f e w d a y s h e v i s i t e d h i s p a r e n t s a n d h i s
b r o t h e r ' s f a m i l y . Fe r d i n a n d a n d J o h a n n a O t e p k a w e l c o m e d h i m w i t h
b e a m i n g s m i l e s . T h e y h a d g r o w n o l d d u r i n g t h e y e a r s h e h a d w o r k e d i n
W a s h i n g t o n b u t t h e y w o r e t h e i r a g e w i t h g r a c e . T h e y k n e w n o t h i n g o f
t h e i r s o n ' s p r e s e n t t r o u b l e s a n d h e d i d n o t e n l i g h t e n t h e m . H e d i d c o n f i d e
i n h i s b r o t h e r Ru d y , e x p r e s s i n g c o n f i d e n c e t h a t e v e r y t h i n g w o u l d w o r k
i t s e l f o u t . T h e r e w a s n o r e a s o n , h e s a i d , t o e x p e c t a n y f u r t h e r r e p r i s a l s
f r o m t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t . H i s c h i e f a c c u s e r , Re i l l y , h a d p e r j u r e d h i m -
s e l f b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e , a l o n g w i t h t w o , a n d v e r y p r o b a b l y
m o r e , o f h i s h e n c h m e n . It w a s d i f f i c u l t t o s e e h o w t h e De p a r t m e n t c o u l d
t a k e m o r e a c t i o n a g a i n s t h i m b a s e d o n t h e a c c u s a t i o n s o f p e r j u r e r s
. Fr o m
Ch i c a g o h e d r o v e t o Sa i n t Lo u i s . W i t h c o n f l i c t i n g f e e l i n g s o f p r i d e a n d
r e g r e t , h e d e p o s i t e d h i s d a u g h t e r a t t h e u n i v e r s i t y a n d d r o v e b a c k t o
W a s h i n g t o n .
H i s o p t i m i s m s t i l l i n t a c t , O t e p k a r e t u r n e d t o h i s c e l l a t t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t o n M o n d a y , Se p t e m b e r 2 2
. T h e f o l l o w i n g m o r n i n g , a t a b o u t
1 0 : 3 0 , o n e o f t h e s e c r e t a r i e s i n t h e a d j o i n i n g l i s t e n i n g p o s t k n o c k e d
n e r v o u s l y o n h i s d o o r t o i n f o r m h i m t h a t h e h a d a t e l e p h o n e c a l l . H e
p i c k e d u p t h e m u t e e x t e n s i o n o n h i s d e s k . O n t h e l i n e w a s J o h n Dr e w ,
a n o l d f r i e n d i n t h e O f f i c e o f P e r s o n n e l w h o h a d r e c e n t l y b e e n d e s i g n a t e d
a s a De p a r t m e n t d i s c i p l i n a r y o f f i c e r . Dr e w a s k e d h i m t o c o m e i m m e d i -
a t e l y t o h i s o f f i c e o n t h e s e c o n d f l o o r .
T o s a v e t i m e , O t e p k a b y p a s s e d t h e e l e v a t o r s a n d w a l k e d d o w n t h e
d i m l y l i t s t e e l a n d c o n c r e t e s t a i r s . Dr e w , a f o r m e r b a n k c l e r k w h o h a d
s p e n t t h e l a s t f i f t e e n o f h i s 3 9 y e a r s r i s i n g s l o w l y t o a m i d d l e - e c h e l o n
p o s i t i o n i n g o v e r n m e n t , w a s w a i t i n g f o r h i m i n a p r i v a t e o f f i c e . " Ih a v e
a l e t t e r f o r y o u , " h e s a i d , h a n d i n g O t e p k a a s e a l e d e n v e l o p e
. " Y o u m i g h t
w a n t t o r e a d i t n o w . If y o u h a v e a n y q u e s t i o n s , I' l l t r y t o a n s w e r t h e m
. "
O p e n i n g t h e e n v e l o p e , O t e p k a f o u n d a l o n g l e t t e r s i g n e d b y J o h n
O r d w a y , Ch i e f o f t h e P e r s o n n e l O p e r a t i o n s Di v i s i o n a t St a t e . O n e g l a n c e
a t t h e f i r s t p a g e s h a t t e r e d a l l t h e h o p e s h e h a d q u i x o t i c a l l y n u r t u r e d f o r
t h e p a s t m o n t h
. T h e s e c o n d p a r a g r a p h b e g a n : " Y o u
a r e h e r e b y n o t i f i e d
t h a t i t i s p r o p o s e d t o r e m o v e y o u f r o m y o u r a p p o i n t m e n t w i t h t h e De p a r t -
m e n t o f St a t e. . . . " *
In s i l e n c e , b u t w i t h m o u n t i n g i n c r e d u l i t y , O t e p k a r e a d t h r o u g h t h e
t h i r t e e n s e p a r a t e c h a r g e s l e v e l e d a g a i n s t h i m
. Un b e l i e v a b l y , t h r e e o f
t h e m w e r e b a s e d o n t h e v o l u n t a r y s t a t e m e n t h e h a d g i v e n t h e FB I . T h e
* T h e f u l l t e x t o f t h e St a t e m e n t o f Ch a r g e s a p p e a r s i n Ap p e n d i x A.
2 9 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
o t h e r t e n r e s t e d u p o n t h e s c a v e n g e r h u n t c o n d u c t e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f
t h r e e m o n t h s b y t h e b u r n - b a g b r i g a d e , a l l o f w h o m w e r e i d e n t i f i e d b y
n a m e - Re i l l y , B e l i s l e , Fr e d T r a b a n d , J o e Ro s e t t i , T e r e n c e Sh e a , Ro b e r t
M c Ca r t h y , a n d t h e i r u n w i l l i n g b l o n d e a c c o m p l i c e , J o y c e Sc h m e l z e r
.
T h e f i r s t t h r e e c h a r g e s b r a z e n l y a c c u s e d O t e p k a o f c o n d u c t " u n b e c o m -
i n g a n o f f i c e r o f t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
. " Ro o t e d i n h i s s t a t e m e n t t o t h e
FB I, t h e c h a r g e s c o v e r e d a l l e g e d v i o l a t i o n s o f t h e v a g u e 1 9 4 8 T r u m a n
d i r e c t i v e w h i c h s o u g h t t o s w e e p t h e Al g e r H i s s " r e d h e r r i n g " u n d e r a
W h i t e H o u s e r u g . In c r e d i b l e a s i t m a y h a v e s e e m e d t o O t e p k a w h e n t h e
FB It o o k h i s s t a t e m e n t , t h e Ch i e f Co u n s e l o f t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
w a s i n d e e d d e e m e d t o b e a n " u n a u t h o r i z e d p e r s o n
. " Al l t h r e e c o u n t s
o p e n l y n a m e d J a y So u r w i n e a s t h e i l l e g a l r e c i p i e n t o f t h r e e o f f i c i a l d o c u -
m e n t s , t w o o f t h e m c l a s s i f i e d .
O n e d o c u m e n t w a s l a b o r i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d a s " a c l a s s i f i e d m e m o r a n d u m
e n t i t l e d ` Fr a n c i s O
. W i l c o x , Ar t h u r La r s o n , La w r e n c e Fi n k e l s t e i n , M a r -
s h a l l D
. Sh u l m a n , An d r e w Co r d i e r , Er n e s t G r o s s , H a r d i n g B a n c r o f t , So l
Li n o w i t z . ' " Al l t h e s e p e o p l e w e r e , o f c o u r s e , m e m b e r s o f H a r l a n Cl e v e -
l a n d ' s s e l e c t Ad v i s o r y Co m m i t t e e o n In t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s
. T h e
s e c o n d c l a s s i f i e d m e m o c i t e d i n t h e c h a r g e s a l s o d e a l t w i t h t h e Cl e v e l a n d
c o m m i t t e e
. O t e p k a h a d p l a c e d b o t h o f t h e m i n t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
r e c o r d d u r i n g h i s l a s t a p p e a r a n c e o n Ca p i t o l H i l o n Au g u s t 1 6r i g h t a f t e r
h e l e f t t h e FB If i e l d o f f i c e
. As h e h a d t o l d t h e FB Ia g e n t s , h e h a d
p r e v i o u s l y g i v e n t h e s e p a p e r s t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e t h r o u g h So u r w i n e t o
r e f u t e Re i l l y ' s l i e s .
T h e d o c u m e n t s u n d e r l y i n g t h e t h i r d c h a r g e w a s a n u n c l a s s i f i e d i n v e s -
t i g a t i v e r e p o r t o n a n a p p l i c a n t f o r a St a t e De p a r t m e n t j o b , J o a n M a e
Fo g l a n t z . T h e 1 9 68 s u b c o m m i t t e e r e p o r t o n t h e O t e p k a c a s e n o t e d t h a t
t h i s r e p o r t r e v e a l e d " t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h a n a d v e r s a r y p r o c e e d i n g c a n
g o - w h e n y o u w a n t t o g e t r i d o f s o m e s u b o r d i n a t e
. " T h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
e m p h a s i z e d t h a t t h e d o c u m e n t " w a s i n c l u d e d o n l y a s a n e x a m p l e o f t h e
s h o r t - f o r m i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e p o r t a s a g a i n s t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l l o n g f o r m
. "
T h e r e w a s n o d e r o g a t o r y i n f o r m a t i o n o n M i s s Fo g l a n t z
. O n t h e c o n -
t r a r y , t h e r e p o r t o n h e r w a s q u i t e f a v o r a b l e
. O t e p k a i n t r o d u c e d i t , a s t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e p o i n t e d o u t , m e r e l y t o s h o w h o w " M r
. Re i l l y h a d l i e d
a b o u t t h e s h o r t f o r m i n v a r i o u s w a y s . " '
T w o o f t h e r e m a i n i n g t e n c h a r g e s a l s o a c c u s e d O t e p k a o f " u n b e c o m -
i n g " c o n d u c t . T h e s e f o c u s e d o n g a r b l e d t r a n s c r i p t s m a d e f r o m a o n e -
t i m e - t y p e w r i t e r r i b b o n a n d c a r b o n p a p e r M r s
. P o w e r s h a d d i s c a r d e d i n
t h e b u r n b a g w h e n s h e w a s t y p i n g O t e p k a ' s l e n g t h y m e m o t o So u r w i n e
i n M a y .
UNDERCH ARG ES

2 9
3
T h e o t h e r e i g h t c o u n t s c h a r g e d t h a t O t e p k a w a s " r e s p o n s i b l e " f o r t h e
" m u t i l a t i o n " o r " d e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n " o f f o u r o f f i c i a l p a p e r s , a l l o f t h e m
a l l e g e d l y t a k e n f r o m h i s b u r n b a g o n J u n e 1 8 , t h e d a y h e a n d No r p e l
d r o v e M r s . P o w e r s t o t h e h o s p i t a l t o h a v e h e r b r o k e n f o o t X - r a y e d .
Ev e r y o n e o f t h e s e f o u r d o c u m e n t s w a s b e i n g r e t y p e d b y J o y c e
Sc h m e l z e r t h a t d a y . Al l f o u r c o n c e r n e d t h e h i g h l y h u s h - h u s h i n v e s t i g a -
t i o n o f La t i n Am e r i c a n Co m m u n i s t s o p e r a t i n g o u t o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n
o f f i c e s o f v a r i o u s i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s .
Ch i e f a m o n g t h o s e c l a s s i f i e d p a p e r s w a s t h e m e m o t o M c G e o r g e
B u n d y a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e , s i g n e d f o r W i l l i a m B r u b e c k , a s p e c i a l a s s i s t -
a n t t o De a n Ru s k w h o b o r e t h e t i t l e " Ex e c u t i v e Se c r e t a r y " o f t h e De -
p a r t m e n t o f St a t e . T h e o t h e r t h r e e i n c l u d e d f i l e c h i e f J o h n No o n a n ' s
r e p o r t o n h o w h e h a d c o m m i t t e d O t e p k a t o t h e La t i n Am e r i c a n p r o j e c t ;
a m e m o t h a t e v a l u a t o r Ra y Le v y h a d p r e p a r e d w i t h Fr e d T r a b a n d o n
h o w SY w o u l d h a n d l e t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n ; a n o t h e r m e m o d r a f t e d b y o n e
J . M . B a r t a i n In t e r - Am e r i c a n Af f a i r s
.
Un d e r f o u r o f t h e s e e i g h t c o u n t s O t e p k a n o w f a c e d a t o t a l o f t w e n t y -
f o u r y e a r s i n f e d e r a l p r i s o n a n d u p t o $ 1 6, 0 0 0 i n f i n e s . Y e t h e l a t e r s w o r e
t h a t h e h a d " a b s o l u t e l y n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h c l i p p i n g t h e c l a s s i f i e d l a b e l s
f r o m t h e d o c u m e n t s t h a t f o r m e d t h e b a s i s f o r t h e s e c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s . "
" Iw a s n o t p a r t i c u l a r l y d i s t u r b e d b y t h e c h a r g e s r e g a r d i n g m y a s s o c i a -
t i o n w i t h J a y So u r w i n e o r t h e d a t a I' d f u r n i s h e d h i m f o r t h e s u b c o m m i t -
t e e , " O t e p k a l a t e r r e c a l l e d . " B u t Iw a s s h o c k e d a n d a n g e r e d t o f i n d t h a t
t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a d r e s o r t e d t o a c h e a p , g a n g l a n d f r a m e - u p t o
p l a c e m e u n d e r c h a r g e s f o r c r i m e s i t k n e w Ih a d n e v e r c o m m i t t e d
. "
T h e f a c t t h a t t h e f r a m e - u p h a d b e e n p e r p e t r a t e d b y a c k n o w l e d g e d
p e r j u r e r s d i d n o t f o r a m o m e n t t r o u b l e Ab r a m Ch a y e s , t h e De p a r t m e n t
l e g a l a d v i s o r w h o s e o f f i c e r e v i e w e d t h e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t O t e p k a . No r d i d
i t t w e a k t h e c o n s c i e n c e o f Se c r e t a r y Ru s k w h e n h e a p p r o v e d t h e m . B o t h
Ru s k a n d Ch a y e s w e r e p e r f e c t l y w i l l i n g t o p l a c e a n i n n o c e n t m a n u n d e r
c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s i f i t s e r v e d t h e i r l o n g - r a n g e p u r p o s e .
In J o h n Dr e w ' s o f f i c e t h a t Se p t e m b e r m o r n i n g , O t e p k a o n c e a g a i n
d e m o n s t r a t e d h i s m a g n i f i c e n t s e l f - c o n t r o l . W h e n h e f i n i s h e d r e a d i n g t h e
l o n g l i s t o f c h a r g e s , h e c a l m l y a s k e d Dr e w w h a t a l t e r n a t i v e s w e r e o p e n
t o h i m
. " W e l l , " d r a w l e d Dr e w , " y o u c o u l d r e s i g n . "
In s p i t e o f h i m s e l f , O t e p k a s m i l e d . H e s h o o k h i s h e a d s l o w l y . H e h a d
b e e n g i v e n t e n d a y s t o a n s w e r t h e c h a r g e s a n d t h e d i s m i s s a l w o u l d n o t
g o i n t o e f f e c t u n t i l t w e n t y d a y s a f t e r t h a t . H e t o l d Dr e w t h a t h e i n t e n d e d
t o g e t a l a w y e r . T h e y c h a t t e d f o r s o m e m i n u t e s a b o u t t h e r e g u l a t i o n s
c o v e r i n g d i s m i s s a l n o t i c e s . O t e p k a k n e w t h e m a s w e l l o r b e t t e r t h a n
2 9 4

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
Dr e w , b u t , t y p i c a l l y , h e m a d e d o u b l y s u r e o f h i s g r o u n d b e f o r e h e l e f t
.
T h e m e e t i n g h a d l a s t e d l e s s t h a n a h a l f - h o u r
.
O t e p k a c l i m b e d t h e s t a i r s t o t h e t h i r d f l o o r a n d w e n t b a c k t o 3 8 - A0 5 -
H e s a t d o w n a t h i s d e s k a n d s t a r t e d t o p i c k u p t h e p h o n e
. T h e n h e
t h o u g h t b e t t e r o f i t . ( J u s t a w e e k l a t e r t h e f o r m e r w i r e t a p c h i e f , St a n l e y
H o l d e n , t o l d h i m h i s p h o n e i n t h e l i t t l e o f f i c e h a d b e e n f i x e d t o p i c k u p
a l l c o n v e r s a t i o n s , o n o r o f f t h e t e l e p h o n e l i n e
. El m e r H i l l h a d a t a p e
r e c o r d e r t w i r l i n g i n h i s l a b a c r o s s t h e h a l l t o m o n i t o r e v e r y w o r d
. )
T h e r e w a s n o p l a c e h e c o u l d g o i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t o s e e k
a d v i c e
. T h e r e w a s n o o n e t h e r e h e c o u l d t a l k t o w i t h o u t e n d a n g e r i n g t h e
p e r s o n ' s p o s i t i o n
. Al o n e i n h i s s o l i t a r y c u b i c l e , h e p o n d e r e d h i s n e x t s t e p
.
It w a s n o t y e t n o o n i n W a s h i n g t o n
. B u t t h e h o u r w a s l a t e , m u c h l a t e r t h a n
e v e n O t e p k a r e a l i z e d . . . .
At t h a t v e r y h o u r , a l o n g m a r c h a w a y o n Ca p i t o l H i l l , t h e Se n a t e o f
t h e Un i t e d St a t e s w a s i n t h e f i n a l t h r o e s o f i t s b i t t e r d e b a t e o n t h e
Nu c l e a r T e s t B a n T r e a t y . T h e d e b a t e h a d r a g e d , o f f t h e f l o o r m o r e
s a v a g e l y t h a n o n i t , f o r t w o b e w i l d e r i n g m o n t h s
. Ne v e r i n t h e h i s t o r y o f
t h e Se n a t e h a d s o m a n y a r m s b e e n t w i s t e d s o p a i n f u l l y b e h i n d s o m a n y
l o c k e d d o o r s . H i t h e r t o c o u r a g e o u s m e n , k n o w i n g t h a t t h e f u t u r e o f t h e i r
c o u n t r y a n d o f a l l m a n k i n d w a s a t s t a k e , n o n e t h e l e s s b r o k e , o n e b y o n e ,
u n d e r t h e e x c r u c i a t i n g p r e s s u r e o f t h e r e l e n t l e s s p s y c h o l o g i c a l r a c k t h a t
o p e r a t e d d a y a n d n i g h t t h r o u g h t h o s e f a t e f u l w e e k s
.
W h i s p e r s o f b l a c k m a i l f i l l e d t h e c o r r i d o r s o f t h e Ca p i t o l
. Se n a t o r s w h o
h a d t a k e n s o l e m n o a t h s n e v e r t o a p p r o v e a t e s t b a n t h a t d i d n o t i n s u r e
a d e q u a t e i n s p e c t i o n r i g h t s w i t h i n t h e So v i e t Un i o n s u d d e n l y r e v e r s e d
t h e m s e l v e s a n d p l u m p e d e l o q u e n t l y f o r r a t i f i c a t i o n o f a t r e a t y t h a t g u a r -
a n t e e d n o o n - s i t e i n s p e c t i o n a t a l l
.
It w a s t h e s u p r e m e m a s t e r p i e c e o f t h e Ke n n e d y Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n
. Di -
r e c t e d b y t h e W h i t e H o u s e , a i d e d a n d a b e t t e d b y t h e St a t e a n d De f e n s e
De p a r t m e n t s , d r a w i n g w h e r e n e c e s s a r y o n t h e e s o t e r i c t a l e n t s o f CIA,
t h e c a m p a i g n t o f o r c e t h e r e l u c t a n t Se n a t e t o r a t i f y t h e T r e a t y o f M o s -
c o w w a s r u t h l e s s l y c o o r d i n a t e d b y Ro b e r t Ke n n e d y f r o m t h e De p a r t -
m e n t o f J u s t i c e
. Re v e a l i n g d o s s i e r s w e r e a l l e g e d l y b u i l t u p o n t h e m o s t
s e c r e t FB Ia n d CIAf i l e s
. If p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e f a i l e d t o b r e a k a r e c a l c i t r a n t
o p p o n e n t o f t h e t r e a t y , B o b b y k n e w t h e r e w e r e o t h e r w a y s t o m a k e a
m a n " c o m e a r o u n d . "
T h e t r e a t y i t s e l f h a d b e e n i n i t i a l e d i n t h e Kr e m l i n o n J u l y 2 5 b y t h e
U. S
. r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , Av e r e l l H a r r i m a n , a n d b y Ni k i t a Kh r u s h c h e v
. T e n
d a y s l a t e r De a n Ru s k f l e w t o M o s c o w w i t h a g a y l i t t l e p a r t y t h a t i n c l u d e d
UNDERCH ARG ES

2 9 5
Ad l a i St e v e n s o n a n d Se n a t o r H u b e r t H u m p h r e y
. At t h e f o r m a l s i g n i n g
o n Au g u s t 5 , n e w s p h o t o g r a p h s f l a s h e d a r o u n d t h e w o r l d s h o w i n g t h e
j o y f u l Am e r i c a n d e l e g a t i o n t o a s t i n g t h e t r e a t y w i t h Kh r u s h c h e v a n d h i s
b e a m i n g c o m m i s s a r s .
Fo r t h e Co m m u n i s t s , t h e t r e a t y w a s t h e c u l m i n a t i o n o f a n a l l - o u t
p r o p a g a n d a w a r w a g e d f o r n e a r l y t w o d e c a d e s
. It h a d b e g u n a t H i r o -
s h i m a a n d h a d g a i n e d g r e a t i m p e t u s w h e n Am e r i c a t e s t e d t h e w o r l d ' s
f i r s t h y d r o g e n b o m b o v e r t h e En i w e t o k At o l l i n 1 9 5 2
. In e v e r y c o u n t r y
" p e a c e " g r o u p s t o o k u p t h e t o r c h t o b l a z e t h e t r a i l
. B y 1 9 5 8 t h e i r u n r e -
l e n t i n g p r e s s u r e h a d c a u s e d t h e Ei s e n h o w e r Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n t o a g r e e t o
a t e s t b a n " m o r a t o r i u m " - a u n i l a t e r a l m o v e t h a t r e q u i r e d n o t h i n g m o r e
t h a n a s l y n o d o f a p p r o v a l f r o m t h e Kr e m l i n .
" W e w i s h e d s o h a r d f o r a t e s t b a n t h a t w e b a s e d o u r c o n t r o l s y s t e m
o n h o p e l e s s l y i n a d e q u a t e s c i e n c e , " w r o t e Ea r l Vo s s i n h i s r e v e a l i n g 1 9 63
b o o k , Nu c l e a r
Am b u s h . 2 AW a s h i n g t o n St a r r e p o r t e r a n d f o r m e r p r e s i -
d e n t o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t Co r r e s p o n d e n t s Cl u b , Vo s s u n d e r s t o o d
v e r y w e l l t h e r a t i o n a l e o f t h e m o r a t o r i u m , t h e i d e n t i c a l r a t i o n a l e u s e d
f i v e y e a r s l a t e r t o s e l l t h e T r e a t y o f M o s c o w t o a t h o r o u g h l y b e f u d d l e d
Am e r i c a n p u b l i c .
" De e p f e a r s a l w a y s g i v e r i s e t o w i s h f u l t h i n k i n g , " Vo s s o b s e r v e d .
" De e p f e a r s o f n u c l e a r w e a p o n s g a v e r i s e t o w i s h f u l t h i n k i n g t h a t a
n u c l e a r t e s t b a n c o u l d s o m e h o w s e n d t h e t h r e a t o f n u c l e a r w a r a w a y . . . .
So v i e t p s y c h o l o g y t o o k s k i l l f u l a d v a n t a g e o f t h e w i s h f u l t h i n k e r s . " '
T h e m o r a t o r i u m w a s , h o w e v e r , m e r e l y t h e f i r s t t e n t a t i v e d i p p i n g o f
Am e r i c a ' s t o e s i n t o m o r e c h i l l i n g w a t e r s
. Fo r f i v e i n v a l u a b l e y e a r s i t k e p t
o u r t e c h n o l o g y i n a d e e p f r e e z e w h i l e t h e So v i e t s s o a r e d f r o m b e h i n d t o
o v e r t a k e a n d s u r p a s s U. S
. s c i e n c e i n t h i s m o s t c r i t i c a l o f a l l a r e n a s o f
p o w e r
. H a v i n g a c h i e v e d d r a m a t i c t e c h n o l o g i c a l b r e a k t h r o u g h s v i a t h e i r
m a s s i v e 1 9 61 - 62 n u c l e a r t e s t s , t h e So v i e t s w e r e n a t u r a l l y e a g e r f o r a
t r e a t y t h a t w o u l d p r o h i b i t t h e Un i t e d St a t e s f r o m d u p l i c a t i n g t h e i r
a c h i e v e m e n t s
. O n De c e m b e r 1 9 , 1 9 62 , l e s s t h a n t w o m o n t h s a f t e r t h e
Cu b a n m i s s i l e c r i s i s , Kh r u s h c h e v w r o t e P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y
: " It s e e m s t o
m e , M r
. P r e s i d e n t , t h a t [ t h e ) t i m e h a s c o m e n o w t o p u t a n e n d o n c e a n d
f o r a l l t o n u c l e a r t e s t s , t o d r a w a l i n e t h r o u g h s u c h t e s t s
. " '
Ke n n e d y r o s e t o t h e P a v l o v i a n b a i t . Af t e r a l l , h e h a d b e e n p l e a d i n g
w i t h Kh r u s h c h e v f r o m t h e v e r y o u t s e t o f h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o r j u s t s u c h
a m o v e
. Fu r t h e r , h e h a d d e v o t e d a m a j o r p a r t o f h i s c o n s i d e r a b l e e n e r g i e s
t o c o n d i t i o n i n g t h e Am e r i c a n p e o p l e t o a c c e p t i t
. H e i n t u r n h a d p e r m i t -
t e d h i m s e l f t o b e c o n d i t i o n e d b y t h e p l a t o o n s o f u l t r a - Le f t i s t s a n d w i s h f u l
t h i n k e r s s t r a t e g i c a l l y d e p l o y e d i n t h e W h i t e H o u s e , t h e De p a r t m e n t o f
2 9 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
De f e n s e , a n d , o v e r O t t o O t e p k a ' s s t r e n u o u s o b j e c t i o n s , i n t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t .
As y e t , h o w e v e r , t h e r e w a s n o h i n t t h a t t h e Un i t e d St a t e s w o u l d e v e n
c o n s i d e r a t e s t b a n t r e a t y w i t h o u t s o m e k i n d o f o n - s i t e i n s p e c t i o n w i t h i n
t h e b o r d e r s o f t h e USSR
. Ev e n Ni k i t a Kh r u s h c h e v h a d p r o m i s e d i n h i s
De c e m b e r l e t t e r t o m e e t t h e U. S
. " h a l f w a y " o n t h e i n s p e c t i o n i s s u e
. ' B u t
t h r o u g h t h e w i n t e r a n d s p r i n g t h e n u m b e r o f i n s p e c t i o n s t h e U . S. w a s
w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t w a s s t e a d i l y w h i t t l e d d o w n - f r o m t e n , t o e i g h t , t o f i v e ,
a n d u l t i m a t e l y t o z e r o .
" T h i s h a s b e c o m e a n e x e r c i s e n o t i n n e g o t i a t i o n , b u t i n g i v e - a w a y , "
Se n a t o r Di r k s e n c a u s t i c a l l y r e m a r k e d a t o n e p o i n t . In Fe b r u a r y , w h e n
t h e n u m b e r o f i n s p e c t i o n s w a s s t i l l p u b l i c l y p e g g e d a t a h a l f - d o z e n ,
Se n a t o r Do d d d e c l a r e d t h a t f a r t o o m a n y c o n c e s s i o n s h a d a l r e a d y b e e n
m a d e . H e s a i d h e w o u l d o p p o s e t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e t e s t b a n t h a t w o u l d
h a v e p r o h i b i t e d u n d e r g r o u n d a s w e l l a s a t m o s p h e r i c t e s t s b e c a u s e i t
w o u l d h a l t d e v e l o p m e n t o f a n e u t r o n b o m b a n d o f a n t i - m i s s i l e m i s s i l e s
.
Do d d , a l t h o u g h a n o u t s p o k e n a n t i - Co m m u n i s t , w a s s t i l l a w i d e l y r e -
s p e c t e d No r t h e r n Li b e r a l
. H e w a s e x p e c t e d t o l e a d t h e o p p o s i t i o n t o
r a t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e t r e a t y i n t h e Se n a t e .
Af e w m o n t h s l a t e r Do d d a l m o s t s i n g l e h a n d e d l y p u l l e d t h e r u g r i g h t
o u t f r o m u n d e r t h e o p p o s i t i o n h e w a s t o h a v e l e d
. As Sc h l e s i n g e r t a c t -
f u l l y p u t s i t , " t h e Co n n e c t i c u t Se n a t o r h a d t h e g r a c e t o c h a n g e h i s
m i n d . " 6 T o w a r d s t h e e n d o f M a y , Do d d l i n k e d a r m s w i t h H u b e r t H u m -
p h r e y a n d t h i r t y - t w o o t h e r s e n a t o r s i n i n t r o d u c i n g a r e s o l u t i o n c a l l i n g f o r
a l i m i t e d t e s t b a n
. It w a s " t h e s e n s e o f t h e Se n a t e , " t h e r e s o l u t i o n d e -
c l a r e d , t h a t t h e U. S
. s h o u l d " p u r s u e i t w i t h v i g o r , s e e k i n g t h e w i d e s t
p o s s i b l e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u p p o r t , " e v e n i f t h e USSRp r o v e d r e l u c t a n t
.
Do d d ' s s u r p r i s i n g a b o u t - f a c e e n d e d a l l m e a n i n g f u l o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e
T r e a t y o f M o s c o w t w o m o n t h s b e f o r e i t w a s s i g n e d . It w a s n o t r i c k a f t e r
t h a t f o r t h e So v i e t s t o c u t t h e n u m b e r o f o n - s i t e i n s p e c t i o n s t o n o n e
.
Av e r e l l H a r r i m a n , a w a r m f r i e n d o f t h e So v i e t Un i o n s i n c e h i s y o u t h ,
c h e e r f u l l y c o o p e r a t e d . " Ia m a l w a y s r i g h t w h e n I
k n o w I a m r i g h t , "
H a r r i m a n a r c h l y a n n o u n c e d u p o n h i s r e t u r n . '
T h e a d v i c e a n d c o n s e n t o f t h e Se n a t e w a s n o w t h e o n l y r e m a i n i n g
h u r d l e . Sk i l l f u l l y , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t p r o p a g a n d a m a c h i n e w a s
p r e s s e d i n t o h i g h g e a r . Ad h o c c o m m i t t e e s w e r e f o r m e d Le f t
a n d Ri g h t
t o s u p p o r t t h e t r e a t y
. Ne w s p a p e r a d v e r t i s e m e n t s b l o s s o m e d f o r t h b e a r -
i n g t h e a n c i e n t m e s s a g e o f h o p e , " p e a c e o n e a r t h . " O n e m i g h t y t w o - p a g e
a d w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n t h e Ne w Y o r k T i m e s
o n Au g u s t 1 5 w a s s i g n e d b y
s o m e o f t h e m o s t p r e s t i g i o u s l e a d e r s o f Am e r i c a n i n d u s t r y a n d f i n a n c e .
UNDERCH ARG ES

2 9 7
Am o n g t h e m w a s W i n t h r o p Al d r i c h , u n c l e o f t h e Ro c k e f e l l e r b o y s a n d
f o r m e r c h a i r m a n o f t h e Ch a s e B a n k . Fo r " n a m e - r e c o g n i t i o n " v a l u e t h e r e
w a s a Ca b o t ( T h o m a s
B . ) , a B a k e r ( G . Y . ) , a n d a Ro o s e v e l t ( J o h n ) . O t h e r s
i n c l u d e d So l Li n o w i t z , X e r o x Co r p o r a t i o n c h a i r m a n a n d Cl e v e l a n d c o m -
m i t t e e m e m b e r
; T h o m a s B . M c Ca b e , Sc o t t P a p e r Co m p a n y c h a i r m a n ;
Sy d n e y J
. W e i n b e r g o f G o l d m a n Sa c h s ; Ch a r l e s B . M o r t i m e r , c h a i r m a n
o f G e n e r a l Fo o d s
; J . W i l s o n Ne w m a n , t h e m a n a g i n g h e a d o f Du n &
B r a d s t r e e t .
In e x e c u t i v e s e s s i o n t h e Se n a t e P r e p a r e d n e s s Su b c o m m i t t e e l i s t e n e d
a t t e n t i v e l y t o a p a r a d e o f w i t n e s s e s t e s t i f y i n g p r o a n d c o n . B u t w i t h e a c h
p a s s i n g d a y t h e r e w e r e f e w e r a n d f e w e r m e n w h o d a r e d s t a n d a g a i n s t t h e
g r a n d i l l u s i o n o f p e a c e
. T h e J o i n t Ch i e f s o f St a f f , w h o o n l y m o n t h s b e f o r e
h a d s t e a d f a s t l y d e c l a r e d t h a t e v e n s i x i n s p e c t i o n s a n n u a l l y w o u l d b e
u n a c c e p t a b l e t o t h e m , w e r e s u d d e n l y w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t n o n e . An o l d
f r i e n d w h o s a w G e n e r a l Cu r t i s Le M a y , t h e Ai r Fo r c e m e m b e r o f t h e
J o i n t Ch i e f s , e m e r g e f r o m t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e h e a r i n g r o o m d e s c r i b e d
Le M a y t o t h i s w r i t e r a s " a b e a t e n m a n
. "
Va l i a n t l y , a d w i n d l i n g b a n d o f o p p o n e n t s f o u g h t o n
. T h e y w e r e l e d b y
Dr
. Ed w a r d T e l l e r a n d a c o r p o r a l ' s g u a r d o f r e t i r e d m i l i t a r y m e n
. P r o m i -
n e n t a m o n g t h e m w e r e t h r e e e x - a d m i r a l s - Le w i s St r a u s s , Ar l e i g h B u r k e ,
a n d Ar t h u r Ra d f o r d . G e n e r a l T h o m a s P o w e r , s t i l l c h i e f o f t h e St r a t e g i c
Ai r Co m m a n d , w a s t h e o n l y l e a d i n g a c t i v e - d u t y o f f i c e r t o o p p o s e t h e
t r e a t y p u b l i c l y , t h o u g h m a n y a r g u e d a g a i n s t i t i n p r i v a t e . B y d o i n g s o ,
P o w e r k n e w h e w a s f o r f e i t i n g h i s e x p e c t e d p r o m o t i o n t o t h e J o i n t Ch i e f s .
B u t h e n e v e r w a v e r e d
.
B l u n t l y , Dr
. T e l l e r t o l d t h e Se n a t o r s : " If y o u r a t i f y t h i s t r e a t y . . . y o u
w i l l h a v e g i v e n a w a y t h e f u t u r e s a f e t y o f t h i s c o u n t r y . " Ad m i r a l Ra d f o r d
p u t i t j u s t a s s t r o n g l y
. " T h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e Se n a t e o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s t r e a t y w i l l , " h e s a i d , " c h a n g e t h e c o u r s e o f w o r l d
h i s t o r y . "
W h e n t h e t r e a t y c a m e t o t h e f l o o r f o r o p e n d e b a t e , a n e s t i m a t e d t h i r t y
Se n a t o r s w e r e s t i l l a l i g n e d a g a i n s t i t
. Da y b y d a y t h e n u m b e r d w i n d l e d .
St r o m T h u r m o n d o f So u t h Ca r o l i n a r a l l i e d t h e r e a r g u a r d w i t h i n c i s i v e
a r g u m e n t s t h a t c u t t h r o u g h t h e h e a v i l y e m o t i o n a l s u p p o r t o f t h e t r e a t y
a n d e x p o s e d i t f o r w h a t i t w a s - a b l u e p r i n t f o r d i s a s t e r . T h u r m o n d w a s
j o i n e d b y B a r r y G o l d w a t e r
; Ri c h a r d Ru s s e l l o f G e o r g i a , c h a i r m a n o f t h e
Ar m e d Se r v i c e s Co m m i t t e e
; J o h n St e n n i s o f M i s s i s s i p p i , P r e p a r e d n e s s
Su b c o m m i t t e e c h a i r m a n
; a n d Fr a n k La u s c h e o f O h i o , t h e o n l y No r t h e r n
De m o c r a t w h o s t o o d f i r m a g a i n s t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n j u g g e r n a u t .
Si g n i f i c a n t l y , i n t h e t w o w e e k s o f d e b a t e e v e r y Se n a t o r w h o s u p p o r t e d
2 9 8 T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
t h e t r e a t y c o n f e s s e d t h e f e a r t h a t h e m i g h t b e t r a g i c a l l y w r o n g
. B u t
p o l i t i c a l a n d o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o u t w e i g h e d t h e i r f e a r s
. T h e f i n a l v o t e
c a m e o n Se p t e m b e r 2 4 , t h e d a y a f t e r O t t o O t e p k a ' s a s y e t u n n o t i c e d
d i s m i s s a l . O n l y 1 9 Se n a t o r s w e r e r e c o r d e d a g a i n s t t h e t r e a t y
; 8 0 v o t e d
f o r i t .
J a c k Ke n n e d y r i g h t l y c l a i m e d h i s g r e a t e s t v i c t o r y - a v i c t o r y w h i c h h e
h a d b e e n w a r n e d c o u l d o n e d a y s p e l l u l t i m a t e d e f e a t f o r h i s c o u n t r y
.
Ar t h u r Sc h l e s i n g e r j u s t i f i a b l y c r o w e d
: " T h e a b s e n c e o f m a j o r c r i t i c i s m
[ t o t h e t e s t b a n ] , w h e t h e r i n Co n g r e s s o r t h e p r e s s , s h o w e d t h e t r a n s f o r -
m a t i o n w h i c h , d e s p i t e B e r l i n a n d d e s p i t e Cu b a , t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d
w r o u g h t i n t h e m i n d o f t h e n a t i o n . " '
O t t o O t e p k a , n o w u n d e r c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s a n d t h r e a t e n e d w i t h i m p r i s -
o n m e n t , k n e w f a r b e t t e r t h a n e i t h e r Ke n n e d y o r Sc h l e s i n g e r e x a c t l y h o w
t h i s m i r a c u l o u s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n h a d b e e n w r o u g h t . Fo r h e k n e w , a s n o
o t h e r m a n i n W a s h i n g t o n , t h e s e c u r i t y p e d i g r e e s o f t h e m e n w h o h a d
u s h e r e d i n t h e Ne w O r d e r
. Al o n e , a b a n d o n e d b y a l l b u t a h a n d f u l o f
f r i e n d s , h e s a w t h r o u g h t h e g h o s t l y c h a r a d e o f t h e Nu c l e a r T e s t B a n
T r e a t y , a n d s i l e n t l y v o w e d t o c o n t i n u e h i s s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h o s e s e e m -
i n g l y m y s t e r i o u s f o r c e s w h i c h h a d b r o u g h t i t a b o u t .
. \.

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T H ENIG H T O T EP KARECEIVEDH ISDISM ISSALNO T ICEFRO M T H EST AT E
De p a r t m e n t h e h a d a l o n g t a l k w i t h h i s w i f e , Ed i t h . T h e y s a t i n t h e l a r g e
p a n e l e d b a s e m e n t r o o m h e h a d i n s t a l l e d h i m s e l f a f e w y e a r s b e f o r e a s a
c o m b i n a t i o n f a m i l y r o o m a n d a r t g a l l e r y . Ed i t h ' s o w n p a i n t i n g s w e r e
r a n g e d a r o u n d t h e w a l l s , e a c h g l o w i n g s o f t l y u n d e r t h e s u b d u e d l i g h t o f
i n d i v i d u a l b u l b s c o n c e a l e d b y a w o o d e n v a l a n c e t h a t r i n g e d t h e c e i l i n g .
Al t h o u g h h e h a d k e p t Ed i t h a p p r i s e d o f t h e m a i n e v e n t s o f r e c e n t
m o n t h s , u n t i l n o w h e h a d a v o i d e d g o i n g i n t o g r e a t d e t a i l
. H o w e v e r , s i n c e
h e h a d b e e n p l a c e d u n d e r c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s t h a t m o r n i n g h e f e l t h i s w i f e
d e s e r v e d t o u n d e r s t a n d m o r e c l e a r l y j u s t w h a t w a s a t s t a k e
. No t t h a t
t h e r e w a s a n y n e e d t o d r a w d i a g r a m s f o r h e r ; Ed i t h h a d l o n g a g o g r a s p e d
t h e c e n t r a l i s s u e s o f t h e b i t t e r d r a m a i n w h i c h h e r h u s b a n d f o u n d h i m s e l f
t h e p r i n c i p a l c h a r a c t e r . B u t O t e p k a w a n t e d h e r t o s e e t h e f u l l d i m e n s i o n s
o f t h a t d r a m a s o s h e c o u l d b e t t e r a s s e s s , a s h e h a d a l r e a d y d o n e , t h e
s t r e n g t h o f t h e f o r c e s a r r a y e d a g a i n s t h i m .
It w a s n o l o n g e r a c o n t e s t b e t w e e n h i m s e l f a n d t h e De p a r t m e n t o f
St a t e
. H e w a s n o w e n g a g e d , w i t h t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e a s a t e n t a t i v e
a l l y , i n a s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e w h o l e e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
g o v e r n m e n t . In a p p r o v i n g t h e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t O t e p k a , De a n Ru s k k n e w
t h a t h e w a s o p e n l y d e f y i n g n o t o n l y a p o w e r f u l g r o u p o f s e n a t o r s b u t t h e
2 9 9
3 0 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r e r o g a t i v e s o f t h e Co n g r e s s i t s e l f
. T h i s w a s a s t e p n o
Ca b i n e t o f f i c e r w o u l d d a r e t a k e w i t h o u t t h e f u l l b a c k i n g o f t h e W h i t e
H o u s e .
At t h e t i m e , O t e p k a s t i l l h a d f a i t h i n t h e Co n g r e s s a n d i n t h e u l t i m a t e
i m p a r t i a l i t y o f Am e r i c a n j u s t i c e . No n e t h e l e s s , h e k n e w t h a t j u s t i c e c o u l d
c o m e d e a r . H e w o u l d h a v e t o r e t a i n a n a t t o r n e y , a n d c o m p e t e n t a t t o r -
n e y s w e r e e x p e n s i v e .
T h a t n i g h t , Ed i t h a n d O t t o t o t e d u p t h e i r s a v i n g s . W i t h t h e i r d a u g h t e r
i n c o l l e g e , i t w a s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e s u m t h e y h a d p u t a s i d e w o u l d n o t
s t r e t c h v e r y f a r . T h e y d e c i d e d t o t a k e a s e c o n d m o r t g a g e o n t h e i r h o m e ,
i f n e c e s s a r y , t o h i r e a l a w y e r . W i t h o u t m e n t i o n i n g i t t o h e r h u s b a n d ,
Ed i t h a l s o b e g a n m a k i n g p l a n s t o r e t u r n t o t e a c h i n g i n o r d e r t o s u p p l e -
m e n t t h e i r i n c o m e .
T h e n e x t d a y t h e f i n a n c i a l p i c t u r e s e e m e d t o b r i g h t e n . O t e p k a r e c e i v e d
p r i v a t e a s s u r a n c e s t h a t t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e w o u l d f i n d s o m e w a y
t o c o v e r h i s l e g a l c o s t s . Af t e r a l l , i t w a s t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s f i g h t a s m u c h ,
o r m o r e , t h a n h i s . *
O t e p k a d i s c u s s e d p o s s i b l e a t t o r n e y s w i t h J a y So u r w i n e a n d s e v e r a l
o t h e r f r i e n d s . O n e o f t h e m s u g g e s t e d Ed w a r d B e n n e t t W i l l i a m s , t h e
f l a m b o y a n t c r i m i n a l l a w y e r . In t h e e n d , h e s e t t l e d o n Ro g e r Ro b b , w h o
h a d m o r e f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y b y v i r t u e o f h i s h a n d l i n g o f
t h e O p p e n h e i m e r c a s e f o r t h e At o m i c En e r g y Co m m i s s i o n . An o u t s t a n d -
i n g W a s h i n g t o n l a w y e r , Ro b b w a s h i g h l y r e s p e c t e d i n l e g a l c i r c l e s n a -
t i o n a l l y .
It w a s s e v e r a l d a y s b e f o r e t h e p r e s s g o t w i n d o f O t e p k a ' s d i s m i s s a l
.
De a n Ru s k w a s l a t e r t o d e n y t h a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t r e l e a s e d t h e
c h a r g e s . " No r h a s i t i s s u e d a n y s t a t e m e n t d i s c u s s i n g t h e s u b s t a n c e o f
t h e m , " Ru s k t o l d t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e f o u r w e e k s a f t e r w a r d
. H o w -
e v e r , t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w r u n g a n a d m i s s i o n f r o m t h e De p a r t m e n t t h a t
o n e o f i t s p r e s s o f f i c e r s , Ri c h a r d I. P h i l l i p s , h a d i n f a c t " c o n f i r m e d " t h e
c h a r g e s w h e n q u e r i e d b y t h e As s o c i a t e d P r e s s a n d Un i t e d P r e s s In t e r n a -
t i o n a l o n T h u r s d a y a f t e r n o o n , Se p t e m b e r 2 6 . '
If t h e AP a n d UP Ie x t r a c t e d t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e c h a r g e s f r o m P h i l l i p s ,
n e i t h e r w i r e s e r v i c e l e t i t s c l i e n t s i n o n t h e s e c r e t . T w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s
p a s s e d b e f o r e t h e f u l l s t o r y f i n a l l y b r o k e . O t e p k a c a m e h o m e o n Fr i d a y
e v e n i n g t o f i n d Ed i t h w a i t i n g w i t h a q u e s t i o n o n h e r l i p s . Sh e h a d j u s t
h e a r d a r a d i o n e w s c a s t w h i c h d i s c l o s e d h i s f i r i n g a n d a c t u a l l y q u o t e d
* T h e s u b c o m m i t t e e n e v e r c a m e t h r o u g h o n i t s p r o m i s e .
` ACCIDENT '

3 0 1
f r o m t h e s t a t e m e n t o f c h a r g e s
. Dr . Ro b e r t M o r r i s , t h e f o r m e r Ch i e f
Co u n s e l o f t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e h a d r e l e a s e d t h e c h a r g e s i n T e x a s
w h e r e h e w a s t h e n s e r v i n g a s p r e s i d e n t o f t h e Un i v e r s i t y o f Da l l a s
. H o w ,
Ed i t h w a n t e d t o k n o w , d i d Dr
. M o r r i s g e t h o l d o f t h e c h a r g e s ?
O t e p k a w a s m o m e n t a r i l y p u z z l e d
. H e h a d n o t b e e n i n c o n t a c t w i t h
M o r r i s a n d n o o n e h a d w a r n e d h i m t h a t t h e c h a r g e s w e r e a b o u t t o b e
r e l e a s e d
. H o w e v e r , h e r e a l i z e d t h a t M o r r i s s t i l l h a d g o o d f r i e n d s o n t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e
. O t e p k a h a d , o f c o u r s e , g i v e n a c o p y o f t h e d i s m i s s a l
n o t i c e t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e s i n c e i t s p r e s e n t Ch i e f Co u n s e l w a s o p e n l y
n a m e d .
T h a t w e e k e n d t h e f i r s t s p a t e o f n e w s p a p e r s t o r i e s o n O t e p k a ' s f i r i n g
w e r e s p r i n k l e d i n o b t r u s i v e l y o n b a c k p a g e s a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y
. Ve r y f e w
n e w s p a p e r s g a v e i t a n y p r o m i n e n c e . T h e Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e ,
i n O t e p k a ' s
h o m e t o w n , w a s o n e o f t h e f e w e x c e p t i o n s . W i l l a r d Ed w a r d s ,
T r i b u n e
W a s h i n g t o n c o r r e s p o n d e n t , z e r o e d i n o n t h e s t o r y i m m e d i a t e l y . T h a t
Su n d a y h i s i n i t i a l a r t i c l e c o v e r e d n e a r l y t w o f u l l c o l u m n s . Ed w a r d s
q u o t e d o n e o f t h e Se n a t o r s o n t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w h o d e s c r i b e d O t e p k a ' s
s t i l l s e c r e t t e s t i m o n y a s " p o l i t i c a l d y n a m i t e
. " '
" T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w a s r e p o r t e d l y a l a r m e d l e s t t h e Se n a t e s u b -
c o m m i t t e e ' s d i s c l o s u r e s s h o u l d b e m a d e p u b l i c b e f o r e o r d u r i n g Se n a t e
d e b a t e o n t h e T r e a t y o f M o s c o w , " Ed w a r d s w r o t e
. H e d e s c r i b e d t h e
c h a r g e s a g a i n s t O t e p k a i n a c c u r a t e d e t a i l , a n d p r e d i c t e d a " h e a d - o n
c l a s h " b e t w e e n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a n d t h e Se n a t o r s o v e r t h e d i s -
m i s s a l
. Ed w a r d s q u o t e d s u b c o m m i t t e e Ch a i r m a n Ea s t l a n d a s s a y i n g :
" T h e p o w e r s o f Co n g r e s s a r e a t s t a k e , a n d Ii n t e n d t o p r o t e c t M r . O t e p k a
b y e v e r y m e a n s a t m y c o m m a n d
. " '
Af e w d a y s l a t e r Ea s t l a n d a n d t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h i s w a s t o b e n o e m p t y c h a l l e n g e
. Fo r t h r e e m o n t h s t h e y
h a d b e e n t r y i n g u n s u c c e s s f u l l y t o g e t Se c r e t a r y Ru s k t o c o m e b e f o r e
t h e m t o a n s w e r t h e i r a c c u m u l a t e d q u e s t i o n s
. T h e i r f i r s t i n v i t a t i o n h a d
b e e n i s s u e d t h e d a y a f t e r O t e p k a ' s o u s t e r f r o m t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n
.
T h u s f a r , Ru s k h a d a d r o i t l y s i d e s t e p p e d t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
. No w , h o w -
e v e r , t h e Se n a t o r s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o c o n f r o n t h i m
.
T h e p a r e n t J u d i c i a r y Co m m i t t e e u n a n i m o u s l y a p p r o v e d a b l i s t e r i n g
t e n - p a g e m e m o r a n d u m t o Ru s k , v i g o r o u s l y p r o t e s t i n g O t e p k a ' s d i s m i s s a l
a n d d e m a n d i n g t h a t t h e Se c r e t a r y a p p e a r b e f o r e t h e m
. It w a s p e r h a p s t h e
m o s t s c a t h i n g c o m m u n i c a t i o n e v e r a d d r e s s e d b y a c o m m i t t e e o f t h e
Co n g r e s s t o a Ca b i n e t o f f i c e r
. T h e m e m o r a k e d Ru s k o v e r a w i d e f i e l d
o f h o t c o a l s , r a n g i n g f r o m t h e b r e a k d o w n i n SY t o t h e i l l e g a l p r a c t i c e s
3 0 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
f o r c e d o n Fr a n c e s Kn i g h t i n t h e P a s s p o r t O f f i c e
. It c h a r g e d Ru s k ' s d e -
p a r t m e n t w i t h a c o v e r u p a n d a c c u s e d h i s s y c o p h a n t s u b o r d i n a t e s o f l y i n g
u n d e r o a t h
.
T h e m e m o r a n d u m p u t Ru s k o n n o t i c e t h a t t h e Se n a t o r s k n e w " w h o
o r d e r e d " t h e t a p p i n g o f O t e p k a ' s t e l e p h o n e a n d " w h o d i d t h e w o r k , w h a t
m i s t a k e w a s m a d e i n t h e i n i t i a l e f f o r t t o c o n n e c t a n e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e
. . .
w h o a s k e d f o r h e l p t o c o r r e c t t h e e r r o r - t h e w h o l e s t o r y
. " B u t i t d i d n o t
i n f o r m t h e Se c r e t a r y o f h o w t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e h a d c o m e b y t h i s k n o w l -
e d g e .
T h e Se n a t o r s i t e m i z e d t h e s e c u r i t y c o l l a p s e i n u n m i s t a k a b l e d e t a i l ,
p o i n t i n g a c c u s i n g l y t o t h e c o n t i n u e d u s e o f w a i v e r s , t h e i m p r o p e r h a n -
d l i n g o f In t e l l i g e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n f l o w i n g i n t o t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , t h e
g r a n t i n g o f s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e s w i t h o u t s o u n d e v a l u a t i o n o f p e r t i n e n t
d a t a , t h e d e l i b e r a t e c o v e r u p o f s e c u r i t y r i s k s , t h e p r a c t i c e o f p e r m i t t i n g
t h e s e r i s k s t o c o n t i n u e i n i m p o r t a n t p o s t i t i o n s .
T h e Se n a t o r s a l s o h e a t e d l y c r i t i c i z e d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t f o r s u b j e c t -
i n g O t e p k a t o " h u m i l i a t i n g " t r e a t m e n t w h e n h e w a s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e
Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n i n J u n e . H o w e v e r , t h e c o m m i t t e e m e m b e r s c o u l d
n o t y e t b r i n g t h e m s e l v e s t o b e l i e v e t h a t Ru s k h a d p e r s o n a l k n o w l e d g e
o f t h e v e n d e t t a , a n d t h e y t o o k s o m e o f t h e s t i n g o u t o f t h e i r i n d i c t m e n t
b y n o t i n g t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t a c c u s i n g h i m o f " a n y t h i n g i m p r o p e r
. "
In a h i g h l y u n u s u a l m o v e , t h e J u d i c i a r y Co m m i t t e e d i r e c t e d t h a t t h e
u r g e n t m e m o r a n d u m b e h a n d - c a r r i e d t o t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e
. O n
W e d n e s d a y , O c t o b e r 2 , Se n a t o r Do d d f l e w t o Ne w Y o r k w i t h J a y So u r -
w i n e t o d e l i v e r t h e s u m m o n s p e r s o n a l l y . Do d d f o r c e d t h e r e l u c t a n t Ru s k
t o t e a r h i m s e l f a w a y f r o m s o m e v i t a l c h o r e s t h e Se c r e t a r y w a s t a k i n g c a r e
o f a t t h e Un i t e d Na t i o n s , w h i c h w a s r e a d y i n g i t s e l f f o r t h e " n e x t s t e p "
t o w a r d W a l t Ro s t o w ' s d r e a m o f a d i s a r m e d w o r l d - a r e s o l u t i o n c o -
s p o n s o r e d b y t h e Un i t e d St a t e s a n d t h e USSRt o b a n o r b i t i n g n u c l e a r
w e a p o n s i n s p a c e .
H i s f a m o u s " c o o l " o s t e n s i b l y u n r u f f l e d , t h e i m p e r t u r b a b l e M r
. Ru s k
b l a n d l y a c c e p t e d t h e m e m o r a n d u m f r o m a n o b v i o u s l y a g i t a t e d Se n a t o r
Do d d . W h a t e v e r w o r d s w e r e e x c h a n g e d b e t w e e n t h e m w e r e u n f o r t u -
n a t e l y n o t r e c o r d e d f o r p o s t e r i t y
. B u t i t i s a p p a r e n t o n t h e r e c o r d t h a t
Ru s k ' s p o w e r f u l l y r e a s s u r i n g p e r s o n a l i t y q u i c k l y s m o t h e r e d Do d d ' s
l o n g - s m o l d e r i n g a n g e r , a t l e a s t t e m p o r a r i l y .
It i s a l s o a p p a r e n t t h a t Do d d b o r e d o w n h a r d o n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e h a d t h e g o o d s o n Ru s k ' s b o y s f o r t h e i l l e g a l w i r e t a p o n
O t e p k a ' s p h o n e , a n d t h i s b i t o f i n f o r m a t i o n i m m e d i a t e l y t o u c h e d o f f a
m y s t e r i o u s s e q u e n c e o f e v e n t s
. Ru s k w a s d e t e r m i n e d t o f i n d o u t j u s t h o w
` ACCIDENT '

3 0 3
m u c h t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e k n e w a b o u t t h e e l e c t r o n i c s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d
w h e r e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n h a d o r i g i n a t e d
.
Ac t u a l l y , t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s s o u r c e w a s G e o r g e P a s q u a l e , w h o h a d
t e s t i f i e d i n s e c r e t s e s s i o n o n Se p t e m b e r 1 0
. Si n c e P a s q u a l e w a s n o l o n g e r
o n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t p a y r o l l , t h e Se n a t o r s w e r e u n d e r n o c o m p u l s i o n
t o s e n d a t r a n s c r i p t o f h i s t e s t i m o n y t o Se c r e t a r y Ru s k
. T h e Se c r e t a r y
a s k e d f o r i t , o f c o u r s e , b u t h e w a s t u r n e d d o w n f l a t
. T h u s , h e c o u l d n o t
b e s u r e j u s t h o w m u c h t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e k n e w
.
P a s q u a l e h a d i n f o r m e d t h e Se n a t o r s t h a t St a n l e y H o l d e n h a d t o l d h i m
o f t h e p l o t t o b u g O t e p k a ' s o f f i c e
. H o l d e n , v i a P a s q u a l e , h a d i m p l i c a t e d
Re i l l y a n d Cl a r e n c e ( J e r r y ) Sc h n e i d e r , El m e r H i l l ' s i n e p t a s s i s t a n t
.
Sc h n e i d e r h a d s i n c e b e e n s h i p p e d o f f t o Lo n d o n , w h e r e h e w a s t o s u f f e r
t h e f i r s t o f s e v e r a l r e p o r t e d " n e r v o u s b r e a k d o w n s . "
Su b s e q u e n t l y , o n Se p t e m b e r 3 0 , O t e p k a h a d a p r i v a t e t a l k w i t h H o l d e n
a n d Ru s s e l l W a l l e r , t h e s a f e c r a c k i n g e x p e r t
. H o l d e n o n c e a g a i n w a r n e d
O t e p k a t h a t a l l c o n v e r s a t i o n s i n h i s n e w o f f i c e , o n o r o f f t h e p h o n e , w e r e
b e i n g m o n i t o r e d
. H e s a i d h i s o w n p h o n e h a d b e e n b u g g e d , a s w e l l a s
t h o s e o f s e v e r a l o t h e r p e o p l e i n SY
. * H o l d e n a l s o m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h e r e
w a s a g o o d p o s s i b i l i t y O t e p k a ' s h o m e p h o n e h a d b e e n t a p p e d .
Af e w d a y s l a t e r Ru s s W a l l e r w a s r u s h e d t o t h e h o s p i t a l w i t h w h a t w a s
t h o u g h t t o b e a h e a r t a t t a c k
. B u t W a l l e r l a t e r t o l d O t e p k a t h a t w h a t h e
h a d r e a l l y s u f f e r e d w a s a n e r v o u s b r e a k d o w n , b r o u g h t o n b y t h e s t r a i n
o f w o r k i n g i n t h e O r w e l l i a n a t m o s p h e r e t h a t p e r v a d e d t h e O f f i c e o f
Se c u r i t y .
O n t h e s a m e d a y , O c t o b e r 3 - t h e d a y a f t e r Do d d c o n f r o n t e d Ru s k i n
Ne w Y o r k - St a n l e y H o l d e n s u f f e r e d a m y s t e r i o u s " a c c i d e n t
. " Li k e
O t e p k a , H o l d e n h a d b e e n u n d e r s u r v e i l l a n c e f o r s o m e t i m e
. H e w a s
k n o w n t o b e f r i e n d l y w i t h O t e p k a a n d t h a t w a s m o r e t h a n e n o u g h t o
m a k e h i m s u s p e c t i n J o h n Re i l l y ' s e y e s
. In Se p t e m b e r , w h e n H o l d e n
d i s c o v e r e d t h a t b o t h h i s o f f i c e t e l e p h o n e e x t e n s i o n s h a d b e e n t a p p e d , h e
t r a c e d t h e b u g g e d l i n e s t o a c l o s e t j u s t o u t s i d e El m e r H i l l ' s o f f i c e
. '
H o l d e n t o o k t h e m a t t e r t o J o e Ro s e t t i a n d t o g e t h e r t h e y w e n t t o
Re i l l y ' s o f f i c e
. Re i l l y p r e t e n d e d t h a t h e k n e w n o t h i n g a t a l l a b o u t t h e t a p .
T h e n h e c a l l e d i n H i l l , w h o a l s o f e i g n e d i n n o c e n c e
. '
W h e t h e r t h r o u g h t h e t a p , o r v i a s o m e o t h e r f o r m o f s u r v e i l l a n c e , o r
b e c a u s e Do d d l e t H o l d e n ' s n a m e s l i p o u t i n h i s t a l k w i t h Ru s k , Re i l l y
k n e w f o r c e r t a i n o n O c t o b e r 3 t h a t H o l d e n h a d b e e n f e e d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n
t o O t e p k a
. It w a s a t t h i s p o i n t t h a t H o l d e n h a d h i s " a c c i d e n t . " G e o r g e
*
T h e s u b c o m m i t t e e l a t e r f o u n d t h a t o n e o f t h e o t h e r b u g g e d p h o n e s b e l o n g e d t o Ra y m o n d
Lo u g h t o n , O t e p k a ' s d e p u t y o n t h e d e f u n c t s p e c i a l p r o j e c t
.
3 0 4

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
P a s q u a l e h a p p e n e d t o c a l l H o l d e n ' s h o m e t h a t T h u r s d a y a f t e r n o o n
. M r s .
H o l d e n t o l d h i m t h a t St a n h a d s u f f e r e d a s e v e r e f a c e i n j u r y a t t h e o f f i c e
.
H i s f a c e a n d t o n g u e h a d b e e n b a d l y c u t a n d s t i t c h e s h a d b e e n r e q u i r e d
t o s e w u p t h e w o u n d s . M r s
. H o l d e n r e f u s e d t o g i v e P a s q u a l e a n y i n f o r m a -
t i o n o n h o w i t h a p p e n e d .
T h e r e w e r e r e p o r t s t h a t H o l d e n h a d b e e n b e a t e n u p b y t h e s h i l l e l a g h
b r i g a d e
. La t e r , H o l d e n t o l d O t e p k a t h a t h e w a s w o r k i n g o n a n a p p a r a t u s
i n h i s l a b a t SY w h e n a h e a v y s p r i n g c a m e l o o s e a n d s t r u c k h i m i n t h e
f a c e
. It w a s a n u n l i k e l y a c c i d e n t , b u t O t e p k a d i d n ' t p r e s s h i m f o r d e t a i l s
.
H o l d e n o b v i o u s l y d i d n ' t w a n t t o t a l k t o h i m a n y m o r e
. W h a t e v e r h a p -
p e n e d , h e h a d b e e n t a k e n o u t o f t h e g a m e , a s h i s s u b s e q u e n t t e s t i m o n y
b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e d e m o n s t r a t e d .
W h i l e H o l d e n w a s r e c u p e r a t i n g a t h o m e , Re i l l y s e n t J o e Ro s e t t i a n d
Ro b e r t M c Ca r t h y t o q u e s t i o n h i m
. As Ro s e t t i i n g e n u o u s l y p u t i t i n h i s
t e s t i m o n y s e v e r a l m o n t h s l a t e r
: " It h i n k Se n a t o r Do d d s u b m i t t e d a l e t t e r
t o t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e s e t t i n g f o r t h s o m e f a c t s t h a t M r
. O t e p k a ' s p h o n e
h a d b e e n t a p p e d a n d t h a t y o u [ t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ] h a d p o s i t i v e p r o o f o f
t h i s n a t u r e , a n d M r . Re i l l y w a n t e d t o a s c e r t a i n h o w t h e c o m m i t t e e g o t
t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n
. . . . " 6
Ru s k o b v i o u s l y t h o u g h t Do d d w a s b l u f f i n g i n Ne w Y o r k
. B u t h e
c o u l d n ' t b e c o m p l e t e l y c e r t a i n
. It i s a p p a r e n t f r o m Ro s e t t i ' s t e s t i m o n y
t h a t Ru s k o r d e r e d Re i l l y t o f i n d o u t j u s t h o w m u c h " p r o o f ' t h e s u b c o m -
m i t t e e h a d
. T h e v e r y n e x t d a y H o l d e n m e t w i t h h i s " a c c i d e n t " a n d Ru s s
W a l l e r w a s s h i p p e d o f f t o t h e h o s p i t a l
. W i t h h i s t o n g u e p a i n f u l l y l a c -
e r a t e d , H o l d e n w a s i n n o c o n d i t i o n t o t a l k t h a t d a y
. B u t w h e n Ro s e t t i
a n d M c Ca r t h y d r o p p e d b y h i s h o m e a f e w d a y s l a t e r h e a p p a r e n t l y c o u l d
m a k e h i m s e l f u n d e r s t o o d .
M c Ca r t h y b e l t e d d o w n s e v e r a l s h o t s o f w h i s k y o n t h e p a t i o i n H o l -
d e n ' s b a c k y a r d a n d w e n t t o w o r k
. H e s t a r t e d g r i l l i n g H o l d e n a b o u t h i s
r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h O t e p k a
. H e d e m a n d e d t o k n o w e x a c t l y w h a t H o l d e n
h a d r e v e a l e d a b o u t t h e w i r e t a p s
. H o w m u c h h a d h e t o l d P a s q u a l e ? H a d
h e i n v o l v e d Re i l l y ? H i l l ? Ro s e t t i ?
W h e n H o l d e n b a l k e d , M c Ca r t h y b e c a m e m o r e b e l l i g e r e n t
. ( H e l a t e r
c o n f e s s e d t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e t h a t h e w a s " l o u d a n d a b u s i v e
. " ) As h e
c o n s u m e d m o r e w h i s k y , M c Ca r t h y a c q u i r e d m o r e c o u r a g e .
" W h e r e i s y o u r l o y a l t y ? " h e s c r e a m e d
. " Do n ' t y o u h a v e a n y l o y a l t y
a t a l l ? Do n ' t y o u t h i n k y o u o w e J o e Ro s e t t i a n y l o y a l t y ? "
Se v e r a l o f H o l d e n ' s n e i g h b o r s c a m e o u t i n t o t h e i r y a r d s t o s e e w h a t
t h e r u c k u s w a s a l l a b o u t . At l a s t , St a n H o l d e n h a d h a d e n o u g h
. H e a s k e d
M c Ca r t h y a n d Ro s e t t i t o l e a v e .
` ACCIDENT '

3 0 5
" I' l l g e t y o u f o r t h i s ! " M c Ca r t h y v o w e d a t t h e t o p o f h i s l u n g s
. As h e
d e p a r t e d , h e t u r n e d o n H o l d e n o n c e m o r e . St i l l y e l l i n g f o r a l l t h e n e i g h -
b o r h o o d t o h e a r , h e t h r e a t e n e d t o h a v e H o l d e n f i r e d i f i t t u r n e d o u t h e
h a d b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r g i v i n g P a s q u a l e a n d O t e p k a t h e i n f o r m a t i o n
t h a t h a d p u t De a n Ru s k o n t h e s p o t .
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W H ENDEANRUSKG O T B ACKT O W ASH ING T O NAFT ERH IST ALKINNEW
Y o r k w i t h Se n a t o r Do d d , h e a s k e d Un d e r s e c r e t a r y o f St a t e G e o r g e B a l l
t o g i v e h i m a h a n d w i t h t h e r e p l y h e w o u l d h a v e t o m a k e t o t h e Se n a t e
s u b c o m m i t t e e . B a l l i n t u r n p a s s e d p a r t o f t h e b u c k t o a n o b s c u r e a t t o r n e y
i n Ab r a m Ch a y e s ' o f f i c e , T h o m a s Eh r l i c h . It t o o k t h e m t h e b e t t e r p a r t
o f t h r e e w e e k s t o c o n s t r u c t a r e p l y , b u t w h e n t h e y w e r e d o n e Ru s k a n d
h i s l e g a l a d v i s o r s h a d c r e a t e d a c l a s s i c p i e c e o f s o p h i s m .
In t h e m e a n t i m e , Ru s k h a d o n e m o r e t r y a t a v o i d i n g a n a p p e a r a n c e
b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e . Su s p e c t i n g a t r a p h a d b e e n s e t f o r h i m
w i t h t h e w i r e t a p e v i d e n c e , h e f i r e d o f f a l e t t e r t o t h e p a r e n t J u d i c i a r y
Co m m i t t e e , w h i c h Se n a t o r Ea s t l a n d a l s o h e a d e d , s a y i n g t h a t h e w o u l d
r e f u s e t o a p p e a r u n t i l h e w a s g i v e n a c c e s s t o a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s p o s s e s s i o n
. O n e s e n a t o r d e s c r i b e d t h e t o n e o f t h e l e t t e r
a s " a r r o g a n t . " ' W h a t Ru s k s t i l l w a n t e d , o f c o u r s e , w a s a c o p y o f P a s -
q u a l e ' s t e s t i m o n y .
B e f o r e t h e Se n a t o r s c o u l d r e j e c t t h i s p r e s u m p t u o u s b i d , P r e s i d e n t
Ke n n e d y w a s c o r n e r e d o n t h e O t e p k a c a s e d u r i n g h i s O c t o b e r 9 p r e s s
c o n f e r e n c e . As k e d b y a r e p o r t e r w h a t h e i n t e n d e d t o d o a b o u t t h e m a t t e r ,
Ke n n e d y q u i c k l y d e c i d e d t h a t t h e p o t a t o h a d b e c o m e t o o h o t t o h a n d l e .
3 0 6
RUSK' SDEFIANCE

3 0 7
Ap p a r e n t l y o n t h e s p u r o f t h e m o m e n t , h e t o s s e d i t t o De a n Ru s k . T h e
Se c r e t a r y , h e s a i d , w o u l d b e h a p p y t o t e l l h i s s t o r y t o t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m -
m i t t e e
. Ke n n e d y w a s c e r t a i n t h a t Ru s k s t o o d r e a d y t o e x p l a i n t h e e n t i r e
c a s e , i n c l u d i n g t h e a c t i o n a g a i n s t O t e p k a . It w o u l d t h e n b e r e v i e w e d b y
t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , t h e Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s s i o n , a n d e v e n t u a l l y b y
t h e c o u r t s , h e s a i d . T h e P r e s i d e n t a d d e d t h a t h e w o u l d r e v i e w t h e m a t t e r
p e r s o n a l l y a l o n g t h e w a y , t h o u g h h e f a i l e d t o s p e c i f y j u s t w h e r e .
T h e Se n a t o r s w e r e p l e a s a n t l y s u r p r i s e d b y t h i s s e e m i n g r e v e r s a l . It w a s
o b v i o u s t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d d e c i d e d t o f o r c e Ru s k t o f a c e t h e m . Ru s k
m i g h t s t i l l b e r e l u c t a n t t o a p p e a r , b u t f o r t h e m o m e n t h e h a d n o c h o i c e .
O n O c t o b e r 2 1 , n e a r l y f o u r m o n t h s a f t e r t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e f i r s t i n v i t e d
h i m t o c o m e b e f o r e i t , De a n Ru s k f i n a l l y m a d e h i s a p p e a r a n c e . Se v e n o f
t h e n i n e m e m b e r s o f t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w e r e p r e s e n t , w i t h Do d d p r e s i d -
i n g i n Ch a i r m a n Ea s t l a n d ' s a b s e n c e . As u s u a l , Do d d w e n t o u t o f h i s w a y
t o p o u r o i l o n t h e De m o c r a t s ' t r o u b l e d w a t e r s . H e h a s t e n e d t o a s s u r e
Ru s k t h a t " o u r l e t t e r w a s n o t a l e t t e r o f c h a r g e s i n a n y w a y , " a l t h o u g h
t h a t i s p r e c i s e l y w h a t i t w a s . " W e d o n o t w a n t y o u h e r e t o a n s w e r a n y
c h a r g e s , " Do d d e m p h a s i z e d . " T h e r e i s n o s u c h t h i n g i n o u r m i n d . " 2
Ru s k t h a n k e d t h e Se n a t o r s f o r t h e i r k i n d n e s s a n d l a u n c h e d f o r t h w i t h
i n t o h i s l e n g t h y p r e p a r e d s t a t e m e n t . Un c t u o u s l y , b u t w i t h j u s t t h a t r i g h t
t o u c h o f s e e m i n g f i r m n e s s t h a t c o n n e d t w o g e n e r a t i o n s o f Am e r i c a n s
f r o m Ko r e a t o Vi e t n a m , De a n Ru s k d e c l a r e d t h a t " b o t h t h e De p a r t m e n t
a n d t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e h a d a c o m m o n g o a l , p r o t e c t i o n o f o u r n a t i o n a l
s e c u r i t y , a n d i t s e e m s t o m e c l e a r t h a t w e s h o u l d w o r k t o g e t h e r t o t h i s
e n d . " *
W i t h w o r d s w o r t h y o f t h e l a t e J o s e p h M c Ca r t h y , t h e r e d o u b t a b l e Ru s k
c o n c e d e d t h a t " t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e , l i k e a n y f o r e i g n o f f i c e i n a n y
i m p o r t a n t c o u n t r y , h a s r e a l s e c u r i t y p r o b l e m s . T h e s e a r e n e v e r e n d i n g
a n d r e q u i r e c o n s t a n t v i g i l a n c e . T h e m o s t s e r i o u s a r e t h o s e r e s u l t i n g f r o m
t h e a t t e m p t s o f o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t s t o p e n e t r a t e t h e De p a r t m e n t b o t h
p h y s i c a l l y a n d t h r o u g h p e r s o n n e l . . . . b o t h t h o s e s e e k i n g e m p l o y m e n t
a n d t h o s e a l r e a d y o n o u r r o l l s
. " * *
" Ig i v e t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e p r o b l e m s a c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t o f
p e r s o n a l a t t e n t i o n a n d a m i n r e g u l a r t o u c h w i t h t h e v a r i o u s a g e n c i e s w h o
a s s i s t u s i n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e m , " h e a s s u r e d t h e Se n a t o r s .
H a v i n g s e t t h e s t a g e , a s h e w a s a l w a y s w o n t t o d o , w i t h a s e e m i n g l y
h a w k - l i k e s t a n d , Ru s k h a s t e n e d " t o t r y t o c l e a r a w a y t h e u n d e r b r u s h o f
* Al l q u o t e s f r o m Se c r e t a r y Ru s k ' s a p p e a r a n c e b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e a r e t a k e n
f r o m P a r t 5 o f t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s 1 9 63 - 65 O t e p k a H e a r i n g s .
* * Em p h a s i s a d d e d t h r o u g h o u t .
3 0 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d s u s p i c i o n o n a n u m b e r o f s p e c i f i c i s s u e s w h i c h , I
t h i n k , h a s [ s i c ] b r o u g h t u s t o t h e d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n w e a r e n o w i n
. " H e
l i s t e d f o u r " p r i n c i p a l i s s u e s " w h i c h h a d b e e n c o v e r e d b y t h e Se n a t o r s '
b r i s t l i n g m e m o r a n d u m : t h e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t O t e p k a , t h e n e w p a s s p o r t
r e g u l a t i o n s , t h e r e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f Ab b a Sc h w a r t z ' s B u r e a u o f Se c u r i t y
a n d Co n s u l a r Af f a i r s , a n d " c e r t a i n a s p e c t s o f t h e s e c u r i t y p r a c t i c e s w i t h i n
t h e De p a r t m e n t . "
T a c k l i n g t h e O t e p k a c a s e f i r s t , Ru s k i m m e d i a t e l y t r a p p e d h i m s e l f i n
s e v e r a l g l a r i n g " i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s
. " * Fo r t u n a t e l y f o r h i m , h o w e v e r , h e w a s
n o t u n d e r o a t h , s i n c e Ca b i n e t o f f i c e r s a r e t r a d i t i o n a l l y a b s o l v e d f r o m t h e
n e c e s s i t y o f b e i n g s w o r n i n b e f o r e Co n g r e s s i o n a l c o m m i t t e e s
.
Af t e r m u d d y i n g t h e r e c o r d w i t h h i g h l y d u b i o u s t a l e s o f h o w a n d w h e n
h e f i r s t c a m e t o t a k e a n i n t e r e s t i n t h e O t e p k a m a t t e r , Ru s k p i o u s l y
a n n o u n c e d : " Ic a n a s s u r e y o u , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e c h a r g e s w e r e n o t b r o u g h t
i n r e t a l i a t i o n f o r M r . O t e p k a ' s t e s t i m o n y b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e , n o r d o
t h e y m a r k a n y a t t e m p t b y t h e De p a r t m e n t t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e w o r k o f
t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e . "
W i t h n a r y a b l i n k , h e w e n t o n f r o m t h e r e t o s u m m a r i z e t h e c h a r g e s
a g a i n s t O t e p k a , w h i c h , o f c o u r s e , m a d e i t p e r f e c t l y p l a i n t h a t t h e De p a r t -
m e n t h a d f i l e d t h e c h a r g e s a s a r e p r i s a l .
Al i t t l e l a t e r i n t h e g a m e , t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e c o m p o u n d e d J o h n
Re i l l y ' s b a r e f a c e d l i e t h a t t h e De p a r t m e n t w a s t a k i n g a c t i o n t o i m p l e -
m e n t t h e c h a n g e s r e c o m m e n d e d b y t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s 1 9 62 r e p o r t . Fo r
o n e t h i n g , h e e m p h a s i z e d , " w e h a v e e l i m i n a t e d 9 0 - d a y w a i v e r s f o r De -
p a r t m e n t o f f i c e r s e x c e p t i n v e r y r a r e c a s e s . " H e s a i d t h e r e h a d b e e n " o n l y
s i x " s u c h w a i v e r s i n t h e y e a r s i n c e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e r e p o r t w a s r e l e a s e d
.
T h i s w a s s t i l l o n e m o r e t h a n t h e f i v e i s s u e d i n t h e e n t i r e e i g h t y e a r s o f
t h e Ei s e n h o w e r Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , b u t b y c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e 1 5 2 Ru s k
h a d s i g n e d i n t h e f i r s t y e a r o f t h e Ne w Fr o n t i e r , o n e m u s t a d m i t i t w a s
a n i m p r o v e m e n t
.
Ru s k g l o s s e d o v e r t h e p o t e n t i a l l y d a n g e r o u s p r a c t i c e o f i s s u i n g b l a n k e t
w a i v e r s t o c l e r i c a l p e r s o n n e l . H e w i s e l y r e f r a i n e d f r o m m e n t i o n i n g t h a t
3 9 8 s u c h w a i v e r s h a d b e e n w h o l e s a l e d i n t h e f i v e m o n t h s f o l l o w i n g
p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e r e p o r t .
T h e o t h e r " s p e c i f i c a c t i o n s " h e c l a i m e d h i s De p a r t m e n t h a d t a k e n o n
t h e Se n a t o r s ' 1 9 62 r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e e q u a l l y d u b i o u s . In f a c t , s e v -
e r a l h e s i m p l y i n v e n t e d . W o r s e , h e t o o k i n s t a n c e s o f b a d s e c u r i t y p r a c -
t i c e s c i t e d b y O t e p k a a n d t u r n e d t h e m a r o u n d t o m a k e t h e m a p p e a r a s
* Se e Ch a p t e r VI.
RUSK' SDEFIANCE

3 0 9
d e f i n i t e i m p r o v e m e n t s
. O n e w a s t h e In t e l l i g e n c e r e p o r t i n g f u n c t i o n
w h i c h h a d b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m O t e p k a ' s r e a c h b y J . Cl a y t o n M i l l e r ' s
m a n a g e m e n t s u r v e y .
" P r e v i o u s l y , " Ru s k s a i d , " t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y r e c e i v e d a l l FB Ir e -
p o r t s a n d t h o s e CIAr e p o r t s d e a l i n g w i t h c o u n t e r - In t e l l i g e n c e
. No w ,
t h e s e a r e s e n t d i r e c t l y t o t h e B u r e a u o f In t e l l i g e n c e Re s e a r c h u n l e s s t h e y
c o n c e r n p h y s i c a l o r p e r s o n n e l s e c u r i t y . T h i s e l i m i n a t e s o n e s t e p i n t h e
p r o c e s s o f t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d h e l p s a s s u r e t h a t i m p o r t a n t i t e m s o f i n f o r m a -
t i o n i n t h e s e r e p o r t s r e a c h t h e t o p l e v e l s i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o n a c o n t i n u -
i n g p r i o r i t y b a s i s . "
Li k e s o m a n y o f Ru s k ' s s t a t e m e n t s d u r i n g h i s l o n g t e n u r e a s Se c r e t a r y ,
t h i s s o u n d e d p e r f e c t l y p l a u s i b l e . O n c l o s e r s c r u t i n y , h o w e v e r , t h e f a c t s
f a i l e d t o b e a r h i m o u t , a s O t e p k a h a d a l r e a d y m a d e c l e a r o n t h i s p a r t i c u -
l a r i t e m . Am o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , i t b l o c k e d SY ' s v i e w o f t h e U . S. o f f i c i a l s
n a m e d i n In t e l l i g e n c e r e p o r t s .
T h e r e w a s a p o r t i o n o f Ru s k ' s t a l l t a l e t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e t h a t o n e
i s t e m p t e d t o s u s p e c t h e i n s e r t e d f o r c o m i c r e l i e f . H e w e n t i n t o s o m e
d e t a i l a b o u t h o w h e h a d " i m p r o v e d " s e c u r i t y i n U . S. e m b a s s i e s a n d
c o n s u l a t e s a b r o a d , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h r o u g h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f " h i g h l y s o -
p h i s t i c a t e d t e c h n i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s " f o r " s e e k i n g o u t l i s t e n i n g d e v i c e s i n
o u r o v e r s e a p o s t s . " T h i s w a s , h e s a i d , " a f u n c t i o n t o w h i c h Id e v o t e a
g o o d d e a l o f p e r s o n a l t i m e a n d i n t e r e s t " a n d h e b o a s t e d t h a t " w e n o w
e m p l o y a s e l e c t c o r p s o f p r o f e s s i o n a l s e c u r i t y e n g i n e e r s . "
Ru s k w a s a w a r e , o f c o u r s e , t h a t t h e h e a d o f h i s " s e l e c t c o r p s " w a s
El m e r De w e y H i l l , w h o s e W a r s a w e s c a p a d e s h a d b e e n s o v i v i d l y d e -
s c r i b e d t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e b y G e o r g e P a s q u a l e s i x w e e k s e a r l i e r . T h i s
m a y e x p l a i n J o h n Re i l l y ' s t o u c h i n e s s a b o u t H i l l , w h o s h a r e d w i t h Ru s k
t h i s " p e r s o n a l i n t e r e s t " i n t h e f i n e a r t o f w i r e t a p p i n g
. Lu c k i l y f o r b o t h
Ru s k a n d H i l l , t h e So v i e t t a p s i n t h e W a r s a w a n d M o s c o w e m b a s s i e s h a d
n o t a s y e t b e e n r e v e a l e d . If t h e y h a d , t h e Se c r e t a r y ' s a p p a r e n t p a t o n t h e
b a c k f o r El m e r w o u l d h a v e l o o k e d e v e n m o r e l u d i c r o u s t h a n i t d i d
.
W i t h m o r e a d m i r a b l e s a v o i r f a i r e ,
Ru s k g l i d e d l i g h t l y o v e r t h e g a g r u l e
h e h a d i m p o s e d o n St a t e De p a r t m e n t w i t n e s s e s t h e Se n a t o r s h a d w a n t e d
t o q u e s t i o n a b o u t t h e O t e p k a c a s e . T h e n , g o i n g o n t h e o f f e n s i v e , h e
a u d a c i o u s l y l a i d d o w n t h e l a w s h e w a n t e d t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e t o o b s e r v e
i n c o n d u c t i n g i t s h e a r i n g s .
" B e f o r e b e g i n n i n g a s u b c o m m i t t e e i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o t h e De -
p a r t m e n t , " d e c l a r e d Ru s k , " t h e c h a i r m a n . . . s h o u l d s e n d t o t h e De p a r t -
m e n t a s t a t e m e n t o f t h e s c o p e a n d n a t u r e o f t h e i n q u i r y
. " H e w a s
3 1 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
r e f r e s h i n g l y h o n e s t a b o u t w h y h e w a s m a k i n g t h i s p a r t i c u l a r d e m a n d : It
w o u l d , h e s a i d , g i v e t h e De p a r t m e n t w i t n e s s e s a b e t t e r c h a n c e t o " b e
p r e p a r e d . "
" T h i s w i l l a l s o p e r m i t m e t o k n o w t h e n a t u r e o f t h e p r o b l e m s i n w h i c h
t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e i s i n t e r e s t e d , " h e a d d e d . If t h e m a t t e r s a t h a n d h a d n o t
b e e n s o f i l l e d w i t h p o t e n t i a l t r a g e d y f o r t h e f u t u r e o f t h e c o u n t r y , De a n
Ru s k ' s d e m a n d w o u l d h a v e b e e n l a u g h a b l e i n t h e e x t r e m e . H e r e h e w a s ,
t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e , a s k i n g t h e Se n a t e f o r p r i o r r e v e l a t i o n s o f i t s p l a n s
w h i l e a u d a c i o u s l y d e f e n d i n g h i s r i g h t , a s a p u r e l y a p p o i n t i v e o f f i c i a l , t o
c o n t r o l a l l w i t n e s s e s a n d a n y i n f o r m a t i o n t h e Se n a t e m i g h t r e c e i v e f r o m
h i s De p a r t m e n t . As i f t h i s w e r e n o t e n o u g h , h e t h e n d e m a n d e d t h a t t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e g r a n t h i m f u l l p o w e r s o f c e n s o r s h i p o v e r w h a t e v e r i t m i g h t
r e l e a s e o n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
" B e f o r e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e t e s t i m o n y o f a n y De p a r t m e n t w i t n e s s w h o
a p p e a r s b e f o r e t h e c o m m i t t e e , Is h o u l d h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e v i e w
i t f o r s e c u r i t y p u r p o s e s , " h e s a i d .
In t h e n e x t b r e a t h , h e d e f e n d e d h i s r i g h t t o p u t a n u n b r e a k a b l e s e a l o n
t h e l i p s o f a l l h i s s u b o r d i n a t e s . Ci t i n g t h e 1 9 4 8 T r u m a n d i r e c t i v e , h e
s t a t e d : " Ne i t h e r In o r a n y o f m y s u b o r d i n a t e s s h o u l d b e a s k e d t o v i o l a t e
t h a t d i r e c t i v e . " Fu r t h e r , h e l i f t e d O t e p k a ' s a r g u m e n t t h a t t h e l a w g a v e
Ci v i l Se r v i c e p e r s o n n e l t h e r i g h t " t o f u r n i s h i n f o r m a t i o n t o e i t h e r H o u s e
o f Co n g r e s s , " a n d t o s s e d i t r i g h t i n t h e Se n a t o r s ' f a c e s .
" No t h i n g i n t h e s e g u i d e l i n e s [ t h e d e m a n d s h e h a d j u s t l a i d d o w n ] , o r
a n y o t h e r a c t i o n b y m e o r m y s u b o r d i n a t e s i s i n c o n f l i c t w i t h t h a t s t a t -
u t e , " Ru s k a s s e r t e d .
Fr o m t h e r e h e m o v e d t o a t h i n l y v e i l e d t h r e a t . Kn o w i n g h o w s e n s i t i v e
e v e r y Se n a t o r , o r f o r t h a t m a t t e r e v e r y m a n i n Am e r i c a n p u b l i c l i f e ,
w o u l d n o r m a l l y b e t o t h e G r e a t Le s s o n o f J o e M c Ca r t h y , De a n Ru s k
c l o s e d b y p o i n t e d l y c i t i n g t h e " c e n s u r e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t t h e l a t e Se n a t o r
M c Ca r t h y . "
W i t h c o m m e n d a b l e p a t i e n c e , t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e h a d s a t s i l e n t t h r o u g h
t h e Se c r e t a r y ' s u n d e n i a b l y b r i l l i a n t p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e y h a d p u t u p w i t h
t h e " i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s , " t h e h a l f - t r u t h s , t h e d e m a n d s , a n d f i n a l l y t h e
t h r e a t s
. No w t h e y w e r e r e a d y t o a s k t h e i r q u e s t i o n s .
Cr u s t y o l d Se n a t o r M c Cl e l l a n b r i d l e d j u s t a b i t . " Id o n o t s e e a n y
r e a s o n w h y t h e r e i s s u c h a g r e a t s e c r e c y b e t w e e n t h e e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h
a n d t h i s c o m m i t t e e i n w o r k i n g o u t t h e s e p r o b l e m s , " h e s a i d . " Ih a v e n o
a x e t o g r i n d i n i t . Ia m o p p o s e d t o s o m e a r b i t r a r y a t t i t u d e s i n t h e e x e c u -
t i v e b r a n c h . . . . As If i n d t h e m , Iw i l l p r e s s m y o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e m . "
B u t Ru s k r e f u s e d t o g i v e a n i n c h . Su a v e l y , h e t u r n e d M c Cl e l l a n ' s
RUSK' SDEFIANCE

3 1 1
a r g u m e n t a s i d e a n d d e f e n d e d h i s a c t i o n s i n f o r b i d d i n g St a t e De p a r t m e n t
p e o p l e t o t e s t i f y i n t h e O t e p k a b u s i n e s s
.
M c Cl e l l a n d i d n ' t l e t h i m g e t a w a y w i t h i t e n t i r e l y , h o w e v e r . Sl y l y , h e
a s k e d i f O t e p k a w a s " i n d a n g e r o f l o s i n g h i s j o b b e c a u s e h e t e s t i f i e d
b e f o r e t h i s c o m m i t t e e . " Ru s k n e v e r b a t t e d a n e y e . " H i s t e s t i m o n y b e f o r e
t h i s c o m m i t t e e h a d n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h i t , Se n a t o r , " h e r e p l i e d e v e n l y .
Se n a t o r H r u s k a m a n a g e d t o s e t t h e r e c o r d s t r a i g h t . H e s q u e e z e d a n
a d m i s s i o n f r o m Ru s k t h a t t h e c h a r g e s w e r e i n f a c t b a s e d o n i n f o r m a t i o n
g i v e n t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s s t a f f . M c Cl e l l a n s a i d t h a t ' s w h a t h e m e a n t
i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e : " Ir e g a r d t h e c o m m i t t e e ' s s t a f f i n t h e p u r s u i t o f i t s d u t i e s
a s y o u w o u l d r e g a r d s o m e b o d y u n d e r y o u . " Co u n s e l So u r w i n e ' s d e a l i n g s
w i t h O t e p k a w e r e , h e i n s i s t e d , a " c o m m i t t e e a c t i o n . "
H r u s k a c a l l e d i t a " p e r v e r t e d i d e a o f l o y a l t y " t o e x p e c t a m a n l i k e
O t e p k a t o p u t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a b o v e t h e c o u n t r y
. H e s a i d h e w a s
" n o t p r e p a r e d t o c o n c e d e " t h a t t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e c o u l d " p r e s c r i b e
u n d e r w h a t c o n d i t i o n s w e s h a l l b e a b l e t o c a l l w i t n e s s e s f r o m t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t o r a n y o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t . "
Ru s k b a c k e d o f f j u s t a l i t t l e
. H e c l a i m e d t h a t h e w a s " n o t t r y i n g t o
d i c t a t e t o t h e c o m m i t t e e , " t h o u g h t h e r e c o r d w a s c l e a r t h a t h i s d e m a n d s
a m o u n t e d t o j u s t t h a t . T h e n , a m i n u t e l a t e r , h e t o o k t h e o f f e n s i v e a g a i n ,
s l a s h i n g i r r e l e v a n t l y a t a n e w s p a p e r s t o r y " t h a t i n d i c a t e d t h a t H a r l a n
Cl e v e l a n d
. . . h a d r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e r e h i r e
Al g e r H i s s . "
Su c h t a c t i c s t h r e w t h e Se n a t o r s o f f b a l a n c e , t h o u g h s e v e r a l o f t h e m
k e p t t r y i n g t o k e e p t h e Se c r e t a r y p i n n e d d o w n t o t h e O t e p k a c a s e . " T h a t
i s t h e m o s t p r e s s i n g [ t h i n g ] , " s a i d M c Cl e l l a n
.
Do d d s e e m e d m o r e c o n c e r n e d , h o w e v e r , a b o u t w h a t Ru s k a n d t h e
Se n a t o r s w e r e g o i n g t o t e l l t h e l i t t l e k n o t o f n e w s m e n w a i t i n g o u t s i d e t h e
h e a r i n g r o o m . " W e a r e g o i n g t o b e b o m b a r d e d , " h e s a i d . It w a s d e c i d e d
t h a t t h e r e p o r t e r s s h o u l d b e t o l d t h a t i t h a d b e e n " a v e r y a m i c a b l e
d i s c u s s i o n " a n d t h a t " s o m e p r o g r e s s w a s m a d e t o w a r d a n u n d e r s t a n d -
i n g . "
No p r o g r e s s h a d b e e n m a d e a t a l l , o f c o u r s e
. Ru s k h a d s u c c e e d e d i n
d e f l e c t i n g t h e Se n a t o r s f r o m t h e i r m a i n t a r g e t , w h i c h w a s t o g e t t h e
c h a r g e s a g a i n s t O t e p k a q u a s h e d . M o r e o v e r , h e h a d n o t b u d g e d a b i t o n
h i s i n s i s t e n c e t h a t h e w o u l d c o n t i n u e t o c o n t r o l t h e t e s t i m o n y o f h i s
s u b o r d i n a t e s .
O t e p k a w a s s t i l l i n n o m a n ' s l a n d . J u s t a w e e k b e f o r e Ru s k ' s p o l i t e d u e l
w i t h t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e , h e h a d f i l e d h i s f o r m a l a n s w e r s t o t h e t h i r t e e n
c h a r g e s . W i t h Ro g e r Ro b b ' s h e l p , h e h a d p r e p a r e d a s t u n n i n g r e p l y . H e
3 1 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
h a d s t u c k s t a u n c h l y b y h i s g u n s , i n s i s t i n g t h a t h e g a v e i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e t h r o u g h So u r w i n e b e c a u s e " Ih a d n o t o n l y t h e r i g h t , b u t
t h e d u t y t o d e f e n d m y s e l f , t o c o r r e c t t h e c o m m i t t e e ' s r e c o r d , a n d t o
s u p p o r t m y o r a l t e s t i m o n y
. "
" It i s a f a m i l i a r r u l e t h a t r e g u l a t i o n s , l i k e s t a t u t e s , m u s t b e i n t e r p r e t e d
w i t h c o m m o n s e n s e , " h i s r e p l y s t a t e d
. P o i n t e d l y , h e c i t e d a n a n c i e n t l a w
e n a c t e d i n t h e r e i g n o f Ed w a r d II
. It h e l d " t h a t a p r i s o n e r w h o b r e a k s
p r i s o n s h a l l b e g u i l t y o f a f e l o n y
. " B u t , O t e p k a e m p h a s i z e d , t h e g r e a t
j u r i s t P l o w d e n r u l e d t h a t t h i s d i d n o t " e x t e n d t o a p r i s o n e r w h o b r e a k s
o u t o f p r i s o n w h e n t h e p r i s o n i s o n f i r e ` f o r h e i s n o t t o b e h a n g e d b e c a u s e
h e w o u l d n o t s t a y t o b e b u r n t . ' " '
O t e p k a n o t e d t h a t t h e De p a r t m e n t h a d r e f u s e d t o l e t h i m a n d h i s
l a w y e r s e e t h e o r i g i n a l d o c u m e n t s w h i c h f o r m e d t h e b a s i s f o r t h e c r i m i -
n a l c h a r g e s e x c e p t u n d e r s t r i c t s u p e r v i s i o n
. H e f o u n d t h i s " p u z z l i n g " a n d
r e m i n d e d t h e De p a r t m e n t t h a t i t h a d p e r m i t t e d J o h n St e w a r t Se r v i c e " t o
e x a m i n e a l l d o c u m e n t s a n d p a p e r s
. .
. w h i c h m i g h t b e m a t e r i a l t o h i s
d e f e n s e
. " H e r e f r a i n e d f r o m u n d e r l i n i n g t h e o b v i o u s d o u b l e s t a n d a r d
i n v o l v e d i n t h i s c o n t r a s t .
In c o n c l u s i o n , h e s u b m i t t e d t h a t " t h e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t m e a r e w i t h o u t
f o u n d a t i o n a n d s h o u l d b e d i s m i s s e d
. " H e k n e w , o f c o u r s e , t h a t h e w a s
w h i s t l i n g i n t h e w i n d
. H i s o n l y h o p e l a y w i t h t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
.
O n O c t o b e r 3 1 , e x a c t l y t e n d a y s a f t e r Ru s k ' s a p p e a r a n c e , a b r i e f l e t t e r
s i g n e d b y e v e r y m e m b e r o f t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w a s d i s p a t c h e d t o t h e
Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e b y Se n a t o r Ea s t l a n d
. Al t h o u g h p o l i t e i n t o n e , i t b a c k e d
O t e p k a t o t h e h i l t .
In s i s t i n g o n t h e r i g h t o f a Se n a t e c o m m i t t e e t o r e c e i v e t e s t i m o n y f r o m
" a n y o f f i c i a l o r e m p l o y e e o f o u r g o v e r n m e n t , " t h e l e t t e r s t a t e d t h a t s u c h
w i t n e s s e s s h o u l d n o t b e " p e n a l i z e d o r d i s c i p l i n e d i n a n y w a y " f o r t e s t i f y -
i n g t r u t h f u l l y
.
" M r . O t e p k a ' s t e s t i m o n y h a s b e e n a v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e In t e r -
n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e ' s c u r r e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f s e c u r i t y i n t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t , a n d w e f e e l h e h a d p e r f o r m e d a s u b s t a n t i a l s e r v i c e f o r h i s
c o u n t r y , " t h e Se n a t o r s s a i d . " W e w o u l d c o n s i d e r i t a g r e a t t r a g e d y i f t h e
s e r v i c e s o f t h i s e x c e p t i o n a l l y a b l e a n d e x p e r i e n c e d s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r w e r e
l o s t t o t h e Un i t e d St a t e s g o v e r n m e n t o n t h e b a s i s o f a l l e g e d t e c h n i c a l
v i o l a t i o n s g r o w i n g o u t o f h i s c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l
Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e . "
Fi v e d a y s l a t e r Ru s k a g a i n t h u m b e d h i s n o s e a t t h e Se n a t o r s
. O n
No v e m b e r 5 , 1 9 63 , O t e p k a w a s h a n d e d h i s " f i n a l " d i s m i s s a l
. P e r s o n n e l ' s
J o h n O r d w a y , a c t i n g o n Ru s k ' s o r d e r s , u p h e l d a l l t h e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t
RUSK' SDEFIANCE

3 1 3
h i m
. In h i s l e t t e r , O r d w a y s a i d O t e p k a h a d t e n d a y s t o a p p e a l a n d n o t e d
t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t " w i l l r e v i e w t h e m a t t e r " i f O t e p k a d e c i d e d t o t a k e h i s
a p p e a l t o t h e Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s s i o n .
De a n Ru s k , w i t h t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e Ke n n e d y b r o t h e r s , h a d t h r o w n
d o w n t h e f i n a l g a u n t l e t . In u p h o l d i n g O t e p k a ' s d i s m i s s a l , t h e y s e r v e d
n o t i c e o n t h e Co n g r e s s t h a t t h e e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h w o u l d d o w h a t i t
p l e a s e d
. It w o u l d b e n d t h e i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y l a w s a n y w a y i t w i s h e d . It
w o u l d h i r e s e c u r i t y r i s k s w h e n e v e r i t f e l t l i k e a n d f i r e l o y a l s e c u r i t y
o f f i c e r s w h o o b j e c t e d
. It w o u l d p u s h f o r f u r t h e r c o n v e r g e n c e w i t h c o m -
m u n i s m . It w o u l d s a c r i f i c e w h o e v e r n e e d e d t o b e s a c r i f i c e d i n t h e c o n -
s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Ro s t o w i a n d r e a m .
SH O RT LY B EFO RENO O NO NT UESDAY , NO VEM B ER5 , SENAT O RDO DD
r e c e i v e d w o r d t h a t O t e p k a j u s t g o t h i s f i n a l w a l k i n g p a p e r s f r o m t h e
De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e . Do d d c o u l d h a r d l y b e l i e v e h i s e a r s . Si n c e J u n e h e
h a d b e e n m a n e u v e r i n g b e h i n d t h e s c e n e s t o k e e p t h e c a s e f r o m b r e a k i n g
i n t o t h e o p e n . W i t h t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e , h e
h a d g i v e n De a n Ru s k t h e b e n e f i t o f m a n y l a r g e d o u b t s , h o p e f u l t h a t i n
t h e e n d t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e w o u l d f i n d a w a y t o r e s o l v e t h i s i r r i t a t i n g
b u s i n e s s .
T h e p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n w a s o n l y a y e a r a w a y
. Do d d h a d n o d e s i r e
t o e m b a r r a s s h i s p a r t y a s i t m o v e d t o w a r d w h a t p r o m i s e d t o b e a t o u g h
c a m p a i g n . H e w o u l d b e u p f o r r e e l e c t i o n h i m s e l f i n Co n n e c t i c u t , b u t t h a t
r e a l l y d i d n ' t e n t e r i n t o i t . Do d d ' s s e a t w a s c o n s i d e r e d s a f e
. P r e s i d e n t
Ke n n e d y ' s c h a n c e s w e r e f a r m o r e u n c e r t a i n , a n d g r o w i n g m o r e s o e v e r y
d a y .
T h e r e w a s l i t t l e l o v e l o s t b e t w e e n T o m Do d d a n d t h e Ke n n e d y s
.
Ab o u t a l l t h e y h a d i n c o m m o n w a s t h e i r Ir i s h a n c e s t r y a n d a p a r t y l a b e l
.
B u t t h a t l a b e l m e a n t s o m e t h i n g t o Do d d
. It h a d k e p t h i m i n t h e Co n g r e s s
f o r e l e v e n y e a r s , f i v e o f t h e m i n t h e Se n a t e
. Un l i k e s o m e o f h i s m o r e
i n d e p e n d e n t So u t h e r n c o l l e a g u e s , h e c o u l d i l l a f f o r d t o t a k e o n t h e
3 1 4
CH ALLENG E

3 1 5
Ke n n e d y s
. De s p i t e t h e i r d e c l i n i n g n a t i o n a l p o p u l a r i t y , t h e y c o u l d s t i l l
m a k e t r o u b l e f o r h i m i n Co n n e c t i c u t
.
It m u s t b e s a i d f o r Do d d t h a t , w h a t e v e r h i s f a i l i n g s , h e n e v e r o n c e
h e s i t a t e d t o d o w h a t h e h a d t o d o o n t h a t No v e m b e r d a y
. T h e So u t h e r n -
e r s o n t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e , a n d t h e Re p u b l i c a n s t o o , c o u l d n o t t h e n h a v e
c o m m a n d e d t h e a t t e n t i o n t h a t h e d i d a s a No r t h e r n Li b e r a l . It w a s u p
t o h i m t o c a r r y t h e b a l l , a n d h e d i d
. P u t t i n g a l l p o l i t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
a s i d e f o r t h e m o m e n t , h e s t r o d e o n t o t h e f l o o r o f t h e Se n a t e t h a t a f t e r -
n o o n a n d b r a v e l y p i c k e d u p t h e g a u n t l e t Ru s k a n d t h e Ke n n e d y s h a d
t h r o w n d o w n
.
" Ic o n s i d e r t h e d i s m i s s a l o f M r . O t t o O t e p k a b y t h e De p a r t m e n t o f
St a t e a s e r i o u s c h a l l e n g e t o r e s p o n s i b l e g o v e r n m e n t a n d t o t h e s y s t e m o f
c h e c k s a n d b a l a n c e s o n w h i c h i t i s b a s e d , " Do d d d e c l a r e d t o a n u n u s u a l l y
f u l l Se n a t e c h a m b e r
. B l u n t l y , h e d e s c r i b e d t h e a c t i o n a s " a n a f f r o n t t o t h e
Se n a t e " a n d a " d e n i a l o f i t s p o w e r s . "
Do d d c i t e d t h e l a w t h a t g a v e c i v i l s e r v a n t s t h e r i g h t " t o f u r n i s h i n f o r -
m a t i o n t o e i t h e r h o u s e o f Co n g r e s s o r t o a n y c o m m i t t e e o r m e m b e r
t h e r e o f
. " B u t , h e s a i d , " t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , b y i t s a c t i o n i n t h e O t e p k a
c a s e , h a s , i n e f f e c t , n u l l i f i e d t h i s s t a t u t e a n d i s s u e d a w a r n i n g t o a l l
[ g o v e r n m e n t ] e m p l o y e e s t h a t c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e e s t a b l i s h e d c o m m i t -
t e e s o f t h e Se n a t e . . .
i s a c r i m e p u n i s h a b l e b y d i s m i s s a l . "
" T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e c a n n o t b e o v e r s t a t e d , " Do d d
t h u n d e r e d
. " No o n e s u s p e c t e d o f e s p i o n a g e o r d i s l o y a l t y h a s t o m y
k n o w l e d g e b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o s u c h s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d h u m i l i a t i o n
.
" In t h e t o p s y - t u r v y a t t i t u d e i t h a s d i s p l a y e d i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e , t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a s b e e n c h a s i n g t h e p o l i c e m a n i n s t e a d o f t h e c u l -
p r i t . . .
. T h e w o r d s ` s e c u r i t y v i o l a t i o n ' h a v e c o m e t o m e a n n o t t h e a c t o f
t u r n i n g o v e r i n f o r m a t i o n t o a n a l i e n p o w e r , b u t t h e a c t o f g i v i n g i n f o r m a -
t i o n t o a c o m m i t t e e o f t h e Se n a t e o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s . "
Fo r t h e f i r s t t i m e p u b l i c l y , Do d d r e v e a l e d t h a t a t a p h a d b e e n p l a c e d
o n O t e p k a ' s t e l e p h o n e
. " Al t h o u g h a St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l h a s d e n i e d
u n d e r o a t h t h a t t h i s w a s d o n e , " Do d d s a i d , " t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e . . . h a s
p r o o f t h a t t h e t a p w a s i n s t a l l e d
. "
Ne i t h e r Ru s k n o r t h e Ke n n e d y s a p p a r e n t l y b e l i e v e d Do d d w o u l d r e -
v e a l
t h a t .
It i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h e y s t i l l t h o u g h t t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w a s
b l u f f i n g o n t h e w i r e t a p e v i d e n c e , s i n c e Re i l l y ' s m o b h a d b e e n u n a b l e t o
e x t r a c t a n y i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m St a n l e y H o l d e n
. T h i s w a s a s e r i o u s m i s c a l -
c u l a t i o n , a n d t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n s a w a t o n c e t h a t i t w a s i n f o r t r o u b l e .
" W i r e t a p " h a d b e c o m e t h e n a s t i e s t p h r a s e i n W a s h i n g t o n ' s l e x i c o n
. It
3 1 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
w a s t h e o n e t h i n g c a l c u l a t e d t o f i r e u p t h e Co n g r e s s
.
W i t h a l l t h e o t h e r m o r e d a m a g i n g i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e , t h e
i m p o r t a n c e a t t a c h e d t o t h e t e l e p h o n e t a p s m a y s e e m r a t h e r e x a g g e r a t e d
.
B u t t h e c l i m a t e i n W a s h i n g t o n i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 60 ' s h a d b e c o m e h i g h l y
c h a r g e d w i t h s u s p i c i o n
. Du r i n g B o b b y Ke n n e d y ' s r e i g n i n t h e J u s t i c e
De p a r t m e n t , m a n y c o n g r e s s m e n f e l t t h a t n o o n e ' s h o m e o r o f f i c e w a s s a f e
f r o m e l e c t r o n i c s n o o p e r s .
T h e s e o f t e n v a g u e s u s p i c i o n s w e r e v e r i f i e d a f e w y e a r s l a t e r w h e n a n
e l e c t r o n i c s e x p e r t n a m e d B e r n a r d B
. Sp i n d e l t o l d a M a s s a c h u s e t t s s t a t e
c o m m i s s i o n t h a t " a J u s t i c e De p a r t m e n t a g e n c y " h a d a p e r m a n e n t t a p
i n t o a m a i n t e l e p h o n e l i n e i n W a s h i n g t o n
. " T h i s l i n e l a i d o p e n e v e r y
c o n g r e s s m a n o n Ca p i t o l H i l l t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f l i s t e n i n g d e v i c e s , "
Sp i n d e l c l a i m e d . ' T h e t a p s w e r e n o t c o n f i n e d t o Co n g r e s s i o n a l o f f i c e s ,
h o w e v e r . O n e m e m b e r o f t h e H o u s e Ar m e d Fo r c e s Co m m i t t e e c a m e
h o m e u n e x p e c t e d l y f r o m T e x a s , p i c k e d u p h i s p h o n e , a n d o v e r h e a r d
s n o o p e r s f r o m t w o d i f f e r e n t a g e n c i e s w h i c h h a d t a p p e d i n o n h i s h o u s e
l i n e .
St o r i e s o f t h e a l l - o u t t a p p i n g t h a t a l l e g e d l y w e n t o n d u r i n g t h e T e s t
B a n T r e a t y d e b a t e w e r e s t i l l r i f e i n W a s h i n g t o n w h e n t h e O t e p k a c a s e
r e a c h e d i t s b o i l i n g p o i n t t h a t f a l l
. T h u s , t h e Se n a t e w a s m o r e t h a n u s u a l l y
s e n s i t i v e a b o u t e l e c t r o n i c e a v e s d r o p p i n g
. T o m Do d d h a d s t r u c k a r a w
n e r v e t h a t w a s b o u n d t o g e n e r a t e a g r e a t w a v e o f s y m p a t h y f o r O t e p k a
.
Eq u a l l y i m p o r t a n t , i t b r o u g h t t o t h e s u r f a c e a w i d e s p r e a d f e e l i n g o f
r e s e n t m e n t a g a i n s t t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n t h a t w a s s h a r e d b y m a n y De m o -
c r a t l a w m a k e r s a s w e l l a s b y m o s t Re p u b l i c a n s
.
T h e p a c e o f e v e n t s a c c e l e r a t e d s w i f t l y a f t e r Do d d ' s s p e e c h o n t h e
Se n a t e f l o o r . T h a t n i g h t t h e r e w a s a s e r i e s o f w o r r i e d c o n f e r e n c e s a t t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t
. At e m p o r a r i l y c h a s t e n e d De a n Ru s k o r d e r e d t h a t
Re i l l y , H i l l a n d B e l i s l e s i g n l e t t e r s t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e " a m p l i f y i n g "
t h e i r f a l s e t e s t i m o n y a b o u t t h e w i r e t a p
. G e o r g e B a l l a n d T h o m a s Eh r l i c h
w e r e r u s h e d i n t o a c t i o n t o h e l p p r e p a r e t h e s t a t e m e n t s
. Eh r l i c h a n d t h e
t h r e e t r a p p e d SY o f f i c i a l s w o r k e d o n t h e m u n t i l w e l l a f t e r m i d n i g h t a n d
a g a i n t h e n e x t m o r n i n g
. W h e n t h e y w e r e d o n e , Ru s k r e v i e w e d t h e l e t t e r s
a n d a p p r o v e d t h e m .
Ev e r y o n e i n v o l v e d i n t h i s e m e r g e n c y o p e r a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g t h e Se c r e -
t a r y o f St a t e , n o w b e c a m e a p a r t y t o y e t m o r e p e r j u r y
. As t h e 1 9 68
s u b c o m m i t t e e r e p o r t t a c t f u l l y p h r a s e d i t , t h e a m p l i f i c a t i o n l e t t e r s " a d d e d
n e w k n o t s t o t h e t a n g l e . " It t o o k t h e Se n a t o r s d a y s o f h e a r i n g s , t h e r e p o r t
s a i d , " t o s t r i p a w a y t h e t e c h n i c a l d o d g e s , t h e h a l f - t r u t h s a n d p l a i n l i e s
t o l a y b a r e t h e f a c t s . " 2
CH ALLENG E

3 1 7
Dr i p p i n g w i t h t r a n s p a r e n t f a l s e h o o d s , t h e t h r e e l e t t e r s w e r e s e n t , w i t h
Ru s k ' s p e r s o n a l b l e s s i n g , t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e t h e v e r y n e x t d a y . T h e
Se n a t o r s w e r e d u m b f o u n d e d . Al t h o u g h t h e y s h o u l d h a v e k n o w n b e t t e r
b y t h e n , t h e y w e r e s h o c k e d t h a t t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e w o u l d p e r m i t
h i m s e l f t o b e c o m e a n o p e n a c c o m p l i c e i n t h e s t e a d y s t r e a m o f l i e s f l o w i n g
f r o m Fo g g y B o t t o m .
Re i l l y ' s l e t t e r w a s a g e m o f d u p l i c i t y . H e s w o r e t h a t h i s p r e v i o u s
a n s w e r s t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w e r e " a c c u r a t e . " W h e n h e f i r s t t a l k e d t o
El m e r H i l l a b o u t a t a p , Re i l l y s a i d h e w a n t e d H i l l t o s t u d y o n l y i t s
" f e a s i b i l i t y . " " Im a d e i t c l e a r t o M r . H i l l t h a t Iw a s n o t a u t h o r i z i n g t h e
a c t u a l i n t e r c e p t i o n o f a n y c o n v e r s a t i o n s , " h e w r o t e . M o r e o v e r , h e a s k e d
t h e Se n a t o r s t o b e l i e v e t h a t " n o c o n v e r s a t i o n s w e r e i n t e r c e p t e d
. " '
H i l l a l s o s w o r e t h a t h i s e a r l i e r t e s t i m o n y w a s " c o r r e c t . " B u t a l t h o u g h
h e h a d d e n i e d t h e t a p b e f o r e , h e n o w a d m i t t e d i t . Li k e Re i l l y , h e c l a i m e d
t h e t a p w a s " u n s u c c e s s f u l .
B e l i s l e h a d t e s t i f i e d , u n d e r o a t h , t h a t h e k n e w n o t h i n g w h a t e v e r a b o u t
a n y t a p o n O t e p k a ' s p h o n e . No w h e c h a n g e d t h i s t o " n o f i r s t - h a n d
i n f o r m a t i o n " a b o u t t h e t a p . O n No v e m b e r 1 4 , w h e n t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
h a u l e d B e l i s l e u p f o r a n o t h e r s e s s i o n , h e c o n f e s s e d t h a t Re i l l y h a d " m e n -
t i o n e d " t h e t a p t o h i m , b u t h e c l a s s i f i e d t h i s a s " h e a r s a y " a n d i n s i s t e d
t h a t h i s p r e v i o u s a n s w e r s h a d b e e n t r u t h f u l . '
Re i l l y c a m e b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y a n d e n s n a r e d
h i m s e l f f u r t h e r i n t h e s p r e a d i n g w e b o f St a t e De p a r t m e n t f a b r i c a t i o n s .
H i s u t t e r d i s r e g a r d f o r t h e t r u t h f i n a l l y e n r a g e d o l d Se n a t o r M c Cl e l l a n ,
w h o q u e s t i o n e d h i m c l o s e l y a b o u t t h e r e a s o n f o r t u n i n g i n o n O t e p k a ' s
t e l e p h o n e :
M c CLELLAN: T h e i d e a w a s t o g e t t h e m a n . If y o u c o u l d n o t g e t
h i m o u t o f t h e t r a s h c a n , g e t h i m o u t o f a t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r s a t i o n ,
a t a p p e d , c o m p r o m i s e d t e l e p h o n e . T h e i d e a w a s t o g e t h i m .
REILLY
: T h e i d e a w a s n o t t o g e t h i m
. T h e i d e a , s i r , w a s t o f i n d
o u t w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e s e t h i n g s Ih a d r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e w e r e t r u e o r
n o t t r u e - n o t t o g e t a m a n . . . .
M c CLELLAN: W h y d o n ' t y o u j u s t c o m e c l e a n a n d t e l l t h e w h o l e
s t o r y ? W h y d o n ' t y o u d o t h a t ? An y b o d y r e a d i n g t h i s r e c o r d k n o w s
. . . t h a t y o u d i d n ' t g i v e t r u t h f u l a n s w e r s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s t h a t w e r e
a s k e d y o u . Ev e r y b o d y k n o w s t h a t . W h y d o n ' t y o u c o m e c l e a n h e r e
a n d j u s t s h e l l d o w n t h e c o r n , a n d s t a t e w h a t y o u w e r e a f t e r , a n d w h a t
y o u d i d d o t o t r y t o g e t i t ?
6
Cl i n g i n g f r a n t i c a l l y t o t h e l a s t t a t t e r e d s h r e d o f t h e t a l l t a l e h e h a d
c o n c o c t e d w i t h t h e c o n n i v a n c e o f De a n Ru s k , G e o r g e B a l l , a n d t h e l e g a l
3 1 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
a d v i s o r s , Re i l l y s t u b b o r n l y c o n t i n u e d t o i n s i s t t h a t h e h a d b e e n t e l l i n g
t h e t r u t h , o r a t l e a s t p a r t o f i t , a l l a l o n g
. No o n e b e l i e v e d h i m , o f c o u r s e .
H i s c r e d i b i l i t y h a d b e c o m e a b o u t a s n e g o t i a b l e a s a Co n f e d e r a t e d o l l a r
t h e d a y a f t e r Ap p o m a t t o x .
T h r e e d a y s l a t e r , o n No v e m b e r 1 8 , El m e r H i l l c o m p r o m i s e d Re i l l y ' s
t e s t i m o n y f u r t h e r . H i l l f i n a l l y a d m i t t e d t h a t O t e p k a ' s t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r -
s a t i o n s h a d b e e n i n t e r c e p t e d a n d t h a t t h e t a p e s h a d b e e n g i v e n t o " s o m e
s t r a n g e r " a t Re i l l y ' s b e h e s t . H e c o u l d n ' t r e f r a i n , t h o u g h , f r o m y e t
a n o t h e r l i t t l e l i e : t h e t a p e s , h e s a i d , h a d b e e n e r a s e d . No n e t h e l e s s , El -
m e r ' s t e s t i m o n y w a s p e r h a p s t h e m o s t c a n d i d y e t g i v e n b y a n y St a t e
De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l , i n c l u d i n g Se c r e t a r y Ru s k . W h e n So u r w i n e r e -
m i n d e d h i m t h a t h e h a d p r e v i o u s l y s w o r n t h a t h e h a d " n e v e r e n g a g e d "
i n t a p p i n g a f e l l o w e m p l o y e e ' s p h o n e , H i l l s a i d t h a t h e h a d l i e d b e c a u s e
" t h i s w a s m y o b l i g a t i o n t o t h e De p a r t m e n t . " '
" M r
. Re i l l y d i d n o t c a r e w h a t m e a n s w e r e u s e d , " H i l l s t a t e d . " H e w a s
c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e r e s u l t s . " As f o r h i s o w n f a l s e h o o d s , H i l l s a i d h e w a s
o n l y " t r y i n g t o t e l l t h e t r u t h b u t s k i r t t h e f a c t . " '
H i l l c o u l d a f f o r d t o b e a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y h o n e s t w i t h t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
o n t h a t o c c a s i o n
. H e h a d j u s t b e e n f o r c e d t o s u b m i t h i s r e s i g n a t i o n t o t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t . So h a d J o h n Re i l l y , t h o u g h h e w a s t o b e k e p t o n t h e
p a y r o l l f o r f o u r m o r e m o n t h s . B o t h o f t h e m w e r e p e r m i t t e d t o r e s i g n
" w i t h o u t p r e j u d i c e . " No b l a c k m a r k s a p p e a r o n t h e i r g o v e r n m e n t e m -
p l o y m e n t r e c o r d s . T h e y w e r e b o t h f r e e t o r e t u r n t o Fe d e r a l Se r v i c e , a n d
i n l e s s t h a n a y e a r Re i l l y w a s s m u g g l e d b a c k i n t o t h e FCC .
Da v i d B e l i s l e g o t o f f s c o t - f r e e . As t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e n o t e d i n i t s 1 9 68
r e p o r t , " Ly i n g u n d e r o a t h b e f o r e a Co n g r e s s i o n a l c o m m i t t e e c a n h a r d l y
b e c l a s s e d a s c a s u a l f i b b i n g . If t h e De p a r t m e n t o f J u s t i c e h a d c h o s e n t o
p r o s e c u t e , t h e c h a r g e w o u l d h a v e b e e n p e r j u r y - a f e l o n y . " 9 Ne e d l e s s t o
s a y , B o b b y Ke n n e d y ' s d e p a r t m e n t n e v e r s o m u c h a s c o n s i d e r e d b r i n g i n g
a c t i o n a g a i n s t a n y m e m b e r o f w h a t t h e Se n a t o r s c a l l e d " t h e l y i n g t r i o . "
B u t B e l i s l e ' s r e t e n t i o n b y t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t o u t d i d e v e n B o b b y ' s s i n
o f o m i s s i o n
. It w a s y e t a n o t h e r p i e c e o f e v i d e n c e s h o w i n g h o w l i g h t l y
De a n Ru s k r e g a r d e d t h e Co n g r e s s .
W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t , w h o w a s f o r c e d t o t a k e t h e r a p f o r m u c h o f Ru s k ' s
i n s o u c i a n t d e f i a n c e o f t h e p e o p l e ' s e l e c t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , l a t e r e x -
p l a i n e d h o w t h e De p a r t m e n t c a m e t o m a k e a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n Re i l l y
a n d H i l l , o n t h e o n e h a n d , a n d B e l i s l e o n t h e o t h e r . Re i l l y a n d H i l l , s a i d
Cr o c k e t t , h a d " l o s t t h e c o n f i d e n c e o f t o p d e p a r t m e n t a l o f f i c i a l s b e c a u s e
o f t h e i r c o n d u c t u n d e r o a t h b e f o r e t h e c o m m i t t e e . " ' ( No t , m i n d y o u ,
b e c a u s e o f t h e i r c o n d u c t w i t h r e g a r d t o O t e p k a a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e s . ) B u t
CH ALLENG E

