Tactic, strategie i specific de lupt

la cohortele equitate din Dacia Roman

www.irregular.ro
Petru Ureche
2
1act|c, strateg|e | spec|f|c de |upt
|a cohorte|e equ|tate d|n Dac|a koman
1




Lucrarea de fa( prezlnL ;l anallzeaz sLllul ;l LacLlca de lupL abordaLe de cohorLele
equlLaLe dln cadrul armaLel romane, cu o prlvlre speclal asupra celor care au fosL prezenLe ;l in
uacla. Scopul lucrrll esLe acela de a aborda acesL sublecL dln puncLul de vedere al speclflculul
popula(lllor care lnLr in componen(a acesLor Lrupe ;l al loculul in care Lrupa a fosL canLonaL.
2

8omanll au in(eles neceslLaLea de a avea solda(l cu speclallzrl dlferlLe, crend Lrupele
auxlllare in scopul de a sprl[lnl leglunlle,
3
ins in scurL Llmp acesLe Lrupe au devenlL
complemenLare acesLora
4
, ele supraveghlnd llmes-ul in Llmp ce leglunlle aslgurau cenLrul
provlnclel. 1acLlca de lupL ;l for(a Lrupelor de pe llmes au fosL deLermlnaLe de condl(llle
geograflce ;l de naLura lnamlculul in fa(a crula se aflau.
3

enLru ma[orlLaLea zonelor de llmes esLe nevole aLL de Lrupe de lnfanLerle in Lurnurlle de
veghe ;l penLru paz, cL ;l de Lrupe moblle, de cavalerle, uLlllzaLe penLru paLrul, ca escorL
sau penLru a sLopa ;l conLracara raldurlle barbarllor.
6
uln acesL moLlv in Llmpul dlnasLlel lullo-
Claudlene
7
a fosL lnLrodus un nou Llp de Lrupe care s rspund acesLor cerln(e. AcesLe Lrupe
mlscelanee poarL numele de cohorLe equlLaLe
8
. lnLroducerea lor a fosL poslbll daLorlL

1
AceasLa esLe varlanLa in llmba romn a acelulasl arLlcol dln Lphemerls napocensls xlx, 2009
2
Mul(umesc domnulul CrlsLlan Czdac penLru sprl[lnul oferlL sl penLru varlanLa elecLronlc a hr(ll.
3
CZuAC 1997, p. 132.
4
Lu11WAk 1976, p. 41.
5
CuuLA 1979, p. 63-66.
6
Lu1WAk 1976, p. 123, LuulL 1996, p. 76.
7
ulxCn, SCu1PL8n 1992, p. 26.
8
ClCPC8luS lv. 1, p. 233, CPLLSMAn 1914, p. 28, uAvlLS 1989, posslm..


3
flexlblllL(ll slsLemulul mlllLar roman care permlLea modlflcrl ale sLrucLurll ;l numrulul de
solda(l al unel Lrupe in func(le de clrcumsLan(ele in care ace;Lla Lrebula s acLlveze
9
.
CohorLele equlLaLe, alLurl de celelalLe Lrupe auxlllare au fosL unlL(l exLrem de eflclenLe
in cadrul unel armaLe in care dlferlLele Llpurl de Lrupe alcLulau grupurl speclale cu func(ll blne
deflnlLe.
10
ln afara campanlllor, acesLea puLeau s conLracareze cu succes raldurlle popula(lllor
barbare dln [ur sau s ellmlne bandele de lottooes.
11
CohorLele equlLaLe au devenlL rapld Lrupe
exLrem de uLlle, a[ungndu-se ca in LoaLe provlncllle numrul acesLora s fle mal mare decL cel
al cohorLelor pedlLaLe.
12
AcesL fapL se conflrm ;l in cazul uaclel, unde dln cele 43 de cohorLe
auxlllare care au acLlvaL alcl, pe perloada provlnclel, 22 sunL equlLaLe.
13

rlvlLor la efecLlvele acesLor Lrupe, lzvoarele ne ofer lnforma(ll oarecum conLradlcLorll.
AsLfel Pyglnus preclzeaz c in cadrul cohorLelor equlLaLe mllllotloe erau 240 de clre(l ;l 760
de pede;Lrl, lar in cele poloqeootloe erau 120 de clre(l ;l 380 de pede;Lrl
14
. !osephus ins
vorbe;Le in relaLarea sa despre 8zbolul ludalc despre o cohorL equlLaL care avea 120 de
clre(l ;l 600 de pede;Lrl.
15
AceasL aparenL conLradlc(le esLe expllcaL prln fapLul c numrul
de solda(l ;l sLrucLura Lrupel sunL lnfluen(aLe de Llpul de confllcL dln zona in care sLa(loneaz
16
,
de capaclL(lle de recruLare, de plerderlle dln bLlll sau de neceslLaLea de a LrlmlLe vexlla(ll ale
Lrupelor in mlslunl
17
, nlclodaL o Lrup neavnd efecLlve compleLe.