3 1 9
B e l i s l e , Cr o c k e t t r a t i o n a l i z e d , w a s o n l y f i b b i n g a b o u t " h e a r s a y " a n d , i n
t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s v i e w a t l e a s t , t h i s w a s " d i f f e r e n t " t h a n f i b b i n g a b o u t
t h i n g s o n e k n e w a t " f i r s t - h a n d . " "
Al t h o u g h t h e f u l l e x t e n t o f t h e p e r j u r y o f Re i l l y a n d h i s h e n c h m e n w a s
n o t i m m e d i a t e l y m a d e k n o w n t o t h e p u b l i c , e n o u g h o f t h e s t o r y g o t o u t
t o m a k e t h e O t e p k a c a s e a n o v e r n i g h t s e n s a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n W a s h i n g -
t o n
. So m e o f t h e s t a u n c h e s t Li b e r a l s i n t h e Se n a t e w e r e m o m e n t a r i l y
f o r c e d t o s i t u p a n d t a k e n o t i c e . In t h e w a k e o f t h e l e t t e r s s u b m i t t e d b y
t h e t h r e e p r e v a r i c a t o r s w i t h Ru s k ' s c o l l u s i o n , H u g h Sc o t t o f P e n n s y l -
v a n i a d e m a n d e d a f u l l - s c a l e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f a l l a s p e c t s o f t h e O t e p k a
c a s e
. T h e d i s m i s s a l o f O t e p k a , s a i d Sc o t t , i n d i c a t e d t h a t s o m e t h i n g m u s t
b e s e r i o u s l y w r o n g i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
. ' Z
Q u i t e s u d d e n l y , e v e n s o m e o f t h e m o s t Le f t w a r d - l e a n i n g e l e m e n t s o f
t h e p r e s s w e r e a l s o t e m p o r a r i l y h o r r i f i e d . Ap e r c e p t i v e h a n d f u l o f n e w s -
p a p e r s h a d b e e n p l a y i n g t h e s t o r y f a i t h f u l l y e v e r s i n c e Dr . Ro b e r t M o r r i s
u n v e i l e d t h e s t a t e m e n t o f c h a r g e s i n T e x a s . W i l l a r d Ed w a r d s , Cl a r k
M o l l e n h o f f , Da v i d Se n t n e r a n d a c o r p o r a l ' s g u a r d o f o t h e r r e p o r t e r s h a d
c a u g h t t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e c a s e f r o m t h e o u t s e t , t h o u g h m o s t o f t h e i r
c o l l e a g u e s i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n p r e s s c o r p s s t u d i o u s l y i g n o r e d i t . No w ,
h o w e v e r , e v e r y o n e w a s g e t t i n g i n t o t h e a c t .
T h e Ne w Y o r k T i m e s
f r o n t - p a g e d O t e p k a ' s d i s m i s s a l a s i f i t w e r e
c o m p l e t e l y f r e s h n e w s t h e m o r n i n g a f t e r Do d d ' s No v e m b e r 5 s p e e c h . It
a l s o r a n a r a t h e r l a u d a t o r y s k e t c h o n O t e p k a i n i t s d a i l y b i o g r a p h i c a l
c o l u m n i n s i d e
. T h i s s t o r y q u o t e d a n a n o n y m o u s St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i -
c i a l w h o c h a r g e d t h a t t h e c r u x o f t h e p r e s e n t c o n t r o v e r s y w a s s i m p l y t h a t
O t e p k a w a s " o u t o f s t e p w i t h t h e t i m e s
. " " W e h a v e n o s e c u r i t y r i s k s , a n d
h e k n o w s i t , " t h e f a c e l e s s o f f i c i a l a d d e d .
T h e W a s h i n g t o n P o s t w a s p r e d i c t a b l y t h e l a s t t o h o l d o u t . " W h a t O t t o
F
. O t e p k a d i d w a s n o t o n l y u n l a w f u l b u t u n c o n s c i o n a b l e a s w e l l , " t h e
P o s t
t r u m p e t e d i n a n e d i t o r i a l a s l a t e a s No v e m b e r 1 0
. H o w e v e r , t w o
d a y s l a t e r e v e n t h e
P o s t n i b b l e d a l i t t l e c r o w
. It d i d n ' t e x a c t l y t a k e b a c k
w h a t i t h a d s a i d b e f o r e , b u t a No v e m b e r 1 2 e d i t o r i a l s h o w e d t h a t i t h a d
b e l a t e d l y b e c o m e a w a r e t h a t G e s t a p o - l i k e t a c t i c s h a d b e e n u s e d a g a i n s t
O t e p k a :
T h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e m u s t b e a d e l i g h t f u l p l a c e t o w o r k t h e s e
d a y s
. T h e a t m o s p h e r e o f a f f e c t i o n a t e c a m a r a d e r i e a n d w a r m m u t u a l
c o n f i d e n c e p r e v a i l i n g t h e r e h a s p r o b a b l y n o t b e e n m a t c h e d s i n c e t h e
h e y d a y o f t h e M e d i c i s . . . .
T h i s k i n d o f b u g g i n g a n d s p y i n g a n d t a t t l i n g p r o d u c e s n o k i n d o f
s e c u r i t y a t a l l
. It p r o d u c e s n o t h i n g b u t a n a t m o s p h e r e o f c r i p p l i n g a n d
3 2 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
s u f f o c a t i n g s u s p i c i o n . De c e n t m e n s h o u l d n o t b e a s k e d a n d c a n n o t b e
e x p e c t e d t o w o r k i n s u c h a n a t m o s p h e r e
. T h e f o r e i g n a f f a i r s o f a f r e e
p e o p l e s h o u l d n o t b e c o n d u c t e d i n s o m a l i g n a n d m i a s m i c a c l i m a t e
.
T h e Am e r i c a n Ci v i l Li b e r t i e s Un i o n , t r a d i t i o n a l c h a m p i o n o f u n l i m -
i t e d r i g h t s f o r t h e Le f t , i s s u e d a s p e c i a l p r e s s r e l e a s e o n No v e m b e r 2 0
t a k i n g i t s f r i e n d s i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t o t a s k f o r t h e O t e p k a w i r e t a p
.
T h e ACLUp r o f e s s e d t h a t i t w a s " s h o c k e d " b y t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t
. T h e
De p a r t m e n t " h a s n o b u s i n e s s i n v a d i n g p e r s o n a l p r i v a c y i n t h i s m a n n e r , "
t h e ACLUs a i d i n a s t a t e m e n t r e l e a s e d b y i t s e x e c u t i v e d i r e c t o r , J o h n d e
J . P e m b e r t o n , J r .
Ea r l Vo s s o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n
St a r
r e p o r t e d t h a t ACLUl a w y e r s " m a y
f i l e a b r i e f o n M r . O t e p k a ' s b e h a l f a s k i n g t h a t n o e v i d e n c e o b t a i n e d b y
w i r e t a p p i n g b e u s e d " i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t a l p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t h i m . " As
Vo s s p o i n t e d o u t , t h e t a p w a s a c l e a r v i o l a t i o n o f Se c t i o n 60 5 o f t h e
Fe d e r a l Co m m u n i c a t i o n s Ac t . " T h e r e f o r e , Re i l l y a n d h i s b o y s h a d n o t
o n l y c o m m i t t e d f l a g r a n t p e r j u r y , t h e r o o t o f t h a t p e r j u r y l a y i n t h e i r
k n o w l e d g e t h a t t h e y h a d b e e n c a u g h t v i o l a t i n g a n o t h e r l a w , i n a d d i t i o n
t o a l l t h o s e t h e y h a d s h a t t e r e d w i t h i n SY .
T o t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s m o u n t i n g u n e a s i n e s s , t h e O t e p k a s t o r y k e p t
e x p l o d i n g r i g h t o n t h r o u g h t h o s e e a r l y w e e k s o f No v e m b e r . It b o u n c e d
b a c k o n t o t h e f r o n t p a g e s w i t h e a c h n e w d e v e l o p m e n t . O n No v e m b e r 9
t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e r e l e a s e d t h e Re i l l y g a n g ' s e a r l i e r t e s t i m o n y a l o n g w i t h
t h e " c l a r i f y i n g " l e t t e r s . T h e s a m e d a y , Ru s k d e c i d e d i t w a s t i m e t o d u m p
Re i l l y a n d H i l l , t h o u g h a t f i r s t i t w a s u n d e r s t o o d t o b e m e r e l y a t e m p o -
r a r y m e a s u r e . T h e n e x t m o r n i n g t h e Ne w Y o r k T i m e s h e a d l i n e d t h e s t o r y
o n p a g e o n e : " O t e p k a Ac c u s e r s P l a c e d O n Le a v e . "
" T h e i n d i c a t i o n s w e r e , " w r o t e t h e T i m e s '
M a x Fr a n k e l , " t h a t Se c r e -
t a r y o f St a t e De a n Ru s k w o u l d r e l u c t a n t l y a s k b o t h , a n d p e r h a p s a l l t h r e e
t o r e s i g n . " 1 4
Co l u m n i s t s a n d e d i t o r i a l w r i t e r s h i n t e d d a r k l y t h a t m u c h m o r e i m p o r -
t a n t d e v e l o p m e n t s w e r e i n t h e o f f i n g . " T h e r e h a d b e e n a h o u s e c l e a n i n g
o f p e r s o n n e l s e c u r i t y o f f i c i a l s i n t h e Ke n n e d y Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n t o r e m o v e
t h e l a s t t r a c e s o f t h e t o u g h e r p o l i c i e s o f p r e v i o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s , " w r o t e
t h e h i g h l y r e s p e c t e d c o l u m n i s t , Ri c h a r d W i l s o n
. " Ar t h u r Kr o c k o f t h e
Ne w Y o r k T i m e s c i t e d t h e " d e c e i t f u l a n d w o r s e " a c t i o n s o f t h e De p a r t -
m e n t o f St a t e a s a n i n s t a n c e o f t h e " i n s e n s i t i v e e t h i c a l a t t i t u d e o f p u b l i c
o f f i c i a l s . "
1 6
Da v i d La w r e n c e , e d i t o r o f U. S. Ne w s & W o r l d Re p o r t , w r o t e i n o n e
o f h i s d a i l y n e w s p a p e r c o l u m n s t h a t t h e O t e p k a m a t t e r " i s m o r e i m p o r -
t a n t t h a n t h e a l l e g e d s c a n d a l s t h a t a r e b e i n g i n v e s t i g a t e d o n Ca p i t o l H i l l
CH ALLENG E

3 2 1
i n d o m e s t i c a f f a i r s
. " * H e a p t l y r e c a l l e d t h a t " t h e r e h a v e b e e n t o o m a n y
i n s t a n c e s i n w h i c h e m p l o y e e s i n t h e e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t
h a v e b e e n g i v e n s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e a n d l a t e r t u r n e d o u t t o b e i n d i s c r e e t
i n p a s s i n g o u t t o f r i e n d s a n d a c q u a i n t a n c e s i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h e v e n t u a l l y
r e a c h e d t h e Co m m u n i s t s i d e . " "
H e n r y J
. T a y l o r , d r a w i n g o n h i s o w n i n s i d e k n o w l e d g e o f St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t s e c u r i t y g l e a n e d d u r i n g h i s t e n u r e a s Am b a s s a d o r t o Sw i t z e r l a n d
i n t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s , r e m i n d e d h i s r e a d e r s t h a t t h e " d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e t h e n
u n k n o w n O t e p k a " i n 1 9 61 w a s t h e " k e y " t h a t u n l o c k e d t h e d o o r t o t h e
r e i n f i l t r a t i o n o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t b y s e c u r i t y r i s k s .
" M a k e n o m i s t a k e a b o u t i t , " w r o t e t h e i n t r e p i d M r . T a y l o r . " W e
r e m a i n o n t h e r o a d b a c k t o t h e d a y s o f Al g e r H i s s . " "
In a s u b s e q u e n t c o l u m n o n No v e m b e r 1 8 , T a y l o r c u t i n c i s i v e l y
t h r o u g h a l l t h e s o u n d a n d f u r y s u r r o u n d i n g t h e w i r e t a p f l a p a n d t h e
o b f u s c a t i n g i s s u e o f p e r j u r y a n d g o t r i g h t t o t h e h e a r t o f t h e w h o l e m a t t e r :
" T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t s e c u r i t y s e c t i o n , w h i c h O t t o F
. O t e p k a h e a d e d
a f t e r s e r v i n g u n d e r e v e r y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o r n i n e t e e n y e a r s , h a d b e e n
k n o c k e d i n t o u t t e r s h a m b l e s b y a Le f t - w i n g e l e m e n t t h a t m o v e d i n t o t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t w h e n t h e Ne w Fr o n t i e r t o o k o v e r
. " T h e n h e w e n t o n :
T h e p r i z e - a n d p r i c e l e s s - i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d e d b y a n y e n e m y n a t i o n
i s
: W h a t a r e Am e r i c a ' s i n t e n t i o n s a n d c a p a b i l i t i e s ? T h i s r e q u i r e s c o n -
t i n u o u s l y t a p p i n g i n t o o u r t o p - s e c r e t c i r c l e s o f d e c i s i o n , i f p o s s i b l e -
p e n e t r a t i o n a t t h e h i g h e s t p o l i c y l e v e l
. So v i e t a g e n t s d e a l i n t w o c o m -
m o d i t i e s , i n f o r m a t i o n a n d p e o p l e
. An d t h e y d e a l i n t h e s e h e r e [ i n
W a s h i n g t o n ] o n t h e l a r g e s t s c a l e o f a n y w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d
.
B e c a u s e t h e Un i t e d St a t e s i s t h e o n l y c o u n t r y Ru s s i a f e a r s , i t i s
i m p o s s i b l e t o o v e r s t a t e t h e s k i l l , c u n n i n g a n d p a t i e n c e , t h e r e s o u r c e s
a n d r u t h l e s s n e s s o f t h i s a t t a c k o n u s
. Y e t w h e r e a r e t h e b u l w a r k s
a g a i n s t t h i s i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t o d a y ?
In t h e O t e p k a c a s e , c o l u m n i s t H o l m e s Al e x a n d e r a l s o d e t e c t e d d i s q u i -
e t i n g e c h o e s o f a n e a r l i e r e r a
. H e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t " t h e St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t b e h a v e d t h i s w a y t o w a r d i t s o f f i c i a l s w h o s u s p e c t e d Al g e r H i s s a n d
t o w a r d Se n a t e c o m m i t t e e s w h i c h i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e s t r a n g e d o i n g s o f
O w e n La t t i m o r e
. " H e r e c a l l e d , t o o , t h a t " a n o t h e r De m o c r a t i c P r e s i d e n t
a n d h i s Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e b o r e s o m e b r u i s e s f r o m a f r a c a s o f t h i s s o r t
. "
It w a s H a r r y T r u m a n " w h o c a l l e d t h e o r i g i n a l H i s s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a ` r e d
h e r r i n g ' a n d Se c r e t a r y Ac h e s o n w h o v o w e d h e ' d ' n e v e r t u r n m y b a c k o n
Al g e r H i s s , " ' Al e x a n d e r r e m i n d e d a s l o w l y r e a w a k e n i n g p u b l i c
. "
" W i l l t h e O t e p k a c a s e b l o w u p t o s o m e t h i n g t h e s i z e o f H i s s - La t -
* T h e a l l u s i o n h e r e w a s t o t h e n o t o r i o u s c a s e s o f B o b b y B a k e r a n d B i l l y So l Es t e s .
3 2 2 T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
t i m o r e ? " H o l m e s Al e x a n d e r a s k e d
. " Un l e s s Se c r e t a r y Ru s k b a c k s d o w n
. . .
t h i s n e w s t o r y c o u l d f o l l o w t h e s a m e l i n e s a n d a s s u m e t h e s a m e
p r o p o r t i o n s a s t h e o l d e r o n e s . " "
T h i s i s p r e c i s e l y w h a t t h e Ke n n e d y Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n m o s t f e a r e d a t t h i s
j u n c t u r e
. As No v e m b e r w o r e o n w i t h o u t a n y l e t - u p i n t h e h u e a n d c r y ,
Ru s k r e l e n t e d j u s t a b i t a n d t h r e w t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e a r a t h e r d r y
b o n e b y " a c c e p t i n g " t h e r e s i g n a t i o n s o f Re i l l y a n d H i l l . It w a s a p p a r e n t ,
h o w e v e r , t h a t t h i s h a d c o m e t o o l a t e t o s a t i s f y e i t h e r t h e Se n a t o r s o r t h e
p u b l i c .
T h e d a y a f t e r t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w a s p r i v a t e l y n o t i f i e d t h a t Re i l l y a n d
H i l l w e r e o n t h e i r w a y o u t , T o m Do d d a g a i n c a r r i e d t h e b a t t l e t o t h e
Se n a t e f l o o r . " Ia m c e r t a i n t h a t w h e n t h e f a c t s a r e m a d e p u b l i c , " Do d d
s a i d , " t h e y w i l l s h o c k e v e r y m e m b e r o f t h e Co n g r e s s a n d e v e r y Am e r i c a n
c i t i z e n , a s t h e y h a v e a l r e a d y s h o c k e d m e m b e r s o f t h e Se n a t e Su b c o m m i t -
t e e o n In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y . "
" Ia m c o n f i d e n t , " Do d d d e c l a r e d , " t h a t t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w i l l r e l e n t -
l e s s l y p u r s u e t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n w h i c h i t h a s n o w e m b a r k e d
. No o n e ,
r e g a r d l e s s o f h o w h i g h o r h o w l o w h i s j o b , w i l l b e
. e x e m p t o r e x c u s e d i n
t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . "
It t o o k c o u r a g e f o r Do d d t o t h r o w o u t t h i s c h a l l e n g e t o t h e W h i t e
H o u s e a n d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t . Fo r n o m a n k n e w b e t t e r t h a n h e j u s t
h o w v u l n e r a b l e h i s o w n a f f a i r s w e r e . Ev e n t h e n , a f u l l y e a r b e f o r e t h e
" t e s t i m o n i a l " d i n n e r s t h a t w e r e t o e n r i c h a n d e n s n a r e h i m , Do d d h a d
l o n g s i n c e s u c c u m b e d t o t h e b l a n d i s h m e n t s o f t h e l o b b y i s t s
. Li k e m a n y
b e f o r e h i m , t h i s w h i t e - m a n e d l a w m a k e r h a d f a l l e n , a v i c t i m t o t h e " g o o d
l i f e " a n d a p e r v e r t e d Am e r i c a n d r e a m . In s o d o i n g h e m u s t c e r t a i n l y h a v e
r e a l i z e d t h a t h e h a d m o v e d i n t o a v e r y f r a g i l e g l a s s h o u s e
. Y e t h e d a r e d
t h r o w s t o n e s a t t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l m e n i n Am e r i c a .
O t e p k a , m e a n w h i l e , h a d f i l e d a f o r m a l a p p e a l f r o m h i s d i s m i s s a l , r e -
q u e s t i n g a St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g a s t h e f i r s t s t e p
. Co l u m n i s t Ri c h a r d
W i l s o n a s s e s s e d t h i s m o v e i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n St a r . It w o u l d b e " a t r a n s -
p a r e n t l y m e a n i n g l e s s p r o c e s s , " s a i d W i l s o n , b e c a u s e " M r
. Ru s k a n d
P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y w i l l p a s s o n t h e i r o w n d e c i s i o n s . " "
O n T u e s d a y , No v e m b e r 1 9 , t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e r e s u m e d i t s h e a r i n g s a
f e w h o u r s b e f o r e Do d d i s s u e d h i s l a s t c h a l l e n g e
. Se n a t o r Ea s t l a n d p r e -
s i d e d a n d Ro m a n H r u s k a a n d H u g h Sc o t t s a t a t t e n t i v e l y o n e i t h e r s i d e
o f h i m . Ac r o s s t h e b i g m a h o g a n y t a b l e t h e w i t n e s s , Ab b a Sc h w a r t z , e y e d
t h e Se n a t o r s w a r i l y
. Sc o t t w a n t e d t o k n o w i f Sc h w a r t z h a d a n y t h i n g t o
d o w i t h t h e c h a r g e s f i l e d a g a i n s t O t e p k a . Ab b a h a s t e n e d t o a s s u r e t h e
Se n a t o r t h a t h e h a d " n o c o n n e c t i o n w h a t s o e v e r w i t h t h e O t e p k a c a s e o r
CH ALLENG E

3 2 3
a n y m a t t e r s d e a l i n g w i t h p e r s o n n e l o r p h y s i c a l s e c u r i t y .
" 2 2
Sc o t t v o w e d t h a t h e w o u l d v i g o r o u s l y p r e s s t h r o u g h t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ,
o r o n h i s o w n i f n e c e s s a r y , t o u r g e Se c r e t a r y Ru s k " t o r e v i e w t h e O t e p k a
c a s e " i n l i g h t o f r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s
. " In t h e i n t e r e s t o f j u s t i c e , " s a i d
Sc o t t , " If e e l t h a t t h e c a s e s h o u l d b e r e o p e n e d
d e n o v o a n d t h e c h a r g e s
b r o u g h t u p a g a i n a n d d i s p o s e d o f . " 2 3
T h e r e w a s a n e x c e l l e n t c h a n c e t h a t T u e s d a y t h a t H u g h Sc o t t w o u l d
s o o n h a v e h i s w i s h , a n d m o r e
. De a n Ru s k w a s f a s t b e c o m i n g a m a j o r
p o l i t i c a l l i a b i l i t y t o t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , o n e t h a t a p o l i t i c a l r e a l i s t l i k e
J a c k Ke n n e d y c o u l d i l l a f f o r d t o c a r r y i n t o h i s s e c o n d P r e s i d e n t i a l c a m -
p a i g n
. Ru s k h a d t o r n t h e De m o c r a t i c P a r t y a s u n d e r w i t h i n i t s h i g h e s t
v i s i b l e c o u n c i l , t h e Un i t e d St a t e s Se n a t e .
Ke n n e d y h a d n e v e r r e a l l y u n d e r s t o o d h i s Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e . " Y o u
n e v e r k n o w w h a t h e i s t h i n k i n g , " t h e P r e s i d e n t c o m p l a i n e d o f t h e m a n
w i t h t h e " B u d d h a - l i k e f a c e a n d h a l f - s m i l e , " 2 4 Ru s k w a s t h e o n l y m e m b e r
o f t h e Ca b i n e t Ke n n e d y d i d n o t c a l l b y h i s f i r s t n a m e . No d o u b t h e w o u l d
b e l o a t h t o d u m p De a n Ru s k
. As Sc h l e s i n g e r o b s e r v e d , t h e " d i s m i s s a l o f
h i s Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e w o u l d c o n s t i t u t e t o o s e v e r e a c o m m e n t o n h i s o w n
o r i g i n a l j u d g m e n t
. " " B u t Ke n n e d y ' s p r a g m a t i s m a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y w o u l d
h a v e w o n o u t w e l l b e f o r e t h e n e x t y e a r ' s e l e c t i o n
.
T u e s d a y , W e d n e s d a y , T h u r s d a y
. . . t h e No v e m b e r s t o r m o v e r O t e p -
k a ' s f i r i n g w a s s t i l l b u i l d i n g , f a r m o r e f i e r c e l y b e h i n d t h e s c e n e s t h a n o n
p u b l i c v i e w
. De a n Ru s k ' s d a y s a t t h e h e l m o f t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
w e r e d w i n d l i n g d o w n t o a p r e c i o u s f e w
. T h e n , o n Fr i d a y m o r n i n g , J o h n
Fi t z g e r a l d Ke n n e d y f l e w t o Da l l a s f o r h i s f i n a l r e n d e z v o u s w i t h h i s t o r y .
In t h e n u m b i n g a f t e r m a t h o f t h a t f a t e f u l d a y , O t t o O t e p k a w a s s o o n
f o r g o t t e n .
SO M ET IM EP RIO RT O H ISEX ILEFRO M T H EO FFICEO FSECURIT Y O T EP KA
s t a r t e d w o r k o n a s t u d y o f Am e r i c a n s w h o h a d d e f e c t e d t o t h e So v i e t
Un i o n a n d o t h e r Co m m u n i s t c o u n t r i e s
. O n e o f t h e n a m e s o n h i s l i s t w a s
t h a t o f Le e H a r v e y O s w a l d
. B e f o r e O t e p k a a n d h i s s t a f f g o t v e r y f a r w i t h
t h e s t u d y , SY w a s t h r o w n i n t o a s t a t e o f a l m o s t t o t a l d i s r u p t i o n a n d
O t e p k a w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y b a n i s h e d .
It m a y b e t o o m u c h t o h o p e t h a t e v e n i f h e h a d b e e n p e r m i t t e d t o
c o m p l e t e t h e s t u d y o n O s w a l d a n d t h e o t h e r d e f e c t o r s , O t e p k a c o u l d
h a v e p r e v e n t e d t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y . No n e t h e l e s s ,
g i v e n h i s c u s t o m a r y t h o r o u g h n e s s , w h i c h s o i r k e d h i s s u p e r i o r s f r o m
1 9 61 o n , i t i s n o t i n c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t h e c o u l d h a v e r a i s e d a r e d f l a g i n
O s w a l d ' s s e c u r i t y f i l e s w h i c h w o u l d h a v e c a u s e d t h e a u t h o r i t i e s a t l e a s t
t o t a k e a c l o s e r l o o k a t t h a t s t r a n g e y o u n g m a n .
Fo r e x a m p l e , O t e p k a a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y w o u l d h a v e d e l v e d v e r y d e e p l y
i n t o t h e c u r i o u s c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e e x p e d i t i o u s g r a n t i n g o f
a v i s a t o O s w a l d t o e n t e r t h e So v i e t Un i o n f r o m Fi n l a n d i n O c t o b e r 1 9 5 9
.
Al t h o u g h t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t o l d t h e W a r r e n Co m m i s s i o n t h a t i n
1 9 5 9 i t " u s u a l l y t o o k a n Am e r i c a n t o u r i s t i n H e l s i n k i o n e t o t w o w e e k s
t o o b t a i n a v i s a , " O s w a l d g o t h i s w i t h i n t w o d a y s a f t e r h e a p p l i e d
. '
* T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t m i s l e d t h e Co m m i s s i o n
. Ac t u a l l y , v i s a s t o e n t e r t h e USSRh a d
3 2 4
DALLAS

3 2 5
T h e n t o o , O t e p k a w o u l d h a v e d e m a n d e d t o k n o w w h a t O s w a l d d i d
d u r i n g t h e t w o y e a r s a n d e i g h t m o n t h s t h a t h e l i v e d i n Ru s s i a . T h e
W a r r e n Co m m i s s i o n a d m i t t e d t h a t " O s w a l d ' s l i f e i n M i n s k [ w h e r e h e
r e p o r t e d l y r e s i d e d f r o m J a n u a r y 1 9 60 u n t i l J u n e 1 9 62 ] i s t h e p o r t i o n o f
h i s l i f e c o n c e r n i n g w h i c h t h e l e a s t i s k n o w n . " T h e c o m m i s s i o n c o n c e d e d
t h a t " O s w a l d w a s g i v e n c o n s i d e r a b l e b e n e f i t s w h i c h o r d i n a r y So v i e t
c i t i z e n s
. . . d i d n o t h a v e . " It e v e n r e v e a l e d t h a t O s w a l d h i m s e l f h a d
" f r a n k l y s t a t e d " t h e r e l a t i v e l y m u n i f i c e n t s u m s p a i d t o h i m " h a d c o m e
f r o m t h e ` M VD. '" 2
O t e p k a w o u l d h a r d l y h a v e b e e n a s e a s i l y s a t i s f i e d a s t h e W a r r e n Co m -
m i s s i o n w i t h t h e v a g u e e x p l a n a t i o n s o f O s w a l d ' s m e m b e r s h i p i n a So v i e t
" h u n t i n g c l u b . " * If h e h a d s t i l l h a d h i s f u l l f o r m e r a u t h o r i t y a s t h e
w o r k i n g c h i e f o f SY , h e d o u b t l e s s w o u l d h a v e o r d e r e d h i s i n v e s t i g a t o r s
t o s e e k o u t O s w a l d a n d q u e s t i o n h i m c l o s e l y a b o u t t h e r e a s o n s f o r h i s
b e l o n g i n g t o s u c h a c l u b
.
O t e p k a ' s e x p e r t e y e c o u l d n o t h a v e f a i l e d t o n o t e t h e h i g h l y u n u s u a l
h a n d l i n g o f M a r i n a O s w a l d ' s d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e So v i e t Un i o n w i t h h e r
Am e r i c a n h u s b a n d . M a r i n a ' s e x i t w a s e x p e d i t e d a l m o s t a s e f f i c i e n t l y a s
O s w a l d ' s e n t r y . Ev e n t h e CIAl a t e r r e p o r t e d t h a t a s p o t s u r v e y i t c o n -
d u c t e d o f e l e v e n Ru s s i a n w i v e s o f Am e r i c a n c i t i z e n s w h o t r i e d t o l e a v e
t h e USSRd i s c l o s e d t h a t t h e y " h a d t o w a i t f r o m f i v e m o n t h s t o a y e a r
t o o b t a i n e x i t v i s a s
. " ' M o r e o v e r , i t i s j u s t p o s s i b l e t h a t O t e p k a ' s i n v e s -
t i g a t o r s w o u l d h a v e u n e a r t h e d s o m e i n f o r m a t i o n t o s h o w t h a t M a r i n a
O s w a l d c a m e f r o m a
Ch e k i s t , o r s e c r e t p o l i c e , f a m i l y
. If t h e y h a d , O t e p k a
s u r e l y w o u l d n o t h a v e c o v e r e d i t u p a s t h e W a r r e n Co m m i s s i o n l a t e r
d i d . * *
W i t h o u t d o u b t , O t e p k a w o u l d h a v e r e q u i r e d m u c h m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n
a b o u t O s w a l d ' s o w n c u r i o u s d e p a r t u r e f r o m Ru s s i a . H e w o u l d h a v e
w a n t e d t o k n o w w h y t h e So v i e t s g a v e t h e f u t u r e a s s a s s i n a n e x i t v i s a a
m o n t h a n d a h a l f i n a d v a n c e o f h i s l e a v i n g w h e n , i f t h e y w a n t e d t o g e t
r i d o f h i m a s t h e y l a t e r c l a i m e d , a l l t h e y h a d t o d o w a s h a n d h i m h i s
w a l k i n g p a p e r s a n d s e n d h i m o n h i s w a y , p r o n t o .
It w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n d i f f i c u l t f o r O t e p k a t o d i s c o v e r t h a t O s w a l d h a d
p l a n n e d h i s r e t u r n t o t h e Un i t e d St a t e s n e a r l y a y e a r a h e a d o f t i m e . T h e
d e f e c t o r a n d h i s w i f e t u r n e d u p a t t h e U. S. e m b a s s y i n M o s c o w a s e a r l y
t o b e p r o c e s s e d t h e n t h r o u g h a c e n t r a l f i l e i n M o s c o w . T h i s u s u a l l y r e q u i r e d a t l e a s t 3 0 d a y s ,
a n d m o r e o f t e n , 60 t o 9 0 d a y s .
* T h e c o m m i s s i o n a c c e p t e d t h e CIA' s d u b i o u s r e p o r t t h a t h u n t i n g c l u b s a r e " v e r y p o p u l a r "
i n t h e So v i e t Un i o n a n d t h a t a n y o n e c a n o w n a s h o t g u n , i f n o t a r i f l e
. T h e CIAc l a i m e d
t h e r e w a s n o t h i n g a t a l l u n t o w a r d a b o u t O s w a l d ' s m e m b e r s h i p i n s u c h a c l u b .
* * At l e a s t t w o o f M a r i n a ' s u n c l e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e o n e s h e l i v e d w i t h i n M i n s k w h e n s h e m e t
O s w a l d , w e r e h i g h - r a n k i n g o f f i c e r s i n t h e M VD.
3 2 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
a s J u l y 1 9 61 t o p a v e t h e w a y f o r t h e i r l e i s u r e l y " f l i g h t " f r o m t h e w o r k e r s '
p a r a d i s e
; t h e y d i d n o t a r r i v e i n t h e U. S. u n t i l J u n e 1 9 62
.
O t e p k a w o u l d h a v e i n s i s t e d o n k n o w i n g w h y O s w a l d w a s h a n d e d b a c k
t h e p a s s p o r t h e h a d t u r n e d i n a t t h e e m b a s s y w h e n h e r e n o u n c e d h i s
Am e r i c a n c i t i z e n s h i p u p o n h i s a r r i v a l i n Ru s s i a . H e w o u l d h a v e d e -
m a n d e d t o k n o w w h o a u t h o r i z e d t h e p a y m e n t o f $ 4 3 5 . 7 1 i n St a t e De -
p a r t m e n t f u n d s t o f i n a n c e O s w a l d ' s r e t u r n t o t h e c o u n t r y h e h a d
d e n o u n c e d a n d r e j e c t e d .
T h e O t e p k a s t u d y w o u l d h a v e t r a c e d Le e H a r v e y O s w a l d ' s b a c k -
g r o u n d t o h i s c h i l d h o o d . It w o u l d h a v e d e t e r m i n e d w h o i n f l u e n c e d h i m
t o b e c o m e a f a n a t i c a l M a r x i s t . It w o u l d h a v e u n e a r t h e d e a r l y e v i d e n c e
o f h i s m e n t a l i n s t a b i l i t y . It w o u l d , i n s h o r t , h a v e m a r k e d O s w a l d a s a m a n
w e l l w o r t h k e e p i n g a w a r y e y e o n b e c a u s e a l l t h i s , a n d m o r e , w a s w i t h i n
t h e s c o p e o f t h e s t u d y a s O t e p k a p l a n n e d i t .
Fi n a l l y , i f O t e p k a h a d n o t b e e n u n d e r t h e Ru s k - Re i l l y g u n , i f h e h a d
b e e n o p e r a t i n g i n a s a n e a t m o s p h e r e , h e w o u l d h a v e f o u n d o u t t h a t i n
J u n e 1 9 63 , t h e s a m e m o n t h h e w a s m a r c h e d i n t o e x i l e , O s w a l d r e c e i v e d
a p a s s p o r t t o r e t u r n t o Ru s s i a o n t h e a p p r o v a l o f Ab b a Sc h w a r t z
. T h e n e w
p a s s p o r t r e g u l a t i o n s , f o s t e r e d b y t h e Ch a y e s - Ka t z e n b a c h - Sc h w a r t z
c l i q u e w i t h B o b b y Ke n n e d y ' s b a c k i n g , w o u l d h a v e p r e v e n t e d O t e p k a
f r o m h a v i n g t h e p a s s p o r t v o i d e d . B u t h e w o u l d h a v e v i g o r o u s l y p r o t e s t e d
t h e f a c t t h a t Sc h w a r t z h a d a p p r o v e d O s w a l d ' s p a s s p o r t o n o n e d a y ' s
n o t i c e w i t h o u t u n d e r t a k i n g t h e c u s t o m a r y n a m e c h e c k . Ev e n t h e m i n o r
f l a p t h a t t h i s c o n f r o n t a t i o n m o s t c e r t a i n l y w o u l d h a v e c a u s e d m i g h t h a v e
b e e n s u f f i c i e n t t o r e o p e n O s w a l d ' s f i l e i n d e p e n d e n t o f O t e p k a ' s s t u d y o n
d e f e c t o r s
.
T o o m u c h t o h o p e ? No t i f o n e s t u d i e s O t e p k a ' s r e c o r d c a r e f u l l y
. P r i o r
t o 1 9 61 , a t l e a s t , t h i s i s t h e w a y h e c o u l d a n d d i d o p e r a t e . M o r e o v e r , w e
h a v e s e e n t h a t h e p e r s i s t e d i n p r o c e e d i n g i n t h e s a m e p a i n s t a k i n g , c a r e f u l
m a n n e r a g a i n s t i n s u r m o u n t a b l e o b s t a c l e s r i g h t d o w n t o t h e d a y h e w a s
o u s t e d f r o m t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n l e s s t h a n f o u r m o n t h s b e f o r e P r e s i -
d e n t Ke n n e d y w e n t t o Da l l a s .
H o w e v e r , t h e r e w a s o n e t h i n g O t e p k a c o u l d n o t h a v e c o n t r o l l e d : t h e
p e r m i s s i v e c l i m a t e t h a t p r e v a i l e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f t h e G r a n d De -
t e n t e , w h i c h o f i t s e l f g a v e Le e H a r v e y O s w a l d t h e a b i l i t y t o r o a m u n m o -
l e s t e d i n a n d o u t o f t h e c o u n t r y a s h e p l a n n e d h i s h e i n o u s c r i m e
. In t h i s
c l i m a t e , m o s t c l o s e l y a n a l o g o u s t o t h a t o f a n a s y l u m w h e r e t h e c r i m i n a l l y
i n s a n e a r e g i v e n f r e e r u n o f t h e w a r d s a n d g r o u n d s , O t e p k a c o u l d n o t
h a v e p r e v e n t e d O s w a l d ' s j o u r n e y i n g t o M e x i c o Ci t y t o c o n f e r a t t h e
So v i e t e m b a s s y w i t h a m a n i d e n t i f i e d a s o n e o f t h e t o p KG B o p e r a t i v e s
DALLAS

3 2 7
i n t h e W e s t e r n h e m i s p h e r e
. No r c o u l d h e h a v e s t o p p e d O s w a l d f r o m
r e t u r n i n g t o T e x a s a f t e r t h i s v i s i t s o m e w e e k s b e f o r e t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n .
G o i n g b a c k j u s t a b i t f u r t h e r , t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h i s c l i m a t e w a s t o a v e r y
l a r g e d e g r e e t h e w o r k o f t h e m e n w h o h a d c o m e s t a m p e d i n g i n t o t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t i n 1 9 61 w h e n O t e p k a w a s s t r a p p e d t o t h e s p e c i a l
p r o j e c t
. O n e f o r m e r In t e l l i g e n c e o f f i c i a l s u m m e d i t u p t h i s w a y : " T h e s e
m e n , m o s t o f w h o m c a m e i n t h e b a c k d o o r o n s e c u r i t y w a i v e r s s i g n e d
b y De a n Ru s k , a r e i n a v e r y r e a l s e n s e a c c o m p l i c e s b e f o r e t h e f a c t o f t h e
P r e s i d e n t ' s m u r d e r
. T h e y c a u s e d t h e w h o l e c o u n t r y t o r e l a x i t s g u a r d . A
w h o l e r e g i m e n t o f O s w a l d s c o u l d o p e r a t e f r e e l y i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e t h a t
p r e v a i l e d t h e n , a n d , I' m s o r r y t o s a y , s t i l l p r e v a i l s i n , , 1 9 68 . " *
Ch i e f J u s t i c e Ea r l W a r r e n , e v e n a f t e r t h e s u r p r i s i n g d i s c o v e r y t h a t a
s e l f - p r o f e s s e d M a r x i s t h a d c o m m i t t e d t h e c r i m e , b l a m e d i t o n t h e " c l i -
m a t e o f h a t e " t h a t a l l e g e d l y g r i p p e d t h e c o u n t r y t h a t a u t u m n
. G i v e n t h i s
p r e d i s p o s i t i o n , i t w a s p r e d i c t a b l e t h a t t h e c o m m i s s i o n W a r r e n h e a d e d
s h o u l d e x o n e r a t e t h e Co m m u n i s t c o n s p i r a c y o f a n y c o m p l i c i t y
.
Al l t h i s i s n o t t o s a y t h a t
o n l y Co m m u n i s t s a r e c a p a b l e o f p l o t t i n g
p o l i t i c a l a s s a s s i n a t i o n s , w h i c h a r e , a f t e r a l l , t h e o l d e s t m e t h o d k n o w n t o
m a n f o r r i d d i n g a g o v e r n m e n t o f i t s l e a d e r
. In f a c t , j u s t t h r e e w e e k s
b e f o r e J a c k Ke n n e d y ' s u n t i m e l y d e a t h t h e w o r l d w a s t r e a t e d t o t h e
a s t o n i s h i n g s p e c t a c l e o f a n Am e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o u p
t h a t l e d t o t h e m u r d e r o f t h e p r e s i d e n t o f Vi e t n a m , Ng o Di n h Di e m .
In h i s s e n t i m e n t a l r e m i n i s c e n c e s o f J a c k Ke n n e d y ' s c a r e e r , T h e o d o r e
So r e n s e n c l a i m s t h a t t h e c o u p o n No v e m b e r 1 a n d 2 , 1 9 63 , " r e c e i v e d n o
h e l p f r o m t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
. Ne i t h e r t h e t i m i n g n o r t h e s c a l e o f t h i s o n e
w a s k n o w n i n t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
. . . m u c h l e s s t o Ke n n e d y . "
It m i g h t n o t h a v e b e e n k n o w n t o So r e n s e n , b u t , a s t h e l a t e M a r g u e r i t e
H i g g i n s s u b s t a n t i a t e d , t h e p l a n f o r Di e m ' s o v e r t h r o w ( i f n o t h i s a s s a s s i -
n a t i o n ) w a s w e l l k n o w n t o J o h n Ke n n e d y
. T h e P r e s i d e n t c e r t a i n l y k n e w
o f t h e s e c r e t c a b l e s e n t f r o m W a s h i n g t o n o n Au g u s t 2 4 w h i c h s e t t h e
w h e e l s o f r e v o l t i n m o t i o n i n Sa i g o n
. M o r e o v e r , t h e m y s t e r i o u s Co l o n e l
Co n e i n o f t h e U
. S
. e m b a s s y w a s , a c c o r d i n g t o M i s s H i g g i n s , " g i v e n t h e
e s s e n t i a l s o f t h e r e v o l t p l a n b y G e n e r a l T r a n Va n Do n , t h e m a s t e r m i n d
o f i t a l l . " 4
Co n e i n " p a r t i c i p a t e d i n e v e r y m e e t i n g d u r i n g t h e o v e r t h r o w "
a n d w a s a t t h e " r e b e l c o m m a n d p o s t t h e w h o l e d a y a n d n i g h t " o f t h e
f u r i o u s b l o o d l e t t i n g
. T h e c o l o n e l k e p t Am b a s s a d o r H e n r y Ca b o t Lo d g e
c l o s e l y i n f o r m e d o f d e v e l o p m e n t s , a n d CIA' s J o h n M c Co n e a p p r i s e d t h e
P r e s i d e n t o f e v e r y i m p o r t a n t m o v e , b e f o r e a n d d u r i n g t h e u p r i s i n g .
* Ir o n i c a l l y , t h i s r e a l i s t i c a s s e s s m e n t w a s m a d e a m o n t h b e f o r e Se n a t o r Ro b e r t F
. Ke n n e d y ' s
a s s a s s i n a t i o n i n J u n e 1 9 68
.
3 2 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
In i t s No v e m b e r 8 , 1 9 63 , i s s u e , T i m e l o o k e d
b a c k w i t h u n d e r s t a n d a b l e
d i s t a s t e u p o n t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f Di e m , h i s b r o t h e r , a n d o t h e r m e m b e r s
o f t h e i r f a m i l y . " T h e r e c o u l d b e n o q u e s t i o n , "
T i m e s a i d , " t h a t t h e U
. S.
. . . h a d e f f e c t i v e l y e n c o u r a g e d t h e o v e r t h r o w o f t h e Di e m r e g i m e
. " T h e
m a g a z i n e r e m i n d e d i t s r e a d e r s t h a t " o n l y a f e w w e e k s a g o " P r e s i d e n t
Ke n n e d y , d u r i n g a CB St e l e v i s i o n i n t e r v i e w w i t h W a l t e r Cr o n k i t e , " a r -
g u e d t h a t t h e w i n n i n g o f t h e w a r a g a i n s t t h e Co m m u n i s t Vi e t Co n g w o u l d
p r o b a b l y r e q u i r e ` c h a n g e s i n p o l i c y , a n d p e r h a p s i n p e r s o n n e l ' i n t h e
Di e m g o v e r n m e n t . " 4
T h e Di e m a s s a s s i n a t i o n , c u l m i n a t i n g a s i t d i d t h e l o n g s e r i e s o f f o r e i g n
p o l i c y d i s a s t e r s t h a t b e g a n w i t h t h e B a y o f P i g s a n d t h e B e r l i n W a l l ,
u n d o u b t e d l y c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e g r o w i n g u n e a s i n e s s i n Am e r i c a t h a t J a c k
Ke n n e d y e n c o u n t e r e d e v e r y w h e r e h e w e n t t h a t f a l l
.
T h e l e a d e r s o f h i s p a r t y c a u t i o n e d Ke n n e d y t h a t h e w a s i n f o r s e r i o u s
t r o u b l e i n t h e 1 9 64 c a m p a i g n
. M a n y h a d a l r e a d y w r i t t e n o f f t h e De e p
So u t h
. Ly n d o n J o h n s o n w a r n e d h i m t h a t T e x a s m i g h t b e l o s t t o o , a n d
u r g e d h i m t o s t a r t s t u m p i n g t h e s t a t e n o w i n a n e f f o r t t o r e b u i l d t h e
c r u m b l i n g De m o c r a t p o l i t i c a l f e n c e s
.
Co n c u r r e n t w i t h t h e d e c l i n e i n Ke n n e d y ' s p o p u l a r i t y , t h e c o u n t r y w a s
w i t n e s s i n g a n a m a z i n g r i s e i n s u p p o r t f o r B a r r y G o l d w a t e r , t h e Se n a t e ' s
f o r e m o s t c o n s e r v a t i v e . T h e G o l d w a t e r p h e n o m e n o n w a s v i s i b l e p r o o f
t h a t t h e g r a s s r o o t s w e r e b e g i n n i n g t o s t i r .
B y a n d l a r g e , t h e v o t e r s k n e w l i t t l e a b o u t t h e m a s s i v e Le f t i s t r e -
p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
. B u t t h e y h a d b e g u n t o d e t e c t s i g n s
o f d i s q u i e t i n g c h a n g e s i n W a s h i n g t o n a n d m o r e a n d m o r e o f t h e m l o o k e d
w i t h f a v o r u p o n Se n a t o r G o l d w a t e r , w h o o n l y s i x m o n t h s b e f o r e h a d n o t
b e e n g i v e n a c h a n c e t o c o m e w i t h i n r a n g e o f t h e Re p u b l i c a n n o m i n a t i o n ,
l e t a l o n e e l e c t i o n .
In O c t o b e r , T i m e
p u b l i s h e d t h e r e s u l t s o f a n a t i o n w i d e s u r v e y b y i t s
c o r r e s p o n d e n t s
. T h e T e s t B a n T r e a t y h a d j u s t b e e n s t e a m r o l l e d t h r o u g h
t h e Se n a t e , a n d a l t h o u g h s o m e p o l l s p u r p o r t e d t o s h o w t h a t t h i s h a d
i n c r e a s e d Ke n n e d y ' s p o p u l a r i t y , t h e T i m e s u r v e y f o u n d l i t t l e e v i d e n c e o f
i t . No t l o n g b e f o r e ,
T i m e n o t e d , m o s t p o l i t i c a l p r o p h e t s f i g u r e d Ke n n e d y
c o u l d w i n i n a w a l k a g a i n s t a n y Re p u b l i c a n i n 1 9 64
. " No w , " i t s a i d ,
" m a n y a r e c h a n g i n g t h e i r m i n d s
. " T h e T i m e s u r v e y s h o w e d t h a t a t l e a s t
o n e Re p u b l i c a n , B a r r y G o l d w a t e r , " c o u l d g i v e Ke n n e d y a b r e a t h l e s s l y
c l o s e r a c e , " t h o u g h " Ke n n e d y c o u l d e a s i l y b e a t a n y o t h e r G O P c a n d i -
d a t e . "
In a Se p t e m b e r s p e e c h d e l i v e r e d i n t h e M o r m o n T a b e r n a c l e i n Sa l t
La k e Ci t y , t h e P r e s i d e n t l e t l o o s e h i s f i r s t v o l l e y a g a i n s t G o l d w a t e r
.
DALLAS

3 2 9
Al t h o u g h h e d i d n o t m e n t i o n t h e Se n a t o r b y n a m e , t h e As s o c i a t e d P r e s s
r e p o r t e d t h a t , " W i t h o u t q u e s t i o n , Ke n n e d y i n t h i s s p e e c h w e n t f u r t h e r
t h a n e v e r b e f o r e t o w a r d c h a l l e n g i n g G o l d w a t e r
. "
B y m i d - No v e m b e r J a c k Ke n n e d y h a d a l s o d e c i d e d t o d u m p Ly n d o n
J o h n s o n
. In h e r 1 9 68 b o o k ,
Ke n n e d y a n d J o h n s o n , t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s p e r -
s o n a l s e c r e t a r y , Ev e l y n Li n c o l n , r e v e a l e d a c o n v e r s a t i o n s h e h a d w i t h
h e r b o s s o n No v e m b e r 1 9 , 1 9 63 :
" W h o i s y o u r c h o i c e a s a r u n n i n g m a t e ? " M r s
. Li n c o l n a s k e d Ke n n e d y .
Sh e s a i d t h e P r e s i d e n t " l o o k e d s t r a i g h t a h e a d , a n d w i t h o u t h e s i t a t i n g h e
r e p l i e d :
" At t h i s t i m e Ia m t h i n k i n g a b o u t G o v e r n o r T e r r y Sa n f o r d o f No r t h
Ca r o l i n a .
B u t i t w i l l n o t b e Ly n d o n . "
J a c k Ke n n e d y n o d o u b t h a d m a n y r e a s o n s f o r a r r i v i n g a t t h i s d e c i s i o n .
It i s d o u b t f u l i f t h e O t e p k a c a s e e n t e r e d i n t o i t i n a n y m a j o r w a y . St i l l ,
Ly n d o n J o h n s o n ' s p r i m a r y a s s i g n m e n t a s Vi c e P r e s i d e n t h a d b e e n t o
k e e p t h e Co n g r e s s f r o m s t e p p i n g o u t o f l i n e , a n d m o s t p a r t i c u l a r l y h i s
f o r m e r c o l l e a g u e s i n t h e Se n a t e
.
O n e o f J o h n s o n ' s c l o s e s t f r i e n d s i n t h e Se n a t e w a s T o m Do d d , a n d t h e
s a m e d a y t h a t Ke n n e d y d i s c l o s e d h i s p l a n s t o M r s
. Li n c o l n , Do d d h a d
r u n o f f t h e r e s e r v a t i o n a g a i n b y c h a l l e n g i n g t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n o n t h e
Se n a t e f l o o r a n d p r o m i s i n g a n o - h o l d s - b a r r e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e O t e p k a
m a t t e r .
J o h n s o n h a d f a i l e d t o q u e l l Do d d , i f i n d e e d h e h a d b o t h e r e d t o t r y
. B u t
h e h a d f a i l e d t o q u e l l t h e Co n g r e s s o n o t h e r t h i n g s t o o , a n d i n J a c k
Ke n n e d y ' s p r a g m a t i c e y e Ly n d o n ' s u s e f u l n e s s h a d d w i n d l e d t o z e r o
.
At h i s l a s t p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e b e f o r e t a k i n g o f f o n t w o f l y i n g t r i p s t o
Fl o r i d a a n d T e x a s , Ke n n e d y b e t r a y e d h i s f r u s t r a t i o n w i t h t h e m o u n t i n g
r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t h i m i n t h e De m o c r a t - d o m i n a t e d Co n g r e s s . An g r i l y , h e
l a s h e d o u t a t t h e Co n g r e s s f o r i t s r e f u s a l t o a c t o n h i s t a x - c u t a n d c i v i l
r i g h t s b i l l s .
T h e P r e s i d e n t w a s a l s o s t u n g b y Co n g r e s s ' s t u b b o r n r e f u s a l t o p a s s o n
h i s p r o p o s a l t o s e l l 1 5 0 m i l l i o n b u s h e l s o f w h e a t t o t h e So v i e t Un i o n o n
l o n g - t e r m c r e d i t s
. In o n e s p e e c h t h a t f a l l h e a r g u e d t h a t i f t h e U
. S. t u r n e d
d o w n t h e w h e a t d e a l i t w o u l d o n l y c o n v i n c e t h e Ru s s i a n s " t h a t w e a r e
e i t h e r t o o h o s t i l e o r t o o t i m i d t o t a k e f u r t h e r s t e p s t o w a r d p e a c e . . . a n d
t h a t t h e l o g i c a l c o u r s e f o r t h e m t o f o l l o w i s a r e n e w a l o f t h e Co l d W a r
. "
J a c k Ke n n e d y , a s h e f l e w t o Da l l a s t h e m o r n i n g o f No v e m b e r 2 2 , h a d
o b v i o u s l y m a d e u p h i s m i n d t h a t t h e Co l d W a r w a s o v e r , a t l e a s t b e t w e e n
t h e Un i t e d St a t e s a n d t h e USSR
. In T a m p a a n d M i a m i a f e w d a y s b e f o r e ,
t h e c r o w d s a l o n g h i s a n n o u n c e d r o u t e s h a d b e e n s p a r s e a n d u n r e s p o n -
3 3 0

T H EO RDEAL, O FO T T O O T EP KA
s i v e . T h a t m o r n i n g , h o w e v e r , t h e T e x a n s t u r n e d o u t t o g i v e h i m a n d h i s
w i f e a r e s o u n d i n g w e l c o m e
. It w a s t h e f i r s t t i m e i n m a n y m o n t h s t h a t
J a c q u e l i n e Ke n n e d y h a d t r a v e l e d w i t h h e r h u s b a n d
. Sh e h a d l o s t a n e w -
b o r n s o n t h e p r e v i o u s s u m m e r a n d t a k e n a p r o l o n g e d v a c a t i o n i n G r e e c e
.
No w h e r p r e s e n c e s e e m e d t o b u o y u p t h e P r e s i d e n t - a n d t h e c r o w d s
.
T h e P r e s i d e n t i a l m o t o r c a d e l e f t t h e a i r p o r t a n d s p e d t o w a r d d o w n -
t o w n Da l l a s
. En t e r i n g De a l e y P l a z a , t h e o p e n Ke n n e d y l i m o u s i n e
h e a d e d n o r t h o n H o u s t o n St r e e t , t h e n t u r n e d l e f t d o w n El m , p a s s i n g
u n d e r t h e T e x a s Sc h o o l De p o s i t o r y B u i l d i n g
. Fr o m a s i x t h - s t o r y w i n d o w ,
a m a n t o o k a i m t h r o u g h t h e t e l e s c o p i c s i g h t o f h i s r i f l e a n d f i r e d
. At l e a s t
t w o s h o t s r a n g o u t , e c h o i n g , i t s e e m e d , a f t e r t h e y o u n g P r e s i d e n t f e l l
l i f e l e s s , h i s h e a d c r a d l e d i n h i s w i f e ' s l a p
. In t h e s e a t i n f r o n t o f t h e m ,
t h e w o u n d e d G o v e r n o r o f T e x a s , J o h n Co n n a l l y , t h o u g h t h e h e a r d a
t h i r d s h o t , g i v i n g r i s e t o e n d l e s s s p e c u l a t i o n t h a t m o r e t h a n o n e a s s a s s i n
h a d b e e n i n v o l v e d .
It i s n o t w i t h i n t h e s c o p e o f t h i s b o o k t o e x p l o r e a l l t h e b l u r r e d f a c e t s
o f t h e Ke n n e d y a s s a s s i n a t i o n
. B y n o w , s o m u c h h a s b e e n w r i t t e n a b o u t
i t , s o m a n y t h e o r i e s a n d c o u n t e r - t h e o r i e s o f f e r e d , t h a t i t b e c o m e s m o r e
i m p o s s i b l e e a c h y e a r t o u n r a v e l t h e i n t r i c a t e t h r e a d s o f t h e s t o r y a n d
s e p a r a t e t r u t h f r o m f i c t i o n .
T h e W a r r e n Co m m i s s i o n d e c i d e d t h a t O s w a l d w a s t h e m u r d e r e r
. It
a l s o d e c i d e d t h a t h e a c t e d e n t i r e l y o n h i s o w n
. B e c a u s e s o m u c h d o u b t
h a s b e e n c a s t u p o n t h e s e c o n d p a r t o f t h i s d e c i s i o n , m a n y h a v e c o m e t o
q u e s t i o n t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e f i r s t
. Y e t l o g i c , a n d t h e e v i d e n c e , d i c t a t e t h a t
t h e o n e m i g h t w e l l b e t r u e w i t h o u t t h e o t h e r
: O s w a l d c o u l d h a v e s l a i n
Ke n n e d y , n o t o n h i s o w n , b u t a s a m e m b e r o f a c o n s p i r a c y
.
T h e r e w a s p r o b a b l y m o r e h a r d e v i d e n c e a g a i n s t Le e H a r v e y O s w a l d
t h a n a g a i n s t h a l f o f t h e c r i m i n a l s w h o h a v e b e e n e x e c u t e d f o r m u r d e r i n
t h e Un i t e d St a t e s i n t h e p r e c e d i n g c e n t u r y
. T h e r i f l e h e l e f t o n t h e
s t a i r w e l l o f t h e B o o k De p o s i t o r y , t h e f i n g e r p r i n t s s m e a r e d o n t h e r i f l e ,
t h e t h r e a d s f r o m h i s s h i r t c a u g h t i n t h e s t o c k , t h e p r e c i p i t o u s f l i g h t f r o m
t h e b u i l d i n g , t h e m u r d e r o f P o l i c e m a n J
. D
. T i p p i t w h o t r i e d t o a p p r e h e n d
h i m - a l l t h i s ( a n d t h e r e w a s m u c h m o r e ) w o u l d h a v e b e e n e n o u g h t o
c o n v i c t O s w a l d i n a c o u r t o f l a w .
W i l l i a m M a n c h e s t e r , s e l e c t e d b y t h e Ke n n e d y s a s t h e " o f f i c i a l " h i s -
t o r i a n o f t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n , s t a t e s t h a t " t h e e v i d e n c e p o i n t i n g t o h i s
[ O s w a l d ' s ] g u i l t i s f a r m o r e i n c r i m i n a t i n g t h a n t h a t a g a i n s t [ J o h n W i l k e s ]
B o o t h , l e t a l o n e J u d a s Is c a r i o t
. H e i s t h e r i g h t m a n
; t h e r e i s n o t h i n g
p r o v i s i o n a l a b o u t i t . T h e m a r k o f Ca i n w a s u p o n h i m
. " 5
In a c c e p t i n g t h e W a r r e n Co m m i s s i o n ' s p r o n o u n c e m e n t o f O s w a l d ' s
DALLAS

3 3 1
g u i l t , M a n c h e s t e r a l s o a c c e p t e d t h e Co m m i s s i o n ' s o p i n i o n t h a t O s w a l d
w a s a f r e e - l a n c e a s s a s s i n . In s h o r t , b o t h t h e Co m m i s s i o n a n d M r . M a n -
c h e s t e r r e f u s e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e c o u l d h a v e b e e n a c o n s p i r a c y , a n d
m o s t e s p e c i a l l y a Co m m u n i s t c o n s p i r a c y .
M a n c h e s t e r w a s f r e e t o d e c i d e o t h e r w i s e , o f c o u r s e , t h o u g h h i s i d e o -
l o g i c a l p r e d i l e c t i o n s p r e v e n t e d h i m f r o m a d m i t t i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a
c o n s p i r a c y
. B u t i t w o u l d n o t h a v e m a d e m u c h d i f f e r e n c e i n 1 9 67 i f a l o n e
a u t h o r v o t e d f o r a v e r d i c t o f g u i l t y , a n d b r a n d e d t h e Co m m u n i s t s a s t h e
p e r p e t r a t o r s o f t h e c r i m e , f o u r y e a r s a f t e r i t w a s c o m m i t t e d
.
H o w e v e r , i f t h e W a r r e n Co m m i s s i o n h a d j u d g e d t h e Co m m u n i s t s
g u i l t y a s c a n t t e n m o n t h s a f t e r t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n w h e n i t i s s u e d i t s r e p o r t ,
t h a t
d e c i s i o n w o u l d h a v e b e e n p r e g n a n t w i t h d a n g e r
. It m i g h t n o t h a v e
b r o u g h t o n n u c l e a r w a r , b u t i t w o u l d h a v e c o l l a p s e d a l l t h e c a r e f u l l y
c o n s t r u c t e d b r i d g e s t o t h e Ea s t a n d s h a t t e r e d a l l t h e d e l i g h t f u l i l l u s i o n s
s o p a i n s t a k i n g l y c o n c o c t e d b y t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a n d t h e W h i t e
H o u s e
. T h e Co m m i s s i o n c o u l d n o t , a s a m a t t e r o f n a t i o n a l p o l i c y , f i n d
t h e Co m m u n i s t s g u i l t y
.
Y e t t h e d o u b t s p e r s i s t . O s w a l d w a s a M a r x i s t . H e d e f e c t e d t o Ru s s i a
a n d l i v e d t h e r e , u n d e r M VDp r o t e c t i o n , f o r m o r e t h a n t w o - a n d - a - h a l f
y e a r s
. H e s h o t a n d k i l l e d t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s b a r e l y
s e v e n t e e n m o n t h s a f t e r h i s r e t u r n t o Am e r i c a a n d o n l y a f e w w e e k s a f t e r
h e t r a v e l e d t o M e x i c o t o c o n f e r w i t h a t o p KG B a g e n t . H e w a s p l a n n i n g
t o r e t u r n t o Ru s s i a a g a i n a n d h a d o b t a i n e d a p a s s p o r t f o r t h a t p u r p o s e .
Al l t h a t i s m i s s i n g i s t h e m o t i v e
. W h y , o n e a s k s , w o u l d t h e So v i e t s
w a n t t o k i l l J o h n Fi t z g e r a l d Ke n n e d y ? H e w a s d o i n g h i s u t m o s t a s
P r e s i d e n t t o c e m e n t t h e d e t e n t e h e h a d u n i l a t e r a l l y d e c l a r e d . H e w a s
p r o v i n g Am e r i c a ' s g o o d f a i t h b y q u i e t l y c a n c e l i n g a n d s h e l v i n g n u c l e a r
w e a p o n s a n d d e l i v e r y s y s t e m s
. H e h a d j u s t r a m m e d a n i n s p e c t i o n l e s s
T e s t B a n T r e a t y t h r o u g h t h e Se n a t e a n d h a d a p p r o v e d t h e U. N. b a n o n
n u c l e a r w e a p o n s i n s p a c e
. H e w a s t r y i n g t o g e t a r e l u c t a n t Co n g r e s s t o
l e t h i m s e n d t o n s a n d t o n s o f w h e a t t o Ru s s i a
. M o r e a n d b i g g e r " s t e p s
t o w a r d p e a c e " w e r e i n t h e h o p p e r k e p t b y W a l t Ro s t o w ' s P o l i c y P l a n n i n g
Co u n c i l a t St a t e
.
O n t h e s u r f a c e , t h e r e s e e m s t o b e n o l o g i c a l r e a s o n f o r t h e So v i e t s t o
d i s p o s e o f P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y , t h o u g h s o m e h a v e a r g u e d t h a t Ca s t r o ,
s u s p e c t i n g a Ke n n e d y - Kh r u s h c h e v p l o t t o o u s t h i m , m a y h a v e h a d a
m o t i v e .
It m i g h t n e v e r b e k n o w n
w h y Ke n n e d y w a s k i l l e d . H o w e v e r , a m o n g
t h e 2 0 , 0 0 0 - p l u s d o c u m e n t s t h a t t h e W a r r e n Co m m i s s i o n d e p o s i t e d w i t h
t h e Na t i o n a l Ar c h i v e s i n W a s h i n g t o n , t h e r e i s a c u r i o u s r e p o r t t o w h i c h
3
3 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
t h e Co m m i s s i o n o b v i o u s l y g a v e n o c r e d e n c e . It i s Fi l e No
. 3 1 0 6, c o n t a i n -
i n g a h a n d w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t ( i n Ru s s i a n ) l e f t a t t h e U. S
. e m b a s s y i n
M o s c o w b y a So v i e t c i t i z e n w h o r i s k e d h i s l i f e t o d e l i v e r i t
.
Si x m o n t h s a f t e r t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n t h i s a n o n y m o u s i n f o r m a n t c a m e t o
t h e e m b a s s y , s l i p p e d p a s t t h e So v i e t p o l i c e s t a t i o n e d o u t s i d e , a n d p r e -
s e n t e d h i m s e l f t o a n u n n a m e d Am e r i c a n o f f i c i a l
. Al t h o u g h t h e s t a t e m e n t
h e w r o t e w a s e x t e n s i v e l y c e n s o r e d b y t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ( w i t h t h e
W a r r e n Co m m i s s i o n ' s b l e s s i n g ) , e n o u g h o f i t s u r v i v e s t o d a y i n t h e Na -
t i o n a l Ar c h i v e s t o d e t e c t t h e m a i n i m p o r t o f t h e m a n ' s m e s s a g e
.
T h e i n f o r m a n t s a i d h e k n e w t h e O s w a l d s i n G o r k y , w h e r e h e c l a i m e d
t h e y l i v e d f o r s e v e r a l m o n t h s
. H e i d e n t i f i e d M a r i n a a s a KG B a g e n t a n d
v e r i f i e d h e r i d e n t i t y w h e n s h o w n a p h o t o g r a p h
. H e s a i d h e r s i s t e r , w h o m
h e a l s o k n e w , b e l o n g e d t o t h e KG B t o o . M o r e o v e r , h e s a i d O s w a l d
h i m s e l f w a s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e KG B .
O s w a l d o n c e a s k e d h i m w h a t h e t h o u g h t " w o u l d h a p p e n i f t h e P r e s i -
d e n t o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s w a s a s s a s s i n a t e d
. " O s w a l d s a i d h e k n e w Co m -
m u n i s t P a r t y p e o p l e i n Am e r i c a " w h o c o u l d c a r r y t h i s o u t
. " W h e n t h e
Ru s s i a n a s k e d w h a t w o u l d b e t h e p u r p o s e o f s u c h a n a c t , t h e f u t u r e
a s s a s s i n r e p l i e d t h a t i t w o u l d " p r o v e a r e a c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e
b e s h e n y
[ r i g h t - w i n g ` w i l d m e n ' ] i n t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
. "
M o s t s t a r t l i n g o f a l l , t h e i n f o r m a n t s a i d t h a t O s w a l d c l a i m e d t o k n o w
a m a n n a m e d J a c k Ru b y , w h o m h e c a l l e d " a n o l d f r i e n d
. "
T h e e m b a s s y o f f i c i a l w h o i n t e r v i e w e d t h i s m a n a t t a c h e d a c o v e r i n g
l e t t e r , n o w e x p u r g a t e d , w i t h t h e f i l e h e s e n t t o W a s h i n g t o n
. In t h e l e t t e r
t h e o f f i c i a l s a i d
: " W e a g r e e t h e s e a r e i n c r e d i b l e s t a t e m e n t s . .
. b u t h e [ t h e
i n f o r m a n t ] s t u c k t o h i s s t o r y a n d n e v e r c o n t r a d i c t e d h i m s e l f. "
Un l e s s h e w e r e d e r a n g e d , i t i s i n c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t t h e Ru s s i a n w o u l d
i n v e n t s u c h a s t o r y
. Fo r i n g i v i n g t h i s s t a t e m e n t h e l a i d h i m s e l f o p e n t o
t h e t e r r o r i z i n g r e v e n g e o f t h e KG B , e v e n i f t h e t a l e w e r e p u r e f i c t i o n
. H e
m a y n o t h a v e k n o w n e n o u g h a b o u t Am e r i c a n In t e l l i g e n c e t o r e a l i z e t h a t
h i s a c c u s a t i o n s w o u l d o n e d a y w i n d u p o n p u b l i c v i e w i n t h e Na t i o n a l
Ar c h i v e s . B u t h e m u s t h a v e b e e n a w a r e t h a t t h e t e n t a c l e s o f t h e KG B
o c t o p u s r e a c h i n t o t h e i n n e r m o s t c o u n c i l s o f e v e r y g o v e r n m e n t i n t h e
w o r l d , a n d h i s c h a n c e s o f s t a y i n g a l i v e a f t e r d e l i v e r i n g h i s s t o r y w e r e v e r y
s l i m i n d e e d .
Li k e t h e c o u r a g e o u s Co l o n e l P e n k o v s k i y , t h i s m a n m a y h a v e f e l t a
c o m p e l l i n g n e e d t o t e l l t h e Fr e e W o r l d t h e t r u t h i n t h e v a i n h o p e t h a t
i t w o u l d h e e d y e t a n o t h e r w a r n i n g
. Ei t h e r t h a t , o r h e w a s i n s a n e , t h o u g h
t h e o f f i c i a l w h o i n t e r v i e w e d h i m g a v e n o h i n t t h a t t h e r e w e r e a n y s i g n s
o f m e n t a l i n s t a b i l i t y .
DALLAS

3 3 3
Fr o m Fi l e No
. 3 1 0 6, i t i s p l a i n t h a t t h i s f a c e l e s s Ru s s i a n b e l i e v e d f i r m l y
t h a t P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y w a s t h e v i c t i m o f a So v i e t c o n s p i r a c y w h i c h h a d
u s e d Le e H a r v e y O s w a l d a s a w i l l i n g i n s t r u m e n t . H o w e v e r , h e h a d n o
s u b s t a n t i a t i n g e v i d e n c e b e y o n d h i s a l l e g e d k n o w l e d g e o f t h e O s w a l d s
a n d t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n s h e c l a i m e d t o h a v e h a d w i t h t h e m i n G o r k y .
Ac r e d i b l e So v i e t m o t i v e f o r s l a y i n g Ke n n e d y i s s t i l l m i s s i n g . It i s
d i f f i c u l t t o s e e t h e m d i s p o s i n g o f a f r i e n d l y P r e s i d e n t m e r e l y t o i g n i t e a
p u r g e o f t h e b e s h e n y
i n Am e r i c a , a s O s w a l d i s s a i d t o h a v e c l a i m e d . T r u e ,
t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e s w e r e g r o w i n g s t r o n g e r b y t h e d a y i n t h e U
. S. t h a t
a u t u m n
. O n No v e m b e r 2 2 t h e H o u s t o n Ch r o n i c l e
c a r r i e d t h e r e s u l t s o f
a s t a t e w i d e s t r a w v o t e w h i c h s h o w e d B a r r y G o l d w a t e r l e a d i n g J a c k
Ke n n e d y i n T e x a s b y 5 2 t o 4 8 p e r c e n t
. B u t Ke n n e d y ' s p o p u l a r i t y h a d n o t
s u n k s u f f i c i e n t l y f o r t h e Ru s s i a n s t o t a k e s u c h a d r a s t i c s t e p , o r s o i t s e e m s
t o o u r W e s t e r n m i n d s a t l e a s t
.
O n e e m i n e n t l y k n o w l e d g e a b l e Am e r i c a n In t e l l i g e n c e e x p e r t t o l d O t t o
O t e p k a e a r l y i n 1 9 65 t h a t h e t h o u g h t t h e r e w a s a m o r e p l a u s i b l e m o t i v e
f o r So v i e t c o m p l i c i t y i n t h e c r i m e
. B y w a y o f e v i d e n c e , h e r e f e r r e d t o a
St e w a r t Al s o p c o l u m n i n t h e
Sa t u r d a y Ev e n i n g P o s t
. 6
" Sh o r t l y b e f o r e h e d i e d , " Al s o p r e l a t e d , " P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y c a l l e d
o n e o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t ' s l e a d i n g e x p e r t s o n t h e Fa r Ea s t i n t o h i s o f f i c e
f o r a t a l k
. T h e c o n v e r s a t i o n c o n c e r n e d a s u b j e c t w h i c h . . . t r o u b l e d t h e
l a t e P r e s i d e n t m o r e d e e p l y t h a n a n y o t h e r - t h e d e v e l o p i n g Ch i n e s e
n u c l e a r c a p a b i l i t y
. H e a s k e d i f t h e r e w a s a n y c h a n c e f o r ' a c c o m m o d a -
t i o n ' w i t h t h e Ch i n e s e Co m m u n i s t s
. W h e n t h e Fa r Ea s t e x p e r t s a i d n o ,
t h e P r e s i d e n t a p p e a r e d t o a g r e e
. H e a s k e d t h e e x p e r t w h a t s h o u l d b e
d o n e . "
" I' v e g i v e n a l o t o f t h o u g h t t o t h a t q u e s t i o n , " t h e e x p e r t r e p l i e d
. " It
s h o u l d b e t e c h n i c a l l y p o s s i b l e a t t h i s s t a g e i n t h e i r n u c l e a r d e v e l o p m e n t
t o d e s t r o y t h e Ch i n e s e n u c l e a r p l a n t s i n s u c h a w a y t h a t i t w i l l s e e m a n
a t o m i c a c c i d e n t
.
" T h e t h i n g c o u l d b e d o n e a s a s u r g i c a l o p e r a t i o n , w i t h o u t n u c l e a r
w e a p o n s , u s i n g h i g h e x p l o s i v e s , " t h e o f f i c i a l c o n t i n u e d . " W e c o u l d h a v e
p l a n s f o r y o u , w i t h v a r i o u s o p e r a t i o n a l m e a n s f o r t a k i n g o u t t h e p l a n t s ,
i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e
. "
T h e o f f i c i a l t o l d Al s o p t h a t Ke n n e d y p o i n t e d a t h i m m e a n i n g f u l l y a n d
s a i d
: " Y o u d o t h a t . "
T h i s w a s a n o r d e r , a P r e s i d e n t i a l d i r e c t i v e t o s t a r t t h e i n t r i c a t e m a c h i n -
e r y o f t h e U. S
. g o v e r n m e n t r o l l i n g o n a p l a n t o " t a k e o u t " Ch i n a ' s n u c l e a r
c a p a b i l i t y
. Un f o r t u n a t e l y , i t w a s n o t a v e r y c l o s e l y h e l d s e c r e t . In f a c t ,
St e w a r t Al s o p r e c a l l e d i n h i s
P o s t c o l u m n t h a t h e h a d w r i t t e n " a b o u t t h e
3 3 4 T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
t i m e t h i s c o n v e r s a t i o n t o o k p l a c e . . . t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d d e c i d e d ` i n
p r i n c i p l e t h a t Ch i n a m u s t b e p r e v e n t e d , b y w h a t e v e r m e a n s , f r o m b e c o m -
i n g a n u c l e a r p o w e r . ' At a p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e a f e w w e e k s e a r l i e r , P r e s i d e n t
Ke n n e d y h a d h i n t e d v e r y s t r o n g l y a t t h i s d e c i s i o n - i n - p r i n c i p l e
. "
In d i s c u s s i n g t h e Al s o p r e v e l a t i o n w i t h O t e p k a , t h e In t e l l i g e n c e e x p e r t
s a i d h e h a d k n o w n o f Ke n n e d y ' s d e c i s i o n t o o . B u t u n t i l Al s o p ' s p u b l i s h e d
c o l u m n a p p e a r e d h e h a d n o t f e l t f r e e t o t a l k a b o u t i t b e c a u s e , d e s p i t e t h e
l a t e P r e s i d e n t ' s p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e h i n t , i t w a s h i g h l y c l a s s i f i e d i n f o r m a -
t i o n .
" H o w d o e s t h i s i n d i c a t e So v i e t i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n ? "
O t e p k a i n q u i r e d
.
T h e m a n f r o w n e d t h o u g h t f u l l y b e f o r e r e p l y i n g
. T h e a n s w e r h e f i n a l l y
g a v e i s g i v e n h e r e i n t o t o ,
n o t v e r b a t i m , o f c o u r s e , b u t i n i t s e s s e n c e .
" As y o u k n o w , " h e s a i d , " Ia m o n e o f t h e f e w p e o p l e w h o h a v e n e v e r
c o m p l e t e l y b o u g h t t h e Si n o - So v i e t s p l i t . Ia m w i l l i n g t o c o n c e d e t h a t
t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n P e i p i n g a n d M o s c o w , p e r s o n a l i t y c l a s h e s
a n d o c c a s i o n a l p o l i c y d i s p u t e s . Y o u m i g h t e v e n l i k e n t h e ` s p l i t ' t o t h e
s c h i s m t h a t d i v i d e d Ch r i s t i a n i t y i n t o t h e Ro m a n a n d B y z a n t i n e c a m p s
.
T h e r e w e r e o f t e n s e r i o u s d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n Ro m e a n d Co n s t a n t i n o p l e ,
b u t f o r a t h o u s a n d y e a r s t h e y c o n t i n u e d t o c o o p e r a t e o n m a n y t h i n g s
.
Du r i n g t h e Cr u s a d e s , w h i c h w e r e i n i t i a t e d b y Ro m e , t h e B y z a n t i n e s
f r e q u e n t l y [ a n d s o m e t i m e s l i t e r a l l y ] c u t t h e Cr u s a d e r s ' t h r o a t s
. O t h e r
t i m e s t h e y h e l p e d t h e m .
" W e k n o w t h a t t h e So v i e t s a n d t h e Ch i c o m s c o n t i n u e t o w o r k c l o s e l y
t o g e t h e r o n e s p i o n a g e a n d s u b v e r s i v e a c t i v i t i e s i n m a n y p l a c e s
. Cu b a a n d
So u t h Am e r i c a a r e b u t o n e a r e a ; Af r i c a i s a n o t h e r
. W e a l s o k n o w t h a t
t h e y a r e t e a m e d u p a g a i n s t u s i n Vi e t n a m
. T h e So v i e t s s u p p l y m o s t o f
t h e a r m s f o r t h e Co m m u n i s t f o r c e s i n a c o u n t r y w h i c h P e i p i n g w a n t s t o
d o m i n a t e a n d e v e n t u a l l y a b s o r b .
" No w , l e t ' s l o o k a t t h e Ch i n e s e n u c l e a r c a p a b i l i t y , w h i c h r i g h t l y w o r -
r i e d P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y
. No m a t t e r w h a t t h e p r o p a g a n d i s t s m i g h t t e l l
y o u , t h i s c o u l d b e a Ru s s i a n c a p a b i l i t y - n o t Ch i n e s e .
" T h e Ru s s i a n s w o u l d n e v e r g i v e a n e i g h b o r i n g n a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y
Ch i n a , a p l a n t t o p r o d u c e n u c l e a r w e a p o n s
. T h o s e p l a n t s i n No r t h Ch i n a
m a y b e o w n e d b y Ru s s i a , o p e r a t e d b y Ru s s i a n s , p r o t e c t e d b y Ru s s i a n s ,
w i t h s o m e h e l p f r o m r e l i a b l e Ru s s o p h i l e Ch i n e s e , o f c o u r s e .
" Iw i l l n o t d e n y t h a t t h e Ch i n e s e h a v e t h e t e c h n i c a l k n o w - h o w t o
p r o d u c e a h y d r o g e n b o m b , a s t h e y h a v e d o n e
. T h e y a r e v e r y i n t e l l i g e n t
p e o p l e a n d t h e i r s c i e n t i s t s , s o m e o f t h e m t r a i n e d r i g h t h e r e i n Am e r i c a ,
a r e t o p - n o t c h .
DALLAS

3 3 5
" W h a t Ch i n a d o e s n o t h a v e , a n d c o u l d n o t p o s s i b l y h a v e e i t h e r n o w
o r i n 1 9 64 w h e n t h e y e x p l o d e d t h e i r f i r s t a t o m i c b o m b , i s t h e i n d u s t r i a l
b a s e t o b u i l d n o t o n l y t h e b o m b s , b u t t h e h i g h l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d e l e c t r o n i c
g u i d a n c e s y s t e m s t h a t g o i n t o t h e n u c l e a r m i s s i l e s w e n o w k n o w t h e y a l s o
h a v e
. T h e m e t a l l u r g i c a l p r o b l e m s a l o n e a r e f a r b e y o n d Ch i n a ' s i n d u s t r i a l
c a p a c i t y
. As l a t e a s t h e e a r l y 1 9 60 ' s t h e y h a d t o a b o r t t h e i r ` g r e a t l e a p
f o r w a r d ' w h e n t h e i r b a c k y a r d s t e e l f u r n a c e s s t a r t e d b l o w i n g u p a l l o v e r
t h e p l a c e .
" Y e t o u r St a t e De p a r t m e n t a s k s u s t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e Ch i n e s e c o u l d
m a n u f a c t u r e a t o m i c a n d h y d r o g e n b o m b s , a l o n g w i t h g u i d a n c e s y s t e m s
a n d m i s s i l e s , i n t h e m i d - 1 9 60 ' s , a b a r e f i f t e e n y e a r s a f t e r M a o t o o k o v e r
a n i n d u s t r i a l l y p r i m i t i v e c o u n t r y w h i c h h a d b e e n d e v a s t a t e d b y n e a r l y
t h i r t y y e a r s o f c o n t i n u o u s r e b e l l i o n s a n d w a r f a r e
.
" Ev e n t h e Fr e n c h , w h o i n v e n t e d a t o m i c e n e r g y w i t h t h e Cu r i e s , h a v e
n o t b e e n a b l e t o d e v e l o p a n u c l e a r c a p a b i l i t y c o m p a r a b l e t o w h a t w e a r e
t o l d t h e Ch i n e s e n o w h a v e . An d Fr a n c e i s a h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d i n d u s t r i a l
n a t i o n . *
" W h a t d o e s a l l t h i s h a v e t o d o w i t h J a c k Ke n n e d y ' s a s a s s i n a t i o n ? Le t
m e w r i t e y o u t h e s c r i p t w h i c h Su s l o v a n d h i s b o y s w r o t e t e n y e a r s a g o ,
w i t h M a o ' s a p p r o v a l t h e n , t h o u g h h e m a y h a v e c h a n g e d h i s m i n d s i n c e .
" Ce r t a i n Am e r i c a n s h a d b e e n p r e d i c t i n g a Si n o - So v i e t s p l i t f o r s o m e
y e a r s
. Ru s k w a s t e l l i n g u s i n 1 9 4 9 , b e f o r e t h e Ko r e a n W a r , t h a t t h e
Ch i c o m s w e r e c o m p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e Ru s s i a n s . Ro s t o w p e d d l e d
t h e s a m e l i n e o u t o f M IT
. It w o r k e d p r e t t y w e l l r i g h t t h r o u g h t h e Ko r e a n
W a r
. It k e p t u s f o c u s e d o n t h e Ch i n e s e a n d t h e No r t h Ko r e a n s , w h o
w o u l d h a v e c o l l a p s e d i n a m o n t h i f t h e Ru s s i a n s h a d n ' t k e p t f e e d i n g t h e m
a r m s
. Ev e n t u a l l y , o u r w h o l e f o r e i g n p o l i c y c a m e t o b e b a s e d o n t h e
t h e o r y o f t h e ` s p l i t . ' So Su s l o v s a y s , t h e y w a n t a s p l i t , w e ' l l g i v e i t t o
t h e m - b u t g o o d .
" T h e Ru s s i a n s t h e n p r o c e e d t o b u i l d t h e i r n u c l e a r p l a n t s i n No r t h
Ch i n a a n d In n e r M o n g o l i a , c l o s e e n o u g h t o Si b e r i a s o t h e y c a n s h u t t l e
t h e i r s c i e n t i s t s b a c k a n d f o r t h t o t h e i r n u c l e a r s c i e n c e c e n t e r n e a r
No v o s i b i r s k
. [ In 1 9 67 i t w a s l e a r n e d t h a t B r u n o P o n t e c a r v o , t h e It a l i a n -
b o r n d e f e c t o r f r o m t h e B r i t i s h n u c l e a r l a b o r a t o r i e s ,
w a s
s h u t t l i n g b e -
t w e e n t h e s e i n s t a l l a t i o n s
. - Ed i t o r s No t e . ]
" T h e Ru s s i a n s c a n ' t m a k e i t l o o k a s t h o u g h Ch i n a h a s j u s t i n h e r i t e d

In 1 9 66t h e Fr e n c h w e r e t e s t i n g a t o m i c - n o t h y d r o g e n - b o m b s i n t h e So u t h P a c i f i c b y
d r o p p i n g t h e m f r o m b a l l o o n s . B u t b y t h e e n d o f 1 9 68 t h e Re d Ch i n e s e h a d e x p l o d e d a
h y d r o g e n b o m b o f a t l e a s t t h r e e m e g a t o n s , m a n y t i m e s m o r e p o w e r f u l t h a n t h e Fr e n c h ,
a n d w e r e k n o w n t o h a v e b e t w e e n 7 0 a n d 1 0 0 s u c h b o m b s , i n a d d i t i o n t o m i s s i l e d e l i v e r y
s y s t e m s .
3 3 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
a n u c l e a r c a p a b i l i t y o v e r n i g h t . So t h e y b u i l d i t u p g r a d u a l l y , s l o w e n o u g h
s o t h e W e s t w o n ' t g e t s u s p i c i o u s , b u t f a s t e n o u g h f o r t h e i r o w n p u r p o s e s .
" No w , h e r e i s t h e f i n a l a c t o f Su s l o v ' s s c e n a r i o : At s o m e p o i n t i n t h e
f u t u r e , m i s s i l e s l a u n c h e d i n Ch i n a s t r i k e t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , o r p o s s i b l y
s o m e n a t i o n w e a r e c o m m i t t e d t o d e f e n d , l i k e Vi e t n a m o r J a p a n o r a n y
o n e o f t h e o t h e r s
.
" W h o m d o e s t h e Un i t e d St a t e s ` s e c o n d s t r i k e ' f o r c e r e s p o n d a g a i n s t ?
Ru s s i a ? W h y , Ru s s i a i s n ' t i n v o l v e d a t a l l . W e t h i n k Ch i n a h i t u s , s o w e
h i t Ch i n a b a c k . T h e y c a n a f f o r d t o l o s e a f e w h u n d r e d m i l l i o n p e o p l e
.
Co m m u n i s t s h a v e n e v e r h e s i t a t e d t o s a c r i f i c e p e o p l e
. W h a t i n d u s t r y
e x i s t s c a n b e s a c r i f i c e d t o o , b e c a u s e t h e g r e a t Co m m u n i s t i n d u s t r i a l
b a s e - Ru s s i a - g e t s o f f w i t h o u t a s c r a t c h .
" Af t e r t h e n u c l e a r e x c h a n g e , t h e Ru s s i a n s w i l l p r o b a b l y c a s t t h e m -
s e l v e s i n t h e r o l e o f t h e G r e a t P e a c e m a k e r s
. T h e So v i e t Un i o n s i m p l y
s t e p s i n a n d p i c k s u p t h e p i e c e s . T h e y g e t w h a t t h e y ' v e b e e n c l a w i n g a n d
s c r a t c h i n g f o r s i n c e 1 9 1 7 - O n e W o r l d , r u l e d b y Ru s s i a , o r , m o r e t o t h e
p o i n t , t h e s m a l l c l i q u e t h a t c o n t r o l s Ru s s i a . "
T h e In t e l l i g e n c e e x p e r t p a u s e d a t t h i s p o i n t i n h i s n a r r a t i v e . H i s e y e s
n a r r o w e d a n d h e l o o k e d h a r d a t O t e p k a .
" W h e n J a c k Ke n n e d y g a v e t h e o r d e r t o p l a n t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h o s e
n u c l e a r p l a n t s i n Ch i n a i n t h e f a l l o f 1 9 63 , h e s i g n e d h i s d e a t h w a r r a n t
r i g h t t h e r e . H e d i d n ' t k n o w i t , b u t h e w a s s t r i k i n g r i g h t a t t h e h e a r t o f
t h e So v i e t ' s g r a n d s t r a t e g y f o r t h e f i n a l s u b j u g a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d . "
O t e p k a d i d n ' t n e c e s s a r i l y b u y t h i s s t o r y , t h o u g h h e a d m i t t e d t h a t h e
h a d l o n g e n t e r t a i n e d g r a v e d o u b t s a b o u t t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e Si n o - So v i e t
s p l i t . H e h a d s e e n t o o m a n y p r o - So v i e t s i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t p e d -
d l i n g t h e s p l i t t o c r e d i t i t o u t o f h a n d . In c o m m o n w i t h m o s t Am e r i c a n s ,
h e h a d h i s o w n p r i v a t e i d e a s a b o u t t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f P r e s i d e n t
Ke n n e d y . B u t h e f e l t t h e r e s u l t s m o r e p e r m a n e n t l y a n d p e r s o n a l l y t h a n
m o s t c i t i z e n s - a n d h e f e l t t h e m i m m e d i a t e l y .
" O n No v e m b e r 2 2 t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n b l o t t e d o u t n e a r l y e v e r y t h i n g
e l s e , " W i l l i a m M a n c h e s t e r w r o t e . 7
Am o n g m a n y o t h e r t h i n g s , i t b l o t t e d o u t B a r r y G o l d w a t e r ' s c h a n c e s
f o r e l e c t i o n i n 1 9 64 . It b l o t t e d o u t t h e s h o r t m e m o r i e s o f m i l l i o n s o f
Am e r i c a n s w h o h a d b e e n l e a n i n g a w a y f r o m t h e De m o c r a t i c P a r t y . An d
i t b l o t t e d o u t t h e O t e p k a c a s e a t t h e v e r y m o m e n t t h a t i t t h r e a t e n e d t o
b l o w u p De a n Ru s k ' s De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
No t f o r f i v e l o n g y e a r s w o u l d t h e p l i g h t o f O t t o O t e p k a s u r f a c e a g a i n
a r o u n d t h e r e c e d i n g r i m s o f t h e p u b l i c c o n s c i e n c e , a n d e v e n t h e n i t w o u l d
DALLAS

3 3 7
n o t p e n e t r a t e s o d e e p l y a s i t h a d i n t h a t m o m e n t o u s No v e m b e r o f 1 9 63
.
T h e b u l l e t s t h a t s n u f f e d o u t J a c k Ke n n e d y ' s l i f e i n Da l l a s , s i m u l t a n e o u s l y
e x t i n g u i s h e d t h e f l a m e o f h o p e t h a t h a d b e g u n t o i l l u m i n a t e O t e p k a ' s
c a u s e .
T h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e c o n t i n u e d i t s h e a r i n g s , t h o u g h w i t h d w i n -
d l i n g e n t h u s i a s m , b e h i n d c l o s e d d o o r s . Af t e r Ly n d o n J o h n s o n ' s a s c e n -
s i o n t o t h e W h i t e H o u s e , t h o s e d o o r s r e m a i n e d m o r e t i g h t l y s h u t t h a n
e v e r b e f o r e
.
Fi v e d a y s a f t e r t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n , Co n g r e s s m a n J o h n M . As h b r o o k o f
O h i o m a d e a v a l i a n t a t t e m p t t o p r y o p e n t h e O t e p k a c a s e i n b o t h t h e
H o u s e a n d Se n a t e , w i s e l y t y i n g i t t o t h e c l i m a t e t h a t p e r m i t t e d Le e
H a r v e y O s w a l d t o c o m m i t h i s c r i m e
.
In t r o d u c i n g a r e s o l u t i o n t o a u t h o r i z e a j o i n t Co n g r e s s i o n a l i n v e s t i g a -
t i o n o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a n d t h e O t e p k a p u r g e , As h b r o o k t o o k n o t e
o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s r o l e i n f i n a n c i n g O s w a l d ' s r e t u r n t o Am e r i c a f r o m
Ru s s i a .
" T h i s i s b u t o n e o f s c o r e s o f e x a m p l e s o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s
p o l i c i e s w h i c h s h o w m i s m a n a g e m e n t , b a d j u d g m e n t , a n d e v e n s u b v e r -
s i o n , " As h b r o o k c h a r g e d o n t h e f l o o r o f t h e H o u s e
. H e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t
O t e p k a ' s d i s m i s s a l h a d " s i g n a l e d t h e e n d o f e f f e c t i v e s e c u r i t y " i n t h e
De p a r t m e n t .
In t h a t s p e e c h , As h b r o o k c a m e p u b l i c l y c l o s e r t h a n a n y o t h e r m e m b e r
o f Co n g r e s s t o t h e c e n t r a l i s s u e o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e , t h o u g h m a n y h a d
v o i c e d s i m i l a r f e a r s i n p r i v a t e .
" P e r s o n n e l o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t " h e s a i d , " h a v e p l a y e d a m a j o r
r o l e i n e n g i n e e r i n g a s e r i e s o f m i n i a t u r e M u n i c h s , i n c l u d i n g n u c l e a r
a g r e e m e n t s , g r a i n d e a l s , [ a n d ] o v e r 2 5 p e r c e n t u n i l a t e r a l d i s a r m a m e n t
. . .
i n e v o l v i n g a p o l i c y o f p e a c e t h r o u g h a p p e a s e m e n t . "
Un f o r t u n a t e l y , n e i t h e r t h e Co n g r e s s n o r t h e p e o p l e h e e d e d J o h n As h -
b r o o k ' s w a r n i n g
. Co m m u n i s m f e e d s o n c o n f u s i o n , a n d i n t h o s e b l a c k
No v e m b e r d a y s f o l l o w i n g t h e d e a t h o f t h e P r e s i d e n t , c o n f u s i o n r e i g n e d
s u p r e m e a c r o s s a n u m b e d a n d f r i g h t e n e d l a n d .
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T H ENEW P RESIDENT O FT H EUNIT ED ST AT ESW ASAM ANW H O B E-
l i e v e d i n a c t i o n . W h e r e J o h n Ke n n e d y h a d b e e n w o n t t o t u r n a t h i n g o v e r
a n d o v e r i n h i s m i n d b e f o r e r e a c h i n g a d e c i s i o n , Ly n d o n B a i n e s J o h n s o n
w o u l d w a l k a r o u n d i t o n c e , s i z e i t u p , d r a w a f i g u r a t i v e s i x - s h o o t e r , a n d
e m p t y a l l s i x s h o t s i n t o h i s t a r g e t . M a n y o f h i s b u l l e t s w e r e b l a n k s a n d
t h u s t h e p r o b l e m s d i d n ' t a l w a y s s t a y d e a d a f t e r h e p l u g g e d t h e m
. B u t j u s t
t h e a c t o f t a k i n g a i m a n d s q u e e z i n g t h e t r i g g e r d i d w o n d e r s f o r h i m . It
s e e m e d t o r e l e a s e a l l t h a t n e r v o u s e n e r g y , i f o n l y f o r t h e m o m e n t
.
As e v e r y o n e k n o w s , P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n p r e f e r r e d t o g u n d o w n h i s
t a r g e t s i n t h e b a c k r o o m , w h i c h w a s s o u n d - p r o o f e d t o k e e p a l l t h e s h o o t -
i n ' a n d s c r e a m i n ' f r o m b e i n g h e a r d u p f r o n t i n t h e b a r o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n
.
Y o u c o u l d a l s o d e a l b e t t e r b a c k t h e r e . P e o p l e w e r e m o r e a p t t o l i s t e n ,
t o " r e a s o n t o g e t h e r , " w h e n t h e y k n e w t h e w o r l d w a s n ' t t u n e d i n o n t h e m
.
T h e J o h n s o n s t y l e , s o d i f f e r e n t f r o m J a c k Ke n n e d y ' s , c a l l e d f o r r e a l
h o n e s t - t o - g o o d n e s s d e a l s w h e r e t h e o t h e r f e l l o w g o t s o m e t h i n g n i c e i f h e
d i d w h a t y o u w a n t e d h i m t o d o . If h e d i d n ' t , t h e r e w e r e o t h e r w a y s o f
h a n d l i n g h i m . M o s t o f t h e t i m e , a n y w a y .
T h a t O t e p k a b u s i n e s s w a s o n l y o n e o f a h u n d r e d p r o b l e m s c r o w d i n g
i n o n Ly n d o n J o h n s o n a s h e m o v e d i n t o t h e W h i t e H o u s e . H e r e a l i z e d
3 3 8
LY NDO N

3 3 9
t h a t t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n h a d r e m o v e d i t f r o m t h e c r i s i s f i l e
. Y e t c h a r a c t e r i s -
t i c a l l y h e w a s t e d n o t i m e t r y i n g t o s e t t l e i t
.
Am o n t h a f t e r t h e t r a g e d y i n Da l l a s , n e w s p a p e r s t o r i e s b e g a n t o h i n t
a t J o h n s o n ' s i n t e r v e n t i o n i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e . O n e c l a i m e d t h a t t h e
P r e s i d e n t h a d p r o p o s e d a c o m p r o m i s e . Un d e r t h i s f i r s t o f s e v e r a l LB J
f o r m u l a s f o r s e t t l e m e n t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w o u l d d r o p t h e d i s m i s s a l
c h a r g e s a n d r e i n s t a t e O t e p k a , " b u t i n a n o t h e r j o b a t h i s p r e v i o u s p a y . " '
O t e p k a w o u l d n e v e r a g r e e t o t h i s , t h o u g h t h e P r e s i d e n t c o u l d n ' t u n -
d e r s t a n d w h y . It s e e m e d e m i n e n t l y f a i r t o h i m . P e o p l e w e r e a l w a y s m o r e
i n t e r e s t e d i n m o n e y t h a n m o s t a n y t h i n g e l s e . So m e t i m e s t h e y h a d t o s a v e
f a c e t o o , b u t d i d n ' t t h e d r o p p i n g o f t h e c h a r g e s a n d t h e r e i n s t a t e m e n t
t a k e c a r e o f t h a t ?
Ly n d o n J o h n s o n w a s t o t a l l y u n e q u i p p e d t o f a t h o m w h a t O t e p k a s t o o d
f o r
. In h i s b o o k , i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y w a s j u s t a n o t h e r o n e o f t h o s e i r k s o m e
l i t t l e i s s u e s t h a t k e p t p o p p i n g u p t o p l a g u e p e o p l e i n p u b l i c l i f e , t h o u g h
f o r t u n a t e l y n o t v e r y o f t e n i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
H e h a d k n o w n a l o t o f s u s p e c t e d Co m m u n i s t s a n d Co m m u n i s t - f r o n t -
e r s i n h i s t i m e . Af e w o f t h e m w e r e p r e t t y w i l d , b u t m o s t o f t h e m s e e m e d
r e a s o n a b l e e n o u g h
. W h y , a s a y o u n g f e l l o w w h e n h e h e a d e d t h e Na t i o n a l
Y o u t h Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n i n T e x a s , Ly n d o n ' s b o s s i n W a s h i n g t o n , Au b r e y
W i l l i a m s , h a d b e e n t a g g e d a s a m e m b e r o f s o m e Co m m u n i s t f r o n t s , a n d
o l d Au b r e y w a s d o w n r i g h t l e v e l - h e a d e d
. In f a c t , Ly n d o n s t i l l r e g a r d e d
h i m a s a f r i e n d
.
In t h e b e g i n n i n g , J o h n s o n e n t e r t a i n e d n o d o u b t s t h a t h e w o u l d h i t o n
a w o r k a b l e f o r m u l a t o s e t t l e t h e O t e p k a m a t t e r . Fo r t u n a t e l y , h i s o l d
f r i e n d s J i m Ea s t l a n d a n d T o m Do d d w e r e i n c h a r g e o f t h e Se n a t e c o m -
m i t t e e t h a t h a d b e e n k i c k i n g u p s u c h a r u c k u s j u s t b e f o r e Da l l a s . H e
c o u l d c o u n t o n J i m a n d T o m t o c o o p e r a t e , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h a n e l e c t i o n
c o m i n g u p . Ne i t h e r o f t h e m w o u l d d o a n y t h i n g t o e m b a r r a s s h i m . M o r e ,
t h e y w o u l d d o t h e i r b e s t t o h e l p h i m f i x t h i n g s r i g h t .
Fi x i n g t h i n g s r i g h t h a d a l w a y s b e e n a J o h n s o n s p e c i a l i t y . T h a t a n d
r i d i n g t h e r i g h t c o a t t a i l s . W a y b a c k i n 1 9 3 1 h e h a d c o m b i n e d t h e t w o t o
l a n d h i s f i r s t j o b i n W a s h i n g t o n .
Ly n d o n w a s h e l p i n g o u t Ri c h a r d M . Kl e b e r g , o w n e r o f t h e Ki n g
Ra n c h , i n Kl e b e r g ' s r a c e f o r a v a c a t e d Co n g r e s s i o n a l s e a t t h a t y e a r
. T h e
t a l l , l a n k y 2 2 - y e a r - o l d r a n a l o t o f e r r a n d s f o r Kl e b e r g d u r i n g t h e c a m -
p a i g n . O n e o f t h e m t u r n e d o u t t o b e p r e t t y i m p o r t a n t .
T h e M e x i c a n w a r d s i n Sa n An t o n i o w e r e n ' t a b o u t t o g o f o r a w e a l t h y
g r i n g o l i k e Kl e b e r g . B u t Ly n d o n t o o k c a r e o f t h a t . H e a c t e d a s Kl e b e r g ' s
3 4 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
l i a i s o n w i t h t h e m a n w h o c o n t r o l l e d t h e M e x i c a n w a r d s , Do n Q u i l l
. Af t e r
Kl e b e r g w a s e l e c t e d , Q u i l l b e c a m e P o s t m a s t e r o f Sa n An t o n i o .
In W a s h i n g t o n , a s Co n g r e s s m a n Kl e b e r g ' s a s s i s t a n t , Ly n d o n l e a r n e d
f a s t . H e f o u n d a n o t h e r c o a t t a i l t o o , a n d t h i s o n e b e l o n g e d t o a m a n w i t h
a p o w e r f u l p o l i t i c a l f u t u r e , Sa m Ra y b u r n . In 1 9 3 5 M i s t e r Sa m h e l p e d
m a k e h i m c h i e f o f t h e NY Ai n T e x a s .
Ay e a r e a r l i e r Ly n d o n h a d l a t c h e d o n t o a s t u r d y a p r o n s t r i n g
. It
b e l o n g e d t o a w i n s o m e b r u n e t t e n a m e d Cl a u d i a T a y l o r , w h o m h e r e c h r i s -
t e n e d La d y B i r d s o t h e y c o u l d h a v e t h e s a m e i n i t i a l s . M u c h h a s b e e n
w r i t t e n a b o u t h o w La d y B i r d ' s m o n e y w a s t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f Ly n d o n ' s
f o r t u n e , b u t t h a t ' s r e a l l y n o t f a i r . Fo r o n e t h i n g , Cl a u d i a T a y l o r ' s i n h e r i -
t a n c e t o t a l e d a p i d d l i n g $ 69 , 0 0 0 , w h i c h o f i t s e l f c o u l d h a r d l y b e p a r l a y e d
i n t o t h e m i l l i o n - d o l l a r - a - y e a r i n c o m e J o h n s o n w a s a l l e g e d l y r e a p i n g a f t e r
h e b e c a m e Se n a t e m a j o r i t y l e a d e r i n 1 9 5 5 .
B y 1 9 3 7 t h e T e x a s NY Ac h i e f t a i n h a d g r a b b e d t h e b i g g e s t c o a t t a i l i n
t h e l a n d - Fr a n k l i n De l a n o Ro o s e v e l t ' s . Ru n n i n g i n a f i e l d o f t e n c a n d i -
d a t e s f o r a Co n g r e s s i o n a l s e a t l e f t v a c a n t b y a d e a t h , Ly n d o n s e i z e d t h e
Su p r e m e Co u r t i s s u e a n d d e f e n d e d FDR' s r i g h t t o p a c k i t . H e w a s t h e
o n l y o n e o f t h e t e n c a n d i d a t e s t o c h a m p i o n t h i s u n p o p u l a r c a u s e , w h i c h
h a d t h e s a l u b r i o u s e f f e c t o f f o c u s i n g t h e d i s t r i c t ' s Li b e r a l m i n o r i t y o n
J o h n s o n w h e n t h e y t r o o p e d t o t h e p o l l s . W i t h t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e De m o c r a t
v o t e s d i f f u s e d a m o n g h i s n i n e o p p o n e n t s , LB J w o n t h e p r i m a r y , w h i c h
w a s , a s t h e y u s e d t o s a y i n t h e So u t h , t a n t a m o u n t t o e l e c t i o n
. P r e s i d e n t
Ro o s e v e l t c o n g r a t u l a t e d h i m p e r s o n a l l y , a n d a f t e r h e m o v e d b a c k t o
W a s h i n g t o n a p h o t o g r a p h e r t o o k a p i c t u r e o f t h e m t o g e t h e r i n f r o n t o f
t h e W h i t e H o u s e .
W h e n P e a r l H a r b o r p l u n g e d Am e r i c a i n t o W o r l d W a r II, Ly n d o n g o t
h i m s e l f a c o m m i s s i o n a s a l i e u t e n a n t c o m m a n d e r i n t h e Na v y . O n a n
i n s p e c t i o n t o u r o f Ne w Z e a l a n d a n d Au s t r a l i a , h e f l e w a s a n o b s e r v e r o n
a Na v a l b o m b i n g r u n o v e r Ne w G u i n e a . T h e s q u a d r o n w a s i n t e r c e p t e d
n e a r t h e t a r g e t a r e a b y e i g h t J a p a n e s e f i g h t e r s , b u t l u c k i l y t h e p l a n e LB J
w a s i n h a d t o t u r n b a c k b e c a u s e o f m e c h a n i c a l t r o u b l e . Fo r t h i s " g a l l a n t
a c t i o n " Li e u t e n a n t Co m m a n d e r J o h n s o n w a s a w a r d e d t h e Si l v e r St a r , a
g r a t e f u l n a t i o n ' s t h i r d - h i g h e s t m i l i t a r y m e d a l . Ne i t h e r t h e p i l o t n o r a n y
o f t h e c r e w m e m b e r s w a s c i t e d f o r t h i s m i s s i o n , b u t Ly n d o n h a d a r i b b o n
w h i c h h e w o r e p r o u d l y i n h i s l a p e l e v e r a f t e r
.
In 1 9 4 8 , w i t h H a r r y T r u m a n u p f o r e l e c t i o n a s P r e s i d e n t , Co n g r e s s m a n
J o h n s o n d e c i d e d t o t a k e h i s s e c o n d c r a c k a t t h e Se n a t e . * O f a l l t h e t h i n g s
* H e l o s t t h e f i r s t i n 1 9 4 1 .
LY NDO N

3 4 1
LB J f i x e d i n h i s l i f e , t h e p r i m a r y e l e c t i o n i n T e x a s t h a t y e a r w a s c e r t a i n l y
f o r h i m t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t .
J o h n s o n r a n a g a i n s t t h e p o p u l a r g o v e r n o r o f T e x a s , Co k e St e v e n s o n ,
a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r s . W h e n t h e r e t u r n s w e r e i n , St e v e n s o n h a d 7 1 , 5 0 0
m o r e v o t e s t h a n J o h n s o n b u t h e l a c k e d a m a j o r i t y i n t h e c r o w d e d f i e l d ,
s o t h e p r i m a r y w a s f o r c e d i n t o a r u n o f f . Ag a i n , St e v e n s o n c a m e o u t
a h e a d - o r s o e v e r y o n e t h o u g h t .
Do w n i n J i m W e l l s Co u n t y i n So u t h T e x a s t h e r e w a s a r e c o u n t n e x t
d a y i n P r e c i n c t 1 3 i n t h e t o w n o f Al i c e . P r e c i n c t 1 3 h a d a l r e a d y p r o d u c e d
8 2 5 v o t e s t h o u g h o n l y 60 0 b a l l o t s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a t t h e p o l l i n g p l a c e
.
No w G e o r g e P a r r , t h e n o t o r i o u s " Du k e o f Du v a l " a n d De m o c r a t b o s s
o f a l l t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t i e s , m a n u f a c t u r e d 2 0 3 m o r e v o t e s i n t h e
p r e c i n c t - 2 0 2 o f t h e m f o r LB J .
" It w a s n o t q u i t e u p t o t h e l o a v e s a n d f i s h e s o f s c r i p t u r e , " w r o t e
r e p o r t e r J a m e s Lu c i e r y e a r s l a t e r . " B u t h a l f a l o a f i s b e t t e r t h a n n o n e , a n d
t h e w h o l e t h i n g
w a s p r e t t y f i s h y . "
Fl e t c h e r Kn e b e l o f Lo o k t e l l s a n o t h e r l i t t l e p a r a b l e a b o u t Ly n d o n ' s
f i r s t Se n a t e v i c t o r y :
P e d r o , w h y a r e y o u c r y i n g ?
It i s b e c a u s e o f m y p o o r d e a d f a t h e r , Se n " o r .
B u t P e d r o , y o u r f a t h e r d i e d t e n y e a r s a g o !
T h a t ' s j u s t i t . Y e s t e r d a y m y f a t h e r c a m e b a c k t o v o t e f o r Ly n d o n
J o h n s o n , b u t h e n o c o m e t o s e e m e !
De s p i t e t h e t o m b s t o n e v o t e s , i t t o o k a l o t m o r e f i x i n g b e f o r e J o h n s o n
c o u l d c l a i m h i s Se n a t e s e a t . G o v e r n o r St e v e n s o n s u e d f o r r e d r e s s i n a
Fe d e r a l Di s t r i c t Co u r t . Af t e r h e a r i n g a l l t h e a r g u m e n t s , J u d g e T . W h i t -
f i e l d Da v i d s o n w a s m o v e d t o r e m a r k : " T h e r e h a s n o t o n e w o r d o f e v i -
d e n c e b e e n s u b m i t t e d t o d i s p r o v e t h i s p l a i n t i f f ' s c l a i m h e h a s b e e n
r o b b e d o f a s e a t i n t h e Un i t e d St a t e s Se n a t e . "
H o w e v e r , b e f o r e J u d g e Da v i d s o n c o u l d r u l e o n t h e c a s e , J o h n s o n g o t
h i s g o o d f r i e n d Ab e Fo r t a s t o r o u s e U. S. Su p r e m e Co u r t J u s t i c e H u g o
B l a c k , t h e f o r m e r Ku Kl u x Kl a n s m a n w h o d i s t i n g u i s h e d h i m s e l f a s a
f a i t h f u l a d v o c a t e o f Le f t i s t s d u r i n g h i s l o n g y e a r s i n t h e n a t i o n ' s h i g h e s t
c o u r t . J u s t i c e B l a c k s i m p l y s i g n e d a c o u r t o r d e r , i n e f f e c t v a l i d a t i n g
Ly n d o n J o h n s o n ' s e l e c t i o n t o t h e Se n a t e , a n d t h a t w a s t h a t .
W h e e l i n g a n d d e a l i n g i n t h e Se n a t e , Ly n d o n q u i c k l y w o n a p l a c e f o r
h i m s e l f i n t h e h i g h e s t c o u n c i l s o f h i s p a r t y
. W i t h i n a h a l f - d o z e n y e a r s h e
w a s m a j o r i t y l e a d e r i n t h e Se n a t e . H i s o l d f r i e n d , Sa m Ra y b u r n , w a s
Sp e a k e r o f t h e H o u s e b y t h e n a n d b e t w e e n t h e t w o o f t h e m t h e y g o t j u s t
3 4 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
a b o u t a n y t h i n g t h e y w a n t e d i n t h e Co n g r e s s . O l d Sa m h e l p e d Ly n d o n
m a k e a s t r o n g b i d f o r t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l n o m i n a t i o n a t t h e Lo s An g e l e s
De m o c r a t c o n v e n t i o n i n 1 9 60 . W h e n t h e b i d f a i l e d , J a c k Ke n n e d y o f -
f e r e d h i m t h e s e c o n d s l o t o n t h e n a t i o n a l t i c k e t a n d J o h n s o n e a g e r l y
g r a b b e d t h e Ke n n e d y c o a t t a i l .
Af t e r t h e 1 9 60 e l e c t i o n , h o w e v e r , Ly n d o n f e l t a l i t t l e l e f t o u t o f t h i n g s
a s Vi c e P r e s i d e n t . B y t h e f a l l o f 1 9 63 i t w a s a n o p e n s e c r e t a r o u n d
W a s h i n g t o n t h a t Ke n n e d y p l a n n e d t o l e a v e Ly n d o n o u t i n t h e c o l d
c o m p l e t e l y i n 1 9 64 .
Se v e r a l o f Ly n d o n ' s d e a l s a s Se n a t e m a j o r i t y l e a d e r h a d c o m e b a c k t o
h a u n t h i m . B o b b y Ke n n e d y , w i t h t h e h e l p o f t h e FB I, h a d b u i l t a t l e a s t
t w o b i g f a t f i l e s o n LB J . O n e w a s l a b e l e d B o b b y B a k e r ; t h e o t h e r B i l l y
So l Es t e s .
T h e B a k e r b u s i n e s s w a s b a d e n o u g h . It s m e l l e d r e d o l e n t l y o f c a l l g i r l s
a n d f a s t m o n e y - r e a l l y b i g m o n e y m y s t e r i o u s l y m a d e a n d d i s t r i b u t e d
.
An d a l t h o u g h t h e P r e s i d e n t d i s c l a i m e d B o b b y a s h i s p r o t e g e , e v e r y o n e
k n e w t h a t t h e s l i p p e r y y o u n g s e c r e t a r y t o t h e Se n a t e De m o c r a t i c
M a j o r i t y w a s Ly n d o n ' s b o y . So m e Se n a t o r s , o l d Al a n B i b l e o f Ne v a d a
a m o n g t h e m , o p e n l y c a l l e d B o b b y B a k e r " Ly n d o n J u n i o r . "
T h e B i l l y So l Es t e s b u s i n e s s w a s , h o w e v e r , m u c h w o r s e
. T h e r e w a s n o t
o n l y m o r e m o n e y i n v o l v e d ; t h e r e w a s a t l e a s t o n e , a n d p o s s i b l y t w o
m u r d e r s
. O n e o f B i l l y So l ' s a c c o u n t a n t s h a d b e e n f o u n d d e a d i n a n
a u t o m o b i l e i n El P a s o . T h e b o d y w a s s o b a d l y d e c o m p o s e d n o o n e c o u l d ,
o r w o u l d , t e l l w h a t h a d h a p p e n e d t o h i m .
T h e m a n w h o f i r s t b l e w t h e w h i s t l e o n B i l l y So l , a n Ag r i c u l t u r e De p a r t -
m e n t o f f i c i a l i n T e x a s n a m e d H e n r y M a r s h a l l , h a d b e e n b u r i e d a s a
s u i c i d e
. W h e n t h e b o d y w a s e x h u m e d t h e p a t h o l o g i s t , Dr
. J o s e p h J a -
c h i m c z y k , f o u n d t h a t M a r s h a l l h a d b e e n s h o t f i v e t i m e s w i t h a b o l t -
a c t i o n r i f l e , o n c e i n t h e b a c k .
T h e Ag r i c u l t u r e De p a r t m e n t a t t o r n e y i n c h a r g e o f t h e Es t e s f i l e , N.
B a t t l e H a l e s , w a s w h i s k e d o u t o f h i s W a s h i n g t o n o f f i c e a n d i n t o a s a f e r
s t a t i o n . H i s s e c r e t a r y , M a r y J o n e s , t r i e d t o p r e s e r v e h i s f i l e s . Sh e w a s
d r a g g e d b o d i l y f r o m h e r o f f i c e a n d s l a p p e d i n a m e n t a l w a r d a t a W a s h -
i n g t o n h o s p i t a l . T w e l v e d a y s l a t e r s o m e u n c o o p e r a t i v e p s y c h i a t r i s t s d e -
c l a r e d h e r p e r f e c t l y s a n e a n d g o t h e r r e l e a s e d . B u t i n t h e m e a n t i m e t h e
c o n t r o v e r s i a l f i l e h a d b e e n p l a c e d i n m o r e " r e l i a b l e " h a n d s .
B o t h t h e B i l l y So l Es t e s a n d B o b b y B a k e r c a s e s w e r e p e n d i n g b e f o r e
Se n a t e c o m m i t t e e s a s Ly n d o n J o h n s o n s t e p p e d b r i s k l y i n t o t h e W h i t e
H o u s e . T h e n e w P r e s i d e n t h a d a m u c h g r e a t e r p e r s o n a l i n t e r e s t i n e a c h
LY NDO N

3 4 3
o f t h e s e t h a n i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e . Y e t o d d l y e n o u g h h e h a d m o r e s u c c e s s
k e e p i n g t h e f i x o n t h e O t e p k a m a t t e r t h a n h e d i d o n t h e o t h e r t w o .
Ul t i m a t e l y , Es t e s a n d B a k e r w e r e e x p e n d a b l e
; De a n Ru s k a n d t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t w e r e n o t . B e s i d e s , t h e e l e c t o r a t e h a d r e p e a t e d l y s h o w n
t h a t i t w o u l d c o u n t e n a n c e o r d i n a r y r u n - o f - t h e - m i n e c o r r u p t i o n i n h i g h
p l a c e s
. B u t i t h a d n o t y e t b e e n c o n c l u s i v e l y p r o v e d w h e t h e r i t w o u l d p u t
u p w i t h r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s i n b u s i n e s s s u i t s i n t e n t u p o n c o n v e r g i n g t h e m
w i t h c o m m u n i s m . Fo r t h i s r e a s o n , i t w a s m u c h m o r e i m p o r t a n t t o k e e p
t h a t d a m n O t e p k a t h i n g u n d e r w r a p s , a t l e a s t u n t i l a f t e r t h e 1 9 64 e l e c -
t i o n .
In t h a t c a m p a i g n y e a r , J o h n s o n a l s o s a w t h a t i t w a s v i t a l t o r e a s s u r e
t h e Li b e r a l c o m m u n i t y , w h i c h h a d l o n g d i s t r u s t e d h i m , t h o u g h d o w n
d e e p h e f e l t h e h a d b e l o n g e d t o t h e m e v e r s i n c e h i s NY Ad a y s . Ar e v i v a l
o f t h e H i s s e r a a t m o s p h e r e v i a a r e o p e n i n g o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e w o u l d h a v e
m a d e a l l t h e Li b e r a l s j u m p y a b o u t t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s a b i l i t y t o m a n a g e s u c h
p a i n f u l p r o b l e m s .
At t h e s t a r t , Ly n d o n w a s d e t e r m i n e d t o p l a c a t e a s m a n y g r o u p s a s h e
c o u l d , c l e a r a c r o s s t h e p o l i t i c a l s p e c t r u m . B u t h e u n d e r s t o o d , a s Ke n n e d y
h a d b e f o r e h i m , t h a t t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s i n g l e g r o u p , t o a m a n w h o
w a n t e d t o r e a c h o r h o l d t h e W h i t e H o u s e , w a s t h e Li b e r a l s . T h e i r Sv e n -
g a l i - l i k e h o l d o n s o m u c h o f t h e o p i n i o n - f o r m i n g g a n g l i a o f o u r s o c i e t y
h a d g i v e n t h e m v i r t u a l v e t o p o w e r o v e r t h e h i g h e s t o f f i c e i n t h e n a t i o n .
Af t e r a c c o m p a n y i n g t h e Ke n n e d y c a s k e t t o B e t h e s d a Na v a l H o s p i t a l
u p o n t h e r e t u r n o f Ai r Fo r c e O n e t o W a s h i n g t o n t h e e v e n i n g o f No v e m -
b e r 2 2 , J o h n s o n c l i m b e d i n t o a h e l i c o p t e r f o r t h e s h o r t f l i g h t t o t h e W h i t e
H o u s e l a w n . W i t h h i m w e r e Ro b e r t M c Na m a r a , M c G e o r g e B u n d y , a n d
G e o r g e B a l l , w h o w a s f i l l i n g i n f o r De a n Ru s k , s t i l l e n r o u t e b a c k f r o m
a c o n f e r e n c e i n H a w a i i .
" In e e d y o u a l l , " t h e b r a n d - n e w P r e s i d e n t t o l d t h e m . " In e e d y o u m o r e
t h a n h e n e e d e d y o u . " As St e w a r t Al s o p l a t e r o b s e r v e d , t h o s e w o r d s
" w e r e t o b e c o m e a J o h n s o n i a n t h e m e s o n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e g r e a t t r a n s i -
t i o n . "
" Fr o m t h e v e r y f i r s t , " Al s o p w r o t e , " a n d i n c o n t r a s t t o e v e r y p r e v i o u s
Vi c e P r e s i d e n t w h o h a s s u c c e e d e d t o t h e p r e s i d e n c y - Ly n d o n J o h n s o n
m a d e a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y e f f o r t t o r e t a i n t h e w h o l e o f J o h n F . Ke n n e d y ' s
Ca b i n e t a n d W h i t e H o u s e s t a f f i n t a c t . " 2
W h a t Al s o p c a l l e d J o h n s o n ' s " h e r c u l e a n e f f o r t " t o k e e p t h e Ke n n e d y
t e a m p l a y i n g o n h i s s i d e , d i d n o t s u c c e e d e n t i r e l y . B e f o r e l o n g T e d
So r e n s e n l e f t ; t h e n Ar t h u r Sc h l e s i n g e r a n d P i e r r e Sa l i n g e r . B u t t h e s e
3 4 4

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
w e r e m e r e m e s s e n g e r b o y s , t h o u g h t h e i r p u b l i c i d e n t i t y w i t h t h e W h i t e
H o u s e w a s i m p o r t a n t a s a c o n f i d e n c e - b u i l d i n g f a c t o r a m o n g Li b e r a l s
g e n e r a l l y .
T h e r e a l l y k e y m e n s t a y e d o n : Ru s k a t St a t e , w i t h Ro s t o w a n d t h e r e s t
o f t h e Ne w B r e e d ; M c Na m a r a i n t h e P e n t a g o n , w i t h Y a r m o l i n s k y a n d
t h e o t h e r d i s a r m a m e n t b o y s a n d c o m p u t e r k i d s ; M c G e o r g e B u n d y i n t h e
W h i t e H o u s e ; O r v i l l e Fr e e m a n o v e r i n Ag r i c u l t u r e , w h e r e t h a t B i l l y So l
Es t e s f i l e w a s b u r i e d ; St e w a r t Ud a l l a t In t e r i o r , t o h e l p m a i n t a i n t h e
i m a g e o f y o u t h f u l v i g o r i n t h e n e w Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n ; Sa r g e n t Sh r i v e r , t o
r u n t h e p o p u l a r Y o u t h Co r p s , l a y t h e g r o u n d w o r k f o r t h e w a r o n p o v e r t y ,
a n d k e e p t h e Ke n n e d y f a m i l y ' s i m p r i m a t u r t e n t a t i v e l y s t a m p e d o n t h e
J o h n s o n e r a
.
B o b b y Ke n n e d y c o u l d h a v e h a d t h e J u s t i c e De p a r t m e n t a s l o n g a s h e
w a n t e d i t , t h o u g h i n v a r i o u s s u b t l e l i t t l e w a y s h e w a s m a d e t o u n d e r s t a n d
t h a t i t w o u l d b e b e s t i f h e m o v e d o n . B o b b y w a s o u t o f t h i n g s n o w , n o
l o n g e r a p a r t o f t h e i n n e r c o u n c i l t h a t r e a l l y c o u n t e d . T h e r e w a s a g o o d
d e a l o f t a l k a b o u t h i s b e i n g c h o s e n a s t h e n e x t v i c e p r e s i d e n t i a l c a n d i d a t e .
Ly n d o n w a s c o n t e n t t o l e t t h e t a l k g e t a b o u t , b u t h e n e v e r e n t e r t a i n e d
t h e s l i g h t e s t i d e a o f e l e v a t i n g B o b b y . T h e y d e s p i s e d e a c h o t h e r , a n d n o t
a t a l l c o r d i a l l y .
De a n Ru s k w o u l d p r o v e t h e m o s t d u r a b l e o f t h e m a l l , t h o u g h b e f o r e
P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y ' s a s s a s s i n a t i o n h i s p o s i t i o n w a s e a s i l y t h e s h a k i e s t ,
n e x t t o J o h n s o n ' s . " Ly n d o n J o h n s o n d o e s i n f a c t n e e d De a n Ru s k m o r e
t h a n Ke n n e d y n e e d e d h i m , " St e w a r t Al s o p w r o t e t h r e e m o n t h s a f t e r
Da l l a s . ' It w a s n e v e r m a d e c l e a r w h y , b u t t h e P r e s i d e n t o b v i o u s l y b e -
l i e v e d t h i s t o o . T h u s , t h e O t e p k a c a s e p e r s e m i g h t n o t h a v e b e e n h i g h
o n t h e J o h n s o n a g e n d a , b u t p r o t e c t i n g De a n Ru s k w a s
.
" Ih a v e h a d s o m e c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i t h Se c r e t a r y Ru s k c o n c e r n i n g t h a t
[ t h e O t e p k a ] c a s e a n d Ih a v e c o m p l e t e c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h
h e w i l l h a n d l e i t , " b e c a m e J o h n s o n ' s s t o c k r e p l y w h e n a s k e d a b o u t t h e
m a t t e r . ' At f i r s t , h o w e v e r , i t l o o k e d a s t h o u g h Ru s k m i g h t b e a d i f f i c u l t
m a n f o r e v e n t h e P r e s i d e n t t o p r o t e c t .
ALT H O UG H LY NDO NJ O H NSO N' SINIT IALEFFO RT ST O " SET T LE" T H E
O t e p k a c a s e f a i l e d m i s e r a b l y , t h e W h i t e H o u s e a n d St a t e De p a r t m e n t
a t t e m p t s t o k e e p t h e m a t t e r u n d e r w r a p s p r o v e d , o n t h e w h o l e , q u i t e
s u c c e s s f u l
. In t h e b e g i n n i n g , h o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e a n u m b e r o f i r r i t a t i n g
n e w s l e a k s t h a t c a u s e d p a s s i n g e m b a r r a s s m e n t t o t h e n e w Ad m i n i s t r a -
t i o n .
Le s s t h a n a m o n t h a f t e r t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f J o h n Ke n n e d y , Co n g r e s s -
m a n W i l l i a m Cr a m e r , a Fl o r i d a Re p u b l i c a n , p u t t h e f i n g e r o f b l a m e f o r
O t e p k a ' s o u s t e r f i r m l y o n De a n Ru s k . Ev e n w h e n i t h a d b e e n m o s t
e x e r c i s e d a b o u t t h e s e c u r i t y c h i e f ' s d i s m i s s a l , t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
h a d r e f r a i n e d f r o m a c c u s i n g Ru s k p u b l i c l y . In d e e d , Se n a t o r Do d d h a d
g o n e t o c o n s i d e r a b l e l e n g t h s t o c o n c e a l Ru s k ' s p e r s o n a l i n v o l v e m e n t i n
t h e c a s e . B u t Co n g r e s s m a n Cr a m e r h a d t h e g o o d s o n t h e Se c r e t a r y o f
St a t e .
In a b r i e f s p e e c h o n t h e f l o o r o f t h e H o u s e , Cr a m e r p r o d u c e d a " c o n f i -
d e n t i a l m e m o r a n d u m " w h i c h h e i n s e r t e d i n t h e Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re c o r d
.
T h i s d o c u m e n t , Cr a m e r c h a r g e d , p r o v e d " t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t Se c r e t a r y
Ru s k h a s p r e v i o u s l y c a l l e d t h e s i g n a l s c o v e r i n g p a s t a c t i o n s a g a i n s t
O t e p k a a n d i s a d m i t t e d l y s t i l l t h e q u a r t e r b a c k . "
T h e m e m o r a n d u m i n q u e s t i o n d e a l t w i t h t w o m e e t i n g s h e l d i n W a s h -
3 4 5
3 4 6
T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
i n g t o n o n No v e m b e r 1 9 , t h e d a y o f t h e l a s t i m p o r t a n t p u b l i c d e t o n a t i o n s
o v e r O t e p k a ' s f i r i n g
. T h e f i r s t m e e t i n g w a s p r e s i d e d o v e r b y De p u t y
Un d e r s e c r e t a r y W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
. T h e o t h e r , a
f e w h o u r s l a t e r , w a s h e l d i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n Fi e l d O f f i c e o f SY ' s In v e s t i -
g a t i o n s Di v i s i o n a t 5 1 5 2 2 n d St r e e t No r t h w e s t
. T h i s s e c o n d m e e t i n g
s u b s t a n t i a l l y v e r i f i e d w h a t t r a n s p i r e d a t t h e f i r s t
.
Cr o c k e t t , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e m o , l e c t u r e d t h e SY d i v i s i o n h e a d s a n d
b r a n c h c h i e f s a t t h e f i r s t m e e t i n g a b o u t t h e n e e d f o r " l o y a l t y , " a n d t h e
m e s s a g e w a s p a s s e d t o t h e Fi e l d O f f i c e p e r s o n n e l a t t h e s e c o n d
. Cr o c k e t t
w a s q u o t e d a s s a y i n g t h a t " Se c r e t a r y Ru s k w a s v e r y d i s t u r b e d a b o u t t h e
O t e p k a c a s e " a n d i t s r e l a t e d e v e n t s
.
Du r i n g a t e t e a t e t e
m e e t i n g h e h a d j u s t h a d w i t h Ru s k , Cr o c k e t t w a s
s a i d t o h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e Se c r e t a r y i n t e n d e d t o i n s i s t u p o n t h e
h i g h e s t l o y a l t y o f a l l p e r s o n n e l
. In Ru s k ' s v i e w , t h a t m e a n t l o y a l t y t o t h e
Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e , a n d n o t t o a n y o f t h o s e a n c i e n t a b s t r a c t i o n s l i k e
c o n s c i e n c e a n d c o u n t r y .
" T h e s e m e n w e n t o u t o f b o u n d s , " Ru s k t o l d Cr o c k e t t , r e f e r r i n g t o
O t e p k a a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e s
. " W h e n t h a t h a p p e n s , y o u c u r e t h e s i t u a t i o n . " *
Cr o c k e t t t o l d t h e SY c h i e f t a i n s t h a t t h e Se c r e t a r y p r o m i s e d t h a t t h e
O t e p k a c a s e w o u l d b e " v i g o r o u s l y p u r s u e d
. " An d h e a l l e g e d l y s a i d t h a t
Ru s k p l e d g e d " o t h e r p e r s o n s i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w h o a r e d i s l o y a l
t o t h e Se c r e t a r y w i l l b e i d e n t i f i e d a n d o u s t e d " w h e n O t e p k a a n d h i s
f r i e n d s h a d b e e n s q u a s h e d .
" W e w i l l s w e e p t h e p l a c e c l e a n , " Ru s k r e p o r t e d l y v o w e d .
Am o n t h e a r l i e r p u b l i c d i s c l o s u r e o f t h i s m e m o r a n d u m m i g h t h a v e
b e e n s u f f i c i e n t t o s w e e p De a n Ru s k h i m s e l f c l e a n o u t o f t h e St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t
. No w , h o w e v e r , W a s h i n g t o n w a s s t i l l r e e l i n g f r o m t h e s h o c k o f
Da l l a s a n d t h e c o u n t r y w a s s o n u m b i t w a s n ' t r e a c t i n g t o a n y t h i n g
.
B e s i d e s , t h e Cr a m e r r e v e l a t i o n s g o t v e r y l i t t l e c o v e r a g e i n t h e m a s s
m e d i a , s o m o s t p e o p l e w e r e n o t e v e n m a d e a w a r e o f t h e i r i m p o r t
.
T h e O t e p k a c a s e d i d n o t f a d e f r o m p u b l i c v i e w c o m p l e t e l y , h o w e v e r
.
In J a n u a r y 1 9 64 t h e r e w a s a s p a t e o f n e w s s t o r i e s w h e n t h e Se n a t e
s u b c o m m i t t e e r e l e a s e d t h e p e r j u r i o u s w i r e t a p t e s t i m o n y o f Re i l l y , H i l l
a n d B e l i s l e r i g h t a f t e r t h e Ne w Y e a r
. W i l l i a m M o o r e o f t h e Ch i c a g o
T r i b u n e ' s
W a s h i n g t o n b u r e a u t u r n e d o u t a w i t h e r i n g s e r i e s o n " t h e l y i n g
t r i o
. " B u t t h a t w a s t h e l a s t r e a l n e w s t o c o m e f r o m t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e f o r
t h e n e x t t w e n t y m o n t h s
.
In Fe b r u a r y a n d M a r c h , W i l l a r d Ed w a r d s o f t h e
T r i b u n e
a n d G u y
Al l q u o t e s a r e t a k e n f r o m t h e " c o n f i d e n t i a l m e m o r a n d u m " i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e
Co n g r e s -
s i o n a l Re c o r d o f
De c e m b e r 1 9 , 1 9 63 , b y Co n g r e s s m a n Cr a m e r
. Ac c o r d i n g t o t h i s s o u r c e ,
t h e y a r e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o Cr o c k e t t , w h o w a s q u o t i n g Ru s k .
Q UIET US

3 4 7
Ri c h a r d s o f t h e Ne w
Y o r k J o u r n a l - Am e r i c a n
p r i e d l o o s e t h e s t o r y o n t h e
m y s t e r i o u s " M c Le o d l i s t
. " B o t h p a p e r s f r o n t - p a g e d t h e f a c t t h a t m o s t o f
t h e 8 5 0 - p l u s s e c u r i t y a n d s u i t a b i l i t y r i s k s o n t h e l i s t w e r e s t i l l i n t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t . " T h e l i s t i s v e r y m u c h a l i v e , " w r o t e Ri c h a r d s . " De a t h a n d
a t t r i t i o n h a v e e x a c t e d o n l y a s m a l l t o l l . "
T h e s u b c o m m i t t e e r e f u s e d t o c o m m e n t , a n d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
s i m p l y i g n o r e d t h e s t o r i e s . As t h e m o n t h s w o r e o n , O t e p k a b e g a n t o
p e r c e i v e t h a t h e w a s g r a d u a l l y b e i n g i m p r i s o n e d b e h i n d a s i l k e n c u r t a i n
o f s i l e n c e . T h e W h i t e H o u s e - e n g i n e e r e d q u i e t u s w a s w o r k i n g .
Ro g e r Ro b b a n d O t e p k a r i g h t l y i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e y b e p r o v i d e d w i t h a l l
t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e t e s t i m o n y i n t h e c a s e b e f o r e O t e p k a w a s
b r o u g h t t o t r i a l i n h i s d e p a r t m e n t a l h e a r i n g . T h e c h a r g e s h a d s p r u n g f r o m
O t e p k a ' s d e a l i n g s w i t h t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e . If h e w e r e t o s h o w w h y h e h a d
b e e n f o r c e d t o d e a l d i r e c t l y w i t h i t s c h i e f c o u n s e l , h e n e e d e d t o h a v e a l l
t h e t e s t i m o n y . T h e s m a l l p o r t i o n t h e Se n a t o r s h a d r e l e a s e d o n t h e w i r e -
t a p b u s i n e s s w o u l d b e o f l i t t l e h e l p t o h i m . It c o n s t i t u t e d o n l y a n i n f i n -
i t e s i m a l p a r t o f t h e t o t a l r e c o r d , w h i c h h a d a l r e a d y r u n t o m o r e t h a n a
m i l l i o n w o r d s .
Ly n d o n J o h n s o n h a d n o i n t e n t i o n o f l e t t i n g t h a t d a m n i n g r e c o r d g e t
o u t i n t h a t e l e c t i o n y e a r . So o n h i s c r o n i e s i n t h e Se n a t e c o n c o c t e d a n
e x c u s e f o r s u p p r e s s i n g i t : t h e y w e r e s t i l l c o n d u c t i n g h e a r i n g s a n d t h e y
c o u l d n o t r e l e a s e a n y m o r e o f t h e t e s t i m o n y u n t i l t h e l a s t w o r d w a s i n
t h e r e c o r d . In t e r m i n a b l y , t h e Se n a t e h e a r i n g s d r a g g e d o n
. T h r e e t i m e s
d u r i n g 1 9 64 Ro b b a n d O t e p k a w e r e f o r c e d t o a s k f o r p o s t p o n e m e n t s o f
t h e p e n d i n g " t r i a l . " O t e p k a ' s r i g h t t o a " s p e e d y t r i a l " w a s b e i n g s t a l l e d ,
n o t b y t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , b u t b y t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b -
c o m m i t t e e
.
Vi r t u a l l y a l l o f t h e d a m a g i n g t e s t i m o n y w a s i n t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e r e c -
o r d b e f o r e t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n . T h e h e a r i n g s c o n d u c t e d t h e r e a f t e r c o n -
t r i b u t e d l i t t l e o r n o t h i n g . T h e " r e l e n t l e s s i n v e s t i g a t i o n " p r o m i s e d b y
Se n a t o r Do d d o n No v e m b e r 1 9 w a s c o n v e n i e n t l y f o r g o t t e n
. T o k e e p u p
a p p e a r a n c e s t h e c o m m i t t e e w e n t t h r o u g h t h e m o t i o n s , l e i s u r e l y s u m -
m o n i n g w i t n e s s e s f r o m t i m e t o t i m e , c l u t t e r i n g t h e r e c o r d w i t h s e c o n d a r y
o r i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l t e s t i m o n y , a l w a y s g e t t i n g f u r t h e r a n d f u r t h e r a w a y
f r o m t h e r e a l l y i m p o r t a n t i s s u e .
W i t h e a c h l i t t l e f l u r r y o f a c t i v i t y o n Ca p i t o l H i l l , O t e p k a ' s h o p e s w o u l d
r i s e , o n l y t o b e d a s h e d a g a i n a n d a g a i n . In J a n u a r y 1 9 64 t h e s u b c o m m i t -
t e e c a l l e d a t o t a l o f f i v e w i t n e s s e s W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t , Ab r a m Ch a y e s ,
Ro b e r t M c Ca r t h y , J a c k No r p e l , a n d Vi c t o r Di k e o s o f t h e W a r s a w
e m b a s s y . In Fe b r u a r y , t h e r e w a s o n l y o n e , W i l l i a m O . B o s w e l l , h o m e o n
3 4 8 T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
l e a v e f r o m Ca i r o
. Du r i n g t h e f i r s t w e e k i n M a r c h , H a r r y H i t e t e s t i f i e d
a n d s o d i d H a r r i s H u s t o n , b a c k f o r a v i s i t f r o m h i s e x i l e i n Cu r a c a o
.
T h o s e w e r e t h e l a s t h e a r i n g s f o r n e a r l y f i v e m o n t h s
. T h e n , t o w a r d t h e
e n d o f J u l y , t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e s u d d e n l y h a i l e d u p a s c o r e o f St a t e De -
p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s
. Fo r t h r e e w e e k s t h e y w e r e q u e s t i o n e d , o n e b y o n e ,
m o s t l y a b o u t r e l a t i v e l y t r i f l i n g d e t a i l s t h a t s h e d n o n e w l i g h t t h o u g h
m a n y o f t h e o f f i c i a l s w e r e c a u g h t i n f l a g r a n t c o n t r a d i c t i o n s
.
B y t h i s w r i t e r ' s c o u n t , a t l e a s t s i x t e e n St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s c o m -
m i t t e d o u t r i g h t p e r j u r y o r p l a y e d f a s t a n d l o o s e w i t h t h e t r u t h i n t h e i r
s w o r n t e s t i m o n y d u r i n g 1 9 63 a n d 1 9 64
. In t h e e n d , t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m -
m i t t e e i d e n t i f i e d o n l y t h r e e o f t h e m - t h e s a m e t h r e e e v e r y o n e k n e w
a b o u t : Re i l l y , H i l l a n d B e l i s l e
. T h e Se n a t o r s ' 1 9 68 r e p o r t d i d m a k e i t
p l a i n t h a t o t h e r s h a d l i e d t o o , b u t i t r e f r a i n e d f r o m n a m i n g n a m e s
.
T h i s w a s p e r j u r y o n t h e g r a n d s c a l e
. Y e t w h e n i t f i n a l l y d i d s u r f a c e v i a
t h e Se n a t e r e p o r t , t h e n e w s m e d i a h a d b e c o m e s o c o n d i t i o n e d t o t h e
c r e d i b i l i t y g a p i n g o v e r n m e n t t h a t i t p a s s e d v i r t u a l l y u n n o t i c e d , a l t h o u g h
i t s h o u l d h a v e b e e n o b v i o u s t h a t e v e n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w o u l d n o t
h a v e i n d u l g e d i n p e r j u r y o f t h i s m a g n i t u d e u n l e s s i t h a d a g o o d d e a l t o
c o n c e a l .
Aw h o l e y e a r l a p s e d b e t w e e n O t e p k a ' s a p p e a r a n c e s b e f o r e t h e s u b -
c o m m i t t e e
. W h e n h e f i n a l l y w a s c a l l e d a g a i n , o n Au g u s t 1 7 , 1 9 64 , Ro -
m a n H r u s k a o f Ne b r a s k a w a s t h e o n l y Se n a t o r p r e s e n t
.
Si n c e h e w a s t e c h n i c a l l y o n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t p a y r o l l , O t e p k a h a d
t o g e t p e r m i s s i o n f r o m Cr o c k e t t t o t e s t i f y
. B e f o r e h e w e n t u p t o t h e H i l l ,
h e w a s b r i e f e d a g a i n o n t h e g r o u n d r u l e s b y t w o o f Ab r a m Ch a y e s '
a s s i s t a n t s , Ri c h a r d Fr a n k a n d La w r e n c e H o o v e r
. At t o r n e y Fr a n k w a r n e d
h i m n o t t o d i s c u s s " t h e m e r i t s " o f h i s c a s e , a w a r n i n g w h i c h h a d b e c o m e
s t a n d a r d f o r a l l De p a r t m e n t w i t n e s s e s .
Fo r t h e m o s t p a r t , O t e p k a w a s q u e s t i o n e d b y t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e a b o u t
r o u t i n e m a t t e r s o r a n c i e n t h i s t o r y - t h e Cl e v e l a n d c o m m i t t e e , t h e
M c Le o d l i s t , h i s d i s m i s s a l , a n d h i s n e w a s s i g n m e n t
. O n Ap r i l 3 0 , Cr o c k -
e t t h a d t a k e n h i m o f f t h e s e c u r i t y - g u i d e b o o k j o b a n d p u t h i m o n a n o t h e r
m a k e - w o r k t a s k
. H e w a s o r d e r e d t o m a k e a " c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e v i e w " o f
t h e Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re c o r d
a n d o t h e r m a t e r i a l p u b l i s h e d b y t h e Co n g r e s s
.
T h e p u r p o s e , Cr o c k e t t ' s o r d e r s a i d , w a s t o g i v e t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t " a n
i n s i g h t i n t o Co n g r e s s i o n a l a t t i t u d e s , i d e a s , a n d t h i n k i n g o n s e c u r i t y p r o b -
l e m s . " '
If t h e r e w a s a n y r e a l p u r p o s e t o t h i s a s s i g n m e n t , i t w a s t o g e t O t e p k a
t o h e l p c u t h i s o w n t h r o a t b y p r o v i d i n g h i s s u p e r i o r s w i t h " i n s i g h t s " i n t o
Q UIET US

3 4 9
h o w t h e y m i g h t d e f e a t t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
. M o r e l i k e l y , h o w e v e r , Ru s k
j u s t w a n t e d t o n e e d l e t h e Se n a t o r s a l i t t l e t o s e e h o w m u c h f u r t h e r h e
c o u l d g o i n m a k i n g a m o c k e r y o f t h e i r s o l e m n p l e d g e s t o r e s t o r e O t e p k a
t o h i s o l d j o b .
So m e w e e k s b e f o r e h i s f i n a l s u b c o m m i t t e e e n c o r e , O t e p k a h a d r e -
c e i v e d a n i n v i t a t i o n t o a p p e a r b e f o r e t h e Re p u b l i c a n p l a t f o r m c o m m i t t e e
a t t h e Sa n Fr a n c i s c o c o n v e n t i o n
. St a t i n g t h a t h e w a s a l s o w i l l i n g t o
a p p e a r b e f o r e t h e De m o c r a t p l a t f o r m c o m m i t t e e i n At l a n t i c Ci t y ,
O t e p k a r e q u e s t e d p e r m i s s i o n f r o m t h e De p a r t m e n t t o a p p e a r . T h e De -
p a r t m e n t , o f c o u r s e , t u r n e d h i m d o w n . Ne e d l e s s t o s a y , t h e De m o c r a t s
n e v e r i n v i t e d h i m t o At l a n t i c Ci t y
.
T h e De m o c r a t c o n v e n t i o n , w h i c h a s a u t h o r T h e o d o r e W h i t e w r o t e ,
" w a s s t a g e d a n d p r o d u c e d e n t i r e l y b y Ly n d o n J o h n s o n , " t u r n e d o u t t o
b e a l a c h r y m o s e s p e c t a c l e l i b e r a l l y l a c e d w i t h m u s h y P e d e r n a l e s c o r n
p o n e
. T e n d a y s a f t e r O t e p k a ' s l a s t s o l i t a r y t r e k u p t o Ca p i t o l H i l l , t h e
b o a r d w a l k c o n v e n t i o n w a s i n f u l l s w i n g o n t h e J e r s e y s h o r e
. B u t t h e
P r e s i d e n t s t i l l h a d n o t r e v e a l e d h i s r u n n i n g m a t e
. Si n c e h i s o w n n o m i n a -
t i o n w a s a f o r e g o n e c o n c l u s i o n , h i s o n l y c h a n c e t o s q u e e z e a n y d r a m a
a t a l l o u t o f t h e d u l l p r o c e e d i n g s i n At l a n t i c Ci t y w a s t o k e e p t h e w o r l d
g u e s s i n g a b o u t h i s c h o i c e f o r Vi c e P r e s i d e n t
. As u s u a l , Ly n d o n o v e r -
p l a y e d h i s h a n d .
J o h n s o n h a d r u l e d o u t B o b b y Ke n n e d y s o m e w e e k s e a r l i e r w i t h a n
a n n o u n c e m e n t t h a t h e w o u l d n o t s e l e c t a n y o n e f r o m h i s Ca b i n e t . T h e n ,
o n W e d n e s d a y , Au g u s t 2 6, h e l e d a s m a l l a r m y o f n e w s m e n o n a g r u e l i n g
h i k e r o u n d a n d r o u n d t h e W h i t e H o u s e l a w n
. T a l k i n g e x p a n s i v e l y e v e r y
s t e p o f t h e w a y , t h e P r e s i d e n t p a c e d o f f f i f t e e n q u a r t e r - m i l e l a p s . At t h e
e n d o f t h e t r a i l , h e l e f t t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n t s s w e a t i n g a n d e x h a u s t e d i n t h e
9 0 - d e g r e e h e a t , b u t w i t h h i s s e c r e t s t i l l u n t o l d . It w a s , s a i d T e d d y W h i t e ,
" a p u b l i c c i r c u s t h a t p e r h a p s h a s n e v e r b e e n e q u a l e d b e f o r e a n y w h e r e . " '
T h e p r e s s g u e s s e d , n o n e t h e l e s s , t h a t t h e c h o i c e w a s b e t w e e n t w o Se n a -
t o r s , T h o m a s Do d d a n d H u b e r t H u m p h r e y . T h e s m a r t m o n e y w a s o n
H u b e r t , d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t Do d d a p p a r e n t l y d e l u d e d h i m s e l f t o t h e
v e r y l a s t t h a t h e w a s i n t h e r u n n i n g
. Af e w h o u r s a f t e r t h e P r e s i d e n t
c o n d u c t e d h i s p e r i p a t e t i c g u e s s i n g g a m e , H u m p h r e y a n d Do d d t u r n e d u p
a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e
. Le a d i n g t h e m i n s i d e p a s t t h e t h r o n g o f r e p o r t e r s ,
Ly n d o n p l a y e d c a t a n d m o u s e f o r s e v e r a l m o r e h o u r s
.
Fi n a l l y , a t s i x o ' c l o c k , h e r e l e a s e d Do d d . T h e p o m p o u s l i t t l e m a n f r o m
Co n n e c t i c u t h a d h a d h i s m o m e n t o f b a s k i n g i n t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l s u n . It
w a s o v e r n o w , b u t h e a p p e a r e d q u i t e s a t i s f i e d . H e h a d e n j o y e d h i s u l t i -
m a t e r e c o g n i t i o n , g r a n t e d b y a b e n e f i c e n t P r e s i d e n t f o r m a n y s e r v i c e s
3 5 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
r e n d e r e d , n o t t h e l e a s t o f w h i c h w a s Do d d ' s d a m p e n i n g t h e f u s e o n t h e
e x p l o s i v e O t e p k a a f f a i r .
M e a n w h i l e , b a c k i n s i d e t h e r a n c h h o u s e o n P e n n s y l v a n i a Av e n u e
J o h n s o n w a s b e s t o w i n g t h e v i c e p r e s i d e n c y o n a t e m p o r a r i l y h u m b l e
H u b e r t H u m p h r e y
. De a n Ru s k , Ro b e r t M c Na m a r a a n d M c G e o r g e
B u n d y w e r e h a s t i l y s u m m o n e d t o t h e i n f o r m a l c o r o n a t i o n i n t h e g r e a t
O v a l O f f i c e . In t h e i r p r e s e n c e , J o h n s o n t o l d H u b e r t t h a t b o t h Ru s k a n d
M c Na m a r a h a d b e e n p u s h i n g f o r h i m
. " T h i s G e o r g i a n h e r e , " d r a w l e d
t h e P r e s i d e n t , s i g n i f y i n g t h e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e , " h a s b e e n c a r r y i n g o n a
o n e - m a n c a m p a i g n f o r y o u . " '
It w a s a l r e a d y d u s k , a n d l i g h t r a i n w a s f a l l i n g o u t s i d e w h e n Ly n d o n
l e d H u b e r t b e f o r e t h e a s s e m b l e d n e w s m e n a n d i n t r o d u c e d h i m a s " M r
.
Vi c e P r e s i d e n t . " T h e r e f o l l o w e d t w o m o r e s p r i g h t l y l a p s a r o u n d t h e l a w n
w i t h t h e r e p o r t e r s t a g g i n g a f t e r b o t h m e n l i k e a f a t i g u e d r e t i n u e o f t h e
Su n Ki n g a t Ve r s a i l l e s . T o g e t h e r , t h e n , J o h n s o n a n d H u m p h r e y f l e w o f f
i n t o t h e n i g h t t o t h e f e s t i v a l a t At l a n t i c Ci t y .
T h e c a m p a i g n t h a t f o l l o w e d w a s p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t b i t t e r i n Am e r i c a ' s
h i s t o r y
. T h e Re p u b l i c a n c a n d i d a t e , B a r r y G o l d w a t e r , w a s b r a n d e d a s a n
i n h u m a n w a r m o n g e r , w i l l i n g t o s a c r i f i c e l i t t l e c h i l d r e n t o a n u c l e a r h o l o -
c a u s t . T h e De m o c r a t s h a d a l r e a d y r e c e i v e d s u b s t a n t i a l a i d f r o m c e r t a i n
Re p u b l i c a n s i n t h u s l a b e l i n g Se n a t o r G o l d w a t e r . In h i s b o o k ,
T h e M a k -
i n g o f t h e P r e s i d e n t - 1 9 64 , T h e o d o r e W h i t e c a s t t h e d r a m a o f t h a t
a c r i m o n i o u s c a m p a i g n i n i r i d e s c e n t p e r s p e c t i v e :
Ne v e r i n a n y c a m p a i g n h a d Is e e n a c a n d i d a t e s o h e c k l e d , s o p r o -
v o k e d b y o p p o s i t i o n d e m o n s t r a t i o n [ s i c ] . . .
s o c r u e l l y b i l l - b o a r d e d a n d
t a g g e d . . .
. Fo r t h e f a c t w a s t h a t G o l d w a t e r w a s r u n n i n g n o t s o m u c h
a g a i n s t J o h n s o n a s a g a i n s t h i m s e l f - o r t h e B a r r y G o l d w a t e r t h e i m a g e
m a k e r s h a d c r e a t e d . Ro c k e f e l l e r a n d Sc r a n t o n h a d d r a w n u p t h e i n -
d i c t m e n t . Ly n d o n J o h n s o n w a s t h e p r o s e c u t o r
. G o l d w a t e r w a s c a s t a s
d e f e n d a n t
. H e w a s l i k e a d o g w i t h a c a n t i e d t o h i s t a i l - t h e f a s t e r h e
r a n , t h e m o r e t h e c a n c l a t t e r e d . '
T h u s p r e s s e d , G o l d w a t e r c o u l d n e v e r s e e m t o e s t a b l i s h a t h e m e f o r h i s
c a m p a i g n . H e w a s o n t h e d e f e n s i v e f r o m t h e o u t s e t , a n d n e i t h e r h e n o r
h i s a d v i s o r s w e r e a b l e t o d o m o r e t h a n t h r o w u p i m p r o v i s e d f o r t i f i c a t i o n s
a g a i n s t t h e r e l e n t l e s s a t t a c k
. Se v e r a l t i m e s t o w a r d t h e e n d , t h e G O P
c a n d i d a t e i n j e c t e d t h e O t e p k a c a s e i n t o h i s s p e e c h e s . B u t h e w a s n e v e r
a b l e t o m a k e i t a c e n t r a l i s s u e , w h i c h i s w h a t t h e c a s e n e e d e d i f t h e p e o p l e
w e r e t o b e m a d e t o u n d e r s t a n d i t s t r u e m e a n i n g
.
H o w e v e r , e v e n i f B a r r y G o l d w a t e r h a d s u c c e e d e d i n g e t t i n g t h e g u t
m e s s a g e o f t h e O t e p k a c o n t r o v e r s y a c r o s s , t h e Am e r i c a n p e o p l e w o u l d
Q UIET US

3 5 1
n o t h a v e e l e c t e d h i m P r e s i d e n t . In t h a t a u t u m n o f 1 9 64 t h e o v e r w h e l m -
i n g m a j o r i t y o f t h e m h a d b u t o n e t h o u g h t - t o s a v e t h e i r o w n h i d e s
.
Ly n d o n J o h n s o n , a v o i d i n g r e a l i s s u e s a s t h o u g h t h e y w e r e c o n t a m i n a t e d ,
p r e s e n t e d h i m s e l f t o t h e v o t e r s a s t h e i r s a v i o r , a n d t h e y r u s h e d e n m a s s e
t o p r o s t r a t e t h e m s e l v e s b e f o r e h i m a t t h e p o l l s .
If t h e i l l u s i o n h a d a n y v a l i d i t y , i f b y v o t i n g f o r J o h n s o n t h e y w e r e i n
f a c t s a v i n g t h e i r h i d e s , t h e e l e c t o r a t e m i g h t h a v e b e e n j u s t i f i e d . Un f o r t u -
n a t e l y , t h e i l l u s i o n p r o v e d t h e m o s t d a n g e r o u s Am e r i c a h a d e v e r e m -
b r a c e d , f o r t h e So v i e t Un i o n w i s e l y u s e d t h e n e x t f o u r y e a r s t o g a i n
n u c l e a r p a r i t y , a n d p e r h a p s s u p e r i o r i t y , o v e r t h e o n c e u n c h a l l e n g e d
s t r a t e g i c f o r c e s o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s .
Ly n d o n J o h n s o n w a s n o t e n t i r e l y i n s e n s i t i v e t o t h o s e e l e m e n t s i n h i s
o w n p a r t y t h a t i n s i s t e d u p o n m a i n t a i n i n g Am e r i c a ' s d e f e n s e s a n d a
s o u n d i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m . It w a s r e l i a b l y r e p o r t e d t h a t h e p r o m -
i s e d c e r t a i n De m o c r a t m e m b e r s o f t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e t h a t t h e r e
w o u l d b e a t h o r o u g h h o u s e c l e a n i n g a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a f t e r t h e
e l e c t i o n . ' In r e t u r n , t h e Se n a t o r s p r o m i s e d n o t t o i s s u e a r e p o r t o n t h e
O t e p k a c a s e u n t i l a f t e r t h e c a m p a i g n w a s o v e r .
O n t h e f i r s t a n n i v e r s a r y o f O t e p k a ' s d i s m i s s a l i t w a s d i s c l o s e d t h a t t h e
P r e s i d e n t ' s c l o s e s t a n d m o s t t r u s t e d a i d e , W a l t e r J e n k i n s , h a d j u s t s e n t
o u t a W h i t e H o u s e m e m o r a n d u m a s k i n g a l l f e d e r a l d e p a r t m e n t h e a d s
a n d b u r e a u c h i e f s t o b e c a r e f u l n o t t o g e t c a u g h t w i t h a n y s e c u r i t y
p r o b l e m s t h a t f a l l .
" W e h a v e b e e n s o m e w h a t c o n c e r n e d a b o u t o u r p r o c e d u r e s i n r e q u e s t -
i n g s e c u r i t y n a m e c h e c k s . . . f o r a p p o i n t e e s t o t h e f e d e r a l s e r v i c e , "
J e n k i n s s a i d . H e u r g e d t h a t t h e c h e c k s b e m a d e " p r i o r t o s e r i o u s c o n s i d -
e r a t i o n b e i n g g i v e n t o a n i n d i v i d u a l a n d m o s t c e r t a i n l y b e f o r e a f i r m
c o m m i t m e n t i s m a d e
. " '
" T h e s e p r o c e d u r e s , " t h e W h i t e H o u s e m e m o s t a t e d , " c a n p r e v e n t
c o n s i d e r a b l e e m b a r r a s s m e n t b o t h t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d t o t h e p o t e n t i a l
e m p l o y e e h i m s e l f . " W i t h t h e J o h n s o n c a m p a i g n i n f u l l s w i n g , t h e m e s -
s a g e w a s p l a i n : a l l " e m b a r r a s s i n g " a p p o i n t m e n t s s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d , a t
l e a s t u n t i l a f t e r t h e e l e c t i o n . T h e a v i d i t y o f t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l a p p e t i t e f o r
v o t e s d i c t a t e d c a u t i o n .
" Ap p a r e n t l y t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n f e e l s i t i s m o r e i m p o r t a n t t o p r o t e c t
p o l i t i c a l s e c u r i t y t h a n n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y , " c a u s t i c a l l y r e m a r k e d Co n g r e s s -
m a n Au g u s t E. J o h a n s e n o f M i c h i g a n , r a n k i n g Re p u b l i c a n o n t h e v i r t u -
a l l y d e f u n c t H o u s e Co m m i t t e e o n Un - Am e r i c a n Ac t i v i t i e s .
Ir o n i c a l l y , t h e m a n w h o w r o t e t h e W h i t e H o u s e w a r n i n g t o a v o i d
e m b a r r a s s i n g a p p o i n t m e n t s w a s s o o n t o b e c o m e t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s g r e a t e s t
3 5 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
e m b a r r a s s m e n t o f 1 9 64 . In O c t o b e r , i t w a s r e v e a l e d t h a t W a l t e r J e n k i n s
h a d b e e n a r r e s t e d b y t h e W a s h i n g t o n p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t w h i l e e n g a g e d
i n a h o m o s e x u a l a c t i n t h e m e n ' s r o o m o f t h e d o w n t o w n Y M CA.
It w a s n o t t h e f i r s t t i m e J e n k i n s h a d b e e n c a u g h t . T h e p o l i c e h a d p i c k e d
h i m u p d u r i n g a s i m i l a r e p i s o d e s e v e r a l y e a r s b e f o r e . At t h a t t i m e , t h e
t h e n Se n a t e m a j o r i t y l e a d e r , Ly n d o n J o h n s o n , h a d s e n t d o w n t h e m o n e y
t o b a i l J e n k i n s o u t . Ly n d o n ' s a l l - p e r v a s i v e i n f l u e n c e h a d a l s o m a n a g e d
t o k e e p t h a t e a r l i e r e s c a p a d e o f h i s c o n f i d e n t i a l a i d e o u t o f t h e p u b l i c e y e
.
Ab e Fo r t a s a n d Cl a r k Cl i f f o r d , l a t e r Su p r e m e Co u r t j u s t i c e a n d Se c r e t a r y
o f De f e n s e r e s p e c t i v e l y , v e r y n e a r l y s u c c e e d e d i n g e t t i n g t h e W a s h i n g -
t o n n e w s c o r p s t o i g n o r e J e n k i n s ' s e c o n d a r r e s t .
W h e n t h e 1 9 64 a r r e s t d i d b r e a k , a n a l i b i w a s q u i c k l y c o n c o c t e d f o r
J e n k i n s
. It w a s f o u n d t h a t h e w a s s u f f e r i n g f r o m a m o d e r n m a l a d y ,
" W h i t e H o u s e f a t i g u e . " FB IDi r e c t o r J
. Ed g a r H o o v e r h e l p e d s o o t h e h i m
d u r i n g h i s r e c o v e r y b y s e n d i n g f l o w e r s a n d a w a r m p e r s o n a l n o t e . T h i s
g e s t u r e h e l p e d g r e a t l y t o m o l l i f y t h e p u b l i c .
W a l t e r J e n k i n s ' v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o b l a c k m a i l r a i s e d t h e q u e s t i o n a s t o
w h e t h e r h e m i g h t e v e r h a v e c o m p r o m i s e d t h e n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y
. B u t
Ed g a r H o o v e r t o o k c a r e o f t h a t p r o b l e m t o o . H e s e n t t h e r e s u l t s o f a n
" e x t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n " b y t h e FB It o Ni c h o l a s Ka t z e n b a c h , t h e a c t i n g
At t o r n e y G e n e r a l
. T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , H o o v e r , s a i d , " d i s c l o s e d n o i n f o r -
m a t i o n t h a t M r
. J e n k i n s h a s c o m p r o m i s e d t h e s e c u r i t y o r i n t e r e s t s o f t h e
Un i t e d St a t e s i n a n y m a n n e r . "
O t t o O t e p k a a n d o t h e r e x p e r i e n c e d In t e l l i g e n c e p e o p l e w o n d e r e d a t
t h e s p e e d o f t h e FB Ii n v e s t i g a t i o n . H o w e v e n t h e e f f i c i e n t FB Ic o u l d h a v e
d e l v e d i n t o a l l f a c e t s o f W a l t e r J e n k i n s ' b a c k g r o u n d i n a m a t t e r o f d a y s
r e m a i n e d s o m e t h i n g o f a m y s t e r y . B u t Di r e c t o r H o o v e r ' s r e p o r t w a s
p r o d u c e d a g o o d t w o w e e k s b e f o r e t h e e l e c t i o n a n d i t r e a d l i k e a c o m -
m e n d a t i o n . It c l a i m e d t h a t " a f a v o r a b l e a p p r a i s a l o f M r . J e n k i n s ' l o y a l t y
a n d d e d i c a t i o n t o t h e Un i t e d St a t e s w a s g i v e n t h e FB Ib y m o r e t h a n 3 0 0
o f h i s a s s o c i a t e s , b o t h b u s i n e s s a n d s o c i a l

T h e J e n k i n s a f f a i r w a s h e d r i g h t o v e r t h e b e n u m b e d p u b l i c c o n s c i e n c e .
T h e r e w a s n o m o r e s h o c k v a l u e i n t h e d i s c o v e r y o f p e r v e r t s i n h i g h p l a c e s
t h a n i n t h e c o n t i n u i n g h i n t s o f s e c u r i t y r i s k s f o r m u l a t i n g U. S. f o r e i g n
p o l i c y . In t e r n a l s e c u r i t y , o f a n y k i n d , w a s s i m p l y n o t a n e l e c t i o n i s s u e .
Ea r l y i n t h e c a m p a i g n i t h a d b e e n r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
h a d o r d e r e d t h e d e s t r u c t i o n , b y b u r n i n g , o f t h e s e c u r i t y f i l e s m a i n t a i n e d
b y t h e SY f i e l d o f f i c e s i n f i f t e e n m a j o r c i t i e s . Se v e r a l s e n a t o r s a n d c o n -
g r e s s m e n p r o t e s t e d , b u t t h e i r p r o t e s t s , l i k e t h e o r i g i n a l s t o r y , w e r e
Q UIET US

3 5 3
c o n f i n e d t o a f e w p a r a g r a p h s o n t h e b a c k p a g e s o f m o s t n e w s p a p e r s ,
w h e r e t h e y w e r e c a r r i e d a t a l l
.
T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t c l a i m e d t h a t t h e b u r n i n g o f t h e f i l e s w a s a n
e f f i c i e n c y a n d e c o n o m i z i n g m e a s u r e , t o s a v e b o t h p e r s o n n e l a n d o f f i c e
s p a c e . B e s i d e s , i t s a i d , t h e f i l e s w e r e m e r e l y d u p l i c a t e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n
s t o r e d b y t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y a t i t s W a s h i n g t o n h e a d q u a r t e r s .
O n t h i s a n d a l l o t h e r n o n - i s s u e s o f t h e 1 9 64 c a m p a i g n , t h e p u b l i c
o v e r w h e l m i n g l y a c c e p t e d t h e s l i c k p a t e n t m e d i c i n e s d o l e d o u t b y t h e
b u r e a u c r a c y i n W a s h i n g t o n . So m e o f t h e p i l l s w e r e a b i t h a r d t o s w a l l o w ,
b u t P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n ' s s o o t h i n g p r e s e n c e s o m e h o w m a d e t h e m g o
d o w n .
W h e n t h e r e t u r n s w e r e i n o n No v e m b e r 3 , Ly n d o n B a i n e s J o h n s o n w a s
e l e c t e d t o h i s f i r s t a n d l a s t f u l l t e r m a s P r e s i d e n t b y t h e l a r g e s t p o p u l a r -
v o t e m a j o r i t y i n h i s t o r y . H e h a d g a t h e r e d i n 4 3 , 1 2 6, 5 0 6v o t e s - n e a r l y
1 6, 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 m o r e t h a n t h e 2 7 , 1 7 6, 7 9 9 c a s t f o r h i s o p p o n e n t , B a r r y G o l d -
w a t e r . T h u s , Am e r i c a d e l i v e r e d i t s e l f u p o v e r w h e l m i n g l y t o t h e n o s t r u m s
o f t h e G r e a t So c i e t y .
T h e m o r n i n g a f t e r t h e e l e c t i o n O t t o O t e p k a w a l k e d t h r o u g h t h e d i s m a l
c o r r i d o r s o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g e n r o u t e t o h i s s o l i t a r y c e l l
.
P a s s i n g h i s o l d o f f i c e , h e n o t i c e d t h a t t h e g r a y c a r d t h a t s t i l l b o r e h i s
n a m e h a d b e e n t u r n e d a r o u n d i n i t s m e t a l h o l d e r
. P r i n t e d o n t h e b l a n k
s i d e i n h e a v y b l a c k l e t t e r s w a s t h e " R. I. P . "
H AVING EUCH REDT H ESENAT ESUB CO M M IT T EEINT O H O LDING UP RE-
l e a s e o f t h e O t e p k a t e s t i m o n y u n t i l a f t e r t h e 1 9 64 e l e c t i o n , Ly n d o n
J o h n s o n s o o n f o u n d y e t a n o t h e r e x c u s e t o d e l a y i t s p u b l i c a t i o n . Im m e d i -
a t e l y f o l l o w i n g h i s s t u n n i n g v i c t o r y a t t h e p o l l s , t h e P r e s i d e n t a s k e d t h e
De m o c r a t l e a d e r s i n Co n g r e s s f o r " n i n e t y d a y s o f h a r m o n y " w h i l e h e
l a u n c h e d h i s G r e a t So c i e t y . H i g h u p o n t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s h a r m o n y a g e n d a
w a s f u r t h e r s u p p r e s s i o n o f t h e O t e p k a m a t t e r .
T h e m a n J o h n s o n p i c k e d t o t a k e c a r e o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c h o r e w a s h i s
o l d Se n a t e f r i e n d , T o m Do d d . Fr o m t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s s t a n d p o i n t ,
Do d d w a s t h e i d e a l c h o i c e . T h e m y t h o f Do d d ' s u n w a v e r i n g a n t i - c o m -
m u n i s m p l a c e d h i m a b o v e s u s p i c i o n
. Ev e n t h e m o s t s t a u n c h c o n s e r v a -
t i v e s w o u l d f i n d i t d i f f i c u l t t o b e l i e v e t h a t Se n a t o r Do d d c o u l d h a v e a n y
b u t t h e p u r e s t m o t i v e s f o r d e l a y i n g p u b l i c a c t i o n o n a n i s s u e h e h a d d o n e
s o m u c h t o f o r c e o u t i n t h e o p e n . B u t s o m e t i m e s , a s Sh a k e s p e a r e o n c e
o b s e r v e d , " d e l a y s h a v e d a n g e r o u s e n d s
. "
T o m a n y , t h e a b r u p t c h a n g e i n Do d d ' s a p p r o a c h t o t h e O t e p k a c o n t r o -
v e r s y s t i l l s e e m s i n e x p l i c a b l e . Y e t t h e e x p l a n a t i o n i s n o t a t a l l d i f f i c u l t t o
f a t h o m .
W h e t h e r b e c a u s e o f a p e r v e r s e Ir i s h j e a l o u s y , o r b e c a u s e h e r e a l l y
c o u l d n o t s t o m a c h t h e i r p o l i c i e s a s h e s o o f t e n d e m o n s t r a t e d , Do d d
3 5 4
DO DD

3 5 5
d i s t r u s t e d t h e Ke n n e d y s . Ly n d o n J o h n s o n , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h e h e l d
i n h i g h r e g a r d .
In 1 9 60 , Do d d h a d d e f i e d t h e Ke n n e d y s t e a m r o l l e r a t Lo s An g e l e s t o
p l a c e J o h n s o n ' s n a m e i n n o m i n a t i o n f o r P r e s i d e n t . T h e Ke n n e d y s n e v e r
f o r g a v e h i m , a n d w h e n J a c k e n t e r e d t h e W h i t e H o u s e t h e d o o r s w e r e a l l
b u t b a r r e d t o T o m Do d d .
Af t e r Da l l a s , w i t h J o h n s o n ' s a s c e n s i o n t o t h e P r e s i d e n c y , t h e d o o r s
q u i c k l y o p e n e d a n d Do d d w a s l e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t h e w a s o n e o f Ly n d o n ' s
c l o s e s t c o n f i d a n t s . Vi s i o n s o f t h e Vi c e P r e s i d e n c y d a n c e d b e f o r e Do d d ' s
a m b i t i o u s e y e s t h r o u g h m u c h o f 1 9 64 , a n d e v e n w h e n t h e v i s i o n p r o v e d
h a l l u c i n a t o r y Do d d s t i l l d e l u d e d h i m s e l f t h a t h e w o u l d r e m a i n i n t h e r o l e
o f t r u s t e d l i e u t e n a n t . No w h e r e d i d h e p l a y t h i s r o l e b e t t e r t h a n i n h i s
m i s h a n d l i n g o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e , w h i c h h e m a n a g e d t o s t a l l f o r a l m o s t
f o u r y e a r s .
T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w a s d e l i g h t e d t o p l a y a l o n g w i t h Do d d ' s d e l a y .
De a n Ru s k k n e w t h a t t h e l o n g e r t h e c a s e d r a g g e d o u t t h e s a f e r h e w o u l d
b e . If h e c o u l d k e e p O t e p k a i n s o l i t a r y c o n f i n e m e n t i n d e f i n i t e l y w h i l e h e
s c a t t e r e d t h e o t h e r c o n s c i e n t i o u s s e c u r i t y m e n t o t h e f o u r w i n d s , h e
w o u l d n o t o n l y m a i n t a i n t o t a l c o n t r o l o v e r t h o s e t r o u b l e s o m e c l e a r a n c e s
o r i g i n a t i n g i n SY , h e w o u l d a l s o a v o i d a n o t h e r e m b a r r a s s i n g b a t t l e w i t h
t h e Co n g r e s s w h e n h e f i n a l l y m a r c h e d O t e p k a t o t h e c h o p p i n g b l o c k
.
Do d d ' s i n v a r i a b l e a l i b i , w h e n a s k e d a b o u t t h e d e l a y i n r e l e a s i n g t h e
t e s t i m o n y , w a s t h a t " w e s t i l l h a v e s o m e t e s t i m o n y t o t a k e t o w i n d i t u p . "
As i t d e v e l o p e d , t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e s u m m o n e d e x a c t l y o n e s o l i t a r y w i t -
n e s s a f t e r t h e h e a r i n g s h e l d i n J u l y a n d Au g u s t 1 9 64 .
Am a z i n g l y , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l w h o s e t e s t i m o n y w a s
d e e m e d s o i m p o r t a n t t h a t i t c o u l d h o l d u p t h e w h o l e s h o w f o r n e a r l y a
y e a r t u r n e d o u t t o b e n o n e o t h e r t h a n W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t
. At t h e t a i l e n d
o f t h e Au g u s t h e a r i n g s , t h e e s t e e m e d De p u t y Un d e r s e c r e t a r y o f St a t e f o r
Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n h a d b e e n t h e l a s t w i t n e s s c a l l e d . H e s h o w e d u p a g a i n o n e
m o n t h l a t e r , o n Se p t e m b e r 1 6 . T h e n Do d d g a v e h i m a f r e e r i d e a l l t h e
w a y i n t o M a y o f t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r .
T h e w h i s p e r e d r a t i o n a l e f o r p a t i e n t l y w a i t i n g o n M r . Cr o c k e t t w a s t h a t
t h e r e w e r e " c e r t a i n c o n f l i c t s " i n h i s t e s t i m o n y t h a t h a d t o b e r e s o l v e d
.
T h a t t h e r e w e r e c o n f l i c t s i s a b u n d a n t l y a p p a r e n t o n t h e r e c o r d . H o w e v e r ,
b y n o s t r e t c h o f t h e i m a g i n a t i o n w e r e t h e c o n f l i c t s s o s e r i o u s a s t o
w a r r a n t p o s t p o n i n g p u b l i c a t i o n o f t e s t i m o n y i n a c a s e o n w h i c h h i n g e d
t h e w h o l e i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s g o v e r n m e n t .
" Co o l i t , " w a s De a n Ru s k ' s s t r a t e g y t h r o u g h o u t . An d T h o m a s J . Do d d
3 5 6 T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
w a s o n l y t o o h a p p y t o k e e p t h e c a s e o n i c e f o r h i m , o r m o r e p r e c i s e l y ,
f o r Ly n d o n .
As e a r l y a s t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 64 t h e r e w e r e r e l i a b l e r e p o r t s t h a t t h e
Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e h a d a l r e a d y v o t e d , a t l e a s t i n f o r m a l l y , t o r e l e a s e
t h e t e s t i m o n y t a k e n o v e r a p e r i o d o f t w e n t y m o n t h s
. T h e n t h e w o r d
l e a k e d o u t : Vi c e Ch a i r m a n Do d d h a d s l a p p e d a s t o p o r d e r o n i t u n t i l a f t e r
t h e No v e m b e r e l e c t i o n .
O t e p k a a c c e p t e d t h e d e l a y i n s i l e n c e , n e v e r b e t r a y i n g h i s d e e p d i s a p -
p o i n t m e n t . H e r e c e i v e d r e p o r t s t h a t t h e , s u b c o m m i t t e e h a d a g r e e d t o t h e
p o s t p o n e m e n t b e c a u s e t h e Se n a t o r s h a d a l l e g e d l y b e e n p r o m i s e d t h a t h e
w o u l d b e v i n d i c a t e d a n d r e s t o r e d t o SY a s s o o n a s t h e c a m p a i g n w a s
o v e r . T h e k e y t h a t w a s t o o p e n t h e d o o r t o t h i s h a p p y e n d i n g w a s t h e
t h r e a t o f p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e t e s t i m o n y a n d t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e r e p o r t t h a t
w a s t o f o l l o w s o o n a f t e r
. If a l l w e n t w e l l a n d O t e p k a w a s t a k e n b a c k ,
t h e r e m i g h t b e n o n e e d t o r e l e a s e e i t h e r o n e
.
J u s t b e f o r e t h e e l e c t i o n t h i s w r i t e r r e c e i v e d s o l e m n a s s u r a n c e s f r o m a
s u b c o m m i t t e e s o u r c e t h a t t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e t e s t i m o n y w o u l d b e g i n n o
l a t e r t h a n De c e m b e r
. B u t a s Ch r i s t m a s n e a r e d W i l l a r d Ed w a r d s r e v e a l e d
i n t h e Ch i c a g o
T r i b u n e t h a t Do d d h a d " a g a i n o r d e r e d p u b l i c a t i o n h e l d
u p . " ' T h e r e a s o n g i v e n w a s Ly n d o n J o h n s o n ' s r e q u e s t f o r a p e r i o d o f
" h a r m o n y . "
O t e p k a w a s b a f f l e d
. Do d d ' s r e n e w e d c e n s o r s h i p f o r c e d h i m a n d Ro g e r
Ro b b t o r e q u e s t a f o u r t h p o s t p o n e m e n t o f h i s St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g
.
H e r e f u s e d t o b e l i e v e , t h o u g h , t h a t Do d d h a d d e s e r t e d h i m
.
No n e t h e l e s s , i t w a s s o o n e v i d e n t t h a t Do d d h a d q u i e t l y e x e c u t e d
a n o t h e r o f h i s f a m e d a c r o b a t i c f l i p s
. J u s t a s h e h a d r e v e r s e d f i e l d o n t h e
T e s t B a n T r e a t y i n 1 9 63 , h e n o w t u r n e d c o m p l e t e l y a r o u n d o n O t e p k a
.
Fr o m t h u n d e r i n g t h r e a t s o f a f u l l - s c a l e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , h e h a d r e t r e a t e d t o
a m o r e p r u d e n t p o s i t i o n w h i c h c a l l e d f o r n o t h i n g l e s s t h a n O t e p k a ' s
s u r r e n d e r . Ev e n t u a l l y , h e m o v e d o n t o p u b l i c a t t a c k s a g a i n s t t h e m a n h e
h a d o n c e s o v i g o r o u s l y d e f e n d e d .
O t e p k a b e g a n t o d e t e c t t h e c h a n g e i n Do d d ' s a t t i t u d e e a r l y i n 1 9 65
.
Al t h o u g h h e h a d n o d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e Se n a t o r , o n e o f Do d d ' s a i d e s
t o o k h i m t o l u n c h t o s o u n d h i m o u t . T h e r e w e r e d e l i c a t e h i n t s o f a
c o m p r o m i s e , t h o u g h a t t h e t i m e O t e p k a p r e f e r r e d t o t h i n k t h a t t h e h i n t s
h a d o r i g i n a t e d w i t h t h e a i d e r a t h e r t h a n w i t h Do d d
.
O t e p k a m a d e i t q u i t e c l e a r t h a t h e w o u l d n e v e r s e t t l e f o r a c o m p r o -
m i s e . H e w a n t e d h i s o l d j o b b a c k a n d h e w a n t e d t o b e a b l e t o w o r k a t
i t i n s u c h a w a y t h a t h e c o u l d h e l p p r o t e c t t h e n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y
. If h e
DO DD

3 5 7
w e r e r e s t o r e d e v e n t o h i s d o w n g r a d e d p o s i t i o n a s c h i e f o f t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s
Di v i s i o n , h e w o u l d i n s i s t o n o b s e r v a n c e o f t h e i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y l a w s a n d
r e g u l a t i o n s
.
Do d d , l i k e J o h n s o n , c o u l d n o t b e l i e v e a n y o n e c o u l d b e s o d o w n r i g h t
s t u b b o r n
. Ev e r y o n e h a d a p r i c e , a n d b o t h T o m a n d Ly n d o n b e l i e v e d
O t e p k a ' s c o u l d b e f o u n d
. T h r o u g h i n t e r m e d i a r i e s , w h o s o m e t i m e s d i s -
c r e e t l y d i s c l a i m e d t h a t t h e y w e r e a c t i n g f o r t h e Se n a t o r , t h e p r i c e k e p t
g o i n g u p
. B u t O t e p k a p r o v e d a s u n b u d g e a b l e a s G i b r a l t a r . H e r e f u s e d t o
b e m o v e d o n e i n c h .
T h e f i r s t p i e c e o f p u b l i c e v i d e n c e t h a t Se n a t o r Do d d w a s p r e p a r e d t o
s e l l o u t O t e p k a c a m e d u r i n g a t e l e v i s i o n - r a d i o d i s c u s s i o n o n Su n d a y ,
M a r c h 1 4 , 1 9 65
. O n t h e p r o g r a m , " O p i n i o n i n t h e Ca p i t a l , " Do d d w a s
i n t e r v i e w e d b y J a c k B e l l o f t h e As s o c i a t e d P r e s s a n d M a r k Ev a n s o f
M e t r o m e d i a . Ev a n s b r o u g h t u p O t e p k a f i r s t
:
Ev a n s : T h e c o u n t r y i s p r e t t y m u c h i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e
w h i c h s e e m s t o f a l l b e l o w t h e h o r i z o n o c c a s i o n a l l y . Ik n o w y o u h a v e
b e e n a s t r o n g a d v o c a t e o f t h i s m a n ' s r i g h t s
. W h e r e d o e s i t s t a n d n o w ?
Do d d : T h e h e a r i n g f o r O t e p k a i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e , w h i c h h e
r e q u e s t e d , h a s b e e n p o s t p o n e d s e v e r a l t i m e s , a t h i s r e q u e s t . Iw i s h t h e y
w o u l d g e t o n w i t h i t a n d g e t i t d o n e .
M y o w n v i e w i s t h a t i t ' s a m i s t a k e o n a l l s i d e s h e r e . T h i s m a t t e r
o u g h t t o b e r e s o l v e d a n d i t c a n b e v e r y s i m p l e . O t e p k a h a s a l o t o f
a b i l i t y
. H e o u g h t t o b e t a k e n b a c k . Id o n ' t s a y o n t h i s o r t h a t j o b , b u t
h e o u g h t t o b e b r o u g h t b a c k i n t o t h e De p a r t m e n t a n d p u t t o w o r k
.
T h e t h i n g g o t o f f o n t h e w r o n g f o o t . It h i n k O t e p k a p r o b a b l y g o t a
l i t t l e t o u c h y a b o u t t h i n g s t h a t w e r e n o t
o f c o n s e q u e n c e , e n c o u r a g e d b y
w e l l - m e a n i n g f r i e n d s
; t h e De p a r t m e n t g o t i t s b a c k u p [ a n d ] c a n ' t b e
m a d e t o a p p e a r a s b a c k i n g d o w n .
It ' s a l l n o n s e n s e t o m e
. Le t t h e m b o t h b a c k d o w n a n d l e t u s g e t o n
w i t h t h e b u s i n e s s o f g e t t i n g t h e j o b d o n e
. *
An y o n e l i s t e n i n g t o t h i s p r o g r a m , w h i c h w a s c a r r i e d i n e i g h t c i t i e s
f r o m Ne w Y o r k t o Lo s An g e l e s a n d o n t h e Ar m e d Fo r c e s Ne t w o r k ,
c o u l d n o t f a i l t o g e t t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t O t t o O t e p k a w a s j u s t a n o b d u r a t e
s o r e h e a d , a h y p e r s e n s i t i v e n i t - p i c k e r c o n c e r n e d w i t h
" t h i n g s t h a t w e r e
n o t
o f c o n s e q u e n c e. "
M o r e o v e r , Do d d d e l i b e r a t e l y c r e a t e d t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t O t e p k a w a s
r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e r e p e a t e d d e l a y s i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g
w h e n h e k n e w , b e t t e r t h a n a n y o n e , t h a t t h e o n e m a n m o s t r e s p o n s i b l e
* Al l e m p h a s i s a d d e d .
3 5 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
f o r t h o s e d e l a y s w a s T o m Do d d h i m s e l f . B y r e f u s i n g t o r e l e a s e t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s t e s t i m o n y , Do d d w a s d e n y i n g O t e p k a t h e r i g h t t o u s e h i s
m o s t t e l l i n g a r g u m e n t s i n t h e p e n d i n g h e a r i n g .
It w a s p l a i n t h a t Do d d w a s g e t t i n g e x c e e d i n g l y i m p a t i e n t w i t h O t e p -
k a ' s r e f u s a l t o c o m p r o m i s e . An d n o t l o n g a f t e r t h i s t e l e c a s t O t e p k a
l e a r n e d o f y e t a n o t h e r p u b l i c d i s p l a y o f t h e Se n a t o r ' s i m p a t i e n c e
. At a
p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e s p o n s o r e d b y t h e Re a d e r ' s Di g e s t
a t t h e B e v e r l y H i l t o n
H o t e l i n Lo s An g e l e s , Do d d w e n t o n t h e o f f e n s i v e a g a i n s t O t e p k a . H e
c a l l e d h i m a " p r i m a d o n n a " a n d c h a r g e d t h a t h e h a d " e x a g g e r a t e d h i s
m a r t y r d o m . "
" It h i n k O t e p k a c a n b e n d a l i t t l e , " Do d d s a i d , a d d i n g t h a t u p t o t h e n
a l l h e h a d d o n e w a s t o h a v e " m a d e h i m s e l f m o r e d i f f i c u l t . "
No t c o n t e n t w i t h c a s t i g a t i n g O t e p k a , Do d d d i d h i s b e s t t o w h i t e w a s h
t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t . " It i s n ' t t h a t b a d , " h e s a i d , r e f e r r i n g t o t h e s o u r c e
o f t h e f e u d b e t w e e n O t e p k a a n d Ru s k . " T h e y ' v e b o t h m a d e m i s t a k e s . "
At s t i l l a n o t h e r p o i n t h e e m p h a s i z e d t h a t " t h i s i s n o t a l l o n e - s i d e d . "
P r e s s e d f o r t h e i d e n t i t y o f r e m a i n i n g s u b c o m m i t t e e w i t n e s s e s , Do d d
c a m e u p w i t h o n e n a m e - Cr o c k e t t . " H o w s o o n w i l l Se c r e t a r y Ru s k
r e l e a s e Cr o c k e t t ? " h e w a s a s k e d . St a m m e r i n g w i t h a n g e r , t h e Se n a t o r
r e p l i e d : " M r
. Ru s k h a s n o t b e e n h o l d i n g u p Cr o c k e t t . . .
h e ' s a b u s y
f e l l o w . Id o n ' t t h i n k t h e r e h a s b e e n a n y d e l i b e r a t e a t t e m p t t o a v o i d t h e
s e s s i o n . . . . Id o n ' t t h i n k t h e r e h a s b e e n a n y r e s i s t a n c e . "
T h i s o u t r i g h t d e f e n s e o f Ru s k a n d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t c o n t r a s t e d
s h a r p l y w i t h t h e s t o r m y t h r e a t s a n d b r a v e p r o m i s e s Do d d h a d m a d e o n
t h e Se n a t e f l o o r a l i t t l e m o r e t h a n a y e a r e a r l i e r . In s t e a d o f t h e t h o r o u g h -
g o i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e De p a r t m e n t t h a t h e h a d p l e d g e d t h e n , Do d d
n o w p u b l i c l y e m p h a s i z e d h i s n e w s t r a t e g y : " It h i n k w e c a n g e t t h i s t h i n g
s e t t l e d , " h e s a i d
. " W e o u g h t t o b e a b l e t o s e t t l e i t . . .
r e a s o n a b l y. "
O t e p k a w a s n o t m e r e l y d i s m a y e d w h e n s o m e o n e i n Lo s An g e l e s s e n t
h i m a t r a n s c r i p t o f Do d d ' s a t t a c k o n h i m . H e f e l t l i k e a p r i z e f i g h t e r d o w n
f o r t h e c o u n t w h o s u d d e n l y o p e n s h i s e y e s t o f i n d h e i s b e i n g k i c k e d i n
t h e s t o m a c h b y t h e r e f e r e e .
Un t i l t h e n , O t e p k a h a d s h a r e d t h e s a m e h i g h r e g a r d f o r Do d d t h a t s o
m a n y o f t h e Se n a t o r ' s c o l l e a g u e s i n t h e Co n g r e s s h a d . No o n e k n e w t h e n
t h a t t h e r e w e r e t w o T o m Do d d s .
It h a s b e c o m e a c l i c h e i n c e r t a i n c i r c l e s t h a t Se n a t o r Do d d w o u l d n e v e r
h a v e b e e n " p e r s e c u t e d " i f i t h a d n o t b e e n f o r h i s f o r t h r i g h t s t a n d a g a i n s t
c o m m u n i s m . T h e r e m a y b e a n e l e m e n t o f t r u t h i n t h i s , b u t i t o v e r l o o k s
m a n y t h i n g s , n o t t h e l e a s t o f w h i c h i s t h a t Do d d l e f t h i m s e l f w i d e o p e n
t o " p e r s e c u t i o n . " H i s w a s n o t a n i n n o c e n t s l i p ; n o r w a s i t b u t o n e s l i p .
DO DD

3 5 9
Un f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e s l i p s h a d b e c o m e a f a m i l i a r p a t t e r n .
O n b a l a n c e , t h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e t o c h o o s e b e t w e e n T o m Do d d , t h e
i n t r e p i d c r u s a d e r a g a i n s t c o m m u n i s m , a n d t h e Se n a t o r w h o c o u l d , a n d
d i d , f i x m o s t a n y t h i n g . T h e c r u s a d e m a y h a v e b e e n s o m e t h i n g m o r e t h a n
m e r e r h e t o r i c , b u t n o t m u c h m o r e
. H i s c u r i o u s b e h a v i o r i n t h e O t e p k a
c a s e i s p r o o f e n o u g h o f t h a t
. B u t h i s r o l e i n p a v i n g t h e w a y f o r t h e
Se n a t e ' s o v e r w h e l m i n g a p p r o v a l o f t h e T e s t B a n T r e a t y , a n i s s u e i n
w h i c h h e k n e w t h e f u t u r e o f h i s c o u n t r y w a s c l e a r l y a t s t a k e , o f f e r s
c o n c l u s i v e s u b s t a n t i a t i o n t h a t Do d d s t o o d r e a d y a t a l l t i m e s t o a b a n d o n
h i s p r i n c i p l e s .
O n e m i g h t l e g i t i m a t e l y a s k , o f c o u r s e , w h a t w e r e Do d d ' s p r i n c i p l e s ?
H e s u p p l i e d p a r t o f t h e a n s w e r , a t l e a s t , d u r i n g t h e B e v e r l y H i l t o n p r e s s
c o n f e r e n c e w h e n h e r e v e a l e d t h a t h i s p o l i t i c a l p h i l o s o p h y w a s n o t s o v e r y
f a r r e m o v e d f r o m t h a t o f t h e p e o p l e p u s h i n g m o s t h a r d f o r t h e s a c r e d
m i l l e n n i u m .
" Y o u k n o w , " h e s a i d , " I' m a W o r l d G o v e r n m e n t g u y
. I' m a s b a d a s
y o u c a n g e t . An d Ia l w a y s h a v e b e e n a n d s t i l l a m
. Is e e n o t h i n g c o n t r a d i c -
t o r y i n t h a t . Ih o p e i t c o m e s i n m y t i m e , y o u r t i m e , t h e t i m e o f o u r
c h i l d r e n . "
W h e r e Do d d f i r s t b e c a m e i n f e c t e d w i t h t h i s v i r u s i s s o m e w h a t d i f f i c u l t
t o d e t e c t . Fo r o n e t h i n g , h e h a d o n c e s e r v e d b r i e f l y i n t h e FB I, a n d i t i s
d o u b t f u l t h a t h e c a u g h t i t t h e r e
. No r i s i t l i k e l y t h a t h e l e a r n e d i t a t h i s
f a t h e r ' s k n e e . T o m Do d d , Sr
. w a s a h a r d - w o r k i n g Ir i s h - Am e r i c a n c o n -
t r a c t o r i n No r w i c h , Co n n e c t i c u t , i n a n e r a w h e n m o s t s o n s o f Er i n w e r e
i n o r d i n a t e l y p r o u d o f t h e i r p a t r i o t i s m . H i s m o t h e r w a s a n O ' Su l l i v a n , a n d
i t i s r e a s o n a b l y c e r t a i n t h a t s h e n e v e r p l a n t e d a n y o n e - w o r l d n o t i o n s i n
h e r s o n ' s f o r m a t i v e m i n d .
De v o u t Ro m a n Ca t h o l i c s , t h e Do d d s s e n t t h e i r s o n t o Ca t h o l i c P r o v i -
d e n c e Co l l e g e i n n e a r b y Rh o d e Is l a n d . Fr o m t h e r e y o u n g T o m p r o -
c e e d e d t o Y a l e La w Sc h o o l . T h i s w a s l o n g b e f o r e t h e r e i g n o f De a n
Eu g e n e Ro s t o w , b r o t h e r o f W a l t , t h o u g h i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e s e e d s o f
w o r l d g o v e r n m e n t i s m t o o k r o o t t h e r e
. If s o , t h e r o o t s w e r e n e v e r o s t e n s i -
b l y s t r o n g e n o u g h t o s h o v e a s i d e h i s Ca t h o l i c i s m o r h i s p a t r i o t i s m , w h i c h
h e b r a v e l y p a r a d e d t h r o u g h o u t h i s p o l i t i c a l c a r e e r .
T a k i n g h i s l a w d e g r e e f r o m Y a l e i n 1 9 3 3 , Do d d m a r r i e d t h e f o r m e r
G r a c e M u r p h y o f W e s t e r l e y , Rh o d e Is l a n d , t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r
. T h o u g h
h e w a s t o u s e h i s FB Is e r v i c e a s a n e f f e c t i v e v o t e - c a t c h e r y e a r s l a t e r ,
Do d d s e r v e d o n l y a s h o r t t i m e w i t h t h e B u r e a u d u r i n g t h i s e a r l y p e r i o d
.
H e l e f t i t f o r , o f a l l t h i n g s , t h e Na t i o n a l Y o u t h Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , w h i c h
w a s , a s e v e r y s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r k n o w s , r i d d l e d w i t h Re d s
.
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T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
It i s p o s s i b l e , o f c o u r s e , t h a t Do d d r e p o r t e d o n s o m e o f t h e m o r e
q u e s t i o n a b l e NY Ac h a r a c t e r s t o h i s e r s t w h i l e c o l l e a g u e s i n t h e FB I . B u t
i t i s j u s t a s p o s s i b l e t h a t h e f i r s t p i c k e d u p h i s o n e - w o r l d i s m f r o m t h e s a m e
p e o p l e . If t h e y c o u l d n ' t c o n v e r t y o u t o c o m m u n i s m , t h e y s e t t l e d , t h e n
a s n o w , f o r i m p l a n t i n g t h e G r a n d Il l u s i o n . It s h o u l d b e n o t e d , h o w e v e r ,
t h a t m a n y " W o r l d G o v e r n m e n t g u y s , " a s Do d d s t y l e d h i m s e l f , w e r e
n e v e r n e u t r a l i z e d i n t h e i r p a t r i o t i s m . T h e y w e r e s i m p l y c o n f u s e d .
Do d d s t a y e d t h r e e y e a r s w i t h NY A, a y e a r l o n g e r t h a n Ly n d o n J o h n -
s o n a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e p e r i o d , a n d , l i k e Ly n d o n , h e a l s o b e c a m e
a s t a t e NY Ac h i e f t a i n
. In 1 9 3 8 h e l e f t Co n n e c t i c u t f o r W a s h i n g t o n ,
w h e r e h e s e r v e d a s a s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n t t o a s u c c e s s i o n o f At t o r n e y G e n e r -
a l s , b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e b i t t e r a n t i - c a p i t a l i s t c r u s a d e r , H o m e r S. Cu m -
m i n g s
. An o t h e r o f t h e m , Ro b e r t H . J a c k s o n , l a t e r p l u c k e d Do d d o u t o f
t h e J u s t i c e De p a r t m e n t a n d c a r r i e d h i m o f f t o t h e Nu r e m b e r g t r i a l s .
J a c k s o n , a Su p r e m e Co u r t J u s t i c e b y t h e n , w a s t h e c h i e f p r o s e c u t o r a t
Nu r e m b e r g , a n d Do d d s e r v e d a s h i s e x e c u t i v e t r i a l c o u n s e l a n d o c c a -
s i o n a l s t a n d - i n
.
W h e n h e r e t u r n e d f r o m Nu r e m b e r g , Do d d j o i n e d a H a r t f o r d l a w f i r m
a n d i n 1 9 5 2 m a d e h i s f i r s t s u c c e s s f u l r a c e f o r Co n g r e s s . T w o t e r m s i n t h e
H o u s e l a u n c h e d h i m i n t o t h e De m o c r a t Se n a t o r i a l n o m i n a t i o n i n 1 9 5 6,
b u t h e w a s d e f e a t e d b y i n c u m b e n t P r e s c o t t B u s h i n t h e g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n .
B y 1 9 5 8 , h o w e v e r , h i s p o l i t i c a l m u s c l e h a d d e v e l o p e d t o t h e p o i n t w h e r e
h e w a s a b l e t o k n o c k o f f b o t h Ch e s t e r B o w l e s a n d W i l l i a m B e n t o n i n t h e
p r i m a r y a n d g o o n t o w h i p Re p u b l i c a n - Se n a t o r W i l l i a m A. P u r t e l l i n
No v e m b e r .
O n c e i n t h e Se n a t e , Do d d v e r y q u i c k l y w o n a r e p u t a t i o n a s a t w o - f i s t e d
f i g h t e r , t h o u g h a f e w p e o p l e a t r i n g s i d e e a r l y n o t e d t h a t t h e g e n t l e m a n
f r o m Co n n e c t i c u t h a d a t e n d e n c y t o p u l l h i s p u n c h e s i n t h e m o r e c r i t i c a l
c l i n c h e s
. No n e t h e l e s s , h i s f o r t h r i g h t m a n n e r o f s p e a k i n g , a n d t h e o f t e n
b l u n t w o r d s h e h u r l e d a b o u t t h e Se n a t e c h a m b e r m a d e i t a p p e a r t h a t h e
w a s c l o a k e d i n a n a r m o r e d s u i t o f i m p r e g n a b l e i n t e g r i t y . No m a n i n t h e
w h o l e Co n g r e s s c o u l d c o m e d o w n h a r d e r o n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e s a m e i s s u e
t h a n T o m Do d d
. As o n e s e m i - o f f i c i a l b i o g r a p h y t a c t f u l l y p u t i t , " h i s
s t r o n g s t a n d a g a i n s t e x t r e m i s m o f b o t h t h e Le f t a n d t h e Ri g h t h a s w o n
h i m w i d e a c c l a i m . " 2
Do d d w a s t e d n o t i m e g e t t i n g h i m s e l f a p p o i n t e d t o a c l u t c h o f k e y
Se n a t e c o m m i t t e e s - Fo r e i g n Re l a t i o n s , J u d i c i a r y , Ae r o n a u t i c a l a n d
Sp a c e Sc i e n c e s
. H i s FB Ib a c k g r o u n d , b u i l t u p o u t o f a l l p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e
r e a l i t y , h e l p e d p r o j e c t h i m i n t o t h e v i c e c h a i r m a n s h i p o f t h e J u d i c i a r y ' s
Su b c o m m i t t e e o n In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y , w h i c h Ch a i r m a n Ea s t l a n d w a s c o n -
DO DD

3 61
t e n t , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , t o l e t Do d d d o w i t h a s h e p l e a s e d . T h e r e w a s a
p r a c t i c a l p o l i t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n v o l v e d i n t h i s t o o ; Do d d ' s No r t h e r n
Li b e r a l i s m m a d e h i s a n t i - c o m m u n i s m m o r e p a l a t a b l e t h a n J i m Ea s t l a n d ' s
M i s s i s s i p p i d r a w l
.
T o g i v e Do d d h i s d u e , h e h a n d l e d t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e v e r y w e l l - u n t i l
h i s f r i e n d s h i p f o r Ly n d o n J o h n s o n c a u s e d h i m t o t u r n h i s b a c k o n
O t e p k a
. T h e s u b c o m m i t t e e w a s v e r y a c t i v e d u r i n g t h e y e a r s h e o p e r a t e d
i t i n t a n d e m w i t h Se n a t o r Ea s t l a n d
. It c o n d u c t e d a g o o d m a n y h e a r i n g s
a n d r e l e a s e d d o z e n s o f v o l u m e s o f t e l l i n g t e s t i m o n y . T h e o n l y d i f f i c u l t y
w a s t h a t i t p r o d u c e d v i r t u a l l y n o t h i n g i n t h e w a y o f m e a n i n g f u l l e g i s l a -
t i o n .
As i m i l a r p a t t e r n i s s e e n i n Do d d ' s c h a i r m a n s h i p o f a n o t h e r Su b c o m -
m i t t e e , t h e p u b l i c i t y - p r o d u c i n g t r i b u n a l o n j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n c y . In 1 9 61
Do d d o p e n e d u p , w i t h g r e a t f a n f a r e , o n t h e t e l e v i s i o n i n d u s t r y f o r f e e d -
i n g s o m u c h c r i m e a n d v i o l e n c e i n t o t h e n a t i o n ' s h o m e s . T h e De l i n -
q u e n c y Su b c o m m i t t e e s t a f f z e r o e d i n o n t h e NB Cn e t w o r k , a n d
p a r t i c u l a r l y i t s p r e s i d e n t , Ro b e r t Ki n t n e r , a s t h e p r i n c i p a l f o u n t a i n h e a d
o f t h e s t o m p ' e m , k n i f e ' e m , s h o o t - ' e m - u p p r o d u c t i o n s f l o o d i n g t h e a i r -
w a v e s
. B u t a n i n c i s i v e r e p o r t o n t h e NB C- Ki n t n e r r o l e i n p e d d l i n g c r i m e ,
s e x a n d v i o l e n c e t o y o u n g t e l e v i s i o n a u d i e n c e s w a s q u i e t l y k i l l e d b y
Do d d . La t e r , a n o t h e r n e t w o r k , M e t r o m e d i a , g o t i n t o t h e a c t a n d Do d d
n i p p e d a n e w i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h i s c o m p a n y ' s p r o g r a m m i n g .
J a m e s B o y d , r i n g l e a d e r o f t h e f o u r f o r m e r a i d e s w h o s t o l e t h e f i l e s
w h i c h l e d t o Do d d ' s d o w n f a l l , l a t e r c l a i m e d t h a t Do d d h a d a c c e p t e d
l a v i s h g i f t s f r o m M e t r o m e d i a , w h o s e e x e c u t i v e s p r a c t i c a l l y a d o p t e d t h e
Se n a t o r a s a h o u s e p e t , f e e d i n g h i m w i t h c a m p a i g n c o n t r i b u t i o n s a n d
c a v i a r p a r t i e s . '
B o y d m a y b e a d u b i o u s s o u r c e , b u t t h e r e i s n o d e n y i n g t h a t h e d i d
w a l t z o f f w i t h a l l t h o s e f i l e s , a n d f u r t h e r m o r e h e m a d e h i s c h a r g e s s t i c k .
If B o y d i s t o b e b e l i e v e d ( a n d w i t h o u t c o n d o n i n g h i s t h e f t , o n e m u s t g r a n t
h i m a n e x c e l l e n t t r a c k r e c o r d ) , t h e $ 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 d i v e r t e d f r o m c a m p a i g n
d i n n e r s t o t h e Se n a t o r ' s p e r s o n a l a c c o u n t w a s t h e l e a s t o f Do d d ' s s i n s .
T h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f t h e J u v e n i l e De l i n q u e n c y Su b c o m m i t t e e p r o b e s
c e r t a i n l y w i l l h a v e f a r m o r e d a m a g i n g e f f e c t u p o n g e n e r a t i o n s n o w a p -
p r o a c h i n g a d u l t h o o d t h a n t h e e a s y m o n e y T o m Do d d t u r n e d a t t h e
e x p e n s e o f w i l l i n g c o n t r i b u t o r s
. Al l t h e s a m e , i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n n i c e i f
t h e Se n a t o r h a d r e p o r t e d t h e l o o t o n h i s i n c o m e t a x r e t u r n s . No r w e r e
t h e s e l u c r a t i v e d i n n e r s t h e o n l y f i n a n c i a l f e a s t s Do d d p a r t o o k o f i n t h e
Se n a t e .
Av i r t u a l c o l l e c t o r o f Se n a t e c o m m i t t e e s , i n 1 9 61 Do d d w a n g l e d t h e
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T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
c h a i r m a n s h i p o f a s p e c i a l i n v e s t i g a t i n g u n i t w i t h i n t h e An t i - T r u s t a n d
M o n o p o l y Su b c o m m i t t e e
. O n e o f t h e m a i n a s s i g n m e n t s o f t h i s u n i t w a s
t o p r o b e w i d e s p r e a d a b u s e s w i t h i n t h e i n s u r a n c e i n d u s t r y .
Ac c o r d i n g t o B o y d , t h e r e c o r d s h e l i f t e d " s h o w e d t h a t Do d d r e c e i v e d
m o r e t h a n $ 2 4 , 0 0 0 i n t e s t i m o n i a l g i f t s , h o n o r a r i u m s , f e e s a n d f a v o r s f r o m
s o u r c e s w i t h i n t h e i n s u r a n c e i n d u s t r y . " 4 O n t o p o f t h a t , t h e d i s t i n g u i s h e d
Se n a t o r f r o m Co n n e c t i c u t d e c l a r e d h i m s e l f a l i t t l e b o n u s i n t h e f o r m o f
i n s u r a n c e p r e m i u m s w h i c h h e n e v e r b o t h e r e d t o p a y . B y B o y d ' s e s t i m a t e ,
t h e f r e e p r e m i u m s t o t a l e d $ 3 , 5 0 0 t h r o u g h 1 9 65 , w h i c h m e a n t t h a t t h e y
k e p t i n f o r c e s e v e r a l h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f d o l l a r s i n i n s u r a n c e o n
T o m Do d d .
Al t h o u g h h e d i d c o n d u c t i n q u i r i e s i n t o t h e d u b i o u s a c t i v i t i e s o f f o r e i g n
i n s u r a n c e c o m p a n i e s a n d d o m e s t i c f l y - b y - n i g h t s , Do d d n e v e r l e t a r e a l
i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e b i g f i r m s g e t o f f t h e g r o u n d . In f a c t , h e h e l d a s e r i e s
o f " c o o p e r a t i o n m e e t i n g s " f o r i n s u r a n c e e x e c u t i v e s w i t h a v i e w t o w a r d s
i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r b u s i n e s s w i t h t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t
.
T h i s , t h e n , w a s t h e Do d d n o b o d y k n e w . W h e n h i s c o l l e a g u e s i n t h e
Se n a t e w e r e f i n a l l y i n t r o d u c e d t o h i m e a r l y i n 1 9 66, m o s t o f t h e m r e f u s e d
a t f i r s t t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t h e e x i s t e d . It t o o k t h e m n e a r l y a y e a r a n d a h a l f
t o a c k n o w l e d g e f o r m a l l y t h a t h e d i d . T h e c e n s u r e m o t i o n d r a w n u p b y
M i s s i s s i p p i ' s J o h n St e n n i s a n d h i s Et h i c s Co m m i t t e e w a s f i n a l l y b r o u g h t
t o t h e f l o o r o f t h e Se n a t e i n m i d - 1 9 67 . T h e r e f o l l o w e d o n e o f t h e m o s t
m a w k i s h d i s p l a y s e v e r w i t n e s s e d i n t h e Ca p i t o l . De f e n d i n g h i m s e l f d u r -
i n g t h e d e b a t e , Do d d c r i e d o u t :
H o w m a n y t i m e s d o y o u w a n t t o h a n g m e ? If y o u w a n t t o d o i t , b e
d o n e w i t h i t - b e d o n e w i t h i t ! Do a w a y w i t h m e a n d t h a t w i l l b e t h e
e n d !
B u t i n t h e t w i l i g h t o f m y l i f e - a n d h o w m a n y y e a r s a r e l e f t t o m e ?
P r o b a b l y f e w , p r o b a b l y f e w - Ia s k y o u t o s e a r c h y o u r s o u l s a b o u t t h e s e
f a c t s , i n t h e k n o w l e d g e t h a t e v e r y Se n a t o r h a s a b o u t o t h e r s i n t h i s
b o d y .
T h e t h r e a t , a n d a l l t h e w e e p i n g a n d g n a s h i n g o f t e e t h , f a i l e d t o m o v e
t h e Se n a t e . O n J u n e 2 3 , 1 9 67 , b y a v o t e o f 9 2 - t o - 5 , i t c e n s u r e d T h o m a s
Do d d , h o l d i n g t h a t h i s c o n d u c t " i s c o n t r a r y t o a c c e p t e d m o r a l s , d e r o -
g a t e s f r o m t h e p u b l i c t r u s t e x p e c t e d o f a Se n a t o r , a n d t e n d s t o b r i n g t h e
Se n a t e i n t o d i s h o n o r a n d d i s r e p u t e . "
Af t e r w a r d , t h e r e w a s a g o o d d e a l o f t a l k , i n b o t h Li b e r a l a n d c o n s e r v a -
t i v e c i r c l e s , t h a t Do d d w a s m e r e l y t h e v i c t i m o f a s y s t e m t h a t c o u n -
t e n a n c e d f l a g r a n t c h i c a n e r y . T h i s m a y b e t r u e , b u t i t s t i l l d o e s n o t
e x o n e r a t e Se n a t o r Do d d . M o r e o v e r , i t c a s t s a s l u r u p o n t h e h e a d s o f a l l
DO DD

3 63
s e n a t o r s a n d c o n g r e s s m e n , t h e h o n o r a b l e a s w e l l a s t h e f i x e r s . Fo r a l -
t h o u g h i t m a y b e d i f f i c u l t f o r m a n y t o b e l i e v e , t h e r e a r e h o n o r a b l e m e n
i n t h e Co n g r e s s , Do d d ' s i n n u e n d o e s n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g .
Ir o n i c a l l y , t h e c e n s u r e v o t e o n Do d d w a s t a k e n a t t h e v e r y h o u r t h a t
O t t o O t e p k a w a s n e a r i n g t h e e n d o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g t h a t
Do d d h a d d o n e s o m u c h t o d e l a y .
Le s s t h a n a m o n t h b e f o r e , c o - c o l u m n i s t s Dr e w P e a r s o n a n d J a c k An -
d e r s o n , t h e e a g e r r e c i p i e n t s o f m o r e t h a n 4 , 0 0 0 d u p l i c a t e d p r i v a t e p a p e r s
f i l c h e d f r o m Do d d ' s o f f i c e , h a d l u d i c r o u s l y t r i e d t o b l a c k e n O t e p k a ' s
n a m e w i t h t h e s t o l e n t a r t h e y h a d b e e n u s i n g o n t h e Se n a t o r . T h e c l o s e s t
t h e y c o u l d c o m e t o t y i n g O t e p k a t o Do d d ' s u n t i d y t a i l w a s a m e m o r a n -
d u m - o f - r e c o r d t h e Se n a t o r h a d d i c t a t e d a f t e r h i s l a s t p r i v a t e m e e t i n g
w i t h Ly n d o n J o h n s o n a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e i n 1 9 65 . B y t h e n , Do d d a n d
J o h n s o n h a d b e e n d i s c u s s i n g t h e O t e p k a c a s e f o r n e a r l y t w o y e a r s
. Us u -
a l l y Do d d b r o u g h t u p t h e s u b j e c t
. B u t t h i s t i m e t h e P r e s i d e n t t o o k t h e
i n i t i a t i v e
. T h e Do d d m e m o r a n d u m q u o t e d i n t h e P e a r s o n - An d e r s o n c o l -
u m n s a i d :
H e [ LB J ] t h e n s t a r t e d t o t a l k a b o u t O t e p k a . H e s a i d h e w a n t e d t o
g e t a m e s s a g e t o O t e p k a t h r o u g h a t h i r d p a r t y t h a t h e w a n t e d t o
s t r a i g h t e n t h i s m a t t e r o u t . H e [ J o h n s o n ] s a i d , " Iw a n t O t e p k a t o s t e p
o u t o f t h e De p a r t m e n t a n d w e w i l l d o s o m e t h i n g g o o d f o r h i m . " 5
" So m e t h i n g g o o d , " i n Ly n d o n ' s l i m i t e d v i e w , t u r n e d o u t t o b e t h e
c r e a t i o n o f a n e w p o s t f o r O t e p k a a s Ch i e f o f P e r s o n n e l Se c u r i t y a t t h e
W h i t e H o u s e
. At l e a s t t h i s w a s t h e w a y i t f i l t e r e d t h r o u g h t o O t e p k a .
Kn o w i n g t h a t h e w o u l d m e r e l y b e a r a n e m p t y t i t l e i n a j o b t h a t r e m o v e d
h i m f r o m t h e c r u c i a l b a t t l e f i e l d w h e r e f o r e i g n p o l i c y w a s c o n c o c t e d ,
O t e p k a s i m p l y s h o o k h i s h e a d . H e w a s a m a n s i n g u l a r l y u n s u i t e d f o r
s u r r e n d e r .
It w a s j u s t a s w e l l f o r O t e p k a t h a t h e r e j e c t e d t h i s o f f e r w h i c h , l i k e a l l
t h e o t h e r s , w a s s e r v e d t o h i m i n d i s c r e e t h i n t s . Af e w m o n t h s l a t e r , i n
Ap r i l 1 9 66, P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n b r o u g h t W a l t W h i t m a n Ro s t o w b a c k t o
t h e W h i t e H o u s e f r o m t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a n d i n s t a l l e d h i s b r o t h e r ,
Eu g e n e Vi c t o r De b s Ro s t o w , a s t h e Nu m b e r 3 m a n o n Fo g g y B o t t o m
.
O t e p k a w o u l d n e v e r h a v e i s s u e d W a l t Ro s t o w a s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e a t t h e
W h i t e H o u s e , h a v i n g t u r n e d h i m d o w n t h r e e t i m e s a t St a t e . O n e o f t h e m
w o u l d h a v e h a d t o g o , a n d i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o s p e c u l a t e w h i c h o n e Ly n d o n
J o h n s o n w o u l d h a v e s e l e c t e d .
SENAT O RDO DD' SFAVO RIT EW IT NESS, W ILLIAM J AM ES CRO CKET T , W AS
p e r f e c t l y c a s t i n h i s r o l e a s De a n Ru s k ' s l e a d i n g f r o n t m a n . So m e t i m e s
i t s e e m e d t h a t Cr o c k e t t a l m o s t r e l i s h e d t h e p u n i s h m e n t h e a b s o r b e d i n
t h e O t e p k a c a s e . H i s p r i m a r y d u t y , a s h e s a w i t , w a s t o p r o t e c t t h e
Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e , a n d o n e m u s t g r a n t t h a t h e f u l f i l l e d t h i s d u t y u n -
s e l f i s h l y w e l l - u p t o a p o i n t .
Ah e a v y - s e t m a n w i t h a g g r e s s i v e m a n n e r s , B i l l Cr o c k e t t c o u l d h a v e
b e e n a b a l d i n g t w i n o f J o h n Re i l l y , e x c e p t t h a t h e w a s j u s t s l i g h t l y m o r e
p o l i s h e d . An d a l t h o u g h h e w a s n o t a b o v e t w i s t i n g t h e t r u t h , h e s e l d o m
g o t c a u g h t i n a n o u t r i g h t l i e .
T h u s , w h e n f i n a l l y f a c e d w i t h a c h o i c e b e t w e e n s e r i o u s l y d a m a g i n g h i s
o w n c a r e e r a n d p u t t i n g t h e f i n g e r o n Se c r e t a r y Ru s k a s t h e Nu m b e r 1
v i l l a i n i n t h e O t e p k a a f f a i r , Cr o c k e t t d e c i d e d t h a t h i s d u t y t o Cr o c k e t t
c a m e f i r s t .
T h e o s t e n t a t i o u s l y d e b o n a i r De p u t y Un d e r s e c r e t a r y o f St a t e f o r Ad -
m i n i s t r a t i o n i n i t i a l l y i d e n t i f i e d Ru s k a s t h e m a s t e r m i n d o f t h e O t e p k a
p u r g e i n Au g u s t 1 9 64 . As m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r , h e w a s u p f o r p r o m o t i o n t o
t h e r a n k o f c a r e e r m i n i s t e r a t t h e t i m e . H e s a n g , a s t h e y s o q u a i n t l y p u t
i t i n u n d e r w o r l d c i r c l e s , " t o c l e a r h i s o w n r e c o r d " w h e n t h e Se n a t e
Fo r e i g n Re l a t i o n s Co m m i t t e e q u i z z e d h i m a b o u t O t e p k a . '
3 64
CRO CKET T

3 65
Ru s k l e t t h a t o n e p a s s . B u t w h e n So u r w i n e c o r n e r e d Cr o c k e t t b e f o r e
t h e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e o n M a y 4 , 1 9 65 , h e a g a i n f i n g e r e d
t h e Se c r e t a r y b y a g r e e i n g t h a t Ru s k w a s " s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c h a r g e o f t h e
O t e p k a c a s e
. " O f c o u r s e , h e q u a l i f i e d t h i s b y a d d i n g , " i n s o f a r a s t h e f i n a l
d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s c o n c e r n e d
. " 2 B u t De a n Ru s k g o t t h e m e s s a g e . T h e r e
w a s h a r d l y a n y o n e h e c o u l d t r u s t a r o u n d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a n y m o r e .
O n t h e w h o l e , h o w e v e r , Cr o c k e t t d i d a f i n e j o b a s Ru s k ' s c h i e f c o v e r -
u p m a n
. H e n o t o n l y m a n a g e d t o s w e e p a l m o s t e v e r y t h i n g u n d e r t h e r u g ,
h e m a n a g e d t o k e e p i t a l l t h e r e w i t h o u t t o o m a n y r e v e a l i n g m o u n d s a n d
l u m p s a n d s u s p i c i o u s w r i n k l e s s h o w i n g o n t h e s u r f a c e
. W h e n Ru s k ' s
v a c u u m c l e a n e r h a d " s w e p t t h e p l a c e c l e a n " i n SY , Cr o c k e t t h e l p e d t h e
Se c r e t a r y l a y n e w w a l l - t o - w a l l c a r p e t i n g , c a r e f u l l y n a i l e d d o w n a t t h e
e d g e s t o p r e v e n t a n y u n s u s p e c t e d s u r v i v o r s o f t h e p u r g e f r o m c r a w l i n g
o u t i n t o t h e o p e n . M o r e o v e r , Cr o c k e t t ' s n a i l s w e r e m a d e o f p r e t t y s t u r d y
s t e e l , f o r g e d i n CIA
.
Af t e r t h e De p a r t m e n t r e l u c t a n t l y d u m p e d Re i l l y , Ru s k a n d Cr o c k e t t
b r o u g h t i n a m a n f r o m t h e Ag e n c y t o t a k e h i s p l a c e . H i s n a m e w a s G .
M a r v i n G e n t i l e a n d h e o r i g i n a l l y h a i l e d f r o m So u t h Da k o t a . Fo r t u n a t e l y ,
h e h a d s p e n t a h a l f - d o z e n y e a r s w i t h t h e FB Ib e f o r e b e g i n n i n g h i s c a r e e r
w i t h CIAi n 1 9 5 2
. T h i s w a s c a l c u l a t e d t o r e a s s u r e t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t -
t e e , a n d i t s u c c e e d e d , a t l e a s t i n p a r t .
In O t e p k a ' s o l d j o b a s c h i e f o f t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n , t h e y i n s e r t e d
a n o t h e r CIAa l u m n u s , H e n r i G . G r i g n o n . ANe w En g l a n d e r , G r i g n o n
h a d a t t e n d e d T o m Do d d ' s a l m a m a t e r , P r o v i d e n c e Co l l e g e , w h i c h m a y
h a v e h e l p e d t h e Se n a t o r f e e l a b i t m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e , t h o u g h e v e n Do d d
m u s t h a v e l o o k e d a s k a n c e a t G r i g n o n ' s a l m o s t t o t a l l a c k o f q u a l i f i c a t i o n s
f o r t h e c r i t i c a l p o s t h e n o w h e l d
. T h e 1 9 68 Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e r e p o r t
c a u s t i c a l l y c o m m e n t e d
:
M r
. G r i g n o n c o n c e d e d t h a t h i s o n l y e x p e r i e n c e a s a n e v a l u a t o r w a s
f o r a p e r i o d o f a b o u t f o u r m o n t h s i n 1 9 5 2 . . .
. H e d i d n o t w r i t e a n y
e v a l u a t i o n s
. H e d o e s a g r e e , h o w e v e r , t h a t i t t a k e s " s u b s t a n t i a l e x p e r i -
e n c e a n d t r a i n i n g t o m a k e a g o o d e v a l u a t o r , a c o m p e t e n t e v a l u a t o r . " '
Al t h o u g h H e n r i G r i g n o n h a d s p e n t t h i r t e e n y e a r s i n CIA' s e q u i v a l e n t
o f SY , t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e d i s c o v e r e d t h a t h e w a s v i r t u a l l y i g n o r a n t o f
t h e Ei s e n h o w e r Ex e c u t i v e O r d e r 1 0 4 5 0 a n d o t h e r r e g u l a t i o n s a n d l a w s
u p o n w h i c h O t e p k a h a d a t t e m p t e d t o b u i l d a s o u n d s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m a t
St a t e
. W h i l e g r a n t i n g t h a t G r i g n o n " s h o u l d b e e x c e l l e n t l y q u a l i f i e d
i n s o m e a r e a s o f In t e l l i g e n c e a n d s e c u r i t y w o r k , " t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
w a s m o v e d t o c o m m e n t t h a t " t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f s u c h i g n o r a n c e
c a n b e d i s a s t r o u s . " 4 * Ac t u a l l y , h o w e v e r , t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f CIA" i g n o -
3 66

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
r a n c e " i n t o SY w a s o n l y a s m a l l p a r t o f t h e d i s q u i e t i n g p i c t u r e
.
W i t h t h e s e c u r i t y s c r e e n o b l i t e r a t e d b y t h e O t e p k a p u r g e , Ru s k a n d
Cr o c k e t t h a s t e n e d t o p a i n t i n a s u r r e a l i s t i c m a s t e r p i e c e c o n s i s t i n g o f o n e
v e r y l a r g e c o n t r o l l a b l e h o l e . A" p e r s o n n e l p a n e l " w a s s e t u p u n d e r
Cr o c k e t t t o r e v i e w a l l s e c u r i t y c a s e s . T h e r e w a s n o t , h o w e v e r , o n e
s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r o n t h e p a n e l , u n l e s s w e c o u n t Da v i d B e l i s l e , w h o s e r v e d
a s t h e g r o u p ' s " e x e c u t i v e d i r e c t o r " u n t i l a m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e p o s t w a s
f o u n d f o r h i m a b r o a d . T h e s u b c o m m i t t e e h e l d t h a t t h e p a n e l g a v e SY a n
e x c u s e f o r " c o n s c i o u s l y a v o i d i n g i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . " 5
O n e o f t h e t h i n g s t h i s p a n e l w a s s u p p o s e d t o d o w a s r e v i e w t h e
M c Le o d l i s t . O t e p k a h a d t e s t i f i e d t h a t " a s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r " o f t h e 8 5 8
s e c u r i t y a n d s u i t a b i l i t y r i s k s o n t h i s a n c i e n t l i s t r e m a i n e d i n t h e De p a r t -
m e n t
. O u t o f t h e s u b l i s t o f 2 5 8 o f f i c i a l s i n p o l i c y p o s t s a d e c a d e b e f o r e ,
h e e s t i m a t e d t h a t " a t l e a s t 1 5 0 " w e r e s t i l l a r o u n d
. '
Al t h o u g h Cr o c k e t t d e n i e d t h a t t h e M c Le o d l i s t e x i s t e d , h e l a t e r r e -
v e r s e d h i m s e l f
. In l i n e w i t h h i s p o l i c y o f t e l l i n g t h e t r u t h w h e n t h e r e w a s
n o o t h e r w a y o u t , h e e v e n t u a l l y c o n f i r m e d O t e p k a ' s e s t i m a t e , a n d e v e n
u p p e d i t , p l a c i n g t h e c u r r e n t r e s i d u e f r o m t h e s m a l l e r a n d m o r e s e n s i t i v e
s u b l i s t a t 1 66 . ' * *
Cr o c k e t t s a i d h e d i d n ' t t h i n k t h e M c Le o d l i s t w a s i m p o r t a n t , b e i n g
c o m p r i s e d , a s h e c l a i m e d , o f d r u n k s a n d h o m o s e x u a l s a n d c a s e s o f m i s -
t a k e n i d e n t i t y
. Y e t s o m e h o w i t w a s i m p o r t e n t e n o u g h f o r h i m a n d Ru s k
t o r e f u s e a b s o l u t e l y t o s u r r e n d e r i t t o t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
. St i l l ,
Ab r a m Ch a y e s , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s Le g a l Ad v i s o r , c o n t i n u e d t o
i n s i s t t h a t St a t e h a d " n o t h i n g t o h i d e . " '
T h e r e w e r e t i m e s , t h o u g h , w h e n Ru s k w i s h e d t h a t h e c o u l d h i d e B i l l
Cr o c k e t t
. It w a s n o t m e r e l y Cr o c k e t t ' s a n n o y i n g h a b i t o f p o p p i n g o f f a t
u n t i m e l y m o m e n t s . T h a t w a s b a d e n o u g h
. B u t t h e m a n ' s t o t a l l a c k o f
s a v o i r f a i r e m u s t h a v e o f f e n d e d t h e Se c r e t a r y ' s O x f o r d - t r a i n e d i n s t i n c t s
.
Fo r d e s p i t e Cr o c k e t t ' s p r e t e n s i o n s , r o u g h e d g e s s t i l l s h o w e d b e n e a t h t h e
t h i n v e n e e r o f d i p l o m a c y .
It w a s t o o b a d , r e a l l y , t h a t Cr o c k e t t e v e r e n t e r e d g o v e r n m e n t
. H e m a y
h a v e m a d e a m o r e s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o h i s c o u n t r y i f h e h a d
r e m a i n e d i n h i s n a t i v e M i d w e s t
. B o r n i n Ci m a r r o n , Ka n s a s , i n 1 9 1 4 h e
w e n t t o w o r k i n a b a n k i n H a s t i n g s , Ne b r a s k a , r i g h t o u t o f h i g h s c h o o l
.
In W o r l d W a r IIh e s e r v e d i n t h e Ar m y , e m e r g i n g a s a c a p t a i n
. Af t e r w a r d
* T h e Se n a t o r s w e r e r e f e r r i n g , o f c o u r s e , t o t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s p e r s o n n e l s e c u r i t y
p r o g r a m , b u t o n e i s f o r c e d t o w o n d e r w h a t k i n d o f s i m i l a r p r o g r a m e x i s t e d a t CIAa l l d u r i n g
t h e y e a r s t h a t G r i g n o n l a b o r e d i n t h a t s h a d o w y j u n g l e .
1 *
Ra y m o n d Lo u g h t o n c o u n t e d 1 7 5 s t i l l i n t h e De p a r t m e n t f r o m t h e p o l i c y - m a k i n g l i s t
.
O t e p k a , o f c o u r s e , h a d b e e n d e n i e d a c c e s s t o SY f i l e s a n d t h i s i s w h y h e w a s a b l e m e r e l y
t o g i v e a n e s t i m a t e .
CRO CKET T

3 6 7
h e c o m p l e t e d w o r k t o w a r d h i s B . S. d e g r e e a t t h e Un i v e r s i t y o f Ne b r a s k a .
T h e n h e h e a d e d f o r Na p l e s , It a l y , w h e r e h e j o i n e d t h e U
. S
. M a r i t i m e
Co m m i s s i o n .
Ay e a r i n Na p l e s a p p a r e n t l y s p o i l e d Cr o c k e t t f o r t h e m u n d a n e w o r l d
o f b u s i n e s s . H e w a n t e d t o g e t b a c k i n t o i t , b u t i t j u s t d i d n ' t w o r k . Fi r s t
h e t r i e d h i s h a n d a t r u n n i n g t h e H i - W a y Si g n s Co m p a n y i n De n v e r . O n e
y e a r o f t h a t s e n t h i m b a c k t o t h e b a n k i n H a s t i n g s , w h e r e h e b e c a m e a n
a s s i s t a n t v i c e p r e s i d e n t . B y 1 9 5 1 , h o w e v e r , h e w a s s e e k i n g m o r e v e n -
t u r e s o m e p a s t u r e s . W i t h a l i t t l e p o l i t i c a l h e l p , h e f o u n d t h e m i n t h e
De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
As s i g n e d i n i t i a l l y t o B e i r u t , Le b a n o n , Cr o c k e t t m o v e d f r o m t h e r e t o
Ka r a c h i , a n d f i n a l l y t o Ro m e , w h e r e h e s p e n t f o u r y e a r s a s a n a t t a c h e
.
In It a l y h e m e t a n e r v o u s l i t t l e f e l l o w Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r n a m e d
W i l l i a m O
. B o s w e l l a n d t h e y b e c a m e , a c c o r d i n g t o B o s w e l l , " c l o s e
f r i e n d s
. " T h e y c a m e i n t o W a s h i n g t o n a b o u t t h e s a m e t i m e , i n 1 9 5 8 , a n d
a f t e r B o s w e l l w a s g i v e n t h e t i t l e o f Di r e c t o r o f t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y ,
Cr o c k e t t w a s n a m e d De p u t y As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e f o r b u d g e t a n d
f i n a n c e
. In 1 9 63 h e a s c e n d e d t o t h e l o f t y p e r c h o f o v e r s e e r o f a d m i n i s t r a -
t i o n i n t h e De p a r t m e n t w i t h j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r p e r s o n n e l , s e c u r i t y a n d
m y r i a d o t h e r d o m a i n s . As De a n Ru s k o n c e t e s t i f i e d , h e w a s i n a l m o s t
d a i l y c o n t a c t w i t h B i l l Cr o c k e t t . Fo r a w h i l e , a t l e a s t , t h e y m a d e a g r e a t
t e a m .
No m a t t e r h o w r e p u g n a n t Ru s k ' s m o r e s e n s i t i v e s e n s i b i l i t i e s m a y h a v e
f o u n d Cr o c k e t t , t h e Se c r e t a r y s e e m e d t o r e g a r d h i m a s a l m o s t i n d i s p e n -
s a b l e
. Ru s k w a s d i s a p p o i n t e d w h e n Cr o c k e t t i d e n t i f i e d h i m a s t h e m a n
w h o c o n t r o l l e d t h e O t e p k a c a s e . B u t h e c o u l d s h r u g t h a t o f f , t h o u g h t h e
s e c o n d t i m e i t m u s t h a v e g o t t e n a b i t s t i c k y .
It w o u l d n e v e r d o , o f c o u r s e , f o r Ru s k t o m a k e i t a p p e a r t h a t h e w a n t e d
t o g e t r i d o f Cr o c k e t t b e c a u s e o f a n y t h i n g c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e O t e p k a
m a t t e r . T h a t w o u l d h a v e b e e n t a n t a m o u n t t o a n a d m i s s i o n t h a t t h e s o l i d
r a n k s o n t h e Se v e n t h Fl o o r w e r e b e g i n n i n g t o b r e a k . B u t a c o u p l e o f
t h i n g s h a p p e n e d i n t h e e a r l y p a r t o f 1 9 66w h i c h g a v e t h e Se c r e t a r y
s u f f i c i e n t c a u s e t o e a s e o u t Cr o c k e t t a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e c h a l k u p a f e w
p o i n t s w i t h t h e Li b e r a l s , w h o w e r e b e c o m i n g i n c r e a s i n g l y c r i t i c a l o f
Ru s k ' s p u b l i c s t a n d o n t h e Vi e t n a m w a r .
Fi r s t , t h e r e w a s t h e m e s s y f l a p o v e r t h e f i r i n g o f Ab b a Sc h w a r t z . W i t h
B o b b y Ke n n e d y o u t o f t h e e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h , Ab b a h a d l o s t h i s p r i n c i p a l
p r o t e c t o r . B u t h e c o n t i n u e d t o o p e r a t e w i t h h i s c u s t o m a r y b o l d n e s s ,
o v e r r i d i n g Fr a n c e s Kn i g h t a t e v e r y t u r n .
Sc h w a r t z h a d a l s o b e e n o n e o f t h e c h i e f a u t h o r s o f a n e w i m m i g r a t i o n
3 68

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
b i l l w h i c h w a s d e s c r i b e d b y o n e In t e l l i g e n c e e x p e r t a s " t h e b i g g e s t T r o j a n
h o r s e i n h i s t o r y . " If Ab b a h a d h a d h i s w a y , s e v e r a l m i l l i o n a l l e g e d r e f -
u g e e s f r o m Ru s s i a a n d o t h e r Ir o n Cu r t a i n c o u n t r i e s w o u l d h a v e f l o o d e d
i n t o Am e r i c a , s e l e c t e d o f c o u r s e b y t h e KG B . T h e b i l l w a s r e v i s e d i n t h e
Co n g r e s s a n d m o s t , t h o u g h n o t a l l , o f Sc h w a r t z ' s p l a n s w e r e j e t t i s o n e d .
Ab b a ' s r o l e i n a t t e m p t i n g t o f o r c e h i s o w n p e c u l i a r i m m i g r a t i o n
p h i l o s o p h y o n t h e c o u n t r y b r o u g h t h e a v y Co n g r e s s i o n a l p r e s s u r e o n
P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n t o f i r e h i m . B u t t h e P r e s i d e n t c o r r e c t l y a n t i c i p a t e d a
b a r r a g e o f p o w e r f u l c r i t i c i s m i f h e d i d . Ca u g h t b e t w e e n t w o s t r o n g h a n d s ,
J o h n s o n h e l d h i s c a r d s c l o s e t o h i s v e s t a n d w a i t e d f o r Ab b a t o d e a l
a n o t h e r o n e f r o m t h e b o t t o m o f t h e d e c k . As m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d , h e d i d
n o t h a v e l o n g t o w a i t .
In J a n u a r y 1 9 66, t h r e e m o n t h s a f t e r t h e P r e s i d e n t s i g n e d t h e n e w
i m m i g r a t i o n l a w , Sc h w a r t z b r a z e n l y a p p r o v e d a p a s s p o r t f o r o n e J o s e p h
No r t h t o a t t e n d a Co m m u n i s t c o n f e r e n c e i n H a v a n a
. No r t h d i d n o t f a l l
i n t o t h e c a t e g o r y o f h i d d e n Co m m u n i s t s w h o c o u l d b e p r o t e c t e d b y t h e
n e w p a s s p o r t r e g u l a t i o n s ; h e w a s a c o l u m n i s t f o r t h e P a r t y ' s o f f i c i a l
o r g a n , T h e W o r k e r ,
a n d a s s u c h c o u l d b e d e n i e d a p a s s p o r t e v e n u n d e r
t h e h o p e l e s s l y i n e f f e c t i v e n e w r u l e s .
T h e i s s u a n c e o f t h e p a s s p o r t t o No r t h w a s a f l a g r a n t v i o l a t i o n o f t h e
Su p r e m e Co u r t r u l i n g , a n d a l t h o u g h Sc h w a r t z h a d b e e n g e t t i n g a w a y
w i t h s i m i l a r v i o l a t i o n s f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , t h i s t i m e t h e P r e s i d e n t f l a s h e d
t h e s i g n a l t o a x e Ab b a . AP r e s i d e n t i a l a i d e , W . M a r v i n W a t s o n , s o u g h t
o u t Cr o c k e t t , w h o a l l e g e d l y s u g g e s t e d a r e p l a y o f t h e o l d " r e d u c t i o n - i n -
f o r c e " g a m b i t w h i c h h a d b e e n u s e d t o c u t d o w n O t e p k a t h e f i r s t t i m e
a r o u n d i n 1 9 61 . T h e d e c i s i o n w a s m a d e s i m p l y t o a b o l i s h Sc h w a r t z ' s j o b
a s Ad m i n i s t r a t o r o f t h e B u r e a u o f Se c u r i t y a n d Co n s u l a r Af f a i r s
. As i n
O t e p k a ' s i n i t i a l d e m o t i o n , i t w o u l d b e c a l l e d " a n e c o n o m y m e a s u r e . "
T h e s c r e a m s o f o u t r a g e f r o m t h e Li b e r a l c o m m u n i t y r e s o u n d e d i n
W a s h i n g t o n f o r w e e k s . Co l u m n i s t s Ro w l a n d Ev a n s a n d Ro b e r t No v a k
h i n t e d d a r k l y o f " d e e p W h i t e H o u s e i n v o l v e m e n t " i n t h e f o r c e d r e s i g n a -
t i o n o f Sc h w a r t z . ' Li k e m a n y o t h e r s , t h e y e x e m p t e d De a n Ru s k , c l a i m -
i n g h e " k n e w o n l y t h e b a r e s t o u t l i n e s o f w h a t w a s h a p p e n i n g
. " In s t e a d ,
t h e y z e r o e d i n o n W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t .
Ly n d o n J o h n s o n f e l t t h e l a s h t o o , a n d n o d o u b t i t t a u g h t h i m a l e s s o n
o r t w o . Sp e a k i n g r u e f u l l y o f t h e " g r e a t p u b l i c - r e l a t i o n s j o b " i n b e h a l f o f
Sc h w a r t z , a W h i t e H o u s e s o u r c e w a s q u o t e d a s a d m i t t i n g
: " It h a s h u r t
u s m o r e t h a n a n y t h i n g i n y e a r s . " " P r a c t i c a l l y p l e a d i n g f o r a l e t - u p i n t h e
f l o g g i n g h i s b o s s w a s t a k i n g d a i l y i n t h e Li b e r a l p r e s s , W h i t e H o u s e a i d e
W i l l i a m M o y e r s i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t p l a n n e d " n o c h a n g e " i n t h e
CRO CKET T

3 69
i n c r e a s i n g l y w i d e - o p e n i m m i g r a t i o n , t r a v e l a n d r e f u g e e p o l i c i e s a d -
v o c a t e d b y Ab b a . 1 1
T h e s t a r k c o n t r a s t i n t h e o u t c r y o v e r Sc h w a r t z ' s o u s t e r a n d t h e t r e a t -
m e n t O t e p k a r e c e i v e d f r o m t h e s e s a m e e l e m e n t s o f t h e p r e s s i s i n d i c a t i v e
o f t h e d o u b l e s t a n d a r d t h a t i s t r a g i c a l l y i m p o s e d b y s o m u c h o f t h e
Fo u r t h Es t a t e . T h e a t t a c k o n W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t i s , i n t h i s i n s t a n c e , f u r t h e r
e v i d e n c e o f t h e h y s t e r i c a l o u t b u r s t s w h i c h t h e Li b e r a l s p e r i o d i c a l l y i n -
d u l g e i n w h e n o n e o f t h e i r o w n i s h u r t . T h e r e w a s s u c h a h u e a n d c r y
r a i s e d a g a i n s t Cr o c k e t t t h a t i t o f f e n d e d t h e c o n s c i e n c e o f a t l e a s t o n e
Li b e r a l , t h e Ne g r o c o l u m n i s t Ca r l Ro w a n
. H e a c c u s e d " s o m e n e w s p a -
p e r s a n d a h o s t o f Li b e r a l s " o f j u m p i n g " o f f t h e d e e p e n d o v e r t h e f i r i n g
o f Ab b a Sc h w a r t z . "
" If Cr o c k e t t i s a r e a c t i o n a r y , " w r o t e Ro w a n , " t h e n I' m t h e g r a n d
d r a g o n o f t h e Ku Kl u x Kl a n
. " H e w e n t o n t o c i t e Cr o c k e t t ' s r o l e i n s a v i n g
W i l l i a m W i e l a n d f r o m w h a t h e c a l l e d " t h e M c Ca r t h y i t e s " a n d t h e n
a d d e d :
T h e i r o n y o f t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e t a g b e i n g p i n n e d o n Cr o c k e t t i s a l l t h e
m o r e o b v i o u s t o a n y o n e w h o k n o w s t h e a b u s e h e h a s t a k e n f r o m
c o n s e r v a t i v e s b e c a u s e o f h i s h a n d l i n g o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e
. "
Ro w a n , f o r m e r l y c h i e f o f t h e U. S. In f o r m a t i o n Se r v i c e , d e v o t e d a
l e n g t h y c o l u m n t o a n e l o q u e n t p l e a f o r m e r c y f o r Cr o c k e t t . B u t h e m i g h t
a s w e l l h a v e s a v e d h i s s t r e n g t h . Ab b a Sc h w a r t z ' s f r i e n d s h a d s o m e t h i n g
t h e y h a d b e e n s a v i n g f o r B i l l Cr o c k e t t a n d n o w t h e y l e t h i m h a v e i t -
r i g h t b e t w e e n t h e e y e s .
T h e W a s h i n g t o n P o s t o p e n e d u p o n Cr o c k e t t i n a c r u s a d i n g f r o n t - p a g e
a r t i c l e t h a t w e n t o n f o r f o r t y - o d d b l i s t e r i n g p a r a g r a p h s . It m u s t b e s a i d
t h a t t h e w r i t e r s t u c k r e l i g i o u s l y t o t h e f a c t s , b u t u n l u c k i l y f o r M r . Cr o c k -
e t t e a c h f a c t w a s m o r e d a m n i n g t h a n t h e l a s t . W e w i l l a p p r o a c h t h i s s t o r y
h e r e i n s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t s e q u e n c e t h a n w a s r e p o r t e d i n t h e P o s t , g o i n g
b a c k a f u l l y e a r b e f o r e t h e c u r t a i n r i s e s i n t h e n e w s p a p e r a c c o u n t . . . .
In M a y 1 9 64 a St a t e De p a r t m e n t m e s s e n g e r b r o u g h t O t e p k a o n e o f
t h e r a r e p i e c e s o f m a i l t h a t f o u n d i t s w a y t o h i s s o l i t a r y c e l l i n Ro o m
3 8 - A0 5 . It c o n t a i n e d a w h i t e c a r d c a p t i o n e d " Sa l u t e t o P r e s i d e n t J o h n -
s o n , " a n d a l t h o u g h n o m e s s a g e a c c o m p a n i e d t h e c a r d , i t w a s s e l f -
e x p l a n a t o r y . O t e p k a c o u l d r e s e r v e s e a t s , a t $ 1 0 0 e a c h , f o r t h e " s a l u t e "
t o Ly n d o n a t t h e W a s h i n g t o n Ar m o r y
. Ch e c k s w e r e t o b e m a d e p a y a b l e
t o t h e De m o c r a t i c Na t i o n a l Co m m i t t e e .
It w a s a v i o l a t i o n o f t h e l a w f o r St a t e De p a r t m e n t p e r s o n n e l t o m a k e
p o l i t i c a l s o l i c i t a t i o n s o n g o v e r n m e n t p r o p e r t y , b u t O t e p k a k n e w i t w o u l d
b e f u t i l e t o p r o t e s t s o h e s i m p l y i g n o r e d i t . H o w e v e r , a f e w d a y s l a t e r h e
3 7 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
g o t a c a l l f r o m M r s
. Da i s y J o h n s o n , a m e m b e r o f t h e s t a f f o f An g i e r
B i d d l e Du k e , t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s w e a l t h y Ch i e f o f P r o t o c o l . Ap p a r e n t l y
O t e p k a ' s s t a t u s a s a n e x i l e h a d n o t p e n e t r a t e d t o P r o t o c o l , w h i c h i s
c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e l i g h t e r s i d e o f St a t e De p a r t m e n t l i f e . At a n y r a t e ,
M r s . J o h n s o n g r a c i o u s l y i n v i t e d h i m t o a b u f f e t s u p p e r t h a t w o u l d p r e -
c e d e t h e s a l u t e t o LB J . Al l h e h a d t o d o t o g e t i n w a s c o m e a c r o s s w i t h
a t l e a s t $ 1 0 0 f o r t h e Ar m o r y s h o w .
T h e h o s t s o f t h i s e x c l u s i v e a f f a i r , M r s
. J o h n s o n s a i d , w e r e t o b e M r .
Du k e a n d M r . Cr o c k e t t . O t e p k a d e c l i n e d , w i t h t h a n k s , a n d t h e g a l a w e n t
o n w i t h o u t h i m . Se v e r a l h u n d r e d De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s s h o w e d u p ,
t h o u g h , a n d t h e p r e s s o v e r h e a r d s o m e o f t h e m g r u m b l i n g a b o u t t h e
p o l i t i c a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s t h e y h a d b e e n f o r c e d t o p a y .
Ay e a r l a t e r Cr o c k e t t t h r e w a n o t h e r c o c k t a i l p a r t y f o r De p a r t m e n t
o f f i c i a l s w h o k i c k e d i n w i t h a n o t h e r m i n i m u m $ 1 0 0 f o r s t i l l a n o t h e r
s a l u t e t o t h e P r e s i d e n t a t t h e Ar m o r y , t h i s t i m e a Co n g r e s s i o n a l t r i b u t e
.
O t e p k a d i d n o t r e c e i v e a n i n v i t a t i o n t o t h i s p a r t y , b u t i t i s a t t h i s p o i n t
t h a t t h e W a s h i n g t o n P o s t s t o r y b e g i n s .
Cr o c k e t t a s k e d a c l o s e f r i e n d , No r m a n K. W i n s t o n , t o f o o t t h e b i l l f o r
t h e p a r t y . W i n s t o n , a r e a l e s t a t e d e v e l o p e r w i t h o f f i c e s i n Ne w Y o r k , w a s
s e r v i n g a s Cr o c k e t t ' s o f f i c i a l c o n s u l t a n t o n St a t e De p a r t m e n t r e a l t y p r o b -
l e m s i n P a r i s a n d M e x i c o Ci t y . B u t W i n s t o n h a d j u s t b e e n d u n n e d f o r
$ 1 , 0 0 0 t o a t t e n d t h e Ar m o r y a f f a i r , b r i n g i n g h i s t o t a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o
De m o c r a t c a u s e s s i n c e 1 9 60 t o $ 2 5 , 0 0 0
. Al l h e w o u l d c o m e u p w i t h f o r
Cr o c k e t t ' s p a r t y w a s a p a l t r y $ 3 0 0
.
Fa c e d w i t h t h e p r o s p e c t o f b e i n g s t u c k w i t h t h e b i g g e s t c h u n k o f t h e
p a r t y b i l l , Cr o c k e t t a s s i g n e d t w o o f h i s s t a f f , Ke n n e t h St r a w b e r r y a n d B e n
W e i n e r , t o s e e k o t h e r s o u r c e s o f s u p p o r t
. As t h e P o s t p u t i t :
T h e y d e c i d e d t o u s e t h e p a r t y t o d i s p l a y Am e r i c a n f o o d s a n d w i n e s
w h i c h m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d t r a d e a s s o c i a t i o n s w o u l d b e h a p p y t o c o n -
t r i b u t e . " W e o n l y a s k e d f o r t o k e n c o n t r i b u t i o n s , " s a i d St r a w b e r r y -
w i n e s , b o u r b o n , c h e e s e s , p a c k a g e d m e a t , a n d t h i n g s t o n i b b l e o n
. "
As a n i n d u c e m e n t , Cr o c k e t t ' s m e n p r o m i s e d t h a t t h e c o m p a n i e s w h i c h
c a m e t h r o u g h w o u l d b e p e r m i t t e d t o d i s p l a y a n d s e r v e s i m i l a r Am e r i c a n
p r o d u c t s a t U. S. e m b a s s i e s i n a n o v e r s e a s s a l e s p r o m o t i o n p r o g r a m - t h a t
i s , i f t h e w i n e a n d g o o d i e s w a s h e d d o w n w e l l a t t h e p a r t y
.
T h e b a s h c o s t Cr o c k e t t $ 2 2 7 . 5 0 i n o u t - o f - p o c k e t e x p e n s e s , b u t h e
f i g u r e d t h a t h e g o t o f f c h e a p . Se v e r a l t h o u s a n d s o f d o l l a r s o f " f r e e " f o o d
a n d d r i n k w e r e c o n s u m e d . Af e w w e e k s l a t e r h e j o u r n e y e d t o Ne w Y o r k
t o t h a n k h i s f r i e n d W i n s t o n f o r h e l p i n g o u t . W i n s t o n r e c i p r o c a t e d b y
g i v i n g Cr o c k e t t a h o t t i p o n s o m e s t o c k i n Da l t o n a , a W i n s t o n f i r m
CRO CKET T

3 7 1
s p e c i a l i z i n g i n Fl o r i d a r e a l e s t a t e s a l e s t o g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s . Cr o c k -
e t t w a s a l i t t l e p r e s s e d f o r c a s h , b u t W i n s t o n s e n t h i m 7 0 s h a r e s o f
Da l t o n a s t o c k , p l u s a b o x o f e x p e n s i v e n e c k t i e s , a s a t o k e n o f h i s e s t e e m
.
M o r e t h a n a m o n t h l a t e r Cr o c k e t t p a i d f o r t h e s t o c k w i t h a $ 63 0 c h e c k
d r a w n o n h i s o l d b a n k i n H a s t i n g s , Ne b r a s k a
. Fo u r m o r e m o n t h s p a s s e d
b e f o r e W i n s t o n c a s h e d t h e c h e c k . B y t h e n i t w a s a l m o s t t i m e t o t o s s
a n o t h e r p a r t y .
T h e n e x t Cr o c k e t t f e t e w a s a $ 1 0 0 - a - p l a t e t e s t i m o n i a l d i n n e r f o r Co n -
g r e s s m a n T h o m a s M o r g a n o f P e n n s y l v a n i a , Ch a i r m a n o f t h e H o u s e Fo r -
e i g n Af f a i r s Co m m i t t e e . O n c e a g a i n , t h e l o n g - s u f f e r i n g St a t e De p a r t m e n t
c o n t r i b u t o r s w e r e h i t , a l o n g w i t h s o m e o t h e r s . B u t i t w a s w o r t h i t . M o r -
g a n ' s c o m m i t t e e h a d f a v o r a b l y r e p o r t e d o n Cr o c k e t t ' s p e t p i e c e o f l e g i s -
l a t i o n , t h e H a y s B i l l , s o m e w h a t e a r l i e r a n d t h e l e a s t t h e De p a r t m e n t
c o u l d d o w a s s h o w i t s a p p r e c i a t i o n .
Un d e r t h e H a y s B i l l , Cr o c k e t t w o u l d h a v e b e c o m e h i g h c o m m i s s a r
o v e r a v a s t Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e d o m a i n w i t h p o w e r t o l i q u i d a t e t h e j o b s o f
a n y a n d a l l O t e p k a a d h e r e n t s o r o t h e r h e r e t i c s w h o m i g h t b e h i d i n g i n
t h e w o o d w o r k a t St a t e . In s t e a d o f t h e c o m p l i c a t e d h e a r i n g p r o c e d u r e h e
a n d Ru s k h a d b e e n f o r c e d t o o f f e r O t e p k a , h e c o u l d s i m p l y d r a f t a l l Ci v i l
Se r v i c e p e r s o n n e l i n t o t h e Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e Re s e r v e w h e r e t h e y c o u l d b e
" s e l e c t e d o u t " w i t h n o a p p e a l r i g h t s . T h e b i l l f a i l e d , b u t Cr o c k e t t c o u l d
h a r d l y h o l d t h a t a g a i n s t T o m M o r g a n . T h e r e w a s a l w a y s t h e n e x t Co n -
g r e s s i o n a l s e s s i o n a n d t h e H a y s B i l l m i g h t f a r e b e t t e r a n o t h e r y e a r .
Un f o r t u n a t e l y f o r Cr o c k e t t , t h e r e w o u l d n ' t b e a n y m o r e f u l l y e a r s a t
St a t e . T h e W a s h i n g t o n P o s t r e v e l a t i o n s , c o m i n g o n t o p o f t h e Ab b a
Sc h w a r t z f a n d a n g o a n d t h e r e p e a t e d s q u e a l i n g o n De a n Ru s k i n t h e
O t e p k a b u s i n e s s , f i n i s h e d h i m o f f . H e d i d h i s b e s t t o w r i g g l e o u t o f t h e
m o s t d a m a g i n g i t e m i n t h e P o s t i n d i c t m e n t , h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h No r -
m a n W i n s t o n . B u t i t d i d n ' t w a s h .
O n M a y 9 , 1 9 66, Cr o c k e t t c l a i m e d t h r o u g h h i s a i d e s t h a t " n o o f f i c i a l
o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a d a n y f i n a n c i a l d e a l i n g s w i t h W i n s t o n
. " T w o
d a y s l a t e r h e t h o u g h t b e t t e r o f t h i s f l a t d e n i a l a n d a d m i t t e d t h e s t o c k d e a l
.
" Id i d n o t h i n g w r o n g , " h e s a i d , " b u t It h i n k Iw a s s t u p i d b e c a u s e o f t h e
w a y i t m i g h t l o o k f r o m t h e o u t s i d e . " "
" T h e r e i s a p o l i t i c a l w o r l d h e r e , " Cr o c k e t t s i g h e d r e s i g n e d l y , " a n d o n e
h a s t o l e a r n t o l i v e i n i t . " It w a s t o o b a d t h a t j u s t w h e n h e h a d l e a r n e d
t o l i v e i n i t s o w e l l , h e w a s b o o t e d o u t .
B e f o r e h e w e n t , t h o u g h , Cr o c k e t t t o o k a f e w m o r e l u m p s . T h e Se n a t e
s u b c o m m i t t e e h a d f i n a l l y s t a r t e d r e l e a s i n g t h e t e s t i m o n y i n t h e O t e p k a
c a s e , a n d w i t h v i r t u a l l y e a c h n e w v o l u m e t h e w o r t h y De p u t y Un d e r -
3 7 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
s e c r e t a r y a b s o r b e d y e t a n o t h e r j a b
. P a r t 1 9 w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y r o u g h o n
h i m
. H i s o w n w o r d s u n d e r l i n e d h i s r o l e i n t h e 1 9 64 b u r n i n g o f t h e SY
f i e l d o f f i c e f i l e s a n d t h e t i g h t e n i n g - u p o f c o n t r o l o v e r t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e
i n v e s t i g a t i v e s t a f f .
Ec o n o m y w a s t h e w e l l - w o r n e x c u s e o n c e a g a i n , b u t t h e t e s t i m o n y
m a d e i t a p p a r e n t t h a t t h i s w a s n o t t h e r e a l m o t i v e . Se n a t o r s Ea s t l a n d a n d
Di r k s e n h a d v i g o r o u s l y p r o t e s t e d t h e b u r n i n g o f SY ' s f i l e s i n f i f t e e n c i t i e s ,
b u t Cr o c k e t t , a f t e r g i v i n g t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e a l o t o f d o u b l e t a l k , w e n t
r i g h t a h e a d a n d h a d t h e m b u r n e d a n y w a y , r i g h t d o w n t o t h e i n d e x f i l e
c a r d s t h e SY i n v e s t i g a t o r s k e p t o n s u s p i c i o u s c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e i r a r e a s .
T h e f i l e s i n c l u d e d r e c o r d s o n p o t e n t i a l a s s a s s i n s w h o m i g h t b e t e m p t e d
t o t a k e a p o t s h o t a t t h e P r e s i d e n t o r o t h e r d i g n i t a r i e s . Cr o c k e t t ' s e x c u s e
w a s t h a t t h e r e c o r d s w e r e m e r e l y d u p l i c a t e s o f p a p e r s a l r e a d y s t o r e d a t
h e a d q u a r t e r s i n W a s h i n g t o n , b u t t h a t w o u l d b e s m a l l c o n s o l a t i o n f o r a
v i s i t i n g a m b a s s a d o r o r w h a t h a v e y o u i f a l o c a l h o t h e a d o r t r a i n e d Co m -
m u n i s t d e c i d e d t o s l a y h i m i n P o r t l a n d o r P o d u n k . O n e e x a m p l e o f t h e
t r a g i c s t u p i d i t y , o r w o r s e , i n t h e f i l e - b u r n i n g o r d e r i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e Lo s
An g e l e s o f f i c e o f SY s h o u l d h a v e h a d a l i n e o n o n e Si r h a n Si r h a n b e f o r e
h e g u n n e d d o w n Ro b e r t Ke n n e d y i n J u n e 1 9 68 .
T w o Re p u b l i c a n m e m b e r s o f t h e H o u s e Co m m i t t e e o n Un - Am e r i c a n
Ac t i v i t i e s , Co n g r e s s m e n Au g u s t E. J o h a n s e n o f M i c h i g a n a n d J a m e s B
.
Ut t o f Ca l i f o r n i a , s u b s e q u e n t l y d i s c l o s e d t h a t Cr o c k e t t h a d n o t t o l d t h e
f u l l s t o r y a b o u t t h e f i l e s . An i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h e y c o n d u c t e d , w h i c h i n -
c l u d e d q u e s t i o n i n g o f t h e n e w SY c h i e f , G . M a r v i n G e n t i l e , c o n v i n c e d
t h e m t h a t o r i g i n a l s o f t h e d e s t r o y e d m a t e r i a l w e r e n o t a l l s t o r e d i n
W a s h i n g t o n . T h e y s a i d G e n t i l e a n d o t h e r St a t e De p a r t m e n t w i t n e s s e s
b e f o r e t h e i r c o m m i t t e e h a d g i v e n d e c e p t i v e t e s t i m o n y a b o u t t h e f i l e s .
" G e n t i l e g a v e u s g r a v e l y m i s l e a d i n g a n s w e r s t o o u r i n q u i r i e s , " t h e y
c h a r g e d . T h e m a t e r i a l t h a t w a s b u r n e d i n c l u d e d , i n t h e i r v i e w , " v i t a l a n d
a b s o l u t e l y i n d i s p e n s a b l e d a t a . " "
T h e f i l e - b u r n i n g w a s , h o w e v e r , o n l y o n e p a r t o f a t w o - p r o n g e d o f f e n -
s i v e a g a i n s t t h e f i e l d o f f i c e s . T h e i r n u m b e r w a s r e d u c e d f r o m n i n e t e e n t o
s e v e n , a n d a l t h o u g h r e s i d e n t a g e n t s w e r e l e f t i n m o s t o f t h e c i t i e s t h e i r
a u t h o r i t y w a s s e r i o u s l y u n d e r m i n e d .
In q u e s t i o n i n g Cr o c k e t t , J a y So u r w i n e a c c u r a t e l y o b s e r v e d
: " It a p -
p e a r s t h e s e m e n . . . a r e g o i n g t o l o s e a l l c o n t r o l o v e r t h e w o r k t h e y d o
. . . o v e r t h e r e p o r t s t h e y f i l e , e v e n t o t h e p o i n t o f c h e c k i n g w h e t h e r t h e y
w e r e p r o p e r l y t r a n s c r i b e d . T h e y a r e g o i n g t o l o s e a l l o f f i c e e q u i p m e n t
e x c e p t d i c t a t i n g m a c h i n e s , a n d i n c l u d i n g t y p e w r i t e r s . . . . Do e s t h e
CRO CKET T

3 7 3
De p a r t m e n t m e a n t o h a v e t h e s e m e n w o r k o u t o f t h e i r h o m e s
. . .
o u t
o f t h e i r h a t s , s o t o s p e a k ? "
Cr o c k e t t s a i d h e w a s n ' t s u r e
. " W e m i g h t , " h e r e p l i e d . " Id o n ' t s e e
a n y t h i n g w r o n g w i t h
i t . . . . It m i g h t s a v e s o m e m o n e y . " "
Cr o c k e t t h a d a l s o t r i e d t o s a v e s o m e m o n e y b y k e e p i n g t h e g u a r d s i n
t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a d q u a r t e r s b u i l d i n g t o a m i n i m u m . B u t a r a s h
o f r a p e s a n d a s s a u l t s i n t h e h a l l s , s t a i r w a y s , e l e v a t o r s , a n d e v e n i n t h e
o f f i c e s , r e v e a l e d t h e f a l l a c y o f h i s e c o n o m y . Aw o m a n i n t h e P a s s p o r t
Di v i s i o n w a s p o u n c e d u p o n i n a n e n c l o s e d s t a i r w a y b e t w e e n f l o o r s a n d
" s e x u a l l y m o l e s t e d
. " An o t h e r w o m a n w a s r e p o r t e d l y r a p e d i n a l a d i e s '
r o o m
. B o t h o f t h e s e i n c i d e n t s o c c u r r e d w i t h i n o n e w e e k i n t h e s u m m e r
o f 1 9 65 , b u t t h e a s s a u l t s c o n t i n u e d l o n g a f t e r t h a t . T h e P a s s p o r t Di v i s i o n
h a d t o o r d e r i t s w o m e n e m p l o y e e s t o w o r k a f t e r h o u r s o n l y i n t e a m s a n d
t h e y h a d t o b e e s c o r t e d i n a n d o u t o f t h e b u i l d i n g b y g u a r d s o r m a l e
o f f i c i a l s . "
T h e l i t t l e c r i m e w a v e o n Fo g g y B o t t o m w a s n o t r e f l e c t e d i n t h e t e s t i -
m o n y r e l e a s e d b y t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e , o f c o u r s e . B u t s o m u c h o t h e r d a -
m a g i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w a s d i s c l o s e d t h a t i t i s q u i c k l y a p p a r e n t w h y Ly n d o n
J o h n s o n a n d T o m Do d d s t r u g g l e d s o h a r d t o s u p p r e s s i t . O n e s a m p l e w i l l
s u f f i c e h e r e
. In a m e m o r a n d u m d a t e d Fe b r u a r y 1 , 1 9 65 , O t e p k a h a d a t
l a s t s t a t e d t h e h e a r t o f h i s c a s e i n b l u n t t e r m s
:
It i s a f a c t t h a t If o u n d m u c h d a t a i n d i c a t i n g t h a t s o - c a l l e d e r r o r s i n
f o r e i g n p o l i c y w e r e m o t i v a t e d b y p e r s o n s w i t h d u b i o u s b a c k g r o u n d s
w h o o c c u p i e d c r i t i c a l p o s i t i o n s i n t h e [ St a t e ] De p a r t m e n t , g i v i n g t h e m
t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o i n f l u e n c e o r p e r v e r t p o l i c y
.
Un f o r t u n a t e l y . . .
m y f i n d i n g s l a i d t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r f u t u r e a c t i o n
a g a i n s t m e b e c a u s e Ih a v e t r o d i n h a l l o w e d p l a c e s w h e r e n o o t h e r
s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r i n t h e De p a r t m e n t h a d d a r e d e n t e r
.
At l o n g l a s t , O t e p k a h a d p l a c e d h i s c a r d s o n t h e t a b l e , t h o u g h h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y r e f r a i n e d f r o m t u r n i n g t h e m f a c e u p s o t h e y c o u l d b e
i d e n t i f i e d
. No n e t h e l e s s , De a n Ru s k a n d W i l l i a m J
. Cr o c k e t t c o u l d g u e s s
w h a t t h e f a c e s l o o k e d l i k e , w h i c h e x p l a i n s t h e i r u n u s u a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n
t o k e e p O t e p k a f r o m e v e r a g a i n r e t u r n i n g t o SY
. H i s f i l e s t h e r e h a d b e e n
r i f l e d , a s O t e p k a d i s c o v e r e d w h e n h e w a s g i v e n a q u i c k p e e k a t t h e m i n
1 9 64
. B u t t h e r e w a s a l w a y s t h e d a n g e r t h a t d e s p i t e t h e b u r n i n g s i n t h e
f i e l d o f f i c e s a n d t h e r i f l i n g o f t h e f i l e s a t h e a d q u a r t e r s , h e m i g h t p u t s o m e
o f t h e p i e c e s b a c k t o g e t h e r a g a i n
.
LO ST SO M EW H EREINT H EINT ERM IT T ENT ANDEVERM O REFEEB LEO UT -
c r i e s s u r r o u n d i n g O t e p k a ' s d i s m i s s a l a n d e x i l e w a s t h e f a t e o f t h e s e v e n
o t h e r u n w a n t e d m e n w h o w e r e p u r g e d w i t h h i m f r o m t h e O f f i c e o f
Se c u r i t y . Y e t t h e s t o r y b e h i n d w h a t h a p p e n e d t o t h e s e t o p - n o t c h s e c u r i t y
o f f i c e r s i s i n m a n y w a y s e q u a l l y a s r e v e a l i n g a s w h a t b e f e l l O t e p k a
.
In t h e b e g i n n i n g , o n l y t w o w e r e e x i l e d w i t h O t e p k a - B i l l y H u g h e s a n d
J o h n No r p e l . B e f o r e l o n g , h o w e v e r , f i v e o t h e r s w e r e t o j o i n t h e m
. As t h e
1 9 68 Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e r e p o r t p o i n t e d l y p u t i t , " T h e r e w a s n o s l i p o f
t h e h a n d f r o m t h e w e a p o n " t h a t h a d c u t d o w n O t e p k a w h e n i t w a s t u r n e d
a g a i n s t h i s s u s p e c t e d s u p p o r t e r s . '
Af t e r s m a s h i n g t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y i n J u n e 1 9 63 , De a n Ru s k p r o -
c e e d e d t o p i c k u p t h e f e w r e m a i n i n g s t u r d y p i e c e s a n d h u r l t h e m h e a d -
l o n g i n t o o b s c u r i t y
. An y o n e e v e n r e m o t e l y s u s p e c t e d o f h a r b o r i n g
s y m p a t h y f o r O t e p k a a n d w h a t h e w a s f i g h t i n g f o r w a s b a n i s h e d f r o m SY
.
T o m a i n t a i n t h e f l i m s y f a c a d e t h a t t h e s e m e n w e r e s t i l l e n g a g e d i n
s e c u r i t y w o r k , Ru s k c r e a t e d a v e r y s p e c i a l Si b e r i a f o r t h e m
. Li k e t h e
p r o j e c t t o w h i c h h e h a d h a p p i l y l e t B o s w e l l s t r a p O t e p k a i n 1 9 61 , t h i s
p a r t i c u l a r p i e c e o f v e r b o t e n
t e r r i t o r y h a d a l r e a d y b e e n s t a k e d o u t
. An d
t h e r e b y h a n g s a n o t h e r t a l e . . . .
O n a s t a t e v i s i t t o W a s h i n g t o n e a r l y i n t h e Ne w Fr o n t i e r , P r e s i d e n t
3 7 4
T H EUNW ANT ED

3 7 5
J o r g e Al e s s a n d r i o f Ch i l e h a d t a k e n J a c k Ke n n e d y a s i d e a t t h e W h i t e
H o u s e
. T h e Ch i l e a n ' s In t e l l i g e n c e p e o p l e h a d r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e Un i t e d
St a t e s w a s b e i n g p e n e t r a t e d b y La t i n Am e r i c a n Co m m u n i s t s , m a n y o f
t h e m a c c o m p l i s h e d So v i e t s p i e s . Al e s s a n d r i f e l t i t w a s h i s d u t y t o w a r n
P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y .
P r e s i d e n t Al e s s a n d r i t o l d Ke n n e d y t h a t s e v e r a l d o z e n s u s p e c t e d Co m -
m u n i s t a g e n t s , m o s t o f w h o m w e r e w o r k i n g r i g h t i n W a s h i n g t o n , h a d
a t t a c h e d t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n o f Am e r i c a n St a t e s , t h e P a n -
Am e r i c a n Un i o n , P a n - Am e r i c a n H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d o t h e r i n t e r n a -
t i o n a l a g e n c i e s
. Se v e r a l h a d w o r m e d t h e i r w a y i n t o k e y p o l i c y p o s i t i o n s
w i t h O AS
. O t h e r s w e r e i n v o l v e d i n h e l p i n g t o f i n d s u i t a b l e c h a n n e l s f o r
t h e Al l i a n z a d e P r o g r e s s o l a r g e s s e w h i c h w a s a b o u t t o p u m p h u n d r e d s o f
m i l l i o n s o f Am e r i c a n t a x d o l l a r s i n t o La t i n Am e r i c a
.
Al e s s a n d r i w a s u n d e r s t a n d a b l y a l a r m e d . H e c o u l d s e e t h a t U
. S
. f u n d s
w o u l d b e u s e d t o f i n a n c e f u r t h e r Co m m u n i s t s u b v e r s i o n a n d t e r r o r i s m i n
So u t h Am e r i c a
. T h e p e o p l e a n d g o v e r n m e n t s o f t h e La t i n c o u n t r i e s w e r e
h a v i n g a d i f f i c u l t e n o u g h t i m e c o m b a t t i n g t h e Co m m u n i s t a g e n t s d e -
s c e n d i n g o n t h e m l i k e l o c u s t s f r o m t h e So v i e t b a s e o n Cu b a . T o h a v e
u n l i m i t e d t r a n s f u s i o n s o f
Y a n q u i d o l l a r s s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e t e r r o r i s t a n d
p r o p a g a n d i s t i c a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e s e a g e n t s w a s i n d e e d a f r i g h t e n i n g p r o s -
p e c t .
T h e P r e s i d e n t o f Ch i l e n e v e r s u s p e c t e d , o f c o u r s e , t h a t t h e Ne w B r e e d
i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w a s b u s i l y l a b o r i n g t o m a k e Am e r i c a a l e a d i n g
e x p o r t e r o f r e v o l u t i o n
. H e c o u l d n o t h a v e g u e s s e d t h e n t h a t t h e s e f a c e -
l e s s f u n c t i o n a r i e s w o u l d s o o n e n l i s t B o b b y a n d J a c k Ke n n e d y i n t h e i r
c a u s e
. B e f o r e l o n g , h o w e v e r , m a n y La t i n s w e r e j o l t e d b y a Ke n n e d y
o f f e n s i v e w h i c h s t r a n g e l y e c h o e d t h e s a m e a r g u m e n t s u s e d b y t h e
a g e n t s
p r o v o c a t e u r s s w a r m i n g d o w n o n t h e m f r o m Cu b a
.
" Ea c h y e a r , " Ar t h u r Sc h l e s i n g e r r e m i n d s u s , " h e [ P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y ]
m a d e a La t i n Am e r i c a n t r i p , w i t h t h e d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n h i s c o n s t a n t
t h e m e
. " ' Du r i n g o n e i n c e n d i a r y s p e e c h i n Co s t a Ri c a , Ke n n e d y h a d
s h a k e n h i s h o s t s b y u r g i n g a s t u d e n t a u d i e n c e t o s t r u g g l e f o r " l a n d f o r
t h e l a n d l e s s " a n d a s p e e d y e n d o f " a n c i e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s w h i c h p e r p e t u a t e
p r i v i l e g e , " b o t h f a v o r i t e Co m m u n i s t t h e m e s i n a l l La t i n c o u n t r i e s
. '
No n e t h e l e s s , P r e s i d e n t Al e s s a n d r i ' s w a r n i n g s t r u c k a m i l d l y r e s p o n -
s i v e c h o r d i n Ke n n e d y ' s Ce l t i c s o u l
. So m e d i m l y r e m e m b e r e d m e m o r y
f r o m t h e d a y s w h e n h e h a d h a r b o r e d t h e s a m e s u s p i c i o n s a s J o e
M c Ca r t h y c a u s e d h i m t o b e s t i r h i m s e l f , i f o n l y j u s t a l i t t l e . It w a s o n e
t h i n g t o a d v o c a t e t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f " a n c i e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s " i n La t i n
Am e r i c a ; i t w a s q u i t e a n o t h e r t o c o u n t e n a n c e o p e n l y t h e i r t o o s p e e d y
3 7 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
d e m o l i t i o n i n t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
. O r p e r h a p s h e m e r e l y w a n t e d t o a l l a y
Al e s s a n d r i ' s f e a r s .
W h a t e v e r h i s m o t i v a t i o n , Ke n n e d y a c t u a l l y d i d i n i t i a t e a n i n q u i r y i n t o
Al e s s a n d r i ' s a l l e g a t i o n s
. In d u e t i m e , a m e m o r a n d u m t r a v e l e d f r o m t h e
W h i t e H o u s e t o t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t r e q u e s t i n g a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n
. M a n y
m o n t h s l a t e r t h e r e p l y w e n t b a c k , c o n s p i c u o u s l y a d d r e s s e d t o M c G e o r g e
B u n d y
. As w e h a v e s e e n , t h i s r e p l y b e c a m e a p r i n c i p a l p a r t o f t h e f r a m e -
u p o f O t e p k a
. H o w e v e r , t h e r e f e r e n c e s t o i t i n t h e d i s m i s s a l c h a r g e s w e r e
c a r e f u l l y c l o a k e d i n a m b i g u i t y . No o n e w a s s u p p o s e d t o k n o w a b o u t t h e
p r o j e c t t o w h i c h t h e B u n d y m e m o r e f e r r e d . It b o r e a t o p - s e c r e t l a b e l
.
T h e p r o j e c t f l o u n d e r e d a i m l e s s l y a r o u n d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t u n t i l
m i d - M a r c h 1 9 64 . At t h a t p o i n t a h a l f - d o z e n o f t h e m o s t s u s p i c i o u s
c h a r a c t e r s t h o u g h t t o b e s i d i n g w i t h O t e p k a w e r e r o u n d e d u p a n d r e a s -
s i g n e d e n m a s s e t o t h e B u r e a u o f In t e r - Am e r i c a n Af f a i r s t o w o r k o n t h e
s u p e r c l a s s i f i e d p r o b l e m o f P r e s i d e n t Al e s s a n d r i ' s c h a r g e s
.
O n l y B i l l y H u g h e s , s t i l l l a n g u i s h i n g i n t h e M e m p h i s f i e l d o f f i c e , e s -
c a p e d t h i s s e n t e n c e
. O f t h e o t h e r s , f o u r w e r e p l u c k e d r i g h t o u t o f t h e
Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n - Ed w i n B u r k h a r d t , Fr a n c i s G a r d n e r , H a r r y H i t e ,
a n d Ra y m o n d Lo u g h t o n
. Af i f t h , H o w a r d Sh e a , w a s l i f t e d f r o m SY ' s
In v e s t i g a t i o n s Di v i s i o n . T h e s i x t h w a s J a c k No r p e l , w h o w a s r e s u r r e c t e d
f r o m t h e W a s h i n g t o n f i e l d o f f i c e a n d r e t u r n e d t o Ev a l u a t i o n s a m o n t h
e a r l i e r , j u s t i n t i m e t o j o i n t h e e x o d u s t o t h e " s e c r e t " p r o j e c t i n In t e r -
Am e r i c a n Af f a i r s .
Ne w q u a r t e r s w e r e f o u n d f o r t h e e x i l e s i n t h e g l e a m i n g n e w Fo g g y
B o t t o m h e a d q u a r t e r s , b u t t h e y m i g h t a s w e l l h a v e b e e n s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d
m i l e s a w a y
. In f a c t , i t p r o b a b l y w o u l d h a v e b e e n e a s i e r f o r t h e m e n t o
c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h t h e i r s u p e r i o r s f r o m f a r o f f Ir k u t s k o r O u t e r M o n g o l i a
.
Ve r y l i t t l e m a i l c a m e i n t o t h e i r o f f i c e , a n d n o n e o f i t w a s i n a n y w a y
c o n n e c t e d w i t h p e r s o n n e l s e c u r i t y i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
. No r p e l
a n d t h e o t h e r s w e r e t o l d t h a t t h e y h a d t o d e a l w i t h t h e De p a r t m e n t
t h r o u g h Co l o n e l G e o r g e W
. Fr e n c h , J r . , a r e t i r e d Ar m y o f f i c e r r o p e d i n t o
SY t o g i v e a r e a s s u r i n g m i l i t a r y b e a r i n g t o t h e d i s m e m b e r e d s e c u r i t y
p r o g r a m
. T h e c o l o n e l w a s p o l i t e , b u t s i n g u l a r l y u n c o m m u n i c a t i v e .
T h e a s s i g n m e n t t h a t t h e e x i l e s h a d b e e n h a n d e d w a s a m a s t e r p i e c e o f
St a t e De p a r t m e n t d o u b l e - t h i n k
. T h e y w e r e t o l d t o c h e c k i n t o Al e s s a n -
d r i ' s a l l e g a t i o n s , b u t t h e y w e r e g i v e n f e w t o o l s t o w o r k w i t h
. As a m a t t e r
o f f a c t , t h e i r s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r c r e d e n t i a l s w e r e e v e n t u a l l y t a k e n f r o m t h e m
t o m a k e c e r t a i n t h e y c o u l d n o t c o n d u c t a m e a n i n g f u l i n v e s t i g a t i o n
.
H o w e v e r , e v e n i f t h e y h a d b e e n g i v e n
c a r t e b l a n c h e t o d o t h e j o b , l i t t l e
o r n o t h i n g c o u l d h a v e b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d
. T h e y w e r e s u p p o s e d t o b e
T H EUNW ANT ED

3 7 7
c h e c k i n g o n f o r e i g n n a t i o n a l s , b u t u n l e s s t h e y h a d f r e e a c c e s s t o t h e m o s t
s e c r e t In t e l l i g e n c e f i l e s o f a s c o r e o f c o u n t r i e s a b r o a d , p r e f e r a b l y i n c l u d -
i n g Ru s s i a ' s , t h e r e w a s v i r t u a l l y n o w a y o f p i n n i n g d o w n p r e c i s e b a c k -
g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e s u s p e c t s . M a n y h a d b e e n s h i f t i n g a b o u t f r o m
o n e c o u n t r y t o a n o t h e r f o r y e a r s , p r o b a b l y c h a n g i n g t h e i r n a m e s a n d
c o v e r a t e a c h n e w s t o p .
So m e o f t h e p e o p l e Al e s s a n d r i i d e n t i f i e d h a d b e e n w o r k i n g i n Am e r i c a
f o r a d e c a d e o r m o r e . B u t t h e p r i v i l e g e d s a n c t u a r i e s t h e y o c c u p i e d i n t h e
u n t o u c h a b l e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s m a d e i t e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t t o
c h e c k o n t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s .
M o r e t o t h e p o i n t , t h o u g h , a l l s i x o f t h e o u s t e d s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s k n e w
t h a t t h e w h o l e p r o j e c t w a s a f a r c e , d e s i g n e d p u r e l y a n d s i m p l y t o r e m o v e
t h e m f r o m SY . If b y s o m e m i r a c l e No r p e l a n d h i s c o - w o r k e r s h a d g o t t h e
g o o d s o n t h e m e n Al e s s a n d r i n a m e d , t h e y r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t w o u l d d o e x a c t l y n o t h i n g a b o u t i t . Fo r t h e t r u t h i s t h a t m a n y o f
t h e s e s a m e a l l e g e d a g e n t s h a d b e e n i d e n t i f i e d y e a r s b e f o r e b y o t h e r
r e l i a b l e s o u r c e s . Y e t t h e y h a d b e e n p e r m i t t e d t o r e s i d e , a n d p r e s u m a b l y
p l y t h e i r e s o t e r i c t r a d e , i n W a s h i n g t o n , Ne w Y o r k , M i a m i a n d o t h e r w a y
s t o p s a l o n g t h e c o u r i e r r o u t e s t o M o s c o w , H a v a n a a n d P e i p i n g .
T h e f a t u o u s n e s s o f t h e p r o j e c t i s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t i t h a d
b e e n p r o p o s e d , e x p l o r e d a n d r e j e c t e d b y t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y m o r e t h a n
a d e c a d e b e f o r e . M o r e o v e r , a s O t e p k a h a d r e p e a t e d l y p o i n t e d o u t , t h e r e
w a s a v e r y s i m p l e s o l u t i o n t o t h e w h o l e p r o b l e m . Al l t h e St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t h a d t o d o w a s t o l i f t t h e v i s a s a n d r e s i d e n t p e r m i t s o f t h e s u s p e c t e d
Co m m u n i s t a g e n t s a n d e v i c t t h e m f r o m t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
. O f c o u r s e , t h e
De p a r t m e n t w o u l d n e v e r c o n s i d e r s u c h r u d e a c t i o n , a n d O t e p k a ' s r e c -
o m m e n d a t i o n w a s r e j e c t e d o u t o f h a n d .
B y c l a m p i n g a " t o p s e c r e t " c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o n t h e e n t i r e p r o j e c t , t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t h o p e d t o k e e p i t f r o m p u b l i c v i e w . Li k e s o m a n y
p r o j e c t s s i m i l a r l y c l a s s i f i e d i n t h e Ke n n e d y - J o h n s o n e r a a n d , f o r t h a t
m a t t e r , b e f o r e , t h e " s e c r e t " s t a m p w a s a p p l i e d s o l e l y t o h i d e i n f o r m a t i o n
f r o m t h e Am e r i c a n p e o p l e a n d i t s d u l y e l e c t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s .
De s p i t e t h i s p r e c a u t i o n , t h e s t o r y e v e n t u a l l y d i d g e t o u t . O n Se p t e m -
b e r 2 8 , 1 9 64 , t h e Am e r i c a n Se c u r i t y Co u n c i l ' s W a s h i n g t o n Re p o r t
c a r -
r i e d a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t b y t h i s w r i t e r , p i e c e d t o g e t h e r f r o m
v a r i o u s s o u r c e s . It s s i g n i f i c a n c e w a s l o s t i n t h e s o u n d a n d f u r y o f t h e
P r e s i d e n t i a l c a m p a i g n , a n d t h e r e w a s l i t t l e r e a c t i o n - e x c e p t f r o m t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t . J a c k No r p e l w a s o r d e r e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e " l e a k " a n d
h e w a s f o r c e d t o i n t e r r o g a t e m e f o r s e v e r a l h o u r s . Ne e d l e s s t o s a y , t h e
s o u r c e s w e r e n o t r e v e a l e d .
3 7 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
T h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e De p a r t m e n t t o t h e d i s c l o s u r e o f t h e La t i n s p y
p r o j e c t i s r a t h e r p u z z l i n g . Fo r w h e n Ke n n e d y t o s s e d t h e b a l l t o t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t h e m i g h t a s w e l l h a v e b r o a d c a s t P r e s i d e n t Al e s s a n d r i ' s
c h a r g e s t o t h e w o r l d
.
O n e o f t h e f i r s t t h i n g s t h e De p a r t m e n t d i d w a s t o s e n d a c i r c u l a r t o
a l l U. S
. e m b a s s i e s i n La t i n Am e r i c a d e s c r i b i n g t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s i n q u i r y
a n d a s k i n g f o r i n f o r m a t i o n o n " t h i s g e n e r a l s u b j e c t . " T h u s , a l l Fo r e i g n
Se r v i c e o f f i c e r s s o u t h o f t h e Ri o G r a n d e , a m o n g w h o m , w e c a n s a f e l y
p r e s u m e , w a s a t l e a s t o n e b l a b b e r m o u t h , o r w o r s e , w e r e a l e r t e d t o t h e
" t o p s e c r e t " p r o j e c t .
T h e l i s t o f s u s p e c t e d s p i e s e v e n t u a l l y g r e w t o s e v e r a l s c o r e n a m e s ,
s o m e s u p p l i e d b y Ch i l e a n d s o m e f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e
a n c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n t h e U. S. h a d b e e n s i t t i n g o n s i n c e t h e e a r l y 1 9 5 0 ' s .
In t e r e s t i n g l y , m a n y o f t h e m o r e r e c e n t a r r i v a l s a m o n g t h e a c c u s e d
e s p i o n a g e a r t i s t s w e r e Cu b a n s , a n d n o t a f e w h a d a c t u a l l y s e r v e d i n Fi d e l
Ca s t r o ' s g o v e r n m e n t . Se v e r a l w e r e k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n i n t o u c h w i t h t h e
So v i e t e m b a s s y o n 1 6t h St r e e t . So m e h a d c l o s e f r i e n d s i n t h e De p a r t m e n t
o f St a t e , w i t h w h o m t h e y w e r e o f t e n s e e n b e n d i n g f r a t e r n a l e l b o w s i n t h e
c a p i t a l ' s b i s t r o s a n d s i d e w a l k c a f e s .
Aw h o l e c l u t c h o f Cu b a n s w e r e l a b o r i n g i n t h e P a n - Am e r i c a n Un i o n ,
a s s i d u o u s l y d r a w i n g u p e c o n o m i c a i d p r o j e c t s f o r Am e r i c a n t a x p a y e r s t o
f i n a n c e . An o t h e r Cu b a n c l i q u e w a s o p e r a t i n g i n s i d e t h e P a n - Am e r i c a n
H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n , p l a n n i n g a d d i t i o n a l s u r g e r y o n t h e U. S. T r e a s u r y .
O n e o f t h e " e c o n o m i c e x p e r t s " i n t h e P a n - Am e r i c a n Un i o n , a n i n t i -
m a t e f r i e n d o f W i l l i a m W i e l a n d , h a d a c t u a l l y b e e n r e g i s t e r e d a s a f o r e i g n
a g e n t i n W a s h i n g t o n d u r i n g t h e l a t e 1 9 5 0 ' s
. H i s n a m e w a s Er n e s t o
B e t a n c o u r t y H e r n a n d e z a n d h e h a d r e p r e s e n t e d Ca s t r o ' s " 2 6t h o f J u l y "
r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t . T h e d a y Ca s t r o m o v e d i n t o H a v a n a , B e t a n -
c o u r t a n d a g u n - t o t i n g g a n g o f o t h e r Cu b a n s s e i z e d t h e Cu b a n e m b a s s y
i n W a s h i n g t o n o n b e h a l f o f Fi d e l . H e w a s r e w a r d e d w i t h a n i m p o r t a n t
p o s t i n H a v a n a , a s m a n a g i n g d i r e c t o r o f t h e Cu b a n B a n k o f Fo r e i g n
T r a d e , b u t w i t h i n a y e a r h e h a d l o s t h i s j o b . W h e n h e r e t u r n e d t o W a s h -
i n g t o n h e w a s p r o m p t l y h i r e d b y t h e P a n - Am e r i c a n Un i o n .
T h e r e w a s n o p r o o f t h a t B e t a n c o u r t w a s a Co m m u n i s t , b u t h i s a c t i v i -
t i e s o n b e h a l f o f t h e " 2 6t h o f J u l y " g u n m e n s h o u l d h a v e b e e n e n o u g h t o
r u l e o u t h i s e m p l o y m e n t b y a n o r g a n i z a t i o n d e v o t e d t o i n t e r - Am e r i c a n
a m i t y a n d l a r g e l y s u p p o r t e d b y U
. S
. t a x p a y e r s . B e t a n c o u r t , h o w e v e r , w a s
b u t o n e o f d o z e n s w i t h s i m i l a r b a c k g r o u n d s a n d h e i s m e n t i o n e d h e r e
o n l y a s a n e x a m p l e o f t h e o v e r a l l p r o b l e m .
Is o l a t e d i n t h e B u r e a u o f In t e r - Am e r i c a n Af f a i r s , w h e r e t h e y h a d g o o d
T H EUNW ANT ED

3 7 9
r e a s o n t o s u s p e c t t h e i r o f f i c e s w e r e w i r e d f o r s o u n d , O t e p k a ' s f o r m e r
a s s o c i a t e s u n d e r s t o o d t o o w e l l t h a t t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l c a r e e r s h a d b e e n
r u i n e d .
Ea c h o n e o f t h e s e m e n h a d d e v o t e d t h e b e s t p a r t o f h i s w o r k i n g l i f e
t o t h e e s s e n t i a l l y t h a n k l e s s j o b o f t r y i n g t o h e l p p r o t e c t h i s c o u n t r y
a g a i n s t s u b v e r s i o n b y a r u t h l e s s e n e m y b e n t o n Am e r i c a ' s d e s t r u c t i o n .
T h e y h a d a l l a c c e p t e d t h e a n o n y m i t y o f t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a s a n e c e s s a r y
p a r t o f t h e g a m e a n d t h e y k n e w t h a t t h e f i n a n c i a l r e w a r d s , w h i l e a d e -
q u a t e , w o u l d n e v e r m a k e t h e m w e a l t h y .
An y o n e o f t h e m c o u l d h a v e d o n e f a r b e t t e r i n b u s i n e s s o r i n d u s t r y i f
h e h a d s t a r t e d e a r l y e n o u g h . No w , h o w e v e r , t h e y w e r e a l l f o r t y i s h o r
o v e r a n d o n e w a s i n h i s f i f t i e s
. It w o u l d h a v e b e e n d i f f i c u l t f o r t h e m t o
l a u n c h n e w c a r e e r s , t h o u g h t h a t w a s n o t t h e p r i m a r y r e a s o n w h y t h e y
h u n g o n a t St a t e
. T h e y a l l k n e w t h a t t h e y h a d b e c o m e s y m b o l s , w i t h
O t e p k a , o f t h e c a u s e o f s o u n d s e c u r i t y .
No t c o n t e n t w i t h e x i l i n g a n d i s o l a t i n g t h e s e m e n , t h e St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t e x e r t e d o t h e r p r e s s u r e s o n t h e m i n t h e o b v i o u s h o p e t h a t t h e y
w o u l d r e s i g n o r g i v e u p . T h e De p a r t m e n t t r i e d t o g e t t w o o f t h e c a s t o f f s
t o s u b m i t t o p s y c h i a t r i c e x a m i n a t i o n s a n d a t h i r d , Ed w i n B u r k h a r d t , w a s
a c t u a l l y a c c u s e d , i n e f f e c t , o f h a v i n g f l i p p e d h i s l i d .
T h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e s a w t h i s a s a n o t h e r p i e c e o f t h e f a m i l i a r
p a t t e r n i t h a d o b s e r v e d e a r l i e r i n Re i l l y ' s a c c u s a t i o n s a g a i n s t O t e p k a .
T h e Se n a t o r s f o u n d t h a t a n a d v e r s e e f f i c i e n c y r e p o r t o n B u r k h a r d t w a s
b a s e d o n r e m a r k s h e h a d m a d e w h e n t h e p e r j u r y o f Re i l l y & Co m p a n y
w a s r e v e a l e d i n t h e f a l l o f 1 9 63 . O n t h a t o c c a s i o n B u r k h a r d t h a d b e e n
i n d i s c r e e t e n o u g h t o s a y t h a t " Iw o u l d h a t e t o h a v e t o i n t e r v i e w a p p l i -
c a n t s t o d a y , q u e s t i o n i n g t h e i r i n t e g r i t y , w i t h t h e h e a d l i n e s t h a t a r e i n t h e
n e w s p a p e r s t h i s m o r n i n g . " 5 Fo r t h i s m i l d r e m a r k h e h a d b e e n c i t e d f o r
h i s " e m o t i o n a l d i s p l a y s o f t e m p e r " !
W h e n s u m m o n e d b y t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e i n 1 9 64 , f o u r o f t h e o u t c a s t s
g a v e t e s t i m o n y w h i c h s u p p o r t e d O t e p k a ' s p o s i t i o n
. T h e i r a c c o u n t s o f
w h a t h a d t r a n s p i r e d i n SY d u r i n g t h e r e i g n o f t h e Ru s k - Ke n n e d y p u p p e t s
t h o r o u g h l y s u b s t a n t i a t e d m a n y o f t h e p o i n t s m a d e b y O t e p k a i n t h e
s u b d u e d p i c t u r e h e h a d d r a w n o f t h e d e l i b e r a t e d e s t r u c t i o n o f SY
.
Fu r t h e r r e p r i s a l s f o r t h i s w e r e s o o n f o r t h c o m i n g . O n e b y o n e t h e s i x
m e n w e r e p i c k e d o f f . T h e i r l i t t l e g r o u p w a s b r o k e n u p a n d i t s m e m b e r s
s c a t t e r e d . Ra y Lo u g h t o n w a s t h e f i r s t t o g o . In J a n u a r y 1 9 65 h e a c c e p t e d
a s s i g n m e n t t o t h e Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e In s t i t u t e a n d t h e n t o t h e c o n s u l a t e a t
G u a d a l a j a r a , M e x i c o , w h e r e h i s l o n g y e a r s o f s e c u r i t y e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e
J u s t i c e , De f e n s e a n d St a t e De p a r t m e n t s w e r e s u r e t o b e w a s t e d .
3 8 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
In M a r c h o f 1 9 65 J a c k No r p e l a n d H o w a r d Sh e a w e r e n o t i f i e d t h a t
t h e y t o o w e r e t o b e b a n i s h e d f r o m W a s h i n g t o n . No r p e l w a s a s s i g n e d t o
t h e SY o f f i c e i n El P a s o a n d Sh e a t o De n v e r . B o t h m e n d e c i d e d t o f i g h t
t h e t r a n s f e r s a n d t h e y w e r e d i s m i s s e d w i t h o u t p a y . Ay e a r p a s s e d b e f o r e
t h e d i s m i s s a l c h a r g e s a g a i n s t t h e m w e r e d r o p p e d . O n t h e a d v i c e o f t h e i r
a t t o r n e y s , w h o s a w t h a t t h e t w o m e n w e r e m e r e l y b l o o d y i n g t h e i r h e a d s
a g a i n s t a s t o n e w a l l , No r p e l a n d Sh e a a g r e e d t o s u b m i t t h e i r r e s i g n a t i o n s
.
T h e y c o l l e c t e d t h e i r b a c k p a y a n d w e r e s e n t p a c k i n g .
Sh e a w e n t t o t h e In t e r n a l Re v e n u e Se r v i c e , r e l i e v e d t o b e f r e e o f t h e
f u n n y h o u s e o n Fo g g y B o t t o m
. No r p e l w e a t h e r e d s e v e r a l l e a n y e a r s ,
d e t e r m i n e d t o f i n d w o r k i n t h e s e c u r i t y f i e l d . Al t h o u g h f o r m e r FB Ia g e n t s
a r e u s u a l l y i n d e m a n d b o t h i n g o v e r n m e n t a n d i n d u s t r y , No r p e l d i s c o v -
e r e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e n o j o b s a v a i l a b l e t o h i m i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n a r e a
.
Fi n a l l y , h o w e v e r , h e w a s g i v e n a p o s t o n t h e s t a f f o f t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l
Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , a n d i n l a t e 1 9 67 , w h e n B e n M a n d e l r e t i r e d a s
r e s e a r c h d i r e c t o r , J a c k No r p e l t o o k h i s p l a c e
.
Fr a n c i s G a r d n e r , t h e o t h e r e x - FB Im a n O t e p k a h a d h i r e d f o r h i s
s p e c i a l p r o j e c t s t a f f i n 1 9 61 , s a w t h a t t h e i n d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e p u b l i c a n d
t h e Co n g r e s s h a d d o o m e d t h e i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y b u s i n e s s a n d h e d e c i d e d
t o g e t o u t o f i t e n t i r e l y . In t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 65 h e a c c e p t e d a t r a n s f e r
f r o m t h e La t i n Am e r i c a n s p y p r o j e c t t o a m a n a g e m e n t a n a l y s t p o s t .
Fr o m t h e r e h e w a s a s s i g n e d , i n l a t e 1 9 65 , t o J u a r e z , a M e x i c a n p o s t
s u i t a b l y i n s u l a t e d f r o m t h e c o u n t e r s u b v e r s i o n f i e l d t o w h i c h h e h a d
d e v o t e d s e v e n t e e n y e a r s .
O n l y H a r r y H i t e a n d Ed B u r k h a r d t w e r e l e f t i n Ru s k ' s Si b e r i a . B o t h
o f t h e m h a d a p p e a l e d t h e i r o r i g i n a l t r a n s f e r s t o t h e Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m -
m i s s i o n , a s h a d No r p e l
. B u t t h e c o m m i s s i o n , s u p p o s e d l y s e t u p t o p r o t e c t
t h e r i g h t s o f g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s , d i s c r e e t l y d e c i d e d i t h a d n o j u r i s d i c -
t i o n i n t h e i r c a s e s .
Af t e r G a r d n e r l e f t i n 1 9 65 , H i t e a n d B u r k h a r d t w e r e s h i p p e d o f f t o a
St a t e De p a r t m e n t a n n e x , a f i l t h y o l d b u i l d i n g a b o u t t o b e c o n d e m n e d .
W h e n a l l t h e o t h e r t e n a n t s o n t h e i r f l o o r m o v e d o u t t h e y w e r e s t i l l t h e r e ,
o c c u p y i n g a s m a l l s u i t e o f o f f i c e s w i t h a l o n e s e c r e t a r y
. Ap p r o p r i a t e l y ,
t h e w i n d o w s o f t h e i r o f f i c e w e r e l a c e d w i t h h e a v y - g a u g e w i r e , g i v i n g i t
t h e l o o k , a s w e l l a s t h e f e e l , o f a p r i s o n . Ac r o s s a n a r r o w a l l e y t h e y c o u l d
s e e O t e p k a i n h i s s o l i t a r y c e l l i n 3 8 - A0 5
. It w a s a s t h o u g h H i t e a n d
B u r k h a r d t h a d b e e n p l a c e d o n p r i v a t e e x h i b i t i o n i n a c a g e a s a c o n s t a n t
r e m i n d e r t o t h e i r e x - b o s s t h a t h e w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i r i n c a r c e r a t i o n .
Af t e r a w h i l e t h e De p a r t m e n t d e c i d e d i t w a s s a f e t o d r o p e v e n t h e
s h a b b y p r e t e n s e o f t h e La t i n Am e r i c a n s p y p r o j e c t a n d H i t e a n d B u r k -
T H EUNW ANT ED

3 8 1
h a r d t w e r e " r e a s s i g n e d , " t h o u g h t o w h a t t a s k t h e y c o u l d n e v e r d e t e r -
m i n e
. W e e k a f t e r w e e k t h e y s e n t m e m o r a n d u m s t o t h e i r s u p e r i o r s a s k i n g
w h a t t h e y w e r e s u p p o s e d t o b e d o i n g . Vi r t u a l l y a l l o f t h e i r c o m m u n i c a -
t i o n s w e r e s i m p l y i g n o r e d
.
Ro a c h e s a n d o t h e r v e r m i n a b o u n d e d i n t h e d e s e r t e d a n n e x . In m o v i n g
o u t , t h e o t h e r St a t e De p a r t m e n t p e r s o n n e l l e f t m o u n t a i n s o f t r a s h , a n d ,
s i n c e t h e c l e a n i n g p e o p l e n o l o n g e r c a m e , t h e t r a s h r e m a i n e d . It a t t r a c t e d
a s w a r m o f r a t s a n d m i c e w h o t o o k p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g , i g n o r i n g
t h e c h a i n s t r e t c h e d a c r o s s t h e m a i n e n t r a n c e .
In b e t w e e n w r i t i n g m e m o s t o t h e i r s u p e r i o r s a n d k e e p i n g a b r e a s t o f t h e
n e w s , H i t e a n d B u r k h a r d t p l a y e d c h e s s . T o a m u s e t h e m s e l v e s , t h e y
a r r a n g e d a d i s p l a y o f p l a s t i c c o c k r o a c h e s o n t h e o f f i c e w a l l u n d e r a n
i m p r o v i s e d s i g n w h i c h r e a d
: " T h i s p l a c e i s b u g g e d . "
Lo o k i n g b a c k , H i t e l a t e r s a i d
: " W e c o u l d t a k e e v e r y t h i n g - t h e o s t r a -
c i s m , t h e t u r n i n g a w a y o f h e a d s o f f e l l o w e m p l o y e e s , t h e i n c a r c e r a t i o n
i n a r a t - i n f e s t e d b u i l d i n g - b u t t h e s t r a i n o f i d l e n e s s w a s b e g i n n i n g t o
w e a r o n u s t o w a r d t h e e n d o f 1 9 67
. At h o m e , Is p e n t m o s t o f t h e t i m e
t r y i n g t o t h i n k o f a n a n s w e r t o m y n i n e - y e a r - o l d s o n ' s c o n s t a n t q u e s t i o n s
a b o u t w h a t Id i d f o r a l i v i n g .
" W e c a m e t o r e a l i z e t h e p r o b a b l e p u r p o s e o f t h e t r e a t m e n t w a s t o
b r e a k u s d o w n m e n t a l l y u n t i l w e s t a r t e d s h o u t i n g a t e a c h o t h e r , " r e c a l l e d
t h e m i l d - m a n n e r e d , s o f t - s p o k e n Vi r g i n i a n . " It d i d n ' t w o r k o u t t h a t w a y ,
b u t w e d o n ' t k n o w w h e t h e r i t m i g h t n o t h a v e , e v e n t u a l l y . "
Ed B u r k h a r d t s m i l e d i n a g r e e m e n t
. " It w a s a m a t t e r o f p r i n c i p l e w i t h
u s , " h e s a i d . " W e w e r e n ' t g o i n g t o r e s i g n
. B u t w e w o u l d h a v e l o s t o u r
s a n i t y i f w e h a d n ' t m a i n t a i n e d o u r s e n s e o f h u m o r
. "
Ul t i m a t e l y , t h e c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e a b a n d o n e d a n n e x p r o v e d t o o m u c h
f o r t h e s e c r e t a r y w h o i n n o c e n t l y s h a r e d t h e i r e x i l e . O n e m o r n i n g e a r l y
i n Fe b r u a r y 1 9 68 s h e w a s a t h e r d e s k w h e n a m o u s e c l i m b e d o u t o f h e r
w a s t e b a s k e t a n d a m b l e d o f f o n i t s d a i l y r o u n d s . So m e t h i n g i n t h e n o n c h a -
l a n t , i n s o u c i a n t m a n n e r o f t h e m o u s e t o u c h e d a t e n d e r n e r v e . T h e p o o r
g i r l b r o k e i n t o t e a r s . B i d d i n g g o o d b y e t o H i t e a n d B u r k h a r d t , s h e d e -
p a r t e d , n e v e r t o r e t u r n
.
So m e t i m e s i t i s t h e s m a l l , s e e m i n g l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t i n c i d e n t s t h a t h a v e
t h e g r e a t e s t i m p a c t
. In t h i s c a s e , t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e m o u s e l e d t o t h e
r e s c u e o f M e s s r s . B u r k h a r d t a n d H i t e
. W h e n H a r r y m e n t i o n e d i t t o h i s
w i f e t h a t e v e n i n g , J a n e t H i t e r e s o l v e d t h a t t h e t i m e h a d c o m e f o r h e r t o
i n t e r v e n e .
T h e n e x t d a y M r s
. H i t e w e n t u p t o Ca p i t o l H i l l t o c a l l o n h e r Co n g r e s s -
m a n a n d o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e H o u s e a n d Se n a t e
. No n e o f t h e m w a s
3 8 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
m u c h i n t e r e s t e d , b u t s o m e o n e s u g g e s t e d t h a t J a n e t c o n t a c t W i l l a r d Ed -
w a r d s . Al t h o u g h h e w a s o n e o f t h e f e w m e m b e r s o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n p r e s s
c o r p s f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e , Ed w a r d s a d m i t t e d h e
w a s " d i s i n c l i n e d a t f i r s t t o b e l i e v e t h a t g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s c o u l d b e
s u b j e c t e d t o s u c h t r e a t m e n t a s M r s . H i t e d e s c r i b e d . " 6
Av i s i t t o t h e a n n e x a n d a n i n t e r v i e w w i t h H i t e a n d B u r k h a r d t
" c o n f i r m e d t h e s h o c k i n g r e a l i t y o f h e r r e p o r t , " Ed w a r d s s a i d
. T h e s t o r y
h e w r o t e d e s c r i b i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h e y h a d c o p e d w i t h f o r s o l o n g w a s
f r o n t - p a g e d b y t h e Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e o n Fe b r u a r y 3 , 1 9 68
.
Se l d o m h a s a s i n g l e n e w s s t o r y b r o u g h t s u c h i m m e d i a t e r e s u l t s
. T h a t
s a m e a f t e r n o o n J o h n J
. W i l l i a m s o f De l a w a r e , t h e Se n a t e ' s m o s t r e -
s p e c t e d i n v e s t i g a t o r , v i s i t e d t h e a n n e x b u i l d i n g w i t h Co n g r e s s m a n H
. R
.
G r o s s , a n Io w a Re p u b l i c a n w h o h a d l o n g b e e n i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e O t e p k a
c o n t r o v e r s y
. T h e y w a n d e r e d t h r o u g h t h e d e s e r t e d e i g h t - s t o r y s t r u c t u r e
s e a r c h i n g f o r H i t e a n d B u r k h a r d t , a p p a l l e d a t t h e r u b b i s h a n d t h e f i l t h
.
At l a s t t h e y f o u n d t h e t w o m e n a n d v e r i f i e d Ed w a r d s ' r e p o r t t h a t n e i t h e r
o f t h e m h a d b e e n a b l e t o g e t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t o g i v e t h e m e v e n
m a k e - b e l i e v e w o r k f o r a y e a r a n d a h a l f
.
In a n i m p a s s i o n e d s p e e c h t o t h e Se n a t e , W i l l i a m s s a i d h e w a s " s h o c k e d
a n d d i s m a y e d t o f i n d t h a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t i s o p e r a t i n g a s p e c i a l
i s o l a t i o n w a r d o r c o o l e r f o r e m p l o y e e s w h o s e o n l y c r i m e i s t e l l i n g t h e
t r u t h t o a Se n a t e c o m m i t t e e . " H i t e a n d B u r k h a r d t w e r e b e i n g p e n a l i z e d
s o l e l y b e c a u s e o f t h e i r r o l e i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e , h e c h a r g e d
.
W i l l i a m s d e l i v e r e d a n u l t i m a t u m t o t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e , g i v i n g i t
e x a c t l y s e v e n t y - t w o h o u r s t o g e t t h e t w o m e n o u t o f t h e a n n e x a n d b a c k
t o w o r k
. If i t f a i l e d t o a c t , h e p r o m i s e d t o i n t r o d u c e a Se n a t e r e s o l u t i o n
t o f i r e w h o e v e r w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r w h a t h e c a l l e d t h i s " i n c r e d i b l e o u t -
r a g e . "
In t h e H o u s e , Co n g r e s s m a n G r o s s s a i d h e w o u l d i n t r o d u c e a c o m p a n -
i o n r e s o l u t i o n
. " H e a d s s h o u l d r o l l , " h e t h u n d e r e d , " a n d t h e f i r s t m a n t o
g o s h o u l d b e Se c r e t a r y Ru s k h i m s e l f . "
Fo r o n c e , t h e j a d e d p r e s s g a l l e r i e s s a t u p a n d t o o k n o t i c e
. W i l l i a m s h a d
i n v i t e d t h e p r e s s " t o v i s i t t h i s j u n k - f i l l e d , d e s e r t e d b u i l d i n g , " a n d w i t h i n
a n h o u r r e p o r t e r s , r a d i o c o m m e n t a t o r s a n d t e l e v i s i o n c a m e r a m e n w e r e
c o n v e r g i n g o n t h e a n n e x . T h e r e s u l t i n g m e d i a b l i t z g r e a t l y s t r e n g t h e n e d
t h e p o s i t i o n t a k e n b y W i l l i a m s a n d G r o s s
. O t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e Co n -
g r e s s b e g a n t o f a l l i n l i n e .
T h e h e a t b e c a m e s o i n t e n s e t h a t De a n Ru s k a t l a s t d e c i d e d a t a c t i c a l
r e t r e a t w a s i n o r d e r . H e i n s t r u c t e d Id a r Ri m e s t a d , Cr o c k e t t ' s s u c c e s s o r
a s De p u t y Un d e r s e c r e t a r y f o r Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , t o q u e l l t h e u p r i s i n g
. W i l -
T H EUNW ANT ED

3 8 3
l i a m B
. M a c o m b e r , J r . , t h e As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y i n c h a r g e o f Co n g r e s -
s i o n a l r e l a t i o n s , p a i d a v i s i t t o H i t e a n d B u r k h a r d t , l o o k e d a r o u n d a b i t ,
a n d e x c l a i m e d i n m o c k h o r r o r , " W h a t a n a w f u l p l a c e ! " T h e n h e f l e d .
B y m i d - a f t e r n o o n , t h e t w o o u t c a s t s w e r e s u m m o n e d t o P e r s o n n e l .
T h e y w e r e t o l d t h a t t h e i r o l d j o b s a s s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s h a d b e e n a b o l i s h e d
a n d w o u l d n o t b e a v a i l a b l e , b u t t h e y w e r e o f f e r e d n e w p o s i t i o n s .
Ru s k m i g h t r e t r e a t , b u t h e h a d n o i n t e n t i o n o f s u r r e n d e r i n g . T o p l a c e
H i t e a n d B u r k h a r d t b a c k i n SY , t h e d a u n t l e s s De a n k n e w h e w o u l d r u n
t h e s u p r e m e r i s k t h a t t h e y w o u l d d i s c o v e r m a n y m o r e s e c u r i t y r i s k s w h o
h a d d o u b t l e s s r e c e i v e d c l e a r a n c e s i n t h e f i v e y e a r s s i n c e h e c l e a n e d
h o u s e
. H e h a d m a n a g e d t o k e e p a l l t h o s e h e h a d b r o u g h t i n p r i o r t o J u n e
1 9 63 h i d d e n , b u t h e m i g h t n o t b e s o l u c k y a g a i n
.
Ru s k , h o w e v e r , w a s p a s t m a s t e r o f t h e f i n e a r t o f " c r i s i s m a n a g e m e n t . "
B y g e t t i n g H i t e a n d B u r k h a r d t o u t o f t h e a b a n d o n e d a n n e x , h e s a t i s f i e d
m o s t o f t h e m e d i a a n d s u c c e s s f u l l y p u t d o w n a n o t h e r t h r e a t e n i n g Co n -
g r e s s i o n a l r e v o l t . T o b e s u r e , a n u m b e r o f Se n a t o r s , Ev e r e t t Di r k s e n
a m o n g t h e m , w e r e t a k i n g a c u e f r o m W i l l i a m s a n d G r o s s b y d e m a n d i n g
O t e p k a ' s f u l l r e i n s t a t e m e n t t o o , b u t t h e Se c r e t a r y c o u l d i g n o r e t h a t
. It
w a s o l d s t u f f , a n d t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e p r e s s w o u l d n ' t b u y t h a t a s e a s i l y
a s t h e c o l o r f u l s t o r y o f t h e t w o d i s c a r d e d m e n i n a c o n d e m n e d r a t -
i n f e s t e d b u i l d i n g .
P O W ERLESST O H ELP T H EM ENW H O ST O O DB Y H IM INT H EUNSEENB AT -
t i e f o r a s a n e s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m , O t t o O t e p k a n e v e r f a i l e d t o g i v e t h e m
w h a t m o r a l s u p p o r t h e c o u l d . H a r d l y a d a y w e n t b y t h a t h e d i d n ' t c a l l
o r v i s i t o r l u n c h w i t h o n e o r m o r e o f h i s f o r m e r a s s o c i a t e s .
De p r i v e d w i t h h i m o f t h e i r r i g h t t o w o r k i n SY , t h e l i t t l e b a n d o f
f o r m e r s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s m a d e O t e p k a ' s h o m e t h e i r r e a l w o r k i n g h e a d -
q u a r t e r s
. Ev e n i n g s , w e e k e n d s , a n d h o l i d a y s w e r e d e v o t e d t o e x p l o r i n g
t h e v a r i o u s p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r l e g a l r e d r e s s . P l a n s w e r e c a r e f u l l y l a i d f o r
e a c h b a r r a g e o f m e m o r a n d u m s b e f o r e i t w a s f i r e d o f f a t t h e Se v e n t h
Fl o o r
. Ap p e a l s t o t h e Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s s i o n w e r e s t u d i e d a n d p r e -
p a r e d . Al t h o u g h i d l e n e s s w a s f o r c e d u p o n t h e m d u r i n g w o r k i n g h o u r s ,
a t a l l o t h e r t i m e s t h e y w e r e n e v e r i d l e .
At l u n c h i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n r e s t a u r a n t w h e r e t h e y w e r e l e a s t l i k e l y t o
b e s e e n b y o t h e r De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s o r CIAs n o o p s , O t e p k a a n d h i s
f r i e n d s e x c h a n g e d t h e l a t e s t i n t e l l i g e n c e o n s e c u r i t y r i s k s t h e y k n e w w e r e
s e t t i n g n a t i o n a l p o l i c i e s . W o r l d e v e n t s t h a t i n c r e a s i n g l y c o n f u s e d t h e
Am e r i c a n p e o p l e w e r e o f t e n c r y s t a l - c l e a r t o t h e m . T h e y w e r e f a m i l i a r
w i t h t h e b a c k g r o u n d s o f t h e p e o p l e w h o w e r e p u l l i n g t h e s t r i n g s b e h i n d
t h e m a n a g e d n e w s s c r e e n o f t h e J o h n s o n Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , a n d t h e y r e a l -
3 8 4
LIM B O

3 8 5
i z e d t h a t m a n y o f t h e m o s t d i s a s t r o u s f o r e i g n - p o l i c y f a i l u r e s w e r e n o t
e n t i r e l y a c c i d e n t a l .
An y o n e w h o d i n e d o r l u n c h e d w i t h t h e s e m e n w a s i m m e d i a t e l y s t r u c k
b y t h e i r w a r m , t h o u g h s u b d u e d , c a m a r a d e r i e . T h e i r s e n s e o f h u m o r n e v e r
d e s e r t e d t h e m , n o m a t t e r h o w h o p e l e s s t h e i r c a u s e a p p e a r e d . B i t t e r
d i s a p p o i n t m e n t s t h a t w o u l d h a v e c r u s h e d m o s t m e n w e r e p a s s e d o f f w i t h
a s m i l e o r a q u i p .
Af t e r H u g h e s , Lo u g h t o n , G a r d n e r a n d Sh e a h a d b e e n s c a t t e r e d t o
M e m p h i s a n d M e x i c o a n d i n t o t h e In t e r n a l Re v e n u e Se r v i c e , t h e c i r c l e
s h r a n k t o t h r e e s u r v i v o r s - O t e p k a , B u r k h a r d t a n d H i t e . B u t J a c k No r -
p e l , a l l d u r i n g t h e l o n g p e r i o d o f h i s e n f o r c e d u n e m p l o y m e n t , a l s o r e -
m a i n e d a f u l l - f l e d g e d m e m b e r o f t h e b e l e a g u e r e d b a n d . Li k e t h e o t h e r
t h r e e , h e w a s d e t e r m i n e d t o k e e p h i s k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s e c u r i t y f i e l d
c u r r e n t
. No n e o f t h e m e v e r c o n s i d e r e d g i v i n g u p h i s p r o f e s s i o n .
T h e r e w e r e t i m e s o f d e e p d i s c o u r a g e m e n t , o f c o u r s e . T h e y w e r e r e -
m i n d e d e v e r y w a k i n g m o m e n t o f w h a t w a s b e i n g d o n e t o t h e i r c o u n t r y
b y t h e r e a l i t y o f t h e i r o w n e x i l e . An d p e r i o d i c a l l y t h a t k n o w l e d g e w a s
d r i v e n h o m e m o r e f o r c i b l y w h e n t h e J o h n s o n Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n h e a p e d
r e w a r d s a n d h o n o r s o n t h e i r a n t a g o n i s t s .
Se v e r a l d a y s a f t e r t h e 1 9 64 e l e c t i o n t h e w o r d g o t o u t t h a t J o h n Re i l l y
h a d b e e n r e h i r e d b y t h e Fe d e r a l Co m m u n i c a t i o n s Co m m i s s i o n . Al -
t h o u g h h e " r e s i g n e d " i n No v e m b e r 1 9 63 f r o m St a t e , h e h a d b e e n c a r r i e d
o n t h e p a y r o l l u n t i l t h e f o l l o w i n g s p r i n g ; a n d n o w h e h a d a $ 1 7 , 0 0 0 - a -
y e a r p o s t a t t h e FCC. Ex c e p t f o r a f e w m o n t h s , h e h a d c o n t i n u e d t o
r e c e i v e h i s f e d e r a l p a y c h e c k s r e g u l a r l y . P e r i o d i c r a i s e s s o o n b r o u g h t h i s
s a l a r y u p t o t h e $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 l e v e l .
Da v i d B e l i s l e w a s s i m i l a r l y r e w a r d e d f o r h i s p e r j u r y . In De c e m b e r
1 9 63 h e w a s p r o m o t e d o u t o f SY a n d i n t o t h e o f f i c e o f t h e De p u t y Un d e r -
s e c r e t a r y o f St a t e f o r Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n a s a s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n t t o W i l l i a m
Cr o c k e t t . T h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e l a t e r f o u n d t h a t t h i s n e w p o s i t i o n ,
i n w h i c h h e s e r v e d a s e x e c u t i v e d i r e c t o r o f Cr o c k e t t ' s p e r s o n n e l p a n e l ,
g a v e B e l i s l e t h e p o w e r t o m a k e " i n i t i a l d e c i s i o n s a b o u t t h e r e v i e w o f
s e c u r i t y c a s e s . " ' In Au g u s t 1 9 64 h e w a s p r o m o t e d a g a i n , t o a Cl a s s 2
o f f i c e r i n t h e Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e Re s e r v e , a n d a p p o i n t e d t o a p l u s h p o s t a t
t h e U
. S. e m b a s s y i n B o n n .
W i l l i a m W i e l a n d , h i s l o n g - d e l a y e d c l e a r a n c e f i n a l l y a p p r o v e d d e s p i t e
t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l a s t h o n e s t e v a l u a t i o n i n SY h a d d e c l a r e d h i m a s e c u r i t y
r i s k , w a s n a m e d c o u n s e l o r o f t h e e m b a s s y i n Ca n b e r r a i n J u l y 1 9 65 a n d
c o n s u l g e n e r a l a t M e l b o u r n e a s h o r t t i m e l a t e r . W h e n h e f i r s t w e n t t o
3 8 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
Au s t r a l i a h e r e c e i v e d a p a y r a i s e o f $ 4 , 0 0 0 , b r i n g i n g h i s s a l a r y t o $ 2 4 , 0 0 0
a y e a r , a n d o t h e r i n c r e a s e s w e r e f o r t h c o m i n g a f t e r t h a t .
H a r l a n Cl e v e l a n d h a d b e s t o w e d u p o n h i m t h e m a g n i f i c e n t t i t l e o f
Am b a s s a d o r Ex t r a o r d i n a r y a n d P l e n i p o t e n t i a r y w h e n t h e P r e s i d e n t a p -
p o i n t e d h i m a s t h e p e r m a n e n t U
. S
. r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o t h e NAT O Co u n c i l
o n Se p t e m b e r 9 , 1 9 65 . It m a y h a v e b e e n a c o i n c i d e n c e , b u t t h i s w a s t h e
v e r y d a y Ch a r l e s d e G a u l l e c a l l e d a p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e i n P a r i s a n d a n -
n o u n c e d t h a t h e w a s p u l l i n g Fr a n c e o u t o f t h e NAT O m i l i t a r y a l l i a n c e .
Ro b e r t M c Ca r t h y w a s n a m e d s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r a t B r u s s e l s , w h e r e t h e
NAT O h e a d q u a r t e r s w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y r e l o c a t e d , a n d h e w a s g i v e n a
s p e c i a l c i t a t i o n , a p p r o p r i a t e l y , b y H a r l a n Cl e v e l a n d .
M o n t h a f t e r m o n t h O t e p k a w a s o b l i g e d t o w i t n e s s t h e e l e v a t i o n o f
m a n y o t h e r q u e s t i o n a b l e o f f i c i a l s w h i l e h e w a i t e d i n t e r m i n a b l y f o r h i s
St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g . Ea r l y i n 1 9 67 Se n a t o r Sa m Er v i n , g e n u i n e l y
p u z z l e d b y t h e s e e m i n g l y u n e n d i n g d e l a y s , r e m a r k e d s a d l y t o t h i s w r i t e r ,
" J u s t i c e c e r t a i n l y i s t r a v e l i n g o n l e a d e n f e e t . "
Un f o r t u n a t e l y , n e i t h e r Se n a t o r Er v i n n o r m o s t o f t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s
o f t h e Su b c o m m i t t e e o n In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y r e a l i z e d t h a t a l a r g e p a r t o f t h e
l e a d t h a t h a d s l o w e d j u s t i c e t o a s n a i l ' s p a c e h a d b e e n m o l d e d b y t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e i t s e l f , o r m o r e p r e c i s e l y b y Se n a t o r Do d d .
B u s y w i t h m a n y s e e m i n g l y m o r e p r e s s i n g m a t t e r s , m o s t o f t h e Se n a -
t o r s n e v e r r e a l l y u n d e r s t o o d t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e r e p e a t e d p o s t p o n e m e n t
o f O t e p k a ' s h e a r i n g . If t h e y h a d , a m a j o r i t y o f t h e m , Sa m Er v i n i n c l u d e d ,
w o u l d s u r e l y h a v e v o t e d t o o v e r r u l e Do d d ' s s t o p o r d e r s .
W h e n W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t f i n a l l y t e s t i f i e d f o r t h e l a s t t i m e i n M a y 1 9 65
f o u r m o r e m o n t h s w e r e p e r m i t t e d t o e l a p s e b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
b e g a n i s s u i n g t h e p u b l i s h e d t e s t i m o n y i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e
. T h e r e a r e
t h o s e w h o d o u b t t h a t i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n r e l e a s e d e v e n t h e n i f i t h a d n o t
b e e n f o r a s u d d e n , a l t h o u g h l i m i t e d , p u b l i c a w a k e n i n g .
In Il l i n o i s a n d Ca l i f o r n i a , w h e r e a f e w n e w s p a p e r s h a d d o n e a m u c h
b e t t e r j o b t h a n e l s e w h e r e i n r e p o r t i n g t h e c a s e , g r o u p s o f o u t r a g e d c i t i -
z e n s o r g a n i z e d a m a s s i v e l e t t e r - w r i t i n g c a m p a i g n o n O t e p k a ' s b e h a l f .
T h e c a m p a i g n r e c e i v e d a s t r o n g b o o s t i n m i d - s u m m e r w h e n t h e Re a d e r ' s
Di g e s t
p u b l i s h e d t h e o n l y s t o r y o n O t e p k a ' s o r d e a l t h a t e v e r a p p e a r e d i n
a m a j o r n a t i o n a l m a g a z i n e . T h e o u t p o u r i n g o f w r i t t e n p r o t e s t t h a t f o l -
l o w e d n e a r l y i n u n d a t e d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a n d t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e .
T h o u s a n d s o f l e t t e r s d e s c e n d e d o n W a s h i n g t o n , a n d i n Au g u s t Se n a t o r
Do d d w a s f i n a l l y f o r c e d t o l i f t t h e b a n h e h a d s i n g l e h a n d e d l y i m p o s e d .
" Do d d w o u l d h a v e d r a g g e d o u t t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e t e s t i m o n y u n t i l
d o o m s d a y h a d i t n o t b e e n f o r t h e p u b l i c p r e s s u r e , " s a i d J a m e s M
. St e w -
LIM B O

3 8 7
a r t , t h e Ch i c a g o - a r e a s a l e s m a n w h o o r g a n i z e d t h e c a m p a i g n i n t h e M i d -
w e s t
.
As i t w a s , p u b l i c a t i o n w a s s t r e t c h e d o u t o v e r a p e r i o d o f f o u r t e e n
m o n t h s , b e g i n n i n g i n Au g u s t 1 9 65
. B e c a u s e i t w a s r e l e a s e d p i e c e m e a l ,
o n e v o l u m e a t a t i m e , w i t h o u t a n y c l a r i f y i n g e x p l a n a t i o n f r o m t h e s u b -
c o m m i t t e e , i t s i m p a c t w a s s a d l y m u f f l e d
. O n l y t h e h a n d f u l o f n e w s m e n
w h o h a d t a k e n t h e t r o u b l e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e c a s e w e r e
a b l e t o e n l i g h t e n t h e i r r e a d e r s
. O u t s i d e t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a r e a s s e r v e d b y
t h e i r p a p e r s , t h e c o u n t r y a t l a r g e r e m a i n e d a l m o s t t o t a l l y i g n o r a n t o f t h e
f u l l i m p a c t o f t h e s t o r y
.
Fa r w o r s e t h a n t h e f a i l u r e o f m u c h o f t h e Fo u r t h Es t a t e t o g r a s p t h e
t r u e m e a n i n g o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e w e r e t h e d e l i b e r a t e d i s t o r t i o n s
. At t i m e s
i t s e e m e d t h a t t h e As s o c i a t e d P r e s s , w h i c h s e r v e s t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e
n a t i o n ' s d a i l y n e w s p a p e r s a n d r a d i o - T Vs t a t i o n s , w a s c o n d u c t i n g a v i -
c i o u s v e n d e t t a a g a i n s t O t e p k a
.
W i t h t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e f o u r t h v o l u m e o f t e s t i m o n y , AP f e d o u t a s t o r y
o n i t s w i r e s w h i c h u n c r i t i c a l l y h i g h l i g h t e d Re i l l y ' s e f f o r t t o b r a n d O t e p k a
a s m e n t a l l y u n s t a b l e
. As a n e x a m p l e o f s l a n t e d n e w s , t h e l e a d o n t h i s AP
d i s p a t c h , d a t e l i n e d W a s h i n g t o n , Au g u s t 1 9 , 1 9 66, s t a n d s a s a c l a s s i c :
O t t o F
. O t e p k a , d i s m i s s e d c h i e f s e c u r i t y e v a l u a t o r o f t h e St a t e De -
p a r t m e n t , w a s d e s c r i b e d t w o y e a r s a g o b y h i s f o r m e r s u p e r i o r a s " e m o -
t i o n a l l y o v e r - w r o u g h t , " a m a n w h o " d o e s n o t s t r i k e m e a s b e i n g a
b a l a n c e d i n d i v i d u a l . "
Si x f u l l p a r a g r a p h s o f t h i s r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t i t e m w e r e d e v o t e d t o Re i l l y ' s
t e s t i m o n y o n t h i s p o i n t
. B u t n o w h e r e d i d t h e s t o r y m e n t i o n t h a t t h e m a n
w h o g a v e t h i s t e s t i m o n y h a d p r o v e d t o b e a p e r j u r e r . T h e AP a l l u d e d t o
t h e f a c t t h a t " Re i l l y h i m s e l f r e s i g n e d i n No v e m b e r 1 9 63 " b u t i t g a v e n o
h i n t w h a t e v e r a s t o t h e r e a s o n f o r h i s r e s i g n a t i o n . No r d i d i t q u o t e t h e
Re i l l y t e s t i m o n y i n t h e c o n t e x t o f So u r w i n e ' s q u e s t i o n s , w h i c h w o u l d a t
l e a s t h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e h a d b e e n e x p e c t i n g t h i s a c c u s a -
t i o n t o e m e r g e
. Fu r t h e r , i t s i m p l y i g n o r e d W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t ' s r e b u t t a l o f
t h i s p a r t i c u l a r p i e c e o f Re i l l y t e s t i m o n y , f o r e v e n Cr o c k e t t h a d d e n i e d
t h a t h e , o r a n y o n e i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t e x c e p t Re i l l y , h a d e v e r
c o n s i d e r e d O t e p k a " u n b a l a n c e d
. "
In s t e a d , t h e AP s t o r y e m p h a s i z e d t h a t a l t h o u g h O t e p k a h a d b e e n
d i s m i s s e d n e a r l y t w o y e a r s e a r l i e r h e " i s s t i l l o n t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s p a y -
r o l l
. " An d i t r e p o r t e d t h a t O t e p k a ' s h e a r i n g h a d b e e n " p o s t p o n e d f i v e
t i m e s o n r e q u e s t o f O t e p k a ' s a t t o r n e y
. " T h e r e a s o n f o r t h e d e l a y w a s n o t
g i v e n .
Si x m o n t h s l a t e r t h e AP w a s s t i l l a t i t
. Fr o m a n o t h e r v o l u m e o f t h e
3 8 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
h e a r i n g s , i s s u e d o n Fe b r u a r y 3 , 1 9 66, t h e W a s h i n g t o n b u r e a u p l u c k e d
o u t Cr o c k e t t ' s s p e c i o u s c h a r g e t h a t O t e p k a ' s f i l e s w e r e " a r a t ' s n e s t
. " It
p i n n e d t h e l e a d a n d f o l l o w - u p p a r a g r a p h s o n t h i s a c c u s a t i o n , o n c e a g a i n
w i t h o u t g i v i n g O t e p k a ' s s i d e o f t h e s t o r y
.
Y e t O t e p k a h a d p r o v i d e d a d e t a i l e d a n s w e r t o t h e c h a r g e i n w h i c h i t
w a s e v i d e n t t h a t t h e " r a t ' s n e s t " h a d b e e n c r e a t e d a f t e r t h e f i l e s h a d b e e n
s e i z e d b y Re i l l y ' s s h i l l e l a g h b r i g a d e . G i v e n a c h a n c e t o e x a m i n e t h e f i l e s
b r i e f l y i n J a n u a r y 1 9 64 , O t e p k a s a i d h e h a d f o u n d " a n u n r e c o g n i z a b l e
m e s s . " M o r e t h a n t h a t , h e h a d p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e s e w e r e w o r k i n g f i l e s
o n p e n d i n g c a s e s a n d h e t h o u g h t i t " i n c r e d i b l e " t h a t t h e y h a d b e e n
p e r m i t t e d t o r e m a i n i n s u c h a d i s o r d e r e d s t a t e w i t h o u t a n y a c t i o n h a v i n g
b e e n t a k e n o n t h e m .
T h e r e a l s t o r y h e r e , o f c o u r s e , w a s t h e f a c t t h a t O t e p k a ' s f i l e s h a d b e e n
r i f l e d w h e n t h e y w e r e t a k e n f r o m h i m a n d t h a t p e n d i n g c a s e s h a d b e e n
p e r m i t t e d t o l i e d o r m a n t . B u t t h e As s o c i a t e d P r e s s w r i t e r g a v e n o h i n t
o f t h i s , a n d m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e w h o r e a d t h i s s t o r y w e r e l e f t w i t h t h e
i m p r e s s i o n t h a t O t e p k a w a s a n u n t i d y i n c o m p e t e n t w h o d e s e r v e d t o b e
f i r e d b y t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t . *
Ap p a r e n t l y v a r i o u s AP r e p o r t e r s d i d s t o r i e s o n t h e O t e p k a c a s e t e s t i -
m o n y a s i t w a s d o l e d o u t b y t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e a b i t a t a t i m e , f o r t h e AP
f i l e w a s n o t a l l u n i f o r m l y i n t h i s s a m e v e i n . B u t e n o u g h o f i t w a s t o r a i s e
v e r y s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e " n e w s " b e i n g f e d o u t o f
W a s h i n g t o n b y t h e n a t i o n ' s l a r g e s t w i r e s e r v i c e
.
Fo r t u n a t e l y , Un i t e d P r e s s In t e r n a t i o n a l d i d a f a r b e t t e r j o b o v e r a l l o n
t h e O t e p k a s t o r y
. B u t UP Is t i l l d o e s n o t s e r v e a s m a n y c l i e n t s a s AP , o n
w h i c h t h e l a r g e s t n u m b e r o f n e w s p a p e r s d e p e n d a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y f o r
w o r l d a n d n a t i o n a l n e w s . W h e n o n e e x a m i n e s t h e AP c o v e r a g e o f t h e
O t e p k a c a s e , t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e p u b l i c ' s i n d i f f e r e n c e a n d c o n f u s i o n
b e c o m e s m o r e c l e a r .
P a r t o f t h e c o n f u s i o n c a n a l s o b e t r a c e d t o t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h t h e
t e s t i m o n y w a s i s s u e d . No d o u b t m o s t o f t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e s u b c o m m i t -
t e e w e r e w e l l m o t i v a t e d i n o r d e r i n g t h e t w e n t y v o l u m e s t o b e r e l e a s e d
s e p a r a t e l y . It w o u l d o n l y h a v e i n c r e a s e d t h e c o n f u s i o n i f t h e v a s t t o r r e n t
o f t e s t i m o n y h a d b e e n d u m p e d a l l a t o n c e i n t o t h e p u b l i c d o m a i n
. H o w -
e v e r , t h e c l a r i f y i n g r e p o r t t h a t w a s t o h a v e f o l l o w e d o n t h e h e e l s o f
p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e r a w t e s t i m o n y w a s n o t i s s u e d f o r a n o t h e r t w o - a n d - a -
h a l f y e a r s , f i n a l l y a p p e a r i n g i n f o u r m o r e s e p a r a t e v o l u m e s i n J a n u a r y
1 9 68 .
* It w o u l d b e i n t e r e s t i n g f o r t h e c l i e n t n e w s p a p e r s a n d o t h e r m e d i a s e r v e d b y t h e As -
s o c i a t e d P r e s s t o r e q u e s t a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f w h y t h e s e s t o r i e s w e r e w r i t t e n a s t h e y w e r e .
LIM B O

3 8 9
T h e l a s t v o l u m e o f t h e t e s t i m o n y i t s e l f , t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l P a r t 2 0 , w a s
a l m o s t e n t i r e l y s u p p r e s s e d
. In t h i s i n s t a n c e , h o w e v e r , i t w a s n o t Do d d
n o r t h e o t h e r Se n a t o r s w h o w e r e a t f a u l t . It w a s t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ,
w h i c h s u r r e p t i t i o u s l y t r i e d t o s l a p a " c l a s s i f i e d " l a b e l o n t h i s p o r t i o n o f
t h e t e s t i m o n y , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e s e g m e n t d e a l i n g w i t h H a r l a n Cl e v e l a n d ' s
Ad v i s o r y Co m m i t t e e o n In t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s
. In i t s 1 9 68 r e p o r t ,
t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e d i s c l o s e d a s m a l l p i e c e o f w h a t h a d t r a n s p i r e d :
H i g h - l e v e l St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s w a g e d a p r o t r a c t e d c o n t e s t -
s o d e t e r m i n e d a s t o m a k e m a n y w o n d e r w h y - t o s u p p r e s s g r e a t
c h u n k s o f w h a t p r o v e d t o b e P a r t
2 0 . . . .
T h e a r g u m e n t o v e r w h a t t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e s h o u l d s u p p r e s s o r b e
a l l o w e d t o p r i n t s t a l l e d r e l e a s e o f P a r t 2 0 f o r m o n t h s . '
O r i g i n a l l y p l a n n e d f o r r e l e a s e a s P a r t 1 0 , t h i s p a r t i c u l a r v o l u m e c o n -
t a i n e d , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e e n l i g h t e n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e Cl e v e l a n d
c o m m i t t e e , t h e l e n g t h y m e m o r a n d u m O t e p k a h a d p r e p a r e d f o r J a y So u r -
w i n e a n d t h e o t h e r d o c u m e n t s h e d e l i v e r e d t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e . Fr i g h t -
e n e d t h a t t h e p u b l i c m i g h t p o s s i b l y s e e i n t h i s m a t e r i a l h o w t h e i n t e r n a l
s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m h a d b e e n w i p e d o u t , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t d i d n ' t h e s i -
t a t e t o t h r o w a l l o f i t s p o w e r i n t o t h e t h r e a t e n i n g b r e a c h .
At t h e e n d o f M a y 1 9 66, a l l n i n e m e m b e r s o f t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
r e c e i v e d l e t t e r s f r o m Un d e r s e c r e t a r y G e o r g e B a l l d e m a n d i n g t h a t t h e
Cl e v e l a n d c o m m i t t e e a n d o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n b e e x c l u d e d . Ea c h l e t t e r w a s
p o r t e n t o u s l y s t a m p e d " Se c r e t , " t h e r e b y f o r b i d d i n g t h e Se n a t o r s f r o m
d i s c l o s i n g i t s c o n t e n t s
.
T h e l e t t e r s w e r e f o l l o w e d b y p e r s o n a l v i s i t s t o e a c h Se n a t o r f r o m t h e
c u r r e n t As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y f o r Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re l a t i o n s , Do u g l a s
M a c Ar t h u r II
. T h i s m i s n a m e d n e p h e w o f t h e l a t e G e n e r a l s t r o n g l y u r g e d
t h e Se n a t o r s t o s u p p r e s s t h e O t e p k a t e s t i m o n y o n t h e p a i n o f b r e a k i n g
t h e h o l y c l a s s i f i e d s e a l w h i c h s u p p o s e d l y p r o t e c t s t h e n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y .
T h e m a g i c w o r d " c l a s s i f i e d " h a d b e c o m e s u c h a s a c r e d c o w i n W a s h -
i n g t o n t h a t t h e Se n a t o r s w e r e l o a t h e t o s h o o t i t d o w n . As a r e s u l t t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e w a s t h r o w n i n t o c o n f u s i o n
. B e h i n d c l o s e d d o o r s a l l
t h r o u g h t h e m i d d l e m o n t h s o f 1 9 66t h e g r e a t q u e s t i o n w a s d e b a t e d - t o
r e l e a s e , o r n o t r e l e a s e
. Ea c h t i m e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e a p p e a r e d o n t h e
v e r g e o f d e c i d i n g i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e i t w a s c o n f r o n t e d w i t h f r e s h o b j e c -
t i o n s f r o m t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
.
In l a t e Au g u s t , W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t , a c t i n g a s u s u a l f o r De a n Ru s k , a d d e d
t h e Se c r e t a r y ' s c o n s i d e r a b l e w e i g h t t o t h e p r o t e s t
. H e r e m i n d e d t h e
Se n a t o r s , i n a p a r t i c u l a r l y b r a z e n l e t t e r , o f a n o l d T r u m a n d i r e c t i v e
p r o h i b i t i n g d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e m a t e r i a l w i t h o u t W h i t e
3 9 0 T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
H o u s e c o n s e n t . T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , w h i c h h a d n o t q u a i l e d a t p l a c i n g
O t e p k a u n d e r f r a m e d c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s a n d w r e c k i n g t h e c a r e e r s o f s e v e n
o t h e r i n n o c e n t m e n , c l a i m e d t h a t p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n An -
d r e w Co r d i e r , Er n e s t G r o s s , e t a l
. " c o u l d c a u s e ( t h e m ) u n d u e e m b a r r a s s -
m e n t a n d d i s t r e s s
. "
3
Au t u m n a r r i v e d b e f o r e t h e Se n a t o r s f i n a l l y a s s e r t e d t h e m s e l v e s a n d
o v e r r o d e t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s h e a t e d o b j e c t i o n s . O n O c t o b e r 2 , a
Su n d a y , t h e v e r b o t e n P a r t 2 0 w a s l e t l o o s e a t l a s t .
T h e c o n t o r t i o n s o f i n f l u e n t i a l s e g m e n t s o f t h e p r e s s , h o r r i f i e d t h a t t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e w o u l d n a m e n a m e s i n i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y c a s e s , w e r e s o m e -
t h i n g t o b e h o l d . T h e M i l w a u k e e J o u r n a l , f o r e x a m p l e , r o u n d l y s p a n k e d
t h e Se n a t o r s f o r " t y p i c a l i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . " In a n e d i t o r i a l t i t l e d " Sm e a r -
i n g Lo y a l Am e r i c a n s , " t h e J o u r n a l p r o n o u n c e d t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
" g u i l t y o f u n f a i r a n d u n j u s t c o n d u c t " a n d a s s a i l e d i t f o r h a v i n g t h e
t e m e r i t y t o r e l e a s e t h e t e s t i m o n y " i n t h e f a c e o f b i t t e r p r o t e s t s b y t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t . " 4
O n c e a g a i n , o u t r i g h t d i s t o r t i o n s c r e p t i n t o m a n y n e w s s t o r i e s
. T h e
W a s h i n g t o n P o s t f a l s e l y c l a i m e d t h a t " a l l t e n " m e m b e r s o f Cl e v e l a n d ' s
a d v i s o r y c o m m i t t e e " u l t i m a t e l y w e r e g i v e n a c l e a n b i l l o f h e a l t h b y
O t e p k a h i m s e l f . " 5 Fo r t h e m o s t p a r t , h o w e v e r , t h e p r e s s p l a y e d t h e s t o r y
s t r a i g h t , a l b e i t w i t h o u t e n t h u s i a s m o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g
. Ev e n t h e As -
s o c i a t e d P r e s s c o r r e c t l y p r e d i c t e d t h a t t h e r e l e a s e o f Vo l u m e 2 0 h a d
c l e a r e d t h e w a y f o r O t e p k a ' s d e p a r t m e n t a l h e a r i n g
. T h e AP a l s o
c o n f i r m e d r e p o r t s t h a t De a n Ru s k h a d " a g r e e d t o d e l a y t h e h e a r i n g , " a t
t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s r e q u e s t , u n t i l t h i s " l a s t v o l u m e w a s m a d e p u b l i c . " 6
T h e Ne w Y o r k T i m e s b u r i e d t h e s t o r y b a c k o n P a g e 8 0 , t h o u g h i t s
c o v e r a g e w a s f a i r l y l e n g t h y . Ad o z e n p a r a g r a p h s w e r e d e v o t e d t o t h e
f e e b l e r e b u t t a l s o f a f e w o f t h e p e o p l e n a m e d i n t h e Cl e v e l a n d c o m m i t t e e
s c r a p
. B u t t h i s w a s a s i t s h o u l d b e
. In t e r e s t i n g l y , H a r d i n g B a n c r o f t , t h e
e x e c u t i v e v i c e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e T i m e s a n d a m e m b e r o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l
c o m m i t t e e , t o l d h i s o w n n e w s p a p e r : " Id o n ' t w a n t t o c o m m e n t a t a l l
. " '
Er n e s t G r o s s w a s m u c h m o r e l o q u a c i o u s
. H e t e r m e d i t " o u t r a g e o u s
t h a t t h i s s o r t o f i r r e s p o n s i b l e a c t i o n s h o u l d b e t a k e n s o l o n g a f t e r t h e
d e a t h o f M c Ca r t h y . " Cl a i m i n g t h a t h e h a d b e e n " r e p e a t e d l y c l e a r e d f o r
s o m e o f t h e h i g h e s t p o s i t i o n s i n g o v e r n m e n t , " G r o s s a s s e r t e d t h a t h e h a d
" n e v e r b e e n a c c u s e d o f a n y t h i n g w h i c h c o u l d b e r e m o t e l y r e g a r d e d a s
s u b v e r s i v e o r d i s l o y a l . " Fu r t h e r , h e d e n i e d t h a t h e h a d e v e r h a d " a n y
c o n n e c t i o n w i t h Al g e r H i s s i n a n y o f f i c i a l m a t t e r , " t h o u g h h e a c k n o w l -
e d g e d t h a t " Ik n e w h i m , a s d i d m a n y o t h e r s , f o r a s h o r t t i m e . O u r s e r v i c e
i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t o v e r l a p p e d a n d I' v e n e v e r m y s e l f v o i c e d a n y
d o u b t a s t o h i s g u i l t . "
LIM B O

3 9 1
An d r e w Co r d i e r , d e s c r i b i n g An d r e w Co r d i e r a s " a n a n t i - Co m m u n i s t , "
e x o n e r a t e d An d r e w Co r d i e r f o r h i s h a n d l i n g o f t h e P o v i B a n g - J e n s e n
a f f a i r a t t h e Un i t e d Na t i o n s . In c r e d i b l y , h e c l a i m e d t h a t h e w a s a " f r i e n d "
o f B a n g - J e n s e n , a n d t r i e d t o p u t t h e b l a m e f o r t h e Da n i s h d i p l o m a t ' s f a t a l
d i s m i s s a l o n t h e l a t e U. N. Se c r e t a r y G e n e r a l , Da g H a m m a r s k j o l d . Un -
f o r t u n a t e l y , H a m m a r s k j o l d w a s n o t a l i v e t o d e f e n d h i m s e l f , b u t t h e r e
w e r e e n o u g h p e o p l e s t i l l a r o u n d w h o w e r e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e B a n g - J e n s e n
o u s t e r t o s e e t h r o u g h Co r d i e r ' s p a t e n t h y p o c r i s y
.
T r a g i c a l l y , t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e t w e n t i e t h a n d l a s t v o l u m e o f t e s t i m o n y
h a d b e e n m a d e t o a p p e a r a s a n a n t i - c l i m a x . Af t e r r e a d i n g t h e n e w s s t o r i e s
m a n y p e o p l e w o n d e r e d w h y t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a d s o f i e r c e l y f o u g h t
i t s p u b l i c a t i o n . T a k e n o u t o f t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e o t h e r n i n e t e e n v o l u m e s ,
a n d f o r c e d t o s t a n d a l o n e w i t h o u t a n y e x p l a n a t o r y b a c k g r o u n d r e p o r t
f r o m t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e , i t w a s , t o p u t i t b l u n t l y , a d u d .
T h e p r e s s w a s n o t e n t i r e l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s , n o r w a s t h e s u b c o m m i t -
t e e . O t e p k a ' s o w n r e s t r a i n t , h i s i n f u r i a t i n g h a b i t o f r e f u s i n g t o c a l l a s p a d e
b y i t s p r o p e r n a m e , w a s e q u a l l y a t f a u l t . B u t t h e r e w a s y e t a n o t h e r f a c t o r
i n t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e t o s t i r p u b l i c c o n c e r n .
Fe d a s t e a d y d i e t o f i n t r i g u e a n d v i o l e n c e v i a t h e i r T Vs c r e e n s a n d
d a i l y n e w s p a p e r s , m o s t Am e r i c a n s r e g a r d e d t h e O t e p k a m a t t e r a s p r e t t y
p a l l i d s t u f f
. In t h e a g e o f J a m e s B o n d , O t t o O t e p k a s e e m e d a p l o d d i n g
b u r e a u c r a t
. H e w a s n o t a s w i n g e r . H e h a d n e v e r m a d e l o v e t o a b e a u t i f u l
Ru s s i a n o n a n i g h t t r a i n f r o m Is t a n b u l . H e h a d n o o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r a c t i c e
k a r a t e o n Sm e r s h a g e n t s . H e h a d n e v e r c o n f r o n t e d a G o l d f i n g e r o n a
t r a n s - At l a n t i c j e t o r m a t c h e d w i t s w i t h a Le Ch i f f r e a t Ca s i n o Ro y a l e .
T h e p e o p l e h e h a d s t r u g g l e d a g a i n s t m i g h t b e m o r e d a n g e r o u s t h a n
Do c t o r No , b u t t h e y w e r e d e c i d e d l y l e s s c o l o r f u l
.
T h e t r u t h i s t h e Am e r i c a n p u b l i c h a d b e c o m e s a t i a t e d w i t h e s p i o n a g e ,
t o a p o i n t w h e r e i t n o l o n g e r r e g i s t e r e d . Du r i n g t h e f o u r t e e n m o n t h s t h a t
t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e t e s t i m o n y w a s b e i n g i s s u e d , t h e n e w s a b o u n d e d w i t h
r e a l - l i f e s p y s t o r i e s .
In Au g u s t 1 9 65 a t o p s e r g e a n t w i t h a n Ar m y In t e l l i g e n c e u n i t i n
G e r m a n y d i s a p p e a r e d w i t h o u t a t r a c e . Am o n t h l a t e r a w a r r a n t o f f i c e r
w e n t o v e r t h e h i l l a f t e r d e l i v e r i n g s e c r e t m a t e r i a l t o " a d e p o t i n Ne w
Y o r k St a t e . " In Ka n s a s Ci t y , G e o r g e J o h n G e s s n e r , a n Ar m y n u c l e a r
w e a p o n s s p e c i a l i s t , w a s f r e e d w h e n a Fe d e r a l Ci r c u i t Co u r t r u l e d t h a t h e
h a d c o n f e s s e d " i n v o l u n t a r i l y " t o s t e a l i n g a t o m i c s e c r e t s f o r Ru s s i a n
a g e n t s .
O n t h e f l o o r o f t h e Ca n a d i a n H o u s e o f Co m m o n s i n O t t a w a a b i t t e r
d e b a t e b r o k e o u t i n M a r c h 1 9 66o v e r t h e a m o r o u s r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f s e v -
e r a l f o r m e r c a b i n e t m e m b e r s w i t h a n a l l e g e d M a t a H a r i .
3 9 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
T h i s s a m e s p r i n g , w h i l e t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t f o u g h t t h e i s s u a n c e o f
P a r t 2 0 o f t h e O t e p k a h e a r i n g s , t w o Cz e c h d i p l o m a t s w e r e c a u g h t i n a
p l o t t o p l a c e e l e c t r o n i c b u g s i n t h e b u i l d i n g o n Fo g g y B o t t o m
.
In J u l y 1 9 66Li e u t e n a n t Co l o n e l W i l l i a m H e n r y W h a l e n , w h o h a d
o n c e s e r v e d i n t h e o f f i c e o f t h e J o i n t Ch i e f s o f St a f f , w a s a r r e s t e d f o r
c o n s p i r i n g t o s t e a l s t r a t e g i c w e a p o n r y i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t w o So v i e t
e m b a s s y o f f i c i a l s . In Se p t e m b e r a n o t h e r m e m b e r o f t h e USSRe m b a s s y ' s
s t a f f , Va l e n t i n A. Re v i n , w a s e x p e l l e d w h e n t h e FB Ic a u g h t h i m t r y i n g
t o b u y s p a c e a n d m i s s i l e s e c r e t s f r o m a n i n d u s t r i a l i s t w h o t u r n e d h i m i n
.
T h e d e f e c t i o n t o Ru s s i a o f a Ro m a n Ca t h o l i c p r i e s t f r o m Ch i c a g o ,
Fa t h e r H a r o l d M . Ko c h , w a s a l s o d i s c l o s e d i n Se p t e m b e r
. H e h a d w o r k e d
f o r a t i m e i n 1 9 64 f o r Ra d i o Li b e r t y , a CIAo p e r a t i o n h e a d q u a r t e r e d i n
M u n i c h . In O c t o b e r , w h e n P a r t 2 0 w a s f i n a l l y r e l e a s e d , G e o r g e B l a k e
e s c a p e d f r o m p r i s o n i n En g l a n d , a n d a U. S
. Ai r Fo r c e s e r g e a n t , H e r b e r t
W
. B o e c k e n h a u p t , w a s p i c k e d u p b y t h e FB Ii n Ca l i f o r n i a f o r a l l e g e d l y
h a n d i n g o v e r t o p - s e c r e t m i l i t a r y i n f o r m a t i o n t o y e t a n o t h e r So v i e t
e m b a s s y s p y , Al e k s e y R. M a l i n i n .
Es p i o n a g e h a d , i n f a c t , b e c o m e s o c o m m o n p l a c e t h a t Am e r i c a n s w e r e
m o r e a p t t o j o k e a b o u t i t t h a n t a k e i t s e r i o u s l y
. T V' s M a x w e l l Sm a r t w a s
a t r u e p r o d u c t o f h i s t i m e
. H o w e v e r , t h e j o k e s f a i l e d t o c o n c e a l t h e
h o p e l e s s n a i v e t e o f m o s t c i t i z e n s r e g a r d i n g t h e d a n g e r s o f t h e a l l - o u t
e s p i o n a g e o f f e n s i v e a g a i n s t t h e i r c o u n t r y a n d i t s a l l i e s .
La b o r i n g f o r a s o p h i s t i c a t e d l e a d t h a t w o u l d m a t c h t h e c u r r e n t c l i m a t e ,
o n e T i m e w r i t e r s u c c e e d e d o n l y i n r e v e a l i n g h i s i g n o r a n c e i n r e p o r t i n g
o n t h e a r r e s t o f Co l o n e l W h a l e n a n d t h e b u g s t h a t f a i l e d t o g e t p l a n t e d
i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t . " T h e Co m m u n i s t s p y , w h o d o u b t l e s s r e g a r d s
t h e Ea s t - W e s t d e t e n t e
a s a c o n s p i r a c y , h a s y e t t o c o m e i n f r o m t h e c o l d
w a r , " t h e T i m e m a n s m i r k e d . IO b v i o u s l y , t h e w r i t e r r e g a r d e d t h e
d e t e n t e
a s r e a l i t y a n d t h e c o n s p i r a c y a s m e r e l y a n a n t i q u e t h a t h a d n o m o r e t h a n
c u r i o s i t y v a l u e , a n d v e r y l i t t l e o f t h a t .
O f c o u r s e , a s O t e p k a a n d h i s f r i e n d s s o w e l l k n e w , t h e s p y s t o r i e s t h a t
m a d e t h e h e a d l i n e s w e r e f o r t h e m o s t p a r t p u r e t r i v i a
. T h e t o p a g e n t s w h o
w h e e l a n d d e a l a t t h e p o l i c y l e v e l , w h e r e t h e t r u l y c r i t i c a l d e c i s i o n s a r e
m a d e , s e l d o m g e t c a u g h t .
W H ENT H ET W ENT IET H ANDLAST VO LUM EO FT H ESENAT ESUB CO M M IT -
t e e t e s t i m o n y w a s r e l e a s e d i n O c t o b e r 1 9 66, t h r e e y e a r s a n d t h r e e
m o n t h s h a d p a s s e d s i n c e t h e
d a y Re i l l y a n d B e l i s l e h a d m a r c h e d O t t o
O t e p k a d o w n t h e c o r r i d o r s a n d i n t o e x i l e
.
T h e d a y s p i l e d d r e a r i l y o n e a t o p a n o t h e r
: 1 , 1 9 9 d a y s i n a l l , a n d s o m e
f o u r h u n d r e d m o r e w o u l d c o m e a n d g o b e f o r e De a n Ru s k w o u l d h a n d
d o w n t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t w a s t o r e m o v e O t e p k a f o r m a l l y a n d p h y s i c a l l y
f r o m SY a n d h i s c e l l i n Ro o m 3 8 - A0 5
.
T h e t i n y o f f i c e a c r o s s f r o m t h e w i r e t a p l a b o r a t o r i e s b e c a m e s m a l l e r
e a c h d a y , i t s i n t e r i o r s p a c e l i t e r a l l y s h r i n k i n g
. In c h b y i n c h t h e o s t r a c i z e d
p r i s o n e r w a s r o b b e d o f a r m r o o m a s t h e
Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re c o r d s a n d f a t
Fe d e r a l Re g i s t e r s
w e r e b r o u g h t i n e v e r y d a y a n d s t a c k e d u p - o n t h e
d e s k , o n t h e f l o o r , o n t o p o f t h e b o o k c a s e s a r o u n d t h e w a l l , c o v e r i n g t h e
r a d i a t o r s h i e l d s , o v e r f l o w i n g f r o m t h e s i n g l e e x t r a c h a i r .
As a c o n c e s s i o n t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e a n d p u b l i c p r e s s u r e , t h e De p a r t -
m e n t p e r m i t t e d O t e p k a ' s l o y a l s e c r e t a r y , Eu n i c e P o w e r s , t o r e t u r n t o
d u t y i n h i s o f f i c e
. Sh e k e p t t h e s m a l l m o u n t a i n s o f p a p e r u n d e r c o n t r o l
f o r a t i m e , b u t e v e n t u a l l y t h e s i l e n c e , t h e m e a n i n g l e s s t a s k s , t h e a b i d i n g
s e n s e o f a l w a y s b e i n g w a t c h e d , b e c a m e t o o m u c h f o r h e r
. O t e p k a g a v e
M r s
. P o w e r s p e r m i s s i o n t o t r a n s f e r t o Fr a n c e s Kn i g h t ' s P a s s p o r t Di v i -
3 9 3
3 9 4

T H EO RDEAL, O FO T T O O T EP KA
s i o n , a n d h e w a s o n c e a g a i n e n t i r e l y a l o n e i n t h e d i n g y l i t t l e r o o m .
Av i s i t o r s t o p p i n g b y 3 8 - A0 5 a b o u t t h i s t i m e w o u l d h a v e f o u n d O t e p k a
b e h i n d h i s s c a r r e d o l d d e s k l e a f i n g t h r o u g h a c o p y o f t h e Co n g r e s s i o n a l
Re c o r d , l o o k i n g f o r m a t e r i a l t h a t w o u l d g i v e h i s s u p e r i o r s a b e t t e r i d e a
o f Co n g r e s s ' s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y , a s h i s m a k e - w o r k a s s i g n -
m e n t d i c t a t e d . H i s b a c k w o u l d b e t o t h e d u s t y w i n d o w s t h a t l o o k e d o u t
o n DSt r e e t , t h e v i e w a c r o s s t h e n a r r o w t h o r o u g h f a r e l o o k i n g o u t o n t h e
b a r r e d w i n d o w s o f t h e a n n e x w h e r e H a r r y H i t e a n d Ed B u r k h a r d t w e r e
c o n f i n e d o n t h e La t i n Am e r i c a n p r o j e c t .
O n t h e w a l l j u s t i n s i d e t h e d o o r t h e b i g n e w s p a p e r p h o t o g r a p h o f
W i n s t o n Ch u r c h i l l s t i l l h u n g , t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r ' s g r i m s m i l e a n d f a m e d
v i c t o r y s i g n c o n t i n u i n g t o d e f y t h e f o r c e s o f d a r k n e s s . Fr o m w h e r e h e s a t
O t e p k a f a c e d t h e d o u g h t y o l d w a r r i o r . H e g o t i n t h e h a b i t o f r e a d i n g
Ch u r c h i l l ' s w o r d s b e n e a t h t h e p i c t u r e e v e r y d a y
: " Ne v e r g i v e i n . Ne v e r ,
n e v e r , n e v e r . . . . "
Ei g h t l a r g e b o o k c a s e s c l o s e d i n a r o u n d t h e s o l i t a r y o c c u p a n t o f 3 8 -
A0 5 . T h e y c o n t a i n e d p r i n t e d c o p i e s o f Co n g r e s s i o n a l h e a r i n g s a n d r e -
p o r t s o n i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y g o i n g b a c k t w e n t y y e a r s a n d m o r e .
Co l l e c t i v e l y , t h e y c o m p r i s e d t h e b a s i c g u i d e f o r a l l g o o d s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s .
At t h e v e r y s t a r t o f e v e r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n a n a p p l i c a n t o r i n c u m b e n t
o f f i c i a l , t h e m a s t e r i n d e x e s o f t h e s e h e a r i n g s w e r e o n c e c h e c k e d a s a
m a t t e r o f c o u r s e . No t i n f r e q u e n t l y , t h e s u b j e c t ' s n a m e w o u l d b e f o u n d ,
h i s m e m b e r s h i p i n Co m m u n i s t f r o n t s e s t a b l i s h e d o r r e f u t e d . Q u i t e o f t e n
t h e s e v o l u m e s p r o v i d e d i n v a l u a b l e l e a d s t h a t o p e n e d u p a v e n u e s o f i n v e s -
t i g a t i o n t h a t w o u l d o t h e r w i s e h a v e r e m a i n e d t o t a l l y u n k n o w n . T h e y
w e r e t h e p r i m e r , t h e k i c k o f f p o i n t , t h e i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o o l u s e d t o p r y o p e n
t h e f i r s t d o o r .
T h i s m a t e r i a l h a d o n c e r e s i d e d i n a h a n d y c e n t r a l l o c a t i o n i n SY
. B u t
l o n g a g o i t h a d b e e n g r a t e f u l l y d u m p e d i n O t e p k a ' s l i t t l e o f f i c e . It w a s
t h e o n l y f u l l s e t o f t h e s e v o l u m e s i n t h e w h o l e St a t e De p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g ,
b u t t h e Ne w O r d e r w a s h a p p y t o b e r i d o f t h e m .
" T h e y h a v e n o u s e f o r t h e m a n y m o r e , " O t e p k a r e m a r k e d w i t h a t i g h t
s m i l e t h a t b e l i e d t h e i m p o r t o f h i s w o r d s . " O n c e i n t h e l a s t t h r e e y e a r s
a s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r c a m e b y a n d a s k e d i f h e c o u l d c h e c k s o m e t h i n g i n t h e
Co n g r e s s i o n a l i n d e x e s . T h a t w a s t h e o n l y t i m e SY h a s b o t h e r e d w i t h
t h e m , t o m y k n o w l e d g e . T h e y ' r e n o l o n g e r i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s s o r t o f
t h i n g . "
De p r i v i n g s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s o f t h i s f u n d a m e n t a l s o u r c e i n t h e Co n g r e s -
s i o n a l h e a r i n g s w a s t a n t a m o u n t t o a s k i n g a n a s t r o n a u t t o f l y t o t h e m o o n
T H ELO NG W AIT

3 9 5
i n a s p a c e s h i p t h a t h a d n o f u e l t o g e t i t o f f t h e l a u n c h i n g p a d . As a
y a r d s t i c k t o m e a s u r e w h a t w a s l e f t o f t h e i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m i n t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t , t h i s i s a s g o o d a s a n y
: s i m p l y p u t , t h e p r o g r a m n o
l o n g e r e x i s t e d .
W h i l e O t e p k a s t i l l c a r r i e d t h e t i t l e o f Ch i e f , Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n ,
t h e r e w a s , o f c o u r s e , n o t h i n g f o r h i m t o e v a l u a t e
. T h e v i s i t o r m i g h t n o -
t i c e t h a t t h e r e w a s a l s o n o n e o f t h e a c c o u t e r m e n t s o f a r e a l o f f i c e i n
3 8 - A0 5 - n o t y p e w r i t e r , n o d i c t a t i n g m a c h i n e , n o " In " a n d " O u t " b o x .
At a b o u t 1 1 : 3 0 a . m
. a y o u n g s t e n o g r a p h e r f r o m t h e Fo r e i g n O p e r a -
t i o n s Di v i s i o n n e x t d o o r w o u l d c o m e i n a n d d e p o s i t a n o t h e r c o p y o f t h e
Co n g r e s s i o n a l
Re c o r d o n O t e p k a ' s d e s k
. T h i s a n d t h e o t h e r p r i n t e d
m a t e r i a l h e w a s a s s i g n e d t o " s t u d y " w e r e v i r t u a l l y t h e o n l y m a i l h e
r e c e i v e d f r o m o n e m o n t h t o t h e n e x t .
If t h e v i s i t o r w e r e t o a s k O t e p k a a s e n s i t i v e q u e s t i o n , h e m i g h t s m i l e
a n d p o i n t t o t h e c e i l i n g o r t h e w a l l s
. In v i e w o f h i s e x p e r i e n c e o n e w o u l d
k n o w t h a t h i s s u s p i c i o n s w e r e w e l l g r o u n d e d . B u t t h e r e w a s o f t e n f r e s h
e v i d e n c e f o r t h e i r b a s i s i n r e a l i t y .
Ea r l i e r t h a t s a m e y e a r , J o s e p h Al s o p h a d w r i t t e n a c o l u m n t h a t p a i n t e d
a n a c c u r a t e p i c t u r e o f t h e a t m o s p h e r e i n W a s h i n g t o n d u r i n g t h e 1 9 60 ' s
.
H e p i n n e d h i s t a l e t o t h e W h i t e H o u s e , a n d w r o t e i t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f
w h a t w a s b e i n g d o n e o n t h e m a n a g e d n e w s f r o n t , b u t i t a p p l i e d , a s Al s o p
m e n t i o n e d , t o t h e De f e n s e a n d St a t e De p a r t m e n t s t o o
:
Ap a r t o f t h e c u r i o u s e s p i o n a g e s y s t e m t o w h i c h m e m b e r s o f t h e
W h i t e H o u s e s t a f f a r e s u b j e c t e d h a s b e e n r u d e l y b r o u g h t i n t o t h e o p e n .
Al l s t a f f m e m b e r s ' t e l e p h o n e c a l l s a r e n o t e d . Al l p l a c e s t h e y v i s i t
o u t s i d e t h e W h i t e H o u s e a r e r e p o r t e d b y g o v e r n m e n t c h a u f f e u r s . An d
t h e s e l i s t s o f c o n t a c t s a r e n i g h t l y s t u d i e d , f o r s y m p t o m s o f d a n g e r o u s
a s s o c i a t i o n s . . . .
Y e t i t i s , o f c o u r s e , a n o p e n s e c r e t t h a t t h e t e l e p h o n e a n d l i m o u s i n e
c h e c k s a r e o n l y p a r t s o f a m u c h w i d e r s y s t e m o f s u r v e i l l a n c e t h a t n o w
c o v e r s m o s t o f t h e c i t y o f W a s h i n g t o n . It i s i n f o r m a l , b u t i t w o r k s v e r y
e f f i c i e n t l y . '
T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e , a s Al s o p p o i n t e d o u t , w a s t o k e e p f a c t s
f r o m t h e Am e r i c a n p e o p l e , o r , b e t t e r y e t , c a s t t h e m i n t o t h e c a t e g o r y o f
" u n - f a c t s
. " H e s a i d t h e P r e s i d e n t w a n t e d " t h e f r e e d o m t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r
f a c t s a r e i n d e e d f a c t s . . .
. i f t h e y a r e j u s t n o t m e n t i o n e d , t h e n t h e y r e m a i n
u n - f a c t s . " z
Ly n d o n J o h n s o n , w i t h T o m Do d d ' s h e l p , d i d h i s b e s t t o k e e p O t t o
O t e p k a c l a s s i f i e d a s a n u n - f a c t
. T h e d i f f i c u l t y w a s t h a t O t e p k a w a s a
3 9 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
l i v i n g , w a l k i n g , a n d e m i n e n t l y k n o w l e d g e a b l e r e a l f a c t w h o k e p t b o b b i n g
u p t o r e m i n d p e o p l e , a f e w p e o p l e a t l e a s t , t h a t s o m e t h i n g m u s t s t i l l b e
w r o n g i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t .
W a l k i n g t h r o u g h t h e De p a r t m e n t c o r r i d o r s w i t h O t e p k a i n t h a t a u -
t u m n o f 1 9 66, o n e b e g a n t o g e t t h e f e e l o f t h e c l i m a t e . O n t h e w a y t o
3 8 - A0 5 f r o m t h e e l e v a t o r , O t e p k a a n d a c o m p a n i o n m i g h t p a s s a s m a n y
a s t w e n t y p e o p l e . T h e p e o p l e a l l k n e w h i m , o f c o u r s e , b u t n o o n e s o m u c h
a s p a s s e d t h e t i m e o f d a y . G o i n g o u t t o l u n c h , o r r e t u r n i n g , o r l e a v i n g
f o r h o m e i n t h e l a t e a f t e r n o o n i t w o u l d b e t h e s a m e
. G u i l t y e y e s w o u l d
s u d d e n l y s h i f t a w a y w h e n t h e f a m i l i a r b i g , d a r k - h a i r e d f i g u r e a p p e a r e d
.
O c c a s i o n a l l y , a b r a v e s o u l m i g h t n o d o r a t t e m p t a s u r r e p t i t i o u s s m i l e
. No
o n e e v e r w a s c a u g h t s t o p p i n g h i m t o e n g a g e i n o p e n c o n v e r s a t i o n
.
In t h e s e c o r r i d o r s o f t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y i t w a s i m p r e s s e d o n t h e
t r a n s i e n t o b s e r v e r t h a t s o m e t h i n g n e w w a s c r e e p i n g i n t o t h e o n c e
f r i e n d l y a n d o u t g o i n g c h a r a c t e r o f t h e Am e r i c a n p e o p l e
. O n e d i d n o t
e n c o u n t e r i t o n l y h e r e , o f c o u r s e . B u r e a u c r a c i e s , g o v e r n m e n t a l a n d c o r -
p o r a t e , w e r e m o l d i n g n e w p e r s o n a l i t i e s e v e r y w h e r e , a n d t h e i n c r e a s i n g
p r e s s o f p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e u r b a n c e n t e r s w a s d e e p e n i n g t h e a n o n y m i t y
o f m i l l i o n s . B u t h e r e i n SY e v e n t h e s u p e r f i c i a l c i v i l i t y t h a t v a r n i s h e s t h e
p e r s o n a l i t i e s o f p e o p l e t h r o w n t o g e t h e r i n t h e w o r k a d a y w o r l d w a s c o m -
p l e t e l y l a c k i n g , a t l e a s t f o r O t t o O t e p k a .
H e h a d l e a r n e d t o l i v e w i t h i t , o f c o u r s e
. B u t t h e o s t r a c i s m b y p e o p l e
w h o h a d f o r m e r l y b e e n s o a m i a b l e w h e n h e w a s t h e i r b o s s s t i l l r a n k l e d
.
O t e p k a h a d n e v e r b e e n a g r e g a r i o u s m a n , t h o u g h h e h a d b e e n u n f a i l i n g l y
p o l i t e a n d u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r a t e o f p e r s o n s w o r k i n g u n d e r h i m
. H e h a d
a l w a y s t r i e d t o p r e s e r v e t h e a m e n i t i e s
. No w h i s f o r m e r s u b o r d i n a t e s
d i d n ' t e v e n b o t h e r t o d o t h a t
. H e d i d n o t c o n d e m n t h e m f o r i t , h o w e v e r ,
f o r h e k n e w w h y t h e y b e h a v e d a s t h e y d i d .
O n c e , a s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r r e t u r n e d o n l e a v e f r o m a p o s t a b r o a d
. H e
p o k e d h i s h e a d i n t o 3 8 - A0 5 a n d s m i l e d m i s c h i e v o u s l y
: " O t t o , I' v e c o m e
t o s a y h e l l o d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t Iw a s i n s t r u c t e d n o t t o . "
" W h o g a v e y o u t h a t i n s t r u c t i o n ? " O t e p k a i n q u i r e d
.
" M r s . Ca t u c c i . "
" W h a t d i d s h e s a y ? "
T h e s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r w r i n k l e d u p h i s n o s e a n d s q u i n t e d i n m o c k d i s d a i n
:
" Sh e s a i d , ` St a y a w a y f r o m O t e p k a . ' "
T h e r e w e r e o t h e r s w h o c a m e t o h i m t o o , l e s s o p e n l y , o u t s i d e t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t . B u t t h e r e w e r e n o t m a n y w h o r i s k e d b e i n g s e e n w i t h h i m
o f f t h e p r e m i s e s b e c a u s e t h e r e w a s t h e g e n e r a l f e e l i n g t h a t h e w a s s t i l l
b e i n g c l o s e l y w a t c h e d
. Ex c e p t i n h i s o f f i c e , h o w e v e r , h e w e n t a b o u t h i s
T H ELO NG W AIT

3 9 7
b u s i n e s s w i t h s e e m i n g u n c o n c e r n . H e c h o s e n o t t o p l a y h i d e - a n d - s e e k ,
k n o w i n g t h a t h e h a d n o t h i n g t o h i d e .
In t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 65 h e p u r c h a s e d a s m a l l o u t b o a r d m o t o r b o a t a n d
t o o k u p f i s h i n g
. Al m o s t e v e r y w e e k e n d f o r t h e n e x t f e w s e a s o n s h e c o u l d
b e f o u n d o n Ch e s a p e a k e B a y o r i n o n e o f t h e c o u n t l e s s i n l e t s a n d r i v e r s
p u n c t u a t i n g i t s s h o r e s
. So m e t i m e s o n e o f h i s f r i e n d s w e n t a l o n g
; G e o r g e
P a s q u a l e , s t i l l u n e m p l o y e d s i n c e b e i n g f o r c e d o u t o f St a t e , w a s a f r e q u e n t
c o m p a n i o n .
B o a t i n g w i t h O t e p k a a n d P a s q u a l e o v e r t h e g e n t l e s w e l l s o f t h e b e a u t i -
f u l b a y o n a s h o r t s a i l t o An n a p o l i s o r o n e o f t h e o t h e r l i t t l e p o r t s , i t w a s
d i f f i c u l t t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e s e m e n s t i l l s t o o d i n t h e c e n t e r o f a v i c i o u s
c o n t r o v e r s y u p o n w h i c h t h e f u t u r e c o u r s e o f t h e i r c o u n t r y m i g h t y e t
h a n g . T h e c o n v e r s a t i o n w a s a l w a y s o f f i s h a n d c u r r e n t s a n d s h i f t i n g
w i n d s , a l m o s t n e v e r o f t h e f a t e t h a t h a d b e f a l l e n t h e m o r o f t h e t h r e a t e n -
i n g s t o r m s t h a t e v e n t h e n w e r e b e g i n n i n g t o e n g u l f Am e r i c a .
O t e p k a w a s a g o o d s a i l o r . H e t o o k n o c h a n c e s w i t h t h e w e a t h e r a n d
h e s t e e r e d c l e a r o f t h e f a s t e r c r a f t , l a r g e a n d s m a l l , t h a t d a r t e d u p a n d
d o w n a n d a c r o s s t h e b a y . O n c e , h o w e v e r , h e g o t l o s t . Fo l l o w i n g a s c h o o l
o f s t r i p e d b a s s s o u t h w a r d , n i g h t c l o s e d i n a n d c a u g h t h i m i n u n f a m i l i a r
w a t e r s . T y p i c a l l y , h e w a i t e d o u t t h e d a r k n e s s , k e e p i n g h i s w a r n i n g l i g h t s
o p e r a t i n g t h r o u g h t h e n i g h t . W h e n d a w n c a m e h e h e a d e d f o r h i s h o m e
p o r t .
O n t h i s o c c a s i o n h i s w i f e c a l l e d t h e Co a s t G u a r d t o l o o k f o r h i m
. Sh e
w a s n o t s o m u c h a f r a i d o f a n a c c i d e n t ; O t t o w a s n o t a p t t o c o l l i d e
c a r e l e s s l y w i t h a n o t h e r b o a t o r r u n a f o u l o f a j u t t i n g r o c k . T h e r e w e r e
o t h e r t h i n g s t h a t w o r r i e d Ed i t h , t h o u g h s h e n e v e r l e t h e r h u s b a n d k n o w
.
T o a m a n s o p r o f e s s i o n a l l y i s o l a t e d a s O t e p k a t h e n e w f r i e n d s h i p s h e
f o r m e d d u r i n g h i s e x i l e t o o k o n a d i m e n s i o n o n e s u s p e c t s d i d n o t e x i s t
a t a n e a r l i e r t i m e
. H e h a d b e e n s o t o t a l l y a b s o r b e d i n h i s w o r k f o r s o
m a n y y e a r s t h a t v i r t u a l l y a l l h i s s o c i a l c o n t a c t s h a d b e e n e x t e n s i o n s o f
h i s d u t i e s i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e . T h e r e w e r e e x c e p t i o n s , o f c o u r s e :
t h e u s u a l r u n o f f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p s , o l d f r i e n d s , s u b u r b a n n e i g h b o r s
. B u t
t o a n e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y l a r g e d e g r e e t h e p e o p l e h e k n e w b e s t a n d a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h m o s t w e r e m e n i n t h e s e c u r i t y a n d In t e l l i g e n c e c o m m u n i t y .
W h e n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t p l a c e d h i m u n d e r c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s , i t
a u t o m a t i c a l l y c u t h i m o f f f r o m t h e s e p e o p l e , t h o u g h h e r e t o o t h e r e w e r e
i m p o r t a n t e x c e p t i o n s . T h e y d i d n o t s o m u c h s h u n h i m , a s d i d t h e f r i g h t -
e n e d r e s i d u e i n SY
; h e j u s t d i d n o t s e e k t h e m o u t a n y l o n g e r b e c a u s e h e
w a s a w a r e t h a t h i s s t a t u s a s a n o u t c a s t m i g h t p l a c e t h e m i n j e o p a r d y
w i t h i n t h e i r o w n a g e n c i e s .
3 9 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
T h e n e w f r i e n d s h e m a d e f e l l i n t o s e v e r a l c a t e g o r i e s
. T h e s m a l l e s t o f
t h e s e w e r e t h e n e w s m e n w h o t o o k a n i n t e r e s t i n h i s c a s e , a h a l f - d o z e n
" r e g u l a r s " w h o c a l l e d h i m e a c h t i m e t h e r e w a s a n e w d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d
a l i k e n u m b e r o f i r r e g u l a r s w h o c o n t a c t e d h i m o n l y o c c a s i o n a l l y
.
T h e r e w a s a m u c h l a r g e r g r o u p , t o o , t h a t O t e p k a c a m e t o k n o w a n d
r e s p e c t , a c o n g l o m e r a t e c o m p r i s e d o f p e o p l e w h o m i g h t l o o s e l y b e c a l l e d
h i s n o n p r o f e s s i o n a l s u p p o r t e r s . T h e y r e s i d e d i n a l m o s t e v e r y s t a t e , w i t h
t h e h e a v i e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n Ca l i f o r n i a a n d Il l i n o i s , a n d t h e y c a m e ,
q u i t e l i t e r a l l y , f r o m e v e r y w a l k o f Am e r i c a n l i f e . M o s t o f t h e m h e n e v e r
m e t . B u t t h e y w r o t e h i m e n c o u r a g i n g l e t t e r s , b o m b a r d e d t h e St a t e De -
p a r t m e n t , t h e Co n g r e s s , a n d t h e W h i t e H o u s e w i t h p r o t e s t s , a n d c o n -
t r i b u t e d t o t h e f u n d s e t u p t o h e l p o f f s e t h i s h e a v y l e g a l e x p e n s e s .
T h e m a n m o s t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s e f f o r t w a s J a m e s M . St e w a r t , a
y o u n g s a l e s e x e c u t i v e i n W o o d Da l e , Il l i n o i s , a s u b u r b o f Ch i c a g o
. O n
h i s o w n h o o k , St e w a r t f o r m e d t h e Am e r i c a n De f e n s e Fu n d t o r a i s e
m o n e y f o r O t e p k a ' s e v e r - m o u n t i n g l e g a l f e e s . B y e a r l y 1 9 68 n e a r l y 2 , 5 0 0
p e o p l e h a d c o n t r i b u t e d a t o t a l o f s o m e $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 , m o s t l y i n s m a l l s u m s o f
u n d e r $ 1 0 . P a r t o f t h e m o n e y w e n t t o p a y t h e l a w y e r s r e t a i n e d b y J a c k
No r p e l a n d H o w a r d Sh e a .
St e w a r t o p e r a t e d t h e f u n d o u t o f h i s h o m e , w i t h h i s w i f e a n d c h i l d r e n
h e l p i n g w i t h t h e c l e r i c a l w o r k . In 1 9 66a n i n v e s t i g a t o r f r o m a f e d e r a l
a g e n c y c a l l e d o n h i s b o s s , a n d a s h o r t t i m e l a t e r St e w a r t w a s o u t o f a j o b
.
No r e a s o n w a s g i v e n f o r h i s d i s m i s s a l , t h o u g h t h e b o s s t o l d h i m , r a t h e r
r e g r e t f u l l y , " Ih o p e I' m d o i n g t h e r i g h t t h i n g . "
Af t e r l o s i n g h i s j o b , St e w a r t m a n a g e d t o r e e s t a b l i s h h i m s e l f i n a h o m e -
a p p l i a n c e s a l e s b u s i n e s s o f h i s o w n a n d c o n t i n u e d t o r u n t h e Am e r i c a n
De f e n s e Fu n d . H o w e v e r , h e a n d h i s f a m i l y w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o v a r i o u s
p e t t y h a r a s s m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g w h a t h e c a l l e d " n u t t e l e p h o n e c a l l s " t h a t o n
o n e o c c a s i o n w e n t o n a l l t h r o u g h t h e n i g h t a t r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s .
St e w a r t ' s m a j o r d i f f i c u l t y , h o w e v e r , w a s n o t t h e c r a n k s , b u t t h e U
. S.
P o s t O f f i c e De p a r t m e n t . O n t h r e e o c c a s i o n s St e w a r t h a d t o a s k t h e p o s t a l
a u t h o r i t i e s t o i n v e s t i g a t e a p p a r e n t p i l f e r a g e o f h i s m a i l
. Ap o s t a l i n s p e c -
t o r a g r e e d t h a t o n e l a r g e m a n i l a e n v e l o p e h a d b e e n i n t e n t i o n a l l y o p e n e d
a n d c l u m s i l y r e s e a l e d , b u t St e w a r t w a s n e v e r g i v e n a r e p o r t o n t h e r e s u l t
o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n . In t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 67 , a p o s t a l i n s p e c t o r d i d c a l l
o n O t e p k a ' s a t t o r n e y , Ro g e r Ro b b
. B u t h e w a s n o t i n v e s t i g a t i n g St e -
w a r t ' s c o m p l a i n t s . Ra t h e r , h e w a s i n v e s t i g a t i n g St e w a r t !
De s p i t e t h e s e a g g r a v a t i o n s , J i m St e w a r t a n d h i s w i f e k e p t r i g h t o n w i t h
t h e i r w o r k i n b e h a l f o f O t e p k a . An d O t e p k a w a s f r a n k t o a d m i t t h a t h e
p r o b a b l y c o u l d n o t h a v e c a r r i e d o n h i s f i g h t w i t h o u t t h e i r s e l f l e s s h e l p
.
T H ELO NG W AIT

3 9 9
" Iw o u l d h a v e b e e n i n t h e p o o r h o u s e l o n g a g o i f i t h a d n o t b e e n f o r J i m
a n d h i s w i f e a n d a l l t h o s e p e o p l e t h e y r o u n d e d u p t o h e l p p a y t h e l e g a l
b i l l s , " h e s a i d i n e a r l y 1 9 68
. At t h e t i m e O t e p k a h a d j u s t b e e n f o r c e d t o
b o r r o w $ 8 , 8 0 0 t o p a y t h e l a t e s t b i l l . B u t t h e St e w a r t s o n c e a g a i n g o t t o
w o r k a n d r a i s e d e n o u g h m o n e y t o h e l p p a y t h e l e g a l f e e s .
T h e r e w a s o n e o t h e r m a n w h o s t e a d f a s t l y g a v e O t e p k a e n c o u r a g e m e n t
t h r o u g h o u t h i s l o n g o r d e a l . H e w a s St r o m T h u r m o n d , t h e s e n i o r Se n a t o r
f r o m So u t h Ca r o l i n a . Al t h o u g h T h u r m o n d w a s n o t y e t a m e m b e r o f t h e
Su b c o m m i t t e e o n In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y w h e n t h e c a s e f i r s t b r o k e , h e t o o k a n
a c t i v e i n t e r e s t i n i t f r o m t h e s t a r t . H e d i d m o r e t h a n l e n d w o r d s i n
s u p p o r t o f O t e p k a o n t h e Se n a t e f l o o r
. H e g a v e h i m a p l a c e o f r e f u g e .
T r a p p e d i n t h e d i m i n i s h i n g c o n f i n e s o f 3 8 - A0 5 w h e r e h i s e v e r y w o r d
m a y h a v e b e e n r e c o r d e d , h i s e v e r y m o v e w a t c h e d , O t e p k a n e e d e d m o r e
t h a n a n y t h i n g a p l a c e w h e r e h e c o u l d b r e a t h e a n d w o r k f r e e l y
. H e c o u l d
n e v e r b e c e r t a i n o f h i s h o m e , w h i c h h a d o b v i o u s l y b e e n u n d e r s u r v e i l -
l a n c e o n c e a n d w h e r e h i s p h o n e c o n t i n u e d t o b e h a v e s t r a n g e l y f o r y e a r s .
B u t t h r o u g h Se n a t o r T h u r m o n d h e f o u n d s a n c t u a r y .
T h e d o o r t o Se n a t o r T h u r m o n d ' s o w n s u i t e i n t h e Ne w Se n a t e O f f i c e
B u i l d i n g w a s a l w a y s o p e n e d t o O t e p k a
. An d t h e Se n a t o r ' s a b l e s t a f f n e v e r
f a i l e d t o m a k e h i m w e l c o m e
.
M o r e o v e r , t h e s e c r e t a r i e s i n Se n a t o r T h u r m o n d ' s o f f i c e a l s o l e n t
O t e p k a m u c h v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e
. W i t h n o s e c r e t a r y o f h i s o w n , h e w a s
o f t e n h a r d p r e s s e d t o k e e p u p h i s b u r g e o n i n g c o r r e s p o n d e n c e
. B u t M i s s
De e W o r k m a n , t h e d a u g h t e r o f a So u t h Ca r o l i n a n e w s p a p e r e d i t o r , a n d
t h e o t h e r g i r l s o n t h e Se n a t o r ' s s t a f f o f t e n s t a y e d a f t e r w o r k i n g h o u r s t o
d o h i s t y p i n g .
" If i t h a d n ' t b e e n f o r Se n a t o r T h u r m o n d a n d h i s s t a f f , " O t e p k a c o n -
f e s s e d , " t h e r e w e r e t i m e s w h e n Im a y h a v e b e e n t e m p t e d t o c a l l t h e
w h o l e t h i n g q u i t s
. B u t t h e y n e v e r l e t m e g e t t o t h a t p o i n t . Y o u j u s t d o n ' t
t h i n k o f q u i t t i n g w h e n y o u h a v e p e o p l e l i k e St r o m T h u r m o n d b e h i n d
y o u
. Iw a s o f t e n a n g e r e d b y t h e c a l c i f i e d i m a g e o f t h e Se n a t o r p r o j e c t e d
b y t h e p r e s s
. Is u s p e c t t h e p e o p l e w r i t i n g t h o s e s t o r i e s d i d n ' t k n o w h i m
v e r y w e l l
. St r o m T h u r m o n d c a n b e t o u g h w h e n t h e r e i s a p o i n t o f p r i n c i -
p l e i n v o l v e d , b u t h e i s t h e m o s t g r a c i o u s , c o n s i d e r a t e h u m a n b e i n g Ih a v e
e v e r m e t . "
Du r i n g t h e l o n g w a i t f o r h i s St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g , O t e p k a n e v e r
m i s s e d a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o a d d t o h i s k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s e c u r i t y s i t u a t i o n
i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t
. In Au g u s t 1 9 66h i s e x p e r i e n c e d e y e w a s c a u g h t b y
a s e r i e s o f s t o r i e s i n t h e
G o v e r n m e n t Em p l o y e e s Ex c h a n g e d e s c r i b i n g t h e
4 0 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
p l i g h t o f St e p h e n A. Ko c z a k , a Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r w h o h a d b e e n
" s e l e c t e d o u t " s e v e r a l y e a r s e a r l i e r . T h e s t o r i e s h a d a f a m i l i a r r i n g , a n d
b e f o r e l o n g h e g o t t h e w h o l e p i c t u r e f r o m Ko c z a k h i m s e l f
.
An a t i v e o f T r e n t o n , Ne w J e r s e y , Ko c z a k h a d g r a d u a t e d c u m l a u d e
f r o m H a r v a r d i n 1 9 4 2 . En t e r i n g t h e Ar m y , h e s e r v e d o n G e n e r a l Ei s e n -
h o w e r ' s s t a f f d u r i n g a n d a f t e r t h e w a r a n d s t a y e d o n a s a n o f f i c e r i n t h e
m i l i t a r y g o v e r n m e n t i n G e r m a n y . Ko c z a k j o i n e d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
i n 1 9 4 6, a n d t h r e e y e a r s l a t e r h e w a s e x p e l l e d b y t h e Co m m u n i s t s f r o m
H u n g a r y b e c a u s e h e a l l e g e d l y t r i e d t o h e l p Ca r d i n a l M i n d s z e n t y
.
O t h e r a s s i g n m e n t s f o l l o w e d , b o t h i n W a s h i n g t o n a n d a b r o a d
. W e l l
k n o w n f o r h i s o p p o s i t i o n t o c o m m u n i s m , Ko c z a k c o u l d n o t e x p e c t q u i c k
a d v a n c e m e n t a t St a t e b u t h e m o v e d s l o w l y u p t h e l a d d e r n o n e t h e l e s s
. H i s
w o r k w a s s o t h o r o u g h t h a t h i s s u p e r i o r s w e r e h a r d - p r e s s e d t o f i n d f a u l t
.
Ne v e r o n c e d i d h e r e c e i v e a r e a l l y b a d e f f i c i e n c y r e p o r t , a n d i n 1 9 60 h e
w a s c o m m e n d e d f o r h i s " b r i l l i a n t w o r k " i n Is r a e l .
In Se p t e m b e r o f t h a t s a m e y e a r , Ko c z a k w a s t r a n s f e r r e d t o B e r l i n a s
d e p u t y c h i e f o f Ea s t e r n Af f a i r s a t t h e U. S. M i s s i o n . In t h i s c a p a c i t y , h e
s p e c i a l i z e d i n i n t e l l i g e n c e r e s e a r c h o n t h e Co m m u n i s t b l o c . So o n , h e
f o u n d h i m s e l f a t o d d s w i t h h i s i m m e d i a t e b o s s , T h o m a s A. Do n o v a n ,
w h o h a d r e c e n t l y b e e n e a s e d o u t o f t h e W a r s a w e m b a s s y i n t h e w a k e o f
t h e G o l e n i e w s k i d i s c l o s u r e s . O n e o f t h e c a u s e s o f t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s w a s
t h a t Do n o v a n w a s c o n t i n u a l l y p l a y i n g h o s t t o n u m b e r s o f v i s i t i n g P o l e s ,
s o m e t i m e s s l i p p i n g i n t o Ea s t B e r l i n t o m e e t t h e m s e c r e t l y o r t o c a l l a
P o l i s h g i r l f r i e n d h e h a d l e f t b e h i n d i n W a r s a w . O n a t l e a s t o n e o c c a s i o n ,
Do n o v a n m a d e a n u n a u t h o r i z e d t r i p t o W a r s a w , o s t e n s i b l y t o s e e h i s
P o l i s h f r i e n d s .
Do n o v a n f a i l e d t o r e p o r t t h e s e c o n t a c t s t o s e c u r i t y o f f i c i a l s , a s r e -
q u i r e d b y St a t e De p a r t m e n t r e g u l a t i o n s , a n d w h e n t h e y c o n t i n u e d Ko c -
z a k b e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e c o n c e r n e d
. H e w a s c a u g h t b e t w e e n t w o f i r e s :
i f h e r e p o r t e d Do n o v a n h e w o u l d b e b r a n d e d a s t o o l p i g e o n ; i f h e m a i n -
t a i n e d s i l e n c e h e w o u l d i n e f f e c t b e Do n o v a n ' s a c c o m p l i c e .
Ea r l y i n 1 9 61 Ko c z a k t o o k u p t h e m a t t e r w i t h H o w a r d T r i v e r s , d e p u t y
t o t h e a s s i s t a n t c h i e f o f t h e U. S. M i s s i o n i n B e r l i n , Ed w i n Al l a n Li g h t n e r
.
Fr o m t h a t m o m e n t o n Ko c z a k w a s m a r k e d f o r e x p u l s i o n f r o m t h e De -
p a r t m e n t o f St a t e . T r i v e r s a n d Li g h t n e r , w h o h a d b e e n o l d c l a s s m a t e s a t
P r i n c e t o n m a n y y e a r s b e f o r e , t e a m e d u p w i t h Do n o v a n t o d o c t o r t h e
e f f i c i e n c y r e p o r t s o n Ko c z a k , a n d i n 1 9 63 t h e y f i n a l l y g o t h i m s e l e c t e d
o u t o f t h e Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e . W i t h s e v e n t e e n y e a r s o f f a i t h f u l s e r v i c e t o t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t b e h i n d h i m , Ko c z a k w a s o u t o n h i s e a r w i t h o u t a n y
r i g h t s o f a p p e a l .
T H ELO NG W AIT

4 0 1
M o v i n g t o W a s h i n g t o n , Ko c z a k r e p e a t e d l y t r i e d t o g e t t h e St a t e De -
p a r t m e n t t o r e c o n s i d e r h i s e n f o r c e d " r e t i r e m e n t
. " O n e o f t h e p e o p l e h e
s a w w a s J u l e s B a s s i n , c h i e f o f t h e Fu n c t i o n a l P e r s o n n e l p r o g r a m d i v i s i o n
a t St a t e . B a s s i n w a r n e d Ko c z a k t h a t i f h e t o o k h i s c a s e t o t h e p r e s s o r
t o Co n g r e s s h e w o u l d o n l y b e c o m e " a n o t h e r O t e p k a . "
Re f e r r i n g t o O t e p k a a s a " d a m n e d f o o l , " B a s s i n h e l d h i m u p a s a n
o b j e c t l e s s o n f o r Ko c z a k a n d a l l o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t s e r v a n t s w h o f a i l e d
t o " b e n d w i t h t h e w i n d
. " B a s s i n t o l d Ko c z a k t h a t O t e p k a w a s m e r e l y
" s i t t i n g u p t h e r e i n h i s l i t t l e r o o m d o i n g n o t h i n g , w a s t i n g h i s l i f e . " H e
s a i d t h a t O t e p k a " c o u l d h a v e m a d e a d e a l w i t h u s a l o n g t i m e a g o . . .
h e c o u l d b e a Co n s u l G e n e r a l b y n o w . "
In s t e a d , B a s s i n p o i n t e d o u t , O t e p k a i n s i s t e d o n c a r r y i n g o n a " p e t u l a n t
f i g h t " w h i c h h e c o u l d n ' t p o s s i b l y w i n
. O t e p k a , h e s a i d , w a s " j u s t a b i o l o g -
i c a l b e i n g " a n d e v e n t u a l l y h i s l i v e r w o u l d g i v e o u t , h i s h e a r t w o u l d g i v e
o u t , b u t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a s a n i n s t i t u t i o n w o u l d g o o n b e c a u s e i t
c o u l d n o t b e d e s t r o y e d .
B a s s i n r e f e r r e d t o t h e l a t e P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y ' s b o o k , P r o f i l e s i n Co u r -
a g e , a s s o m u c h h o g w a s h
. T h e t e l e v i s i o n v e r s i o n , h e s a i d , w a s j u s t s o m e -
t h i n g m a n u f a c t u r e d " f o r a l l t h o s e s u c k e r s o u t t h e r e t o l o o k a t
. "
If Ko c z a k f o l l o w e d O t e p k a ' s c o u r s e , B a s s i n w a r n e d , h e w o u l d m e e t t h e
s a m e f a t e
. M o r e o v e r , h e c o u l d n o t e x p e c t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t o g i v e
h i m a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n f o r a n o t h e r j o b . " If y o u ' r e n o t r e a s o n a b l e a n d
d o n ' t r e c o n c i l e y o u r s e l f t o t h e f a c t s o f l i f e , " Ko c z a k q u o t e d B a s s i n a s
s a y i n g , " w e c a n ' t r e a l l y s a y y o u ' r e v e r y s o b e r a n d y o u ' r e v e r y g o o d . "
In s p i t e o f t h i s f r i e n d l y w a r n i n g , Ko c z a k d i d d e c i d e t o f o l l o w O t e p k a ' s
c o u r s e
. In Ap r i l 1 9 66h e s u b m i t t e d a s t a t e m e n t t o a s u b c o m m i t t e e o f t h e
Se n a t e Fo r e i g n Re l a t i o n s Co m m i t t e e w h i c h w a s s t u d y i n g t h e H a y s B i l l ,
d e s i g n e d , a s w e h a v e s e e n , t o e x t e n d t h e " s e l e c t i o n o u t " p r o c e s s t o a l l
e m p l o y e e s o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t . Ko c z a k v i g o r o u s l y o p p o s e d t h e b i l l ,
c i t i n g h i s o w n c a s e a s a n e x a m p l e o f w h a t c o u l d h a p p e n o n a m u c h
b r o a d e r s c a l e i f i t b e c a m e l a w .
La t e r , i n i n t e r v i e w s w i t h Si d n e y G o l d b e r g , t h e c r u s a d i n g p u b l i s h e r o f
t h e
G o v e r n m e n t Em p l o y e e s Ex c h a n g e , Ko c z a k w e n t f u r t h e r i n d e s c r i b i n g
" t h e w e b o f i n t r i g u e " w h i c h m a n i p u l a t e d a n d a l t e r e d p e r s o n n e l r e c o r d s
i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a n d s u p p r e s s e d v i t a l i n f o r m a t i o n i n t e n d e d f o r
t h e P r e s i d e n t .
T h e Ko c z a k c a s e a d d e d n e w i m p e t u s t o Co n g r e s s i o n a l d e m a n d s f o r
r e v i t a l i z a t i o n o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s d e s i c c a t e d s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m .
Se n a t o r Ea s t l a n d , b a c k e d b y Di r k s e n , H r u s k a a n d Do d d , i n t r o d u c e d t h e
f i r s t o f s e v e r a l b i l l s d e s i g n e d t o o v e r h a u l SY
. Al t h o u g h O t e p k a w a s n o t
4 0 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
m e n t i o n e d b y n a m e , o f c o u r s e , t h e b i l l p o i n t e d l y s t a t e d t h a t t h e O f f i c e
o f Se c u r i t y " s h a l l b e h e a d e d b y a d i r e c t o r , w h o . . . . s h a l l b e c h o s e n f r o m
i n d i v i d u a l s s p e c i a l l y q u a l i f i e d b y t r a i n i n g a n d e x p e r i e n c e . . . . " ' M o r e -
o v e r , i t s p e c i f i c a l l y b a r r e d Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r s f r o m t h e j o b . Un f o r t u -
n a t e l y , t h e b i l l d i e d a n u n t i m e l y d e a t h i n t h a t s e c o n d s e s s i o n o f Ly n d o n
J o h n s o n ' s G r e a t So c i e t y Co n g r e s s .
M e a n w h i l e , O t e p k a w a s m o v i n g s l o w l y , b u t i n e x o r a b l y , t o w a r d s t h e
l o n g - a w a i t e d St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g . In t h e f a l l o f 1 9 65 t h e De p a r t -
m e n t n a m e d a r e t i r e d f e d e r a l j u d g e , E. B a r r e t t P r e t t y m a n , a s h e a r i n g
o f f i c e r . B u t a f t e r t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e f i n a l v o l u m e o f t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
t e s t i m o n y i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e , J u d g e P r e t t y m a n b o w e d o u t .
B e f o r e r e t i r i n g i n t o t h e w i n g s , P r e t t y m a n m a d e s e v e r a l e f f o r t s t o g e t
t h e c a s e s e t t l e d . H e h e l d a s e r i e s o f m e e t i n g s w i t h Ro b b a n d t w o J u s t i c e
De p a r t m e n t a t t o r n e y s a s s i g n e d a s p r o s e c u t o r s f o r t h e h e a r i n g , Ir v i n g
J a f f e a n d Is a a c B e n k i n . At t h e l a s t o f t h e s e o n T h u r s d a y , O c t o b e r 2 7 ,
O t e p k a a n d t h e l a w y e r s w e r e a l l p r e s e n t i n P r e t t y m a n ' s c h a m b e r s a t t h e
U. S. Di s t r i c t Co u r t i n W a s h i n g t o n .
Af t e r a l e n g t h y c o n f e r e n c e , O t e p k a s a i d h e w o u l d a g r e e t o a s e t t l e m e n t
o n l y i f h e w a s r e s t o r e d t o h i s p o s t a n d d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n w a s t a k e n
a g a i n s t t h e p e o p l e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d e c l a s s i f y i n g a n d m u t i l a t i n g t h e d o c u -
m e n t s c i t e d i n t h e c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s . T h i s w o u l d h a v e b e e n t h e e q u i v a l e n t
o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s c o n f e s s i n g i t s a t t e m p t e d f r a m e - u p , a n d e v e r y o n e i n
t h e r o o m k n e w t h a t De a n Ru s k w o u l d n e v e r p e r m i t s u c h a c o n f e s s i o n
.
As O t e p k a a n d Ro b b w e r e p r e p a r i n g t o l e a v e , J u d g e P r e t t y m a n t o l d
t h e m t h a t i f t h e c a s e w e n t t o a h e a r i n g " s o m e b o d y i s g o i n g t o g e t h u r t
. "
Ro b b o b s e r v e d t h a t h e d i d n ' t s e e h o w h i s c l i e n t c o u l d b e h u r t a n y m o r e
t h a n h e h a d b e e n a l r e a d y
. T h e o l d J u d g e l o o k e d Ro b b s q u a r e i n t h e e y e
a n d s a i d i n a s l o w , d e l i b e r a t e v o i c e : " O h y e s h e c a n
. "
Se v e n m o r e m o n t h s p a s s e d b e f o r e O t e p k a g o t h i s h e a r i n g . T h e i n t e r v a l
w a s m a r k e d b y f u r t h e r b e h i n d - t h e - s c e n e s a t t e m p t s t o s q u e l c h t h e c a s e
.
Ni c h o l a s Ka t z e n b a c h , B o b b y Ke n n e d y ' s s u c c e s s o r a s At t o r n e y G e n e r a l ,
h a d m o v e d i n t o t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a s Un d e r s e c r e t a r y , a n d w a s s a i d
t o b e i n c h a r g e o f t h e n e w e f f o r t s a t c o m p r o m i s e
. Re l i a b l e r e p o r t s h a d
i t t h a t P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n g a v e Ka t z e n b a c h f i r m i n s t r u c t i o n s t o s e t t l e t h e
m a t t e r b e f o r e i t w e n t a n y f u r t h e r .
In t h e s p r i n g o f 1 9 67 m o r e t e n t a t i v e f e e l e r s w e r e p u t o u t . O t e p k a h e a r d
t h a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w o u l d a g r e e t o l e t h i m r e t i r e o n a f u l l p e n s i o n
t h a t w o u l d b r i n g h i m a r e a s o n a b l y g o o d i n c o m e f o r l i f e , o r i t w o u l d h e l p
h i m f i n d a j o b a t i n c r e a s e d p a y i n a n o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c y . H e w a s
T H ELO NG W AIT

4 0 3
g i v e n t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h i s w o u l d b e a b s o l u t e l y t h e f i n a l o f f e r . Fo r t h e
l a s t t i m e h e s a i d n o
.
T h e m a c h i n e r y f o r h i s h e a r i n g w a s f i n a l l y s e t i n m o t i o n . Ro b b a n d
O t e p k a m a d e o n e l a s t e f f o r t t o g e t a n i n d e p e n d e n t h e a r i n g o f f i c e r t o
p r e s i d e , n a m i n g s e v e r a l f o r m e r o u t s t a n d i n g j u r i s t s , i n c l u d i n g e x - Su p r e m e
Co u r t J u s t i c e Ch a r l e s W h i t t a k e r , a s p o s s i b i l i t i e s . T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
i g n o r e d t h e m a n d s u m m a r i l y a p p o i n t e d a Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r w i t h
s o m e l e g a l b a c k g r o u n d , Ed w a r d A. Dr a g o n .
O t e p k a d e m a n d e d a n o p e n h e a r i n g t o w h i c h t h e p r e s s w o u l d h a v e f r e e
a c c e s s , b u t t h e De p a r t m e n t i n s i s t e d t h a t i t w o u l d b e c l o s e d . T h u s , a f t e r
n e a r l y f o u r y e a r s u n d e r c h a r g e s , O t t o O t e p k a w a s f i n a l l y b r o u g h t t o t r i a l
b e h i n d l o c k e d d o o r s b e f o r e a " j u d g e " h a n d p i c k e d b y t h e De p a r t m e n t o f
St a t e .
N\I-

N\1 1
IT W ASALO VELY SO FT SUM M ERM O RNING . O NLY AFEW W H IT EW ISP S
o f c l o u d s a i l e d t h e b l u e s k y o v e r h e a d a s O t e p k a l e f t h i s h o m e i n s u b u r b a n
W h e a t o n
. H e s t e e r e d h i s a g i n g B u i c k t h r o u g h t h e g r a c e f u l l y c u r v i n g b a c k
s t r e e t s t o Co n n e c t i c u t Av e n u e a n d h e a d e d s o u t h t o w a r d t h e Di s t r i c t l i n e .
At l o n g l a s t , O t e p k a w a s o n h i s w a y t o w a r d h i s o f t - d e l a y e d c o n f r o n t a t i o n
w i t h t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
As h e s w u n g a r o u n d Ch e v y Ch a s e c i r c l e a n d c r o s s e d i n t o t h e c i t y o f
W a s h i n g t o n , t h e 9 o ' c l o c k n e w s s e r v e d u p t h e l a t e s t d e v e l o p m e n t s o f t h e
Ar a b - Is r a e l i w a r w h i c h h a d e r u p t e d a t d a w n t h e d a y b e f o r e . Is r a e l i a r -
m o r e d c o l u m n s h a d h a m m e r e d d e e p i n t o t h e Si n a i d e s e r t . T h e y w e r e
r e p o r t e d w i t h i n s e v e n t y - f i v e m i l e s o f Su e z . T h e r e w a s n o m e n t i o n , o f
c o u r s e , a b o u t t h e O t e p k a h e a r i n g t h a t w a s t o b e g i n a t 1 0 a
. m
. O n J u n e
6, 1 9 67 , t h e M i d e a s t c r i s i s h a d b l o t t e d o u t v i r t u a l l y a l l o t h e r n e w s .
Se n a t o r Ea s t l a n d a n d a g r o u p o f h i s c o l l e a g u e s h a d p l a n n e d o n e l a s t
t h u n d e r i n g s a l v o i n s u p p o r t o f O t e p k a o n t h e Se n a t e f l o o r t h e p r e v i o u s
a f t e r n o o n
. B u t w h e n t h e M i d e a s t e x p l o d e d t h e y d e c i d e d t o h o l d t h e i r
f i r e
. No t h i n g c o u l d p o s s i b l y c o m p e t e w i t h t h e n e w w a r
. T h e o l d o n e , i n
Vi e t n a m , w a s w i p e d f r o m t h e f r o n t p a g e s a n d c r o w d e d o f f t h e a i r w a v e s .
O t e p k a w a s t o b e t r i e d i n o b l i v i o n .
T u r n i n g l e f t o f f Co n n e c t i c u t t o g e t o u t o f t h e h e a v y i n b o u n d t r a f f i c , h e
4 0 4
ST ARCH AM B ER

4 0 5
d r o v e d o w n a l o n g t h e b e a u t i f u l Ro c k Cr e e k P a r k w a y . As h e e m e r g e d
o n t o Co n s t i t u t i o n Av e n u e t h e b r o o d i n g s t a t u e o f Li n c o l n l o o k e d o u t
f r o m t h e s h a d o w s o f t h e i m p o s i n g m e m o r i a l a b l o c k a w a y . At t h e o t h e r
e n d o f t h e m a l l , t h e s o a r i n g W a s h i n g t o n M o n u m e n t g l i s t e n e d i n t h e
m o r n i n g s u n l i g h t
. In t h i s q u a r t e r , a t l e a s t , t h e c i t y h a d n e v e r s e e m e d
m o r e m a j e s t i c , m o r e p e a c e f u l .
P r o m p t l y a t 9
: 1 5 a . m . O t e p k a e n t e r e d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t g a r a g e ,
s t o p p i n g a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e r a m p t o s h o w h i s o f f i c i a l p a s s t o t h e p o l i t e
Ne g r o g u a r d . H e f o u n d a p a r k i n g p l a c e n e a r t h e e l e v a t o r s a n d u n l o a d e d
f o u r l a r g e l e a t h e r b a g s c r a m m e d w i t h t h e m a t e r i a l h e h a d b e e n s t o r i n g
u p f o r f o r t y - f o u r m o n t h s .
O n t h e f i r s t f l o o r s e v e r a l t e l e v i s i o n c r e w s g u a r d e d t h e m a i n e n t r a n c e ,
w a i t i n g h o p e f u l l y f o r Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e Ru s k o r s o m e o t h e r De p a r t m e n t
d i g n i t a r y t o e n l i g h t e n t h e c o u n t r y o n t h e c o n f u s i n g s i t u a t i o n i n t h e
M i d e a s t . No n e o f t h e T Vm e n s e e m e d t o r e c o g n i z e O t e p k a a s h e c a m e
o u t o f t h e e l e v a t o r s c a r r y i n g h i s b a g s .
Ne a r t h e e n t r a n c e t o Ro o m 1 4 1 0 , t h e s u i t e w h e r e P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y
h a d p r i m p e d f o r h i s p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e s , o n l y o n e r e p o r t e r w a s w a i t i n g
. In
a c l i p p e d , r a t h e r B r i t i s h a c c e n t h e i n t r o d u c e d h i m s e l f a s Ni c k Da n o l o f f
o f UP I
. Re g r e t f u l l y , O t e p k a s a i d h e c o u l d n o t a n s w e r a n y q u e s t i o n s
.
Da n o l o f f e x p r e s s e d t h e w i s h t h a t h e c o u l d a t t e n d t h e h e a r i n g s
. " Iw i s h
y o u c o u l d t o o , O t e p k a s m i l e d . T h e y b o t h s h o o k t h e i r h e a d s
.
O t e p k a a n d Ro g e r Ro b b h a d c o n t i n u e d t o p r o t e s t t h e c l o s i n g o f t h e
h e a r i n g t o t h e p r e s s r i g h t d o w n t o t h e e l e v e n t h h o u r . So m e n e w s p a p e r s ,
a n d e v e n t h e Am e r i c a n Ci v i l Li b e r t i e s Un i o n , m a d e t h e p r o t e s t p u b l i c
.
B u t t h e De p a r t m e n t s t o o d f i r m . No t h i n g c o u l d r a i s e Ru s k ' s i r o n c u r t a i n
.
In t h e r e c e p t i o n a r e a o f 1 4 1 0 t h e d o o r t o t h e h e a r i n g r o o m o p e n e d a n d
t h e " j u d g e " b u r s t t h r o u g h , b r e e z i l y s h a k i n g t h e d e f e n d a n t ' s h a n d
. H e a r -
i n g O f f i c e r Ed w a r d Dr a g o n l o o k e d , a t 3 8 , l i k e a m o d e l b u r e a u c r a t
. H e a v y
s p e c t a c l e s h i d p a r t o f h i s l a r g e , b l a n d f a c e u n d e r a s l o p i n g f o r e h e a d a n d
r e c e d i n g d a r k h a i r . An a t i v e o f Rh o d e Is l a n d , h e w a s a p r o d u c t o f T o m
Do d d ' s a l m a m a t e r , P r o v i d e n c e Co l l e g e , o f G e o r g e t o w n La w Sc h o o l ,
a n d o f CIA, w h e r e h e h a d w o r k e d a s a n " i n t e l l i g e n c e a n a l y s t . "
Dr a g o n e x c h a n g e d p l e a s a n t r i e s w i t h t h e m a n h e w a s t o h e l p De a n
Ru s k j u d g e a n d , s i n c e i t w a s s t i l l q u i t e e a r l y , O t e p k a d e p o s i t e d h i s b a g s
a n d w e n t t o t h e l i t t l e a u t o m a t i c c o m m i s s a r y a t t h e l o w e r e n d o f t h e m a i n
l o b b y f o r c o f f e e . It i s a n i m p r e s s i v e l o b b y , w i t h t h e f l a g s o f a l l t h e Un i t e d
Na t i o n s h a n g i n g a b o v e t h e g l a s s f a c a d e t h a t g i v e s o n t o a l a r g e c o u r t y a r d
o p p o s i t e t h e m a i n e n t r a n c e . At t h e o t h e r e n d o f t h e l o n g l o b b y s t a n d s
a h a n d s o m e s t a t u e p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Un i t e d St a t e s i n 1 9 65 b y t h e g o v e r n -
4 0 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
m e n t o f G r e e c e
. It i s a r e p l i c a o f a n o r i g i n a l f o u n d a t P i r a e u s , t h e p o r t
o f At h e n s , a n d i s b e l i e v e d t o b e a l i k e n e s s o f M e l p o m e n e , t h e M u s e o f
t r a g e d y .
Fr o m h e r m a r b l e e y e s , M e l p o m e n e , o r w h o e v e r , s t a r e d b l a n k l y a t t h e
t a l l d a r k m a n w a i t i n g p a t i e n t l y f o r t h e c u r t a i n t o r i s e o n t h e l a t e s t a c t o f
a d r a m a t h a t r i v a l e d t h e t r a g e d i e s i n h e r a n c i e n t r e p e r t o i r e . So o n t h e
o t h e r p l a y e r s b e g a n t o a p p e a r . At 9 : 4 3 t h e p r o s e c u t o r , Ir v i n g J a f f e , s t r o d e
p u r p o s e f u l l y a c r o s s t h e l o b b y , a g r i m l i t t l e m a n w i t h w a v y g r a y h a i r a n d
a d e t e r m i n e d l o o k i n h i s e y e . T r a i l i n g a s t e p o r t w o b e h i n d c a m e h i s
y o u n g a s s i s t a n t , Is a a c B e n k i n , w e i g h e d d o w n w i t h b u l g i n g b r i e f c a s e s .
Ex a c t l y o n e m i n u t e l a t e r Ro g e r Ro b b a r r i v e d . Sm i l i n g e n c o u r a g i n g l y , h e
w a l k e d w i t h O t e p k a t o t h e h e a r i n g r o o m . T h e d o o r s h u t b e h i n d t h e m ,
b a r r i n g t h e p r o c e e d i n g s f r o m t h e p u b l i c e y e a n d e a r . O t e p k a ' s l o n g o r d e a l
h a d b e g u n i t s f i n a l p h a s e .
T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g i n t o t h e d i s m i s s a l c h a r g e s l e v e l e d
a g a i n s t O t e p k a w a s t o l a s t f o u r w e e k s , a l l t h r o u g h t h e r e m a i n i n g p a r t o f
J u n e . T h e r e c o r d c a m e t o f i l l s o m e t w o t h o u s a n d t y p e d p a g e s , e a c h o n e
s u p p o s e d l y s e c r e t . Fo r P r o s e c u t o r J a f f e ' s f i r s t a c t , a f t e r w i t h d r a w i n g t h e
t e n c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s t h a t h a d b l a c k e n e d O t e p k a ' s n a m e f o r n e a r l y f o u r
y e a r s , w a s t o r e q u e s t t h a t t h e e n t i r e p r o c e e d i n g s b e b r a n d e d " Cl a s s i f i e d . "
Ro g e r Ro b b v i g o r o u s l y p r o t e s t e d t h i s m o v e . H e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t n o t
e v e n t h e O p p e n h e i m e r h e a r i n g s b e f o r e t h e At o m i c En e r g y Co m m i s -
s i o n ' s G r a y B o a r d h a d b e e n c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t o . O n l y t h o s e s e c t i o n s d e a l i n g
w i t h t e c h n i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n a t o m i c w e a p o n s h a d b e e n w i t h h e l d . T h e
r e s t o f t h e O p p e n h e i m e r t r a n s c r i p t h a d a c t u a l l y b e e n p u b l i s h e d .
T h e O t e p k a h e a r i n g c o u l d n o t p o s s i b l y d i s c l o s e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t w o u l d
i n a n y w a y b e d a m a g i n g t o t h e n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y . It w a s c e r t a i n , h o w e v e r ,
t o p r o v e d a m a g i n g t o t h e J o h n s o n Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d t h e St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t , a n d t h a t , o f c o u r s e , w a s r e a s o n e n o u g h f o r J a f f e ' s r e q u e s t t o k e e p
t h e r e c o r d s e c r e t , a n d f o r t h e e a r l i e r d e c i s i o n t o b a r t h e p r e s s .
T h e b a s i s f o r t h e r e q u e s t w a s u t t e r l y r i d i c u l o u s . It w a s r o o t e d i n t h e
f a c t t h a t t h e t h r e e r e m a i n i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t O t e p k a d e a l t w i t h c e r t a i n
c l a s s i f i e d d o c u m e n t s
. B u t t h e s e s a m e d o c u m e n t s h a d a l r e a d y b e e n p u b -
l i s h e d b y t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e a n d t h e y h a d b e e n
w i d e l y r e p o r t e d i n t h e p r e s s .
No n e t h e l e s s , " J u d g e " Dr a g o n g r a n t e d t h e p r o s e c u t i o n ' s r e q u e s t . T h e
r e c o r d w a s c l a s s i f i e d a n d t h e p a t t e r n t h e r e b y s e t f o r a s h o w t r i a l t h a t b o r e
a c u r i o u s r e s e m b l a n c e t o t h o s e c h a r a d e s t h a t p a s s f o r t r i a l s i n M o s c o w
a n d P e i p i n g . In d e e d , t h e r e s e m b l a n c e i s s o s t r o n g a s t o m a k e t h e m
ST ARCH AM B ER

4 0 7
v i r t u a l l y i d e n t i c a l , o n e w i t h t h e o t h e r
. Fo r j u d g m e n t h a d a l r e a d y b e e n
p r o n o u n c e d o n O t e p k a j u s t a s s u r e l y a s i t h a d b e e n p a s s e d o n t h e t r i o
o f Ru s s i a n i n t e l l e c t u a l s w h o w e r e t o s t a n d t r i a l i n M o s c o w s o m e m o n t h s
l a t e r
. T h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t e v e n i n M o s c o w s u c h t r i a l s a r e c o n -
d u c t e d m o r e o r l e s s i n t h e o p e n o f l a t e , w h i l e i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
t h e w h o l e p r o c e e d i n g f r o m b e g i n n i n g t o e n d w a s c o n d u c t e d i n t h e u t m o s t
s e c r e c y .
Af e w t r i c k l e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n d i d l e a k o u t , h o w e v e r . St o r i e s a p p e a r e d
i n t h e p r e s s t h a t t h e t e n c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s a g a i n s t O t e p k a h a d b e e n
d r o p p e d a n d t h a t t h e h e a r i n g r e c o r d h a d b e e n c l a s s i f i e d
. T h i s p r o m p t e d
t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t o t h r e a t e n t h e d e f e n s e
. O n Fr i d a y , t h e f o u r t h d a y
o f t h e h e a r i n g , J a f f e s a i d h i s " c l i e n t " h a d n o t e d t h e l e a k s
.
" Ih a v e b e e n r e q u e s t e d t o a p p r i s e t h e a t t o r n e y f o r M r
. O t e p k a o f
e x e c u t i v e o r d e r s s a f e g u a r d i n g ' o f f i c i a l i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e i n t e r e s t s a n d
s a f e t y o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , " J a f f e s t a t e d .
" W h o r e q u e s t e d t h i s a d m o n i t i o n ? " d e m a n d e d Ro b b
.
" It ' s n o t a n a d m o n i t i o n , b u t a n
i n s t r u c t i o n , " r e p l i e d J a f f e w i t h a
m e a n i n g f u l n o d
.
" T e l l y o u r c l i e n t , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , Is h a l l g i v e i t t h e c o n s i d e r a -
t i o n t o w h i c h i t i s e n t i t l e d , " s a i d Ro b b , r e f u s i n g t o b o w b e f o r e t h e t h r e a t .
Fo r t u n a t e l y , h o w e v e r , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w a s o p e r a t i n g a t i t s u s u a l
h i g h l e v e l o f e f f i c i e n c y
. H a v i n g g o n e t o s u c h e x t r e m e s i n k e e p i n g t h e
r e c o r d s e c r e t , i t c o m p l e t e l y f o r g o t t o p l a c e t h e o f f i c i a l s t a m p " Cl a s s i f i e d "
o n t h e t r a n s c r i p t s d e l i v e r e d t o t h e p a r t i e s c o n c e r n e d . T h e r e f o r e , i t w i l l
b e n o c r i m e t o s u m m a r i z e b r i e f l y t h a t a s t o u n d i n g r e c o r d h e r e .
O n l y t h r e e w i t n e s s e s t e s t i f i e d d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e f o u r w e e k s - O t e p k a ,
So u r w i n e a n d , m o s t r e l u c t a n t l y , Re i l l y
. Ro b b a n d O t e p k a p u r p o s e l y
r e f r a i n e d f r o m c a l l i n g a l l t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e s h i l l e l a g h b r i g a d e , a n d
p e r h a p s De a n Ru s k , a n d o t h e r h i g h o f f i c i a l s , d e c i d i n g t o s a v e t h e m
a g a i n s t t h e d a y w h e n t h e c a s e m i g h t g e t i n t o a p r o p e r c o u r t r o o m .
O t e p k a t o o k t h e s t a n d f i r s t , a n d w a s s e a t e d a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e t a b l e
o c c u p i e d b y J a f f e a n d B e n k i n
. Im m e d i a t e l y , J a f f e a t t e m p t e d t o l a y t h e
b a s i s f o r O t e p k a ' s a l l e g e d v i o l a t i o n o f t h e T r u m a n d i r e c t i v e o f M a r c h 1 3 ,
1 9 4 8 , o n w h i c h t h e w h o l e c a s e n o w r e s t e d
. H e a s k e d O t e p k a i f h e h a d
r e a d Se c r e t a r y Ru s k ' s " t e s t i m o n y " b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
w h e r e Ru s k h a d q u o t e d t h e T r u m a n o r d e r a n d s t a t e d t h a t " Ne i t h e r In o r
a n y o f m y s u b o r d i n a t e s s h o u l d b e a s k e d t o v i o l a t e t h a t d i r e c t i v e
. "
Is n ' t t h a t p a r t o f t h e p o l i c y o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , J a f f e i n q u i r e d ?
O t e p k a o w n e d t h a t " t h e Se c r e t a r y h a s q u o t e d c o r r e c t l y f r o m t h e P r e s i -
d e n t i a l d i r e c t i v e
. " B u t h e r e f u s e d t o " a c c e p t a n y i n f e r e n c e i n t h e r e t h a t
4 0 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
Iv i o l a t e d a n y p r o v i s i o n s o f t h a t d i r e c t i v e
. " H e m a d e t h e p o i n t t h a t a l l
o f t h e m a t e r i a l h e h a d g i v e n So u r w i n e o n An d r e w Co r d i e r a n d t h e r e s t
h a d a l r e a d y b e e n i n t h e p u b l i c d o m a i n . * M o r e o v e r , h e s h o w e d t h a t De a n
Ru s k h a d h i m s e l f w a i v e d t h e o l d T r u m a n o r d e r w h e n i t s u i t e d h i m
.
T h u s , t h e d u e l b e g a n
. It v e r y q u i c k l y b e c a m e o b v i o u s t h a t Ir v i n g J a f f e
w a s n o t o n l y o u t m a t c h e d b u t r a t h e r w o e f u l l y u n p r e p a r e d
. St r a n g e a s i t
m a y s e e m , m u c h o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t ' s c a s e h i n g e d o n t h e p u b l i s h e d
r e c o r d o f t h e Se n a t e Su b c o m m i t t e e
. B u t t h e r e w e r e w h o l e b r o a d e x -
p a n s e s o f t h a t r e c o r d w h e r e J a f f e s i m p l y d r e w a b l a n k
. It w a s a p p a r e n t
t h a t h e h a d b e e n p r i m e d , b u t n o t r e a l l y i n f o r m e d , b y De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s
w h o s e d i r t y l i n e n h e w a s b e i n g f o r c e d t o l a u n d e r
.
Fo r e x a m p l e , i n a f u t i l e a t t e m p t t o s h o w t h a t O t e p k a h a d b e e n d i l a t o r y
i n t h e h a n d l i n g o f s e c u r i t y c a s e s , J a f f e b r o u g h t u p t h e n a m e o f o n e P h i l i p
Ra i n e . H e a s k e d O t e p k a w h a t t h e Ra i n e c a s e w a s a b o u t a n d d r e w a
s u c c i n c t r e p l y .
O t e p k a s a i d t h a t t h e Ra i n e b u s i n e s s c e n t e r e d o n a l l e g e d Co m m u n i s t
a c t i v i t y . Ra i n e w a s a f r i e n d o f Ro b e r t T
. M i l l e r III, w h o h a d b e e n d i s -
m i s s e d f r o m t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t o n s e c u r i t y g r o u n d s
. M i l l e r h a d r u n
a Le f t i s t p u b l i c a t i o n c a l l e d
T h e H e m i s p h e r e , a n d Ra i n e h a d w o r k e d w i t h
h i m o n i t . * *
Af t e r a h a l f - d o z e n m o r e q u e s t i o n s o n Ra i n e , O t e p k a w a s m o v e d t o
r e m a r k : " Id o n ' t k n o w w h a t y o u h a v e i n m i n d i n b r i n g i n g u p t h i s s u b -
j e c t . "
" Fr a n k l y , M r . O t e p k a , " J a f f e f r o w n e d i n b e w i l d e r m e n t ,
" Id o n ' t k n o w
w h a t i t m e a n s e i t h e r . . . . "
J a f f e w a s e q u a l l y a t s e a i n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e i n t r i c a c i e s o f t h e i n t e r n a l
s e c u r i t y l a w s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s , b u t t h a t i s e n t i r e l y u n d e r s t a n d a b l e
. O n e
r e a l l y h a s t o l i v e w i t h t h e m f o r y e a r s , a s O t e p k a d i d , t o p l u m b t h e i r
m u r k y d e p t h s
. Fr e q u e n t l y t h e d e f e n d a n t t o o k p i t y o n t h e p r o s e c u t o r a n d
t r i e d t o h e l p h i m b y p a t i e n t l y e x p l a i n i n g t h e l a w
.
M o r e p u z z l i n g , h o w e v e r , w a s t h e u n b e l i e v a b l e w e a k n e s s o f t h e c e n t r a l
r a i s o n d ' e t r e o f t h e p r o s e c u t i o n ' s c a s e
. J a f f e b u i l t h i s a r g u m e n t o n t h e
s p e c i o u s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t O t e p k a ' s
o n l y d u t y w a s t o o b e y t h e o r d e r s o f
h i s s u p e r i o r s
. J u s t o n e o f m a n y i n s t a n c e s o f t h e e s s e n t i a l f r a i l t y o f t h i s
t h e s i s i s s e e n i n J a f f e ' s q u e s t i o n i n g o f O t e p k a a b o u t h i s p r o t e s t s a g a i n s t
* T h e r e w a s o n e e x c e p t i o n , a s J a f f e n o t e d
. T h e d o c u m e n t o n H a r l a n Cl e v e l a n d ' s a d v i s o r y
c o m m i t t e e c o n t a i n e d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t o n e o f t h e m e m b e r s , La w r e n c e Fi n k l e s t e i n , t h a t
w a s n o t a m a t t e r o f p u b l i c r e c o r d
. Du r i n g W o r l d W a r IIFi n k l e s t e i n h a d b e e n d e c l a r e d
i n e l i g i b l e f o r m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e b e c a u s e o f " p s y c h i a t r i c " r e a s o n s
. T h e s u b c o m m i t t e e h a d
s u b s e q u e n t l y d e l e t e d t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e p u b l i s h e d r e c o r d o f i t s O t e p k a h e a r i n g s
.
* * P h i l i p Ra i n e w a s n a m e d a Co n s u l G e n e r a l i n 1 9 63 , p o s t e d t o Ri o d e J a n e i r o i n Au g u s t
1 9 65 , a n d m a d e a M i n i s t e r o n M a r c h 1 7 , 1 9 66 .
ST ARCH AM B ER

4 0 9
t h e c l e a r a n c e B o b b y Ke n n e d y h a d r a m m e d t h r o u g h f o r Fr a n k M o n t e r o :
J a f f e : W a s n o t y o u r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d o b l i g a t i o n f u l l y d i s c h a r g e d ,
M r
. O t e p k a , w h e n y o u e x p r e s s e d y o u r o p i n i o n . . . t h a t t h e b a c k g r o u n d
i n v e s t i g a t i o n d i d n o t r e s o l v e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t a p p e a r e d i n t h e f i l e ,
a n d s u b m i t t e d t h a t t o y o u r s u p e r i o r s ? Di d n ' t t h a t d i s c h a r g e y o u r r e -
s p o n s i b i l i t y ?
O t e p k a
: No s i r , n o t m y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a s c h i e f e v a l u a t o r , a n d a s a
p e r s o n s w o r n t o u p h o l d a n d d e f e n d a l l t h e l a w s o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s .
. . .
Id o n o t t h i n k Ia m f u l f i l l i n g m y o b l i g a t i o n b y p e r m i t t i n g a c a s e
t o b e b u r i e d w i t h o u t d e r o g a t o r y s e c u r i t y f a c t o r s b e i n g a m p l y r e s o l v e d .
J a f f e s e e m e d i n c a p a b l e o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h i s l i n e o f r e a s o n i n g . T o h i m
t h e r e w a s n o h i g h e r l a w t h a n t h e w i s h e s o f o n e ' s b o s s , o r s o h e t r i e d t o
m a k e t h e " c o u r t " b e l i e v e
.
Ro g e r Ro b b d i d a b r i l l i a n t j o b i n h i s o p e n i n g s t a t e m e n t o n J u n e 7 ,
f l i n g i n g w i d e m a n y d o o r s o f a r g u m e n t f o r t h e d e f e n s e t h a t m i g h t o t h e r -
w i s e h a v e b e e n s h u t
. H e c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h e p a p e r s O t e p k a g a v e So u r -
w i n e a n d t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e w e r e " n o t w i t h i n t h e s c o p e " o f t h e
T r u m a n d i r e c t i v e " c o n s t r u e d i n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h i s c a s e
. "
" T h e p a p e r s c o n t a i n e d . .
n o t l o y a l t y o r s e c u r i t y i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e
p r o p e r s e n s e o f t h a t t e r m , " Ro b b s a i d
. " T h e r e w a s n o l o y a l t y c a s e p e n d -
i n g o r c o n t e m p l a t e d a g a i n s t a n y o f t h e p e r s o n s i n v o l v e d . " T h e c l a s s i f i c a -
t i o n o f t h o s e d o c u m e n t s w a s , h e s t r e s s e d , i m m a t e r i a l i n t h i s i n s t a n c e
" s i n c e M r
. So u r w i n e i n h i s o f f i c i a l c a p a c i t y a n d t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e
( Se n a t e ) c o m m i t t e e w e r e a u t h o r i z e d t o r e c e i v e s u c h d o c u m e n t s . "
H e a r g u e d p e r s u a s i v e l y t h a t i t w a s O t e p k a ' s d u t y t o p r o d u c e t h e s e
d o c u m e n t s f o r t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e , " a d u t y t h a t w a s i m p o s e d b y h i s o a t h
t o t e l l t h e t r u t h
. " If O t e p k a h a d f a i l e d t o t a k e t h i s a c t i o n , Ro b b p o i n t e d
o u t , h e w o u l d h a v e c o n d o n e d a n d s h i e l d e d J o h n Re i l l y ' s p e r j u r y .
Fo r O t e p k a t o h a v e s o u g h t r e d r e s s t h r o u g h h i s s u p e r i o r s i n t h e De p a r t -
m e n t o f St a t e w o u l d h a v e b e e n a " v a i n a n d f u t i l e t h i n g " w h e n t h o s e s a m e
s u p e r i o r s h a d b e e n o u t " t o d e s t r o y o r g e t O t e p k a b y f a i r m e a n s o r f o u l , "
Ro b b d e c l a r e d
.
Ag a i n s t t h e c h a r g e t h a t O t e p k a h a d c o n d u c t e d h i m s e l f " i n a m a n n e r
u n , e c o m i n g a n o f f i c e r o f t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e , " Ro b b p r o m i s e d t o
p r o d u c e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e c o n d u c t o f m a n y o t h e r De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s
w a s t r u l y n o t o r i o u s a n d d a n g e r o u s , y e t t h e y h a d b e e n p r o m o t e d , n o t
d i s m i s s e d
.
M o r e t h a n t h a t , h e s t a t e d , " t h e e v i d e n c e w i l l s h o w t h a t t h e s e c h a r g e s
( a g a i n s t O t e p k a ) w e r e t h e c u l m i n a t i o n o f a c o n s p i r a c y , b e g i n n i n g a s e a r l y
a s 1 9 60 , t o g e t r i d o f O t e p k a b y a r e l e n t l e s s c a m p a i g n o f h a r a s s m e n t a n d
4 1
0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
r e p r i s a l , b y s u r r o u n d i n g h i m w i t h u n f r i e n d l y a n d d i s l o y a l a s s o c i a t e s , b y
w i r e t a p p i n g , b y c l a n d e s t i n e s u r v e i l l a n c e . .
. a n d f i n a l l y o n t h e p a r t o f h i s
i m m e d i a t e s u p e r i o r s , b y p e r j u r y . "
Ro b b s a i d " t h e p r o o f w i l l s h o w " t h a t t h e m o t i v a t i o n b e h i n d t h e p l o t
t o o u s t O t e p k a w a s s i m p l y t h a t h e h a d " c o n s i s t e n t l y a n d r e s o l u t e l y
i n s i s t e d t h a t s o u n d a n d p r o p e r s e c u r i t y p r a c t i c e s h e o b s e r v e d b y t h e
De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e " a n d t h a t h e w o r k e d c o n s t a n t l y t o " d i s c o v e r a n d
e l i m i n a t e e m p l o y e e s i n t h e De p a r t m e n t w h o w e r e s e c u r i t y r i s k s a n d t o
p r e v e n t t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f p e r s o n s w h o m i g h t b e c o m e s e c u r i t y r i s k s
. "
In c o n t r a s t , Ro b b w e n t o n , t h e e v i d e n c e w o u l d p r o v e t h a t h i s s u p e r i -
o r s - " Re i l l y a n d B e l i s l e a n d t h o s e a b o v e t h e m " - " c o n s t a n t l y e n d e a v -
o r e d t o r e l a x o r b y p a s s s e c u r i t y r e s t r i c t i o n s o r s t a n d a r d s
. . . . "
" T h e r e s u l t o f a l l t h i s f o r O t e p k a w a s i n e v i t a b l e , " Ro b b c o n c l u d e d
.
" W h e n h e r e f u s e d t o s u b m i t p a s s i v e l y , w h i l e t h e s e c u r i t y s y s t e m f o r
w h i c h h e w a s r e s p o n s i b l e w a s b e i n g d e s t r o y e d - w h e n h e t e s t i f i e d a b o u t
t h e s i t u a t i o n f r a n k l y a n d h o n e s t l y b e f o r e t h e Co n g r e s s i o n a l c o m m i t -
t e e - h i s s u p e r i o r s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t h e h i m s e l f m u s t b e d e s t r o y e d
. "
W h e n Ro b b h a d f i n i s h e d , J a y So u r w i n e l u m b e r e d t o t h e w i t n e s s c h a i r
.
H e d e s c r i b e d h o w t h e d i s c r e p a n c i e s h a d d e v e l o p e d b e t w e e n t h e s w o r n
s t a t e m e n t s o f Re i l l y a n d O t e p k a
. " Ih a v e s e l d o m s e e n s u c h s h a r p c o n f l i c t
b e t w e e n t h e t e s t i m o n y o f t w o p e o p l e w o r k i n g i n t h e s a m e s h o p , " h e s a i d
.
So u r w i n e t o l d h o w h e h a d m a d e i t c l e a r t o O t e p k a t h a t i t w a s " u p t o
h i m t o p u t u p o r s h u t u p
. " " H i s b o s s , i n e f f e c t , h a d c a l l e d h i m a l i a r , a n d
i f h e h a d a n y e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t w h a t h e t o l d u s , Iw a n t e d h i m t o b r i n g
t h e e v i d e n c e i n a n d p u t i t i n t h e r e c o r d . "
J a f f e t r i e d h a r d t o t r i p So u r w i n e
. B u t h e m a d e t h e m i s t a k e o f a t t e m p t -
i n g t o s e t h i s s n a r e s w i t h Re i l l y ' s t e s t i m o n y , w h i c h , a s So u r w i n e s a i d ,
w e r e " f u l l o f e v a s i o n s , d o d g i n g , h a l f - t r u t h s a n d p l a i n l i e s
. " At f i r s t t h e
s u b c o m m i t t e e c h i e f c o u n s e l d e c l i n e d t o s p e c u l a t e o n Re i l l y ' s m o t i v a t i o n ,
b u t f i n a l l y h e o f f e r e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t " M r
. Re i l l y w a s t r a p p e d i n a s e n s e
b y h i s o w n e g o
. H e w o u l d f r e q u e n t l y p u l l a n s w e r s o u t o f t h i n a i r w h i c h
Ik n e w . .
. w e r e n o t t h e t r u t h , o r a t b e s t o n l y a h a l f - t r u t h
. An d t h e n h e
w o u l d b e g i n h e d g i n g a n d s e e k t o j u s t i f y t h e m a s m u c h a s h e c o u l d
. . . . "
So u r w i n e w o u n d u p h i s t e s t i m o n y o n t h e t h i r d a f t e r n o o n o f t h e h e a r -
i n g
. T h e f o l l o w i n g m o r n i n g , a Fr i d a y , O t e p k a w e n t b a c k o n t h e s t a n d ,
t h e r e t o s t a y f o r t h e n e x t t h r e e w e e k s w i t h t i m e o u t o n l y f o r t h e w e e k e n d s
a n d f o r o n e o r t w o o t h e r r e c e s s e s
. It w a s t h e c u l m i n a t i o n o f h i s l o n g
o r d e a l
. B u t i t s o o n b e c a m e a p p a r e n t t h a t i t w a s m u c h , m u c h m o r e t h a n
t h a t .
T H ET EST IM O NY O FO T T O O T EP KAAT H ISJ UNE1 9 67 T RIAL, RANG ING
a s i t d i d o v e r m o r e t h a n t w o d e c a d e s o f t h e i n e f f e c t u a l s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t
Co m m u n i s t s u b v e r s i o n , m u s t s t a n d a s o n e o f t h e m o s t r e m a r k a b l e t o u r s
d e f o r c e
i n t h e l o n g l e g a l h i s t o r y o f t h e En g l i s h - s p e a k i n g w o r l d . H o u r
a f t e r h o u r , d a y a f t e r d a y h e b u i l t h i s c a s e
. B e f o r e t h e i n e x o r a b l e m a r c h
o f h i s e v i d e n c e a n d t h e i n c i s i v e s l a s h e s o f h i s r u t h l e s s l o g i c , t h e s p e c i o u s
a r g u m e n t s o f t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e w i t h e r e d a n d f e l l , l i k e s h r u n k e n
l e a v e s f l u t t e r i n g d o w n f r o m a d e a d a n d r o t t e d t r e e
.
Ev e n t h e m e n w h o w e r e f o r c e d t o s e r v e a s h i s p r o s e c u t o r s m u s t s o o n
h a v e r e a l i z e d t h a t i t w a s n o t t h e d e f e n d a n t O t e p k a w h o w a s o n t r i a l ; i t
w a s t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e a n d , i n r e a l i t y , t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f t h e
Un i t e d St a t e s .
T h e p r i m a r y r e a s o n , i n d e e d t h e s o l e r a t i o n a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n , f o r t h e e x i s t -
e n c e o f a n y g o v e r n m e n t i s t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e u n d e r i t s c a r e
f r o m e n e m i e s w i t h i n a n d w i t h o u t
. B u t i n t h e t e s t i m o n y o f O t t o O t e p k a
i t b e c a m e c r y s t a l - c l e a r t h a t t h e Am e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t h a d f a i l e d a n d w a s
c o n t i n u i n g t o f a i l i n t h i s p r i m a r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .
Ag a i n s t t h e o n s l a u g h t o f a s y s t e m i r r e t r i e v a b l y d e d i c a t e d t o t h e d e -
s t r u c t i o n o f Am e r i c a , t h e g o v e r n m e n t h a d f o r t h i r t y y e a r s a n d m o r e
w a v e r e d a n d d a l l i e d , c o m p r o m i s e d a n d c o o p e r a t e d . B r a v e m e n h a d d i e d
4 1 1
4 1 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
i n d o z e n s o f b a t t l e s a n d a n o n y m o u s s k i r m i s h e s f r o m Ko r e a t o Vi e t n a m
t o p r o t e c t t h e i r c o u n t r y a g a i n s t t h e e v e r - e n c r o a c h i n g j u g g e r n a u t , w h i l e
b e h i n d t h e i r b a c k s t h e w e a k a n d d e p r a v e d h a d s o l d t h e i r s a c r i f i c e s p i e c e -
m e a l , a n d s o m e t i m e s i n c a r l o a d l o t s .
B y r e f u s i n g t o s t a n d a g a i n s t s u b v e r s i o n , b y r e t r e a t i n g b e f o r e t h e h y s -
t e r i c a l c r i t i c i s m s o f a c o n d i t i o n e d m i n o r i t y , b y f o r e v e r s e e k i n g a c c o m m o -
d a t i o n w i t h a n e n e m y t h a t c o u l d n e v e r b e a c c o m m o d a t e d , t h e p o l i t i c i a n s
h a d p e r m i t t e d t h e f e w r o t t e n a p p l e s t o c o n t a m i n a t e t h e w h o l e b a r r e l
.
T h e y h a d w i n k e d a t t h e p e r v e r s i o n o f t h e i r o w n p o l i c i e s , a n d b l a n c h e d
a t e v e r y c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h r e a l i t y
. T h e y h a d c o u r t e d t h e z o m b i e s w h o
s o u g h t t o d e s t r o y t h e m , a n d c u t d o w n t h e p e o p l e l i k e O t e p k a w h o t r i e d
t o d e f e n d t h e m a n d t h e i r c o u n t r y
. T h e y h a d c u r r i e d f a v o r w i t h t h e
e n e m y , w h i l e t h e e n e m y s t o l e Am e r i c a ' s m i l i t a r y s e c r e t s a n d a d a p t e d
t h e m t o t h e b u i l d i n g o f a m i g h t y w a r m a c h i n e .
O t e p k a d i d n o t a c t u a l l y s a y a n y o f t h e s e t h i n g s , o f c o u r s e
. B u t t h e y a r e
a l l i m p l i c i t i n t h e r e c o r d
. B e g i n n i n g w i t h h i s e x p o s u r e o f t h e p o l i c i e s t h a t
h a d p r o m o t e d J o h n St e w a r t Se r v i c e f o r a i d i n g i n t h e f a l l o f Ch i n a t o t h e
c o d d l i n g o f W i l l i a m W i e l a n d f o r a b e t t i n g t h e Co m m u n i s t c a p t u r e o f
Cu b a , O t e p k a l a i d b a r e t h e s k e l e t o n s t h a t r a t t l e d i n e v e r y St a t e De p a r t -
m e n t c l o s e t a n d h a u n t e d e v e r y m a j o r p o l i c y f a i l u r e
.
H e t o l d o f h i s m e e t i n g i n De c e m b e r 1 9 60 w i t h B o b b y Ke n n e d y a n d
De a n Ru s k , a n d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i d e n t i f i e d W a l t W
. Ro s t o w a s t h e
p r i n c i p a l s u b j e c t o f d i s c u s s i o n
. H e d i d n o t d i s c l o s e a l l t h e r e a s o n s w h y
Ro s t o w h a d b e e n d e e m e d a s e c u r i t y r i s k b y Ai r Fo r c e In t e l l i g e n c e a n d
t w i c e d e n i e d a c l e a r a n c e b y t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
. B u t h e r e v e a l e d j u s t
e n o u g h t o c a l l i n t o s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e m e n w h o h a d
e l e v a t e d Ro s t o w b o t h a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e a n d a t St a t e , t h e s a m e m e n
w h o b a s e d t h e f u n d a m e n t a l U
. S. f o r e i g n p o l i c y o f t h e 1 9 60 ' s o n Ro s t o w ' s
t h e o r i e s o f a " n a t i o n l e s s " w o r l d .
In d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s e c u r i t y w a i v e r s t h a t s u d d e n l y m u s h r o o m e d u n d e r
De a n Ru s k , O t e p k a s h o w e d h o w t h e c a n c e r o u s c e l l s t h a t h a d r e t r e a t e d
t o o b s c u r e c o r n e r s o f t h e b o d y p o l i t i c d u r i n g t h e Ei s e n h o w e r Ad m i n i s t r a -
t i o n h a d b u r s t f o r t h f r o m t h e i r h i d i n g p l a c e s t o j o i n t h e n e w i n v a s i o n
. H e
t o l d h o w H a r l a n Cl e v e l a n d h a d b e e n b r o u g h t i n d e s p i t e t h e r e c o m m e n -
d a t i o n o f Em e r y Ad a m s , f o r m e r c h i e f o f t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n , t h a t
Cl e v e l a n d b e d e n i e d a s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e
. H e d i s c l o s e d h o w Ir v i n g
Sw e r d l o w , f i r e d o n c e a s a s e c u r i t y r i s k , h a d r e t u r n e d u n d e r Cl e v e l a n d ' s
p r o t e c t i o n
. H e r e v e a l e d w h y Re i l l y h a d b e c o m e s o i n c e n s e d o v e r h i s
T H ENAT IO NO NT RAIL

4 1 3
h a n d l i n g o f t h e Se y m o u r J a n o w f i l e , a n d w h y Ab b a Sc h w a r t z h a d b e e n
g i v e n a h i g h l y s e n s i t i v e c l e a r a n c e h e h a d n o b u s i n e s s h o l d i n g .
O t e p k a d i s c l o s e d h o w t h e FB Ih a d b e e n s h u n t e d a s i d e s o i n v e s t i g a -
t i o n s c o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d b y t h e m o r e m a l l e a b l e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y
. O n e
s u c h c a s e i n v o l v e d a Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r n a m e d J o h n L . T o p p i n g , w h o
h a d e s p o u s e d t h e W i e l a n d l i n e d u r i n g Ca s t r o ' s r i s e t o p o w e r . W i t h o u t a n
FB Ii n v e s t i g a t i o n , T o p p i n g w a s c l e a r e d w i t h W i l l i a m B o s w e l l ' s c o n n i v -
a n c e a n d l a t e r a p p o i n t e d a s t h e a l t e r n a t e U. S. r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o t h e
Co u n c i l o f t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n o f Am e r i c a n St a t e s .
O t e p k a e x p l a i n e d w h y h e h a d o p p o s e d t h e t r a n s f e r o f t h e In t e l l i g e n c e
r e p o r t i n g f u n c t i o n f r o m h i s o f f i c e t o t h e B u r e a u o f In t e l l i g e n c e a n d Re -
s e a r c h
. Ap r o b e i n t o t h e b a c k g r o u n d s o f t h a t b u r e a u ' s p e r s o n n e l h a d
r e v e a l e d , h e s a i d , " a l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p e r s o n s e v a l u a t i n g i n t e l l i -
g e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n w h o h a d r e c o r d s o f a c t i v i t i e s a n d a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h
Co m m u n i s t s . "
T o r e f u t e t h e c h a r g e t h a t h e h a d c o n d u c t e d h i m s e l f i n a m a n n e r u n b e -
c o m i n g a n o f f i c e r o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , O t e p k a t i c k e d o f f a l o n g l i s t
o f o f f i c i a l s w h o h a d s e t t h e t o n e f o r t r u l y r e p r e h e n s i b l e c o n d u c t i n t h e
De p a r t m e n t . H e s a i d t h a t h i s a c t o f g i v i n g i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e Se n a t e
s h o u l d , i n f a i r n e s s , b e j u d g e d a g a i n s t t h e s t a n d a r d s s e t b y t h e s e p e o p l e ,
m a n y o f w h o m h a d b e e n r e w a r d e d w i t h p r o m o t i o n s w h i l e h a d h a d b e e n
d i s m i s s e d
. H e d i d n o t o f t e n n a m e n a m e s , b u t i t i s w o r t h r e v i e w i n g a f e w
o f t h e c a s e s h e c i t e d :
AFo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r w h o a d m i t t e d t h a t h e e n g a g e d i n
h o m o s e x u a l a c t s . T h e De p a r t m e n t ' s m e d i c a l o f f i c e r s d e c l a r e d h i m
u n f i t t o s e r v e a b r o a d a g a i n b e c a u s e h i s h o m o s e x u a l t e n d e n c i e s m a d e
h i m a p o t e n t i a l s e c u r i t y r i s k . Y e t h e w a s g i v e n a n a s s i g n m e n t i n a
c r i t i c a l p o s t b e h i n d t h e Ir o n Cu r t a i n .
An o t h e r Fo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r w h o s e p a s t m e m b e r s h i p i n t h e
Y o u n g Co m m u n i s t Le a g u e a n d t h e Co m m u n i s t P a r t y w a s p r o v e d
b e y o n d d o u b t t h o u g h h e h a d c o n c e a l e d t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n o n h i s a p p l i c a -
t i o n f o r m . Y e t , h e w a s s t i l l e m p l o y e d i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
.
As e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s t a t i o n e d i n M o s c o w w h o p e r m i t t e d h i m s e l f
t o b e e n t i c e d b y a w o m a n a g e n t i n t o a t r y s t w h i c h w a s p h o t o g r a p h e d
b y h e r KG B e m p l o y e r s . Al t h o u g h h e h a d e x p o s e d h i m s e l f t o t h e m o s t
e l e m e n t a l r e c r u i t m e n t t a c t i c s k n o w n t o t h e g r e e n e s t n o v i c e , h e w a s
n e v e r d i s c i p l i n e d .
4 1 4

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
An o t h e r s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r i n a n Ea s t e r n Eu r o p e a p c o u n t r y w h o
l e c t u r e d h i s a s s o c i a t e s o n a v o i d i n g p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h f o r e i g n
n a t i o n a l s w h i l e o p e n l y m a i n t a i n i n g a m i s t r e s s r e p o r t e d t o b e a Co m -
m u n i s t a g e n t . W h e n h e d i v o r c e d h i s w i f e , t h e De p a r t m e n t g a v e h i m
p e r m i s s i o n t o m a r r y h i s m i s t r e s s a n d h e c o n t i n u e d t o s e r v e a s a
s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r .

AFo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r w h o b o r r o w e d m o n e y f r o m t h e De -
p a r t m e n t c r e d i t u n i o n b y f o r g i n g t h e e n d o r s e m e n t o f a w o m a n e m -
p l o y e e t o h i s a p p l i c a t i o n f o r t h e l o a n . W h e n h e a d m i t t e d t h e f o r g e r y ,
h e w a s r e w a r d e d w i t h a n i m p o r t a n t a s s i g n m e n t i n t h e W h i t e H o u s e
.

AFo r e i g n Se r v i c e o f f i c e r w h o s e x u a l l y v i o l a t e d h i s o w n
d a u g h t e r b u t w a s n e v e r d i s c i p l i n e d . In f a c t h e w a s l a t e r d e s i g n a t e d a s
a p a r t - t i m e s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r a t a p o s t w h i c h d i d n o t h a v e a f u l l - t i m e
p r o f e s s i o n a l , g i v i n g h i m , i n e f f e c t , t h e r i g h t t o p a s s j u d g m e n t o n h i s
c o l l e a g u e s .
Al l o f t h e s e c a s e s h a d c o m e t o O t e p k a ' s a t t e n t i o n i n r e c e n t y e a r s
. H e
l i s t e d a s c o r e o f t h e m a n d a d m i t t e d t h a t h e w a s " f a m i l i a r w i t h s c o r e s a n d
s c o r e s o f o t h e r c a s e s " o f p e o p l e w h o h a d f l o u t e d t h e m o s t e l e m e n t a r y
r u l e s o f h o n e s t y , d i s c r e t i o n a n d n o r m a l b e h a v i o r .
" Id i d n o t h o l d t h a t t h e s e p e r s o n s . . . w e r e s e c u r i t y r i s k s i n t h e t e r m s
o f t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f Ex e c u t i v e O r d e r 1 0 4 5 0 , " O t e p k a s a i d . " B u t m a n a g e -
m e n t , w i t h d u e r e g a r d f o r m a i n t a i n i n g h i g h s t a n d a r d s , c o u l d h a v e a t l e a s t
p r e v e n t e d t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m o b t a i n i n g k e y p o s i t i o n s
w h e r e t h e i r m o t i v a t i o n s a n d w e a k n e s s e s w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n p r e j u d i c i a l
t o t h e c o n d u c t o f o u r f o r e i g n p o l i c y . "
In t h e l i g h t o f t h e s e r e v e l a t i o n s , t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s c h a r g e t h a t O t e p k a
h a d f a i l e d t o l i v e u p t o i t s s t a n d a r d s w a s l u d i c r o u s o n i t s f a c e .
B y w a y o f a n s w e r i n g t h e r e l a t e d c h a r g e t h a t O t e p k a h a d f e d o u t
c l a s s i f i e d i n f o r m a t i o n t o " u n a u t h o r i z e d " p e r s o n s , Ro b b l e d h i s c l i e n t i n t o
a b r i e f r e v i e w o f c a s e s w h e r e s e c r e t m a t e r i a l h a d b e e n h a n d e d o v e r b y
St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s t o p e o p l e w h o d i d n o t h a v e c l e a r a n c e s l i k e J a y
So u r w i n e a n d t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e . T h e m o s t
n o t o r i o u s r e c i p i e n t o f c l a s s i f i e d d o c u m e n t s w a s , o f c o u r s e , Dr e w P e a r -
s o n , t h e Le f t ' s m u c k r a k i n g h a t c h e t m a n . O t e p k a t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e O f f i c e
o f Se c u r i t y h a d " a t l e a s t t w o f i l e c a b i n e t s f u l l o f m a t e r i a l c o n s i s t i n g o f
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o l e a k s o f i n f o r m a t i o n t o Dr e w P e a r s o n . "
T h i s , o f c o u r s e , i s t h e s a m e Dr e w P e a r s o n w h o r a i l e d f o r y e a r s a g a i n s t
Co n g r e s s m a n a n d Se n a t o r s a t t e m p t i n g t o e x p o s e Co m m u n i s t s a n d o t h e r
Le f t i s t s u b v e r s i v e s i n t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t a n d w h o c a s t i g a t e d O t e p k a
T H ENAT IO NO NT RAIL

4 1 5
f o r g i v i n g i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e . T o O t e p k a ' s k n o w l -
e d g e , n o St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l h a d e v e r b e e n r e p r i m a n d e d f o r s e -
c r e t l y f e e d i n g c l a s s i f i e d m a t e r i a l t o P e a r s o n , a m a n w h o m t h r e e
P r e s i d e n t s h a d b r a n d e d a l i a r
.
Cr o s s - e x a m i n i n g O t e p k a o n J u n e 1 9 , J a f f e m a d e a f e e b l e a t t e m p t a t
s h o w i n g t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t h a d a p e r s e c u t i o n c o m p l e x
. H e k e p t a s k i n g
h i m t o i d e n t i f y t h e p e o p l e w h o w e r e o u t t o g e t r i d o f h i m
. Re f e r r i n g t o
t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s r e c o r d , O t e p k a f i r s t n a m e d B o s w e l l a n d
Ro g e r J o n e s
. T h e n t h e f o l l o w i n g e x c h a n g e t o o k p l a c e :
J a f f e
: W h o ( e l s e ) e n t e r e d i n t o y o u r m i n d ?
O t e p k a
: Ah i g h o f f i c i a l o f a n o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c y .
J a f f e : W o u l d y o u i d e n t i f y h i m p l e a s e ?
O t e p k a : . .
. It h a d t o e n t e r m y m i n d i n t h e s e q u e n c e o f e v e n t s a s
t h e y w e r e d e v e l o p i n g
. T h e p e r s o n w a s Ro b e r t Ke n n e d y .
No t s u r p r i s i n g l y , J a f f e q u i c k l y s t e e r e d t h e t e s t i m o n y a w a y f r o m h i s
f o r m e r J u s t i c e De p a r t m e n t b o s s
. B u t h e t h e n m a d e t h e m i s t a k e o f s i m i -
l a r l y f o r c i n g O t e p k a t o n a m e De a n Ru s k . " W h a t h a s Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e
Ru s k s a i d o r d o n e , " J a f f e a s k e d , " t o m a k e y o u b e l i e v e t h a t h e i s a t a l l
i n t e r e s t e d i n r e m o v i n g y o u f r o m t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y ? "
" In t h a t r e s p e c t , " r e p l i e d O t e p k a , " Iw i l l r e l y o n h i s o w n t e s t i m o n y a n d
o n t h e t e s t i m o n y o f M r
. Re i l l y a n d M r . H i l l a n d M r . B e l i s l e a s t o w h a t
h e h a s d o n e . "
O n c e a g a i n , J a f f e w a s c a u g h t s h o r t . H e t r i e d t o c o v e r h i s m i s t a k e b y
q u o t i n g e x c e r p t s f r o m Ru s k ' s s t a t e m e n t b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e
a n d a s k e d O t e p k a i f t h a t w a s w h a t h e w a s r e f e r r i n g t o
. It w a s o n e o f t h e
v e r y f e w t i m e s d u r i n g t h e w h o l e h e a r i n g t h a t O t e p k a c h o s e t o f i r e b a c k
i n a n g e r .
" No w l e t m e t a l k a b o u t w h a t y o u j u s t r e a d , " O t e p k a s a i d . " H e [ Ru s k ]
s a i d , ` t h i s e v i d e n c e [ a g a i n s t O t e p k a ] , i f t r u e , s e e m e d t o m e o n i t s f a c e t o
p r e s e n t s o m e s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n s o f s e c u r i t y i n t h e De p a r t m e n t . ' W h a t
k i n d o f s e c u r i t y i s h e t a l k i n g a b o u t ?
Is t h e i n f e r e n c e t h e r e t h a t Iv i o l a t e d
t h e n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y b y t e s t i f y i n g t r u t h f u l l y t o t h e Un i t e d St a t e s Co n -
g r e s s ?
" . . .
Ia m c o n s i d e r i n g t h e i n n u e n d o e s w h i c h a r e i m p l i c i t i n t h o s e
r e m a r k s , w h i c h s u b s e q u e n t l y w e r e r e p e a t e d o v e r a n d o v e r a n d o v e r a g a i n
i n t h e h u n d r e d s a n d h u n d r e d s o f p r e s s r e l e a s e s i s s u e d b y t h e St a t e De -
p a r t m e n t , a n d l e t t e r s s e n t b y t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t o c o m m i t t e e s o f
Co n g r e s s , t o i n d i v i d u a l Co n g r e s s m e n a n d Se n a t o r s , a n d t o t h e g e n e r a l
p u b l i c - a l w a y s r e p e a t i n g e x a c t l y w h a t M r . Ru s k s a i d
: t h a t M r
. O t e p k a ,
i n e f f e c t , v i o l a t e d t h e n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y . "
4 1 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
J a f f e t r i e d t o b a c k - p e d a l b y p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t Ru s k h a d s a i d " q u e s t i o n s
o f s e c u r i t y - n o t n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y
. " B u t O t e p k a r e f u s e d t o s e p a r a t e t h e
t w o
. " H e w a s t a l k i n g , s i r , a b o u t s e c u r i t y , " h e r e t o r t e d
. " Se c u r i t y , a s w e
u n d e r s t a n d i t i n o u r s e c u r i t y c o m m u n i t y , m e a n s p r a c t i c e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e
n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y . "
T h e p r o s e c u t i o n r e t i r e d i n o b v i o u s d i s o r d e r a n d a b r u p t l y d r o p p e d t h e
s e n s i t i v e s u b j e c t o f s e c u r i t y
. B u t O t e p k a w o u l d n ' t l e t Ru s k o f f t h a t e a s y
.
H e r a k e d t h e Se c r e t a r y a n d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t o v e r s o m e m o r e e x -
c e e d i n g l y h o t c o a l s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e a t t e m p t e d b u r n - b a g f r a m e - u p
. J a f f e
w a n t e d n o p a r t o f t h a t o n e e i t h e r , b u t O t e p k a w a s n ' t d o n e
. H e d o c u -
m e n t e d De a n Ru s k ' s d e e p i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e v e n d e t t a a g a i n s t h i m e v e r y
s t e p o f t h e w a y . In a d d i t i o n , h e p r o v e d t h a t Ru s k h a d p e r s o n a l l y a p -
p r o v e d t h e c o m p o u n d e d p e r j u r y o f Re i l l y , H i l l a n d B e l i s l e b y i n s t i g a t i n g
a n d o k a y i n g t h e i r l y i n g l e t t e r s o f " c l a r i f i c a t i o n " t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
.
Co m p l e t e l y r o u t e d , J a f f e a b a n d o n e d t h e f i e l d a f t e r h a v i n g i n n o c e n t l y
h e l p e d t o p r o v e De a n Ru s k ' s c o m p l i c i t y
. H e v a l i a n t l y t r i e d t o s a l v a g e
w h a t , i f a n y t h i n g , w a s l e f t o f t h e Se c r e t a r y ' s c r e d i b i l i t y b y w e a k l y s u g -
g e s t i n g t h a t Ru s k h a d n o p r i o r k n o w l e d g e o f t h e w i r e t a p s , b u t O t e p k a
r e f u s e d t o l e a v e h i m e v e n t h a t .
Al l t h a t J a f f e h a d a c c o m p l i s h e d i n t r y i n g t o n a i l t h e d e f e n d a n t a s a
p a r a n o i a c w a s t o s u b s t a n t i a t e f u r t h e r t h e f a c t s o f t h e c o n s p i r a c y t h a t h a d
c a s t O t e p k a o u t o f t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y
.
At t i m e s i t w a s a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e h e a r i n g w a s p r i m a r i l y a f i s h i n g
e x p e d i t i o n , c o n d u c t e d i n s e c r e c y t o f i n d o u t j u s t h o w m u c h O t e p k a k n e w
.
Se n s i n g t h i s , O t e p k a r e f u s e d t o n i b b l e a t t h e b a i t
. H e d i d n o t t e l l a
h u n d r e d t h p a r t o f w h a t h e k n e w , t h o u g h h e t o l d e n o u g h t o c o n v i c t De a n
Ru s k a n d h i s h i r e d h a n d s f o r c o n s p i r a c y i n a n y i m p a r t i a l c o u r t o f l a w
.
O t e p k a s p e n t t h e f o u r t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f h i s b a n i s h m e n t f r o m SY u n d e r
c r o s s - e x a m i n a t i o n f o r t h e f i f t h d a y
. J a f f e w a s f i s h i n g a g a i n , t r y i n g t o g e t
O t e p k a t o r e v e a l h o w m u c h h e r e m e m b e r e d f r o m t h e f i l e s t h a t h a d b e e n
w r e s t e d f r o m h i m o n J u n e 2 7 , 1 9 63
. T h e p r o s e c u t o r i n s i s t e d t h a t O t e p k a
h a d b e e n d i l a t o r y i n h i s d u t y , t h a t h e h a d s a t o n c a s e s a s s i g n e d t o h i m
.
T h i s h a d b e c o m e t h e l a t e s t l i n e o f a r g u m e n t , p l a g i a r i z e d d i r e c t l y f r o m
Re i l l y ' s t e s t i m o n y b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e
. J a f f e c o u l d n ' t m a k e i t s t i c k ,
a n y m o r e t h a n Re i l l y h a d , b u t h e g a v e i t t h e o l d c o l l e g e t r y , o n l y t o g e t
t h r o w n f o r a n o t h e r l o s s .
T h e p r o s e c u t i o n a b s o r b e d y e t o n e m o r e s e t b a c k t w o d a y s l a t e r w h e n
Re i l l y h i m s e l f f i n a l l y a p p e a r e d
. H e h a d n o t m a d e u p h i s m i n d u n t i l a f e w
d a y s b e f o r e w h e t h e r h e w o u l d g r a c e t h e h e a r i n g w i t h h i s p r e s e n c e
. W h e n
T H ENAT IO NO NT RAIL

4 1 7
Ro b b a s k e d h i m a b o u t t h e d e l a y i n h i s r e a c h i n g a d e c i s i o n Re i l l y s a i d h e
f e a r e d " f u r t h e r h a r a s s m e n t . "
Re i l l y s a t h e a v i l y i n t h e w i t n e s s c h a i r , h i s s t o m a c h p r o t r u d i n g o v e r h i s
b e l t w h e n h e o p e n e d h i s c o a t j a c k e t . T h e r u d d y f a c e w a s b e g i n n i n g t o
s h o w t r a c e s o f p u r p l e v e i n s a n d t h e c l o s e - c r o p p e d d a r k h a i r h a d m o r e
g r a y i n i t n o w
. Sq u i n t i n g n e r v o u s l y , h e a s k e d " J u d g e " Dr a g o n i f h e m i g h t
c h e w m i n t s w h i l e h e t e s t i f i e d . P e r m i s s i o n w a s g r a n t e d a n d w i t h i n a f e w
h o u r s h e h a d p o l i s h e d o f f a p a c k .
Ro b b b e g a n b y e s t a b l i s h i n g j u s t h o w Re i l l y h a d c o m e t o j o i n t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t i n 1 9 62 . H i s a p p o i n t m e n t t o h e a d SY w a s s w i f t l y t r a c e d t o
B o b b y Ke n n e d y ' s o f f i c e a t J u s t i c e . Re i l l y a d m i t t e d t h a t h e h a d t o l d t h e
Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t t e e t h a t " o n e o f m y a s s i g n m e n t s w a s t o f i n d o u t i f t h e r e
h a d b e e n p e o p l e f u r n i s h i n g i n f o r m a t i o n " t o o t h e r s o u t s i d e t h e De p a r t -
m e n t . B u t h e c o u l d " g i v e n o d e t a i l s o n i t . "
Re i l l y h a d , i n f a c t , s u f f e r e d a m o n u m e n t a l l o s s o f m e m o r y a b o u t m o s t
e v e r y t h i n g . " M y m e m o r y f o r d e t a i l g o i n g b a c k t o t h o s e d a y s i s n o t a t a l l
p r e c i s e , " h e c o n f e s s e d r e p e a t e d l y . Ro b b w a s g e n t l e w i t h h i m , n e v e r t h e -
l e s s . H e h a d d e a l t w i t h l e g a l a m n e s i a v i c t i m s b e f o r e , a n d a t l e a s t w i t h t h i s
o n e t h e r e w a s t h e d a m n i n g r e c o r d a l r e a d y m a d e b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e s u b -
c o m m i t t e e
. B y a n d l a r g e , Ro b b w a s c o n t e n t t o r e s t o n t h a t , t h o u g h Re i l l y
w o u l d h a v e m u c h p r e f e r r e d n o t t o , o f c o u r s e .
No t s u r p r i s i n g l y , Re i l l y d i d r e c a l l w i t h p e r f e c t c l a r i t y t h e p o s i t i o n h e
h a d t a k e n b e f o r e t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e o n t h e w i r e t a p b u s i n e s s , a n d h e c l u n g
t o i t t e n a c i o u s l y . St i l l , h e w a s f u z z y a b o u t t h e n a m e s o f t h e p e o p l e o n t h e
Se v e n t h Fl o o r w i t h w h o m h e h a d d i s c u s s e d h i s s u r v e i l l a n c e o f O t e p k a
i n M a r c h o f 1 9 63 . W h e n Ro b b a s k e d h i m i f h e h a d d i s c u s s e d h i s s u s p i -
c i o n s a b o u t O t e p k a w i t h a n y o n e o u t s i d e SY , Re i l l y s q u i n t e d h a r d a n d
t h e n r e p l i e d : " Ih o n e s t l y c a n ' t s a y t h a t Id i d . Ij u s t d o n ' t h a v e a n y . . . .
Id o n ' t h a v e a n y r e c o l l e c t i o n o f a n y t h i n g a l o n g t h a t l i n e . "
It s u d d e n l y c a m e t o h i m , h o w e v e r , t h a t h e h a d a d m i t t e d t o t h e s u b -
c o m m i t t e e t h a t h e h a d t a l k e d w i t h W i l l i a m O r r i c k , Cr o c k e t t ' s p r e d e c e s -
s o r
. B u t h e c a u g h t h i m s e l f j u s t i n t i m e a n d s w o r e t h a t h e h a d n o t
i n f o r m e d O r r i c k t h a t h e i n t e n d e d t o m o u n t a w a t c h o n O t e p k a .
H e s l i p p e d o n c e r a t h e r b a d l y , t h o u g h . Ro b b t r a p p e d h i m i n t o a d m i t -
t i n g t h a t h e a c t u a l l y p l a n n e d t o i n t e r c e p t a l l " c o n v e r s a t i o n s g o i n g o n i n
[ O t e p k a ' s ] o f f i c e " , n o t m e r e l y t e l e p h o n e c h a t s . T h i s e s c a l a t e d Re i l l y ' s
s u r v e i l l a n c e f r o m t h e s t a t u s o f a p h o n e t a p t o a " b u g " - a l i s t e n i n g d e v i c e
t h a t c o u l d p i c k u p e v e r y w o r d . T h e r e w a s n o t h i n g n e w i n t h i s , o f c o u r s e ,
a s i d e f r o m Re i l l y ' s a d m i s s i o n .
T h e r e w a s n o t h i n g n e w , e i t h e r , i n t h e f a c t t h a t Re i l l y c o n t i n u e d t o
4 1 8

T H EO RDEAL, O FO T T O O T EP KA
c o m m i t f l a g r a n t p e r j u r y
. H e s w o r e o v e r a n d o v e r t h a t h e c o u l d n o t
r e m e m b e r w h e t h e r a n y o f O t e p k a ' s p r i v a t e c o n v e r s a t i o n s h a d b e e n i n t e r -
c e p t e d a n d r e f u s e d t o n a m e t h e m y s t e r i o u s " s t r a n g e r " El m e r H i l l h a d
a d m i t t e d d e l i v e r i n g t h e t a p e s t o o n Re i l l y ' s o r d e r .
T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a d a l r e a d y c o n f e s s e d t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e
t a p e s , t h o u g h w h e n Ro b b d e m a n d e d t h e m f o r t h e p r e s e n t h e a r i n g i t t o o k
t h e De p a r t m e n t m o r e t h a n a w e e k t o d i s c o v e r t h a t t h e t a p e s h a d b e e n
" e r a s e d . " ( In 1 9 68 i t w a s c h a r g e d t h a t t h e t a p e s h a d b e e n t u r n e d o v e r
t o a n a i d e o f B o b b y Ke n n e d y . )
Re i l l y d i d n ' t s e e m t o c a r e a n y m o r e w h e t h e r p e o p l e b e l i e v e d h i m o r
n o t
. H e w o r e h i s " a m n e s i a " w i t h n o t i c e a b l e w e a r i n e s s , c l a i m i n g t h a t i t
h a d a f f l i c t e d h i m a s e a r l y a s t h e f a l l o f 1 9 63 w h e n h e s a t d o w n w i t h
Un d e r s e c r e t a r y o f St a t e G e o r g e B a l l a n d De p a r t m e n t a t t o r n e y T h o m a s
Eh r l i c h t o d i s c u s s Se n a t o r Do d d ' s c h a r g e s a b o u t t h e w i r e t a p
.
Ro b b d i d g e t Re i l l y t o a d m i t t h a t h e h a d b e e n i n f o r m e d r a t h e r
p r o m p t l y a b o u t t h e l e t t e r Do d d t o o k t o Ru s k i n Ne w Y o r k
. B u t h e c l u n g
t o t h e l o n g - e s t a b l i s h e d St a t e De p a r t m e n t l i n e t h a t St a n l e y H o l d e n h a d
b e e n i n j u r e d i n a n a c c i d e n t r i g h t a f t e r t h e l e t t e r w a s d e l i v e r e d
. " T h e
s p r i n g j u s t r e l e a s e d a n d c a u g h t h i m b y s u r p r i s e , " Re i l l y c l a i m e d
. H i s
m e m o r y w a s q u i t e c l e a r o n t h a t .
J a f f e a n d Dr a g o n t r i e d t o c o m e t o Re i l l y ' s r e s c u e s e v e r a l t i m e s b u t
Ro b b d i d n o t o p p o s e t h e m t o o s t r e n u o u s l y
. " Iu n d e r s t a n d , " h e s a i d s a d l y
.
" It h i n k t h e w i t n e s s ' a n s w e r s s p e a k f o r t h e m s e l v e s
. " O n e Re i l l y a n s w e r
t h a t s p o k e q u i t e e l o q u e n t l y f o r i t s e l f w a s h i s a s s e r t i o n t h a t h e h a d " n o
k n o w l e d g e o n e w a y o r t h e o t h e r " a s t o w h o a c t u a l l y m u t i l a t e d t h e d o c u -
m e n t s f o u n d i n O t e p k a ' s b u r n b a g
.
Fo r s o m e o d d r e a s o n Re i l l y c l a i m e d t h a t h e w a s n o t i n v o l v e d i n
r e f e r r i n g t h e O t e p k a c a s e t o t h e FB Ia n d t h e J u s t i c e De p a r t m e n t i n t h e
s u m m e r o f 1 9 63 . " I
u n d e r s t a n d t h a t w a s d o n e u p a t l e a s t Cr o c k e t t ' s
l e v e l , " h e s a i d . It w a s t h e c l o s e s t Re i l l y c a m e t o p o i n t i n g a f i n g e r a t De a n
Ru s k
. Cr o c k e t t , b y t h e Se c r e t a r y ' s o w n a d m i s s i o n , w a s i n d a i l y c o n t a c t
w i t h h i m o n t h e s i t u a t i o n i n SY t h r o u g h o u t t h i s p e r i o d
. T h u s t h e r e i s a
v e r y s t r o n g i n d i c a t i o n h e r e t h a t i t w a s Ru s k ' s i d e a t o e n l i s t t h e FB Ii n
t h e a t t e m p t t o h a v e c h a r g e s p l a c e d a g a i n s t O t e p k a f o r v i o l a t i o n o f t h e
Es p i o n a g e Ac t . If t h e i d e a d i d n o t o r i g i n a t e w i t h h i m , h e c e r t a i n l y h a d
t o a p p r o v e i t , a n d t h i s o f i t s e l f i s r a t h e r r e v e a l i n g e v i d e n c e o f De a n Ru s k ' s
p e r s o n a l p h i l o s o p h y .
De s p i t e t h i s t e m p o r a r y l a p s e , Re i l l y p l a y e d a l l t h e r e s t o f t h e g a m e t h a t
d a y s t r i c t l y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e b u r e a u c r a t i c c o d e . H e c o n t i n u e d t o p r o t e c t
a l l h i g h o f f i c i a l s a s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e
; h i s j o b a t t h e Fe d e r a l Co m m u n i c a -
T H ENAT IO NO NT RAIL

4 1 9
t i o n s Co m m i s s i o n w a s a t s t a k e , a n d t h i s w a s a l l p o o r Re i l l y h a d l e f t t o
h i m .
It w a s a d i s m a l p e r f o r m a n c e t h r o u g h o u t . Ir v i n g J a f f e b a r e l y r o u s e d
h i m s e l f i n a n a t t e m p t t o r e f u t e o n e o r t w o s m a l l p o i n t s Ro b b h a d m a d e
d u r i n g h i s q u e s t i o n i n g . T h e n h e l e t Re i l l y g o
. J a f f e w a s o b v i o u s l y g l a d t o
b e r i d o f h i m
.
O n c e a g a i n , Re i l l y c o m e s c l o s e t o e v o k i n g p i t y . O t e p k a a d m i t s h e
a l m o s t f e l t s o r r y f o r h i m o n t h a t J u n e d a y
. H e h a d t o r e m i n d h i m s e l f o f
t h e t e r r i b l e i s s u e s i n v o l v e d t o g e t Re i l l y b a c k i n p r o p e r f o c u s .
T h e r e e l h a d r u n o u t . O t e p k a ' s h e a r i n g w a s a t a n e n d . T e c h n i c a l l y i t
w a s k e p t o p e n t o g i v e c o u n s e l f o r b o t h s i d e s t i m e t o f i l e t h e i r b r i e f s . B u t
t h e d e f e n d a n t ' s d a y i n c o u r t w a s o v e r . T h e p r o c e e d i n g s h a d b e e n c o n -
d u c t e d i n a s t a r c h a m b e r , b u t h e h a d m a n a g e d t o i l l u m i n a t e m a n y d a r k
c o r n e r s . T h e Am e r i c a n p e o p l e w e r e n o t p e r m i t t e d t o g l i m p s e t h e c u r i o u s
p e o p l e a n d p o l i c i e s t h a t h i s t e s t i m o n y r e v e a l e d a n d O t e p k a w i s e l y d i s -
c l o s e d n o m o r e t h a n h e h a d t o . B u t t h e r e c o r d i s t h e r e f o r p o s t e r i t y
.
G e n e r a t i o n s t o c o m e m i g h t l o o k t o t h a t r e c o r d , i f t h e y c a n f i n d i t , f o r a n
i n s i g h t i n t o t h e b e w i l d e r i n g e v e n t s o f t h e 1 9 60 ' s
. T h e y m i g h t a l s o d i s -
c o v e r a n o t h e r c l u e i n t h e s e c r e t t a l k s t h a t w e r e h e l d a t G l a s s b o r o , Ne w
J e r s e y , o v e r t h e l a s t w e e k e n d i n J u n e 1 9 67 .
T h e O t e p k a h e a r i n g w a s i n i t s f i n a l r e c e s s w h e n Ly n d o n J o h n s o n m e t
w i t h So v i e t P r e m i e r Al e k s e i Ko s y g i n a t G l a s s b o r o St a t e Co l l e g e . W i t h
t h e P r e s i d e n t w a s h i s c h i e f a d v i s o r o n n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y , W a l t Ro s t o w ,
a n d a h a n d f u l o f o t h e r Am e r i c a n o f f i c i a l s . T h e s u m m i t c o n f e r e n c e w a s
o s t e n s i b l y p r o m p t e d b y t h e M i d e a s t c r i s i s b u t i t r a n g e d o v e r a w i d e f i e l d .
It w a s a c c o m p a n i e d b y m u c h m a w k i s h t a l k a b o u t g r a n d f a t h e r s , a c l u b
J o h n s o n h a d j u s t r e c e n t l y j o i n e d .
" H e h a s b e e n a g r a n d f a t h e r l o n g e r t h a n Ih a v e , " t h e P r e s i d e n t s a i d ,
r e f e r r i n g t o Ko s y g i n . " H e a n d Ia g r e e d t h a t w e w a n t e d a w o r l d o f p e a c e
f o r o u r g r a n d c h i l d r e n . "
Ko s y g i n d i s c l o s e d j u s t h o w m u c h t h a t k i n d o f t a l k m e a n t t o h i m w h e n
h e r e t u r n e d t o t h e Un i t e d Na t i o n s o n M o n d a y t o r e s u m e h i s a t t a c k o n
U. S. " a g g r e s s i o n " i n Vi e t n a m a n d e l s e w h e r e . T h e s u m m i t h a d l e f t h i m
a n d J o h n s o n f a r a p a r t , Ko s y g i n c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d . '
It w a s a r u d e s l a p a t t h e P r e s i d e n t , w h o h a d o f f e r e d t h e So v i e t Un i o n
a l l k i n d s o f g o o d i e s i f i t w o u l d j u s t l e t t h e Un i t e d St a t e s o f f t h e h o o k i n
Vi e t n a m . Al t h o u g h t h e p u b l i c w a s n e v e r i n f o r m e d , J o h n s o n m a g n a n i -
m o u s l y p r o m i s e d t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f b i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s i n t r a d e a n d a i d t o
t h e USSRi f Ko s y g i n w o u l d h e l p f i n d a f o r m u l a t o s a v e Am e r i c a ' s f a c e
4 2 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
i n t h e Fa r Ea s t
. Ko s y g i n w a s w i l l i n g t o t a k e w h a t e v e r J o h n s o n w o u l d g i v e
h i m , o f c o u r s e , b u t h e h a d n o i n t e n t i o n o f g i v i n g a n y t h i n g i n r e t u r n
.
At t h e U. N. h e d i d p r e s e n t s o m e g r a t u i t o u s a d v i c e , h o w e v e r
. It w a s
a l i n e h e h a d s t o l e n f r o m t h e Am e r i c a n " d o v e s
. " Un l e s s t h e a r m s r a c e
c e a s e d , Ko s y g i n s a i d , i t w o u l d s i p h o n o f f e v e n g r e a t e r f u n d s t h a t a l l
n a t i o n s s h o u l d b e i n v e s t i n g i n " t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e l i v i n g s t a n d a r d
o f t h e p e o p l e . "
W h i l e t h e So v i e t P r e m i e r t a l k e d i n Ne w Y o r k , Ru s s i a w a s e n g a g e d i n
d o u b l i n g i t s i n t e r c o n t i n e n t a l m i s s i l e f o r c e d u r i n g 1 9 67 , g r e a t l y i n c r e a s i n g
i t s s u p p l y o f n u c l e a r - g r a d e w e a p o n s m a t e r i a l s , p r o d u c i n g m o r e a n d b i g -
g e r s p a c e w e a p o n s , f r a n t i c a l l y b u i l d i n g a n a n t i - b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e s y s t e m ,
a n d i n g e n e r a l s t r e n g t h e n i n g i t s a l r e a d y a w e s o m e a r m e d m i g h t
. De s p i t e
Ko s y g i n ' s p i o u s a d v i c e a b o u t l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s , a l l t h i s w a s b e i n g a c c o m -
p l i s h e d a t t h e e x p e n s e o f t h e Ru s s i a n p e o p l e . Fo r i n t h e So v i e t Un i o n
c o n s u m e r p r o d u c t i o n i s d e l i b e r a t e l y k e p t a t a l o w l e v e l t o d i v e r t a l l
a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s i n t o t h e m a w o f t h e Ce n t r a l Co m m i t t e e ' s w a r m a -
c h i n e . *
Al t h o u g h r e l a t i v e l y f e w Am e r i c a n s r e a l i z e d i t , t h e i r g o v e r n m e n t w a s
a l r e a d y s u b s t a n t i a l l y a i d i n g t h e So v i e t b u i l d u p w h e n J o h n s o n p l e d g e d
a d d i t i o n a l h e l p a t G l a s s b o r o
. In 1 9 66t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d t a k e n t h e i n i t i a -
t i v e i n o p e n i n g w i d e r t r a d e c h a n n e l s t o Ru s s i a
. U. S. s h i p m e n t s t o t h e
So v i e t B l o c i n c l u d e d s u c h " i n n o c e n t " i t e m s a s p e t r o l e u m c r a c k i n g
p l a n t s , c o p p e r s c r a p , e l e c t r o n i c p a r t s , c o m p u t e r s , c h e m i c a l s , s t e e l p r o c -
e s s i n g p l a n t s a n d a h o s t o f o t h e r m a t e r i e l t h a t c o u l d b e u s e d e i t h e r
d i r e c t l y i n t h e So v i e t m i l i t a r y b u i l d u p , o r i n d i r e c t l y b y p e r m i t t i n g So v i e t
p r o d u c t i o n t o d e v o t e m o r e a n d m o r e o f i t s t r e m e n d o u s e f f o r t t o a r m a -
m e n t .
As e a r l y a s 1 9 65 Da v i d Du b i n s k y , p r e s i d e n t o f t h e In t e r n a t i o n a l La -
d i e s G a r m e n t W o r k e r s Un i o n , e x p r e s s e d d e e p c o n c e r n a b o u t t h i s p o l i c y
.
Co m m u n i s t g o v e r n m e n t s " a r e w o r k i n g o v e r t i m e t o h u r t a n d d e s t r o y u s , "
Du b i n s k y d e c l a r e d
. " W h e r e i s t h e s e n s e i n m a k i n g a f e w d o l l a r s i n p r o f i t s
o n e d a y a n d t h e n f a c i n g t h e d a n g e r o f l o s i n g y o u r c o u n t r y , y o u r b u s i n e s s
a n d e v e n y o u r v e r y l i f e t h e n e x t d a y ? " '
Du b i n s k y b l a m e d t h e b u s i n e s s c o m m u n i t y , a n d n o d o u b t i t m u s t s h a r e
s o m e o f t h e b l a m e
. B u t i n t h e l a t e 1 9 60 ' s i t w a s b e c o m i n g i n c r e a s i n g l y
d i f f i c u l t f o r b u s i n e s s t o r e s i s t p o l i c i e s i m p o s e d u p o n i t b y W a s h i n g t o n ,
* T h i s So v i e t p o l i c y w a s d o c u m e n t e d b y t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e a s
e a r l y a s 1 9 64 i n i t s p e n e t r a t i n g r e p o r t , " T h e M a n y Cr i s e s o f t h e So v i e t Ec o n o m y
. " " T h e
So v i e t m i l i t a r y e s t a b l i s h m e n t i s i n d e e d i m p r e s s i v e l y e q u i p p e d a n d i t w o u l d b e f o o l i s h t o
u n d e r e s t i m a t e i t , " t h e Se n a t e r e p o r t s a i d . " T h e i n d u s t r y w h i c h f e e d s t h i s e s t a b l i s h m e n t h a s
b e e n b u i l t u p , w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o c o s t , b y r u t h l e s s l y s t a r v i n g v i r t u a l l y e v e r y o t h e r s e c t o r o f
t h e So v i e t e c o n o m y . "
T H ENAT IO NO NT RAIL

4 2 1
e s p e c i a l l y w h e n a d e t e r m i n e d P r e s i d e n t p u s h e s t h e m s o h a r d .
M a n y o f t h e m e n w h o p r o m u l g a t e d t h e s e p o l i c i e s o f b u i l d i n g t r a d e
b r i d g e s t o t h e Ea s t h a d b e e n n a m e d i n o t h e r c o n t e x t s b y O t t o O t e p k a
d u r i n g h i s s e c r e t h e a r i n g . It w a s n o t s u c h a n a r d u o u s t a s k f o r h i m t o
u n d e r s t a n d w h y Am e r i c a w a s s e n d i n g m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s i n g o o d s t o t h e
So v i e t B l o c , t h o u g h m o s t o t h e r c i t i z e n s w e r e a s b a f f l e d b y t h i s p o l i c y a s
Da v i d Du b i n s k y . T r a g i c a l l y , t h e Am e r i c a n f o r c e s i n Vi e t n a m s u f f e r e d
m o s t f r o m i t . Fo r t h e c o u n t r y w a s s l o w l y b e c o m i n g a w a r e t h a t t h e o v e r -
w h e l m i n g b u l k o f t h e w e a p o n s b e i n g u s e d a g a i n s t i t s m e n i n t h a t f a r - o f f
w a r w a s c o m i n g i n a s t e a d y s t r e a m f r o m Ru s s i a a n d i t s c a p t i v e s a t e l l i t e s
i n Ea s t e r n Eu r o p e .
NEARLY SIX M O REM O NT H SDRAG G EDB Y AFT ERO T EP KA' SST AT EDE-
p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g b e f o r e Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e Ru s k h a n d e d d o w n h i s d e c i -
s i o n t o w a r d t h e v e r y e n d o f 1 9 67
. T h e w o r l d c o n t i n u e d t o s p i n d i z z i l y
o n w a r d , b u t i t w a s d u r i n g t h e s e s a m e m o n t h s t h a t m a n y p e o p l e b e l a t e d l y
a w a k e n e d t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i r p l a n e t h a d c h a n g e d , p e r h a p s i r r e v o c a b l y
.
Am e r i c a , o n c e s o s u p r e m e l y s e l f - c o n f i d e n t , s e e m e d t o b e l o s i n g i t s s e n s e
o f d i r e c t i o n , a t h o m e a s w e l l a s a b r o a d
.
T h e w a r i n Vi e t n a m b o g g e d d o w n i n m o r e d e a t h a n d b l o o d s h e d
. P e a c e
p r o t e s t s s w e l l e d a n d g r e w m o r e u g l y , w i t h d e m o n s t r a t o r s a t t a c k i n g t h e
P e n t a g o n , d r a f t o f f i c e s , a n d e v e r y p u b l i c h a l l w h e r e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n
s p o k e s m e n t r i e d t o a i r t h e i r u n c e r t a i n v i e w s
. In St o c k h o l m , P r e s i d e n t
J o h n s o n w a s t r i e d a s a " w a r c r i m i n a l " b y B e r t r a n d Ru s s e l l ' s T r i b u n a l o f
t h e Le f t . De v a l u a t i o n o f t h e B r i t i s h p o u n d i n t h e f a l l b r o u g h t h e a v y
p r e s s u r e o n t h e d o l l a r , a n d d o u b t s w e r e o p e n l y e x p r e s s e d a b o u t t h e b a s i c
s o u n d n e s s o f t h e U. S. e c o n o m y
. O n t h e f i f t i e t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e B o l -
s h e v i k r e v o l u t i o n , t h e So v i e t s u n v e i l e d m o r e t e r r i f y i n g w e a p o n s o f m a s s
d e s t r u c t i o n f o r t h e i r " f i n a l p h a s e . " An d i n t h e s t r e e t s o f Am e r i c a ' s o n c e
p r o u d c i t i e s t h e w a t c h w o r d t h a t s u m m e r w a s " B u r n , b a b y , b u r n
. "
As O t e p k a w a i t e d f o r h i s p r e o r d a i n e d f a t e t o b e f o r m a l l y a n n o u n c e d ,
f u l l - s c a l e r i o t i n g e r u p t e d i n Ne w a r k a n d De t r o i t a n d s c o r e s o f o t h e r
4 2 2
VERDICT

4 2 3
c o m m u n i t i e s , l a r g e a n d s m a l l
. T h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n c o n t i n u e d t o p l a y
d o w n t h e r o l e o f m i l i t a n t Le f t i s t s i n t h e m o u n t i n g d i s o r d e r s , b o t h o n t h e
" c i v i l r i g h t s " f r o n t a n d i n t h e a n t i - Vi e t n a m d e m o n s t r a t i o n s n o w f i r m l y
m e r g e d w i t h t h e Ne g r o p r o t e s t m o v e m e n t . B u t m a n y P o l i c e De p a r t -
m e n t s k n e w , o r s e n s e d , t h a t t h e r i o t e r s w e r e b e t t e r o r g a n i z e d , a n d c e r -
t a i n l y b e t t e r a r m e d t h a t s u m m e r . T h e l e n g t h e n i n g l i s t o f c a s u a l t i e s w a s
t e s t i m o n y t o t h a t
.
T h e Ne w a r k a n d De t r o i t u p r i s i n g s b r o u g h t t h e c a s u a l t y t o l l i n Ne g r o
r i o t s s i n c e 1 9 65 t o 1 3 0 d e a d a n d 3 , 62 3 w o u n d e d . O f t h e w o u n d e d , 1 , 1 9 9
w e r e p o l i c e m e n
. Ne a r l y 2 9 , 0 0 0 a r r e s t s h a d b e e n m a d e , b u t l e s s t h a n 2 0
p e r c e n t r e s u l t e d i n c o n v i c t i o n s
. W h o l e s e c t i o n s o f c i t i e s w e r e b u r n e d o u t
;
t h e Se n a t e ' s M c Cl e l l a n s u b c o m m i t t e e c o u n t e d 7 , 9 8 5 s e p a r a t e c a s e s o f
a r s o n i n 1 0 1 m a j o r r i o t s o v e r t h e t w o - y e a r p e r i o d
. P r o p e r t y l o s s e s w e r e
n o w t o t a l e d i n h u n d r e d s o f m i l l i o n s
. '
" It i s a p p a r e n t t h a t a n e w p h i l o s o p h y h a s f l o u r i s h e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s , "
s a i d Se n a t o r M c Cl e l l a n
. It h a s " a s i t s c e n t r a l t h e m e t h e t h e o r y t h a t w e
a r e n o l o n g e r a n a t i o n o f l a w s . " 2
O t e p k a h a d d i s c o v e r e d t h a t i n 1 9 61 , a n d h e k n e w f u l l w e l l t h a t De a n
Ru s k w o u l d p r o v e i t a g a i n i n 1 9 67 . T h e i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y l a w s m a y h a v e
b e e n a m o n g t h e f i r s t t o g o , b u t t h e r e w e r e m a n y o t h e r l a w s t h a t h a d
b e c o m e l a r g e l y m e a n i n g l e s s i n t h e n e w c l i m a t e . T h e r e w a s a n e w o n e ,
t o o , t h a t s u m m e r , a l a w w h i c h q u i c k l y b e c a m e p e r h a p s t h e m o s t c y n i -
c a l l y u s e d o f t h e m a l l . It w a s t h e " Fr e e d o m o f In f o r m a t i o n Ac t " w h i c h
P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n h a d s i g n e d t h e y e a r b e f o r e b u t w h i c h d i d n o t g o i n t o
e f f e c t u n t i l J u l y 4 , 1 9 67
. It w a s s u p p o s e d t o g u a r a n t e e t h e p r e s s a n d t h e
p u b l i c a c c e s s t o a l l b u t t h e m o s t h i g h l y c l a s s i f i e d s e c r e t s o f t h e Un i t e d
St a t e s g o v e r n m e n t
.
T h e v e r y f i r s t t e s t o f t h i s l a w c a m e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e O t e p k a c a s e .
T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a d b a r e l y o p e n e d i t s b r a n d - n e w " f r e e d o m o f
i n f o r m a t i o n " o f f i c e w h e n i n w a l k e d J a m e s M . St e w a r t o f W o o d Da l e ,
Il l i n o i s . H e f o r m a l l y r e q u e s t e d a l l t h e r e c o r d s o n t h e O t e p k a m a t t e r ,
i n c l u d i n g t h e t r a n s c r i p t o f t h e h e a r i n g t h a t h a d j u s t e n d e d . As d i r e c t o r
o f t h e Am e r i c a n De f e n s e Fu n d w h i c h w a s a s s i s t i n g O t e p k a w i t h h i s l e g a l
e x p e n s e s , St e w a r t r e a s o n e d t h a t t h e s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d c i t i z e n s o n h i s
m a i l i n g l i s t h a d a v a l i d r i g h t t o t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n u n d e r t h e l a w . Do n a l d
J . Si m o n , c h i e f o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s r e c o r d s s e r v i c e d i v i s i o n , s o l e m n l y
p r o m i s e d St e w a r t " a s m u c h i n f o r m a t i o n a s i s p o s s i b l e u n d e r St a t e ' s r e g u -
l a t i o n s . "
" Se v e n t y - s i x d a y s l a t e r , a f t e r r e p e a t e d r e b u f f s , " w r o t e W i l l a r d Ed -
w a r d s i n m i d - Se p t e m b e r , " St e w a r t h a s b e e n f o r c e d t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t
4 2 4

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
` t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t e i t h e r r e a d s t h i s l a w d i f f e r e n t l y t h a n Id o o r
v a r i o u s r e s p o n s i b l e
. o f f i c i a l s h a v e n o t r e a d i t a t a l l . ' " '
M u c h t h e s a m e c o n c l u s i o n w a s r e a c h e d b y t h e Fr e e d o m o f In f o r m a -
t i o n Co m m i t t e e o f Si g m a De l t a Ch i , t h e n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l i s m p r o f e s s i o n a l
s o c i e t y . In a n i n c i s i v e r e p o r t d o c u m e n t i n g d o z e n s o f b r e a k d o w n s i n t h e
l a w , a n d i n t h e s p i r i t o f t h e l a w b e f o r e i t f o r m a l l y w e n t i n t o e f f e c t , t h e
c o m m i t t e e c i t e d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t f o r i t s " o u t r a g e o u s p a t t e r n o f
d e c e p t i o n " i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e .
" T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t s e c r e c y i n t h i s i n s t a n c e w a s a n o b v i o u s e f f o r t
t o h i d e a r e c o r d t h a t i s e m b a r r a s s i n g t o Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e De a n Ru s k a n d
o t h e r h i g h o f f i c i a l s , " t h e j o u r n a l i s t s h e l d As t u d y o f t h i s e n t i r e c a s e
m a k e s i t o b v i o u s t h a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t w a s m i s u s i n g a c l a i m o f
n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y f o r p u r p o s e s o f h i d i n g o r o b s c u r i n g t h e r e c o r d . " *
In d i v i d u a l Se n a t o r s a n d Co n g r e s s m e n c o n t i n u e d t o t a k e u p t h e c u d g e l
f o r O t e p k a , a l t h o u g h t h e y k n e w t h e y w e r e f i g h t i n g f o r a l o s t c a u s e . In l a t e
Se p t e m b e r Se n a t o r Ro m a n H r u s k a o f Ne b r a s k a p l a c e d a n e d i t o r i a l f r o m
t h e O m a h a W o r l d - H e r a l d i n t h e Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re c o r d , p r e f a c i n g i t w i t h
a b r i e f b u t p e n e t r a t i n g s t a t e m e n t .
" It w i l l d o t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n l i t t l e g o o d t o t r y t o s w e e p t h e O t e p k a
c a s e u n d e r t h e r u g o r t o w i s h i t i n t o o b l i v i o n , " s a i d H r u s k a . " M a n y o f
u s i n g o v e r n m e n t a n d m a n y p r i v a t e c i t i z e n s w i l l r e c a l l o f t e n t h e s h a m e f u l
t r e a t m e n t a c c o r d e d M r . O t e p k a b y t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t . T h e i n d e f e n s i -
b l e w a y t h e De p a r t m e n t t r i e d t o e l i m i n a t e a c o n s c i e n t i o u s s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r
h a s b e e n e t c h e d i n d e l i b l y i n o u r m i n d s . " 4
H r u s k a c o r r e c t l y o b s e r v e d t h a t O t e p k a ' s f a t e h a d a l s o b e e n e t c h e d i n t o
t h e m i n d s o f a l l s e c u r i t y p e o p l e
. " It w i l l t a k e e x c e p t i o n a l c o u r a g e f o r
t h e s e s e c u r i t y e x p e r t s t o o p p o s e t h e i r s u p e r i o r s , e v e n i n c a s e s o f c l e a r
d a n g e r t o t h e n a t i o n , " h e c o n c l u d e d . " It i s h e r e t h a t Am e r i c a w i l l p a y
m o s t h e a v i l y f o r w h a t h a s h a p p e n e d t o O t t o O t e p k a . "
T h e O m a h a p a p e r ' s e d i t o r i a l s i m i l a r l y z e r o e d i n o n s o m e s a c r o s a n c t
t a r g e t s . " T h e a f f a i r w i l l l e a v e a b l a c k m a r k f o r e v e r o n t h e r e c o r d o f t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t , " t h e W o r l d - H e r a l d s a i d . " In t h e m i n d s o f m a n y
Am e r i c a n s , i t w i l l c a s t d o u b t a s t o w h e t h e r t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e i r c o u n t r y ' s
f o r e i g n a f f a i r s i s i n c o m p l e t e l y t r u s t w o r t h y h a n d s . "
T r a c i n g O t e p k a ' s t r o u b l e b a c k t o 1 9 5 5 , t h e e d i t o r i a l s a i d i t a l l b e g a n
w h e n h e r e j e c t e d c l e a r a n c e f o r " a p r o m i n e n t f i g u r e - a s y e t u n i d e n t i f i e d . "
T h e n i t a d d e d : " T w i c e m o r e i n f i v e y e a r s , t h e s a m e n a m e c a m e u p a n d
b o t h t i m e s M r . O t e p k a p r o d u c e d t h e s a m e e v a l u a t i o n . " 5
W a s h i n g t o n h a d b e e n b u z z i n g f o r d a y s a b o u t t h e p o s s i b l e i d e n t i t y o f
' Se e Ap p e n d i x B f o r f u l l t e x t o f t h e Si g m a De l t a Ch i r e p o r t .
VERDICT

4 2 5
t h i s " p r o m i n e n t f i g u r e
. " O n T u e s d a y , O c t o b e r 3 , Cl a r k M o l l e n h o f f r e -
v e a l e d w h o i t w a s . In a s t o r y w r i t t e n f o r t h e Co w l e s n e w s p a p e r s i n De s
M o i n e s a n d M i n n e a p o l i s , M o l l e n h o f f d i s c l o s e d t h a t " W a l t W h i t m a n
Ro s t o w , n o w a s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n t t o t h e P r e s i d e n t o n n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y
a f f a i r s , w a s r e j e c t e d t h r e e t i m e s b y t h e Ei s e n h o w e r Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n a s a
p o s s i b l e s e c u r i t y r i s k . " 6
T h e s o u r c e o f M o l l e n h o f Fs i n f o r m a t i o n w a s t h e b r i e f f i l e d b y Ro g e r
Ro b b w i t h t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g o f f i c e r t h e d a y b e f o r e
. In t h i s
9 7 - p a g e d o c u m e n t , Ro b b g a v e a s h o r t a c c o u n t o f t h e m e e t i n g O t e p k a h a d
i n De c e m b e r 1 9 60 w i t h De a n Ru s k a n d B o b b y Ke n n e d y
. H e r e f e r r e d t o
O t e p k a ' s r e s p o n s e t o Ru s k ' s q u e s t i o n s a b o u t w h a t k i n d o f s e c u r i t y p r o b -
l e m s m i g h t b e i n v o l v e d i n o b t a i n i n g a c l e a r a n c e f o r Ro s t o w , a n d h e
q u o t e d Ke n n e d y a s c a l l i n g t h e Ai r Fo r c e In t e l l i g e n c e p e o p l e " a b u n c h
o f j e r k s . " *
T e n d a y s a f t e r M o l l e n h o f Fs d i s c l o s u r e , Ro s t o w f o u n d a f r i e n d l y As -
s o c i a t e d P r e s s r e p o r t e r a n d f e d o u t a h a l f - t r u t h w h i c h m o s t n e w s p a p e r s
p r o m p t l y s w a l l o w e d w h o l e
. " Fr o m 1 9 5 1 o n w a r d , " s a i d Ro s t o w , " Ih a d
c o n t i n u o u s s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e f r o m v a r i o u s a g e n c i e s o f t h e f e d e r a l g o v -
e r n m e n t
. " '
As s o c i a t e d P r e s s a l s o u n e a r t h e d a n a n o n y m o u s s o u r c e w h o c l a i m e d
t h a t " t h e r e j e c t i o n s o f Ro s t o w f o r c e r t a i n a s s i g n m e n t s
. . . w e r e n o t b a s e d
o n s e c u r i t y r e a s o n s b u t b e c a u s e Ro s t o w ' s p a r t i c u l a r t a l e n t s d i d n o t m e e t
t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s . " ' T h i s l i e w a s p r i n t e d w i t h o u t r e f u t a t i o n b y h u n d r e d s
o f n e w s p a p e r s a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y .
St r a n g e l y , Ro s t o w ' s s t a t e m e n t , a n d t h e f a l s e e x p l a n a t i o n o f AP ' s
a n o n y m o u s i n f o r m a n t , s e e m e d t o s a t i s f y a l m o s t e v e r y o n e , p e r h a p s b e -
c a u s e t h e y
w a n t e d
s o s t r o n g l y t o b e l i e v e i t w a s t r u e . Ce r t a i n l y i t d i d s e e m
t o o m o n s t r o u s t h a t t h e m a n Ly n d o n J o h n s o n c r e d i t e d w i t h h o l d i n g " t h e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t j o b i n t h e W h i t e H o u s e , a s i d e f r o m t h e P r e s i d e n t , "
s h o u l d t u r n o u t t o b e a s e c u r i t y r i s k . It w a s e n o u g h t o n u m b t h e i m a g i n a -
t i o n . T h e w h o l e a f f a i r h a d a b o u t i t a n e e r i e , u n r e a l q u a l i t y , a n d t h i s m a y
a c c o u n t f o r , t h o u g h n o t e x c u s e , t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e p r e s s t o l o o k b e y o n d
W a l t Ro s t o w ' s o w n c o m f o r t i n g w o r d s .
T h e m e a n i n g o f d i s c l o s u r e s i n t h e O t e p k a b r i e f w a s s o o n b y p a s s e d b y
a m a j o r p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s c a m p a i g n i n Ro s t o w ' s b e h a l f
. So m e w h a t e a r l i e r
i n 1 9 67 , a n u m b e r o f n e w s p a p e r s a n d m a g a z i n e s h a d b e g u n t o f o c u s o n
t h e e r s t w h i l e o r a c l e o f Ca m b r i d g e a s a k e y m a n i n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f U
. S.
p o l i c y i n Vi e t n a m . As e a r l y a s M a y h e h a d b e e n i d e n t i f i e d a s a c h a r t e r
m e m b e r o f P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n ' s " T u e s d a y l u n c h e o n c l u b , " w h i c h m e t
* Se e Ch a p t e r 1 .
4
2 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
e a c h w e e k a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e t o d i s c u s s f u t u r e s t e p s i n t h e w a r
. Ro s t o w ,
Ru s k a n d M c Na m a r a w e r e t h e t h r e e m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e g u l a r s i n t h i s c l u b ,
w h i c h o n l y o c c a s i o n a l l y p l a y e d h o s t t o G e n e r a l Ea r l e G . W h e e l e r , Ch a i r -
m a n o f t h e J o i n t Ch i e f s o f St a f f , a n d v i r t u a l l y n e v e r t o t h e o t h e r m i l i t a r y
c h i e f s .
" De c i s i o n s m a d e a t t h e T u e s d a y l u n c h v e t o e d o n e J CSr e q u e s t a f t e r
a n o t h e r , " U. S
. Ne w s & W o r l d Re p o r t s a i d i n J u n e . T h e m a g a z i n e q u o t e d
o n e n a m e l e s s i n s i d e r a s s a y i n g : " T h e T u e s d a y l u n c h i s l i k e a n i c e b e r g .
T h e r e i s m u c h m o r e t o i t t h a n m e e t s t h e e y e . " "
Do w n b e l o w t h e s u r f a c e , i n t h e b a s e m e n t o f t h e W h i t e H o u s e , Ro s t o w
h a d b u i l t h i m s e l f a p o w e r f u l e m p i r e . H e h a d t r a i n e d t h e r e m n a n t o f t h e
Na t i o n a l Se c u r i t y Co u n c i l s t a f f , w h i c h h e h e a d e d , t o j u m p t h r o u g h a l l t h e
p r o p e r h o o p s l i k e p e r f o r m i n g s e a l s
. H e r u l e d t h e Si t u a t i o n Ro o m , t h e
P r e s i d e n t ' s p r i v a t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s c e n t e r , w i t h a f i r m h a n d
. H e p r e -
s i d e d o v e r t h e " h o t l i n e " t h a t l i n k e d t h e W h i t e H o u s e w i t h t h e Kr e m l i n .
No o n e e l s e i n " Si t Ro o m , " a s i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e l y n a m e d , d a r e d a l e r t t h e
P r e s i d e n t a b o u t a n y c r i s i s b e f o r e Ro s t o w g a v e t h e w o r d .
" I' m t h e f i r s t p e r s o n e v e r t o c a l l t h e P r e s i d e n t a n d t e l l h i m t h e h o t l i n e
f r o m M o s c o w i s u p , " b o a s t e d Ro s t o w t h a t a u t u m n w h e n h e s e e m e d s o
e a g e r t o e s t a b l i s h h i s c r e d e n t i a l s . " Ir o n i c a l l y , t h i s i n c i d e n t h a d o c c u r r e d
o n J u n e 5 , t h e d a y b e f o r e O t e p k a ' s St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g b e g a n . At
2 : 3 8 a . m
. a t e l e t y p e i n Si t Ro o m c l a t t e r e d o u t t h e n e w s t h a t t h e Ar a b -
Is r a e l i c o n f l i c t h a d s t a r t e d
. Ro s t o w w a s n o t i f i e d a t h i s h o m e i m m e d i a t e l y
a n d w a s o n t h e s c e n e w i t h i n t h e h o u r
. B u t h e w a i t e d u n t i l 4 : 3 5 a . m . , t w o
h o u r s a f t e r t h e f i r s t f l a s h , b e f o r e h e c a l l e d t h e P r e s i d e n t s l e e p i n g u p s t a i r s .
J u s t b e f o r e 8 a . m
. t h e h o t - l i n e t e l e t y p e h o o k u p w i t h t h e Kr e m l i n
c l i c k e d o u t a m e s s a g e t h a t Ko s y g i n w a n t e d t o c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h J o h n -
s o n . Ro s t o w r e l a y e d t h i s t o h i s b o s s w i t h c o m m e n d a b l e a l a c r i t y . Ar e p l y
w e n t o u t w i t h i n t h e h o u r , a n d t w e n t y m e s s a g e s w e r e e x c h a n g e d d u r i n g
t h e M i d e a s t c r i s i s , e a c h s i d e a s s u r i n g t h e o t h e r i t h a d n o i n t e n t i o n o f
g e t t i n g i n v o l v e d . T h e " b e s t u s e o f t h e h o t l i n e " c a m e w h e n Am e r i c a n
p l a n e s s c r a m b l e d , b e l a t e d l y , t o a s s i s t t h e U. S. S. Li b e r t y , w h i c h h a d b e e n
a t t a c k e d b y t h e Is r a e l i s . It w a s v i t a l t h a t t h e So v i e t s k n o w t h a t t h e p l a n e s
w e r e n o t g o i n g a f t e r t h e Ru s s i a n f l e e t t h a t h a d p l o w e d t h r o u g h t h e
Da r d e n e l l e s i n t o t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n .
T h e s u c c e s s o f t h e h o t l i n e , w h i c h h a d b e e n Ro s t o w ' s i d e a o r i g i n a l l y ,
p l e a s e d h i m i m m e n s e l y . O f c o u r s e , t h e So v i e t s m a n a g e d t o u s e t h e M i d -
e a s t c r i s i s t o j u m p w i t h b o t h f e e t i n t o a r e g i o n w h e r e t h e y h a d b e e n o n l y
t e n t a t i v e l y d i p p i n g t h e i r t o e s b e f o r e . B u t t h a t d i d n o t d a w n o n m a n y
Am e r i c a n s u n t i l m o n t h s l a t e r .
VERDICT

4 2 7
Ro s t o w ' s r o l e a s m a e s t r o o f t h e h o t l i n e d i d n o t b e c o m e g e n e r a l l y
k n o w n u n t i l t h e r e a l l y b i g p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s b u i l d u p f o r h i m s t a r t e d a f t e r
t h e O t e p k a b r i e f b r o k e
. B u t b a c k i n M a y t h e W a s h i n g t o n P o s t d i d a
s p l e n d i d s p r e a d o n t h e G r e a t So c i e t y ' s r u l i n g T r i u m v i r a t e - Ro s t o w ,
Ru s k a n d M c Na m a r a - i n w h i c h i t c o r r e c t l y n o t e d t h a t " M a n y Ad m i n i s -
t r a t i o n f i g u r e s s a y a m a j o r r e a s o n f o r Ro s t o w ' s W h i t e H o u s e s u c c e s s i s
h i s r o l e a s a c r e a t o r o f w h a t a m o u n t s t o a n i m p r o v i s e d J o h n s o n i a n G r a n d
De s i g n . "
La u d a t o r y b i o g r a p h i c a l s k e t c h e s o n Ro s t o w w e r e r u n i n b o t h Lo o k a n d
Li f e
i n e a r l y De c e m b e r
. B o t h a r t i c l e s b o l s t e r e d h i s g r o w i n g r e p u t a t i o n a s
a " h a r d l i n e r " w h o w a s r e a l l y a n o l d s o f t y a t h e a r t
. Li f e i g n o r e d t h e
e x p l o s i v e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e O t e p k a b r i e f e n t i r e l y , c o n f i n i n g i t s e l f t o s u c h
r h a p s o d i z i n g a s " Ro s t o w ' s m i n d i s a s h a r p , f a s t , f l o w i n g p o l i t i c a l i n -
s t r u m e n t . " " Lo o k
k i s s e d o f f t h e O t e p k a r e v e l a t i o n s w a y d o w n i n i t s s t o r y
w i t h o n e p a r a g r a p h :
Re c e n t l y , Ro s t o w ' s n a m e m a d e h e a d l i n e s w h e n a d i s m i s s e d St a t e
De p a r t m e n t s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r w a s r e p o r t e d a s b l a m i n g h i s d i s c h a r g e o n
h i s r e f u s a l t o c l e a r Ro s t o w a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f J FK' s t e r m w i t h o u t a
f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n
. ( M c G e o r g e ) B u n d y s a y s , " Ir e a d t h a t f i l e i n 1 9 61 ,
a n d
t h e r e w a s n o t h i n g i n i t t h a t r a i s e d a n y q u e s t i o n s a t a l l a b o u t W a l t ' s
l o y a l t y , s e c u r i t y o r o t h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s. " H e s a y s h e a c c e p t e d Ro s t o w
w i t h " t h r e e c h e e r s . " " [ Em p h a s i s a d d e d
. ]
O t e p k a ' s n a m e w a s n e v e r m e n t i o n e d
. No n e t h e l e s s , t h e Lo o k a n d Li f e
s t o r i e s w e r e u n w i t t i n g l y a m o n g t h e m o s t d a m a g i n g a r t i c l e s t h a t h a d e v e r
b e e n p r i n t e d o n W a l t Ro s t o w
. Fo r i n a t t e m p t i n g t o r e i n f o r c e h i s a c -
k n o w l e d g e d p o s i t i o n a s t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s l e a d i n g g r e a t t h i n k e r , t h e y
p r o v e d c o n c l u s i v e l y h o w t i g h t a g r i p Ro s t o w h a d o n t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s m i n d
a n d o n U. S
. f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
H i s t h o u g h t , s a i d
Lo o k , " s u p p l i e s t h e u n d e r s t r u c t u r e o n w h i c h a r e
r a i s e d t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s p o l i c i e s
. . . . " Ro s t o w ' s " b i g g e s t f a n i s LB J , w h o
s a y s ,
' H i s d e t r a c t o r s r a i s e h i m i n m y e s t i m a t i o n e v e r y d a y
. ' "
Lo o k
b r o u g h t u p t h e T u e s d a y l u n c h e o n s a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e . " T h e r e , "
i t s a i d , " t h e q u e s t i o n r e p e a t e d l y c o m e s
: ` W h a t d o y o u t h i n k , W a l t ? ' An d
Ro s t o w u s u a l l y k n o w s p r e c i s e l y w h a t h e t h i n k s
; h e h a s a t h o u g h t - o u t
v i s i o n o f t h e w o r l d a n d Am e r i c a ' s p l a c e i n i t
. U. S. f o r e i g n p o l i c y p a r a l l e l s
t h a t v i s i o n s u r p r i s i n g l y . "
If t w o o f t h e m o s t i n f l u e n t i a l m a s s - c i r c u l a t i o n p e r i o d i c a l s i n t h e c o u n -
t r y w e r e s o o b v i o u s l y c o m p l a c e n t a b o u t W a l t Ro s t o w , t h e r e w e r e o t h e r s
w h i c h w e r e n o t
. Ca p i t o l H i l l s t i l l h u m m e d w i t h w o r r i e d c o n j e c t u r e a b o u t
t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o n Ro s t o w i n t h e O t e p k a b r i e f .
4 2 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
T h e a s t o u n d i n g d i s c l o s u r e t h a t O t e p k a , w i t h h i s w i d e r e p u t a t i o n a s a
f a i r a n d c a r e f u l e v a l u a t o r , h a d r e p e a t e d l y r e j e c t e d c l e a r a n c e s f o r Ro s t o w
r u d e l y s h o o k m a n y Co n g r e s s m e n a n d Se n a t o r s
. T h e f a c t t h a t O t e p k a ' s
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s h a d t w i c e b e e n u p h e l d b y h i g h o f f i c i a l s i n t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t d u r i n g t h e Ei s e n h o w e r Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g Un d e r -
s e c r e t a r y o f St a t e H e r b e r t H o o v e r , J r
. , a d d e d t o t h e i r c o n c e r n
.
T h e Ai r Fo r c e In t e l l i g e n c e f i n d i n g t h a t Ro s t o w w a s a s e c u r i t y r i s k a n d
CIA' s a c t i o n i n d r o p p i n g h i m f r o m a s e n s i t i v e c o n t r a c t c o n t r i b u t e d f u r -
t h e r t o t h e f e a r s f e l t b e h i n d m a n y d o o r s i n t h e Se n a t e a n d H o u s e o f f i c e
b u i l d i n g s
. T h a t t h e s e f e a r s w e r e s e l d o m v o i c e d o p e n l y i s m e r e l y a d d i -
t i o n a l e v i d e n c e o f a d e e p e r a n d m o r e p e r v a s i v e f e a r
: t h e r e w e r e v e r y f e w
i n t h e Co n g r e s s w h o c o u l d r i s k b e i n g b u r n e d w i t h t h e u g l y b r a n d o f
M c Ca r t h y i s m
.
In l a t e No v e m b e r , t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n f i n a l l y c o n c o c t e d a n o t h e r a l i b i
f o r W a l t Ro s t o w
. Se v e n f u l l w e e k s a f t e r Cl a r k M o l l e n h o f f ' s o r i g i n a l s t o r y ,
t h e W h i t e H o u s e b e l a t e d l y l e t i t o u t t h a t P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n h a d i n s i s t e d
t h a t t h e FB Ir u n a f u l l f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n Ro s t o w b e f o r e h e w a s
b r o u g h t b a c k t o t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l s t a f f f r o m St a t e i n Ap r i l 1 9 66
. It i s
p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s w a s
d o n e , b u t t h e i m p l i c a t i o n t h a t t h e FB Ih a d
" c l e a r e d " Ro s t o w i s w o e f u l l y m i s l e a d i n g
. T h e FB Ih a s n o p o w e r t o i s s u e
a c l e a r a n c e f o r o f f i c i a l s i n o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s
. No r d i d t h e FB I
n e c e s s a r i l y h a v e a c c e s s t o t h e s a m e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t O t e p k a h a d w h e n
h e f i r s t e v a l u a t e d Ro s t o w
. O t e p k a w a s a w a r e o f f i l e s o n n u m e r o u s o f f i c i a l s
t h a t t h e FB It o t h i s d a y d o e s n o t k n o w e x i s t e d
. *
In t h i s i n s t a n c e , m o r e o v e r , i t i s a s a f e b e t t h a t t h e f i l e o n Ro s t o w w h i c h
O t e p k a a c c u m u l a t e d i n t h e l a t e 1 9 5 0 ' s n o l o n g e r b o r e a n y r e s e m b l a n c e
t o t h e o r i g i n a l
. Ne a r l y t h r e e y e a r s p a s s e d b e t w e e n t h e t i m e O t e p k a ' s f i l e s
w e r e c o n f i s c a t e d b y t h e Ne w O r d e r a n d t h e r e t u r n o f Ro s t o w t o t h e
W h i t e H o u s e f r o m St a t e
. W h e n O t e p k a w a s p e r m i t t e d a g l i m p s e o f t h o s e
f i l e s s i x m o n t h s a f t e r h i s o u s t e r f r o m SY , h e s a w a t o n c e t h a t t h e y h a d
b e e n r i f l e d
. No o n e w i l l e v e r k n o w h o w m a n y s e n s i t i v e p e r s o n n e l s e c u r i t y
r e c o r d s d i s a p p e a r e d o r w e n t u p i n s m o k e i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t i n c i n -
e r a t o r .
T h e l a r g e l y u n d e r g r o u n d s e n s a t i o n t o u c h e d o f f b y M o l l e n h o f f ' s s t o r i e s
o n t h e O t e p k a b r i e f w a s e x a c e r b a t e d b y a n o t h e r s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s p u b -
l i s h e d i n En g l a n d a t a b o u t t h e s a m e t i m e
. Se i z i n g o n H a r o l d ( Ki m )
P h i l b y ' s b o a s t f r o m M o s c o w t h a t h e h a d b e e n a m e m b e r o f t h e Co m m u -
* Un d e r t h e s o - c a l l e d " t h i r d a g e n c y r u l e , " i n f o r m a t i o n a c q u i r e d b y , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t f r o m CIAo r Ai r Fo r c e In t e l l i g e n c e c a n b e r e f u s e d t o a n y o t h e r a g e n c y
r e q u e s t i n g i t
. If t h e FB Ia s k e d f o r c e r t a i n d o c u m e n t s ( e v e n a s s u m i n g i t k n e w t h e y e x i s t e d ) ,
t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t o r a n y o t h e r a g e n c y d o e s n o t h a v e t o p r o v i d e t h e m
.
VERDICT

4 2 9
n i s t e s p i o n a g e n e t w o r k f o r m o r e t h a n t h i r t y y e a r s , t h e Lo n d o n Su n d a y
T i m e s r a n a m o n t h - l o n g e x p o s e o n t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h i s m a s t e r s p y , t h e
m y s t e r i o u s " t h i r d m a n " w h o t i p p e d B u r g e s s a n d M a c l e a n t h a t B r i t i s h
In t e l l i g e n c e w a s c l o s i n g i n o n t h e m .
Ac l e v e r " s l e e p e r " a g e n t w h o p o s e d a s a h a r d - l i n e a n t i - Co m m u n i s t ,
P h i l b y w a s e v e n d e c o r a t e d b y Fr a n c i s c o Fr a n c o i n Sp a i n d u r i n g t h e
Sp a n i s h Ci v i l W a r , w h i c h h e c o v e r e d a s a c o r r e s p o n d e n t . In t h e B r i t i s h
Fo r e i g n O f f i c e , Ki m P h i l b y ' s i m p e c c a b l e o l d s c h o o l t i e s a s s u r e d h i s r a p i d
r i s e . H i s Ca m b r i d g e c h u m , Do n a l d M a c l e a n , a n d m a n y o t h e r s p u s h e d
P h i l b y u p t h e l a d d e r i n m u c h t h e s a m e f a s h i o n a s O t e p k a h a d o b s e r v e d
c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l s a t St a t e b e i n g e l e v a t e d . ( Ap r e r e q u i s i t e f o r s u c h e l e v a -
t i o n s i s a l w a y s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a r e p u t a t i o n f o r " b r i l l i a n c e . " )
Sw i t c h i n g t o B r i t i s h In t e l l i g e n c e , P h i l b y e n j o y e d t h e s a m e p r e f e r e n t i a l
t r e a t m e n t
. B y 1 9 4 4 h e w a s i n c h a r g e o f a n e w In t e l l i g e n c e d e p a r t m e n t
s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d t o p e n e t r a t e t h e So v i e t a p p a r a t . ( " Y o u c a n i m a g i n e
w h a t k i n d o f i n f o r m a t i o n Iw a s a b l e t o s e n d t o M o s c o w , " h e t o l d a t e a m
o f Iz v e s t i a
r e p o r t e r s i n De c e m b e r 1 9 67 . ) T h r e e y e a r s l a t e r h e w a s s e n t
t o W a s h i n g t o n t o h e l p t h e Am e r i c a n n o v i c e s s e t u p t h e i r n e w Ce n t r a l
In t e l l i g e n c e Ag e n c y . H i s f r i e n d M a c l e a n w a s w o r k i n g o u t o f t h e B r i t i s h
e m b a s s y a t t h e s a m e t i m e , f e e d i n g M o s c o w v i t a l m a t e r i a l h e g o t f r o m
P h i l b y a n d o t h e r s o u r c e s . *
T h e Lo n d o n Su n d a y T i m e s s a i d t h a t a 1 9 5 6St a t e De p a r t m e n t r e p o r t
( w h i c h , i n c i d e n t a l l y , O t e p k a w a s p r i v y t o ) m a d e i t c l e a r t h a t " Do n a l d
M a c l e a n h a d a c c e s s t o e v e r y c r u c i a l An g l o - Am e r i c a n p o l i c y d e c i s i o n
a t t h e h e i g h t o f t h e Co l d W a r . " T r a g i c a l l y , m a n y o f t h e s e d e c i s i o n s
p e r t a i n e d t o U
. S. s t r a t e g y i n t h e Ko r e a n c o n f l i c t .
P h i l b y ' s s u p e r i o r s d i s p l a y e d t h e s a m e c u r i o u s b l i n d n e s s o n s e c u r i t y
m a t t e r s t h a t O t e p k a h a d s o o f t e n n o t e d a m o n g h i s o w n s u p e r i o r s a t St a t e .
Ev e n P r i m e M i n i s t e r M a c m i l l a n d i s m i s s e d r e p o r t s t h a t P h i l b y w a s a s p y
w i t h t h e r e m a r k t h a t t h e r e w a s " n o r e a s o n t o c o n c l u d e t h a t M r
. P h i l b y
h a d a t a n y t i m e b e t r a y e d t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h i s c o u n t r y . " T h e B r i t i s h , t o o ,
h a d b e e n a f f l i c t e d w i t h a p a t h o l o g i c a l d r e a d o f b e i n g t a r r e d w i t h t h e d r e a d
b r u s h o f M c Ca r t h y i s m .
O n No v e m b e r 2 2 , 1 9 67 , t h e f o u r t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f J a c k Ke n n e d y ' s
a s s a s s i n a t i o n , J o h n As h b r o o k o f O h i o p a i n t e d a v i v i d a n a l o g y b e t w e e n
t h e P h i l b y d i s c l o s u r e s a n d t h e f a t e o f O t t o O t e p k a . H e i n t r o d u c e d a b r i e f
r e v i e w o f t h e P h i l b y - B u r g e s s - M a c l e a n c a s e i n t h e Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re c o r d
*
M a c l e a n w a s Fi r s t Se c r e t a r y o f t h e B r i t i s h e m b a s s y i n W a s h i n g t o n a n d l a t e r h e a d o f t h e
Am e r i c a n d e p a r t m e n t i n t h e Fo r e i g n O f f i c e
. H e e s c a p e d t o M o s c o w w i t h h i s h o m o s e x u a l
b o y f r i e n d B u r g e s s w h e n P h i l b y t i p p e d t h e m i n 1 9 5 1 . M a c l e a n r e p o r t e d l y d i v o r c e d h i s w i f e
i n 1 9 67 a n d M r s
. M a c l e a n i s s a i d t o h a v e b e c o m e t h e f o u r t h M r s . P h i l b y .
4 3 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
t o " p r o v i d e a b a c k g r o u n d a g a i n s t w h i c h o u r o w n s e c u r i t y p r o b l e m s a t
St a t e s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d
. " T h e n h e w e n t o n t o t r a c e a f e w o f t h e a c t i o n s
t a k e n a g a i n s t b o t h O t e p k a a n d St e p h e n Ko c z a k .
Co n g r e s s m a n As h b r o o k w a s c a r e f u l n o t t o d r a w a c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n
Ki m P h i l b y a n d W a l t Ro s t o w o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e s c a n t i n f o r m a t i o n
a v a i l a b l e i n t h e O t e p k a h e a r i n g b r i e f . B u t h e c i t e d t h e Ro s t o w b u s i n e s s
a s " a n o t h e r c a s e w h i c h h a s a d i r e c t b e a r i n g o n s e c u r i t y m a t t e r s " a n d h e
s c o r e d t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n f o r t h e s t e a d y s t r e a m o f u n t r u t h s i t h a d p o u r e d
o u t t o c o v e r u p t h e c l e a r a n c e r e j e c t i o n s .
1 5
Al t h o u g h t h e P r e s i d e n t c o n t i n u e d t o s t a n d f i r m l y b y Ro s t o w , i n l a t e
No v e m b e r h e w a s a t l a s t f o r c e d t o d u m p t h e m a n p r i m a r i l y r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r
t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f Ro s t o w ' s p o l i c i e s - Ro b e r t St r a n g e
M c Na m a r a . T h e r e w e r e m a n y o t h e r s w h o h a d h e l p e d t r a n s l a t e t h e c e n -
t r a l t h e s i s o f t h e Ro s t o w P a p e r s i n t o a c t i o n - P a u l Ni t z e a n d Ad a m
Y a r m o l i n s k y i n t h e P e n t a g o n , De a n Ru s k , G e o r g e B a l l , H a r l a n Cl e v e -
l a n d a t St a t e , t o n a m e j u s t a f e w . B u t i t w a s M c Na m a r a ' s i r o n w i l l t h a t
h a d i m p o s e d t h e Ro s t o w i a n v i s i o n o n Am e r i c a ' s d e f e n s e e s t a b l i s h m e n t
.
In p u r s u i t o f Ro s t o w ' s d r e a m , M c Na m a r a h a d s c u t t l e d m a n y m a j o r
w e a p o n s s y s t e m s , h e l d b a c k t h e De f e n s e De p a r t m e n t ' s c r i t i c a l r e s e a r c h
a n d d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m s , p u s h e d f o r " g r a d u a l e s c a l a t i o n " o f t h e Vi e t -
n a m W a r i n l i e u o f v i c t o r y
. O n Ca p i t o l H i l l , M c Na m a r a ' s c r e d i b i l i t y h a d
s u n k p r e c i p i t a t e l y a n d h i s a n n u a l " p o s t u r e s t a t e m e n t s " w e r e v i e w e d b y
m a n y l a w m a k e r s a s b l u e p r i n t s f o r n a t i o n a l s u i c i d e .
In J u l y 1 9 67 Co n g r e s s i o n a l c o n c e r n d e e p e n e d t o a l a r m w h e n a h i g h -
l e v e l s p e c i a l c o m m i t t e e o f t h e Am e r i c a n Se c u r i t y Co u n c i l , a p r i v a t e
o r g a n i z a t i o n , p u b l i s h e d a l a n d m a r k r e p o r t i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e H o u s e
Ar m e d Se r v i c e s Co m m i t t e e . T h e p r i v a t e c o m m i t t e e w a s h e a d e d b y G e n -
e r a l B e r n a r d A
. Sc h r i e v e r , t h e m a n p r i m a r i l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e Ai r
Fo r c e ' s m i s s i l e d e v e l o p m e n t f r o m i t s i n c e p t i o n
. It a l s o i n c l u d e d a b l u e -
r i b b o n g r o u p o f s i x t e e n o t h e r r e t i r e d m i l i t a r y c o m m a n d e r s , s c i e n t i s t s a n d
s c h o l a r s .
P o i n t b y p o i n t , t h i s c o m m i t t e e b u i l t a n i r o n - c l a d c a s e t o s u p p o r t i t s
t h e s i s t h a t t h e So v i e t Un i o n " i s d r i v i n g h a r d t o w a r d a g o a l o f o v e r w h e l m -
i n g s u p e r i o r i t y i n t h e d e c i s i v e f i e l d o f n u c l e a r w e a p o n s . "
1 6
M o r e o v e r , i t
d e m o n s t r a t e d h o w c l o s e t h e So v i e t w a s t o a c h i e v i n g t h i s g o a l i n c e r t a i n
a r e a s s u c h a s s p a c e w e a p o n s a t a t i m e w h e n t h e U. S. w a s c u t t i n g b a c k
o n m a n y o f i t s s t r a t e g i c f o r c e s .
At l a s t , M c Na m a r a ' s c o m p u t e r i z e d e s t i m a t e s w e r e s h o w n u p f o r w h a t
t h e y w e r e - t h e r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n s o f a m a n i n t e n t u p o n j u s t i f y i n g t h e Ro s -
t o w i a n p o l i c y o f d i s a r m a m e n t . T h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e Se c r e t a r y o f De f e n s e
VERDICT

4 3 1
h a d b e c o m e u n t e n a b l e . P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n h a d n o a l t e r n a t i v e b u t t o f i r e
h i m
. T h e r e w e r e o t h e r c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r s , o f c o u r s e
. Vi e t n a m w a s o n e .
B u t t h e Co n g r e s s ' r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t t h e Un i t e d St a t e s w a s f a s t h e a d i n g f o r
s e c o n d p l a c e i n s t r a t e g i c w e a p o n r y w a s t h e p r i m a r y r e a s o n f o r M c Na m a -
r a ' s e x i l e t o t h e W o r l d B a n k .
Fr o m t h e s i d e l i n e s , O t t o O t e p k a w a t c h e d t h e s e d e v e l o p m e n t s w i t h
m o u n t i n g i n t e r e s t . In t h e r a p i d e r o s i o n o f Am e r i c a ' s s t r a t e g i c s u p e r i o r i t y ,
h e c o u l d s e e t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e p o l i c i e s l a i d o u t b y W a l t Ro s t o w a n d
o t h e r s w h o s e s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e s h e h a d s t e a d f a s t l y o p p o s e d . H e k n e w
t h a t M c Na m a r a , t h e Ke n n e d y s , a n d e v e n Ly n d o n J o h n s o n h a d p e r m i t -
t e d t h e m s e l v e s t o b e u s e d a s p l i a n t t o o l s b y p e o p l e w h o c o u l d n e v e r p a s s
t h e a c i d t e s t o f Ei s e n h o w e r ' s Ex e c u t i v e O r d e r 1 0 4 5 0
.
M o r e d r a m a t i c e v i d e n c e o f h o w b a d l y t h e y h a d b e e n u s e d w a s s u p p l i e d
b y t h e w e a p o n s p a r a d e d i n M o s c o w i n No v e m b e r 1 9 67 o n t h e o c c a s i o n
o f t h e f i f t i e t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e B o l s h e v i k Re v o l u t i o n
. M c Na m a r a , i n a
f u t i l e e f f o r t t o t a k e s o m e o f t h e s u r p r i s e e l e m e n t o u t o f t h e So v i e t ' s n e w
a r s e n a l , a d m i t t e d a f e w d a y s b e f o r e h a n d t h a t Ru s s i a h a d w h a t h e c a l l e d
a Fr a c t i o n a l O r b i t a l B o m b a r d m e n t Sy s t e m ( FO B S) . B u t h e a d d e d t h a t
h e w a s " n o t c o n c e r n e d . " *
De a n Ru s k o b v i o u s l y w a s n ' t c o n c e r n e d e i t h e r . H e w a s p h o t o g r a p h e d
t o a s t i n g So v i e t Am b a s s a d o r An a t o l y Do b r y n i n a t t h e g o l d e n a n n i v e r s a r y
p a r t y i n t h e So v i e t e m b a s s y o n No v e m b e r 7 . As k e d w h y h e v i o l a t e d h i s
s t a n d i n g r u l e a g a i n s t a t t e n d i n g s u c h c o c k t a i l p a r t i e s , Ru s k e x p l a i n e d
m e r r i l y : " W e l l , f o r t h e f i f t i e t h a n n i v e r s a r y , Im a k e a n e x c e p t i o n . "
T h e s p e c t a c l e o f a U. S. Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e c o n g r a t u l a t i n g t h e So v i e t
Un i o n o n i t s f i f t y y e a r s o f o p p r e s s i o n c a u s e d d e e p d i s m a y a m o n g m a n y
Am e r i c a n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t a t i m e w h e n t h o u s a n d s o f U. S. s e r v i c e m e n
w e r e b e i n g k i l l e d a n d m a i m e d b y So v i e t w e a p o n s i n Vi e t n a m . B u t t h e r e
w e r e o t h e r s i n t h e w o r l d w h o h a d e v e n g r e a t e r c a u s e f o r d i s m a y , e s p e -
c i a l l y t h e m i l l i o n s f o r c e d t o l i v e u n d e r c o m m u n i s m .
In h i s m o n u m e n t a l b o o k , W o r k e r s ' P a r a d i s e Lo s t , Eu g e n e Ly o n s a s -
s e s s e d " t h e f e a r s o m e c o s t s t o t h e Ru s s i a n p e o p l e s a n d t h e r e s t o f m a n -
k i n d " o f t h e h a l f - c e n t u r y o f So v i e t h i s t o r y t o w h i c h De a n Ru s k p a i d
h o n o r :
It i s a p r i c e p a i d i n t h e c o i n o f t e r r o r , f o r c i b l e c o l l e c t i v i z a t i o n ,
m a n - m a d e f a m i n e , s l a v e - l a b o r c a m p s , b l o o d - p u r g e s , t h o u g h t c o n t r o l ,
b r u t a l e x p l o i t a t i o n o f w o r k e r s a n d f a r m e r s , p e r s e c u t i o n o f r e l i g i o n ,
p o l i t i c a l o p p r e s s i o n s , g e n o c i d a l m a s s a c r e s a n d d e p o r t a t i o n s . T h i s d o e s
* Li k e v i r t u a l l y a l l o f M c Na m a r a ' s a n n o u n c e m e n t s a b o u t So v i e t s t r a t e g i c c a p a b i l i t i e s , t h e
FO B Sd i s c l o s u r e s c a m e l o n g a f t e r t h e In t e l l i g e n c e c o m m u n i t y h a d f i r s t r e p o r t e d i t .
4 3 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
n o t e x h a u s t t h e m e l a n c h o l y i n v e n t o r y , f o r i t m u s t e m b r a c e o t h e r c o s t s
t h a t c a n n o t b e r e d u c e d t o f i g u r e s . "
Ly o n s r e v i e w e d t h e v a r i o u s e s t i m a t e s o f t h e a c t u a l d e a t h t o l l t a k e n b y
c o m m u n i s m . H e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t o n e B r i t i s h j o u r n a l i s t , D. G . St e w a r t -
Sm i t h , h a d p l a c e d i t a s h i g h a s e i g h t y - t h r e e m i l l i o n , m o r e t h a n a l l t h e
f a t a l i t i e s i n b o t h W o r l d W a r s
. Eq u a l l y h o r r i b l e , Ly o n s s a i d , w a s t h e f a c t
t h a t " m i l l i o n s o f t h e v i c t i m s , i n t h e t o r t u r e c h a m b e r s a n d i n t h e s l a v e
c a m p s , w e r e d e n i e d t h e s o l a c e o f q u i c k a n d e a s y d e a t h . "
1 8 No r w a s t h e
t e r r o r c o n f i n e d t o t h e St a l i n i s t e r a i n Ru s s i a a n d t h e M a o p e r i o d i n Ch i n a .
It c o n t i n u e s , a s Ly o n s a n d o t h e r s h a v e s h o w n , d o w n t o t h e p r e s e n t ,
a b a t i n g o n l y w h e n i t s e r v e s s o m e Co m m u n i s t p u r p o s e .
In t h e d e h u m a n i z e d m i l i e u o f h i g h d i p l o m a c y , Se c r e t a r y Ru s k ' s t o a s t
w a s c o n d o n e d r a t h e r t h a n c o n d e m n e d . It w a s c o n s i d e r e d s y m b o l i c o f t h e
g r e a t " i m p r o v e m e n t " i n So v i e t - Am e r i c a n r e l a t i o n s t h a t h a d t a k e n p l a c e
o v e r t h e p r e c e d i n g s e v e n y e a r s . T o a w o r l d f o c u s e d m o r e o n s y m b o l s
t h a n o n r e a l i t y i t w a s a c o m f o r t i n g g e s t u r e .
No t l o n g a f t e r t h e g l a s s e s c l i n k e d i n W a s h i n g t o n a n d t h e m a m m o t h
s p a c e m i s s i l e s r u m b l e d t h r o u g h t h e s t r e e t s o f M o s c o w , Ru s k r e c e i v e d t h e
f i n d i n g s o f h i s h a n d p i c k e d j u d g e f o r t h e O t e p k a h e a r i n g , Ed w a r d Dr a g o n .
T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t b r i e f p r e p a r e d b y Ir v i n g J a f f e a c c u s e d O t e p k a o f
" d i s l o y a l t y " t o h i s c o u n t r y . Dr a g o n d i d n o t d a r e g o q u i t e t h a t f a r , b u t h i s
f i n d i n g s w e n t f a r e n o u g h t o s a t i s f y Ru s k .
T h e Se c r e t a r y d e l a y e d m a k i n g t h e d e c i s i o n k n o w n u n t i l t h e s e c o n d
w e e k i n De c e m b e r w h e n Co n g r e s s w a s e m b r o i l e d i n i t s a n n u a l r u s h f o r
a d j o u r n m e n t . Sh o r t l y a f t e r 7 p . m . o n De c e m b e r 1 1 , 1 9 67 , a Fo r e i g n
Se r v i c e o f f i c e r n a m e d Do n a l d W o o d w a r d r a n g t h e d o o r b e l l o f O t e p k a ' s
h o m e i n W h e a t o n . H e h a n d e d h i m a n i m p o s i n g d o c u m e n t b e a r i n g t h e
s e a l o f t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e a n d f e s t o o n e d w i t h r e d r i b b o n s f r o m t o p
t o b o t t o m . T h e s e a l h a d b e e n a f f i x e d b y Un d e r s e c r e t a r y Ni c h o l a s De B
.
Ka t z e n b a c h a n d t h e d o c u m e n t , No . 67 / 1 1 0 1 9 , c o n v e y i n g " G r e e t i n g s "
f r o m t h e De p a r t m e n t , w a s s i g n e d b y De a n Ru s k , Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e .
" Ih a v e c o n s i d e r e d t h e e n t i r e r e c o r d o f M r . O t e p k a ' s a p p e a l , " Ru s k
b e g a n . H e s a i d h e a c c e p t e d Dr a g o n ' s f i n d i n g t h a t " t h e r e a r e n o e x t e n u a t -
i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h a t w o u l d j u s t i f y o r e x c u s e " O t e p k a ' s a c t i o n i n d e l i v -
e r i n g d o c u m e n t s " o u t s i d e t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e . " ( Re i l l y ' s p e r j u r y
w a s n o t m e n t i o n e d . )
" H i s a c t i o n , " Ru s k w e n t o n
w a s i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h h i s r e s p o n -
s i b i l i t i e s t o t h e G o v e r n m e n t f r o m w h i c h h e h e l d a p p o i n t m e n t . "
" It i s m y c o n c l u s i o n o n r e v i e w o f t h i s c a s e , " s a i d Ru s k , " t h a t t h e
g r o u n d s u r g e d b y M r
. O t e p k a i n h i s a p p e a l a r e w i t h o u t m e r i t . " T h e
VERDICT

4 3 3
Se c r e t a r y p r o c l a i m e d t h a t h e u p h e l d t h e h e a r i n g o f f i c e r ' s f i n d i n g s t h a t t h e
d e f e n d a n t h a d i n d u l g e d i n " c o n d u c t u n b e c o m i n g a n o f f i c e r o f t h e De -
p a r t m e n t o f St a t e , " a s c h a r g e d .
" It h e r e f o r e d e c i d e t h a t d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n i s r e q u i r e d i n t h i s c a s e a n d
h e r e b y d i r e c t t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g a c t i o n s b e t a k e n w i t h r e s p e c t t o M r
. O t t o
F. O t e p k a :
( a ) T h a t h e b e s e v e r e l y r e p r i m a n d e d .
( b ) T h a t h e b e r e d u c e d i n g r a d e f r o m G S- 1 5 t o G S- 1 4 , s t e p o n e
.
( c ) T h a t h e b e t r a n s f e r r e d t o d u t i e s i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
w h i c h a r e w i t h i n h i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n s b u t w h i c h d o n o t i n v o l v e t h e a d -
m i n i s t r a t i o n o f p e r s o n n e l s e c u r i t y f u n c t i o n s . "
T h e l a s t a c t h a d b e e n p l a y e d o u t . Af t e r f o u r - a n d - a - h a l f y e a r s s e n t e n c e
h a d f i n a l l y b e e n p r o n o u n c e d : O t e p k a w a s f o r m a l l y r e m o v e d f r o m t h e
O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y a n d s t r i p p e d o f t h e t i t l e , Ch i e f , Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i -
s i o n / SY . H e c o u l d r e m a i n i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , i f h e s o c h o s e . B u t
h e w o u l d h a v e t o a c c e p t s t i l l a n o t h e r d e m o t i o n , t h i s o n e t o a n e b u l o u s
p o s i t i o n a s a n a n a l y s t i n t h e O f f i c e o f M a n a g e m e n t . H i s s a l a r y w a s c u t
b y m o r e t h a n $ 5 , 0 0 0 o r a b o u t 2 5 p e r c e n t - f r o m $ 2 0 , 5 8 5 a y e a r t o
$ 1 5 , 1 0 6 .
De a n Ru s k ' s d e c i s i o n w a s a h a l f - m e a s u r e t o k e e p O t e p k a ' s s u p p o r t e r s
i n t h e Co n g r e s s f r o m r i s i n g u p e n m a s s e i n p r o t e s t , y e t s t r o n g e n o u g h t o
d r i v e h o m e t h e l e s s o n t h e Se c r e t a r y d i d n o t w a n t t h e s e c u r i t y c o m m u n i t y
t o f o r g e t
. T h e d e c i s i o n b o r e t h e s t a m p o f t h e s c h o o l m a s t e r , r a p p i n g a n
e r r a n t p u p i l ' s k n u c k l e s i n f r o n t o f t h e c l a s s
. It w a s s u p e r f l u o u s i n t h a t
s e n s e , t h o u g h , f o r t h e s e c u r i t y p e o p l e i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a d l o n g
s i n c e l e a r n e d t h e i r l e s s o n w e l l .
T h e r e w a s a b o u t t h e w h o l e t h i n g a m u s t y a u r a o f a n t i - c l i m a x , a s
Se n a t o r H r u s k a h a d f o r e s e e n m o n t h s e a r l i e r . " Un f o r t u n a t e l y , " H r u s k a
h a d p r e d i c t e d , " t h e o u t c o m e o f t h i s h e a r i n g m a k e s n o m a t e r i a l d i f f e r e n c e
t o M r . O t e p k a b e c a u s e h i s c a r e e r a l r e a d y h a s b e e n r u i n e d . P e r h a p s m o r e
i m p o r t a n t , i t m a k e s l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e t o t h e s e c u r i t y o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
.
T h e d a m a g e h a s b e e n d o n e
; i n l a r g e m e a s u r e i t c a n n o t b e r e p a i r e d . "
T H E KALEIDO SCO P IC EVENT S T H AT RO CKED
T H E NAT IO N AND
T H E
w o r l d i n t h e y e a r 1 9 68 l e f t n e i t h e r t h e p u b l i c n o r t h e Co n g r e s s t i m e t o
p o n d e r t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f De a n Ru s k ' s d e c i s i o n i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e
. B y
m i d - s u m m e r , w h e n a m a s s i v e So v i e t i n v a s i o n s m a s h e d t h e " p e a c e f u l
r e v o l u t i o n " i n Cz e c h o s l o v a k i a , Am e r i c a w a s s t a g g e r i n g l i k e a p u n c h -
d r u n k o l d c h a m p i o n , g r o p i n g i n b e f u d d l e m e n t f o r t h e r o p e s , i n s t i n c t i v e l y
t r y i n g t o s t a y o n i t s f e e t u n t i l t h e b e l l s o u n d e d f o r El e c t i o n Da y a n d
h o p e d - f o r r e l i e f .
In t h e f i r s t w e e k o f J a n u a r y t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e
f i n a l l y i s s u e d i t s l o n g - a w a i t e d o f f i c i a l r e p o r t o n t h e O t e p k a m a t t e r
.
Re l e a s e d i n f o u r s e p a r a t e v o l u m e s o v e r a n e i g h t - d a y s p a n , t h e r e p o r t w a s
v i r t u a l l y i g n o r e d b y l a r g e s e g m e n t s o f t h e Fo u r t h Es t a t e
. An As s o c i a t e d
P r e s s d i s p a t c h , c a r r i e d o n p a g e 4 1 o f t h e Ne w Y o r k
T i m e s
v o l u m i n o u s
Su n d a y e d i t i o n o f J a n u a r y 7 , h i g h l i g h t e d t h e d e f e n s e o f O t e p k a b y Se n a -
t o r s T h u r m o n d , Ea s t l a n d a n d Do d d - a n e a t l i t t l e d e v i c e w h i c h i g n o r e d
t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e p o r t h a d b e e n a p p r o v e d b y a p r e p o n d e r a n t m a j o r i t y
o f t h e t e n - m a n s u b c o m m i t t e e .
T h e AP s t o r y , a s p r i n t e d i n t h e T i m e s ,
d i d m e n t i o n ( i n p a r a g r a p h
f i f t e e n ) t h a t t h e r e p o r t r a p p e d o f f i c i a l s o f t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t f o r
4 3 4
W H IRLW INDREAP ED

4 3 5
" d e l i b e r a t e f a l s e h o o d s . " B u t t h e n a m e s o f t h e o f f i c i a l s w e r e n o t d i s c l o s e d
.
No r d i d t h e p u b l i s h e d a c c o u n t a l l u d e t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e ' s p e r t i n e n t
o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t " t a c t i c s u s e d b y c e r t a i n w i t n e s s e s s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t t h a t
t h e De p a r t m e n t h a d s o m e t h i n g t o h i d e " a n d t h a t " a n a b u n d a n c e o f o t h e r
e v i d e n c e o f t h e w e a k n e s s o f St a t e De p a r t m e n t s e c u r i t y . . . f r e e l y i m p u t e s
v u l n e r a b i l i t y o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s s e c u r i t y p r o c e d u r e s . " '
T h i s w a s p r e t t y s t r o n g l a n g u a g e f o r a Se n a t e c o m m i t t e e t o d i r e c t
a g a i n s t a n i m p o r t a n t a g e n c y o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t i m e o f
w a r . B u t t h e AP , w h i c h s e r v e s l i t e r a l l y t h o u s a n d s o f n e w s p a p e r s , T Va n d
r a d i o s t a t i o n s , b l a t a n t l y c l a i m e d t h a t t h e s t a t e m e n t s o f t h e t h r e e Se n a t o r s
w e r e " t h e o n l y n e w m a t e r i a l " i n t h e f i r s t v o l u m e o f t h e r e p o r t . *
B a r e l y a w e e k a f t e r t h e f o u r t h a n d l a s t v o l u m e w a s r e l e a s e d , t h e
c o u n t r y w a s s t u n n e d b y t h e f i r s t i n a l o n g s e r i e s o f t r a u m a t i c c r i s e s
. O n
J a n u a r y 2 3 t h e U
. S. Na v y ' s i n t e l l i g e n c e s h i p P u e b l o
w a s c a p t u r e d o f f
No r t h Ko r e a a n d i t s 8 3 - m a n c r e w c o n s i g n e d t o t h e t e n d e r m e r c i e s o f t h e
c o m m i s s a r s . W a l t Ro s t o w c a m e b a c k b r i e f l y i n t o t h e n e w s i n c o n n e c t i o n
w i t h t h i s i n c i d e n t ; t h e r e p o r t o f t h e
P u e b l o ' s
s e i z u r e h a d r e a c h e d Dr .
Ro s t o w ' s c o m m a n d p o s t i n t h e W h i t e H o u s e b a s e m e n t q u i c k l y e n o u g h ,
b u t h e d i d n o t d e i g n t o n o t i f y t h e P r e s i d e n t f o r s e v e r a l h o u r s , o r u n t i l t h e
s h i p h a d r e a c h e d t h e Co m m u n i s t p o r t o f W o n s a n . Ro b e r t St r a n g e
M c Na m a r a , i n o n e o f h i s l a s t p u b l i c a p p e a r a n c e s a s Se c r e t a r y o f De f e n s e ,
t o l d a " M e e t t h e P r e s s " t e l e v i s i o n a u d i e n c e o n Fe b r u a r y 4 t h a t t h e
Un i t e d St a t e s m a d e n o a t t e m p t t o p r o t e c t o r r e s c u e t h e P u e b l o b e c a u s e
i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n i n t e r p r e t e d b y t h e Co m m u n i s t s a s " a p r o v o c a t i v e
a c t . " T h u s h a d t h e o p t i o n s o f t h e w o r l d ' s m i g h t i e s t n a t i o n s h r i v e l e d
u n d e r Dr . Ro s t o w ' s t h e o r y o f " c r i s i s m a n a g e m e n t . "
At t h e e n d o f J a n u a r y , o n t h e f i r s t d a y o f a m u t u a l l y a g r e e d u p o n t r u c e
f o r t h e T e t l u n a r n e w y e a r h o l i d a y , t h e Co m m u n i s t f o r c e s i n Vi e t n a m
o p e n e d a s e r i e s o f f e r o c i o u s a t t a c k s o n Sa i g o n a n d t h i r t y p r o v i n c i a l
c e n t e r s . T h o u s a n d s o f c i v i l i a n s w e r e k i l l e d a n d m a i m e d a n d n e a r l y a
h a l f - m i l l i o n p e o p l e l e f t h o m e l e s s
. Am e r i c a n c a s u a l t i e s i n t h e f i r s t w e e k
o f t h e T e t o f f e n s i v e r e a c h e d a n e w r e c o r d o f n e a r l y 3 , 2 0 0 k i l l e d a n d
w o u n d e d a n d So u t h Vi e t n a m e s e m i l i t a r y l o s s e s w e r e e q u a l l y s e v e r e . T h e
* T h i s w a s b u t o n e e x a m p l e o f t h e i n c r e d i b l e p r e s s t r e a t m e n t o f t h e O t e p k a s t o r y t h a t s a m e
w e e k . At a p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e h e l d b y Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e Ru s k o n J a n u a r y 4 , 1 9 68 , Cl a r k
M o l l e n h o f f a s k e d Ru s k a s e r i e s o f a d o z e n q u e s t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e w i r e t a p p i n g a s p e c t s
o f t h e O t e p k a c a s e . T h e s e q u e s t i o n s - a n d t h e Se c r e t a r y ' s u n b e l i e v a b l y e v a s i v e a n s w e r s -
w e r e d e l i b e r a t e l y o m i t t e d f r o m w h a t p u r p o r t e d t o b e t h e f u l l t e x t o f Ru s k ' s p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e
i n b o t h t h e Ne w Y o r k
T i m e s a n d t h e W a s h i n g t o n P o s t. T h e s h a r p e x c h a n g e s b e t w e e n
M o l l e n h o f f a n d Ru s k w e r e c a r r i e d b y t h e B a l t i m o r e Su n w h i c h m a d e t h e m a l l t h e m o r e
c o n s p i c u o u s b y t h e i r a b s e n c e i n t h e T i m e s a n d t h e P o s t.
4 3 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
p r e s s i n Am e r i c a f o u n d a s c a p e g o a t i n G e n e r a l W i l l i a m C. W e s t m o r e -
l a n d . W i t h i n a f e w m o n t h s h e w a s r e c a l l e d f r o m Vi e t n a m a n d b o o t e d
u p s t a i r s t o Ar m y Ch i e f o f St a f f .
T h e p r o t e s t s a g a i n s t t h e Vi e t n a m W a r g a i n e d n e w m o m e n t u m w i t h
t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l c a n d i d a c y o f Se n a t o r Eu g e n e M c Ca r t h y . W h e n
M c Ca r t h y w o n t h e Ne w H a m p s h i r e p r i m a r y , B o b b y Ke n n e d y p r o m p t l y
g r a b b e d t h e s t e e r i n g w h e e l o f t h e p e a c e n i k b a n d w a g o n . T h e t w o Se n a t o r s
v i e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r f o r t h e g r o w i n g p e a c e v o t e , p r o m i s i n g s u r r e n d e r a t
a l m o s t a n y p r i c e . H a r k i n g t o a n e c h o o f w h a t h a d h a p p e n e d t o h i s
c o m m a n d i n Vi e t n a m f o u r t e e n y e a r s e a r l i e r , G e n e r a l H e n r i Na v a r r e o f
Fr a n c e o b s e r v e d w i t h s a d n e s s : " Ev e r y s p e e c h b y Ro b e r t Ke n n e d y d o e s
m o r e g o o d f o r t h e Vi e t Co n g t h a n i f t h e y t a k e a b a s e . "
Le s s t h a n t w o w e e k s a f t e r B o b b y e n t e r e d t h e r e a c e f o r t h e De m o c r a t i c
n o m i n a t i o n , Ly n d o n J o h n s o n d e c i d e d h e h a d h a d e n o u g h . O n Su n d a y
n i g h t , M a r c h 3 1 , t h e P r e s i d e n t a n n o u n c e d o n t e l e v i s i o n t h a t h e w a s
t h r o w i n g i n t h e t o w e l . T h e m a n w h o h a d s w e p t t h e 1 9 64 e l e c t i o n w i t h
t h e g r e a t e s t m a j o r i t y i n h i s t o r y h a d , w i t h i n l e s s t h a n t h r e e - a n d - a - h a l f
y e a r s , s e e n h i s d r e a m o f t h e G r e a t So c i e t y c r u m b l e t o d u s t i n t h e b i t t e r
c a l d r o n o f w a r a n d r i s i n g i n t e r n a l s t r i f e .
No w , v i r t u a l l y b e g g i n g t h e Co m m u n i s t s t o c o n s e n t t o p e a c e t a l k s ,
P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n d e c l a r e d a h a l t t o t h e b o m b i n g o f a l l No r t h Vi e t n a m
e x c e p t a s m a l l s t r i p a b o v e t h e De m i l i t a r i z e d Z o n e ( DM Z ) .
Si x w e e k s
e a r l i e r h e h a d o f f e r e d t o l e t H o Ch i M i n h " w r i t e t h e a g e n d a " i f H o w o u l d
j u s t c o m e t o t h e t a b l e " t o r e a s o n a n d t a l k
. " ' T h e Co m m u n i s t s h a d r e -
s p o n d e d , a s a l w a y s , w i t h s t e p p e d - u p t e r r o r i s m a n d m i l i t a r y a c t i o n .
Al i t t l e m o r e t h a n a m o n t h a f t e r t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s w i t h d r a w a l , M a r t i n
Lu t h e r Ki n g w a s m u r d e r e d i n M e m p h i s . Vi o l e n c e f o l l o w e d i n t h e w a k e
o f t h e d e a t h o f t h e a p o s t l e o f " n o n v i o l e n c e , " m u c h a s i t h a d f o l l o w e d
e v e r y s t e p h e h a d t a k e n i n l i f e . Ne g r o r i o t s e r u p t e d i n o n e h u n d r e d a n d
t w e n t y - f i v e c i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e n a t i o n ' s c a p i t a l . M o r e t h a n 2 , 60 0 s e p a -
r a t e f i r e s w e r e s e t b y a r s o n i s t s ; a t l e a s t f o r t y - s i x p e r s o n s w e r e k i l l e d ; m o r e
t h a n 2 , 5 0 0 w e r e i n j u r e d , m a n y s e r i o u s l y ; w e l l o v e r 2 1 , 0 0 0 a r r e s t s w e r e
m a d e b y p o l i c e a n d t h e 5 5 , 0 0 0 Ar m y a n d Na t i o n a l G u a r d t r o o p s c a l l e d
o u t t o q u e l l t h e u p r i s i n g s
.
T h e r i o t i n g h a d h a r d l y s u b s i d e d w h e n l a t e i n Ap r i l t h e Ci v i l Se r v i c e
Co m m i s s i o n i s s u e d a r u l i n g u p h o l d i n g Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e Ru s k ' s r e p r i -
m a n d a n d d e m o t i o n o f O t e p k a . Fr o m t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s s t a n d p o i n t
t h e t i m i n g w a s p e r f e c t : t h e p u b l i c m i n d w a s o b s e s s e d w i t h c i v i l d i s o r d e r s
a n d t h e Co m m i s s i o n ' s d e c i s i o n p a s s e d v i r t u a l l y u n n o t i c e d .
W H IRLW INDREAP ED

4 3 7
Ac t u a l l y , t h e Co m m i s s i o n ' s r u l i n g o n O t e p k a ' s a p p e a l h a d b e e n r e a d y
f o r m o r e t h a n a m o n t h . It w a s d e l i b e r a t e l y h e l d u p t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e
Se n a t e ' s c o n f i r m a t i o n o f G e o r g e B a l l a s Ar t h u r G o l d b e r g ' s s u c c e s s o r i n
t h e p o s i t i o n o f U
. S. Am b a s s a d o r t o t h e Un i t e d Na t i o n s . O n M a r c h 7 , a t
a c l o s e d h e a r i n g , O t e p k a h a d r e i n f o r c e d h i s c h a r g e s t h a t B a l l h a d j o i n e d
w i t h Ru s k i n c o v e r i n g u p f o r J o h n Re i l l y a n d t e n o t h e r s h e n a m e d a s
a c t i v e m e m b e r s o f t h e c o n s p i r a c y t o p u r g e h i m f r o m t h e De p a r t m e n t o f
St a t e
. *
Fe a r i n g t h a t r e l e a s e o f O t e p k a ' s t e s t i m o n y w o u l d c r e a t e d i f f i c u l t i e s f o r
B a l l , t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n m o v e d t o s q u e l c h i t . As a m a t t e r o f c o u r t e s y
O t e p k a w a s t o h a v e r e c e i v e d a t r a n s c r i p t o f t h e h e a r i n g . B u t h i s r e p e a t e d
r e q u e s t s f o r t h e t r a n s c r i p t w e r e i g n o r e d a n d t h e Co m m i s s i o n h a n d e d
d o w n i t s d e c i s i o n w i t h o u t e v e r s e n d i n g h i m a c o p y
.
M e a n w h i l e , G e o r g e B a l l w a s q u i e t l y i n s t a l l e d a t t h e Un i t e d Na t i o n s .
T w o Se n a t o r s w e r e p r i m e d t o q u e s t i o n h i s r o l e i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e . B u t
Se n a t o r W i l l i a m Fu l b r i g h t , Ch a i r m a n o f t h e Fo r e i g n Re l a t i o n s Co m m i t -
t e e , s i m p l y h e l d t h e h e a r i n g o n B a l l ' s c o n f i r m a t i o n w i t h o u t n o t i f y i n g h i s
t w o c o l l e a g u e s . It w a s a f l a g r a n t v i o l a t i o n o f s e n a t o r i a l c o u r t e s y , b u t
Fu l b r i g h t g o t b y w i t h i t a n d B a l l s a i l e d s a f e l y i n t o t h e U. N. p o s t w i t h o u t
a r u f f l e o f p r o t e s t .
T h e r e n o w b e g a n a p a r t i c u l a r l y d i f f i c u l t p e r i o d f o r O t e p k a . W i t h t h e
c o s t s f o r h i s l e g a l d e f e n s e s t e a d i l y m o u n t i n g , a n d a s e c o n d a p p e a l t o t h e
Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s s i o n a l r e a d y i n t h e w o r k s , h e n e v e r t h e l e s s e l e c t e d
f o r t o t a l s u s p e n s i o n o f h i s St a t e De p a r t m e n t s a l a r y . Si n c e De c e m b e r h e
h a d b e e n o n o f f i c i a l l e a v e , w i t h h i s p a y c o n t i n u e d f o r a c c u m u l a t e d a n n u a l
v a c a t i o n s
. B u t r a t h e r t h a n a c c e p t t h e n e b u l o u s " m a n a g e m e n t " p o s i t i o n
t o w h i c h Ru s k h a d d e m o t e d h i m , i n m i d - Ap r i l O t e p k a a p p l i e d f o r l e a v e
w i t h o u t p a y
. H e p r e f e r r e d t o s t r u g g l e a l o n g o n w h a t r e m a i n e d o f h i s
s a v i n g s
. T h e a l t e r n a t i v e , a s h e s a w i t , w a s a b j e c t s u b m i s s i o n t o Ru s k ' s
d e c i s i o n b a n n i n g h i m f r o m t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y .
O t e p k a r e a l i z e d , o f c o u r s e , t h a t h i s o n l y h o p e f o r u l t i m a t e v i n d i c a t i o n
l a y i n a c h a n g e o f Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n
. De s p i t e t h e c o n t i n u i n g , i f i n e f f e c t i v e ,
s u p p o r t o f a g r o u p o f De m o c r a t Se n a t o r s , h e k n e w t h a t h e c o u l d e x p e c t
n o j u s t i c e a s l o n g a s t h e De m o c r a t s r e t a i n e d c o n t r o l o f t h e W h i t e H o u s e .
T h e e v e n t s o f t h e p a s t s e v e n y e a r s h a d p r o v e d c o n c l u s i v e l y t h a t a De m o -
c r a t Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n w o u l d n e v e r r e s t o r e s o u n d s e c u r i t y p r a c t i c e s t o t h e
De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e . If t h i s w e r e t r u e u n d e r Ly n d o n J o h n s o n , i t w o u l d
Se e Ap p e n d i x Cf o r O t e p k a ' s f u l l i n d i c t m e n t o f M e s s r s
. Ru s k , B a l l , a n d t h e De p a r t m e n t
o f St a t e .
4 3 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
b e a t l e a s t e q u a l l y t r u e u n d e r a n y o f t h e t h r e e f r o n t r u n n e r s f o r t h e
De m o c r a t i c P r e s i d e n t i a l n o m i n a t i o n - H u b e r t H u m p h r e y , Ro b e r t
Ke n n e d y o r Eu g e n e M c Ca r t h y . Y e t O t e p k a r e s i s t e d a l l a t t e m p t s t o e n l i s t
h i s p u b l i c s u p p o r t f o r a n y o p p o s i t i o n c a n d i d a t e .
Du r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f B o b b y Ke n n e d y ' s b r i e f o p e n c a n d i d a c y , O t e p k a
n e v e r o n c e s u c c u m b e d t o w h a t m u s t h a v e b e e n a m i g h t y t e m p t a t i o n t o
p o i n t o u t t h a t Se n a t o r Ke n n e d y h a d p l a y e d a p r o m i n e n t r o l e i n t h e
d e s t r u c t i o n o f i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y l a w s a n d r e l a t e d p a s s p o r t - v i s a r e g u l a t i o n s
d e s i g n e d t o p r o t e c t t h e c o u n t r y f r o m s u b v e r s i o n
. So m e o f h i s s u p p o r t e r s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n Ca l i f o r n i a , u r g e d h i m t o l e t l o o s e a t l e a s t o n e s a l v o a g a i n s t
Ke n n e d y . B u t O t e p k a i n s i s t e d u p o n m a i n t a i n i n g s i l e n c e .
W h e n Ro b e r t Ke n n e d y w a s p u t d o w n b y t h e a s s a s s i n ' s b u l l e t s i n Lo s
An g e l e s d u r i n g a c e l e b r a t i o n o f h i s v i c t o r y i n t h e Ca l i f o r n i a p r i m a r y ,
O t t o O t e p k a w a s a s s t u n n e d a s a n y o t h e r c i t i z e n . H e u n d e r s t o o d , o f
c o u r s e , t h e t r a g i c i r o n y o f t h e Se n a t o r ' s m u r d e r b e t t e r t h a n m o s t
. Li k e
J a c k Ke n n e d y b e f o r e h i m , B o b b y h a d f a l l e n v i c t i m t o a n a p p a r e n t l y
d e r a n g e d y o u t h w i t h M a r x i s t l e a n i n g s . Si r h a n Si r h a n ' s M a r x i s m m i g h t
n o t h a v e b e e n q u i t e a s u n d i l u t e d a s Le e H a r v e y O s w a l d ' s b u t i t w a s
c e r t a i n l y a f a c t o r i n c r e a t i n g a c a s t o f m i n d t h a t p r o m p t e d d e s p e r a t e
a c t i o n .
No t s u r p r i s i n g l y , w h e n M a y o r Sa m u e l W . Y o r t y o f Lo s An g e l e s d i s -
c l o s e d o n J u n e 6t h a t Si r h a n ' s d i a r y c o n t a i n e d a b u n d a n t e v i d e n c e o f
" Co m m u n i s t s y m p a t h i e s , " t h e M a y o r w a s b i t t e r l y c e n s u r e d b y t h e
Am e r i c a n Ci v i l Li b e r t i e s Un i o n
. In t h e e y e s o f t h e Li b e r a l s a n d Le f t i s t s
i t w a s a m o r t a l s i n t o r e v e a l t o t h e Am e r i c a n p e o p l e t h a t Se n a t o r
Ke n n e d y h a d b e e n s l a i n b y a n e x t r e m i s t o f t h e Le f t
. Si r h a n w a s p a i n t e d
a s a v i r u l e n t a n t i - Is r a e l Ar a b , w h i c h n o d o u b t h e w a s
. B u t t o p r e t e n d t h a t
a n Ar a b c o u l d n o t b e p r o - Co m m u n i s t i n a n e r a w h e n m i l l i o n s o f Ar a b s
w e r e f o l l o w i n g i n t h e f o o t s t e p s o f Eg y p t ' s G a m a l Ab d e l Na s s e r w a s
i d i o c y o f a v e r y p e c u l i a r b r a n d .
T h e e v i d e n c e , c a r e f u l l y m u t e d b e f o r e , d u r i n g a n d a f t e r Si r h a n ' s
l e n g t h y t r i a l , i s t h a t t h e y o u t h f u l f a n a t i c w a s a t l e a s t i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e
d e s t r u c t i v e d i a l e c t i c s o f M a r x i s m
. In s h o o t i n g d o w n Ro b e r t Ke n n e d y , h e
w a s , w h e t h e r h e r e a l i z e d i t o r n o t , f o l l o w i n g Le n i n ' s a n c i e n t d o g m a t h a t
a s s a s s i n a t i o n " i s n o m u r d e r . " ' Li k e O s w a l d , Si r h a n v i e w e d p o l i t i c a l a s -
s a s s i n a t i o n a s a h e r o i c a c t .
O t t o O t e p k a , p e r h a p s m o r e a c u t e l y t h a n a n y o t h e r m a n , u n d e r s t o o d
t h e c e n t r a l t r a g e d y o f t h e d e a t h s o f J o h n a n d Ro b e r t Ke n n e d y
. B o t h
b r o t h e r s h a d d e v o t e d t h e m s e l v e s t o p l a c a t i n g a n d t o r e a c h i n g a d e t e n t e
w i t h t h e m o d e r n d i s c i p l e s o f M a r x . An d b o t h h a d b e e n s a c r i f i c e d b y t h e
W H IRLW INDREAP ED

4 3 9
f o r c e s t h e y h a d a t t e m p t e d t o p l a c a t e
. T h i s i s n o t t o s a y t h a t t h e m u r d e r
o f e i t h e r b r o t h e r n e c e s s a r i l y h a d t o b e
o r d e r e d b y t h e Kr e m l i n , b u t t h e r e
i s n o d e n y i n g t h a t t h e a s s a s s i n s o f b o t h Ke n n e d y s w e r e , i n v a r y i n g
d e g r e e s , c o n d i t i o n e d
b y t h e Kr e m l i n ' s i n f l e x i b l e d o c t r i n e s o f h a t e .
T h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 68 w a s O t e p k a ' s s i x t h i n e x i l e f r o m SY . O n e v e r y
h a n d t h e r e w a s g r o w i n g e v i d e n c e o f t h e g e n e r a l b r e a k d o w n o f i n t e r n a l
s e c u r i t y
. Ea r l i e r t h e Su p r e m e Co u r t h a d c o n t i n u e d i t s s u s t a i n e d a s s a u l t
o n t h e n a t i o n ' s i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y l a w s w i t h a r u l i n g t h a t i n e f f e c t p r o h i b -
i t e d d e f e n s e i n d u s t r i e s f r o m f i r i n g k n o w n Co m m u n i s t s . In a d e c i s i o n
w r i t t e n b y Ch i e f J u s t i c e Ea r l W a r r e n , t h e Co u r t h e l d t h a t t h e 1 9 5 0 l a w
b a n n i n g Co m m u n i s t s f r o m e m p l o y m e n t i n d e f e n s e p l a n t s w a s a v i o l a t i o n
o f w o r k e r s ' r i g h t s t o f r e e d o m o f a s s o c i a t i o n u n d e r t h e Fi r s t Am e n d m e n t
t o t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n . 4
As i f a n t i c i p a t i n g t h e Su p r e m e Co u r t ' s d e c i s i o n , t h e De p a r t m e n t o f
De f e n s e h a d a f e w m o n t h s b e f o r e t h i s u p h e l d i t s r i g h t t o i s s u e a s e c u r i t y
c l e a r a n c e t o o n e Ro b e r t Ar t h u r Ni e m a n n , a r e s e a r c h a s s i s t a n t a t t h e
Un i v e r s i t y o f Ca l i f o r n i a a t Lo s An g e l e s
. Ni e m a n n h a d b e e n a n a c t i v e
m e m b e r o f t h e W . E. B
. Du B o i s Cl u b s , c i t e d b y FB IDi r e c t o r J . Ed g a r
H o o v e r a s " Co m m u n i s t - c o n t r o l l e d
. " Y e t t h e De f e n s e De p a r t m e n t h a d
c l e a r e d h i m t o w o r k o n a n Ai r Fo r c e d e f e n s e c o n t r a c t
.
Ni e m a n n f r e e l y a d m i t t e d t h a t h i s i n v o l v e m e n t i n f a r - Le f t c a u s e s h a d
n o t b e e n l i m i t e d t o m e m b e r s h i p i n t h e e x t r e m i s t Du B o i s Cl u b s . Ev e n
w h i l e e m p l o y e d o n t h e Ai r Fo r c e c o n t r a c t , h e c o n t i n u e d t o w o r k d e v o t -
e d l y f o r a v a r i e t y o f Ne w Le f t c a u s e s a n d t o o k a l e a d i n g p a r t i n a n t i -
Vi e t n a m W a r d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g a v i o l e n t c l a s h w i t h p o l i c e
o u t s i d e t h e Ce n t u r y P l a z a H o t e l i n Lo s An g e l e s o n J u n e 2 3 , 1 9 67 , w h e n
P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n w a s a d d r e s s i n g a De m o c r a t d i n n e r
.
T h e Ni e m a n n c a s e w a s b y n o m e a n s a n i s o l a t e d o n e
. It i s c i t e d h e r e
m e r e l y a s o n e e x a m p l e o f t h e c o m p l e t e c o l l a p s e o f i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y
t h r o u g h o u t t h e g o v e r n m e n t b y m i d - 1 9 68
. Li t e r a l l y h u n d r e d s o f o l d a n d
y o u n g a c t i v i s t s , w i t h r e c o r d s a s b a d o r w o r s e t h a n Ni e m a n n ' s , w e r e
d e p l o y e d i n s e n s i t i v e p o s i t i o n s i n f e d e r a l d e p a r t m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g St a t e
a n d De f e n s e
. M o r e o v e r , w h o l e p l a t o o n s o f k n o w n s u b v e r s i v e s a n d i n -
d i v i d u a l s w i t h l o n g c r i m i n a l r e c o r d s w e r e v i r t u a l l y r u n n i n g t h e O f f i c e o f
Ec o n o m i c O p p o r t u n i t y ( O EO ) a n d o t h e r G r e a t So c i e t y p r o g r a m s .
It r e m a i n e d , h o w e v e r , f o r t h e P r e s i d e n t p e r s o n a l l y t o i n d u l g e i n t h e
m o s t f l a g r a n t f l a u n t i n g t o d a t e o f t h e n a t i o n ' s i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y l a w s
.
Ly n d o n J o h n s o n h a d s e r v e d i n t h e H o u s e a n d t h e Se n a t e w h e n m o s t o f
t h e s e l a w s w e r e f r a m e d
. H e k n e w a s w e l l a s a n y m a n t h a t i t w a s t h e i n t e n t
o f Co n g r e s s t o b a r a n y i n d i v i d u a l w h o h a d e v e r p l a y e d f o o t s y w i t h
4 4 0

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
Co m m u n i s t c a u s e s f r o m f e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t , n o m a t t e r h o w l o w l y t h e
j o b
. Y e t P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n d e f i a n t l y n o m i n a t e d Ab e Fo r t a s t o b e Ch i e f
J u s t i c e o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s .
O n e t i m e c l o s e f r i e n d o f Al g e r H i s s a n d H a r r y De x t e r W h i t e , Fo r t a s
h a d a l o n g h i s t o r y o f a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h k n o w n Co m m u n i s t s a n d t h e i r p e t
f r o n t s . In e x p l i c a b l y , v e r y l i t t l e o f t h i s s u r f a c e d d u r i n g t h e i n t e r m i n a b l e
h e a r i n g s o n Fo r t a s ' n o m i n a t i o n b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e J u d i c i a r y Co m m i t t e e
i n t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 68 .
O t t o O t e p k a a n d o t h e r v e t e r a n s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r s w e r e f a m i l i a r w i t h
At t o r n e y Fo r t a s ' r o l e i n d e f e n d i n g s u b v e r s i v e s a n d s e c u r i t y r i s k s
. In d e e d ,
Fo r t a s h a d b e e n o n e o f t h e f o u n d e r s o f t h e In t e r n a t i o n a l J u r i d i c a l As s o c i -
a t i o n , a c i t e d Co m m u n i s t f r o n t w h i c h d e v o t e d i t s e l f t o t h e l e g a l d e f e n s e
o f p a r t y m e m b e r s w h o r a n a f o u l o f t h e l a w . * Fo r t a s s e r v e d p r o m i n e n t l y
o n t h e Na t i o n a l Co m m i t t e e o f t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d w a s a n a c t i v e m e m -
b e r o f t h e Na t i o n a l La w y e r s G u i l d , a l s o c i t e d b y a Co n g r e s s i o n a l c o m -
m i t t e e a s Co m m u n i s t c o n t r o l l e d .
O t h e r f r o n t s w i t h w h i c h Ab e Fo r t a s w a s i d e n t i f i e d i n c l u d e d t h e W a s h -
i n g t o n Co m m i t t e e f o r De m o c r a t i c Ac t i o n , w h i c h w a s l i s t e d b y At t o r n e y
G e n e r a l T o m C. Cl a r k , a De m o c r a t , a s a s u b v e r s i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d t h e
Am e r i c a n La w St u d e n t s ' As s o c i a t i o n , o n w h i c h h e s e r v e d a s a " f a c u l t y
a d v i s o r y b o a r d " m e m b e r . H e w a s a l s o l i s t e d a s a s u p p o r t e r o f t h e So u t h -
e r n Co n f e r e n c e f o r H u m a n W e l f a r e i n 1 9 4 7 - a f u l l t h r e e y e a r s a f t e r t h i s
n o t o r i o u s f r o n t w a s c i t e d b y a Se n a t e c o m m i t t e e f o r " s e r v i n g t h e So v i e t
Un i o n a n d i t s s u b s e r v i e n t Co m m u n i s t p a r t y i n t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
. "
T h e l i s t o f p e o p l e Fo r t a s w a s c l o s e s t t o i n W a s h i n g t o n d u r i n g t h e
1 9 3 0 ' s a n d ' 4 0 ' s r e a d s l i k e a W h o ' s W h o i n t h e So v i e t e s p i o n a g e r i n g s t h a t
f l o u r i s h e d i n t h e c a p i t a l d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d
. Ar t h u r Sc h l e s i n g e r , i n h i s
b o o k T h e Co m i n g o f t h e Ne w De a l , i d e n t i f i e d Fo r t a s a s o n e o f t h e " b r i l -
l i a n t y o u n g m e n " w h o c a m e i n t o g o v e r n m e n t i n Fr a n k l i n Ro o s e v e l t ' s
f i r s t t e r m . Am o n g t h e o t h e r s s i m i l a r l y i d e n t i f i e d b y Sc h l e s i n g e r w e r e
Al g e r H i s s , Le e P r e s s m a n , J o h n Ab t , a n d Na t h a n W i t t .
Fo r t a s r o s e r a p i d l y i n t h e f e d e r a l h i e r a r c h y o f FDR' s r e i g n a n d a t a g e
3 2 h e w a s e l e v a t e d , t o Un d e r s e c r e t a r y o f t h e In t e r i o r
. T h i s w a s i n 1 9 4 2 ,
a b o u t t h e t i m e h e m y s t e r i o u s l y d u c k e d o u t o f w a r - t i m e s e r v i c e w i t h t h e
Na v y . Du r i n g t h e w a r y e a r s Fo r t a s w a s a m e m b e r o f a s e l e c t g r o u p
a s s e m b l e d b y So v i e t s p y H a r r y De x t e r W h i t e t o f o r m u l a t e l o n g - r a n g e
p o l i c y f o r t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
. O t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h i s t i g h t l i t t l e b a n d
i n c l u d e d La u c h l i n Cu r r i e a n d Da v i d Ni l e s , s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n t s t o t h e P r e s i -
* G u i d e t o Su b v e r s i v e O r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d P u b l i c a t i o n s ( P a g e 8 8 , Re v i s e d Ed i t i o n , De c
. 1 ,
1 9 61 ) , s t a t e d t h a t t h e In t e r n a t i o n a l J u r i d i c a l As s o c i a t i o n w a s a " Co m m u n i s t f r o n t " w h i c h
" a c t i v e l y d e f e n d e d Co m m u n i s t s a n d
. c o n s i s t e n t l y f o l l o w e d t h e Co m m u n i s t P a r t y l i n e
. "
W H IRLW INDREAP ED

4 4 1
d e n t w h o w e r e l a t e r i d e n t i e d i n s w o r n t e s t i m o n y b e f o r e Co n g r e s s i o n a l
c o m m i t t e e s a s Co m m u n i s t a g e n t s
.
Na m e d a s a n a d v i s o r t o t h e U. S. d e l e g a t i o n a t t e n d i n g t h e f o u n d i n g
c o n f e r e n c e o f t h e Un i t e d Na t i o n s a t Sa n Fr a n c i s c o i n 1 9 4 5 , Fo r t a s i s s a i d
t o h a v e h e l p e d Al g e r H i s s a n d H a r r y W h i t e d r a f t t h e U . N. c h a r t e r t h a t
g a v e t h e So v i e t Un i o n t h r e e v o t e s t o o n e f o r t h e U. S. a n d s t a c k e d t h e
s e c r e t a r i a t w i t h o f f i c i a l s f r o m t h e USSR.
As i d e f r o m Ly n d o n J o h n s o n , Ab e Fo r t a s ' b e s t k n o w n c l i e n t w a s p r o b -
a b l y O w e n La t t i m o r e , t h e In s t i t u t e o f P a c i f i c Re l a t i o n s a g e n t w h o m J o h n
F. Ke n n e d y o n c e i d e n t i f i e d a s a c h i e f a r c h i t e c t o f Ch i n a ' s d e l i v e r y t o
c o m m u n i s m . Fo r t a s s e r v e d a s La t t i m o r e ' s a t t o r n e y d u r i n g t h e IP Rh e a r -
i n g s b e f o r e t h e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e . La w y e r a n d c l i e n t w e r e
i n c l o s e c o n s u l t a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t , a n d Fo r t a s w a s o f t e n s e e n w h i s p e r i n g
s u g g e s t e d r e p l i e s i n t o La t t i m o r e ' s e a r . Su b s e q u e n t l y a g r a n d j u r y i n d i c t e d
La t t i m o r e o n s i x s e p a r a t e c o u n t s o f p e r j u r y f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r t e s t i m o n y
.
St i l l l a t e r , Fo r t a s h e l p e d La t t i m o r e w r i t e h i s a p o l o g i a , O r d e a l b y Sl a n d e r ,
a s m e a r - f i l l e d d i a t r i b e a g a i n s t t h e Se n a t e Su b c o m m i t t e e a n d v i r t u a l l y
e v e r y o n e e l s e w h o h a d t h e t e m e r i t y t o q u e s t i o n t h e o l d Ch i n a h a n d ' s
p a t r i o t i s m a n d l o y a l t y .
O u t w e i g h i n g a l l o f Ab e Fo r t a s ' d e d i c a t i o n t o Co m m u n i s t c a u s e s , a t
l e a s t i n Ly n d o n J o h n s o n ' s P r e s i d e n t i a l v i e w , w a s Ab e Fo r t a s ' s e q u a l l y
d e d i c a t e d d e v o t i o n t o Ly n d o n J o h n s o n . Fo r t a s , w a s t h e a t t o r n e y w h o
e u c h r e d Su p r e m e Co u r t J u s t i c e H u g o B l a c k i n t o s i g n i n g t h e o r d e r v a l i -
d a t i n g LB J ' s d u b i o u s f i r s t e l e c t i o n t o t h e Un i t e d St a t e s Se n a t e
. T h e r e a f t e r
o l d Ab e w a s a l w a y s o n h a n d t o h e l p o u t w h e n Ly n d o n n e e d e d h i m
. In
1 9 64 - 65
At t o r n e y Fo r t a s r e p r e s e n t e d B o b b y B a k e r i n t h e l a w s u i t w h i c h
o p e n e d t h e d o o r o n " Ly n d o n J u n i o r ' s " s h a d o w y m a n i p u l a t i o n s . Du r i n g
t h e 1 9 64 e l e c t i o n i t w a s Fo r t a s w h o j o i n e d Cl a r k Cl i f f o r d i n a t t e m p t i n g
t o c o n v i n c e t h e W a s h i n g t o n n e w s p a p e r s t h a t t h e y s h o u l d s c u t t l e t h e
s t o r y o n t h e m o r a l s a r r e s t o f P r e s i d e n t i a l a i d e W a l t e r J e n k i n s .
Fo r t a s ' r e w a r d f o r s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d t o LB J w a s a s e a t o n t h e Su p r e m e
Co u r t a s a s s o c i a t e j u s t i c e i n 1 9 65 . Fe w w o u l d h a v e d r e a m e d t h e n , h o w -
e v e r , t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t w o u l d a t t e m p t t o e l e v a t e h i s o l d c r o n y t o Ch i e f
J u s t i c e . An d f e w e r s t i l l c o u l d h a v e p r e d i c t e d t h a t t h a t Se n a t e J u d i c i a r y
Co m m i t t e e w o u l d a c t u a l l y v o t e t o c o n f i r m Fo r t a s i n t h a t p o w e r f u l a n d
e x a l t e d p o s i t i o n . Fo r t u n a t e l y , b e f o r e t h e f u l l Se n a t e c o u l d b a l l o t o n t h e
Co m m i t t e e ' s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , Ev e r e t t Di r k s e n h a d a n a b r u p t c h a n g e o f
h e a r t
. T h e Re p u b l i c a n m i n o r i t y l e a d e r w i t h d r e w h i s s u p p o r t f o r t h e
n o m i n a t i o n o f t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s o l d c r o n y , a n d Fo r t a s ' d r e a m o f u l t i m a t e
g l o r y w e n t a g l i m m e r i n g .
4 4 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
M o n t h s l a t e r , i n M a y 1 9 69 , Li f e m a g a z i n e b r o k e t h e s t o r y o n Ab e
Fo r t a s ' f i n a n c i a l l i n k s t o c o n v i c t e d s t o c k m a n i p u l a t o r Lo u i s W o l f s o n . It
s e e m s Fo r t a s h a d a c c e p t e d $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 f r o m t h e W o l f s o n Fa m i l y Fo u n d a -
t i o n w h i l e t h e Se c u r i t i e s a n d Ex c h a n g e Co m m i s s i o n w a s l o o k i n g i n t o
W o l f s o n ' s t a n g l e d f i n a n c i a l a f f a i r s . Al t h o u g h t h e m o n e y w a s r e t u r n e d
a b o u t a y e a r l a t e r , a f t e r W o l f s o n ' s i n d i c t m e n t b y a f e d e r a l g r a n d j u r y , t h e
J u s t i c e De p a r t m e n t - n o w u n d e r At t o r n e y G e n e r a l J o h n M i t c h e l l - l e t i t
b e k n o w n t h a t i t h a d " f a r m o r e s e r i o u s " i n f o r m a t i o n o n Fo r t a s ' p r i v a t e
d e a l i n g s . ' It w a s l a t e r r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e d e a l w a s f o r $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 a y e a r f o r
l i f e , w i t h t h e p a y m e n t s c o n t i n u i n g t o M r s . Fo r t a s i n t h e e v e n t o f h e r
h u s b a n d ' s d e a t h .
In t h e m i d s t o f t h e n e w h u e a n d c r y o v e r Fo r t a s , Se n a t o r Ro b e r t P
.
G r i f f i n , t h e M i c h i g a n Re p u b l i c a n w h o h a d l e d t h e f i g h t a g a i n s t Fo r t a s '
n o m i n a t i o n a s Ch i e f J u s t i c e , r e v e a l e d t h a t h i s l i f e h a d b e e n t h r e a t e n e d
.
" T h e t h r e a t r e l a t e s t o m y p o s i t i o n o n t h e Fo r t a s m a t t e r , " G r i f f i n a d m i t -
t e d . " Si g n i f i c a n t l y , t h e t h r e a t w a s m a d e o n l y a s h o r t t i m e a f t e r t h e Se n a -
t o r d i s c l o s e d t h a t " m o r e i n c r i m i n a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n m i g h t c o m e o u t " o n
Fo r t a s t h a n h a d t h u s f a r b e e n b r o u g h t t o l i g h t .
It w a s p u r e c o i n c i d e n c e , b u t t h i s s a m e w e e k O t t o O t e p k a a p p e a r e d t o
b e n e a r i n g t h e e n d o f h i s i n t e r m i n a b l e o r d e a l , a s t h e Se n a t e o f t h e Un i t e d
St a t e s m o v e d t o t a k e f i n a l a c t i o n o n h i s a p p o i n t m e n t t o a p o s i t i o n t o
w h i c h h e h a d b e e n n a m e d b y P r e s i d e n t Ri c h a r d M
. Ni x o n .
DURING T H E1 9 68 P RESIDENT IALCAM P AIG N, T H EENT RENCH EDB U-
r e a u c r a c y t h a t p r e s i d e d o v e r t h e e n d l e s s p r o c e s s i o n o f Am e r i c a ' s f o r e i g n
p o l i c y f a i l u r e s f r o m Y a l t a t o Vi e t n a m w a s p l u n g e d i n t o t e m p o r a r y
t r a u m a
. T h e o c c a s i o n f o r t h e i r s h o c k w a s a b r a c e o f s o l e m n p l e d g e s m a d e
b y Ri c h a r d M i l h o u s e Ni x o n .
In m i d - O c t o b e r Ni x o n v o w e d t h a t , i f e l e c t e d , h e w o u l d c l e a n u p t h e
a c c u m u l a t e d m e s s i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
. T h e r e w a s n o e q u i v o c a -
t i o n i n t h i s p r o m i s e
. " Iw a n t a Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e w h o w i l l j o i n m e i n
c l e a n i n g h o u s e i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , " h e f i r m l y d e c l a r e d i n a Da l l a s
t e l e v i s i o n i n t e r v i e w
. " W e a r e g o i n g t o c l e a n h o u s e t h e r e
. It h a s n e v e r
b e e n d o n e
. . .
i t w a s n ' t e v e n d o n e d u r i n g t h e Ei s e n h o w e r Ad m i n i s t r a -
t i o n . " '
T h i s s t a t e m e n t , a n d i t s f r a n k a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t o f p a s t f a i l u r e s , w a s
u t t e r e d b a r e l y t e n d a y s a f t e r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f a n o t h e r e a r n e s t , a n d
i n t i m a t e l y r e l a t e d , c o m m i t m e n t b y t h e Re p u b l i c a n c a n d i d a t e
. Al o n g t h e
c a m p a i g n t r a i l , Ni x o n h a d b e e n a s k e d , i n a p r i v a t e i n t e r v i e w w i t h W i l l a r d
Ed w a r d s o f t h e Ch i c a g o
T r i b u n e , w h a t h e p l a n n e d t o d o a b o u t O t t o
O t e p k a
. Se v e r a l t i m e s o v e r t h e p r e c e d i n g t w o y e a r s Ni x o n h a d s a i d h e
w a s e n t i r e l y f a m i l i a r w i t h t h i s m a t t e r
. No w , h e a n s w e r e d Ed w a r d s w i t h -
o u t h e s i t a t i o n .
4 4 3
4 4
4

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
Sp e a k i n g w i t h o b v i o u s r e s p e c t f o r O t e p k a , Ri c h a r d Ni x o n p r o m i s e d
t h a t a s P r e s i d e n t h e w o u l d s e e t h a t
` j u s t i c e i s a c c o r d e d t h i s m a n w h o
s e r v e d h i s c o u n t r y s o l o n g a n d s o w e l l . " z
Fo r O t e p k a , a f t e r n e a r l y e i g h t y e a r s i n a Ka f k a - l i k e n i g h t m a r e , Ni x o n ' s
w o r d s p r o v i d e d t h e f i r s t r e a l l y s u b s t a n t i a l h o p e f o r d e l i v e r a n c e a n d v i n d i -
c a t i o n . T h e r e h a d , h o w e v e r , b e e n s o m e p r i o r i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e e l e c t i o n
o f Di c k Ni x o n w o u l d b r i n g a b o u t O t e p k a ' s r e l e a s e f r o m t h e b u r e a u c r a t i c
n e t h e r w o r l d i n w h i c h h e h a d b e e n w a n d e r i n g . In f a c t , o n c e h e h a d
r e c e i v e d a s i g n i f i c a n t s i g n a l f r o m Ni x o n h i m s e l f .
In Fe b r u a r y 1 9 66Ed i t h a n d O t t o O t e p k a w e r e i n v i t e d t o a d i n n e r a t
t h e Sh e r a t o n P a r k H o t e l i n W a s h i n g t o n . Ri c h a r d Ni x o n w a s t h e g u e s t o f
h o n o r , a n d b e f o r e t h e b a n q u e t t h e r e w a s a s m a l l p r i v a t e r e c e p t i o n f o r h i m
w h i c h t h e O t e p k a s a t t e n d e d a s g u e s t s o f P h i l G u a r i n o , a w e l l k n o w n
c a p i t a l r e s t a u r a t e u r a n d a n o l d f r i e n d . W h e n G u a r i n o i n t r o d u c e d t h e m
t o Ni x o n , t h e f u t u r e P r e s i d e n t ' s f a c e l i t u p i n r e c o g n i t i o n .
" Ik n o w a l l a b o u t y o u a n d y o u r c a s e , " Ni x o n s a i d , g r a s p i n g O t e p k a ' s
h a n d w a r m l y . " Ih o p e y o u ' l l s t a y i n t h e r e a n d f i g h t . "
O t e p k a n o d d e d a n d r e p l i e d w i t h a s m i l e : " Io n l y h o p e , M r . Ni x o n , t h a t
Ic a n s h o w t h e s a m e f o r t i t u d e t h a t y o u d e m o n s t r a t e d i n y o u r b a t t l e o v e r
Al g e r H i s s . "
Ni x o n , a p p a r e n t l y s t i r r e d b y b i t t e r m e m o r i e s o f t h a t e a r l i e r e r a ,
f r o w n e d d e e p l y a n d l o o k e d O t e p k a r i g h t i n t h e e y e . " Y o u h a n g i n t h e r e , "
h e r e p e a t e d m e a n i n g f u l l y . " So m e d a y t h e w o r m w i l l t u r n . "
It w a s a s l e n d e r t h r e a d , b u t O t e p k a , t h o u g h h e k e p t Ni x o n ' s w o r d s t o
h i m s e l f f o r n e a r l y t w o y e a r s , c l u n g t o i t w h e n a l l o t h e r h o p e s w e r e
d a s h e d . H e k n e w , o f c o u r s e , t h a t Ri c h a r d Ni x o n h a d a l o n g , l o n g w a y
t o g o t o g e t t h e Re p u b l i c a n n o m i n a t i o n a n d w i n t h e W h i t e H o u s e
. M o r e -
o v e r , h e w a s c o n s c i o u s o f t h e f a c t t h a t h e c o u l d d o l i t t l e t o h e l p h i m . As
l o n g a s h e r e m a i n e d o n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t r o l l s , e v e n w i t h o u t p a y ,
O t e p k a w o u l d i n s i s t o n o b s e r v i n g t h e l a w - s o w i d e l y a n d f l a g r a n t l y
i g n o r e d b y t h o u s a n d s o f o t h e r s - t h a t c o n s t r a i n s c i v i l s e r v a n t s f r o m a c -
t i v e p o l i t i c a l c a m p a i g n i n g w h i l e o n t h e j o b .
Al t h o u g h h e t o o k n o a c t i v e p a r t i n t h e p r e - c o n v e n t i o n a n d g e n e r a l
e l e c t i o n c a m p a i g n s o f 1 9 68 , i t w a s o n l y n a t u r a l , h o w e v e r , t h a t O t e p k a
s h o u l d w a t c h t h e u n f o l d i n g o f e v e n t s o n t h e p o l i t i c a l s c e n e w i t h d e e p
i n t e r e s t . Af t e r Ni x o n ' s u n b r o k e n s u c c e s s i o n o f p r i m a r y v i c t o r i e s , O t e p k a
w a s r a t h e r s u r p r i s e d t o s e e t h e v i g o r o u s m o v e s t o b l o c k t h e f o r m e r Vi c e
P r e s i d e n t a t t h e Re p u b l i c a n c o n v e n t i o n i n M i a m i .
T h e r e w e r e a f l e e t i n g f e w h o u r s w h e n Ro n a l d Re a g a n , w o r k i n g i n l o o s e
c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h Ne l s o n Ro c k e f e l l e r , n e a r l y s u c c e e d e d i n s t o p p i n g
P LEDG E

4 4 5
Ni x o n b e f o r e t h e b a l l o t i n g b e g a n o n t h e c o n v e n t i o n f l o o r . Du e m a i n l y t o
t h e e f f o r t s o f St r o m T h u r m o n d , a n d h i s t w o f o r m e r a i d e s , So u t h Ca r o l i n a
Re p u b l i c a n c h a i r m a n H a r r y De n t a n d a t t o r n e y Fr e d B u z h a r d t , Re a g a n ' s
b i d t o c a p t u r e t h e So u t h e r n d e l e g a t i o n s f e l l s h o r t b y a n a r r o w m a r g i n .
Ac r o s s t h e c o u n t r y , Se n a t o r T h u r m o n d w a s r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e p r e s s a s
t h e r e a l " k i n g m a k e r " o f t h e M i a m i c o n v e n t i o n
. Al t h o u g h T h u r m o n d
e x a c t e d n o f i r m c o m m i t m e n t s o n t h e f u t u r e f a t e o f O t e p k a , t h e r e c a n b e
n o d o u b t t h a t h e w o u l d n e v e r h a v e e n t e r t a i n e d a n y s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n
o f s u p p o r t i n g Ri c h a r d Ni x o n u n l e s s h e f e l t c e r t a i n t h a t Ni x o n w o u l d t a k e
a c t i o n t o r i g h t t h e m a n y w r o n g s d o n e O t e p k a a n d r e s t o r e t h e s o u n d
i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m t h a t O t e p k a s y m b o l i z e d
.
T h r e e w e e k s a f t e r Ni x o n ' s n o m i n a t i o n i n M i a m i a q u e r e l o u s a n d c o n -
f u s e d De m o c r a t c o n v e n t i o n o p e n e d i n Ch i c a g o
. T h e e v e n t s o f t h e c o n -
v e n t i o n i t s e l f w e r e v e r y n e a r l y d r o w n e d o u t b y t h e d i n o f t h e r i o t i n g i n
G r a n t P a r k a n d a l o n g M i c h i g a n B o u l e v a r d w h e r e w e l l o r g a n i z e d g a n g s
o f Vi e t n a m W a r p r o t e s t e r s t o o k u p t h e i r b a t t l e s t a t i o n s
. T h e Ch i c a g o
p o l i c e , a c t i n g u n d e r o r d e r s f r o m M a y o r Ri c h a r d J
. Da l e y , w e r e c a s t i -
g a t e d b y m u c h o f t h e p r e s s , i n c l u d i n g t h e n a t i o n ' s t o p t e l e v i s i o n c o m -
m e n t a t o r s , f o r t h e i r " b r u t a l " t r e a t m e n t o f t h e r i o t e r s
. Ap p a r e n t l y t h e
p o l i c e w e r e e x p e c t e d t o s t a n d d o c i l e l y b y w h i l e t h e r a m p a g i n g " Y i p p i e s "
d i s r u p t e d t h e c o n v e n t i o n a n d h o i s t e d Vi e t Co n g f l a g s f r o m h i s t o r i c
m o n u m e n t s i n t h e p a r k
.
At r u e m e a s u r e o f t h e a c t u a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e Y i p p i e s ' s u l l i e d c a u s e
c a m e d u r i n g t h e b a l l o t i n g o n t h e c o n v e n t i o n f l o o r
. T h e i r c h a m p i o n ,
Se n a t o r Eu g e n e M c Ca r t h y , r e c e i v e d b a r e l y 60 0 d e l e g a t e v o t e s t o m o r e
t h a n 1 , 7 60 f o r Vi c e P r e s i d e n t H u b e r t H u m p h r e y
. Y e t t h e Y i p p i e s c o u l d
r i g h t f u l l y c l a i m a v i c t o r y , f o r a h u m b l e d H u m p h r e y e v e n t u a l l y p r a i s e d
t h e m a s h e r o e s a n d p a t r i o t s .
T h e c l a m o r o u s e v e n t s i n Ch i c a g o f o l l o w e d w i t h i n d a y s o f t h e So v i e t
i n v a s i o n o f Cz e c h o s l o v a k i a
. No n e t h e l e s s , t h e r e w a s v e r y l i t t l e o r a t o r y a t
t h e c o n v e n t i o n o n t h e t r u l y b r u t a l o p p r e s s i o n o f t h e Cz e c h a n d Sl o v a k
p e o p l e s
. T h e Ro s t o w P a p e r s ' p o l i c y , w h i c h f i r s t c a l l e d f o r Am e r i c a ' s
c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e So v i e t i n q u e l l i n g u p r i s i n g s b e h i n d t h e Ir o n Cu r t a i n ,
w a s w o r k i n g v e r y w e l l i n d e e d , a s t h e s t r a n g e o f f i c i a l s i l e n c e o f t h e Un i t e d
St a t e s g o v e r n m e n t d u r i n g t h e i n v a s i o n s o a m p l y d e m o n s t r a t e d
. Am e r i c a
h a d , t o u s e t h e w o r d s o f Ro s t o w ' s 1 9 61 b l u e p r i n t , a v o i d e d " b e i n g
m o v e d " b y t h e " i m p o r t u n i t i e s . . .
o f o u r o w n p u b l i c t o p r o l o n g a n d
e x p a n d t h e c r i s e s
. . . .
M o r e t r a g i c w a s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e h a d b e e n v i r t u a l l y n o " i m p o r t u n i -
t i e s " o n t h e p a r t o f t h e Am e r i c a n p u b l i c s e r i o u s l y t o p r o t e s t t h e So v i e t
4 4 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
j u g g e r n a u t ' s m o v e a g a i n s t Cz e c h o s l o v a k i a
. Am e r i c a n s , b u f f e t e d b y a
b l o o d y s u c c e s s i o n o f c r i s e s a t h o m e a n d b y t h e r i s i n g c a s u a l t y t o l l i n
Vi e t n a m , w e r e u n a b l e t o f o c u s o n t h e f a t e o f a s m a l l c o u n t r y i n c e n t r a l
Eu r o p e .
In c r e d i b l y , t h e Li b e r a l s , t a k i n g t h e i r l i n e o n t h i s o c c a s i o n f r o m f o r m e r
Su p r e m e Co u r t J u s t i c e Ar t h u r G o l d b e r g , h a i l e d t h e i n v a s i o n o f Cz e c h o -
s l o v a k i a a s a " d e f e a t " f o r t h e So v i e t s - a v i e w t h a t m u s t h a v e c a u s e d a
g o o d d e a l o f m e r r i m e n t i n t h e Kr e m l i n
.
T h e So v i e t s h a d a d d i t i o n a l c a u s e t o l a u g h u p t h e i r s l e e v e s a t t h e
i n a n i t i e s o f t h e W e s t t h a t s u m m e r
. W h i l e P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n ' s e n v o y s
b e g g e d a n d p l e a d e d w i t h t h e Co m m u n i s t d e l e g a t i o n a t t h e P a r i s t a l k s t o
g i v e j u s t s o m e s l i g h t s i g n t h a t t h e y w a n t e d t o s e t t l e t h e Vi e t n a m c o n f l i c t ,
t h e Vi e t Co n g a n d No r t h Vi e t n a m e s e s t e p p e d u p t h e i r t e r r o r i s m a n d
m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s f r o m t h e DM Z t o t h e M e k o n g De l t a
. Du r i n g t h e
w e e k o f t h e De m o c r a t c o n v e n t i o n i n Ch i c a g o , 1 0 8 Am e r i c a n s w e r e k i l l e d
i n Vi e t n a m a n d n e a r l y 2 , 0 0 0 w o u n d e d
. B y t h e e n d o f Au g u s t , t o t a l U
. S.
c a s u a l t i e s i n t h e w a r w e r e n e a r i n g 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 , i n c l u d i n g 2 7 , 5 0 8 b o y s w h o
h a d b e e n s e n t h o m e i n m i l i t a r y c o f f i n s w h i l e t h e l e g i o n s o f t h e u n w a s h e d
r o m p e d o n u n i v e r s i t y c a m p u s e s a c r o s s t h e n a t i o n , l i t e r a l l y u n d e r t h e
b a n n e r o f t h e Co m m u n i s t t r o o p s a n d t e r r o r i s t s w h o w e r e k i l l i n g t h e i r
f e l l o w c i t i z e n s .
O t t o O t e p k a , f a m i l i a r a s h e w a s w i t h t h e b a c k g r o u n d s o f m a n y o f t h e
p r o f e s s o r s w h o i n c i t e d t h e y o u t h f u l d e m o n s t r a t o r s , w a s m o v e d t o w o n -
d e r h o w l o n g Am e r i c a w o u l d p e r m i t i t s y o u n g t o b e c o n v e r t e d i n t o
z o m b i e s . No t a f e w o f t h e s e p r o f e s s o r s h a d m o v e d i n a n d o u t o f t h e
De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e o v e r t h e y e a r s , s o m e i n t h e s a m e k i n d o f c o n s u l t a n t
c a p a c i t y t h a t Dr
. Ro s t o w h a d u s e d t o s u c h g o o d a d v a n t a g e i n t h e 1 9 5 0 ' s
w h e n h e w a s s e t t i n g t h e s t a g e f o r t h e f u t u r e c o n f l i c t i n Vi e t n a m b y c u t t i n g
t h a t c o u n t r y i n t w o a t t h e 1 7 t h P a r a l l e l
. O n c e O t e p k a h a d b e e n a b l e t o
b l o c k t h e e n t r y o f a g o o d m a n y a c a d e m i c b r a i n w a s h e r s i n t o t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t b e c a u s e o f t h e i r k n o w n Co m m u n i s t P a r t y a n d Co m m u n i s t
f r o n t a f f i l i a t i o n s
. No w a l l t h e b a r s w e r e d o w n , a n d t h e p r o f e s s o r s c o u l d
l e a d a c a m p u s a n t i - Vi e t n a m " t e a c h - i n " o n e d a y a n d b e f o r m u l a t i n g w a r
p o l i c y o n Fo g g y B o t t o m t h e n e x t
.
Li k e m o s t o t h e r c i t i z e n s , O t e p k a o b s e r v e d t h e e l e c t i o n r a c e i n t h e
a u t u m n o f 1 9 68 w i t h m o u n t i n g s u s p e n s e
. Al t h o u g h m o n t h s e a r l i e r Se n a -
t o r Ev e r e t t Di r k s e n h a d f o u n d t h e v o t e r s i n Il l i n o i s " a l l h o p p e d u p a b o u t
t h e O t e p k a c a s e , " ' O t e p k a w a s n o t s u r p r i s e d w h e n i t a g a i n f a i l e d t o
b e c o m e a m a j o r i s s u e
. H e w a s f r a n k t o a g r e e t h a t Ri c h a r d Ni x o n w o u l d
h a v e b e e n f o o l i s h t o a t t e m p t t o i n j e c t t h e i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y i s s u e t o o
P LEDG E

4 4 7
s t r o n g l y i n t o t h e c a m p a i g n , g i v e n t h e c l i m a t e t h a t p r e v a i l e d
.
Ne v e r t h e l e s s , Ni x o n ' s s t a n d o n t h e O t e p k a c a s e w a s a n y t h i n g b u t
a m b i g u o u s , t h o u g h t h e r e w a s a n a p p a r e n t a t t e m p t t o m a k e i t s o
. T h e
c a n d i d a t e ' s b r o t h e r , Ed w a r d Ni x o n , w a s g i v e n t h e c h o r e o f a n s w e r i n g
i n q u i r i e s a b o u t c e r t a i n i s s u e s f r o m t h e c a m p a i g n h e a d q u a r t e r s i n Ne w
Y o r k
. O n e o f t h e s e i s s u e s w a s t h e O t e p k a c o n t r o v e r s y
. T h e s t o c k r e p l y
t h a t w e n t o u t o v e r Ed w a r d ' s s i g n a t u r e w a s t h a t h i s b r o t h e r w o u l d n o t
c o m m e n t o n t h e c a s e s i n c e i t w a s s t i l l i n t h e p r o c e s s o f a p p e a l . W h e t h e r
t h i s w a s Ed w a r d ' s i d e a , o r s o m e f a c e l e s s f u n c t i o n a r y ' s a t h e a d q u a r t e r s ,
w a s n e v e r d e t e r m i n e d
. B u t w h e n Di c k Ni x o n w a s a s k e d a b o u t i t , h e
a p p e a r e d t o b e q u i t e u p s e t
. " T h a t i s n ' t m y p o s i t i o n , " h e r e p l i e d w i t h
c a n d o r
. " Id i d n ' t g i v e h i m a u t h o r i t y t o w r i t e t h o s e l e t t e r s . "
M o r e o v e r , t h e r e w a s n o e q u i v o c a t i o n i n Ni x o n ' s r e p l y t o W i l l a r d
Ed w a r d s ' q u e s t i o n
. T h e t w i n p l e d g e s o f " j u s t i c e " f o r O t e p k a a n d a
" h o u s e - c l e a n i n g " a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t c o u l d o n l y m e a n o n e t h i n g -
o r s o i t s e e m e d a t t h e t i m e
. In p o l i t i c s , h o w e v e r , p l e d g e s h a v e a c u r i o u s
h a b i t o f b e i n g f o r g o t t e n a f t e r e l e c t i o n s , a n d a l t h o u g h t h e p l e d g e t o
O t e p k a w a s n o t e x a c t l y f o r g o t t e n , i t w a s n o t f u l f i l l e d i n t h e w a y e v e r y -
o n e , i n c l u d i n g St r o m T h u r m o n d , t h o u g h t i t w o u l d b e
. . . .
P e r h a p s b e c a u s e v o t e r s g o t t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t Ri c h a r d M i l h o u s e
Ni x o n w a s n o t m e e t i n g t h e i s s u e s s q u a r e l y e n o u g h i n t h e f a l l o f 1 9 68 , h e
c a m e v e r y c l o s e t o l o s i n g
. P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n ' s u n i l a t e r a l c e s s a t i o n o f a l l
b o m b i n g a t t a c k s o n No r t h Vi e t n a m f i v e d a y s b e f o r e t h e e l e c t i o n w a s a l s o
a m a j o r f a c t o r
. T h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s m o v e o n c e a g a i n r a i s e d f a l s e h o p e s
f o r p e a c e , a n d a l a r g e b o d y o f " u n d e c i d e d " v o t e r s w h o h a d b e e n l e a n i n g
t o w a r d s Ni x o n q u i t e s u d d e n l y s w u n g o v e r t o H u b e r t H u m p h r e y
. T h e
a c t i o n w a s s o p a t e n t l y p o l i t i c a l t h a t m o s t o b s e r v e r s t h o u g h t t h e p e o p l e
w o u l d q u i c k l y s e e t h r o u g h t h e b o m b i n g - h a l t p l o y a n d i t w o u l d h a v e n o
e f f e c t
. B u t t h e Am e r i c a n p e o p l e , c o n f u s e d a s p e r h a p s n e v e r b e f o r e , w e r e
t a k e n i n b y t h e t h o u s a n d s .
T h e c a l l o u s c y n i c i s m o f t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s e l e v e n t h - h o u r " s t e p t o -
w a r d p e a c e " d i d n o t b e c o m e f u l l y a p p a r e n t u n t i l s o m e d a y s a f t e r t h e p o l l s
h a d c l o s e d
. B y t h e n i t w a s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e P r e s i d e n t h a d d e c l a r e d a h a l t
t o t h e b o m b i n g i n t h e s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n o f No r t h Vi e t n a m w i t h o u t r e c e i v -
i n g a n y a s s u r a n c e w h a t e v e r t h a t t h e Co m m u n i s t s w o u l d r e s p o n d i n k i n d .
H a n o i , H a i p h o n g , a n d o t h e r m a j o r a r e a s o f t h e n o r t h h a d b e e n
r e m o v e d f r o m t h e a l w a y s t i g h t l y r e s t r i c t e d l i s t o f Am e r i c a n t a r g e t s w h e n
Ly n d o n J o h n s o n a n n o u n c e d h i s w i t h d r a w a l f r o m t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l r a c e a t
t h e e n d o f M a r c h
. In s p i t e o f t h i s , b y O c t o b e r t h e Ai r Fo r c e , Na v y , a n d
M a r i n e a i r a r m s h a d v e r y n e a r l y s u c c e e d e d i n c u t t i n g o f f t h e f l o w o f
4 4 8

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
So v i e t a r m s t o t h e Co m m u n i s t f o r c e s b e l o w t h e DM Z
. In t h e s p r i n g o f
1 9 69 , d u r i n g a t o u r o f Vi e t n a m , t h i s w r i t e r t a l k e d t o a n u m b e r o f c o m b a t
p i l o t s a n d o t h e r m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l a b o u t t h e e f f e c t o f J o h n s o n ' s p r e -
e l e c t i o n b o m b i n g h a l t
. Al m o s t t o a m a n t h e y a d m i t t e d t h a t i t h a d h a d
a v e r y s e r i o u s a d v e r s e e f f e c t u p o n t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h e w a r
.
" M a n y o f u s t h o u g h t w e h a d j u s t a b o u t s u c c e e d e d i n a c c o m p l i s h i n g
o u r m i s s i o n , " o n e y o u n g P h a n t o m j e t p i l o t s a i d
. " W e h a d i n t e r d i c t e d
m o s t o f t h e m a i n Co m m u n i s t s u p p l y l i n e s f r o m t h e No r t h
. W h o l e r e g i -
m e n t s o f t h e No r t h Vi e t n a m e s e Ar m y w e r e r e t r e a t i n g p i e c e - m e a l b a c k
a c r o s s t h e DM Z a n d i n t o La o s a n d Ca m b o d i a b e c a u s e t h e y n o l o n g e r h a d
a r m s a n d a m m u n i t i o n t o f i g h t w i t h . T h e n c a m e t h e b o m b i n g h a l t
. Y o u
k n o w t h e r e s t . T h e Co m m u n i s t s r e s u m e d t h e i r b u i l d u p a n d e v e r y d a y
t h e y a r e g e t t i n g s t r o n g e r . "
Al t h o u g h t h e 1 9 69 T e t o f f e n s i v e d i d n o t i n f l i c t n e a r l y a s m u c h d a m a g e
o n o u r f o r c e s a n d u p o n t h e c i v i l i a n p o p u l a c e a s h a d t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r ' s
s u s t a i n e d a s s a u l t , s o m e t h o u s a n d s o f Am e r i c a n s a n d So u t h Vi e t n a m e s e
w e r e k i l l e d i n t h e r e n e w e d a t t a c k s . U. S
. c a s u a l t i e s s o a r e d i n e a r l y M a r c h ,
a n d i n o n e n i g h t a l o n e t h e Co m m u n i s t s s h e l l e d f i f t y c i t i e s , t o w n s , a n d
m i l i t a r y c a m p s w i t h r o c k e t s a n d m o r t a r s h e l l s b r o u g h t i n t o t h e c o u n t r y
f r o m t h e p r i v i l e g e d s a n c t u a r y t o t h e n o r t h
. T h e a t t a c k s d i d n o t w o r k a s
m u c h d e s t r u c t i o n a s t h e h e a d l i n e s i n t h e St a t e s a n d e l s e w h e r e w o u l d l e a d
o n e t o b e l i e v e
. B u t t h e Co m m u n i s t s w e r e m o r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e h e a d -
l i n e s , w h i c h t h e y k n e w w o u l d h a v e t h e i r p a r a l y z i n g e f f e c t u p o n Am e r i c a n
p u b l i c o p i n i o n , t h e n , a s a l w a y s , t h e p r i m a r y Co m m u n i s t t a r g e t
.
" W e ' v e w o n t h i s w a r a h a l f - d o z e n t i m e s o u t h e r e , " o n e g r i z z l e d M a r i n e
v e t e r a n r e m a r k e d t o m e i n Da Na n g i n Ap r i l 1 9 69
. " B u t e a c h t i m e w e
w i n i t t h o s e b a s t a r d s b a c k i n W a s h i n g t o n t a k e t h e v i c t o r y a w a y f r o m u s
. "
T h e M a r i n e m a y h a v e b e e n o v e r s t a t i n g t h e c a s e s o m e w h a t , b u t h e
c a m e c l o s e r t o t h e t r u t h t h a n p r o b a b l y e v e n h e k n e w a t t h e t i m e
. M o r e -
o v e r , t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y o f t h e Am e r i c a n p e o p l e , f o r c e d t o g r o p e
t h e i r w a y i n t h e d a r k n i g h t o f m a n a g e d n e w s , o b v i o u s l y s e n s e d o n
No v e m b e r 5 , 1 9 68 , t h a t t h e t i m e h a d c o m e t o c h a n g e t h e g u a r d
.
De s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h o u s a n d s w e r e h o o d w i n k e d b y t h e Ad m i n i s t r a -
t i o n ' s b o m b i n g h a l t , Ri c h a r d Ni x o n m a n a g e d t o s q u e a k t h r o u g h t o v i c -
t o r y . H e g a r n e r e d n e a r l y t h r e e m i l l i o n f e w e r v o t e s t h a n h e h a d w o n
a g a i n s t J a c k Ke n n e d y i n 1 9 60 , b u t h e b e a t H u b e r t H u m p h r e y b y m o r e
t h a n 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 n o n e t h e l e s s , a n d t h a t w a s e n o u g h t o g i v e h i m 3 0 2 e l e c t o r a l
v o t e s , b a r e l y 3 2 m o r e t h a n h e n e e d e d t o w i n .
Ev e n m o s t o f t h e Li b e r a l p r e s s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t Ni x o n ' s 3 1 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0
p o p u l a r v o t e s , w h e n a d d e d t o t h e n e a r l y 1 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 c a s t f o r G e o r g e
P LEDG E

4 4 9
W a l l a c e , s h o w e d t h a t t h e c o u n t r y h a d g o n e d e c i d e d l y " c o n s e r v a t i v e . "
G r e a t c h a n g e s w e r e t h o u g h t t o b e i n t h e o f f i n g i n W a s h i n g t o n , a n d
Ni x o n ' s c a m p a i g n p l e d g e s m a d e i t s e e m t h a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
w o u l d b e i n f o r t h e m o s t d r a s t i c c h a n g e o f a l l
. B u t t h e r e w e r e a f e w p e o p l e
i n t h e c a p i t a l w h o e a r l y f o r e s a w t h a t t h e c h a n g e s w o u l d n o t b e q u i t e w h a t
t h e p r e p o n d e r a n t m a j o r i t y o f t h e p e o p l e h a d v o t e d f o r , o r , i f t h e y w e r e ,
t h e y w o u l d n o t c o m e n e a r l y a s f a s t a s e x p e c t e d
.
T h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f H e n r y Ki s s i n g e r , a H a r v a r d p r o f e s s o r a n d f o r m e r
a d v i s o r t o Ne l s o n Ro c k e f e l l e r , t o r e p l a c e W a l t Ro s t o w a s m a j o r d o m o
o f t h e Na t i o n a l Se c u r i t y Co u n c i l s t a f f i n t h e W h i t e H o u s e w a s t h e f i r s t
o s t e n s i b l e s i g n t h a t m o r e a m e l i o r a t i n g f o r c e s w e r e a t w o r k
. W h e n W i l -
l i a m P
. Ro g e r s , a f o r m e r At t o r n e y G e n e r a l w i t h n o v i s i b l e k n o w l e d g e o f
f o r e i g n a f f a i r s , w a s n a m e d Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e , i t b e c a m e p e r f e c t l y o b v i o u s
t h a t t h e " h o u s e c l e a n i n g " i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e w o u l d b e d e l a y e d ,
p e r h a p s i n d e f i n i t e l y .
St r o m T h u r m o n d a n d a g r o u p o f o t h e r Se n a t o r s a n d Co n g r e s s m e n h a d
m o v e d r i g h t a f t e r t h e e l e c t i o n t o h a v e O t t o O t e p k a n a m e d De p u t y Un -
d e r s e c r e t a r y o f St a t e f o r Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e j o b t h a t Ro g e r J o n e s a n d
W i l l i a m Cr o c k e t t h a d h e l d d u r i n g t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s
i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m
. T h u r m o n d a n d t h e o t h e r s r e a s o n e d t h a t
O t e p k a w a s t h e m a n b e s t q u a l i f i e d f o r t h i s c r i t i c a l p o s t , w h i c h h a s o v e r a l l
s u p e r v i s i o n o f a l l p e r s o n n e l a n d s e c u r i t y f u n c t i o n s
. H o w e v e r , t h e i n c o m -
i n g Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n a n n o u n c e d t h a t i t w o u l d r e t a i n Id a r Ri m e s t a d i n t h i s
k e y s l o t , a l t h o u g h h e w a s p u b l i c l y k n o w n t o b e De a n Ru s k ' s c h i e f h a t c h e t
m a n a n d t h e l a t t e r - d a y g r a n d i n q u i s i t o r o n t h e O t e p k a c a s e .
P a t i e n t l y , a s a l w a y s , O t e p k a b i d e d h i s t i m e . T h e Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s -
s i o n h a d t u r n e d d o w n h i s s e c o n d a n d f i n a l a p p e a l i n O c t o b e r , a n d i f h e
w a s n o t g i v e n a j o b i n s e c u r i t y b y t h e Ni x o n Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n h e w o u l d
h a v e t o b e g i n t h e l o n g , t o r t u o u s t r e k t h a t w o u l d u l t i m a t e l y t a k e h i m
b e f o r e t h e Su p r e m e Co u r t .
No w , h o w e v e r , t h e r e w a s f u r t h e r i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e r e w a s t o b e n o
d r a m a t i c s h i f t i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e m i a s m i c b r e e z e s w a f t i n g u p f r o m
Fo g g y B o t t o m
. J u s t f i v e d a y s b e f o r e Ni x o n ' s i n a u g u r a t i o n , Un d e r s e c r e -
t a r y o f St a t e Ni c h o l a s Ka t z e n b a c h , t h e f e r o c i o u s b a l d e a g l e w h o o n c e
f i g u r a t i v e l y t h r e a t e n e d t o d e v o u r G e o r g e W a l l a c e o n t h e s t e p s o f a Un i -
v e r s i t y o f Al a b a m a a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b u i l d i n g , i s s u e d a m e m o r a n d u m s u m -
m a r i l y r e s t o r i n g a s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e t o J o h n P a t o n Da v i e s , t h e o l d Ch i n a
c a b a l i s t w h o f o r f i f t e e n y e a r s h a d b e e n c l a s s i f i e d a s a s e c u r i t y r i s k . T h e
p u r p o s e o f t h e " p a r d o n " f o r Da v i e s , v e n e r a b l e f r i e n d o f Ch o u En - l a i a n d
o t h e r Ch i n e s e Co m m u n i s t s , w a s t o p a v e t h e w a y f o r h i s a p p o i n t m e n t a s
4 5
0 T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
a c o n s u l t a n t t o t h e Ar m s Co n t r o l a n d Di s a r m a m e n t Ag e n c y i n f o r m u l a t -
i n g a n e w U. S. p o l i c y o n Ch i n a .
It w a s c o m m o n k n o w l e d g e i n W a s h i n g t o n t h a t t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f Da -
v i e s h a d b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e i n c o m i n g Se c r e t a r y
o f St a t e . W h a t e v e r Ro g e r s ' m o t i v e s w e r e i n v i n d i c a t i n g J o h n P a t o n Da -
v i e s , w i t h i n a w e e k i t b e c a m e a p p a r e n t t h a t h e h a d n o i n t e n t i o n o f
v i n d i c a t i n g O t t o O t e p k a .
T H EDAY AFT ERRICH ARDM
. NIX O N' SINAUG URAT IO NAST H ET H IRT Y -
s e v e n t h P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , t h e n e w Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e , W i l -
l i a m P
. Ro g e r s , c o n f e r r e d w i t h O t t o O t e p k a ' s a t t o r n e y , Ro g e r Ro b b . T h e
Se c r e t a r y b l u n t l y i n f o r m e d Ro b b t h a t u n d e r n o c i r c u m s t a n c e s w o u l d h e
g i v e O t e p k a b a c k h i s o l d j o b , o r a n y j o b i n s e c u r i t y a t St a t e . In f a c t ,
Ro g e r s s a i d , h e d i d n o t w a n t O t e p k a i n t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t a t a l l .
Fo r s o m e r e a s o n , Ro b b w i t h h e l d t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f t h i s i n j u n c t i o n w h e n
h e c o m m u n i c a t e d Ro g e r s ' p o s i t i o n t o O t e p k a
. Ro b b s i m p l y s a i d t h a t t h e
i n c o m i n g Se c r e t a r y w o u l d n o t r e s t o r e O t e p k a t o SY a n d h a d a s k e d f o r
O t e p k a ' s t e r m s o f s e t t l e m e n t .
O t e p k a , w e a r i e d b e y o n d h u m a n e n d u r a n c e b y y e a r s o f c o n s t a n t s t r u g -
g l e , r e l u c t a n t l y d e c i d e d t h a t t h e t i m e h a d c o m e t o s e e k a t r u c e
. If t h e n e w
Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , a f t e r a l l t h e p o n t i f i c a l c a m p a i g n p r o m i s e s , d i d n o t w a n t
t o t a k e h i m b a c k , t h e n t h e r e w a s n o p o i n t i n c o n t i n u i n g t h e f i g h t . At 5 4
h e t h o u g h t h e s h o u l d b e u s i n g t h e y e a r s r e m a i n i n g t o h i m i n s o m e p u r s u i t
t h a t w o u l d p r o v e m o r e p r o d u c t i v e t h a n t i l t i n g a t W h i t e H o u s e w i n d m i l l s .
Fo r s o m e t i m e h e h a d b e e n c a r e f u l l y p l a n n i n g a c a m p a i g n t o a l e r t t h e
Am e r i c a n p e o p l e t o w h a t w a s h a p p e n i n g t o t h e m a n d t o t h e i r c o u n t r y
.
As l o n g a s h e r e m a i n e d i n g o v e r n m e n t , h i s l i p s w e r e s e a l e d . O n c e o u t -
s i d e , h e w o u l d a t l e a s t b e f r e e t o s p e a k .
4 5 1
4 5 2

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
W i t h i n t w o d a y s a f t e r r e c e i v i n g W i l l i a m Ro g e r s ' m e s s a g e , a s g i v e n t o
h i m b y At t o r n e y Ro b b , O t e p k a s u b m i t t e d h i s m i n i m u m t e r m s o f s e t t l e -
m e n t , t e r m s t h a t h e h a d b e e n p o n d e r i n g f o r s o m e w e e k s a s t h e s t r a n g e
s i l e n c e t h a t h a d s e t t l e d u p o n t h e Ni x o n c a m p r i g h t a f t e r e l e c t i o n c o n -
t i n u e d t o p r e v a i l . Al l t h a t O t e p k a a s k e d w a s t h a t Se c r e t a r y Ro g e r s o v e r -
t u r n De a n Ru s k ' s d e c i s i o n , r e i n s t a t e h i m n o m i n a l l y , a n d o n l y
m o m e n t a r i l y , a s Ch i e f o f t h e Ev a l u a t i o n s Di v i s i o n i n t h e O f f i c e o f
Se c u r i t y , a n d d e c l a r e t h e f r a m e d - u p c h a r g e s t h a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
h a d l e v e l e d a g a i n s t h i m ( a n d t h e n d r o p p e d ) a s f a l s e a n d u n t r u e
. If t h i s
w e r e d o n e , O t e p k a s a i d , h e w o u l d i m m e d i a t e l y r e t i r e f r o m g o v e r n m e n t .
In e f f e c t , h e o f f e r e d t o t a k e Ro g e r s a n d t h e Ni x o n Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n o f f t h e
h o o k .
O n Fe b r u a r y 2 1 , t o e v e r y o n e ' s a m a z e m e n t , Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e Ro g e r s
n o t i f i e d O t e p k a t h a t h i s o f f e r o f s e t t l e m e n t w a s r e j e c t e d
. H a v i n g u p h e l d
De a n Ru s k ' s d e c i s i o n , a n d b y s o d o i n g c o n d o n i n g t h e c o n s p i r a c y a g a i n s t
O t e p k a a n d t h e d i s m e m b e r m e n t o f SY , Ro g e r s t o o k o f f w i t h t h e Ni x o n
e n t o u r a g e o n t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s f i r s t q u i c k t o u r o f W e s t e r n Eu r o p e
.
T h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , s h o c k e d a l m o s t b e y o n d
b e l i e f b y W i l l i a m Ro g e r s ' h i t - a n d - r u n a c t i o n , a t l a s t b e g a n t o b e s t i r i t s e l f .
B e h i n d t h e s c e n e s o l d Ev e r e t t Di r k s e n r o l l e d u p h i s s l e e v e s a n d w e n t t o
w o r k . W i t h i n f o r t y - e i g h t h o u r s o f Ni x o n ' s r e t u r n f r o m Eu r o p e , t h e Se n -
a t e m i n o r i t y l e a d e r h a d n a i l e d d o w n a c o m p r o m i s e : t h e P r e s i d e n t w o u l d
a p p o i n t O t e p k a t o t h e Su b v e r s i v e Ac t i v i t i e s Co n t r o l B o a r d ( SACB ) , a
m u t e a n d d o r m a n t g o v e r n m e n t a l b o d y t h a t h a d b e e n f o r c e d t o p l a y
p o s s u m f o r m a n y y e a r s , p r i m a r i l y b e c a u s e t h e At t o r n e y G e n e r a l ' s o f f i c e
h a d p e r s i s t e n t l y r e f u s e d t o r e f e r a n y c a s e s t o i t .
W h e n Ro g e r Ro b b , w h o w a s h i m s e l f a w a i t i n g a P r e s i d e n t i a l a p p o i n t -
m e n t t o t h e Fe d e r a l Co u r t o f Ap p e a l s , r e l a y e d t h e c o m p r o m i s e t o t h e
e m b a t t l e d e x i l e , O t e p k a s a i d n o . Se c r e t a r y Ro g e r s ' c y n i c a l r e j e c t i o n o f
h i s a r m i s t i c e o f f e r h a d r e k i n d l e d h i s o l d f i g h t i n g s p i r i t a n d O t e p k a w a s
p r e p a r e d t o c a r r y t h e c a s e t o t h e Su p r e m e Co u r t r a t h e r t h a n b o w t o a n y
" d e a l . "
Re a l i z i n g t h a t t h e SACB a p p o i n t m e n t w a s t h e l a s t b e s t h o p e f o r O t e p -
k a ' s p u b l i c v i n d i c a t i o n , Se n a t o r Di r k s e n i n v i t e d h i m t o p a y a v i s i t t o
Ca p i t o l H i l l f o r a c o n f e r e n c e . In h i s m o s t s o o t h i n g a n d m e l l i f l u o u s t o n e s ,
Di r k s e n e x p l a i n e d t h a t m e m b e r s h i p o n t h e f i v e - m a n Su b v e r s i v e Ac t i v i -
t i e s Co n t r o l B o a r d w o u l d b e m o r e t h a n j u s t a h o l l o w g e s t u r e
. It w o u l d ,
h e p r o m i s e d , b e a t u r n i n g p o i n t i n t h e l o n g s u s p e n d e d w a r a g a i n s t s u b v e r -
s i o n . T h e Se n a t e b i l l t h a t h a d f a i l e d t o g e t t o t h e f l o o r i n t h e l a s t s e s s i o n
w a s i n t h e h o p p e r a g a i n . If i t p a s s e d , a n d Se n a t o r Di r k s e n s a i d h e w a s
, r
VINDICAT IO N

4 5 3
c o n f i d e n t t h a t i t h a d a g o o d c h a n c e t o p a s s , t h e b i l l w o u l d e l e v a t e t h e
SACSt o o v e r a l l s u p e r v i s i o n o f p e r s o n n e l s e c u r i t y i n a l l o f t h e s e n s i t i v e
a g e n c i e s o f g o v e r n m e n t - n o t o n l y t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e , b u t t h e
De f e n s e De p a r t m e n t a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r s a s w e l l . *
W i t h O t e p k a ' s e x p e r t i s e a n d k n o w l e d g e o f s e c u r i t y , Di r k s e n s a i d , t h e
SACB c o u l d b e f o r g e d i n t o t h e m o s t u s e f u l i n s t r u m e n t t h e g o v e r n m e n t
h a d e v e r h a d i n t h e i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y f i e l d .
In s e p a r a t e c o n f e r e n c e s t h a t s a m e d a y , B a r r y G o l d w a t e r a n d St r o m
T h u r m o n d r e i n f o r c e d Di r k s e n ' s p e r s u a s i v e a r g u m e n t s . O t e p k a , k n o w i n g
t h a t a l l t h r e e o f t h e s e Se n a t o r s h a d h i s i n t e r e s t a t h e a r t , a n d t h a t a l l o f
t h e m h a d i n t h e p a s t d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i r d e e p c o n c e r n f o r t h e r e s t o r a t i o n
o f s o u n d s e c u r i t y i n g o v e r n m e n t , f i n a l l y a g r e e d t o a c c e p t t h e SACB
a p p o i n t m e n t i f t h e P r e s i d e n t s a w f i t t o t e n d e r i t t o h i m .
O n M a r c h 1 9 , 1 9 69 , t h e W h i t e H o u s e a n n o u n c e d t h a t P r e s i d e n t Ni x o n
w a s n a m i n g O t t o F. O t e p k a t o t h e Su b v e r s i v e Ac t i v i t i e s Co n t r o l B o a r d
a t a s a l a r y o f $ 3 6, 0 0 0 a y e a r
. B u t b e f o r e t h e Se n a t e c o u l d m o v e t o c o n f i r m
t h e a p p o i n t m e n t , O t e p k a w a s f o r c e d t o s u f f e r t h r o u g h o n e l a s t b a t t l e , i n
s o m e w a y s t h e m o s t v i c i o u s o f t h e m a l l
.
In Ap r i l , t h e Ne w Y o r k
T i m e s
s p e a r h e a d e d a n e d i t o r i a l v e n d e t t a
a g a i n s t O t e p k a , c h a r g i n g t h a t h e h a d " r e c e i v e d $ 2 2 , 0 0 0 f r o m a f u n d w i t h
e x t r e m e r i g h t - w i n g a s s o c i a t i o n s . " W i t h a r e c k l e s s d i s r e g a r d f o r t h e f a c t s ,
t h e T i m e s h i n t e d b r o a d l y t h a t O t e p k a h a d b e c o m e a m e m b e r o f t h e J o h n
B i r c h So c i e t y . ( " M r . O t e p k a h a d t h e r i g h t t o j o i n t h e B i r c h So c i e t y , " w a s
t h e w a y t h e T i m e s p h r a s e d i t . ' )
" Af t e r t h i s , " f u l m i n a t e d t h e T i m e s , " Se n a t o r s o f c o n s c i e n c e c a n n o t
v o t e t o c o n f i r m M r . O t e p k a . . . . ( f o r ) h i s w a r p e d c o n c e p t o f Am e r i c a n i s m
d i s q u a l i f i e s ( h i m ) f r o m s i t t i n g i n j u d g m e n t o n s u b v e r s i o n . " '
H a v i n g p a r a d e d i t s o w n " w a r p e d c o n c e p t o f Am e r i c a n i s m " b e f o r e t h e
w o r l d , t h e T i m e s n o t o n l y d e m a n d e d t h a t t h e Se n a t e r e j e c t O t e p k a ' s
n o m i n a t i o n , b u t d i r e c t e d t h e Co n g r e s s f o r t h w i t h t o " f o l l o w u p b y b u r y i n g
t h e S. A. C. B . ,
a u s e l e s s r e l i c o f a n Am e r i c a n e r a b e s t f o r g o t t e n
. "
P r e d i c t a b l y , a n u m b e r o f o t h e r n e w s p a p e r s a n d m a g a z i n e s e c h o e d t h e
T i m e s
l i n e . An d , a s u s u a l , t h e e d i t o r i a l i z i n g s p i l l e d o v e r i n t o t h e n e w s
c o l u m n s . T h e w o r s t a t t a c k s , h o w e v e r , c a m e f r o m t h a t s t e r l i n g o l d Cu s -
t o d i a n o f T r u t h , Dr e w P e a r s o n
. W i t h h i s a c o l y t e J a c k An d e r s o n , P e a r s o n
a c t u a l l y s e t o u t t o b r a n d b o t h O t e p k a a n d h i s a t t o r n e y a s a n t i - Se m i t e s .
*
O n l y t h e FB I, CIAa n d AECp e r s o n n e l s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m s w e r e t o b e e x e m p t e d f r o m
SACB c o n t r o l u n d e r t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f Se n a t e B i l l 1 2 . T h e p r o p o s e d l e g i s l a t i o n w a s l a r g e l y
b a s e d u p o n t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l Co m m i s s i o n o n In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y
a p p o i n t e d b y Dw i g h t Ei s e n h o w e r , a n d u p o n t h e r e v e l a t i o n s a i r e d d u r i n g t h e Se n a t e ' s
O t e p k a h e a r i n g s .
4 5 4

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
In o n e o f t h e m o s t o u t r e s m e a r s o f a l l t i m e , P e a r s o n a n d An d e r s o n
t h r e w d i s c r e t i o n t o t h e w i n d s
. T h e y c h a r g e d t h a t O t e p k a " g o t i n t o t r o u -
b l e " w i t h De a n Ru s k b e c a u s e " h e t o o k c l a s s i f i e d p a p e r s t o Se n a t o r
T h o m a s Do d d . " ( O t e p k a , o f c o u r s e , n e v e r t o o k a n y p a p e r s t o Do d d ,
w h o m h e h a d n e v e r m e t o u t s i d e a Se n a t e h e a r i n g r o o m . )
" T h e c l a s s i f i e d p a p e r s w h i c h O t e p k a g a v e Do d d , " P e a r s o n - An d e r s o n
c o n t e n d e d , " p e r t a i n e d t o t h e s e c u r i t y c l e a r a n c e s o f s e v e r a l o f f i c i a l s , t h e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t b e i n g W a l t W h i t m a n Ro s t o w . . . . T h e r e w e r e a n t i -
s e m i t i c o v e r t o n e s i n O t e p k a ' s t a k i n g c l a s s i f i e d p a p e r s t o Se n a t o r Do d d ,
s i n c e Ro s t o w i s J e w i s h . "
O f a l l t h e l u d i c r o u s p i e c e s o f r e p o r t i n g t h a t h a v e e m a n a t e d f r o m W a s h -
i n g t o n i n t h e l a s t h a l f - c e n t u r y , t h i s m u s t c e r t a i n l y t a k e t h e p r i z e
. If
P e a r s o n a n d An d e r s o n h a d r e a d t h e Se n a t e h e a r i n g s o n t h e O t e p k a c a s e ,
w h i c h o b v i o u s l y t h e y h a d n o t , t h e y w o u l d h a v e k n o w n t h a t Ro s t o w ' s
n a m e w a s n e v e r m e n t i o n e d - b y a n y o n e . * Fu r t h e r m o r e , Ro s t o w w a s n o t
i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e c a s e u n t i l n e a r l y t w o y e a r s a f t e r t h e Se n a t e s u b c o m m i t -
t e e h e a r i n g s f o r m a l l y e n d e d . O t e p k a ' s f i r s t a l l u s i o n t o Ro s t o w c a m e i n
J u n e 1 9 67 d u r i n g h i s St a t e De p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g , a n d i n t h e b r i e f s u b s e -
q u e n t l y f i l e d w i t h t h e De p a r t m e n t b y Ro g e r Ro b b .
O t e p k a ' s f a i l u r e t o b r i n g Dr . Ro s t o w i n t o t h e p i c t u r e l o n g b e f o r e h e
d i d i s a d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e , i f a n y m o r e i s n e e d e d , o f h i s r e t i c e n c e a n d
r e s t r a i n t
. O t e p k a k n e w t o o w e l l t h a t h i s t r o u b l e s s t e m m e d f r o m t h a t
i n i t i a l c o n f e r e n c e w i t h De a n Ru s k a n d B o b b y Ke n n e d y i n De c e m b e r
1 9 60 a n d t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l s u b j e c t o f t h a t d i s c u s s i o n w a s W a l t Ro s t o w
.
B u t i n t h e d i s t o r t e d v i e w o f Dr e w P e a r s o n a n d J a c k An d e r s o n , O t e p k a
s h o u l d n e v e r h a v e b r o u g h t u p Ro s t o w ' s n a m e a t a l l , i f f o r n o o t h e r r e a s o n
t h a n " Ro s t o w i s J e w i s h . "
H a v i n g t r i e d , a n d f a i l e d , t o l a b e l O t e p k a a s a " M c Ca r t h y i t e , " P e a r s o n -
An d e r s o n h a d i n d e s p e r a t i o n a t t e m p t e d t o t a r h i m w i t h w h a t t h e y c a l l e d
t h e " n e o - Na z i " b r u s h . O t e p k a , w h o s e m o t h e r a n d f a t h e r h a d c o m e t o
Am e r i c a f r o m Cz e c h o s l o v a k i a , a l a n d w h i c h h a d s u f f e r e d a s m u c h o r
m o r e t h a n a n y o t h e r u n d e r t h e Na z i s , s h o o k h i s h e a d i n d i s b e l i e v i n g
d i s g u s t w h e n h e r e a d t h e f i r s t i n t h e l o n g s e r i e s o f s m e a r c o l u m n s c o n -
c o c t e d b y Dr e w P e a r s o n a n d h i s p r o t e g e
.
" Iw o n d e r w h y , " h e l a t e r m u s e d , " t h e y n e v e r m e n t i o n e d m y d e f e n s e
o f W o l f La d e j i n s k y , w h o a l s o h a p p e n e d t o b e J e w i s h , a n d t h e m a n y o t h e r
J e w s Id e f e n d e d a n d c l e a r e d f o r St a t e De p a r t m e n t p o s i t i o n s . "
*
H i s n a m e w a s l i s t e d , w i t h a h a l f - d o z e n o t h e r s , o n t w o m e m o r a n d u m s s u b m i t t e d b y t h e
St a t e De p a r t m e n t t o t h e s u b c o m m i t t e e i n t h e e a r l i e r h e a r i n g s i n 1 9 61 b u t t h e s e d i d n o t
p l a c e Ro s t o w i n a n u n f a v o r a b l e l i g h t , o r , f o r t h a t m a t t e r , r e a l l y i n v o l v e h i m i n t h e O t e p k a
c a s e a t a l l .
VINDICAT IO N

4 5 5
Ed i t h O t e p k a w a s a s s t u n n e d b y t h e P e a r s o n a t t a c k s a s h e r h u s b a n d .
T h e O t e p k a s h a v e l i v e d f o r y e a r s i n a p r e d o m i n a n t l y J e w i s h s u b u r b o f
W a s h i n g t o n a n d h a v e a l w a y s b e e n o n t h e v e r y b e s t o f t e r m s w i t h t h e i r
n e i g h b o r s
. " W e h a v e w o r k e d t o g e t h e r o n m a n y c o m m u n i t y p r o j e c t s , "
Ed i t h r e c a l l e d
. " W h y , o n l y t w o o r t h r e e y e a r s a g o Ij o i n e d a n e i g h b o r o f
m i n e a n d a g r o u p o f h e r f r i e n d s w h o c a m e d o w n f r o m P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d
w e p i c k e t e d t h e So v i e t e m b a s s y i n p r o t e s t a g a i n s t t h e o p p r e s s i o n o f J e w s
i n t h e So v i e t Un i o n . "
M r s . M y r a Fi n k e l w r o t e a m o v i n g p i e c e a b o u t h e r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e
O t e p k a s w h i c h s h e d i s t r i b u t e d i n t h e c o m m u n i t y t o c o u n t e r " t h e v i c i o u s
a t t a c k " o n t h e m a n d P e a r s o n - An d e r s o n ' s " u s e o f t h e H i t l e r t a c t i c o f
r e p e a t i n g t h e b i g l i e . "
" In m y s i x y e a r s o f l i v i n g a n d w o r k i n g i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n s u b u r b s , "
M r s
. Fi n k e l s a i d , " Ic a n h o n e s t l y s a y t h a t Ih a v e n o t r u e r o r b e t t e r f r i e n d s
t h a n Ed i t h a n d O t t o O t e p k a . An d f o r t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o f M e s s r s . P e a r s o n
a n d An d e r s o n - Ia m J e w i s h , [ a n d a n ] Ea s t Co a s t m o d e r a t e Re p u b l i -
c a n . . .
. As a m e m b e r o f t h e J e w i s h f a i t h , If i n d t h i s ' a n t i - s e m i t i c ' c h a r g e
b y t w o G e n t i l e c o l u m n i s t s m o s t n a u s e a t i n g . "
M r s
. Fi n k e l n o t e d t h a t h e r t w o y o u n g d a u g h t e r s w e r e b e w i l d e r e d b y
t h e c o n t r o v e r s y s w i r l i n g a r o u n d O t e p k a . " T h e y t h i n k o f t h e O t e p k a
h o m e
. . . a s t h e p l a c e w h e r e t h e y g o f o r s u m m e r b a r b e c u e s o r t o s p e n d
a p l e a s a n t w e e k e n d w h e n t h e i r M o t h e r g o e s o u t o f t o w n , " s h e w r o t e . In
c o n c l u s i o n , M r s
. Fi n k e l u r g e d a l l h e r n e i g h b o r s a n d f e l l o w c i t i z e n s t o
s u p p o r t O t e p k a ' s c o n f i r m a t i o n b y t h e Se n a t e b e c a u s e " t h e v i n d i c a t i o n o f
O t t o O t e p k a i s n o t a ` r i g h t - w i n g c a u s e ' - i t i s a c a u s e t h a t i s r i g h t . "
O n Ap r i l 1 5 t h e Se n a t e J u d i c i a r y Co m m i t t e e c o n d u c t e d a h e a r i n g o n
t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s a p p o i n t m e n t o f O t e p k a t o t h e SACB a n d Se n a t o r Di r k s e n
v o l u n t e e r e d t o t e s t i f y - s o m e t h i n g h e r a r e l y h a d d o n e i n t h e p a s t .
" Ih a v e o f t e n t h o u g h t t h a t m a y b e J a m e s B o n d , Ag e n t 0 0 7 . . . o u g h t
t o w r i t e t h i s s t o r y , " s a i d Di r k s e n a s h e l a u n c h e d i n t o a r e v i e w o f O t e p k a ' s
c a r e e r a s a s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r . ' " Is a l u t e O t t o O t e p k a f o r h a v i n g s t o o d h i s
g r o u n d a n d f o r h a v i n g g o n e t h r o u g h f i v e y e a r s o f a g o n y
. . . [ o u t o f ]
d e v o t i o n t o t h e c o u n t r y a n d t o t h e c a u s e o f i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y
. "
O t e p k a , w i t h h i s w i f e Ed i t h a n d d a u g h t e r J o a n n e s i t t i n g n e a r b y , a l s o
t e s t i f i e d a t t h e Se n a t e h e a r i n g , b u t o n l y b r i e f l y . As t h e y w e r e l e a v i n g t h e
h e a r i n g r o o m h e w a s b e s i e g e d b y r e p o r t e r s a n d t e l e v i s i o n c a m e r a m e n .
T h e t w o r e p o r t e r s w h o p r e s s e d h i m m o s t s e v e r e l y w e r e Ne i l Sh e e h a n o f
t h e Ne w Y o r k T i m e s a n d T i m W h e e l e r o f t h e
Da i l y W o r l d ,
o f f i c i a l o r g a n
o f t h e Co m m u n i s t P a r t y , U
. S. A. As W h e e l e r p u t i t i n h i s s t o r y t h e n e x t
d a y , t h e y " g r i l l e d O t e p k a o n h i s B i r c h i t e c o n n e c t i o n s . " 4
4 5 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
T h e g r i l l i n g c o n d u c t e d b y Sh e e h a n a n d W h e e l e r a n d t h e i r i n e v i t a b l e
h a n g e r s - o n w a s o n e o f t h e o d d e s t
a u t o - d e - f e s e v e r w i t n e s s e d o n Ca p i t o l
H i l l . B u t O t e p k a w a l k e d t h r o u g h t h e f i r e w i t h d i g n i t y a n d d i d h i s b e s t
t o s e t t h e r e c o r d s t r a i g h t
: " Ic e r t a i n l y a m n o t a m e m b e r ( o f t h e B i r c h
So c i e t y ) , " h e r e p l i e d e v e n l y
. " In e v e r h a v e b e e n . . . .
Ih a v e n o i n t e n t i o n
o f j o i n i n g . "
" W h y n o t ? " o n e o f t h e i n q u i s i t o r s a s k e d . " Ar e y o u o p p o s e d t o t h e i r
g o a l s ? "
" Ia m s i m p l y n o t a j o i n e r , " O t e p k a p a t i e n t l y e x p l a i n e d
. " Ip r e f e r t o
r e m a i n i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e p o s s i b l e c o n t r o l o r d o m i n a t i o n b y a n y o r g a n i -
z a t i o n . " W h e n a s k e d a b o u t h i s s t a n d o n t h e Ku Kl u x Kl a n , h e r e m i n d e d
h i s q u e s t i o n e r s t h a t t h e Kl a n h a d b e e n c i t e d b y a Co n g r e s s i o n a l c o m m i t -
t e e f o r h a v i n g a d v o c a t e d a p o l i c y o f d e p r i v i n g Am e r i c a n s o f t h e i r Co n s t i -
t u t i o n a l r i g h t s
. " Ia m o p p o s e d t o a n y o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t s e e k s t o t a k e a w a y
r i g h t s g u a r a n t e e d u n d e r t h e Co n s t i t u t i o n , " h e s a i d .
Se n a t o r Di r k s e n , d u r i n g h i s t e s t i m o n y a t t h e h e a r i n g a c c u s e d t h e Ne w
Y o r k T i m e s - a n d b y i n f e r e n c e t h e o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s w h i c h h a d f o l l o w e d
i t s l e a d - o f c o n d u c t i n g a s m e a r c a m p a i g n a g a i n s t O t e p k a
. T h e c r e d i b i l i t y
o f t h e T i m e s , o n c e t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l a n d f e a r e d n e w s o r g a n i n t h e
c o u n t r y , h a d s u n k t o s u c h l o w e s t a t e t h a t h a r d l y a n y k n o w l e d g e a b l e
c i t i z e n p a i d m u c h a t t e n t i o n t o i t a n y m o r e
. B u t Di r k s e n r e a l i z e d t h a t i t
h a d t h e a b i l i t y t o s e t t h e p a c e f o r a l a r g e c i r c l e o f s a t e l l i t e p u b l i c a t i o n s
s t i l l c l i n g i n g , a g a i n s t a l l r e a s o n , t o t h e a n c i e n t m y t h o f t h e Ne w Y o r k
T i m e s ' i n v i n c i b i l i t y .
T e d d y Ke n n e d y , t a k i n g h i s c u e f r o m t h e
T i m e s a n d p e r h a p s f r o m s o m e
m e m o r y o f h i s b r o t h e r B o b b y , l a u n c h e d a f i n a l a s s a u l t a g a i n s t O t e p k a
d u r i n g t h e J u d i c i a r y Co m m i t t e e ' s d e l i b e r a t i o n s
. Ke n n e d y a n d t h r e e
o t h e r Se n a t o r s , Q u e n t i n B u r d i c k o f So u t h Da k o t a , P h i l i p H a r t o f M i c h i -
g a n , a n d J o s e p h T y d i n g s o f M a r y l a n d , h a d O t e p k a r e c a l l e d t o Ca p i t o l
H i l l t w i c e t o a n s w e r a s e r i e s o f s i l l y q u e s t i o n s a b o u t h i s a l l e g e d c o n n e c -
t i o n w i t h t h e B i r c h So c i e t y a n d a g r o u p k n o w n a s t h e Li b e r t y Lo b b y
.
O t e p k a , a s h e h a d a l r e a d y p o i n t e d o u t , h a d n e v e r j o i n e d a n y t h i n g e x c e p t
t h e Am e r i c a n Le g i o n a n d t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t b o w l i n g l e a g u e , a n d h e
h a d n o c o n n e c t i o n w h a t e v e r w i t h e i t h e r o f t h e g r o u p s n a m e d
. H e w a s
a w a r e t h a t b o t h o r g a n i z a t i o n s h a d s u p p o r t e d h i m i n h i s l o n g f i g h t , b u t s o
h a d m a n y o t h e r g r o u p s , i n c l u d i n g t h e Am e r i c a n Le g i o n w h i c h h a d t w i c e
p a s s e d r e s o l u t i o n s a t i t s n a t i o n a l c o n v e n t i o n s i n h i s b e h a l f
.
O t e p k a w a s a l s o c o g n i z a n t o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t s o m e m e m b e r s o f t h e
B i r c h So c i e t y m a y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e Am e r i c a n De f e n s e Fu n d ,
w h i c h h a d h e l p e d p a y h i s l e g a l b i l l s
. B u t a g a i n , s o h a d h u n d r e d s o f o t h e r
VINDICAT IO N

4 5 7
c i t i z e n s w h o w e r e i n t e r e s t e d i n h i s c a s e . H e m a d e t h e p o i n t , t o o , t h a t h e
h a d n e v e r r e c e i v e d a n i c k e l f r o m t h e Fu n d o r a n y o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n ,
t h o u g h t h e T i m e s h a d c l a i m e d t h a t h e " r e c e i v e d $ 2 2 , 0 0 0 . " T h e m o n e y
c o l l e c t e d b y t h e Fu n d w a s p a i d d i r e c t l y t o h i s l a w y e r , a n d o n l y f o r l e g a l
f e e s .
O t e p k a w a s g r a t e f u l f o r t h e Fu n d ' s i n d i r e c t a i d , a n d h e w a s f r a n k t o
a d m i t t h a t i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n e x c e e d i n g l y d i f f i c u l t , i f n o t i m p o s s i b l e , f o r
h i m t o h a v e c a r r i e d o n h i s s i x - y e a r l e g a l f i g h t w i t h o u t t h a t h e l p . B u t n o n e
o f t h e o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h i c h i n t h e p a s t r u s h e d t o h e l p g o v e r n m e n t
e m p l o y e e s i n v o l v e d i n l i t i g a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g t h e Am e r i c a n Ci v i l Li b e r t i e s
Un i o n , h a d o f f e r e d t o p a y h i s a t t o r n e y ' s f e e s . O f c o u r s e , i f t h e y h a d c o m e
f o r w a r d w i t h f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t , t h e y c o u l d n o t h a v e " p u r c h a s e d " O t t o
O t e p k a a n y m o r e t h a n t h e Am e r i c a n De f e n s e Fu n d c o u l d . As h e h a d
p r o v e d r e p e a t e d l y w h e n a P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s h a d t r i e d t o
" b u y " h i m , O t e p k a w a s s i m p l y n o t f o r s a l e
.
O t e p k a w a s a l s o f o r c e d b y T e d d y Ke n n e d y a n d t h e o t h e r s t o g i v e a
d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t i n g o f h i s i n c o m e , e x c l u s i v e o f h i s St a t e De p a r t m e n t
s a l a r y , s i n c e 1 9 61 . O n e h o p e s t h e m i l l i o n a i r e Se n a t o r m i g h t h a v e q u a i l e d
j u s t a t r i f l e w h e n h e r e v i e w e d O t e p k a ' s m o d e s t e a r n i n g s f r o m i n t e r e s t o n
s a v i n g s a n d s t o c k d i v i d e n d s , w h i c h h a d t o t a l e d b a r e l y $ 1 , 7 0 0 i n t h e e i g h t
y e a r s , 1 9 61 - 68 . T h a t , a n d h i s w i f e ' s s a l a r y a s a t e a c h e r s i n c e t h e f a l l o f
1 9 65 , r e p r e s e n t e d t h e f a m i l y ' s o n l y o t h e r i n c o m e d u r i n g t h o s e y e a r s ,
e x c e p t f o r a s m a l l ( $ 3 , 4 0 0 ) b e q u e s t f r o m a n a u n t o f Ed i t h O t e p k a , a n d
$ 1 , 9 5 4 t h e i r d a u g h t e r J o a n n e h a d e a r n e d s i n c e h e r g r a d u a t i o n f r o m
c o l l e g e i n J u n e 1 9 68 .
( J o a n n e O t e p k a h a d w o r k e d a s a n a r t i s t b r i e f l y f o r W T O P - T V, t h e
W a s h i n g t o n
P o s t ' s t e l e v i s i o n s t a t i o n , a f t e r g r a d u a t i o n b u t w a s s o o n
d r o p p e d f r o m t h e p a y r o l l i n a h a s t y " r e o r g a n i z a t i o n " r e m i n i s c e n t o f h e r
f a t h e r ' s p u r g e b y Re i l l y & Co
. Sh e c a m e t o t h e o f f i c e o n e m o r n i n g t o f i n d
t h a t h e r d e s k h a d b e e n r e m o v e d a n d w h e n s h e a s k e d h e r b o s s i f t h e y
w a n t e d h e r t o r e s i g n , h e r e p l i e d s t e r n l y , " T h a t ' s t h e g e n e r a l i d e a . " )
T h e r e w e r e m o r e s i n i s t e r i m p l i c a t i o n s t o t h e q u e s t i o n s p o s e d b y Se n a -
t o r Ke n n e d y a n d h i s f o l l o w e r s t h a n t h o s e i m p l i e d b y t h e s c a n n i n g o f
O t e p k a ' s f a m i l y i n c o m e , h o w e v e r . G o i n g b e y o n d t h e T i m e s s m e a r a n d
w a d i n g r i g h t i n t o t h e m u c k c o n c o c t e d b y Dr e w P e a r s o n a n d J a c k An d e r -
s o n , T e d Ke n n e d y , e t a l. , s o u g h t t o d r a g i n t h e " a n t i - s e m i t i c " i s s u e t o o
.
T h e y p o i n t e d l y a s k e d O t e p k a i f h e t h o u g h t t h a t " Na z i " g r o u p s m i g h t
" c o n s t i t u t e a t h r e a t t o d o m e s t i c s e c u r i t y , " O t e p k a r e p l i e d :
" Fr o m m y g e n e r a l k n o w l e d g e o f h i s t o r y a n d [ f r o m ] t w e n t y - s e v e n
y e a r s o f e x p e r i e n c e a s a s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r , Ia m a c u t e l y a w a r e o f t h e
4 5 8

T H EO RDEAL, O FO T T O O T EP KA
p o t e n t i a l d a n g e r s t o t h e s e c u r i t y o f a n y c o u n t r y f r o m . . . t o t a l i t a r i a n
o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d i n d i v i d u a l s o f e i t h e r t h e r i g h t o r t h e l e f t . Iw o u l d r e s i s t
w i t h e v e r y r e s o u r c e a t m y c o m m a n d a n y a t t e m p t t o e s t a b l i s h i n t h i s
c o u n t r y a Na z i , o r Fa c i s t , o r Co m m u n i s t g o v e r n m e n t , o r a n y o t h e r f o r m
o f t o t a l i t a r i a n i s m . " 5
T h a t w o u l d a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n e n o u g h t o s a t i s f y a n y r e a s o n a b l e m a n ,
b u t i t w a s n o t e n o u g h t o s a t i s f y Ed w a r d M o o r e Ke n n e d y
. At a m e e t i n g
o f t h e f u l l J u d i c i a r y Co m m i t t e e o n T u e s d a y , M a y 1 3 , Ke n n e d y a g a i n
w e n t a f t e r O t e p k a . " Is e e t h a t y o u g a v e a g r e a t d e a l o f d e t a i l o n y o u r
f i n a n c e s , " Ke n n e d y o b s e r v e d . " B u t y o u d i d n ' t g i v e t h e s a m e d e t a i l a b o u t
t h e t r i p s y o u m a d e
. . . . W o u l d y o u p l e a s e t e l l u s a b o u t t h e t r i p s
. "
O t e p k a s a i d t h a t h e h a d m a d e s e v e r a l t r i p s i n t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s ,
i n c l u d i n g t w o t o Ca l i f o r n i a , a s t h e g u e s t o f c i t i z e n s ' o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t e r -
e s t e d i n h i s c a s e
. " T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t h a d p l a c e d m e a t s o m e t h i n g o f
a d i s a d v a n t a g e , Se n a t o r , b y u s i n g r e s o u r c e s w h i c h Id i d n o t p o s s e s s , "
O t e p k a e x p l a i n e d . H e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e De p a r t m e n t h a d f l o o d e d t h e
c o u n t r y w i t h l e t t e r s a n d p r e s s r e l e a s e s w h i c h h a d m i s l e d t h e p u b l i c a b o u t
h i s c a s e , i n c l u d i n g t h e e m p h a s i s a l m o s t i n v a r i a b l y p l a c e d u p o n t h e
t r u m p e d - u p c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s l o d g e d a g a i n s t h i m .
" As a m a t t e r o f e l e m e n t a r y f a i r n e s s , " s a i d O t e p k a , " If e l t t h e p u b l i c
w a s e n t i t l e d t o h e a r m y s i d e o f t h e s t o r y . "
Ke n n e d y s l o u g h e d t h i s o f f a n d q u i c k l y z e r o e d i n o n a m e e t i n g O t e p k a
h a d a t t e n d e d a s a g u e s t i n Sa n Di e g o i n M a r c h 1 9 65 . H e d e m a n d e d t o
k n o w w i t h " w h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n " t h e m a n w h o i n v i t e d O t e p k a w a s c o n -
n e c t e d . "
O t e p k a r e p l i e d t h a t t h e m a n w a s " c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e Un i t e d Re p u b l i -
c a n s o f Ca l i f o r n i a . "
" O h , m y , " c a m e t h e d e e p - t h r o a t e d v o i c e o f Ev e r e t t Di r k s e n f r o m
a m o n g t h e t h i r t e e n Se n a t o r s p r e s e n t . " T h a t d o e s s o u n d s u b v e r s i v e ,
d o e s n ' t i t . "
T h e h e a r i n g r o o m e r u p t e d i n l a u g h t e r a n d T e d d y Ke n n e d y ' s f a c e
f l u s h e d a d e e p r e d . B e f o r e t h e m o r n i n g w a s o u t , h i s f e l l o w Se n a t o r s w e r e
s h a k i n g t h e i r h e a d s i n d i s b e l i e f a t Ke n n e d y ' s s p e c i o u s a t t e m p t s t o c a s t
d o u b t o n O t e p k a ' s j u d g m e n t a n d p a t r i o t i s m , a n d m o r e t h a n o n c e t h e y
c h u c k l e d o p e n l y i n i r o n i c a m u s e m e n t .
Ke n n e d y ' s o b v i o u s v i n d i c t i v e n e s s , a n d O t e p k a ' s c a l m a n d r e a s o n e d
r e p l i e s , m a d e t h e o u t c o m e o f t h e J u d i c i a r y Co m m i t t e e ' s v o t e i n e v i t a b l e
.
T h e b a l l o t i n g c a m e s h o r t l y a f t e r O t e p k a w a s e x c u s e d . T h e Se n a t o r s
p r e s e n t v o t e d 1 0 - t o - 3 f o r O t e p k a ' s c o n f i r m a t i o n . Ev e n Q u e n t i n B u r d i c k ,
o n e o f Ke n n e d y ' s s t a u n c h e s t a l l i e s , d e s e r t e d T e d d y a n d v o t e d f o r
VINDICAT IO N

4 5 9
O t e p k a
. La t e r , t h r e e m o r e Se n a t o r s w h o w e r e a b s e n t h a d t h e i r v o t e s
r e c o r d e d i n s u p p o r t o f t h e c o n f i r m a t i o n
.
Ke n n e d y m a n a g e d t o d e l a y t h e v o t e o n t h e Se n a t e f l o o r f o r s e v e n m o r e
w e e k s
. B u t o n J u n e 2 4 , b y a v o t e o f 61 - t o - 2 8 , t h e f u l l Se n a t e o f t h e Un i t e d
St a t e s a g r e e d t o a d v i s e a n d c o n s e n t t o P r e s i d e n t Ri c h a r d Ni x o n ' s a p -
p o i n t m e n t o f O t t o F
. O t e p k a t o t h e Su b v e r s i v e Ac t i v i t i e s Co n t r o l B o a r d .
O t e p k a ' s l o n g o r d e a l w a s a t a n e n d
. W h e t h e r t h e B o a r d o n w h i c h h e
n o w s e r v e d w o u l d b e g i v e n t h e a u t h o r i t y t o d o t h e j o b t h a t s o b a d l y
n e e d e d d o i n g r e m a i n e d t o b e s e e n
.
B u t e v e n i f t h e Co n g r e s s g r a n t e d t h e B o a r d t h e n e c e s s a r y p o w e r s t o
b r i n g t h e g o v e r n m e n t ' s i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y p r o g r a m b a c k t o l i f e , t h e r e
w o u l d s t i l l r e m a i n a f a r , f a r m o r e c r u c i a l q u e s t i o n , a q u e s t i o n w h i c h O t t o
O t e p k a a s k e d h i m s e l f w i t h d e e p e n i n g c o n c e r n a s t h e d e c a d e o f t h e
1 9 7 0 ' s n e a r e d . . . .
W a s t h e r e s t i l l t i m e ?
ST AT EM ENT O FCH ARG ES
T h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
M r . O t t o F. O t e p k a
O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y
De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
De a r M r
. O t e p k a :
T h i s i s a n o t i c e o f p r o p o s e d a d v e r s e a c t i o n i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e
r e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s s i o n
.
Y o u a r e h e r e b y n o t i f i e d t h a t i t i s p r o p o s e d t o r e m o v e y o u f r o m y o u r
a p p o i n t m e n t w i t h t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e , a s Su p e r v i s o r y P e r s o n n e l
Se c u r i t y Sp e c i a l i s t , G S- 1 5 , i n t h e O f f i c e o f t h e De p u t y As s i s t a n t Se c r e -
t a r y f o r Se c u r i t y , t h i r t y ( 3 0 ) d a y s f r o m t h e d a t e o f t h i s l e t t e r .
O n Au g u s t 1 6, 1 9 63 , a t W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. y o u e x e c u t e d a v o l u n t a r y
s w o r n s t a t e m e n t , d a t e d Au g u s t 1 5 , 1 9 63 , b e f o r e Ca r l E. G r a h a m a n d
Ro b e r t C. B y r n e s , Sp e c i a l Ag e n t s o f t h e Fe d e r a l B u r e a u o f In v e s t i g a t i o n .
Ac o p y o f t h i s s t a t e m e n t i s a t t a c h e d a s Ex h i b i t A. In f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d
t h e r e i n w i l l b e r e f e r r e d t o s p e c i f i c a l l y i n s o m e o f t h e c h a r g e s l i s t e d b e l o w
.
Fu r t h e r m o r e , d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d M a r c h 1 3 , 1 9 63 , t o J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 63 , M r
.
J o h n F
. Re i l l y , De p u t y As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y f o r Se c u r i t y , c a u s e d t h e f o l -
l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e s t o b e i n s t i t u t e d :
( a ) M r s . J o y c e M . Sc h m e l z e r , s e c r e t a r y t o M r . Fr e d e r i c k W . T r a b a n d ,
Su p e r v i s o r y P e r s o n n e l Se c u r i t y Sp e c i a l i s t , p e r i o d i c a l l y o b s e r v e d y o u r
c l a s s i f i e d t r a s h b a g ( h e r e i n a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o a s " b u r n b a g " ) w h i c h w a s i n
p o s s e s s i o n o f y o u r s e c r e t a r y , M r s . Eu n i c e P o w e r s . M r s . Sc h m e l z e r a n d
M r s . P o w e r s w e r e l o c a t e d i n t h e s a m e r o o m a n d a c r o s s f r o m o n e a n o t h e r .
( b ) W h e n M r s . Sc h m e l z e r s a w t h a t y o u r b u r n b a g w a s f u l l , s h e w o u l d
a s k M r s
. P o w e r s i f s h e w a n t e d h e r ( M r s . Sc h m e l z e r ) t o t a k e y o u r b u r n
b a g t o a De p a r t m e n t M a i l Ro o m w i t h M r . T r a b a n d ' s .
( c ) W h e n M r s . P o w e r s a c c e p t e d M r s . Sc h m e l z e r ' s o f f e r , M r s .
Sc h m e l z e r w o u l d i n f o r m M r . T r a b a n d o f t h i s f a c t . M r . T r a b a n d w o u l d
t h e n c a l l M r . Ro s e t t i , Su p e r v i s o r y Se c u r i t y Sp e c i a l i s t , o r M r . Sh e a ,
Su p e r v i s o r y G e n e r a l In v e s t i g a t o r , i f M r . Ro s e t t i w a s n o t a v a i l a b l e , a n d
i n f o r m h i m t h a t y o u r b u r n b a g w a s b e i n g d e l i v e r e d t o t h e M a i l Ro o m
.
( d ) W h i l e c a r r y i n g y o u r b u r n b a g a n d M r . T r a b a n d ' s t o t h e M a i l
Ro o m , M r s . Sc h m e l z e r w o u l d m a r k y o u r b u r n b a g w i t h a r e d " x " ( w i t h
Ap p e n d i x A
4 60
AP P ENDIX
A

4 6 1
a c r a y o n o r p e n c i l m a r k ) a n d d e p o s i t b o t h b u r n b a g s i n t h e M a i l Ro o m ,
Ro o m 3 4 3 7
.
( e ) M r
. Ro s e t t i o r M r
. Sh e a , a n d o n o n e o c c a s i o n M r . Ro b e r t M c -
Ca r t h y , Su p e r v i s o r y Se c u r i t y Sp e c i a l i s t , w o u l d o b t a i n y o u r b u r n b a g f r o m
t h e M a i l Ro o m w i t h i n f i v e t o t e n m i n u t e s a f t e r M r s
. Sc h m e l z e r l e f t i t
t h e r e a n d w o u l d t u r n i t o v e r t o M r
. Re i l l y o r M r . B e l i s l e ( Sp e c i a l As s i s t -
a n t t o t h e De p u t y As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y f o r Se c u r i t y ) , i n t h e i r o f f i c e , Ro o m
3 8 1 1
. ( O n o n e o c c a s i o n w h e n M r s
. P o w e r s h e r s e l f t o o k y o u r b u r n b a g
t o t h e M a i l Ro o m , M e s s r s
. Ro s e t t i a n d Sh e a p i c k e d i t u p f r o m t h e M a i l
Ro o m i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r M r s
. P o w e r s d e p o s i t e d i t t h e r e . ) Y o u r b u r n b a g
w a s t h e n t r a n s f e r r e d t o M r
. Re i l l y ' s b r i e f c a s e
.
( f ) M r
. Re i l l y ' s b r i e f c a s e w a s t h e n t a k e n b y M r
. Sh e a t o Ro o m 1 4 1 0 ,
2 61 2 Ao r 3 8 1 1 f o r e x a m i n a t i o n o f i t s c o n t e n t s
. Y o u r b u r n b a g w a s
i n s p e c t e d b y M r
. Sh e a e i t h e r a l o n e o r w i t h M r
. B e l i s l e a n d / o r M r
.
Ro s e t t i .
( g ) T h e c o n t e n t s o f y o u r b u r n b a g s w e r e c a r e f u l l y e x a m i n e d . Al l c a r -
b o n p a p e r o r c o p i e s w e r e r e a d b y t u r n i n g t h e c a r b o n s i d e t o w a r d t h e
l i g h t t h u s a l l o w i n g t h e p a p e r t o b e r e a d f r o m t h e b a c k . T o r n p i e c e s o f
p a p e r w e r e g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r a n d t h e n p i e c e d t o g e t h e r t o m a k e r e a d a b l e
d o c u m e n t s
. O n e - t i m e t y p e w r i t e r r i b b o n s w e r e a l s o r e a d o n o c c a s i o n .
Du r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f i n s p e c t i n g t h e c o n t e n t s o f y o u r b u r n b a g o n M a y
2 9 , 1 9 63 , a t y p e w r i t e r r i b b o n w a s r e t r i e v e d
. T h i s r i b b o n h a s b e e n r e a d
a n d t h e c o n t e n t s a r e r e p r o d u c e d a s Ex h i b i t B
. In f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d
t h e r e i n w i l l b e r e f e r r e d t o s p e c i f i c a l l y i n s o m e o f t h e c h a r g e s l i s t e d b e l o w
:
( 1 ) Y o u h a v e c o n d u c t e d y o u r s e l f i n a m a n n e r u n b e c o m i n g a n o f f i c e r
o f
t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e.
Sp e c i f i c a l l y
: Y o u f u r n i s h e d a c o p y o f a c l a s s i f i e d m e m o r a n d u m c o n -
c e r n i n g t h e p r o c e s s i n g o f a p p o i n t m e n t s o f m e m b e r s o f t h e Ad v i s o r y
Co m m i t t e e o n In t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s St a f f i n g t o a p e r s o n o u t s i d e
o f t h e De p a r t m e n t w i t h o u t a u t h o r i t y a n d i n v i o l a t i o n o f t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l
Di r e c t i v e o f M a r c h 1 3 , 1 9 4 8 ( 1 3 Fe d
. Re g . 1 3 5 9 ) . T h i s Di r e c t i v e p r o -
v i d e s :
. .
a l l r e p o r t s , r e c o r d s , a n d f i l e s r e l a t i v e t o t h e l o y a l t y o f e m -
p l o y e e s o r p r o s p e c t i v e e m p l o y e e s ( i n c l u d i n g r e p o r t s o f s u c h i n v e s -
t i g a t i v e a g e n c i e s ) , s h a l l b e m a i n t a i n e d i n c o n f i d e n c e , a n d s h a l l n o t
b e t r a n s m i t t e d o r d i s c l o s e d e x c e p t a s r e q u i r e d i n t h e e f f i c i e n t c o n -
d u c t o f b u s i n e s s . "
Y o u w e r e r e m i n d e d o f t h e p r o h i b i t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s Di r e c t i v e o n
M a r c h 2 2 , 1 9 63 , w h e n y o u r e c e i v e d a n d n o t e d a c o p y o f a l e t t e r f r o m
4 62

AP P ENDIX A
M r . Du t t o n , As s i s t a n t Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e , t o Se n a t o r Ea s t l a n d , Ch a i r m a n
o f t h e Se n a t e Co m m i t t e e o n t h e J u d i c i a r y , d a t e d M a r c h 2 0 , 1 9 63
. Ac o p y
o f t h i s l e t t e r , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t y o u " n o t e d " i t , i s e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t C
.
In y o u r s w o r n s t a t e m e n t , r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e a n d e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t A,
y o u s t a t e d o n p a g e s 7 a n d 8 t h a t y o u g a v e a c o p y o f a c l a s s i f i e d m e m o r a n -
d u m e n t i t l e d " Fr a n c i s O
. W i l c o x , Ar t h u r La r s o n , La w r e n c e Fi n k e l s t e i n ,
M a r s h a l l D. Sh u l m a n , An d r e w Co r d i e r , Er n e s t G r o s s , H a r d i n g B a n c r o f t ,
So l Li n o w i t z , " t o M r . J . G
. So u r w i n e , Ch i e f Co u n s e l , Un i t e d St a t e s
Se n a t e Su b c o m m i t t e e t o In v e s t i g a t e t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e In t e r n a l
Se c u r i t y Ac t a n d O t h e r In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y La w s , o f t h e Co m m i t t e e o n t h e
J u d i c i a r y . T h i s m e m o r a n d u m c o n c e r n s " t h e l o y a l t y o f e m p l o y e e s o r
p r o s p e c t i v e e m p l o y e e s " o f t h e De p a r t m e n t w i t h i n t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e
P r e s i d e n t i a l Di r e c t i v e o f M a r c h 1 3 , 1 9 4 8
.
T h i s i s a b r e a c h o f t h e s t a n d a r d o f c o n d u c t e x p e c t e d o f a n o f f i c e r o f
t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
( 2 )
Y o u h a v e c o n d u c t e d y o u r s e l f i n a m a n n e r u n b e c o m i n g a n o f f i c e r
o f t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y
: Y o u f u r n i s h e d a c o p y o f a c l a s s i f i e d m e m o r a n d u m c o n -
c e r n i n g t h e p r o c e s s i n g o f a p p o i n t m e n t s o f m e m b e r s o f t h e Ad v i s o r y
Co m m i t t e e o n In t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s St a f f i n g t o a p e r s o n o u t s i d e
o f t h e De p a r t m e n t w i t h o u t a u t h o r i t y a n d i n v i o l a t i o n o f t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l
Di r e c t i v e o f M a r c h 1 3 , 1 9 4 8 ( 1 3 Fe d . Re g
. 1 3 5 9 ) . T h i s Di r e c t i v e p r o -
v i d e s :
. .
a l l r e p o r t s , r e c o r d s , a n d f i l e s r e l a t i v e t o t h e l o y a l t y o f e m -
p l o y e e s o r p r o s p e c t i v e e m p l o y e e s ( i n c l u d i n g r e p o r t s o f s u c h i n v e s -
t i g a t i v e a g e n c i e s ) , s h a l l b e m a i n t a i n e d i n c o n f i d e n c e , a n d s h a l l n o t
b e t r a n s m i t t e d o r d i s c l o s e d e x c e p t a s r e q u i r e d i n t h e e f f i c i e n t c o n -
d u c t o f b u s i n e s s . "
Y o u w e r e r e m i n d e d o f t h e p r o h i b i t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s Di r e c t i v e o n
M a r c h 2 2 , 1 9 63 , w h e n y o u r e c e i v e d a n d n o t e d a c o p y o f a l e t t e r f r o m
M r . Du t t o n , t o Se n a t o r Ea s t l a n d , d a t e d M a r c h
2 0 , 1 9 63 . Ac o p y o f t h i s
l e t t e r , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t y o u " n o t e d " i t , i s e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t C
.
In y o u r s w o r n s t a t e m e n t , r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e a n d e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t A,
y o u s t a t e d o n p a g e 9 t h a t y o u g a v e a c o p y o f a c l a s s i f i e d m e m o r a n d u m
e n t i t l e d " P r o c e s s i n g o f Ap p o i n t m e n t s o f M e m b e r s o f t h e Ad v i s o r y Co m -
m i t t e e o n In t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s St a f f i n g , " t o M r
. J . G
. So u r w i n e .
T h i s m e m o r a n d u m c o n c e r n s " t h e l o y a l t y o f e m p l o y e e s o r p r o s p e c t i v e
AP P ENDIX A

4 63
e m p l o y e e s " o f t h e De p a r t m e n t w i t h i n t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l
Di r e c t i v e o f M a r c h 1 3 , 1 9 4 8
.
T h i s i s a b r e a c h o f t h e s t a n d a r d o f c o n d u c t e x p e c t e d o f a n o f f i c e r o f
t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
( 3 ) Y o u
h a v e c o n d u c t e d y o u r s e l f i n a m a n n e r u n b e c o m i n g a n o f f i c e r
o f t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y : Y o u f u r n i s h e d a c o p y o f a n i n v e s t i g a t i v e r e p o r t c o n c e r n -
i n g a p r o s p e c t i v e e m p l o y e e o f t h e De p a r t m e n t t o a p e r s o n o u t s i d e o f t h e
De p a r t m e n t w i t h o u t a u t h o r i t y a n d i n v i o l a t i o n o f t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l Di r e c -
t i v e o f M a r c h 1 3 , 1 9 4 8 ( 1 3 Fe d
. Re g . 1 3 5 9 ) . T h i s Di r e c t i v e p r o v i d e s
:
. . a l l r e p o r t s , r e c o r d s , a n d f i l e s r e l a t i v e t o t h e l o y a l t y o f e m -
p l o y e e s o r p r o s p e c t i v e e m p l o y e e s ( i n c l u d i n g r e p o r t s o f s u c h i n v e s -
t i g a t i v e a g e n c i e s ) , s h a l l b e m a i n t a i n e d i n c o n f i d e n c e , a n d s h a l l n o t
b e t r a n s m i t t e d o r d i s c l o s e d e x c e p t a s r e q u i r e d i n t h e e f f i c i e n t c o n -
d u c t o f b u s i n e s s . "
Y o u w e r e r e m i n d e d o f t h e p r o h i b i t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s Di r e c t i v e o n
M a r c h 2 2 , 1 9 63 , w h e n y o u r e c e i v e d a n d n o t e d a c o p y o f a l e t t e r f r o m
M r
. Du t t o n , t o Se n a t o r Ea s t l a n d , d a t e d M a r c h 2 0 , 1 9 63 . Ac o p y o f t h i s
l e t t e r , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t y o u " n o t e d " i t , i s e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t C .
In y o u r s w o r n s t a t e m e n t , r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e a n d e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t A,
y o u s t a t e d o n p a g e 1 0 t h a t y o u g a v e a c o p y o f a n i n v e s t i g a t i v e r e p o r t
d a t e d M a y 2 7 , 1 9 60 , t o M r . J
. G
. So u r w i n e , c o n c e r n i n g " J o a n M a e
Fo g l t a n z " . T h i s r e p o r t c o n c e r n s " t h e l o y a l t y o f e m p l o y e e s o r p r o s p e c t i v e
e m p l o y e e s " o f t h e De p a r t m e n t w i t h i n t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l
Di r e c t i v e o f M a r c h 1 3 , 1 9 4 8 .
T h i s i s a b r e a c h o f t h e s t a n d a r d o f c o n d u c t e x p e c t e d o f a n o f f i c e o f t h e
De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
( 4 ) Y o u h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a c l a s s i f i e d
d o c u m e n t c o n t a i n i n g c l a s s i f i e d i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h o u t f o l l o w i n g t h e p r o c e -
d u r e s s e t f o r t h i n Vo l u m e 5 , Se c t i o n 1 9 7 0 , e t s e q . o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s
Fo r e i g n Af f a i r s M a n u a l a s s u p p l e m e n t e d b y FAM C1 0 2 , d a t e d J a n u a r y
3 0 , 1 9 63 .
T h i s d o c u m e n t , w h i c h w a s c l a s s i f i e d CO NFIDENT IAL, w a s
a d d r e s s e d t o M r . M c G e o r g e B u n d y , t h e W h i t e H o u s e , a n d w a s s i g n e d
b y M r . W i l l i a m H
. B r u b e c k , Sp e c i a l As s i s t a n t t o t h e Se c r e t a r y a n d Ex -
e c u t i v e Se c r e t a r y o f t h e De p a r t m e n t .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y : O n J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 63 , t h e x e r o x e d c o p i e s o f t h e t o p s a n d
4 64 AP P ENDIX A
b o t t o m s o f t h e p a g e s o f t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d d o c u m e n t w e r e r e t r i e v e d
f r o m y o u r b u r n b a g . T h i s b u r n b a g w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e M a i l Ro o m i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v e . T h e s e t o p s a n d b o t t o m s
h a d b e e n c u t f r o m a x e r o x e d c o p y o f t h e B r u b e c k d o c u m e n t a n d h a v e
b e e n m a t c h e d w i t h a c o m p l e t e c o p y f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s .
T h e a c t o f c u t t i n g t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n d i c a t o r s f r o m a c o p y o f a d o c u -
m e n t d e c l a s s i f i e d t h a t c o p y o f t h e d o c u m e n t . Ex h i b i t Di s a s t a t e m e n t
f r o m M e s s r s . B e l i s l e , Ro s e t t i , a n d Sh e a , a t t e s t i n g t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y
h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h e s e c l i p p i n g s a s h a v i n g c o m e f r o m t h e c l a s s i f i e d d o c u -
m e n t r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e .
( 5 ) Y o u h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m u t i l a t i o n o f a c l a s s i f i e d d o c u -
m e n t i n v i o l a t i o n o f 1 8 U. S. C. 2 0 7 1 , w h i c h p r o v i d e s :
" ( a ) W h o e v e r w i l l f u l l y a n d u n l a w f u l l y c o n c e a l s , r e m o v e s , m u t i -
l a t e s , o b l i t e r a t e s , o r d e s t r o y s , o r a t t e m p t s t o d o s o , o r , w i t h i n t e n t
t o d o s o t a k e s a n d c a r r i e s a w a y a n y r e c o r d , p r o c e e d i n g , m a p , b o o k ,
p a p e r , d o c u m e n t , o r o t h e r t h i n g , f i l e d o r d e p o s i t e d w i t h a n y c l e r k
o r o f f i c e r o f a n y c o u r t o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , o r i n a n y p u b l i c o f f i c e ,
o r w i t h a n y j u d i c i a l o r p u b l i c o f f i c e r o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , s h a l l b e
f i n e d n o t m o r e t h a n $ 2 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d n o t m o r e t h a n t h r e e
y e a r s , o r b o t h
.
( b ) W h o e v e r , h a v i n g t h e c u s t o d y o f a n y s u c h r e c o r d , p r o c e e d i n g ,
m a p , b o o k , d o c u m e n t , p a p e r , o r o t h e r t h i n g , w i l l f u l l y a n d u n l a w -
f u l l y c o n c e a l s , r e m o v e s , m u t i l a t e s , o b l i t e r a t e s , f a l s i f i e s , o r d e s t r o y s
t h e s a m e , s h a l l b e f i n e d n o t m o r e t h a n $ 2 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d n o t
m o r e t h a n t h r e e y e a r s , o r b o t h ; a n d s h a l l f o r f e i t h i s o f f i c e a n d b e
d i s q u a l i f i e d f r o m h o l d i n g a n y o f f i c e u n d e r t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
. ( J u n e
2 5 , 1 9 4 8 , c h . 64 5 , 62 St a t . 7 9 5 . ) "
T h i s d o c u m e n t , w h i c h w a s c l a s s i f i e d CO NFIDENT IAL, w a s a d d r e s s e d
t o M r . M c G e o r g e B u n d y , t h e W h i t e H o u s e , a n d w a s s i g n e d b y M r
.
W i l l i a m H . B r u b e c k .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y : O n J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 63 , t h e x e r o x e d c o p i e s o f t h e t o p s a n d
b o t t o m s o f t h e p a g e s o f t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d d o c u m e n t w e r e r e t r i e v e d
f r o m y o u r b u r n b a g . T h i s b u r n b a g w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e M a i l Ro o m i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v e . T h e s e t o p s a n d b o t t o m s
h a d b e e n c u t f r o m a x e r o x e d c o p y o f t h e B r u b e c k d o c u m e n t a n d h a v e
b e e n m a t c h e d w i t h a c o m p l e t e c o p y f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s
.
T h e a c t o f c u t t i n g t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n d i c a t o r s f r o m a d o c u m e n t " m u t i -
AP P ENDIX A

4 65
l a t e s " t h a t d o c u m e n t w i t h i n t h e m e a n i n g o f 1 8 U
. S. C. 2 0 7 1 . Ex h i b i t D
i s a s t a t e m e n t f r o m M e s s r s . B e l i s l e , Ro s e t t i a n d Sh e a , a t t e s t i n g t o t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e y h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h e s e c l i p p i n g s a s h a v i n g c o m e f r o m t h e c l a s -
s i f i e d d o c u m e n t r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e .
( 6)
Y o u h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a c l a s s i f i e d
d o c u m e n t c o n t a i n i n g c l a s s i f i e d i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h o u t f o l l o w i n g t h e p r o c e -
d u r e s s e t f o r t h i n Vo l u m e 5 , Se c t i o n 1 9 7 0 , e t s e q
. o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s
Fo r e i g n Af f a i r s
M a n u a l a s s u p p l e m e n t e d b y FAM C1 0 2 , d a t e d J a n u a r y
3 0 , 1 9 63 .
T h i s d o c u m e n t , w h i c h w a s c l a s s i f i e d CO NFIDENT IAL, w a s
a d d r e s s e d t o SY
- M r . B e l i s l e f r o m SY / EX - M r . J o h n No o n a n , Su p e r v i -
s o r y Se c u r i t y Sp e c i a l i s t , a n d w a s o n t h e s u b j e c t " Se c u r i t y M e e t i n g " .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y
: O n J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 63 , a t h e r m o f a x e d c o p y o f t h e t o p s a n d
b o t t t o m s o f t h e p a g e s o f t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d d o c u m e n t w a s r e t r i e v e d
f r o m y o u r b u r n b a g
. T h i s b u r n b a g w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e M a i l Ro o m i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v e
. T h e s e t o p s a n d b o t t o m s
h a d b e e n c u t f r o m a t h e r m o f a x e d c o p y f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s .
T h e a c t o f c u t t i n g t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n d i c a t o r s f r o m a c o p y o f a d o c u -
m e n t d e c l a s s i f i e d t h a t c o p y o f t h e d o c u m e n t
. Ex h i b i t Di s a s t a t e m e n t
f r o m M e s s r s . Sh e a , B e l i s l e a n d Ro s e t t i , a t t e s t i n g t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y
h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h e s e c l i p p i n g s a s h a v i n g c o m e f r o m t h e c l a s s i f i e d d o c u -
m e n t r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e .
( 7 ) Y o u h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m u t i l a t i o n o f a c l a s s i f i e d d o c u -
m e n t i n v i o l a t i o n o f 1 8 U. S. C. 2 0 7 1 , w h i c h p r o v i d e s :
" ( a )
W h o e v e r w i l l f u l l y a n d u n l a w f u l l y c o n c e a l s , r e m o v e s , m u t i -
l a t e s , o b l i t e r a t e s , o r d e s t r o y s , o r a t t e m p t s t o d o s o , o r w i t h i n t e n t
t o d o s o t a k e s a n d c a r r i e s a w a y a n y r e c o r d , p r o c e e d i n g , m a p , b o o k ,
p a p e r , d o c u m e n t , o r o t h e r t h i n g , f i l e d o r d e p o s i t e d w i t h a n y c l e r k
o r o f f i c e r o f a n y c o u r t o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , o r i n a n y p u b l i c o f f i c e ,
o r w i t h a n y j u d i c i a l o r p u b l i c o f f i c e r o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , s h a l l b e
f i n e d n o t m o r e t h a n $ 2 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d n o t m o r e t h a n t h r e e
y e a r s , o r b o t h .
( b ) W h o e v e r , h a v i n g t h e c u s t o d y o f a n y s u c h r e c o r d , p r o c e e d i n g ,
m a p , b o o k , d o c u m e n t , p a p e r , o r o t h e r t h i n g , w i l l f u l l y a n d u n l a w -
f u l l y c o n c e a l s , r e m o v e s , m u t i l a t e s , o b l i t e r a t e s , f a l s i f i e s , o r d e s t r o y s
t h e s a m e , s h a l l b e f i n e d n o t m o r e t h a n $ 2 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d n o t
m o r e t h a n t h r e e y e a r s , o r b o t h
; a n d s h a l l f o r f e i t h i s o f f i c e a n d b e
4 66

AP P ENDIX A
d i s q u a l i f i e d f r o m h o l d i n g a n y o f f i c e u n d e r t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
. ( J u n e
2 5 , 1 9 4 8 , c h . 64 5 , 62 St a t . 7 9 5 . ) "
T h i s d o c u m e n t , w h i c h w a s c l a s s i f i e d CO NFIDENT IAL, w a s a d -
d r e s s e d t o SY - M r . B e l i s l e f r o m SY / EX - M r . J o h n No o n a n , a n d w a s
o n t h e s u b j e c t " Se c u r i t y M e e t i n g " .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y : O n J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 63 , a t h e r m o f a x e d c o p y o f t h e t o p s a n d
b o t t o m s o f t h e p a g e s o f t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d d o c u m e n t w a s r e t r i e v e d f r o m
y o u r b u r n b a g
. T h i s b u r n b a g w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e M a i l Ro o m i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v e
. T h e s e t o p s a n d b o t t o m s
h a d b e e n c u t f r o m a t h e r m o f a x e d c o p y o f t h e d o c u m e n t a n d t h e y h a v e
b e e n m a t c h e d w i t h a c o m p l e t e c o p y f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s .
T h e a c t o f c u t t i n g t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n d i c a t o r s f r o m a d o c u m e n t " m u t i -
l a t e s " t h a t d o c u m e n t w i t h i n t h e m e a n i n g o f 1 8 U. S. C. 2 0 7 1 . Ex h i b i t D
i s a s t a t e m e n t f r o m M e s s r s . Sh e a , B e l i s l e a n d Ro s e t t i , a t t e s t i n g t o t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e y h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h e s e c l i p p i n g s a s h a v i n g c o m e f r o m t h e c l a s -
s i f i e d d o c u m e n t r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e .
( 8 ) Y o u h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a
c l a s s i f i e d
d o c u m e n t c o n t a i n i n g c l a s s i f i e d i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h o u t f o l l o w i n g t h e p r o c e -
d u r e s s e t f o r t h i n Vo l u m e 5 , Se c t i o n 1 9 7 0 , e t s e q
. o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s
Fo r e i g n Af f a i r s M a n u a l a s s u p p l e m e n t e d b y FAM C1 0 2 , d a t e d J a n u a r y
3 0 , 1 9 63 . T h i s d o c u m e n t , w h i c h w a s c l a s s i f i e d CO NFIDENT IAL, w a s
a d d r e s s e d t o y o u f r o m M e s s r s . T r a b a n d a n d Le v y ( Su p e r v i s o r y P e r s o n -
n e l Se c u r i t y Sp e c i a l i s t ) , a n d w a s o n t h e s u b j e c t " SY Ev a l u a t i v e Se r v i c e
t o ARAa n d O IA" .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y : O n J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 63 , a x e r o x e d c o p y o f t h e t o p s a n d b o t -
t o m s o f t h e p a g e s o f t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d d o c u m e n t w a s r e t r i e v e d f r o m
y o u r b u r n b a g . T h i s b u r n b a g w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e M a i l Ro o m i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v e . T h e s e t o p s a n d b o t t o m s
h a d b e e n c u t f r o m a x e r o x e d c o p y o f t h e s u b j e c t d o c u m e n t a n d h a v e b e e n
m a t c h e d w i t h a c o m p l e t e c o p y f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s .
T h e a c t o f c u t t i n g t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n d i c a t o r s f r o m a c o p y o f a d o c u -
m e n t , d e c l a s s i f i e d t h a t c o p y o f t h e d o c u m e n t . Ex h i b i t Di s a s t a t e m e n t
f r o m M e s s r s . Sh e a , B e l i s l e a n d Ro s e t t i , a t t e s t i n g t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y
h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h e s e c l i p p i n g s a s h a v i n g c o m e f r o m t h e c l a s s i f i e d d o c u -
m e n t r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e .
( 9 ) Y o u h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m u t i l a t i o n o f a c l a s s i f i e d d o c u -
m e n t i n v i o l a t i o n o f 1 8 U. S. C. 2 0 7 1 , w h i c h p r o v i d e s :
AP P ENDIX A

4 67
" ( a ) W h o e v e r w i l l f u l l y a n d u n l a w f u l l y c o n c e a l s , r e m o v e s , m u t i -
l a t e s , o b l i t e r a t e s , o r d e s t r o y s , o r a t t e m p t s t o d o s o , o r , w i t h i n t e n t
t o d o s o t a k e s a n d c a r r i e s a w a y a n y r e c o r d , p r o c e e d i n g , m a p , b o o k ,
p a p e r , d o c u m e n t , o r o t h e r t h i n g , f i l e d o r d e p o s i t e d w i t h a n y c l e r k
o r o f f i c e r o f a n y c o u r t o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , o r i n a n y p u b l i c o f f i c e ,
o r w i t h a n y j u d i c i a l o r p u b l i c o f f i c e r o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , s h a l l b e
f i n e d n o t m o r e t h a n $ 2 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d n o t m o r e t h a n t h r e e
y e a r s , o r b o t h .
( b ) W h o e v e r , h a v i n g t h e c u s t o d y o f a n y s u c h r e c o r d , p r o c e e d i n g ,
m a p , b o o k , d o c u m e n t , p a p e r , o r o t h e r t h i n g , w i l l f u l l y a n d u n l a w -
f u l l y c o n c e a l s , r e m o v e s , m u t i l a t e s , o b l i t e r a t e s , f a l s i f i e s , o r d e s t r o y s
t h e s a m e , s h a l l b e f i n e d n o t m o r e t h a n $ 2 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d n o t
m o r e t h a n t h r e e y e a r s , o r b o t h ; a n d s h a l l f o r f e i t h i s o f f i c e a n d b e
d i s q u a l i f i e d f r o m h o l d i n g a n y o f f i c e u n d e r t h e Un i t e d St a t e s . ( J u n e
2 5 , 1 9 4 8 , c h . 64 5 , 62 St a t . 7 9 5 . ) "
T h i s d o c u m e n t , w h i c h w a s c l a s s i f i e d CO NFIDENT IAL, w a s a d d r e s s e d
t o y o u f r o m M e s s r s . T r a b a n d a n d Le v y , a n d w a s o n t h e s u b j e c t " SY
Ev a l u a t i v e Se r v i c e s t o ARAa n d O IA. "
Sp e c i f i c a l l y : O n J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 63 , a x e r o x e d c o p y o f t h e t o p s a n d b o t t o m s
o f t h e p a g e s o f t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d d o c u m e n t w a s r e t r i e v e d f r o m y o u r
b u r n b a g
. T h i s b u r n b a g w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e M a i l Ro o m i n a c c o r d a n c e
w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v e . T h e s e t o p s a n d b o t t o m s h a d b e e n c u t
f r o m a x e r o x e d c o p y o f t h e s u b j e c t d o c u m e n t a n d h a v e b e e n m a t c h e d
w i t h a c o m p l e t e c o p y f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s .
T h e a c t o f c u t t i n g t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n d i c a t o r s f r o m a d o c u m e n t " m u t i -
l a t e s " t h a t d o c u m e n t w i t h i n t h e m e a n i n g o f 1 8 U. S. C. 2 0 7 1 . Ex h i b i t D
i s a s t a t e m e n t f r o m M e s s r s . Sh e a , B e l i s l e a n d Ro s e t t i a t t e s t i n g t o t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e y h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h e s e c l i p p i n g s a s h a v i n g c o m e f r o m t h e c l a s -
s i f i e d d o c u m e n t r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e .
( 1 0 ) Y o u h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a c l a s s i f i e d
d o c u m e n t c o n t a i n i n g c l a s s i f i e d i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h o u t f o l l o w i n g t h e p r o c e -
d u r e s s e t f o r t h i n v o l u m e 5 , Se c t i o n 1 9 7 0 , e t s e q . o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s
Fo r e i g n Af f a i r s M a n u a l a s s u p p l e m e n t e d b y FAM C1 0 2 , d a t e d J a n u a r y
3 0 , 1 9 63 . T h i s d o c u m e n t , w h i c h w a s c l a s s i f i e d CO NFIDENT IAL, w a s
d r a f t e d b y ARA/ RP A
: J M B a r t a ( In t e r n a t i o n a l Re l a t i o n s O f f i c e r ) , a n d
c o n c e r n e d t h e p r o c e d u r e f o r r e v i e w i n g a n d d i s p o s i n g o f a d v e r s e i n f o r m a -
t i o n o n e m p l o y e e s o f In t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s d e a l i n g w i t h In t e r -
Am e r i c a n Af f a i r s .
4 68

AP P ENDIX A
Sp e c i f i c a l l y : O n J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 63 , a x e r o x e d c o p y o f t h e t o p s a n d b o t -
t o m s o f t h e p a g e s o f t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d d o c u m e n t w a s r e t r i e v e d f r o m
y o u r b u r n b a g
. T h i s b u r n b a g w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e M a i l Ro o m i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v e . T h e s e t o p s a n d b o t t o m s
w h i c h w e r e c u t f r o m a x e r o x e d c o p y o f t h e B a r t a d o c u m e n t , h a v e b e e n
m a t c h e d w i t h a c o m p l e t e c o p y f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s .
T h e a c t o f c u t t i n g t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n d i c a t o r s f r o m a c o p y o f a d o c u -
m e n t d e c l a s s i f i e d t h a t c o p y o f t h e d o c u m e n t . Ex h i b i t Di s a s t a t e m e n t
f r o m M e s s r s . Sh e a , B e l i s l e a n d Ro s e t t i , a t t e s t i n g t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y
h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h e s e c l i p p i n g s a s h a v i n g c o m e f r o m t h e c l a s s i f i e d d o c u -
m e n t r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e .
( 1 1 ) Y o u h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m u t i l a t i o n o f a c l a s s i f i e d d o c u -
m e n t i n v i o l a t i o n o f 1 8 U. S. C. 2 0 7 1 , w h i c h p r o v i d e s :
" ( a ) W h o e v e r w i l l f u l l y a n d u n l a w f u l l y c o n c e a l s , r e m o v e s , m u t i -
l a t e s , o b l i t e r a t e s , o r d e s t r o y s , o r a t t e m p t s t o d o s o , o r w i t h i n t e n t
t o d o s o t a k e s a n d c a r r i e s a w a y a n y r e c o r d , p r o c e e d i n g , m a p , b o o k ,
p a p e r , d o c u m e n t , o r o t h e r t h i n g , f i l e d o r d e p o s i t e d w i t h a n y c l e r k
o r o f f i c e r o f a n y c o u r t o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , o r i n a n y p u b l i c o f f i c e ,
o r w i t h a n y j u d i c i a l o r p u b l i c , o f f i c e r o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , s h a l l b e
f i n e d n o t m o r e t h a n $ 2 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d n o t m o r e t h a n t h r e e
y e a r s , o r b o t h .
( b ) W h o e v e r , h a v i n g t h e c u s t o d y o f a n y s u c h r e c o r d , p r o c e e d i n g ,
m a p , b o o k , d o c u m e n t , p a p e r , o r o t h e r t h i n g , w i l l f u l l y a n d u n l a w -
f u l l y c o n c e a l s , r e m o v e s , m u t i l a t e s , o b l i t e r a t e s , f a l s i f i e s , o r d e s t r o y s
t h e s a m e , s h a l l b e f i n e d n o t m o r e t h a n $ 2 , 0 0 0 o r i m p r i s o n e d n o t
m o r e t h a n t h r e e y e a r s , o r b o t h ; a n d s h a l l f o r f e i t h i s o f f i c e a n d b e
d i s q u a l i f i e d f r o m h o l d i n g a n y o f f i c e u n d e r t h e Un i t e d St a t e s . ( J u n e
2 5 , 1 9 4 8 , c h . 64 5 , 62 St a t . 7 9 5 . ) "
T h i s d o c u m e n t , w h i c h w a s c l a s s i f i e d CO NFIDENT IALw a s d r a f t e d
b y ARA/ RP A
: J M B a r t a , a n d c o n c e r n e d t h e p r o c e d u r e f o r r e v i e w i n g a n d
d i s p o s i n g o f a d v e r s e i n f o r m a t i o n o n e m p l o y e e s o f In t e r n a t i o n a l O r g a n i -
z a t i o n s d e a l i n g w i t h In t e r - Am e r i c a n Af f a i r s .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y :
O n J u n e 1 8 , 1 9 63 ,
a x e r o x e d c o p y o f t h e t o p s a n d b o t t o m s
o f t h e p a g e s o f t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d d o c u m e n t w a s r e t r i e v e d f r o m y o u r
b u r n b a g . T h i s b u r n b a g w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e M a i l Ro o m i n a c c o r d a n c e
w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v e . T h e s e t o p s a n d b o t t o m s w h i c h w e r e
AP P ENDIX A

4 69
c u t f r o m a x e r o x e d c o p y o f t h e B a r t a d o c u m e n t , h a v e b e e n m a t c h e d w i t h
a c o m p l e t e c o p y f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s .
T h e a c t o f c u t t i n g t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n d i c a t o r s f r o m a d o c u m e n t " m u t i -
l a t e s " t h a t d o c u m e n t w i t h i n t h e m e a n i n g o f 1 8 U
. S
. C. 2 0 7 1 . Ex h i b i t D
i s a s t a t e m e n t f r o m M e s s r s
. Sh e a , B e l i s l e a n d Ro s e t t i , a t t e s t i n g t o t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e y h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h e s e c l i p p i n g s a s h a v i n g c o m e f r o m t h e c l a s -
s i f i e d d o c u m e n t r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e
.
( 1 2 ) Y o u
h a v e c o n d u c t e d y o u r s e l f i n a m a n n e r u n b e c o m i n g a n o f f i c e r
o f t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y
: O n M a r c h 1 9 , 1 9 63 , c a r b o n p a p e r c o n s i s t i n g o f s e v e n
p a g e s w a s r e c o v e r e d f r o m y o u r b u r n b a g
. T h i s b u r n b a g w a s o b t a i n e d b y
M r
. Ro s e t t i f r o m t h e M a i l Ro o m a f t e r i t h a d b e e n p l a c e d t h e r e i n a c c o r d -
a n c e w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v e
. T h e b u r n b a g w a s i n s p e c t e d a n d
c a r b o n p a p e r r e c o v e r e d f r o m i t b y M r
. Sh e a . M r
. Ro s e t t i ' s s i g n e d s t a t e -
m e n t r e g a r d i n g t h i s i n c i d e n t i s e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t E
. M r . Sh e a ' s s t a t e -
m e n t i s e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t F
. T h e c a r b o n p a p e r h a s b e e n r e p r o d u c e d a n d
c o p i e s t h e r e o f a r e a t t a c h e d a s Ex h i b i t G
. T h i s c a r b o n p a p e r c o n t a i n s
q u e s t i o n s w h i c h y o u p r e p a r e d a n d f u r n i s h e d t o a p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s
o u t s i d e t h e De p a r t m e n t f o r t h e u s e o f M r
. J . G
. So u r w i n e , i n t h e i n t e r r o -
g a t i o n o f M r . Re i l l y . M r
. So u r w i n e s u b s e q u e n t l y a s k e d t h e s e q u e s t i o n s
o f M r
. Re i l l y w h e n h e a p p e a r e d b e f o r e t h e Un i t e d St a t e s Se n a t e Su b c o m -
m i t t e e e t o In v e s t i g a t e t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Ac t
a n d O t h e r In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y La w s , o f t h e Co m m i t t e e o n t h e J u d i c i a r y .
M r
. Re i l l y ' s s i g n e d s t a t e m e n t i s e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t H
.
T h i s i s a b r e a c h o f t h e s t a n d a r d o f c o n d u c t e x p e c t e d o f a n o f f i c e r o f
t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
( 1 3 )
Y o u
h a v e c o n d u c t e d y o u r s e l f i n a m a n n e r u n b e c o m i n g a n o f f i c e r
o f t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e .
Sp e c i f i c a l l y
: O n J u n e 1 0 , 1 9 63 , a o n e - t i m e t y p e w r i t e r r i b b o n w a s
r e c o v e r e d f r o m y o u r b u r n b a g
. T h i s b u r n b a g w a s o b t a i n e d b y M r . Ro s e t t i
f r o m t h e M a i l Ro o m a f t e r i t h a d b e e n p l a c e d t h e r e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
t h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d a b o v e
. M r . Ro s e t t i ' s s i g n e d s t a t e m e n t r e g a r d i n g
t h i s i n c i d e n t i s e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t 1
. T h i s t y p e w r i t e r r i b b o n h a s b e e n
r e a d a n d t h e c o n t e n t s a r e r e p r o d u c e d a s Ex h i b i t J
. T h e r i b b o n c o n t a i n e d
t w e n t y - f o u r q u e s t i o n s w h i c h y o u p r e p a r e d a n d f u r n i s h e d t o a p e r s o n o r
p e r s o n s o u t s i d e t h e De p a r t m e n t f o r t h e u s e o f M r
. J . G . So u r w i n e i n t h e
i n t e r r o g a t i o n o f M r
. B e l i s l e . M r
. So u r w i n e s u b s e q u e n t l y a s k e d f i f t e e n o f
4 7 0

AP P ENDIX A
t h e s e q u e s t i o n s o f M r . B e l i s l e w h e n h e a p p e a r e d b e f o r e t h e Un i t e d St a t e s
Se n a t e Su b c o m m i t t e e t o In v e s t i g a t e t h e Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e In t e r n a l
Se c u r i t y Ac t a n d O t h e r In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y La w s , o f t h e Co m m i t t e e o n t h e
J u d i c i a r y . M r . B e l i s l e ' s s i g n e d s t a t e m e n t i s e n c l o s e d a s Ex h i b i t K.
T h i s i s a b r e a c h o f t h e s t a n d a r d o f c o n d u c t e x p e c t e d o f a n o f f i c e r o f
t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e
.
Co p i e s o f t h e m e m o r a n d a a n d d o c u m e n t s r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e c h a r g e s
w h i c h a r e c l a s s i f i e d a n d c o n c e r n " t h e l o y a l t y o f e m p l o y e e s o r p r o s p e c t i v e
e m p l o y e e s " o f t h e De p a r t m e n t a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r i n s p e c t i o n b y y o u a n d
y o u r a t t o r n e y u p o n r e q u e s t t o M r . J o h n W . Dr e w , J r . , o f m y s t a f f , i n
Ro o m 2 2 3 9 .
Y o u a r e h e r e b y g i v e n t e n ( 1 0 ) d a y s f r o m t h e d a t e o f t h i s l e t t e r t o
a n s w e r t h e s e c h a r g e s . Y o u m a y r e p l y b o t h p e r s o n a l l y a n d i n w r i t i n g i f
y o u s o d e s i r e . An y w r i t t e n r e p l y y o u w i s h t o m a k e s h o u l d b e a d d r e s s e d
t o m y a t t e n t i o n . Y o u m a y f u r n i s h a f f i d a v i t s o r o t h e r e v i d e n c e i n s u p p o r t
o f y o u r r e p l y i f y o u s o d e s i r e . If y o u w i s h t o m a k e a n o r a l r e p l y y o u m a y
c a l l M r
. Dr e w , e x t e n s i o n 62 5 1 , f o r a n a p p o i n t m e n t .
As s o o n a s p o s s i b l e , a f t e r y o u r a n s w e r i s r e c e i v e d , o r a f t e r t h e e x p i r a -
t i o n o f t h e t e n ( 1 0 ) d a y l i m i t , i f y o u d o n o t a n s w e r , a w r i t t e n d e c i s i o n
w i l l b e i s s u e d t o y o u .
Du r i n g t h e t h i r t y ( 3 0 ) d a y n o t i c e p e r i o d t o w h i c h y o u a r e e n t i t l e d , y o u
w i l l r e m a i n i n a n a c t i v e d u t y s t a t u s a t y o u r p r e s e n t g r a d e a n d s a l a r y .
Si n c e r e l y y o u r s ,
J o h n O r d w a y , Ch i e f
P e r s o n n e l O p e r a t i o n s Di v i s i o n
En c l o s e u r e s :
Se e Ex h i b i t In d e x At h r o u g h K.
Ap p e n d i x B
Re p o r t o f t h e 1 9 67 Si g m a De l t a Ch i
( Na t i o n a l P r o f e s s i o n a l J o u r n a l i s m So c i e t y )
Ad v a n c e m e n t o f Fr e e d o m o f In f o r m a t i o n Co m m i t t e e
In t h e f i r s t t w o m o n t h s a f t e r t h e FO IAc t w e n t i n t o e f f e c t , t h e St a t e
( De p a r t m e n t ) r e c e i v e d a b o u t a d o z e n f o r m a l r e q u e s t s f o r s p e c i f i c d o c u -
m e n t s a n d g r a n t e d t h e m a l l e x c e p t t h r e e . Al l t h r e e r e f u s a l s c o v e r e d
t r a n s c r i p t s o f h e a r i n g s c o n c e r n i n g O t t o O t e p k a , a d e p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l
a c c u s e d o f i m p r o p e r l y l e a k i n g i n f o r m a t i o n t o c o n g r e s s i o n a l c o m m i t t e e s .
T h e St a t e ( De p a r t m e n t ) c l a s s i f i e d t h e t r a n s c r i p t s a s r e l a t i n g t o i n t e r n a l
p e r s o n n e l m a t t e r s , a s p e c i f i c e x e m p t i o n u n d e r t h e l a w .
T h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t s e c r e c y i n t h i s i n s t a n c e w a s a n o b v i o u s e f f o r t
t o h i d e a r e c o r d t h a t i s e m b a r r a s s i n g t o Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e De a n Ru s k a n d
o t h e r h i g h o f f i c i a l s
. T h e o n l y r e a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r s e c r e c y o n p e r s o n n e l
r e c o r d s i s f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e . T h i s c o u l d n o t
b e u s e d i n t h e O t e p k a c a s e , f o r O t e p k a h a d a s k e d t h a t t h e h e a r i n g s b e
p u b l i c s o h e c o u l d g e t t h e f u l l s t o r y o f t h e " g e t O t e p k a " c o n s p i r a c y b e f o r e
t h e p u b l i c .
W h e n t h e f a l l a c y o f t h e o r i g i n a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r s e c r e c y w a s p o i n t e d
o u t , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t t h e n c l a i m e d t h a t i t w a s j u s t i f i e d i n c o n d u c t i n g
s e c r e t h e a r i n g s b e c a u s e n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y w a s i n v o l v e d
. In t h i s i n s t a n c e
i t w a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t w o d o c u m e n t s u s e d i n t h e h e a r i n g s a s e v i d e n c e
c a r r i e d a n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
Un d e r q u e s t i o n i n g , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t l a w y e r a d m i t t e d t h a t t h e t w o
d o c u m e n t s w i t h a n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n h a d a l r e a d y b e e n p u b -
l i s h e d i n f u l l i n t h e r e p o r t s o f t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e .
Al t h o u g h t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n h a d t a k e n p l a c e w i t h St a t e De p a r t m e n t k n o w l -
e d g e m o r e t h a n a y e a r p r i o r t o t h e O t e p k a h e a r i n g , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
r e f u s e d t o c h a n g e i t s p o s i t i o n .
As t u d y o f t h i s e n t i r e c a s e m a k e s i t o b v i o u s t h a t t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t
w a s m i s u s i n g a c l a i m o f n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y f o r p u r p o s e s o f h i d i n g o r o b -
s c u r i n g t h e r e c o r d
. T h e r e c o r d o f t h i s c a s e d i s c l o s e s a d i s g r a c e f u l p a t t e r n
o f i n a c c u r a t e a n d m i s l e a d i n g t e s t i m o n y b y h i g h St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i -
c i a l s
. T h e s e o f f i c i a l s g a v e i n a c c u r a t e m i s l e a d i n g t e s t i m o n y i n c o n n e c t i o n
w i t h s e c u r i t y c a s e s . W h e n O t e p k a g a v e t e s t i m o n y a n d p r o d u c e d r e c o r d s
p r o v i n g t h a t s u p e r i o r s h a d l i e d u n d e r o a t h , t h e s u p e r i o r s u s e d u n a u t h o r -
i z e d e a v e s d r o p p i n g a n d w i r e t a p p i n g a s w e l l a s o t h e r p o l i c e s t a t e m e t h o d s
t o t r y t o o b t a i n g r o u n d s f o r f i r i n g O t e p k a
.
H i g h St a t e De p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s d e n i e d t h e y h a d e n g a g e d i n e a v e s -
4 7 1
4 7 2

AP P ENDIX B
d r o p p i n g a n d w i r e t a p p i n g w h e n q u e s t i o n e d u n d e r o a t h b y a c o n g r e s -
s i o n a l c o m m i t t e e , a n d t h e y m a d e t h e s a m e d e n i a l s t o t h e p r e s s
. La t e r ,
t h e s e o f f i c i a l s w e r e f o r c e d t o a d m i t t h a t t h e r e h a d b e e n t h e e a v e s d r o p p i n g
a n d w i r e t a p p i n g a s p a r t o f a " g e t O t e p k a " m o v e .
Fo r t h e f o u r y e a r s t h a t t h i s c a s e h a s b e e n p e n d i n g b e f o r e t h e St a t e
De p a r t m e n t , t h e De p a r t m e n t p r e s s o f f i c e h a s e n g a g e d i n a b r o a d p a t t e r n
o f i n a c c u r a t e a n d m i s l e a d i n g s t a t e m e n t s t o r e p o r t e r s a n d i n t e r e s t e d c i t i -
z e n s i n a n e f f o r t t o s m e a r O t e p k a . T h a t o u t r a g e o u s p a t t e r n o f d e c e p t i o n
h a s c o n t i n u e d a t l e a s t t h r o u g h Au g u s t 1 9 67 .
Ap p e n d i x C
O p e n i n g St a t e m e n t o f O t t o F. O t e p k a b e f o r e t h e Ap p e a l s Ex a m i n e r o f
t h e U. S. Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s s i o n o n M a r c h 7 , 1 9 68
.
Ia m a p p e a r i n g h e r e t o d a y a c c o m p a n i e d b y m y c o u n s e l , b u t w i t h o u t
w i t n e s s e s o r a d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e w h i c h Ie x p e c t e d t o h a v e a v a i l a b l e t o
m e
. Ih a v e b e e n d e n i e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o q u e s t i o n w i t n e s s e s a n d o f f e r
s u c h e v i d e n c e o n m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o Ch a r g e s 4 t h r o u g h 1 3 , w h i c h h a v e
b e e n w i t h d r a w n
. Im u s t s a y t h a t Ia m u n a b l e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e De p a r t -
m e n t o f St a t e ' s a n d t h e Co m m i s s i o n ' s r u l i n g s d e n y i n g m e t h i s o p p o r -
t u n i t y o n t h e i r t h e o r y t h a t e v i d e n c e t e n d i n g t o d e s t r o y m e , s i m p l y
b e c a u s e i t m a y a l s o r e l a t e t o Ch a r g e s 4 t h r o u g h 1 4 , i s i r r e l e v a n t t o t h e
i s s u e s i n Ch a r g e s 1 , 2 a n d 3 , t h e o n l y r e m a i n i n g c h a r g e s a g a i n s t m e .
No t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e s e r u l i n g s , Ia s s e r t m y r i g h t t o m a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g
s t a t e m e n t b e f o r e t h i s a p p e l l a t e b o d y . In s u p p o r t o f m y c l a i m , Ir e s p e c t -
f u l l y r e f e r t h e Co m m i s s i o n t o i t s o w n p r a c t i c e s u n d e r t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f
t h e Ve t e r a n s P r e f e r e n c e Ac t , e n a c t e d b y t h e Co n g r e s s a n d s i g n e d b y t h e
P r e s i d e n t i n 1 9 4 4
. Ia m n o t o n l y a n h o n o r a b l y d i s c h a r g e d v e t e r a n o f t h e
Ar m e d Fo r c e s d u r i n g W o r l d W a r IIw h o i s e n t i t l e d t o t h e r i g h t s a n d
p r i v i l e g e s a f f o r d e d b y t h i s Ac t , b u t Ic a n s p e a k o f m y o w n e x p e r i e n c e a s
a n e m p l o y e e o f t h e Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s s i o n f o r e l e v e n y e a r s w h e n Iw a s
r e q u i r e d t o c a r r y o u t t h e Co m m i s s i o n ' s i m p l e m e n t i n g p r a c t i c e s p u r s u a n t
t o t h i s a c t
.
It h a s a l w a y s b e e n t h e Co m m i s s i o n ' s f i r m p o l i c y t o a l l o w a v e t e r a n
a f f e c t e d b y a n a d v e r s e a g e n c y a c t i o n , t o p e r s o n a l l y a p p e a r b e f o r e a
Co m m i s s i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , a n d e i t h e r o r a l l y o r i n a f f i d a v i t f o r m , p r e s e n t
a n y g r i e v a n c e w h i c h h e m i g h t h a v e a g a i n s t h i s e m p l o y e r s
. T h e e m p l o y -
i n g a g e n c y c o u l d n o t r e s t r i c t t h i s r i g h t , e v e n t h o u g h t h e Co m m i s s i o n , o n
a p p e a l , c o u l d d e c i d e t h e e m p l o y e e ' s s t a t e m e n t w a s i r r e l e v a n t . Ac c o r d i n g
t o m y u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e s a m e p r i n c i p l e i s s t i l l i n e f f e c t , f o r i t i s c l e a r l y
e n u n c i a t e d i n t h e Co m m i s s i o n p u b l i c a t i o n i s s u e d i n J u l y 1 9 64 , c a l l e d
" Co n d u c t i n g H e a r i n g s o n Em p l o y e e Ap p e a l s " , w h i c h s t a t e s , w i t h r e -
s p e c t t o b o t h v e t e r a n s a n d n o n - v e t e r a n s , " T h e e m p l o y e e h a s a r i g h t t o
4 7 3
4 7 4 T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
a n s w e r a d v e r s e a c t i o n s i n p e r s o n , a s w e l l a s i n w r i t i n g
a n d
t o b e g i v e n a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o s a y w h a t h e w i l l i n a n e f f o r t t o s e c u r e j u s t i c e
a n d m e r c y . "
W h i l e Ih a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e s p o n d a f f i r m a t i v e l y i n w r i t i n g t o a l l
o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s c h a r g e s w h e n t h e y w e r e f i l e d a g a i n s t m e i n Se p t e m -
b e r 1 9 63 , a n d t o e n t e r a g e n e r a l d e n i a l t o a l l o f t h e m , t h e De p a r t m e n t
d e l i b e r a t e l y i m p e d e d m y e f f o r t s t o o b t a i n j u s t i c e b y r e f u s i n g t o a l l o w m y
a t t o r n e y a n d m e t o e x a m i n e t h e c o n t e n t s o f t r a s h b a g s p u r p o r t e d l y
c o n t a i n i n g m a t e r i a l t h a t f o r m e d t h e b a s i s o f c h a r g e s 4 t h r o u g h 1 1
. Un d e r
t h i s o b s t a c l e , If o u n d i t e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t , i f n o t i m p o s s i b l e , t o d e v e l o p
b y i n d e p e n d e n t m e a n s n e c e s s a r y e v i d e n c e t o p r o v e t h a t t h e s e c h a r g e s
w e r e c o m p l e t e l y f a l s e a n d c o n t r i v e d s o l e l y t o d e s t r o y m e . B y t h e t i m e
i t b e c a m e p o s s i b l e f o r m e t o o b t a i n a h e a r i n g o n a l l o f t h e c h a r g e s a n d
t o c r o s s - e x a m i n e De p a r t m e n t w i t n e s s e s i m p l i c a t e d i n t h e t r a s h b a g e p i -
s o d e , t h e De p a r t m e n t w i t h d r e w t h e c h a r g e s a n d s u m m a r i l y d e n i e d m e
t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t e v i d e n c e t o s h o w t h a t t h e y w e r e f a l s e a n d
v i n d i c t i v e .
In p u r s u a n c e o f t h e Co m m i s s i o n ' s p o l i c y t o p e r m i t a n e m p l o y e e o f t h e
c l a s s i f i e d c i v i l s e r v i c e t o s t a t e h i s g r i e v a n c e s t o a Co m m i s s i o n r e p r e s e n t -
a t i v e i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f j u s t i c e , Io f f e r t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t . Si n c e Ia m
p r e v e n t e d b y t h e Co m m i s s i o n ' s r u l i n g f r o m p r e s e n t i n g e v i d e n c e i n s u p -
p o r t o f t h i s s t a t e m e n t , i t s h a l l b e a s b r i e f a s p o s s i b l e e x c e p t w h e r e c l a r i t y
d e m a n d s n e c e s s a r y d e t a i l . Ia m o m i t t i n g i n t h i s s t a t e m e n t a n y c o m m e n t
o n c h a r g e s 1 2 a n d 1 3 , w h i c h t h e De p a r t m e n t a l s o h a s d r o p p e d
.
1 . Ia c c u s e t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e , a n d s p e c i f i c a l l y J o h n F
. Re i l l y ,
Da v i d B e l i s l e , a n d M r s . M a r i e Ca t u c c i , a c t i n g i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d c o l l e c -
t i v e l y , a n d a i d e d a n d a b e t t e d b y Fr e d e r i c k T r a b a n d , J o s e p h Sa b i n , Ra y -
m o n d Le v y , Ro b e r t M c Ca r t h y , J o s e p h Ro s e t t i , T e r e n c e Sh e a , M r s
.
J o y c e Sc h m e l z e r , a n d W i l l i a m J . Cr o c k e t t , o f c o n c o c t i n g a m a l e v o l e n t
s c h e m e t o o b t a i n m y o u s t e r f r o m t h e O f f i c e o f Se c u r i t y a n d t h e De p a r t -
m e n t o f St a t e , t h r o u g h t h e f a l s e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t Ih a d m u t i l a t e d g o v e r n -
m e n t p a p e r s i n v i o l a t i o n o f a c r i m i n a l s t a t u t e .
2 . 1 d i d n o t m u t i l a t e t h e d o c u m e n t s i n q u e s t i o n
. Id i d n o t a s k a n y o n e
e l s e t o d o s o
. If i n f a c t a m u t i l a t i o n d i d o c c u r a n d Ih a d b e e n a l l o w e d t h e
o p p o r t u n i t y t o c r o s s - e x a m i n e e a c h o f t h e a b o v e w i t n e s s e s , t h e g u i l t y
p e r s o n w o u l d h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d . T h e c h a r g e s w e r e w i t h d r a w n b y t h e
De p a r t m e n t t o p r e v e n t t h i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
3 . Ia c c u s e t h e De p a r t m e n t o f g r o s s i m p r o p r i e t y i n a p p r o v i n g t h e
p r e p a r a t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h u n d r e d s o f p i e c e s o f c o r r e s p o n d e n c e t o
t h e p u b l i c a n d t h e Co n g r e s s , b e g i n n i n g i n Se p t e m b e r 1 9 63 a n d c o n t i n u -
AP P ENDIX C

4 7 5
i n g u n t i l J u n e 1 9 67 , w h e n t h e c h a r g e s w e r e w i t h d r a w n , a l l e g i n g t h a t I
w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m u t i l a t i o n , a l t h o u g h i n f a c t t h e De p a r t m e n t k n e w
d u r i n g t h i s t i m e t h a t t h o s e c h a r g e s c o u l d n o t b e s u p p o r t e d .
4
. Ir e q u e s t t h a t t h e Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s s i o n i n s t r u c t t h e De p a r t m e n t
t o f u r n i s h m e w i t h a n o f f i c i a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n a d d r e s s e d t o m e , s i m i l a r t o
t h e l e t t e r o f c h a r g e s f i l e d a g a i n s t m e , s p e c i f y i n g i n d e t a i l t h e r e a s o n s f o r
t h e w i t h d r a w a l o f t h e m u t i l a t i o n c h a r g e s
. T h e o r a l s t a t e m e n t m a d e b y
De p a r t m e n t c o u n s e l , Ir v i n g J a f f e , a t m y h e a r i n g , o n J u n e 6, 1 9 67 , g i v i n g
o n l y t h e r e a s o n t h a t t h e c h a r g e s d i d n o t a l l e g e t h e d e l i v e r y o f t h e d o c u -
m e n t s i n q u e s t i o n t o a n y o n e , i s u n c l e a r , u n s a t i s f a c t o r y a n d u n f a i r t o m e
.
In b r i e f , Ii n s i s t Ia m e n t i t l e d t o a " No t G u i l t y " l e t t e r f r o m t h e De p a r t -
m e n t o f St a t e
. As a p r e c e d e n t f o r s u c h a l e t t e r , Ir e f e r t o a n o t h e r c a s e
i n v o l v i n g t h e f u r n i s h i n g o f o f f i c i a l i n f o r m a t i o n b y a St a t e De p a r t m e n t
e m p l o y e e t o a p e r s o n o u t s i d e t h e De p a r t m e n t
. In t h a t c a s e , J o h n St e w a r t
Se r v i c e a d m i t t e d l y g a v e 1 8 h i g h l y c l a s s i f i e d d o c u m e n t s , n o t t o a Co n -
g r e s s i o n a l c o m m i t t e e , b u t t o a p e r s o n e s t a b l i s h e d a s a Co m m u n i s t a n d
So v i e t a g e n t
. Se r v i c e w a s a r r e s t e d f o r h i s o f f e n s e b y t h e FB Ib u t a G r a n d
J u r y r e f u s e d p r o s e c u t i o n b e c a u s e i t w a s s a t i s f i e d h e d i d n o t i n t e n d t o
h a r m t h e n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y
. Al t h o u g h Se r v i c e c l e a r l y b r e a c h e d t h e De -
p a r t m e n t ' s s e c u r i t y r e g u l a t i o n , n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g h i s a c q u i t t a l o n c r i m i n a l
g r o u n d s , t h e De p a r t m e n t t e r m e d h i s a c q u i t t a l b y t h e G r a n d J u r y a s a
c o m p l e t e v i n d i c a t i o n a n d h e w a s i s s u e d t w o l e t t e r s s i g n e d b y t h e Se c r e -
t a r y o f St a t e a n d Un d e r - Se c r e t a r y o f St a t e r e s p e c t i v e l y , c o n g r a t u l a t i n g
h i m a n d r e s t o r i n g h i m t o f u l l d u t y i n t h e s a m e l i n e o f w o r k f o r w h i c h h e
w a s b e s t q u a l i f i e d p r o f e s s i o n a l l y .
5
. In c o n t r a s t t o t h e a b o v e c a s e , a n d d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t Ih a v e n e v e r
v i o l a t e d a n y s e c u r i t y r e g u l a t i o n w h a t s o e v e r , Ih a v e b e e n p e n a l i z e d b y a
d e m o t i o n i n g r a d e a n d s a l a r y a n d a s s i g n e d t o d u t i e s e n t i r e l y i n c o m p a t i -
b l e w i t h m y p r o f e s s i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e a s a s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r f o r t h e p a s t
t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s , i n v o l v i n g o n l y t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f e l e m e n t a r y a n d u n -
c l a s s i f i e d p h r a s e s f o r i n c l u s i o n i n a s o - c a l l e d De p a r t m e n t M a n u a l o f
O r g a n i z a t i o n
. Ih a v e b e e n i n f o r m e d t h a t u n l i k e m y w o r k a s a s e c u r i t y
o f f i c e r , n o n e o f t h e s e d u t i e s r e q u i r e a c c e s s t o s e n s i t i v e m a t e r i a l a n d n o n e
s h a l l b e g i v e n m e c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f m y a s s i g n m e n t
. In
e f f e c t t h i s d e c r e e , u n t i l a n d u n l e s s i t i s r e v o k e d , h a s e n d e d m y g o v e r n -
m e n t c a r e e r a s a s e c u r i t y o f f i c e r b e c a u s e n o o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c y w i l l
w i s h t o e m p l o y m e i n m y p r o f e s s i o n
.
6
. T h e De p a r t m e n t d i s p a t c h e d a s p e c i a l m e s s e n g e r t o m y h o m e o n
De c e m b e r 1 1 , 1 9 67
. H e a r r i v e d a t 7 : 1 0 P . M . t o d e l i v e r a w r i t t e n v e r d i c t
o f " G u i l t y " s i g n e d b y Se c r e t a r y Ru s k , o n c h a r g e s 1 , 2 a n d 3
. In c l u d e d
4 7 6

T H EO RDEALO FO T T O O T EP KA
w a s a n o t h e r l e t t e r s i g n e d b y Id a r Ri m e s t a d s e t t i n g f o r t h h i s i m p l e m e n t a -
t i o n o f t h e Se c r e t a r y ' s o r d e r s o f m y p u n i s h m e n t
. Ne i t h e r o f f i c i a l m e n -
t i o n e d m y a c q u i t t a l o n c h a r g e s 4 t h r o u g h 1 3
.
In d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r t h e Se c r e t a r y ' s a c t i o n i n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s h a s
b e e n r e a s o n a b l e a n d p r o p e r , Ir e s p e c t f u l l y s u b m i t t h a t t h e Co m m i s s i o n
m u s t c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t s .
T h e f u l l r e c o r d , a n d M r . Re i l l y ' s o w n a d m i s s i o n , e s t a b l i s h e s t h a t M r .
Re i l l y u n d e r t o o k t o t a p m y t e l e p h o n e o n l y b e c a u s e h e s u s p e c t e d t h a t I
w a s f u r n i s h i n g i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t -
t e e . It h e r e f o r e t a k e e x c e p t i o n t o t h e Co m m i s s i o n ' s r u l i n g s d e n y i n g m y
r e q u e s t s t o ( a ) a s c e r t a i n t h e i d e n t i t y o f t h e p e r s o n t o w h o m t h e t a p e
r e c o r d i n g s o f m y i n t e r c e p t e d c o n v e r s a t i o n s w e r e d e l i v e r e d , ( b ) o b t a i n
f r o m t h e De p a r t m e n t a f f i d a v i t s s u b m i t t e d t o t h e Se c r e t a r y o n t h e w i r e -
t a p p i n g e p i s o d e b y J o h n F. Re i l l y , Da v i d B e l i s l e , El m e r H i l l a n d Cl a r -
e n c e Sc h n e i d e r a l l o f w h o m w e r e i n v o l v e d i n t h a t e p i s o d e , a n d ( c ) o b t a i n
f r o m t h e De p a r t m e n t t h e r e p o r t s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n p r e p a r e d b y G e o r g e W
.
Fr e n c h , J r . a n d W i l s o n Fl a k e c o n c e r n i n g t h e t a p p i n g o f m y t e l e p h o n e .
Ic o n t e n d t h a t t h e s e d o c u m e n t s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n a r e r e l e v a n t .
T h e d o c u m e n t s o n w h i c h c h a r g e s 1 , 2 a n d 3 a r e p r e d i c a t e d w e r e n o t
f u r n i s h e d b y m e t o t h e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e u n t i l J u n e 2 ,
1 9 63 . T h e e v e n t s p r e c e d i n g m y a c t i o n a r e m o s t i m p o r t a n t .
M r
. Re i l l y b e g a n t a p p i n g m y t e l e p h o n e i n M a r c h 1 9 63 , i f n o t e a r l i e r
.
B y h i s o w n a d m i s s i o n Ih a d d o n e n o t h i n g w r o n g b y t h a t t i m e .
La t e r i n M a r c h 1 9 63 , h e p l a c e d m y t r a s h b a g u n d e r s u r v e i l l a n c e
.
In Ap r i l 1 9 63 , M r
. Re i l l y h a d m y o f f i c e s a f e d r i l l e d o p e n s u r r e p t i -
t i o u s l y a n d i t s c o n t e n t s p h o t o g r a p h e d . It c o n t a i n e d i n f o r m a t i o n l e g i t i -
m a t e l y i n m y c u s t o d y f o r o f f i c i a l p u r p o s e s .
Du r i n g Ap r i l a n d M a y 1 9 63 , w i t h o u t e v e r h a v i n g d i s c u s s e d t h e m a t t e r
w i t h m e a s h e s h o u l d h a v e u n d e r Ci v i l Se r v i c e a n d De p a r t m e n t r e g u l a -
t i o n s , M r . Re i l l y d e r o g a t e d m y p e r f o r m a n c e a n d a c c u s e d m e o f e m o -
t i o n a l i n s t a b i l i t y b e f o r e t h e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e .
B y M a y 2 3 , 1 9 63 , t h e f i f t h d a y o f h i s t e s t i m o n y , M r . Re i l l y h a d
c o m m i t t e d o n e f a l s e h o o d a f t e r t h e o t h e r a n d c o m p o u n d e d s e v e r a l o f
t h e s e f a l s e h o o d s r e p e a t e d l y . H i s s t a t e m e n t s c o n c e r n i n g m e h a d b e c o m e
s o p a t e n t l y u n t r u e t h a t t h e y a t t r a c t e d t h e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n o f t h e Ac t i n g
Ch a i r m a n a n d t h e Ch i e f Co u n s e l o f t h e Su b c o m m i t t e e .
As Ih a d b e c o m e a w a r e o f Re i l l y ' s a c t i v i t i e s t h r o u g h i n f o r m a t i o n
v o l u n t e e r e d t o m e , Ir e v i e w e d e a c h i n c i d e n t c u m u l a t i v e l y a n d c o l l e c -
t i v e l y . B y t h e e n d o f M a y 1 9 63 , Ic o u l d r e a c h n o o t h e r c o n c l u s i o n e x c e p t
t h a t t h e c o n s i s t e n c y a n d f r e q u e n c y o f h i s a c t i o n s c o u l d o c c u r o n l y w i t h
AP P ENDIX C

4 7 7
h i g h e r a p p r o v a l
. Af t e r d i s c r e e t l y e x p l o r i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a p p r o a c h i n g
Se c r e t a r y Ru s k i n t h e m a t t e r , Ic a m e t o t h e l o g i c a l c o n c l u s i o n t h a t
n e i t h e r t h e Se c r e t a r y n o r t h o s e i n t h e c h a i n o f c o m m a n d t h r o u g h w h o m
Ih a d t o a p p l y t o s e e k a n a u d i e n c e w i t h h i m , w o u l d w e l c o m e m y c o m -
p l a i n t s
. It b e c a m e a p p a r e n t t o m e t h a t t h e y w o u l d b l o c k m y e f f o r t s n o t
o n l y t o r e b u t M r
. Re i l l y ' s t e s t i m o n y a b o u t m e b u t t h e n e e d t o e x p o s e h i s
o t h e r w r o n g d o i n g
. Is a w n o a l t e r n a t i v e e x c e p t t o p e r f o r m m y h o n e s t d u t y
b y t e l l i n g t h e Co n g r e s s t h e t r u t h w h e n c a l l e d u p o n t o d o s o
. Su b s e q u e n t
e v e n t s j u s t i f i e d m y d e c i s i o n , f o r i n No v e m b e r 1 9 63 i t w a s c l e a r l y d e m o n -
s t r a t e d b y o t h e r w i t n e s s e s b e f o r e t h e Su b c o m m i t t e e t h a t M r . Ru s k a n d
Un d e r s e c r e t a r y G e o r g e B a l l h a d f u l l y p r o t e c t e d M r . Re i l l y i n h i s a t -
t e m p t s t o e s c a p e c u l p a b i l i t y w h e n h e w a s t r a p p e d i n h i s o w n f a l s e h o o d s .
It w a s n o t u n t i l M r
. Re i l l y h a d b e c o m e s o h o p e l e s s l y e n m e s h e d i n h i s l i e s ,
t h a t M r
. Ru s k w a s f o r c e d t o d i s m i s s h i m i n o r d e r t o s a l v a g e a t l e a s t a p a r t
o f t h e De p a r t m e n t ' s l o s s o f i n t e g r i t y
.
As a n e x p e r i e n c e d De p a r t m e n t o f f i c e r If e l t t h a t m y r e c o u r s e t o t h e
Co n g r e s s i n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s w a s e n t i r e l y p r o p e r
. Id o n o t r e g r e t m y
c o u r s e o f c o n d u c t i n a n y w a y b e c a u s e Ia m s t i l l c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h r o u g h
t h e w a t c h d o g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e Ci v i l Se r v i c e Co m m i s s i o n a n d t h e
Co n g r e s s o f t h e Un i t e d St a t e s , t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t c a n a c h i e v e c o m -
p l e t e l y h o n e s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a t e v e r y l e v e l o f i t s p e r s o n n e l s e c u r i t y
o p e r a t i o n s
.
Ir e s t m y c a s e o n t h e r e c o r d b e f o r e t h e Co m m i s s i o n u n l e s s t h e Co m -
m i s s i o n d e s i r e s t o r e c o n s i d e r i t s r u l i n g s a n d a l l o w s t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t I
h a v e r e q u e s t e d
.
P REFACE
1 . AT r e a s u r y o f G r e a t Re p o r t i n g ,
e d i t e d b y Lo u i s L. Sn y d e r a n d Ri c h a r d B
. M o r r i s ,
Si m o n & Sc h u s t e r , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 4 9 , p
. 2 3 1 .
2 . Cl a r k R. M o l l e n h o f f , " Li f e Li n e o f De m o c r a c y , "
Ni e m a n Re p o r t s ,
Se p t . 1 9 64 , p . 2 7
.
3 . " T h e O r d e a l o f O t t o O t e p k a , "
T h e Re a d e r ' s Di g e s t , Au g
. 1 9 65 .
4 . Re b e c c a W e s t ,
T h e Ne w M e a n i n g o f T r e a s o n ,
Vi k i n g P r e s s , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 64 , p
. 1 4 9 .
CH AP T ERI
1 . Ne w Y o r k T i m e s ,
No v . 6, 1 9 63 .
2 . Ar t h u r M
. Sc h l e s i n g e r , J r . , AT h o u s a n d Da y s ,
H o u g h t o n M u f f i n Co m p a n y , B o s t o n ,
1 9 65 , p
. 4 4 5 .
3
. " Sc h o l a r W h o ' s No . 2 a t t h e W h i t e H o u s e , "
B u s i n e s s W e e k ,
M a r c h 2 5 , 1 9 67 .
4
. Ib i d .
CH AP T ERII
1 . Ne w Y o r k T i m e s ,
No v . 6, 1 9 63 .
2 . W h i t t a k e r Ch a m b e r s , W i t n e s s ,
Ra n d o m H o u s e , 1 9 5 2 , p . 4 7 0 .
CH AP T ERIII
1 . Ch a m b e r s , o p . c i t . , p . 4 7 0 .
2 . P r o l o g u e t o M c Ca r t h y a n d H i s En e m i e s
b y W i l l i a m F
. B u c k l e y , J r . a n d L
. B r e n t
B o z e l l , H e n r y Re g n e r y Co
. , Ch i c a g o , 1 9 5 4 , p . x i i .
3 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t . , p . 1 3 2 .
CH AP T ERIV
1 . S
. 1 3 9 0 , i n t r o d u c e d b y Se n a t o r Ri c h a r d M
. Ni x o n o n Ap r i l 2 6, 1 9 5 1 .
4 7 8
No t e s
NO T ES

4 7 9
2
. H e a r i n g s , Im m i g r a t i o n a n d Na t u r a l i z a t i o n Su b c o m m i t t e e o f t h e Se n a t e J u d i c i a r y
Co m m i t t e e o n S. 1 8 3 2 , P a r t 3 , p . 1 9 3 .
3 . P r e s s r e l e a s e o f t h e De p a r t m e n t o f St a t e , Se p t . 1 , 1 9 4 8 , p
. 1 4 .
4 .
T i m e , Fe b . 1 3 , 1 9 5 0 , p . 2 3 .
5 . Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e H e a r i n g s o n St a t e De p a r t m e n t Se c u r i t y ,
1 9 61 - 63 , P a r t 4 , p . 4 3 5 .
6 . Ib i d . , p . 4 3 4 .
7 . Ib i d . , p . 4 3 5 .
8 . Ib i d . , p . 4 3 6 .
9 . Ne w Y o r k Y o r k T i m e s , No v . 6, 1 9 63
.
1 0 . Le t t e r f r o m Da n i e l H . Cl a r e , J r . , M a r c h 2 5 , 1 9 5 7 .
1 1 . M e m o r a n d u m t o E. T o m l i n B a i l e y , Ap r i l 9 , 1 9 5 7 .
1 2 . T h e o d o r e C. So r e n s e n , Ke n n e d y , H a r p e r & Ro w , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 65 , B a n t o m B o o k
e d i t i o n , 1 9 66, p . 5 1 .
1 3 . Ib i d . , p . 8 3 .
1 4 . O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e : P a r t 1 0 , p . 69 5
.
1 5 . Ib i d . , p . 69 4 .
1 6. Ib i d . , p . 69 5 .
1 7 . Ch a m b e r s , o p . c i t . , p . 3 2 .
CH AP T ERV
1 . Re p o r t o f t h e Co m m i t t e e o n G o v e r n m e n t O p e r a t i o n s , 1 9 5 5 ( " Ar m y Si g n a l Co r p s -
Su b v e r s i o n a n d Es p i o n a g e " ) p p . 2 a n d 3 2 .
2 . Sa t u r d a y Ev e n i n g P o s t , J u n e 1 3 , 1 9 5 3 .
3 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t . , p . 1 5 .
4 . Ib i d .
5 . Ib i d .
6 . . Ib i d . , p . 1 6 .
7 . Ib i d
.
4 8 0

NO T ES
8 . Ib i d .
9 . Ra l p h d e T o l e d a n o , R. F
. K. , G . P . P u t n a m ' s So n s , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 67 , p
. 1 3 4 .
CH AP T ERVI
1 . Cl a r k M o l l e n h o f f , De s M o i n e s
Re g i s t e r , Au g . 6, 1 9 64 .
2 . De s M o i n e s
Re g i s t e r , De c . 2 5 , 1 9 63 .
3
. O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 5 , p p
.
2 67 - 2 68 .
4 . Ib i d . , p p . 2 9 4 - 2 9 5 .
5 . H o l m e s Al e x a n d e r c o l u m n , De c
. 1 0 , 1 9 63 .
6 . " De a n Ru s k : Co o l M a n i n a H o t W o r l d , "
Lo o k , Se p t . 6, 1 9 66.
7 . " Q u a r t e r b a c k o f t h e Ca b i n e t , "
Sa t u r d a y Ev e n i n g P o s t , J u l y
2 2 , 1 9 61 .
8 . G r a h a m W a l l a s ,
T h e G r e a t So c i e t y ,
t h e M a c m i l l a n Co m p a n y , Ne w Y o r k 1 9 1 4
.
9 . Re b e c c a W e s t , o p . c i t. , p p
. 1 5 0 - 1 5 1 .
1 0. Sa t u r d a y Ev e n i n g P o s t , o p .
c i t .
1 1 . Ib i d .
CH AP T ERVII
1 . Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , 1 9 5 2 H e a r i n g s ,
" U. S. Ci t i z e n s Em p l o y e d b y
t h e U. N. "
2 . Fo r e i g n P o l i c y As s o c i a t i o n B u l l e t i n , De c . 1 9 5 2 .
3 . P h i l a d e l p h i a In q u i r e r , J a n
. 1 4 , 1 9 5 0 , a n d P h i l a d e l p h i a B u l l e t i n
o f s a m e d a t e .
4 . T i m e , De c . 2 6, 1 9 60
.
5 . Do u g l a s M a c Ar t h u r ,
Re m i n i s c e n c e s ,
M c G r a w - H i l l , 1 9 64 , p . 3 62 .
6 . Ib i d . , p . 3 63 .
7 . Ib i d . , p . 3 65 .
8 . H a r r y S. T r u m a n , M e m o i r s ,
Vo l . II, Y e a r s o f T r i a l a n d H o p e ,
Do u b l e d a y , 1 9 5 5 - 1 9 5 6 .
9 . M a c Ar t h u r , o p . c i t . , p . 3 68 .
1 0 . Ib i d . , p . 3 69 .
NO T ES

4 8 1
1 1 . Lo o k , Se p t . 6, 1 9 66.
1 2 . Ib i d .
1 3 . Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , IP RH e a r i n g s , p . 2 8 7 0 .
1 4 . Re p o r t o n t h e In s t i t u t e o f P a c i f i c Re l a t i o n s , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e ,
1 9 5 2 .
1 5 . Ib i d .
1 6. Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e. De c . 1 6, 1 9 5 2 .
1 7 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t . , p . 1 4 1 .
1 8 . W a s h i n g t o n Su n d a y St a r , J a n . 8 , 1 9 61 .
CH AP T ERVIII
1 . J a n M y r d a l i s a u t h o r o f Ch i n e s e J o u r n e y , Re p o r t f r o m
a Ch i n e s e Vi l l a g e , a n d o t h e r
s y m p a t h e t i c t r a c t s o n M a o i s t Ch i n a .
2
. Ri c h a r d St a r n e s , Sc r i p p s - H o w a r d Ne w s p a p e r Al l i a n c e , O c t
. 4 , 1 9 67 .
3 . Ne w
Fa b i a n Es s a y s , F. A. P r a e g e r , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 5 2
.
4 . T h e Dy n a m i c s o f So v i e t So c i e t y , No r t o n Co . , 1 9 5 3 ,
5 . W a l t W . Ro s t o w , An Am e r i c a n P o l i c y i n As i a , J o h n W i l e y & So n s a n d t h e M IT P r e s s ,
1 9 5 5 .
6. W a l t W . Ro s t o w , T h e U. S. i n t h e W o r l d Ar e n a , H a r p e r , 1 9 60 .
7 . Ru d o l f Fl e s c h , Lo s An g e l e s T i m e s , r e v i e w o f Ro s t o w ' s T h e St a g e s
o f Ec o n o m i c
G r o w t h , Ap r i l 2 5 , 1 9 60 .
8 . B u s i n e s s W e e k , o p . c i t .
CH AP T ERIX
1 . B u s i n e s s
W e e k , o p . c i t .
2 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t . , p . 3 3 2 .
3 . Ib i d .
4
. Ib i d .
5 . B u s i n e s s W e e k ,
o p . c i t . , p . 1 3 0 .
6. U. S. Ne w s & W o r l d Re p o r t , J a n . 3 0 , 1 9 67 .
4 8 2

NO T ES
7 . " T h e Da n g e r o u s W o r l d o f W a l t Ro s t o w , "
Lo o k , De c
. 1 2 , 1 9 67 , p . 3 0 .
8 . Ib i d . , p . 2 7 .
9 . M . St a n t o n Ev a n s ,
T h e P o l i t i c s o f Su r r e n d e r ,
De v i n - Ad a i r , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 66, p
. 2 62 .
1 0 . Ib i d . , p . 2 5 2 .
1 1 . Ib i d . , p . 2 5 0
1 2 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t
. , p . 4 8 8 .
1 3 . Ib i d
.
1 4 . T h e o d o r e H
. W h i t e , T h e M a k i n g o f t h e P r e s i d e n t 1 9 64 ,
At h e n e u m P u b l i s h e r s , Ne w
Y o r k , 1 9 65 , p . 2 0 .
1 5
. Ro s t o w o n a r o u n d t a b l e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e 1 9 60 P u g w a s h Co n f e r e n c e , W G B H - T V,
J a n . 3 , 1 9 61 .
1 6 . Ne w Y o r k T i m e s , Ap r i l 1 6, 1 9 62 , p
. 1 .
1 7 . Li f e , De c . 1 , 1 9 67 , p . 8 7 .
1 8 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t . , p . 3 9 4 .
1 9 . Ib i d . , p . 4 4 5 .
2 0 . Ib i d .
CH AP T ERX
1
. Da v i d Se n t n e r , Ne w Y o r k J o u r n a lAm e r i c a n ,
No v . 9 , 1 9 61 .
2
. T r a n s c r i p t o f St a t e De p a r t m e n t P r e s s Co n f e r e n c e , No v
. 9 , 1 9 61 .
3 . H e n r y J . T a y l o r , Ne w Y o r k
W o r l d - T e l e g r a m a n d Su n ,
No v . 1 7 , 1 9 61 .
4 . Ib i d . , No v . 2 0 , 1 9 61
.
5
. Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O c t
. 4 , 1 9 62 , p p . 9 - 1 0 .
6. " Ca t o " i n
Na t i o n a l Re v i e w , De c . 2 , 1 9 61
.
CH AP T ERX I
1 . Ne w Y o r k T i m e s
t e x t o f P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y ' s p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e , J a n
. 2 5 , 1 9 62 .
2 . Ne w Y o r k
T i m e s , J a n . 2 5 , 1 9 62 , p . 1 .
3 . Ne w Y o r k H e r a l d - T r i b u n e , J a n . 2 5 , 1 9 62
.
NO T ES

4 8 3
4 . Ne w Y o r k T i m e s ,
o p . c i t .
5
. Ib i d .
6
. Ib i d .
7
. Ib i d .
8 . Ib i d .
9
. Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , 1 9 62 , p p
. 1 9 7 - 1 9 8 .
1 0 . Ne w Y o r k
l i m e s , o p . c i t .
1 1
. Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , 1 9 62 , p . 2 .
1 2 . Ib i d . , p . 1 0 4 .
1 3 . Ib i d . , p . 9 8 .
1 4
. W i l l a r d L. B e a u l a c , Ca r e e r Am b a s s a d o r ,
M a c m i l l a n , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 5 1 , p . 2 5 5 .
1 5
. Na t h a n i e l W e y l , Re d St a r O v e r Cu b a ,
De v i n - Ad a i r Co . , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 60 , p . 3 5 .
1 6
. Ne w Y o r k T i m e s , J a n . 1 , 1 9 5 9 .
1 7
. Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , 1 9 62 , o p
. c i t . , p . 1 60 .
1 8 . Ib i d . , p p . 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 .
1 9 . Ib i d . , p . 1 3 9 .
2 0 . Ib i d . , p . 2 0 0 .
2 1 . Ib i d .
2 2 . Ib i d
. , p . 1 4 0 .
2 3 . Ib i d . , p . 1 2 8 .
2 4 . Ib i d . , p
. 1 2 8 .
2 5 . W a s h i n g t o n W o r l d ,
Fe b r u a r y 1 4 , 1 9 62 .
CH AP T ERX II
1 . Fr a n k J
. J o h n s o n , " T h e Ca s e o f O t t o O t e p k a , "
Na t i o n ' s Se c u r i t y , Am e r i c a n Se c u r i t y
Co u n c i l , De c . 3 0 , 1 9 63 , p . 3 .
2
. Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , 1 9 62 , p . 2 7 .
4 8 4

NO T ES
3
. 1 9 62 Se r i e s , P a r t 4 , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e H e a r i n g s o n St a t e De -
p a r t m e n t Se c u r i t y , p . 3 8 7 .
4 . Ib i d . , p p . 3 8 4 - 3 8 5 .
5 . Ne w Y o r k T i m e s , Ap r i l 1 6, 1 9 62 , p . 1 .
6 . Ch i c a g o Su n - T i m e s , Ap r i l 1 4 , 1 9 62 .
7 . Ch i c a g o Su n - T i m e s ,
J u n e 2 7 , 1 9 62 .
8 . Ib i d .
9 . Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re c o r d ,
J u l y 2 , 1 9 62 .
CH AP T ERX III
1
. Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 1 9 65 , P a r t 1 2 , p p
. 8 9 7 - 9 0 4
.
2
. Ib i d . p . 8 9 7
.
3 . Ib i d . , P a r t 2 , p p . 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 .
4 . Ib i d . , P a r t 3 , p . 7 4 .
5 . Re p o r t b y t h e Co m m i t t e e o n Un - Am e r i c a n Ac t i v i t i e s , 8 7 t h Co n g r e s s , Au g
. 1 3 , 1 9 62 ,
p p . 3 a n d 4 .
6 . Ib i d . , p . 1 8 .
7
. Ib i d .
8
. Ch i c a g o Da i l y Ne w s Se r v i c e , p r i n t e d i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n
P o s t , Au g . 1 3 , 1 9 63
.
9 . Ib i d .
1 0 . Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 1 9 65 , P a r t 6, p
. 3 4 6.
CH AP T ERX IV
1 . P r i n c e t o n Un i v e r s i t y Y e a r B o o k , 1 9 3 8 .
2 . P r i n c e t o n G u a r d i a n , M a y 9 , 1 9 3 7 .
3 . Ne w Y o r k T i m e s , Ap r i l 1 , 1 9 65 .
4 . Ne w Y o r k T i m e s , Fe b
. 1 7 , 1 9 4 7 .
5 . H a r p e r ' s , M a r c h 1 9 5 9 .
6 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t . , p . 4 62
.
NO T ES

4 8 5
7
. " W h a t ' s W r o n g W i t h t h e St a t e De p a r t m e n t , " p a m p h l e t b a s e d o n s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s
i n t h e Ne w B e d f o r d ( M a s s a c h u s e t t s )
St a n d a r d - t i m e s , J u n e 1 9 62 , p . 4 .
8
. Ib i d .
9
. Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , Vo l . 2 0 , p . 1 7 2 2 .
1 0
. Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , 1 9 5 2 - 5 3 H e a r i n g s o n Am e r i c a n
P e r s o n n e l i n t h e U
. N.
CH AP T ERX V
1
. Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 2 0 , p
. 1 7 2 2 .
2
. De W i t t Co p p a n d M a r s h a l l P e c k ,
B e t r a y a l a t t h e UN, De v i n - Ad a i r , Ne w Y o r k ,
1 9 63 , p . 1 8 1 .
3 . Ne w Y o r k
T i m e s , No v . 1 8 , 1 9 5 6 .
4 . Co p p a n d P e c k , o p
. c i t . , p . 2 1 8 .
5
. Re p o r t , " T h e B a n g - J e n s e n Ca s e , " Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , Se p t . 1 4 ,
1 9 61 , p
. 2 8 .
6 . Ib i d .
7
. Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 1 5 , p
. 1 1 5 3 .
8 . Ib i d . , p p
. 1 1 4 9 - 5 0 .
9 . Ib i d . , p p
. 1 1 5 1 - 1 2 3 1 .
1 0 . Ib i d . , p . 1 1 7 2 .
1 1 . Ib i d . , p p . 1 1 8 1 - 8 4 .
CH AP T ERX VI
1
. Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O c t
. 4 , 1 9 62 , p . 4 7 .
2 . Ib i d
. , p . 4 9 .
3 . Ib i d .
4 . Ib i d
. , p . 5 7 .
5
. Ib i d . , p . 66 .
6. Ib i d . , p . 9 1 .
7 . Ib i d . , p . 7 7 .
4 8 6

NO T ES
8 . Ib i d .
9 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t . p . 69 9 .
1 0 . Ib i d . , p . 7 0 0 .
1 1 . Ib i d .
1 2 . Ib i d .
1 3
. J a c q u e l i n e H a l l o w e l l , " An g o l a a n d M o z a m b i q u e , " b o o k l e t p r i n t e d b y t h e Ne w
B e d f o r d St a n d a r d - T i m e s , 1 9 62 , p . 1
.
1 4 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t . , p
. 7 9 8 .
1 5 . Ib i d . , p . 8 0 7 .
1 6. " T h e Un d e r c o v e r W a r , "
T h i s W e e k m a g a z i n e , Se p t . 4 , 1 9 66, p p .
1 2 - 1 3 .
1 7 . Ib i d .
1 8 . O l e g P e n k o v s k i y ,
T h e P e n k o v s k i y P a p e r s , Do u b l e d a y & Co
. , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 65 .
CH AP T ERX VII
1
. O t e p k a Ca s e , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e H e a r i n g s ,
1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 1 4 ,
p . 1 0 9 0 .
2
. Ib i d . , p p
. 1 0 9 1 - 9 2 .
3 . Ib i d . , p p
. 1 0 9 3 - 9 7 .
4 . Ib i d . , p p . 1 0 9 8 - 9 9 .
5 . Ib i d . , p . 1 1 3 8 .
6 . Ib i d .
7 . Ib i d . , p p . 1 1 0 2 - 4 .
8
.
Ib i d
. , p
. 1 1 0 4 .
9 . Ib i d . , p . 1 1 1 0 .
1 0 . Ib i d . , p . 1 0 7 0 .
1 1 . Ib i d . , p p . 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 .
1 2 . Ib i d . , p . 1 0 8 5 .
NO T ES

4 8 7
CH AP T ERX VIII
1 . G u y Ri c h a r d s , Im p e r i a l Ag e n t , De v i n - Ad a i r Co . , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 66, p . 1 3 6 .
2 . Re b e c c a W e s t , o p . c i t . , p . 2 9 8 .
3 . Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , M a r c h 2 2 , 1 9 65 .
4 . Ri c h a r d s , o p . c i t . , p . 1 2 9 .
5
. Ib i d . , p . 1 2 8 .
6 . Ib i d . , o p . c i t . p . 1 8 5
7
. Ib i d . , p
. 1 5
.
8 . Ib i d .
9
. Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 1 0 , p
. 62 1 .
1 0 . Ib i d
. , p . 63 2 .
1 1 . Ib i d . , p . 69 9
.
1 2 . G o v e r n m e n t Em p l o y e e s Ex c h a n g e , J a n . 1 0 , 1 9 68 .
1 3 . H e a r i n g s , H o u s e Co m m i t t e e o n Un - Am e r i c a n Ac t i v i t i e s , Ap r i l 1 , 1 9 4 9 .
1 4 .
G o v e r n m e n t Em p l o y e e s Ex c h a n g e , o p . c i t .
1 5 .
W a l l St r e e t J o u r n a l , Fe b . 1 4 , 1 9 67 .
CH AP T ERX IX
1 . Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , 1 9 62 , o p . c i t . , p . 1 9 8 .
CH AP T ERX X
1
. P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y ' s St a t e o f t h e Un i o n Ad d r e s s , 1 9 61 .
2 . Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 4 , p
. 1 5 1 .
3 . Ib i d . , P a r t s 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 6, a n d 1 8 .
4 . Ib i d . , p
. 1 61 .
5
. Ib i d . , P a r t 1 6, p . 1 2 4 8 .
6 . Ib i d . , p . 1 2 5 0 .
7 . Ib i d . , p . 1 2 5 0 .
4 8 8

NO T ES
8 . Ib i d .
9 . Ib i d . , P a r t 1 3 , p . 9 65 .
1 0 . Ib i d . , P a r t 1 5 , p p . 1 1 4 3 - 1 1 5 1 .
CH AP T ERX X I
1 . Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s ,
1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 3 , p p
. 8 0 - 8 1
a n d 1 2 5 - 1 2 7 .
2 . Ib i d . , P a r t 4 , p p . 2 5 0 - 2 5 2 .
3
. Ib i d . , p
. 2 1 5 .
4
. Ib i d . , P a r t 1 , p p
. 1 - 7 .
5 . Ib i d . , P a r t 1 5 , p . 1 1 5 2 .
6 . Ib i d
. , p
. 1 1 67 .
7 . Ib i d . , P a r t 1 , p . 8 .
8 . Ib i d . , P a r t 1 5 , p . 1 1 68 .
9 . Ib i d . , P a r t 1 1 , p . 7 2 4 .
CH AP T ERX X II
1 . Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s ,
1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 4 , p p
. 2 3 4 -
2 3 5 .
2 . Ib i d . , p p . 2 3 4 a n d 2 3 6.
3 . Ib i d . , P a r t 2 0 , p . 1 65 6 .
4 . Ib i d . , P a r t 1 5 , p . 1 2 1 5 .
CH AP T ERX X III
1 . Se n a t o r M c Ca r t h y ' s c o m m e n t s o n t h e B a r n e t t s m a y b e f o u n d
i n t h e
Co n g r e s s i o n a l
Re c o r d o f Au g . 9 , 1 9 5 1 , p . 9 7 0 7 .
2 . H e a r i n g s o f Se l e c t Co m m i t t e e t o In v e s t i g a t e T a x
Ex e m p t Fo u n d a t i o n s , H o u s e o f
Re p r e s e n t a t i v e s , 8 2 n d Co n g r e s s , 1 9 5 2 , p p . 5 4 1 - 5 4 2 .
3 . Da v i d Se n t n e r , Lo s An g e l e s
H e r a l d - Ex a m i n e r , J u l y 1 6, 1 9 62 .
4 . Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re c o r d , Se p t . 1 1 , 1 9 62 , p p . 1 7 9 66- 67 .
NO T ES

4 8 9
CH AP T ERX X IV
1
. Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 3 , p . 7 3 .
2
. Ib i d . , p . 7 7 .
3 . Ib i d . , p
. 8 0 .
4 . Ib i d . , p
. 8 1 .
5 . Ib i d
. , P a r t 4 , p . 1 66.
6
. Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , T e s t i m o n y o f Se y m o u r J a n o w , J u l y 2 3 , 1 9 63 ,
p . 5 .
7
. Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 6, p
. 3 3 8 .
8 . Ro b e r t S
. Al l e n a n d P a u l Sc o t t , No r t h e r n Vi r g i n i a
Su n , M a y 3 1 , 1 9 63 .
CH AP T ERX X VI
1
. Do m B o n a f e d e , Ne w Y o r k H e r a l d T r i b u n e n e w s s e r v i c e , a s p r i n t e d i n t h e Lo s An g e l e s
T i m e s ,
Ap r i l 1 9 , 1 9 65 .
2
. Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , De c
. 1 5 , 1 9 67 , P a r t III, p . 1 1 .
3
. Se c t i o n 65 2 , T i t l e 5 , Un i t e d St a t e s Co d e .
4
. 1 9 68 Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , P a r t I, p
. 6 .
5 . Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , De c
. 1 5 , 1 9 67 , P a r t II, p p . 1 - 63 .
CH AP T ERX X VII
1
. 1 9 68 Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , ( d a t e d De c . 1 5 , 1 9 67 , P a r t IV) ,
p p
. 2 7 - 2 8
.
2
. Ea r l Vo s s , Nu c l e a r Am b u s h ,
H e n r y Re g n e r y Co . , Ch i c a g o , 1 9 63 , p . 5 3 5 .
3 . Ib i d .
4 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p
. c i t . , p . 8 9 5 .
5
. Ib i d . , p . 8 9 6 .
6. Ib i d . , p . 8 9 9 .
7 . Ib i d
. , p . 9 0 7
.
8
. Ib i d . , p . 9 1 3 .
4 9 0

NO T ES
CH AP T ERX X VIII
1 . 1 9 68 Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , P a r t I, p p . 3 3 - 3 4
.
2 . Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , Se p t e m b e r 2 9 , 1 9 63 .
3 . Ib i d .
4 . Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 3 , p
. 1 0 3 .
5 . Ib i d . p . 1 0 4 .
6. Ib i d . p . 1 2 5 .
CH AP T ERX X IX
1
. Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , O c t . 1 0 , 1 9 63 .
2 . Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 5 , p . 2 66.
3 . Ch u r c h o f t h e H o l y T r i n i t y v . Un i t e d St a t e s , 1 4 3 , U. S. 4 5 7 .
CH AP T ERX X X
1 . UP Id i s p a t c h , B o s t o n , Se p t . 2 1 , 1 9 66.
2 . 1 9 68 Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , P a r t II, p . 3 5 .
3 . O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , o p . c i t . , P a r t 3 , p p . 9 2 - 9 3 .
4 . 1 9 68 Se n a t e Su b c o m m i t t e e Re p o r t , o p . c i t . , p . 5 7 .
5
. Ib i d . , p p . 4 1 a n d 4 4 .
6. Ib i d
. , p p . 5 0 - 5 1 .
7
. Ib i d . , p . 5 2 .
8 . Ib i d . , p p . 5 2 - 5 3 .
9 . Ib i d . , p . 5 9 .
1 0 . Ib i d . , p . 60 .
1 1 . Ib i d .
1 2 . . Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , No v . 8 , 1 9 63 .
1 3 . W a s h i n g t o n St a r , No v . 8 , 1 9 63 .
1 4 . Ne w Y o r k
T i m e s , No v . 1 0 , 1 9 63
.
NO T ES

4 9 1
1 5
. Ri c h a r d W i l s o n c o l u m n , W a s h i n g t o n St a r ,
No v . 1 3 , 1 9 63 .
1 6 . Ar t h u r Kr o c k c o l u m n , Ne w Y o r k
T i m e s , No v . 1 4 , 1 9 63 .
1 7
. Da v i d La w r e n c e c o l u m n , a s p r i n t e d i n M u n c i e ( In d i a n a )
Ev e n i n g P r e s s ,
No v . 1 2 ,
1 9 63 .
1 8 . H e n r y J . T a y l o r c o l u m n , No v
. 1 5 , 1 9 63 .
1 9
. H o l m e s Al e x a n d e r c o l u m n , a s p r i n t e d i n t h e
M a r y l a n d M o n i t o r , O c t
. 1 7 , 1 9 63 .
2 0 . Ib i d .
2 1 . Ri c h a r d W i l s o n c o l u m n , W a s h i n g t o n St a r ,
No v . 1 3 , 1 9 63 .
2 2 . O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , o p . c i t . , P a r t 8 , p
. 4 9 3 .
2 3 . Ib i d . , p . 4 9 4 .
2 4 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t . , p p
. 4 3 5 - 4 3 6.
2 5 . Ib i d . , p . 4 3 6 .
CH AP T ERX X X I
1 . W a r r e n Co m m i s s i o n Re p o r t ,
B a n t a m B o o k e d i t i o n , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 64 , p
. 2 4 0 .
2 . Ib i d . , p p . 2 5 0 - 2 5 1
.
3 . Ib i d . , p . 2 5 8 .
4 . T i m e , No v . 8 , 1 9 63 .
5 . W i l l i a m M a n c h e s t e r , T h e De a t h o f a P r e s i d e n t ,
H a r p e r & Ro w , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 67 , p
.
2 7 8 .
6 . St e w a r t Al s o p , " ACo n v e r s a t i o n w i t h P r e s i d e n t Ke n n e d y , "
Sa t u r d a y Ev e n i n g P o s t ,
J a n . 1 , 1 9 66 .
7 . M a n c h e s t e r , o p . c i t . , p . 2 7 7 .
CH AP T ERX X X II
1 . Al l e n - Sc o t t Re p o r t , Ch i c a g o
Su n d a y Am e r i c a n , De c e m b e r 2 2 , 1 9 63
.
2 . St e w a r t Al s o p , " J o h n s o n T a k e s O v e r
: T h e Un t o l d St o r y , "
Sa t u r d a y Ev e n i n g P o s t ,
Fe b . 1 5 , 1 9 64 .
3 . Ib i d .
4 . Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e ,
M a r c h 1 4 , 1 9 65 .
4 9 2

NO T ES
CH AP T ERX X X III
1
. G u y Ri c h a r d s , Ne w Y o r k J o u r n a l - Am e r i c a n ,
M a r c h 2 0 , 1 9 64 .
2
. Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 8 , p . 5 0 3 .
3
. T h e o d o r e W h i t e , o p . c i t . , p . 3 3 8
.
4
. Ib i d . , p . 3 4 5 ( p a r a p h r a s e d q u o t a t i o n ) .
5 . Ib i d
. , p p . 3 2 8 - 3 2 9 .
6
. W i l l a r d Ed w a r d s , Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , No v
. 1 5 , 1 9 64 .
7
. Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , Se p t . 2 9 , 1 9 64 .
8
. T e x t o f J . Ed g a r H o o v e r ' s r e p o r t o n W a l t e r J e n k i n s , O c t . 2 3 , 1 9 64 .
CH AP T ERX X X IV
1
. W i l l a r d Ed w a r d s , Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , De c . 2 0 , 1 9 64 .
2 . Ro g e r W i n s h i p St u a r t ,
M e e t t h e Se n a t o r s , M a c f a d d e n - B a r t e l l , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 63 , p .
4 9 .
3
. J a m e s B o y d , " T h e T r a g e d y o f T h o m a s Do d d , " Sa t u r d a y Ev e n i n g P o s t , Fe b . 1 0 ,
1 9 68 .
4
. Ib i d .
5
. Dr e w P e a r s o n c o l u m n , Ne w Y o r k
P o s t , M a y 2 6, 1 9 67 .
CH AP T ERX X X V
1
. Cl a r k M o l l e n h o f f , De s M o i n e s Re g i s t e r , Au g .
6, 1 9 64
.
2
. Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a Ca s e H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 5 , p p .
2 9 4 - 9 5 .
3
. 1 9 68 Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , P a r t III, p
. 8 7 .
4 . Ib i d . , p
. 1 0 3 .
5 . Ib i d . , p . 1 0 7
.
6
. Ib i d . , p . 8 1 .
7 . Ib i d . , p
. 8 2 .
8 . Ib i d . , P a r t I, p . 7 2 .
9
. Ro w l a n d Ev a n s a n d Ro b e r t No v a k , Ne w Y o r k
H e r a l d T r i b u n e , M a r c h 9 , 1 9 66 .
NO T ES

4 9 3
1 0 . B a r n a r d
. L
. Co l l i e r , Ne w Y o r k H e r a l d T r i b u n e , M a r c h 1 3 , 1 9 66 .
1 1 . Ne w Y o r k H e r a l d T r i b u n e , M a r c h 1 1 , 1 9 66 .
1 2 . Ca r l T . Ro w a n , W a s h i n g t o n St a r , M a r c h 1 8 , 1 9 66 .
1 3 . Ri c h a r d H a r w o o d , W a s h i n g t o n P o s t , M a y 1 5 , 1 9 66 .
1 4
. Ib i d .
1 5 . W i l l a r d Ed w a r d s , Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , O c t . 2 , 1 9 64 .
1 6 . Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , O t e p k a H e a r i n g s , 1 9 63 - 65 , P a r t 1 9 , p
.
1 5 8 0 .
1 7 . UP Id i s p a t c h , Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , Au g . 5 , 1 9 65 .
CH AP T ERX X X VI
1 . 1 9 68 Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , P a r t IV, p . 8 7 .
2 . Sc h l e s i n g e r , o p . c i t . , p . 7 68 .
3 . Ib i d .
4
. W i l l i a m J . G i l l , " T h e St r a n g e Ca s e o f O t e p k a ' s As s o c i a t e s , " Am e r i c a n Se c u r i t y
Co u n c i l W a s h i n g t o n Re p o r t , Se p t e m b e r 2 8 , 1 9 64 ( W R64 - 3 1 ) .
5 . 1 9 68 Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , P a r t IV, p
. 9 1 .
6 . W i l l a r d Ed w a r d s , Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , Fe b . 1 5 , 1 9 68 .
CH AP T ERX X X VII
1 . 1 9 68 Re p o r t , Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y Su b c o m m i t t e e , P a r t II, p . 9 5 .
2 . Ib i d . , P a r t IV, p . 1 7 .
3
. Ne w Y o r k T i m e s , O c t . 2 , 1 9 66.
4 . M i l w a u k e e J o u r n a l , O c t . 5 , 1 9 66.
5 . W a s h i n g t o n
P o s t , O c t . 2 , 1 9 66 .
6
. As s o c i a t e d P r e s s s t o r y , a s p u b l i s h e d i n t h e B a l t i m o r e
Su n , O c t . 2 , 1 9 66 .
7 . Ne w Y o r k T i m e s , O c t . 2 , 1 9 66 .
8 . T i m e , J u l y
2 2 , 1 9 66.
4 9 4

NO T ES
CH AP T ERX X X VIII
1
. J o s e p h Al s o p , Ne w Y o r k H e r a l d T r i b u n e , J a n
. 1 7 , 1 9 66 .
2 . Ib i d .
3
. S3 3 8 8 , i n t r o d u c e d b y Se n a t o r Ea s t l a n d i n t h e 2 n d Se s s i o n , 8 9 t h Co n g r e s s
.
CH AP T ERX L
1
. As s o c i a t e d P r e s s d i s p a t c h , J u n e 2 5 , 1 9 67 .
2
. Da v i d Du b i n s k y , s p e e c h b e f o r e t h e ILG W U' s 3 2 n d c o n v e n t i o n , M a y 1 2 , 1 9 65 .
CH AP T ERX LI
1 . UP Id i s p a t c h , W a s h i n g t o n , No v
. 1 , 1 9 67 .
2 . Ib i d .
3 . W i l l a r d Ed w a r d s , Ch i c a g o
T r i b u n e , Se p t . 1 9 , 1 9 67 .
4
. Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re c o r d , Se p t
. 2 8 , 1 9 67
.
5 . O m a h a W o r l d - H e r a l d ,
Se p t . 2 4 , 1 9 67 .
6
. Cl a r k M o l l e n h o f f , M i n n e a p o l i s
T r i b u n e , O c t . 3 , 1 9 67 .
7
. As s o c i a t e d P r e s s d i s p a t c h , W a s h i n g t o n , O c t
. 1 4 , 1 9 67 .
8 . Ib i d .
9
. Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re c o r d , O c t . 1 9 , 1 9 67 .
1 0 . U. S. Ne w s & W o r l d Re p o r t ,
J u n e 5 , 1 9 67 .
1 1
. " T h e Da n g e r o u s W o r l d o f W a l t Ro s t o w , " Lo o k , De c . 1 2 , 1 9 67
1 2
. W a s h i n g t o n P o s t , M a y 2 4 , 1 9 67 .
1 3
. " T h e M o s t H a p p y Fe l l a i n t h e W h i t e H o u s e , " Li f e ,
De c . 1 , 1 9 67
.
1 4 . Lo o k , De c . 1 2 , 1 9 67
. , o p . c i t .
1 5 .
Co n g r e s s i o n a l Re c o r d , No v . 2 2 , 1 9 67 .
1 6.
T h e Ch a n g i n g St r a t e g i c M i l i t a r y Ba l a n c e - U. S. A. v s. U
. S. S
. R. ,
Am e r i c a n Se c u r i t y
Co u n c i l - H o u s e Ar m e d Se r v i c e s Co m m i t t e e , 1 9 67 , p
. 1 1 .
1 7
. Eu g e n e Ly o n s ,
W o r k e r s ' P a r a d i s e Lo s t , Fu n k & W a g n a l l s , Ne w Y o r k , 1 9 67 , P a p e r -
b a c k Li b r a r y Ed i t i o n , p
. 2 6 .
1 8 . Ib i d . , p p . 3 5 4 - 5 6 .
NO T ES

4 9 5
CH AP T ERX LII
1 . P a r t I, " St a t e De p a r t m e n t Se c u r i t y 1 9 63 - 65 , " Re p o r t o f t h e Se n a t e In t e r n a l Se c u r i t y
Su b c o m m i t t e e r e l e a s e d J a n . 7 , 1 9 68 .
2 . B a l t i m o r e Su n , Fe b . 1 3 , 1 9 68 .
3 . " B a c k g r o u n d f o r As s a s s i n a t i o n , " Am e r i c a n Se c u r i t y Co u n c i l
W a s h i n g t o n Re p o r t ,
M a r c h 1 6, 1 9 64 .
4
. Ne w Y o r k T i m e s ,
De c e m b e r 1 2 , 1 9 67 , St o r y o n Su p r e m e Co u r t d e c i s i o n i n t h e c a s e
o f Eu g e n e Fr a n k Ro b e l .
5 . As s o c i a t e d P r e s s d i s p a t c h , M a y 1 1 , 1 9 69 .
6 . Un i t e d P r e s s In t e r n a t i o n a l d i s p a t c h , M a y 1 0 , 1 9 69 .
7 . Ib i d .
CH AP T ERX LIII
1 . W a s h i n g t o n P o s t , O c t . 1 4 , 1 9 68
. ( Re p o r t o n Ni x o n t e l e v i s i o n i n t e r v i e w o f O c t . 1 3
o n W FAA- T V, Da l l a s . )
2 . W i l l a r d Ed w a r d s c o l u m n , Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e ,
O c t . 5 , 1 9 68 .
3
. Ch i c a g o T r i b u n e , Fe b
. 2 1 , 1 9 68
.
CH AP T ERX LIV
1
. Ne w Y o r k T i m e s
e d i t o r i a l , Ap r i l 8 , 1 9 69 .
2 . Ib i d .
3 . H e a r i n g o n t h e No m i n a t i o n o f O t t o F. O t e p k a , Su b c o m m i t t e e o f t h e Se n a t e J u d i c i -
a r y Co m m i t t e e , Ap r i l 1 5 , 1 9 69 .
4 . T i m W h e e l e r , Da i l y W o r l d , Ap r i l 1 6, 1 9 69 , p . 9 .
5 . H e a r i n g s o n t h e No m i n a t i o n o f O t t o F. O t e p k a , o p
. c i t . , P a r t 2 , p . 1 2 5 .
4 9 6
In d e x
Ab e l , Co l o n e l Ru d o l f , 1 5 6 1 66,
2 0 6, 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 6, 2 2 7 , 2 3 3 ,
Ab t , J o h n , 3 1 , 3 5 , 4 4 0 2 3 7 ,
2 4 3 ,
2 4 4 ,
2 4 6, 2 4 7 , 2 5 1 , 2 5 4 ,
Ac h e s o n , De a n G . , 4 6, 5 4 , 63 , 7 8 , 2 61 , 2 62 , 2 63 , 2 64 ,
2 65 , 2 66, 2 7 4 ,
8 2 , 8 5 , 1 8 2 , 1 8 9 , 1 9 7 , 3 2 1 2 7 5 ,
2 7 7 , 2 7 8 , 2 7 9 , 2 8 5 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 2 ,
Ad a m s , Em e r y , 1 2 5 , 1 69 , 4 1 2 3 1 6, 3 1 7 ,
3 1 8 , 3 4 6, 3 4 8 , 3 66, 3 8 5 ,
Ad e n a u e r , Ko n r a d , 1 4 2 3 9 3 ,
4 1 0 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 6
Al d r i c h , W i n t h r o p , 2 9 7
Al e s s a n d r i , J o r g e , 3 7 5 , 3 7 6, 3 7 7 , 3 7 8
Al e x a n d e r , H o l m e s , 3 , 3 2 1 , 3 2 2
Al e x a n d e r , Ro b e r t , 4 5 , 4 6
Al e x e i , G r a n d Du k e , 2 1 4 , 2 1 6
Al s o p , J o s e p h , 67 , 7 4 , 3 9 5
Al s o p , St e w a r t , 3 3 3 , 3 3 4 , 3 4 3 , 3 4 4
B e l l , Al p h o n z o , 1 5 4
B e l l , J a c k , 3 5 7
B e n - G u r i o n , Da v i d , 2 1 3
B e n k i n , Is a a c , 4 0 2 , 4 0 6, 4 0 7
B e n t l e y , El i z a b e t h , 3 1 , 3 5 , 4 0 , 8 3
B e n t o n , W i l l i a m , 3 60
B e r l e , Ad o l f A. , 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 4
An a s t a s i a , P r i n c e s s , 2 1 4
An d e r s o n , J a c k , 3 63 , 4 5 3 - 4 5 4 , 4 5 5 ,
B e r r y , Ro b e r t , 2 2 5
B e t a n c o u r t y H e r n a n d e z , Er n e s t o ,
4 5 7
3 7 8
An d e r s o n , M a r i a n , 2 3 5
An d r e w s , B e r t , 3 9
Ar e n d s , Le s l i e , 2 1 5
Ar n o l d , T h u r m a n , 3 9
Ar s k i , St e f a n , 2 1 8
B e t h e l , P a u l , 1 9 6
B i b l e , Al a n , 3 4 2
B i s s e l l , Ri c h a r d , 1 0 1
B l a c k , H u g o , 3 4 1 , 4 4 1
B l a k e , G e o r g e , 1 2 2 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 3 , 3 9 2
As h b r o o k , J o h n M . , 3 3 7 , 4 2 9 , 4 3 0
As h e r , Ro b e r t E. , 2 3 8
At t l e e , Cl e m e n t , 9 3 , 9 4
B a i l e y , E. T o m l i n , 5 1 , 5 5 , 5 6
B a k e r , G . Y . , 2 9 7
B a k e r , Ro b e r t , 3 2 1 , 3 4 2
B l a u s t e i n , J a c o b , 2 3 8
B l u m , Le o n , 2
B o c k , Ca r l , 2 2 3 , 2 66
B o e c k e n h a u p t , H e r b e r t W
. , 3 9 2
B o h l e n , Ch a r l e s ( Ch i p ) , 2 1 8
B o n a f e d e , Do m , 2 8 4
B o n t e m p o , Sa l v a t o r e A
. , 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 ,
1 1 9
B a l l , G e o r g e , 3 , 68 - 69 , 1 1 2 , 1 3 0 ,
B o s w e l l , W i l l i a m 0
. , 1 2 , 8 7 , 8 8 , 8 9 ,
1 5 3 , 1 5 4 , 1 7 5 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 7 , 3 0 6, 3 1 7 ,
9 0 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 3 ,
3 4 3 , 3 8 9 , 4 1 8 , 4 3 6- 4 3 7
1 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 1 3 1 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 5 ,
1 4 6, 1 4 7 ,
B a l l , J o s e p h H . , 3 9
1 4 8 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 , 1 60 , 1 61 , 1 69 ,
B a n c r o f t , H a r d i n g , 1 8 1 , 2 9 2 , 3 9 0
2 0 1 , 2 1 7 , 2 1 8 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 8 ,
3 4 7 ,
B a n g - J e n s e n , M r s . P o v l , 1 8 3
3 67 , 3 7 4 , 4 1 3 , 4 1 5
B a n g - J e n s e n , P o v l , 1 8 2 , 1 8 3 , 3 9 1
B o u d i n , Le o n a r d , 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 4 ,
B a n n e r m a n , Ro b e r t L. , 3 7
1 8 5 , 1 8 6
B a r n e t t , M r s . P a t r i c i a G l o v e r , 2 5 9 -
2 60
B o u n O u m , P r i n c e , 1 2 7
B o w l e s , Ch e s t e r , 8 5 , 8 6, 1 1 2 , 1 1 9 ,
B a r n e t t , Ro b e r t W a r r e n , 2 5 9 , 2 60
3 60
B a r t a , J . M . , 2 9 3
B a s s i n , J u l e s , 4 0 1
B a t i s t a , Fu l g e n c i o , 1 3 4 , 1 3 9
B a t t i n , J a m e s , 1 5 5
B a y h , B i r c h , 7 0
B e a m , J a c o b D. , 2 0 8 , 2 1 8
B e e r , Dr . Is r a e l , 2 1 3
B e h a r . Se e B l a k e , G e o r g e
B e l i s l e , Da v i d I. , 1 61 , 1 63 , 1 64 , 1 65 ,
B o y d , J a m e s , 3 61 , 3 62
B r i d g e s , St y l e s , 3 9 , 4 6
B r u b e c k , W i l l i a m H
. , 2 66, 2 9 3
B r u c e , Da v i d , 8 5
B r y a n , J a c k H . , 1 7 1
B r y n n e r , Y u l , 2 0 1
B u d e n z , W i l l i a m , 4 0 , 8 3
B u n c h e , Ra l p h , 8 5
INDEX

4 9 7
B u n d y ,
1 0 3 ,
3 7 6,
B u n d y ,
B u r d i c k ,
B u r g e s s ,
B u r k e ,
B u r k h a r d t ,
3 7 6,
3 9 4
B u r t o n ,
B u s h ,
B u z h a r d t ,
B y k o v ,
B y r n e s ,
B y r n e s ,
1 1 2 ,
4 2 7
Ad m i r a l
3 7 9 ,
Lo i s ,
P r e s c o t t ,
Co l o n e l ,
J a m e s
Ro b e r t ,
M c G e o r g e ,
W i l l i a m
Q u e n t i n ,
An t h o n y ,
Fr e d ,
1 9 5 ,
Ed w i n
1 7 1
F. ,
3 8 0 - 3 8 1 ,
3 60
2 8 6,
4 6,
2 65 ,
P . , 4 6,
4 5 6,
4 8 ,
Ar l e i g h ,
A. ,
3 9 9 ,
5 3
3 6,
65 ,
2 9 3 ,
66
4 5 8
4 2 9
1 4 4 ,
3 8 2 ,
4 4 5
3 7 , 3 8
2 8 7 ,
2 9 7
8 5 ,
3 4 3 ,
2 7 7 ,
3 8 3 ,
2 8 8
1 0 2 ,
3 5 0 ,
2 8 6,
3 8 5 ,
Co h e n , Lo n g a . Se e Kr o g e r , H e l e n
Co h e n , M o r r i s . Se e Kr o g e r , P e t e r
J o h n
Co h n , Ro y , 61
Co l l i n s , H a r r y , 2 60
Co l l i n s , H e n r y H i l l , 3 1 , 3 5
Co n e i n , Co l o n e l , 3 2 7
Co n n a l l y , J o h n , 3 3 0
Co o m b s , P h i l i p , 2 3 5
Co p l o n , J u d i t h , 4 5 , 1 7 8
Co r d i e r , An d r e w , 1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 2 ,
1 8 3 , 2 9 2 , 3 9 0 , 3 9 1 , 4 0 8
Co r s o , Lt
. Co l o n e l P h i l i p J . , 2 1 5 - 2 1 6,
3 9 9
Co x , Ar c h i b a l d , 67
Cr a m e r , W i l l i a m , 3 4 5 , 3 4 6
Cr o c k e t t , W i l l i a m J . , 68 , 69 , 7 0 , 8 8 ,
Ca b o t ,
Ca r t w r i g h t ,
Ca s t r o ,
T h o m a s
Fi d e l ,
Ro b e r t ,
4 ,
B . , 2 9 7
1 6
4 1 , 1 1 0 , 1 2 4 , 1 3 1 ,
2 0 4 , 2 1 7 , 2 5 9 , 2 8 8 , 3 1 8 , 3 4 6, 3 4 7 ,
3 4 8 , 3 5 5 , 3 5 8 , 3 64 , 3 65 , 3 66, 3 67 ,
3 68 , 3 69 , 3 7 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 3 , 3 8 5 ,
3 8 6, 3 8 7 , 3 8 8 , 3 8 9 , 4 1 7 , 4 1 8 , 4 4 9
Ca s t r o ,
Ca t u c c i ,
Ce r m a k ,
Ch a m b e r l a i n ,
Ch a m b e r s ,
1 3 6,
1 9 6,
3 9 6
1 3 7 ,
2 2 4 ,
J u a n i t a ,
M a r i e ,
An t o n
1 3 8 ,
2 61 ,
W h i t t a k e r ,
1 3 9 , 1 4 0 , 1 4 2 , 1 8 7 ,
2 69 , 3 3 1 , 3 7 8 , 4 1 3
Cr o n i n , Re v e r e n d J o h n , 3 2
Cr o n k i t e , W a l t e r , 3 2 8
Cr o s s m a n , R
. H . S. , 9 4
Cu m m i n g s , H o m e r S. , 3 60
Cu r i e , M a r i e , 1 , 2
Cu r i e , P i e r r e , 1 , 2
Cu r r i e , La u c h l i n , 3 1 , 3 5 , 2 5 9 , 4 4 0
Cz a y o , G e o r g e M . , 1 8 0
Da l e y , Ri c h a r d J . , 4 4 5
Da n o l o f f , Ni c k , 4 0 5
Da v i d s o n , T . W h i t f i e l d , 3 4 1
Da v i e s , El s p e t h Va u g h a n , 9 5
Da v i e s , J o h n P a t o n , 5 0 , 5 1 , 7 4 , 7 5 ,
J . ,
Ne v i l l e ,
1 9 6
2 2 2 ,
2 7
2 64 ,
1 0 8
3 1 , 3 2 ,
2 7 4 ,
3 4 ,
1 63 ,
2 61 ,
2 7 0
7 8 ,
2 7 5 ,
4 0 ,
1 9 0 ,
2 9 3 ,
7 9 ,
5 3 , 8 3 , 8 8 , 1 3 5 , 2 60
Ch a y e s ,
Ch e n n a u l t ,
Ch i a n g
1 9 1 ,
3 0 6,
Ab r a m
1 9 3 ,
3 2 6,
J . , 67 , 1 4 1 ,
1 9 4 , 2 3 4 , 2 5 8 ,
3 4 7 , 3 4 8 , 3 65
Ka i - s h e k ,
G e n e r a l
3 6,
Cl a i r e ,
5 5 , 7 4 ,
8 0 , 1 7 3 , 2 7 0
Ch o u En - l a i , 4 5 0 7 8 , 2 5 8 , 4 4 9 - 4 5 0
Ch u T e h ,
Ch u r c h i l l ,
8 2
W i n s t o n , 9 3 , 2 8 0 , 3 9 4
De b s , Eu g e n e V. , 9 1
De G a u l l e , Ch a r l e s , 1 5 6, 3 8 6
Ci e p l i n s k i ,
Cl a g e t t , B r i c e ,
M i c h e l ,
1 5 9
1 62 De M i l l e , Ag n e s , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5
De M i l l e , Ce c i l B . , 2 3 5
Cl a r k , T o m C. , 4 4 0 De n t , H a r r y , 3 9 9 , 4 4 5
Cl e m e n c e a u ,
Cl e v e l a n d , H a r l a n ,
G e o r g e s ,
3 ,
2
1 4 7 , 1 66, 1 67 -
De u t s c h , B a r b e t t e , 4 2
De w e y , T h o m a s E
. , 4 0
1 7 7 , 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 , 1 8 1 ,
1 8 4 , 1 8 5 ,
Di g b y , B o b . Se e Co e , Ch a r l e s
1 8 6, 1 8 8 , 2 2 8 , 2 3 8 , 2 4 7 ,
2 5 1 , 2 64 ,
Di k e o s , Vi c t o r , 2 0 2 , 2 0 3 , 3 4 7
2 65 , 2 9 2 , 2 9 7 , 3 1 1 , 3 8 6, 3 8 9 , 3 9 0 ,
Di l l o n , Do u g l a s , 1 4 0 , 1 9 6
4 0 8 ,
4 3 0 Di r k s e n , Ev e r e t t M c Ki n l e y ,
7 , 69 ,
Cl i f f o r d , Cl a r k , 3 5 2 , 4 4 1 8 7 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 4 , 1 8 8 , 2 3 4 , 2 3 9 , 2 5 0 ,
Cl u b b , O l i v e r Ed m u n d , 8 2 2 9 6, 3 7 2 , 3 8 3 , 4 0 2 , 4 4 1 , 4 4 6, 4 5 2 ,
Co e , Ch a r l e s , 3 5 4 5 3 , 4 5 5 , 4 5 6, 4 5 8
Co e , Vi r g i n i u s Fr a n k , 3 1 , 3 5 ,
2 5 9 Di s c h e r , Ur s z u l a M a r i a , 2 1 1
Ea s t l a n d , J a m e s 0 . , 1 8 8 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 1 ,
3 0 1 , 3 0 6, 3 0 7 , 3 1 2 , 3 2 2 , 3 3 9 , 3 60 ,
3 61 , 3 7 2 , 4 0 2 , 4 0 4 , 4 3 4
Ea t o n , Cy r u s S. , 1 0 5
Ed w a r d VIII, 9 2
Ed w a r d s , W i l l a r d , 3 , 1 5 0 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 4 ,
3 0 1 , 3 1 9 , 3 4 6, 3 5 6, 3 8 2 , 4 2 3 , 4 4 3 ,
4 4 7
Eh r l i c h , T h o m a s , 3 0 6, 4 1 8
Ei s e n h o w e r , Dr . M i l t o n , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9
Ei s e n h o w e r , Dw i g h t D. , 5 , 1 2 , 1 7 ,
2 3 , 4 6, 4 8 , 4 9 , 5 1 , 60 , 65 , 66, 9 6,
9 8 , 9 9 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 9 , 1 2 4 , 1 3 8 ,
1 68 , 1 7 4 , 1 7 7 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 2 , 1 8 4 , 2 9 5 ,
3 0 8 , 3 65 , 4 0 0 , 4 1 2 , 4 2 5 , 4 2 8 , 4 3 1 ,
4 4 3 , 4 5 3
Em m e r s o n , J o h n K. , 7 4 , 7 5
Ep s t e i n , Is r a e l , 8 3
G a i t a n , J o r g e El i e c e r , 1 3 6
G a l b r a i t h , J o h n Ke n n e t h , 4 3 , 64 , 66
G a l v i n , Fr e d e r i c k , 2 0 3 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 6,
2 0 7
G a r d n e r , Fr a n c i s V
. , 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 2 2 2 ,
2 7 7 , 2 8 6, 3 7 6, 3 8 0 , 3 8 5
G a y n , J u l i u s , 3 6, 3 7
G e e , W i n i f r e d , 2 1 2
G e n t i l e , G . M a r v i n , 3 65 , 3 7 2
G e s s n e r , G e o r g e J o h n , 3 9 1
G i b n e y , Fr a n k , 1 9 8
G l a s s e r , H a r o l d , 1 7 1 , 1 7 2
G l a w e , B e n o i d , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9
G o l d b e r g , Ar t h u r J
. , 67 , 4 3 6, 4 4 6
G o l d b e r g , Si d n e y , 4 0 2
G o l d w a t e r , B a r r y , 1 5 4 , 1 9 5 , 2 9 7 ,
3 2 8 - 3 2 9 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 6, 3 5 0 , 3 5 3 , 4 5 3
G o l e n i e w s k i , Co l o n e l M i c h a l , 2 1 1 ,
2 1 3 , 2 1 4 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 6, 2 1 7 , 4 0 0
G o o d w i n , Ri c h a r d , 67 , 1 1 2 , 2 62
4 9 8 INDEX
Do b r y n i n , An a t o l y , 4 3 1 Er v i n , Sa m , 69 , 1 8 8 , 3 8 6
Do d d ,
Do d d ,
M r s .
T h o m a s ,
G r a c e
69 ,
M u r p h y , 3 5 9
7 0 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 2 ,
Es t e s , B i l l y So l , 3 2 1 , 3 4 2 , 3 4 4
Ev a n s , M a r k , 3 5 7
1 2 4 , 1 3 1 , 1 8 8 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 4 , 2 4 6, 2 4 7 , Ev a n s , Ro w l a n d , 3 68
2 4 8 , 2 5 0 , 2 68 , 2 9 6, 3 0 2 , 3 0 3 , 3 0 4 ,
3 0 6, 3 0 7 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 4 , 3 1 5 , 3 1 6, 3 1 9 ,
3 2 2 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 9 , 3 4 5 , 3 4 7 , 3 4 9 - 3 5 0 , Fa i r b a n k , J o h n K
. , 60 , 7 5
3 5 4 - 3 63 , 3 64 , 3 65 , 3 7 3 , 3 8 6, 3 8 9 , Fe i g h a n , M i c h a e l A
. , 2 1 5 , 2 1 6
3 9 5 , 4 0 2 , 4 0 5 , 4 1 8 , 4 3 4 , 4 5 4
Fi e l d , Fr e d e r i c k Va n d e r b i l t , 8 3 , 2 5 9
Do d d , T h o m a s , Sr . , 3 5 9
Fi n k e l , M r s . M y r a , 4 5 5
Do e , No r m a n , 2 66 Fi n k e l s t e i n , La w r e n c e , 1 8 0 , 2 9 2 , 4 0 8
Do n o v a n , J a m e s B . , 1 5 5
Fi n l e t t e r , T h o m a s K. , 65
Do n o v a n ,
Do n o v a n ,
Do u g l a s ,
2 3 6
T h o m a s
W i l l i a m
H e l e n
A. ,
J . ,
G a h a g a n ,
4 0 0 - 4 0 1
3 6
63 , 1 7 2 ,
Fl e s c h , Ru d o l f , 9 7
Fl y n n , El i z a b e t h G u r l e y , 1 9 4
Fo g l a n t z , J o a n M a e , 2 9 2
Fo r t a s , Ab e , 3 9 , 3 4 1 , 3 5 2 , 4 3 9 - 4 4 0 ,
Do u g l a s , M e l v y n , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 6, 2 3 7 , 4 4 1
2 4 2 Fo r t a s , M r s . Ab e , 4 4 2
Dr a g o n , Ed w a r d A. , 4 0 3 , 4 0 5 , 4 0 6, Fo x , J o h n , 60
4 1 6, 4 1 8 , 4 3 2 Fr a n c e , An a t o l e , 2
Dr e w , J o h n , 2 9 1 , 2 9 3 Fr a n c o , Fr a n c i s c o , 4 2 9
Dr e y f u s s ,
Du b i n s k y ,
Al f r e d ,
Da v i d ,
1 , 2
4 2 0 - 4 2 1
Fr a n k , Ri c h a r d , 3 4 8
Fr a n k e l , M a x , 3 2 0
Du B o i s , W . E. B . , 4 3 9 Fr a n k f u r t e r , Fe l i x , 2 3 2
Du g g a n , La w r e n c e , 3 1 , 3 5 , 1 3 5 Fr e e m a n , O r v i l l e , 3 4 4
Du k e ,
Du l l e s ,
An g i e r
Al l a n , 1 0 1 ,
B i d d l e ,
1 1 0 ,
3 7 0
1 8 3 , 2 1 6
Fr e n c h , Co l o n e l G e o r g e W
. , J r . , 3 7 6
Fr e u n d , P a u l , 66
Du l l e s , J o h n Fo s t e r , 1 2 , 2 3 , 4 6, 4 7 ,
Fu c h s , Kl a u s , 5 , 2 1 6
5 1 , 5 4 , 5 6, 8 7 , 9 8 , 1 3 8 , 1 4 6, 1 8 9 ,
Fu l b r i g h t , J . W i l l i a m , 8 5 , 1 1 1 , 1 5 4 ,
2 5 8
4 3 7
Du n g a n , Ra l p h , 2 7 1
Du t t o n , Fr e d e r i c k G . , 8 3 , 1 1 2 , 1 8 9
INDEX 4 9 9
H a l l ,
G r a h a m ,
G r e e n b e r g ,
G r e e n g l a s s ,
G r e w ,
G r i f f i n ,
G r i g n o n ,
G r o b a r t ,
G r o s s ,
G r o s s ,
G u a r i n o ,
G u b i t c h e v ,
G u e v a r a ,
H a l d a n e ,
H a l e s ,
H a l p e r i n ,
H a m i l t o n ,
H a n e s ,
H a r d i n g ,
H a r r i m a n ,
3 9 0
H a m m a r s k j o l d ,
Du r w o o d ,
Ca r l , 2 8 6, 2 8 7
M i c h a e l ,
Da v i d , 2 1 2
J o s e p h , 3 7
Ro b e r t P . , 4 4 2
H e n r i G . , 3 65
Fa b i o , 1 3 4
Er n e s t , 1 8 1 , 1 8 2 ,
H . R. , 3 8 2 , 3 8 3
P h i l , 4 4 4
Va l e n t i n , 4 5 ,
Ch e , 2 2 6
J . B . S. , 8 4
N. B a t t l e , 3 4 2
1 5 4
M a u r i c e , 3 5
Fo w l e r , 2 7 0 ,
Da g , 1 8 1 ,
J o h n W . , J r
. , 8 7 ,
W i l l i a m , 2
Av e r e l l , 8 0 ,
H i t e , J a n e t , 3 8 1
H i t l e r , Ad o l p h , 7 3 , 9 2 , 4 5 5
H o Ch i M i n h , 1 0 2 , 1 0 4 , 4 3 6
H o l d e n , M r s . St a n l e y , 3 0 4
H o l d e n , St a n l e y , 2 4 5 , 2 4 6, 2 7 2 , 2 9 4 ,
3 5
1 8 3 , 2 9 2 ,
3 0 3 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 5 , 3 1 5 , 4 1 8
H o l m e s , J u l i u s , 3 6
H o o v e r , H e r b e r t , 61 , 66
H o o v e r , H e r b e r t , J r
. , 1 6, 1 7 , 4 2 8
1 7 8
H o o v e r , J
. Ed g a r , 2 5 , 4 1 , 4 2 ,
1 2 4 , 1 4 4 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 6, 2 1 7 , 2 8 6,
4 3 9
H o o v e r , La w r e n c e , 3 4 8
H o p k i n s , H a r r y , 3 5
H o w e , M a r k De W o l f e , 67
H r u s k a , Ro m a n L. , 1 3 9 , 1 8 4 ,
1 0 8 ,
3 5 2 ,
1 8 8 ,
4 3 3
2 7 7 ,
2 3 0 ,
4 4 7 ,
1 2 1 ,
2 7 1
3 9 1
8 8 , 8 9
9 2 , 1 1 2 , 1 9 2 ,
2 3 9 , 3 1 1 , 3 2 2 , 3 4 8 , 4 0 2 , 4 2 4 ,
H u g h e s , B i l l y N. ,
1 4 3 , 2 2 3 ,
2 8 5 , 2 8 6, 3 7 4 , 3 7 6, 3 8 5
H u m e l s i n e , Ca r l i s l e H
. , 7 7 - 7 8
H u m p h r e y , H u b e r t , 62 ,
67 ,
4 4 5 ,
1 2 0 ,
2 9 5 , 2 9 6, 3 4 9 , 3 5 0 , 4 3 7 ,
4 4 8
H u r l e y , P a t r i c k J . , 5 5 , 7 4
H u s t o n , H a r r i s H . , 1 1 9 , 2 5 6, 2 9 4 , 2 9 6
H a r r i s , Le o , 2 5 7 , 2 5 8 1 2 4 , 3 4 8
H a r r i s ,
H a r r i s ,
Lo u i s , 67
Se y m o u r , 65 , 66
H a r t ,
H e n d e r s o n ,
P h i l i p , 4 5 6
Lo y , 5 3 ,
5 5 , 1 8 1 , 2 0 8 ,
Is a a c s , H a r o l d , 9 5
Is e n b e r g h , M a x , 2 3 5
2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 1
H e r t e r , Ch r i s t i a n , 2 3 ,
1 3 8 , 1 4 2
H i l l ,
H i g g i n s ,
El m e r
M a r g u e r i t e , 3 2 7
De w e y , 2 0 1 ,
2 0 2 , 2 0 3 ,
J a c h i m c z y k , Dr . J o s e p h , 3 4 2
J a c k s o n , C. D. , 1 0 0
2 0 5 , 2 0 6, 2 0 7 , 2 2 3 , 2 4 4 , 2 5 4 , 2 63 ,
J a c k s o n , H e n r y M . ( Sc o o p ) , 61
2 64 , 2 67 , 2 69 , 2 7 9 , 2 8 5 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 4 ,
J a c k s o n , Ro b e r t H . , 3 60
3 0 3 , 3 0 9 , 3 1 6, 3 1 7 , 3 1 8 , 3 2 2 , 3 4 6,
J a f f e , Ir v i n g , 4 0 2 , 4 0 6, 4 0 7 , 4 0 8 ,
3 4 8 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 6, 4 1 7 4 0 9 , 4 1 4 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 6, 4 1 8 , 4 3 2
H i l l ,
H i l l e r ,
Ro b e r t C. , 1 3 8 ,
Ed w i n , 2 0 6
1 3 9 , 2 4 5 , 2 4 6
J a f f e , P h i l i p , 3 6, 5 5 , 2 5 9
J a n o w , Se y m o u r J u d s o n , 2 69 , 2 7 0 ,
H i p s l e y , El m e r , 8 8 , 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 ,
2 7 1 , 2 7 3 , 4 1 2
1 2 0 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 3 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 - 1 2 6, 2 2 3 J e n k i n s , W a l t e r , 3 5 1 , 3 5 2 ,
4 4 1
H i s s , Al g e r , 5 , 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 4 , 4 0 , 4 5 ,
J e s s u p , P h i l l i p , 7 5 , 7 9 , 8 0 , 8 3
4 6, 69 , 7 6, 7 7 , 7 8 , 8 9 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 9 ,
J o h a n s e n , Au g u s t E. , 3 5 1 , 3 7 2
1 62 , 1 66, 1 69 , 1 7 6, 1 7 7 , 1 8 0 , 1 8 1 ,
J o h n s o n , Ly n d o n B . , 3 , 7 , 2 0 , 2 1 ,
1 8 2 , 1 8 4 , 1 8 9 , 2 2 8 , 2 3 8 , 2 4 7 , 2 4 8 ,
3 9 , 4 9 , 7 1 - 7 2 , 8 5 , 9 1 , 9 3 , 1 0 3 ,
2 5 3 , 2 5 8 , 2 5 9 , 2 60 , 2 9 2 , 3 1 1 , 3 2 1 , 1 0 4 ,
1 0 5 , 1 1 8 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 5 , 1 9 7 ,
3 4 3 , 3 9 0 , 4 3 9 , 4 4 0 ,
4 4 1 , 4 4 4 1 9 9 , 2 1 9 , 2 3 0 , 3 2 8 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 7 , 3 3 8 ,
H i s s , Do n a l d , 3 1 , 3 4 - 3 5 , 4 6, 1 7 6 3 3 9 , 3 4 0 , 3 4 1 , 3 4 2 , 3 4 3 , 3 4 5 ,
H i t e , H a r r y M . , 1 4 3 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 4 , 2 4 7 , 3 4 7 ,
3 4 9 , 3 5 0 , 3 5 1 , 3 5 2 , 3 5 3 , 3 5 4 ,
2 7 7 , 2 8 6, 3 4 8 , 3 7 6, 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 , 3 8 2 ,
3 5 5 , 3 5 6, 3 5 7 , 3 60 , 3 61 , 3 63 , 3 68 ,
3 8 3 , 3 8 5 , 3 9 4
3 7 3 , 3 7 7 , 3 8 4 , 3 8 5 , 3 9 5 , 4 0 2 , 4 0 3 ,
5 0 0 INDEX
4 1 9 , 4 2 0 , 4 2 2 , 4 2 3 , 4 2 5 , 4 2 6, 4 2 7 ,
1 9 2 , 1 9 3 , 1 9 4 , 1 9 5 , 1 9 7 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 7 ,
4 2 8 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 6, 4 3 7 , 4 3 9 , 4 4 1 , 4 4 6, 2 2 9 , 2 4 1 , 2 5 2 , 2 5 6, 2 5 8 , 2 61 , 2 69 ,
4 4 7 , 4 4 8 2 8 3 , 2 8 6, 2 9 0 , 2 9 4 , 3 1 3 , 3 1 5 , 3 1 6,
J o h n s o n , M r s . Da i s y , 3 7 0 3 1 8 , 3 2 6, 3 2 7 , 3 4 2 , 3 4 4 , 3 4 9 , 3 5 5 ,
J o h n s o n , M r s . La d y B i r d , 3 4 0 3 67 , 3 7 5 , 4 0 3 , 4 0 9 , 4 1 2 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 7 ,
J o h n s o n , Ro b e r t , 1 8 9 , 1 9 0 4 1 8 , 4 2 5 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 6, 4 3 7 , 4 3 8 , 4 5 4 ,
J o h n s t o n , O l i n , 1 8 8 4 5 6
J o n e s , M a r y , 3 4 2 Ke n t , Ro c k w e l l , 1 9 4
J o n e s , Ro g e r W . , 9 0 , 1 2 5 , 1 3 0 - 1 3 1 , Ke r s t e n , Ch a r l e s , 3 2
1 3 2 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 6- 1 4 7 , 1 4 8 , 1 5 8 , 1 60 , Kh r u s h c h e v , Ni k i t a , 4 8 , 1 0 5 , 1 1 0 ,
1 62 , 1 63 , 1 9 1 , 2 2 7 , 2 4 3 , 4 1 5 , 4 4 9 1 1 1 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 0 , 1 9 5 , 1 9 6, 2 5 6, 2 9 4 ,
J o y c e , J a m e s , 2 2 0 2 9 5 , 2 9 6, 3 3 1 ,
J o y c e ,
2 9
W i l l i a m ( " Lo r d H a w - H a w " ) , Ki n g , Dr . M a r t i n Lu t h e r , J r . , 4 3 6
Ki n t n e r , Ro b e r t , 3 61
J u d d ,
Ka m p f ,
Ka t z e n b a c h ,
W a l t e r ,
Ir m g a r d
1 7 3
Ni c h o l a s ,
M a r g a r e t a ,
3 ,
2 1 4
1 9 0 , 1 9 4 ,
Ki r k , G r a y s o n , 1 8 1
Ki r k , Ru s s e l l , 2 3 6
Ki s s i n g e r , H e n r y , 4 4 9
Kl e b e r g , Ri c h a r d M . , 3 3 9 , 3 4 0
Kn e b e l , Fl e t c h e r , 3 4 1
2 61 , 3 2 6, 3 5 2 , 4 0 3 , 4 3 2 , 4 4 9
Kn i g h t , Fr a n c e s , 1 8 9 , 1 9 0 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 4 ,
Ke a t i n g , Ke n n e t h , 69 , 1 8 7 , 1 8 8 , 1 9 5
3 0 2 , 3 67 , 3 9 3
Ke f a u v e r ,
Ke n n a n ,
Es t e s ,
Ch a r l e s ,
62
2 1 8 , 2 1 9
Ko c h , Fa t h e r H a r o l d M . , 3 9 2
Ko c z a k , St e p h e n A. , 4 0 0 , 4 0 1 , 4 0 2 ,
Ke n n e d y , Ed w a r d M o o r e , 2 67 , 2 68 ,
4 3 0
4 5 7 , 4 5 8 , 4 5 9
Ko r n i e n k o , G e o r g i , 2 3 1
Ke n n e d y ,
Ke n n e d y ,
Ke n n e d y ,
Et h e l ,
J a c q u e l i n e ,
J o h n F. ,
1 5 6
3 ,
3 3 0
4 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 6,
Ko s y g i n , Al e x e i , 4 1 9 , 4 2 0 , 4 2 6
Kr a m e r , Ch a r l e s , 3 1 , 3 5
Kr i v i t s k y .
Se e Kr a m e r , Ch a r l e s
1 8 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 6, 5 1 ,
Kr o c k , Ar t h u r , 1 1 7 , 3 2 0
5 2 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ,
Kr o g e r , H e l e n , 2 1 2
66, 67 , 69 , 7 0 , 7 5 , 8 3 , 8 5 , 8 6, Kr o g e r , P e t e r J o h n , 2 1 2
9 5 , 9 6, 9 7 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 5 , 1 0 6, Ku k o w s k a , Le o n a , 1 3 4
1 0 7 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 7 , 1 1 9 , Ku z n e t s o v , Va s i l y V. , 1 0 6
1 2 5 , 1 2 6, 1 2 7 , 1 2 8 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 3 ,
1 3 9 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 2 , 1 5 0 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 7 , 1 65 ,
1 67 , 1 7 6, 1 7 9 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 8 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 3 ,
La d e j i n s k y , W o l f , 4 9 , 5 0 , 4 5 4
1 9 4 , 1 9 5 , 1 9 6, 1 9 8 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 6, 2 2 1 , La Fo l l e t t e , Ro b e r t , 1 7 1
2 2 3 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 5 , 2 4 3 , La n d i s , Co h e n , Ru b i n a n d Sc h w a r t z ,
2 5 5 , 2 5 6, 2 5 7 , 2 62 , 2 65 , 2 67 , 2 7 1 , 2 61
2 7 9 , 2 8 3 , 2 9 4 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 6, 3 0 7 , La n d i s , J a m e s M . , 2 61
3 1 3 , 3 1 4 , 3 1 5 , 3 2 0 ,
3 2 2 , 3 2 3 , La r s e n , Em m a n u e l , 3 6
3 2 4 , 3 2 6, 3 2 7 , 3 2 8 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 0 , 3 3 1 , La r s e n , Ro y E
. , 2 3 5
3 3 2 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 4 , 3 3 5 , 3 3 6, 3 3 7 , 3 3 8 ,
La r s o n , Ar t h u r , 1 8 0 , 2 9 2
3 4 1 - 3 4 2 , 3 4 3 , 3 4 5 , 3 7 5 , 3 7 6, 3 7 7 ,
La t t i m o r e , O w e n , 60 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 3 2 1 ,
3 7 8 , 3 7 9 , 4 0 1 , 4 2 9 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 8 , 4 4 1 , 3 2 2 , 4 4 1
4 4 8 , 4 5 6 La u g e l , Ra y m o n d , 2 0 6, 2 7 9
Ke n n e d y ,
Ke n n e d y ,
J o s e p h ,
Ro b e r t
60
F. , 3 , 1 4 , 1 7 , 2 0 ,
La u s c h e , Fr a n k , 2 9 7
La w f o r d , P a t r i c i a Ke n n e d y , 60
2 2 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 5 6, 5 7 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 60 , 61 -
La w f o r d , P e t e r , 60
62 , 63 , 64 , 66, 67 , 68 , 7 9 , 9 0 , 9 4 ,
La w r e n c e , Da v i d , 3 2 0
1 4 1 , 1 4 2 , 1 4 5 ,
1 5 5 , 1 5 6, 1 5 7 , 1 5 8 , La w s o n , W a r n e r , 2 3 5
1 65 ,
1 66,
1 67 ,
1 7 9 ,
1 8 5 , 1 8 7 , 1 9 1 , Le a h y , J o h n S
. , J r . , 2 3 3 , 2 3 5 , 2 67
Le d d y , Ra y m o n d , 1 3 8
Le h m a n , H e r b e r t H . , 3 5
Le M a y , G e n e r a l Cu r t i s , 2 9 7
Le n i n , Ni c o l a i , 7 2 , 1 5 4 , 1 9 5 , 2 0 2 ,
2 0 3 , 2 0 4 , 2 0 5
Le v i n , Al f r e d , 9 6
Le v i n e , Is a a c Do n , 3 1 , 3 2
Le v y , Ra y m o n d , 2 66, 2 9 3
Le w i s , An t h o n y , 1 2 9
Li e , T r y g v e , 1 7 7
Li g h t n e r , Ed w i n Al l a n , 4 0 1
Li n c o l n , M r s . Ev e l y n , 3 2 9
Li n o w i t z , So l , 1 8 0 , 2 9 2 , 2 9 7
Li p p m a n n , W a l t e r , 7 2 , 2 3 6
Lo d g e , H e n r y Ca b o t , 60 , 3 2 7
Lo n s d a l e , G o r d o n Ar n o l d , 2 1 2 - 2 1 3
Lo u g h t o n , Ra y m o n d , 4 3 , 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 ,
1 65 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 4 , 2 66, 2 7 7 , 2 8 6, 3 0 3 ,
3 66, 3 7 6, 3 7 9 , 3 8 5
Lo v e t t , Ro b e r t , 8 5
Lo w e n f e l d , An d r e a s , 1 63 , 1 9 0 , 1 9 4
Lu c e , H e n r y , 1 0 0
Lu c i e r , J a m e s , 3 4 1 , 3 9 9
Ly n c h , Ke i t h 0 . , 8 8
Ly o n , Fr e d e r i c k B . , 3 7
Ly o n s , Ch a r l e s , W . , 1 61 , 1 63
Ly o n s , Eu g e n e , 4 3 1 - 4 3 2
M a c Ar t h u r , Do u g l a s , II, 3 8 9
M a c Ar t h u r , G e n e r a l Do u g l a s , 3 7 ,
8 0 , 8 1 , 8 2 , 1 0 5
M a c Le i s h , Ar c h i b a l d , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 6,
2 3 7 , 2 4 2
M c Ca b e , T h o m a s B . , 2 9 7
M c Ca r r a n , P a t , 3 8 , 5 4 , 5 5 , 1 7 7 , 1 7 8
M c Ca r t h y , Eu g e n e , 4 3 6, 4 3 7 , 4 4 5
M c Ca r t h y , J o s e p h , 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 1 , 4 5 ,
4 9 , 5 0 , 5 1 , 5 8 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ,
2 3 2 , 2 3 6, 2 5 9 , 3 0 7 , 3 1 0 , 3 7 5 , 3 9 0 ,
4 5 4
M c Ca r t h y , Ro b e r t J . , 1 61 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 5 ,
2 2 6, 2 2 9 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 4 , 2 4 7 , 2 5 5 , 2 67 ,
2 69 , 2 7 5 , 2 9 2 , 3 0 4 , 3 4 7 , 3 8 6
M c Cl e l l a n , J o h n L. , 61 , 69 , 1 8 8 ,
3 1 0 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 7 , 4 2 3
M c Cl e n d o n , Sa r a h , 1 2 8 - 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 ,
1 4 1 , 1 4 2
M c Cl o s k e y , M a t t h e w , 1 65
M c Cl o y , J o h n , 7 6, 8 5
M c Co n e , J o h n , 1 9 5 , 2 1 6, 3 2 7
M c G h e e , G e o r g e , 1 1 2
INDEX
5 0 1
M c Le a n , Do n a l d , 4 8 , 4 2 9
M c Le o d , R. W . Sc o t t , 4 6, 4 7 , 4 8 , 4 9 ,
5 0 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 3 , 5 4 , 5 5 , 8 8 , 1 1 9 ,
1 2 6, 2 60 , 2 62 , 3 4 7 , 3 4 8 , 3 66
M c Na m a r a , Ro b e r t St r a n g e , 4 , 4 2 ,
4 3 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 8 , 1 4 4 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 9 , 3 4 3 ,
3 5 0 , 4 2 6, 4 2 7 , 4 3 0 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 5
M c Nu l t y , J o s e p h , 2 7 5
M a c a k , Fr a n k , 2 7 5
M a c h a d o , G e r a r d o , 1 3 4
M a c k , Co n n i e , 2 7
M a c l e a n , Do n a l d . Se e M c Le a n , Do n -
a l d
M a c m i l l a n , H a r o l d , 1 0 8 , 4 2 9
M a c o m b e r , W i l l i a m B
. , J r . , 3 8 3
M a l i n i n , Al e k s e y R. , 3 9 2
M a n c h e s t e r , W i l l i a m , 3 3 0 , 3 3 1 , 3 3 6
M a n d e l , B e n j a m i n , 1 2 0 , 2 4 8 , 2 5 0 ,
3 8 0
M a o T s e - t u n g , 3 6, 5 0 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 8 ,
7 9 , 9 5 , 1 5 3 , 1 7 2 , 2 5 8 , 3 3 5 , 4 3 2
M a r s h a l l , G e o r g e C. , 3 9 , 60 , 7 4 , 7 6,
7 8 , 1 3 6
M a r s h a l l , H e n r y , 3 4 2
M a r t i n , W i l l i a m , 5 , 1 63 , 1 64
M a r x , Ka r l , 9 1
M a r z a n i , Ca r l Al d o , 3 9
M a s s i n g , M r s . H e d e , 1 3 5
M a t t h e w s , H e r b e r t , 1 3 8
M a y , H e r b e r t K. , 2 62 - 2 63
M e n d e s - Fr a n c e , P i e r r e , 1 0 1
M e n n i n , P e t e r , 2 3 5
M i c h a l o w s k i , M a d a m J e r z y , 2 1 8
M i l l e r , Ed w a r d , 4 5
M i l l e r , J . Cl a y t o n , 1 2 9 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 ,
3 0 9
M i l l e r , Ro b e r t T
. , III, 4 0 8
M i l l i k a n , M a x , 67 , 1 0 1
M i n d s z e n t y , J o z s e f Ca r d i n a l , 4 0 0
M i t c h e l l , B e r n o n , 5 , 1 63 , 1 64
M i t c h e l l , G e n e r a l W i l l i a m , 1
M i t c h e l l , J o h n , 4 4 2
M i t c h e l l , Ka t e , 3 6, 3 7
M o d e l s k i , G e n e r a l Iz y a d o r , 2 1 8
M o l l e n h o f , Cl a r k , 3 , 5 0 , 68 , 3 1 9 ,
4 2 5 , 4 2 8 , 4 3 5
M o l o d y . Se e Lo n s d a l e , G o r d o n Ar -
n o l d
M o n s m a , G e o r g e N. , 2 65 , 2 66
" M o n t e n e g r o , G u i l l e r m o . " Se e W i e -
l a n d , W i l l i a m Ar t h u r
M o n t e n e g r o , M a n u e l , 1 3 3
5 0 2
M o n t e r o , Fr a n k , 1 65 - 1 66, 1 9 3 ,
4 0 9
M o o r e , W i l l i a m , 3 4 6
M o r g a n , T h o m a s , 3 7 0
M o r r i s , Dr . Ro b e r t , 3 0 1 , 3 1 9
M o r t i m e r , Ch a r l e s B . , 2 9 7
M o s c o s o , T e o d o r o , 2 2 5
M o y e r s , W i l l i a m , 3 69
M u n d t , Ka r l , 3 2 , 3 4 , 1 62 , 1 63
M u s s o l i n i , B e n i t o , 9 2
M y r d a l , G u n n a r , 9 2 , 9 3
M y r d a l , J a n , 9 3
INDEX
4 5 7
2 0 2 ,
3 0 3 ,
2 5 8 , O t e p k a , J o a n n e , 2 9 0 , 4 5 5 ,
O t e p k a , J o h a n n a , 2 6, 2 9 1
O t e p k a , Ru d y , 2 6, 2 8 , 2 3 1 , 2 9 1
P a c e , Fr a n k , 8 0
P a n u c h , J . An t h o n y , 3 8 , 1 8 3
P a r r , G e o r g e , 3 4 1
P a s q u a l e , G e o r g e , 2 0 0 , 2 0 1 ,
2 0 3 , 2 0 4 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 6, 2 0 7 , 2 4 5 ,
3 0 4 , 3 0 5 , 3 0 6, 3 0 9 , 3 9 7
P a t t e r s o n , Ro b e r t , 7 6
P a w l e y , W i l l i a m D. , 1 3 5 , 1 4 0
P e a r s o n , Dr e w , 3 63 , 4 1 4 , 4 5 3 - 4 5 4 ,
Na s s e r , G a m a l Ab d e l , 4 3 8
Na v a r r e , G e n e r a l H e n r i , 1 0 2 , 4 3 6
Ne l s o n , St e v e , 66
Ne w m a n , J . W i l s o n , 2 9 7
Ng o Di n Di e m , 3 2 7 , 3 2 8
Ni c h o l a s , Cz a r , 2 1 5
Ni e m a n n , Ro b e r t Ar t h u r , 4 3 9
Ni l e s , Da v i d , 4 4 0
Ni t z e , P a u l , 4 3 0
Ni x o n , Ed w a r d , 4 4 7
Ni x o n , Ri c h a r d M . , 4 , 3 2 - 3 3 , 3 4 , 4 4 ,
4 5 5 , 4 5 7
P e m b e r t o n , J o h n d e J . , J r . , 3 2 0
P e n k o v s k i y , O l e g , 1 9 7 , 1 9 8 , 2 1 2 , 3 3 2
P e r e z , Do c t o r M a r i a n o O s p i n a , 1 3 6
P e r l o , Vi c t o r , 5 , 3 5 , 1 7 1
P e s s i n o , M r s . Cl a r a P a r k , 1 3 6
P h i l b y , H a r o l d ( Ki m ) , 5 - 6, 2 5 3 , 4 2 8 ,
4 2 9 , 4 3 0
P h i l l i p s , Ri c h a r d I. , 3 0 0
P i n o , Ra f a e l d e l , 1 3 6
P o l l a c k , H e r m a n , 1 1 8
. 1 2 2 , 1 4 1
P o n t e c o r v o , B r u n o , 3 3 5
P o r t e r , P a u l A. , 3 9
P o w e r , G e n e r a l T h o m a s , 2 9 7
P o w e r s , Fr a n c i s G a r y , 1 5 6
P o w e r s , M r s
. Eu n i c e , 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 , 2 4 1 ,
63 , 7 5 , 1 62 , 1 7 2 , 2 1 8 , 2 3 6, 2 3 8 ,
4 4 2 , 4 4 3 , 4 4 4 , 4 4 5 , 4 4 8 , 4 4 9 , 4 5 1 ,
4 5 2 , 4 5 3 , 4 5 9
No o n a n , J o h n , 2 2 3 , 2 65 , 2 9 3
No r p e l , J o h n R. ,
J r
. , 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 1 5 8 ,
2 1 7 , 2 2 6, 2 2 9 , 2 66, 2 7 7 , 2 8 5 , 2 8 6,
2 9 3 , 3 4 7 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 6, 3 7 7 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 5 ,
3 9 8
No r t h , J o s e p h , 3 68
No v a k , Ro b e r t , 3 68
2 4 4 , 2 5 4 , 2 66, 2 67 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 5 ,
2 7 9 , 2 8 6, 2 9 2 , 2 9 3 , 3 9 3
2 7 7 .
P r e s s m a n , Le e , 3 1 , 4 4 0
P r e t t y m a n , E.
B a r r e t t , 4 0 2 , 4 0 3
P u r t e l l , W i l l i a m A. , 3 60
O ' B r i e n , Ed w a r d , 3
O ' Co n n o r , Dr
. Ed w a r d , 2 1 5 , 2 1 6
O ' Co n n o r , Ro d e r i c , 5 5
O e h m a n n , An d y , 1 5 8
O p p e n h e i m e r , E. Ro b e r t ,
66, 2 1 6,
3 0 0 , 4 0 6
Q u i l l , Do n , 3 3 9
Ra d f o r d , Ar t h u r , 2 9 7
Ra i n e , P h i l i p , 4 0 8
Ra u h , J o s e p h L. ,
J r . , 67
O r d w a y , J o h n , 2 9 1 , 3 1 2
O r r i c k , W i l l i a m , 4 1 7
O s w a l d , Le e H a r v e y , 3 2 4 , 3 2 5 , 3 2 6,
Ra y b u r n , Sa m , 3 4 0 , 3 4 1
Re a g a n , Ro n a l d , 4 4 4 , 4 4 5
Re i l l y , J o h n Fr a n c i s , 6, 1 5 6, 1 5 7 -
3 2 7 , 3 3 0 , 3 3 1 , 3 3 2 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 7 , 4 3 8 1 66, 1 67 , 1 68 , 1 69 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 , 1 8 5 ,
O s w a l d , M a r i n a , 3 2 5 , 3 3 2 , 3 3 3 2 0 1 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 6, 2 2 1 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 ,
O t e p k a , Ed i t h , 2 5 5 , 2 8 5 , 2 9 9 , 3 0 0 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 6, 2 2 7 ,
2 2 8 , 2 3 6, 2 3 7 , 2 3 9 ,
3 0 1 , 3 9 7 , 4 4 4 , 4 5 5 , 4 5 7 2 4 2 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 4 ,
2 4 5 , 2 4 6, 2 4 7 , 2 4 8 ,
O t e p k a , Fe r d i n a n d , 2 5 - 2 6, 2 9 1 2 4 9 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 1 , 2 5 2 , 2 5 3 ,
2 5 4 , 2 5 5 ,
INDEX 5 0 3
2 5 7 , 2 62 , 2 63 , 2 64 , 2 65 ,
2 67 , 2 69 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 4 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 0 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 9 , 2 1 9 ,
2 7 1 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 4 ,
2 7 6,
2 7 7 ,
2 7 8 , 2 7 9 , 2 5 2 , 2 5 5 , 2 8 0 , 2 8 3 , 3 0 2 , 3 1 3 , 3 3 1 ,
2 8 0 , 2 8 6, 2 8 7 , 2 8 8 , 2 8 9 ,
2 9 1 , 2 9 2 , 3 3 5 , 3 4 3 , 3 5 9 , 3 63 , 4 1 2 , 4 1 9 , 4 2 5 ,
3 0 3 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 8 ,
3 0 9 , 3 1 5 , 3 1 6, 3 1 7 , 4 2 6, 4 2 7 , 4 2 8 , 4 3 0 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 5 , 4 4 5 ,
3 1 8 , 3 1 9 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 2 , 3 2 6,
3 4 6, 3 4 8 ,
4 4 6,
4 4 9 , 4 5 4
3 64 , 3 65 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 5 ,
3 8 7 , 3 8 8 , 3 9 3 ,
Ro t h , An d r e w , 3 6
4 0 7 , 4 0 9 ,
4 1 0 , 4 1 2 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 6, 4 1 7 , Ro w a n , Ca r l , 3 69
4 1 8 , 4 1 9 ,
4 3 2 , 4 3 7 , 4 5 7 Ru b o t t o m , Ro y , 1 3 7 , 1 3 9
Re i s c h a u e r ,
Ro b e r t , 1 7 0
Ru b y , J a c k , 3 3 2
Re m i n g t o n , W i l l i a m , 3 5 Ru s k , De a n , 3 , 7 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 7 ,
Re n o , Vi n c e n t , 3 1 , 3 5 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 4 5 , 5 6, 5 8 , 68 -
Re v i n , Va l e n t i n A. , 3 9 2 7 6, 7 7 , 7 8 , 7 9 , 8 0 , 8 1 , 8 2 , 8 3 , 8 4 ,
Rh o d e s , Ce c i l , 9 1 8 5 , 8 6, 9 0 , 9 1 , 1 0 5 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 8 ,
Ri c h a r d s , G u y , 2 1 3 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 7 , 3 4 6- 1 1 9 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 1 2 7 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 ,
3 4 7 1 3 3 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 5 , 1 4 6, 1 4 7 , 1 5 6, 1 5 8 ,
Ri m e s t a d , Id a r , 3 8 2 , 4 4 9 1 60 , 1 61 , 1 65 , 1 66, 1 7 6, 1 8 0 , 1 8 8 ,
Ri v e r o - Ag u e r o , H e c t o r , 1 3 9 1 9 0 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 9 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 4 ,
Ro b b , Ro g e r , 66, 1 5 7 - 1 5 8 ,
3 0 0 ,
3 1 1 , 2 2 7 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 4 , 2 3 7 , 2 3 8 , 2 5 6, 2 5 8 ,
3 4 7 , 3 5 6,
3 9 8 , 4 0 3 , 4 0 5 , 4 0 6, 4 0 7 ,
2 60 , 2 62 , 2 63 , 2 64 , 2 66, 2 69 , 2 7 7 ,
4 0 9 ,
4 1 0 , 4 1 4 , 4 1 6, 4 1 7 , 4 1 8 , 4 2 5 ,
2 8 0 , 2 8 3 , 2 8 4 , 2 8 7 , 2 8 8 , 2 8 9 , 2 9 0 ,
4 5 1 , 4 5 2 ,
4 5 4
2 9 3 , 2 9 4 , 2 9 9 , 3 0 0 , 3 0 1 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 3 ,
Ro b e r t o ,
H o l d e n , 1 9 3
3 0 5 , 3 0 7 , 3 0 8 , 3 0 9 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 2 ,
Ro c k e f e l l e r , Ne l s o n , 5 4 , 3 5 0 , 4 4 4 ,
3 1 3 , 3 1 4 , 3 1 5 , 3 1 6, 3 1 7 , 3 1 8 , 3 1 9 ,
4 4 9
3 2 0 , 3 2 2 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 6, 3 2 7 , 3 3 5 , 3 3 6,
Ro g e r s , J . T . , 2 66
3 4 2 , 3 4 3 , 3 4 4 , 3 4 5 , 3 4 6, 3 4 9 , 3 5 0 ,
Ro g e r s , W i l l i a m P . , 4 4 9 , 4 5 0 , 4 5 1 ,
3 5 5 , 3 5 8 , 3 64 , 3 65 , 3 67 , 3 7 1 ,
4 5 2
3 7 3 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 2 , 3 8 3 , 3 8 9 ,
Ro m a n o v , G r a n d Du k e Al e x e i Ni -
3 9 0 , 3 9 3 , 4 0 2 , 4 0 5 , 4 0 7 , 4 0 8 , 4 1 5 ,
c h o l a e v i c h , 2 1 4 4 1 6, 4 1 8 , 4 2 2 , 4 2 3 , 4 2 4 , 4 2 5 , 4 2 6,
Ro o s e v e l t , Ed i t h Ke r m i t , 3
4 2 7 , 4 3 0 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 2 - 4 3 3 , 4 3 5 , 4 3 6,
Ro o s e v e l t , Fr a n k l i n
D. ,
1 8 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 4 3 7 , 4 4 9 , 4 5 2 , 4 5 4
3 2 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 4 2 ,
60 ,
67 , 7 4 , 1 1 9 ,
Ru s k , Vi r g i n i a Fo i s i e , 7 3
1 3 4 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 6,
3 4 0 ,
4 4 0
Ru s s e l l , B e r t r a n d , 9 3 , 1 0 6, 4 2 2
Ro o s e v e l t ,
Ro o s e v e l t ,
J o h n ,
M r s .
2 9 7
El e a n o r , 64 , 2 62
Ru s s e l l , Do n a l d , 3 8
Ru s s e l l , Ri c h a r d , 2 9 7
Ro s e n b e r g , Et h e l , 5 , 62 , 2 1 2
Ro s e n b e r g , J u l i u s , 5 , 62 , 2 1 2
Ro s e t t i ,
2 2 7 ,
2 68 ,
J o s e p h E
. , 1 61 , 2 0 6, 2 2 3 ,
2 67 ,
3 0 4
Sa b i n , J o s e p h , 2 2 3 , 2 66, 2 69 , 2 7 1 ,
2 7 2
Sa l i n g e r , P i e r r e , 67 , 3 4 3
2 4 3 , 2 4 4 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 5 , 2 64 ,
2 69 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 6, 2 9 2 , 3 0 3 ,
Ro s s ,
Ro s t o w ,
Ro s t o w ,
3 63
Ro s t o w ,
T h o m a s , 1 0 7 , 1 4 9 ,
An n La r n e r ,
Eu g e n e De b s ,
Li l l i a n H e l m a n ,
9 6
9 1 ,
9 0
1 5 0
9 3 , 3 5 9 ,
Sa n f o r d , T e r r y , 3 2 9
Sc a r b e c k , Ir v i n g , 1 62 , 2 0 7 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 1 ,
2 1 8
Sc h l a m m , W i l l i , 4 1
Sc h l e s i n g e r , Ar t h u r , J r . , 2 0 , 4 2 , 63 ,
Ro s t o w , P e t e r , 9 6 64 , 65 , 66, 8 6, 1 0 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 1 ,
Ro s t o w , Vi c t o r Aa r o n , 9 0 , 9 1 1 1 2 , 1 5 5 , 1 7 5 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 5 , 1 9 7 , 2 3 1 ,
Ro s t o w , W a l t W h i t m a n , 3 , 7 , 2 1 , 2 2 ,
2 9 6, 2 9 8 , 3 4 3 , 3 7 5 , 4 4 0
2 3 , 4 2 , 5 7 , 65 , 67 , 8 7 , 9 9 , 1 0 0 ,
Sc h m e l z e r , J o y c e , 2 4 4 , 2 66, 2 67 ,
1 0 1 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 5 , 1 0 6, 1 0 7 , 2 8 5 , 2 8 6, 2 9 2 , 2 9 3
1 0 9 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 7 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 0 , Sc h n e i d e r , Cl a r e n c e , 2 4 5 , 2 64 , 3 0 3
1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 , 1 61 , 1 67 , Sc h r i e v e r , G e n e r a l B e r n a r d A
. , 4 3 0
5 0 4

INDEX
Sc h r o e d e r , Fr a n k , 2 5 0
Sc h u t t l e r , P e t e r , 2 6
Sc h w a r t z , Ab b a , 1 9 0 , 1 9 3 , 1 9 4 , 2 5 1 ,
St a f f o r d , Ro b e r t T
. , 1 5 4
St a l i n , J o s e f , 2 9 , 4 3 2
St a s s e n , H a r o l d , 1 68 , 1 7 4
2 60 , 2 61 , 2 62 , 3 0 8 ,
3 2 2 , 3 2 6, 3 67 ,
St e i n b e r g , Er i c , 2 5 5
3 68 , 3 7 1 , 4 1 2
St e n n i s , J o h n , 2 9 7 , 3 62
Sc o t t , H u g h , 69 , 1 8 8 ,
2 5 0 , 3 1 9 , 3 2 2 ,
St e t t i n i u s , Ed w a r d R. , J r
. , 3 6
St e v e n s o n , Ad l a i , 5 9 , 65 , 8 5 , 8 6,
3 2 3
Sc o t t , P a u l , 3
1 1 2 , 1 66, 1 7 5 , 1 9 7 , 2 5 8 , 2 60 , 2 9 5
Sc r a n t o n , W i l l i a m , 3 5 0
Se a t o n , G e o r g e , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5
Se n t n e r , Da v i d , 3 , 1 1 7 ,
1 1 8 , 1 2 5 ,
St e v e n s o n , Co k e , 3 4 0 - 3 4 1
St e w a r t , J a m e s M . , 3 8 6, 3 9 8 , 3 9 9 ,
4 2 3
1 2 6, 3 1 9
St e w a r t , M r s
. J a m e s M . , 3 9 8 , 3 9 9
Se r v i c e , J o h n St e w a r t , 3 6, 3 7 ,
5 4 ,
St e w a r t - Sm i t h , D. G . , 4 3 2
5 5 , 5 6, 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 8 , 4 1 2
St i l w e l l , G e n e r a l J o s e p h , 7 4
Sh a f f e r , Sa m u e l , 1 3 7
Sh a w , G e o r g e B e r n a r d , 7 1
3 8 0 ,
St i l w e l l , Sa m , 3 9 9
St r a t e m e y e r , G e n e r a l G e o r g e E
. , 8 0
St r a u s s , Ad m i r a l Le w i s , 65 , 66, 2 9 7
Sh e a , H o w a r d T . , 2 7 7 , 3 7 6,
3 8 5 , 3 9 8
St r a w b e r r y , Ke n n e t h , 3 7 0
Sh e a , T e r e n c e , 2 4 3 , 2 4 4 ,
2 4 6, 2 5 5 , St r o n g , An n a Lo u i s e , 8 3
2 67 , 2 68 , 2 9 2
Su k a r n o , 1 5 6
Sh e e h a n , Ne i l , 4 5 5 - 4 5 6
Sh r i v e r , G a r n e r , 1 5 5
Sh r i v e r , Sa r g e n t , 4 2 , 3 4 4
Sh u l m a n , M a r s h a l l D. , 1 8 0 , 2 9 2
Si e g e n t h a l e r , J o h n , 1 4 1
Si e r r a , J u a n Ro a , 1 3 6
Si l v e r m a n , G e o r g e , 3 4
Si l v e r m a s t e r , Na t h a n G r e g o r y , 3 5
Si m o n , Do n a l d J . , 4 2 3
Si m o n , Ed i t h , 2 8
Si m p s o n , W a l l i s W a r f i e l d , 9 2
Su s l o v , M i k a i l , 3 3 5 , 3 3 6
Sw e r d l o w , Ir v i n g , 1 68 , 1 7 4 , 1 7 6, 4 1 2
Sy m i n g t o n , St u a r t , 61
Sz l u k , P e t e r , 2 0 7
T a y l o r , Cl a u d i a . Se e J o h n s o n , M r s .
La d y B i r d
T a y l o r , G e n e r a l M a x w e l l , 1 0 3
T a y l o r , H e n r y J . , 3 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 , 2 1 1 ,
3 2 1
Si n k o w i t z , Ar o n , 1 3 4
Si r h a n , Si r h a n , 3 7 2 , 4 3 8
Sm a r t , M a x w e l l , 3 9 2
Sm e d l e y , Ag n e s , 8 2 , 8 3 , 9 5
Sm i t h , B r o m l e y , 1 0 3
T e i x e i r a , B e r n a r d o , 1 66
T e l l e r , Dr
. Ed w a r d , 66, 2 9 7
T h o m a s , No r m a n , 9 1
T h u r m o n d , St r o m , 1 9 5 , 2 62 , 2 9 7 ,
3 9 9 , 4 0 0 , 4 3 4 , 4 4 5 , 4 4 7 , 4 4 9 , 4 5 3
Sm i t h , Ea r l E. T . , 1 3 8
Sm i t h , Ro b e r t Au r a , 7 9
So r e n s e n , T h e o d o r e , 5 1 , 63 - 64 , 66,
T i p p i t , J . D. , 3 3 0
" T o k y o Ro s e , " 2 9
T o p p i n g , J o h n L. , 4 1 3
T r a b a n d , Fr e d e r i c k W . , 1 63 , 2 2 3 ,
3 2 7 , 3 4 3
So r g e , Ri c h a r d , 8 2
2 2 7 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 4 , 2 5 5 , 2 5 8 , 2 5 9 , 2 64 ,
So u r w i n e , J a y G
. , 7 0 , 7 8 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 1 , 2 66, 2 67 , 2 68 , 2 9 2 , 2 9 3
1 2 2 , 1 2 4 , 1 4 0 , 1 4 6, 1 4 7 , 1 4 8 , 1 5 8 ,
T r a c h t e n b e r g , Al e x a n d e r , 3 1
1 5 9 , 1 63 , 1 8 4 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 3 ,
T r a n Va n Do n , G e n e r a l 3 2 7
2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 7 , 2 3 8 ,
2 3 9 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 6, T r i v e r s , H o w a r d , 4 0 1
2 4 7 , 2 4 8 , 2 4 9 , 2 5 0 ,
2 5 1 , 2 5 3 , 2 5 4 , T r u d e a u , G e n e r a l Ar t h u r G . , 1 0 7
2 5 5 , 2 67 , 2 68 , 2 8 6, 2 8 7 , 2 8 8 , 2 9 2 , T r u m a n , H a r r y S
. , 1 8 , 3 1 , 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 0 ,
2 9 3 , 3 0 0 , 3 0 2 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 8 , 3 7 2 ,
3 8 7 , 4 4 , 5 5 , 60 , 63 , 65 , 7 9 , 8 0 , 8 1 , 8 2 ,
3 8 9 , 4 0 7 , 4 0 8 , 4 0 9 ,
4 1 0 , 4 1 4 9 8 , 9 9 , 1 1 9 , 1 7 4 , 1 7 6, 1 7 7 , 1 7 9 ,
So u v a n n a P h o u m a , P r i n c e , 1 2 7 1 8 2 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 9 , 2 5 4 , 3 1 0 , 3 2 1 ,
Sp a r k m a n , J o h n , 2 62 3 4 0 , 3 8 9 , 4 0 7 , 4 0 8 , 4 0 9
Sp i n d e l , B e r n a r d B . , 3 1 6
T y d i n g s , J o s e p h , 4 5 6
Ut t , J a m e s B . , 3 7 2
Va n B u r e n , M a r i a n P h e l p s , 1 69
Va s s a l l , W . J . C. , 2 1 3
Vi d a l , G o r e , 5 9
Vi n c e n t , J o h n Ca r t e r , 7 8
Vo s s , Ea r l , 8 6, 2 9 5 , 3 2 0
W a d l e i g h , H e n r y J u l i a n , 3 1 , 3 5 , 1 7 2
W a l l a c e , G e o r g e , 4 4 9
W a l l a c e , H e n r y , 7 4
W a l l a s , G r a h a m , 7 2
W a l l e r , Ru s s e l l , 2 4 3 , 2 4 5 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 6,
2 7 7 , 3 0 3 , 3 0 4
W a r e , H a r o l d , 3 1
W a r r e n , Ea r l , 3 2 4 , 3 2 5 , 3 2 7 , 3 3 0 ,
3 3 1 , 3 3 2 , 4 3 9 ,
W a r r e n , G e o r g e , 2 7 3 , 2 7 9
W a t s o n , W . M a r v i n , 3 68
W e b b , B e a t r i c e , 7 1
W e b b , Sy d n e y , 7 1
W e b s t e r , Da n i e l , 2 5 3 - 2 5 4
W e d e m e y e r , G e n e r a l Al b e r t C. , 7 4
W e i n b e r g , Sy d n e y J . , 2 9 7
W e i n e r , B e n , 3 7 0
W e i n t r a u b , Da v i d , 3 1 , 3 5 , 1 7 2
W e l l e s , Su m n e r , 1 3 4 , 1 3 5
W e l l s , H . G . , 7 1
W e n n e r s t r o e m , Co l o n e l St i g , 5 3 , 2 1 3
W e s t , Da m e Re b e c c a , 5 , 7 2
W e s t m o r e l a n d , G e n e r a l W i l l i a m C. ,
1 0 5 , 4 3 5 - 4 3 6
W h a l e n , Lt . Co l o n e l W i l l i a m H e n r y ,
3 9 2
W h e e l e r , G e n e r a l Ea r l e G . , 4 2 6
W h e e l e r , T i m , 4 5 5 - 4 5 6
W h i t e , H a r r y De x t e r , 3 2 , 3 4 , 3 5 ,
7 8 , 1 7 3 , 2 5 9 , 4 3 9 , 4 4 0 , 4 4 1
W h i t e , Li n c o l n , 1 1 8 , 1 2 2
W h i t e , T h e o d o r e , 1 0 8 , 3 4 9 , 3 5 0
W h i t m a n , W a l t , 9 1
W h i t t a k e r , Ch a r l e s , 4 0 3
W i e l a n d , Do r o t h e a , 1 3 3
INDEX

5 0 5
Ud a l l , St e w a r t , 3 4 4

W i e l a n d , Ka t h l e e n Do o l e y , 1 3 3
" W i e l a n d , M o n t y . " Se e W i e l a n d ,
W i l l i a m Ar t h u r
W i e l a n d , W i l l i a m Ar t h u r , 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 ,
1 3 1 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 6, 1 3 7 ,
1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 , 1 4 2 , 1 8 8 , 2 2 4 ,
2 2 5 , 2 3 3 , 2 4 7 , 2 4 8 , 2 4 9 , 2 5 2 , 2 69 ,
3 69 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 5 , 4 1 2 , 4 1 3
W i e l a n d , W i l l i a m Ar t h u r , Sr . , 1 3 3
W e i s n e r , J e r o m e , 9 5 , 1 0 6, 1 0 7 , 1 9 8
W i l c o x , Fr a n c i s 0 . , 1 8 0 , 2 9 2
W i l k i e , W e n d e l l , 4 2
W i l l i a m s , Au b r e y , 3 3 9
W i l l i a m s , Ed w a r d B e n n e t t , 3 0 0
W i l l i a m s , J o h n J . , 2 63 , 3 8 2 , 3 8 3
W i l l o u g h b y , M a j . G e n e r a l Ch a r l e s
A. , 8 2
W i l s o n , H a r o l d , 1 7 0
W i l s o n , Ri c h a r d , 3 , 3 2 0 , 3 2 2
W i n s t o n , No r m a n K. , 3 7 0 , 3 7 1
W i s n e r , Fr a n k , 1 0 1
W i t t , Na t h a n , 3 1 , 4 4 0
W o l f s o n , Lo u i s , 4 4 1 , 4 4 2
W o o d w a r d , Do n a l d , 4 3 2
W o r k m a n , M i s s De e , 3 9 9
W y n n e , G r e v i l l e , 1 9 8 , 2 1 2
Y a r m o l i n s k y , Ad a m , 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 3 , 67 ,
1 4 4 , 3 4 3 , 4 3 0
Y a r m o l i n s k y , Av r a m , 4 1
Y e a g l e y , W a l t e r , 1 9 0
Y o r k , Fr e d e r i c k Su l l i v a n , 2 0 2 , 2 0 5 ,
2 0 6, 2 0 7
Y o r k , M r s . Fr e d e r i c k Su l l i v a n , 2 0 6
Y o r t y , Sa m u e l W . , 4 3 8
Y o s t , Ch a r l e s , 7 5
Z a n d e l , M y r a . Se e M i c h a l o w s k i ,
M a d a m J e r z y
Z a n g a r a , J o s e p h , 2 7
Z l o t o w s k i , P r o f e s s o r Ig n a c e , 2 1 8
Z o l a , Em i l e , 2
Z u c k e r t , Eu g e n e , 4 2