9
CCLuSWC81P? 1996, p. 13.
10
8uSCu 1996, p. 227.
11
SCu1PL8n 1989, p. 123.
12
uAvlLS 1989, p. 141.
13
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 237-273.
14
P?ClnuS, 26, 27: 26. nobet ltopoe cobots epoltoto mlllotlo epoltes cc\l, pooJ teJlqo oJ peJltem, ot peJem,
pooJ o occlplt mlles, teJlqo oJ Joo semls, pooJ occlplt epoes. llt, JlmlJlo sompto, Joctom polopoles. 5lc
ttoctoblmos oometom epoltom. llt c\\, polopoles, flt uc. AcceJoot ex eo cobotte mlllotlo, Jettoctls epoltlbos,
tellpol peJltes uccl\, flt com sopetlote cl)cccl\. Memloetlmos ltopoe, oJ compototlooem cobottls epoltotoe
mlllotloe peJototom oJ cl)cccl\ Jotl Jebete. 27. cobots epoltoto poloqeootlo lo JlmlJlo eooJem totlooem
cootloet poom cobots jmlllotlo]. nobet ltopoe cobots epoltoto mlllotlo ceototlos \ peJltom, epoltes cc\l, totmos \,
omoes teoJoot popllloolbos c\\\vl, ex els ceototlooes et Jecotlooessloqolls popllloolbos otootot. cobots epoltoto
poloqeootlo bobet ceototlos vl, tellpoo pto potte JlmlJlo.
15
!CSLPuS 3.4.2
16
CCLuSWC81P? 1996, p. 24.
17
CCLuSWC81P? 1996, p. 13.


4
C. L. Cheesman consldera cohorLele equlLaLe ca fllnd Lrupe de lnfanLerle clare slab
anLrenaL ;l care clre;Le cal de slab callLaLe. ue asemenea credea c ace;Lla merg clare
pn la locul de lupL, apol descalec ;l lupL ca pede;Lrll.
18
AceasL aflrma(le a fosL conLrazls,
aducndu-se numeroase argumenLe. AsLfel, dac in cadrul cohorLelor equlLaLe efecLlvul Lrupel
nu era compleL, subunlL(lle de cavalerle erau mulL mal aproape de numrul LeoreLlc de solda(l
pe care Lrebula s-l alb in deLrlmenLul celor de lnfanLerle
19
. AcesL fapL era poslbll daLorlL
fapLulul c pede;Lrll puLeau fl dup un anumlL Llmp avansa(l, devenlnd cavalerl.
20
1recerea de la
pedesLru la clre( se fcea dup c(lva anl de servlclu ;l doar dac soldaLul respecLlv dovedea
callL(lle necesare. lnalnLe de a ocupa locul de clre(, el era anLrenaL penLru aceasLa, in
consecln( nefllnd doar un lnfanLerlsL clare, cl un clre( in adevraLul sens al cuvnLulul.
21

lapLul c prln avansarea de la pedesLru la clre( salarlul soldaLulul cre;Lea
22
esLe inc un
conLraargumenL la aflrma(la lul Cheesman, ;LluL fllnd pragmaLlsmul romanllor care nu ar fl
chelLulL mal mulL penLru nl;Le subunlL(l slabe.
ue asemenea, Arrlan l-a foloslL pe epoltes cobottoles alLurl de cel dln oloe
23
, nu
impreun cu pede;Lrl dln cohorLe sau dln leglunl. ln consecln(, cavalerll nu era impr(l(l prln
fapLul c apar(lneau oloe-lor sau cohorLelor
24
, cl prln Llpul de armamenL cu care erau echlpa(l,
lar rellefurlle de pe monumenLele funerare il araL pe clre(ll dln cohorLe echlpa(l la fel cu cel
dln oloe ;l foloslnd acelea;l LacLlcl ca ace;Lla.
25

Cheesman nu poaLe fl ins acuzaL c ar fl fcuL aflrma(ll nefundamenLaLe deoarece
solda(ll care nu lnLrau in oloe dln cauz c nu indepllneau crlLerlul de inl(lme erau accepLa(l in
cohorLe ;l puLeau devenl epoltes cobottolls.
26
CallLaLea anLrenamenLulul callor ;l echlpamenLul
erau ;l ele in concordan( cu salarlul, lar deoarece cavalerll dln cohorLe erau mal slab plLl(l

18
CPLLSMAn 1914, p. 29.
19
uAvlLS, p. 146
20
CCLuSWC81P? 1996, p. 23.
21
uAvlLS 1989, p. 143-146
22
88LLZL 1971, SLluLL 1973 passlm,
23
A88lAn, 11, 20, opoJ 8uSCu 1996, p. 210
24
8uSCu 1996, p. 214
25
uAvlLS 1989, p. 143.
26
uAvlLS 1989, p. 143-146


3
decL cel dln oloe erau ;l pu(ln mal slab echlpa(l decL ace;Lla.
27
AcesLe lucrurl fac ca epoltes
cobottoles s reprezlnLe o a doua llnle de cavalerle in compara(le cu epoltes olotes.
28

LxlsL chlar cazurl in care cavalerll dln Lrupele equlLaLe sunL obllga(l s descalece ;l s
lupLe ca pede;Lrll aLuncl cnd dlflculL(lle Lerenulul il impledlc s lupLe clare
29
. ln pdure
30

sau in zone cu panLe abrupLe, cavalerll descleca(l erau mal aglll decL leglonarll sau auxlllarll
pede;Lrl dln cauza echlpamenLulul lor mal u;or,

dar cazurlle de clre(l care lupL ca pede;Lrl
sunL inLoLdeauna excep(ll, fllnd rezulLaLul condl(lllor de Leren.
31

Clre(ll dln cohorLele equlLaLe erau folosl(l penLru a duce mesa[e, in ac(lunl de
recunoa;Lere sau penLru a escorLa lnfanLerla sau convoalele care se ml;c inceL, penLru
aprovlzlonarea cu anlmale penLru sacrlflcll sau penLru lupLele in amflLeaLre, penLru colecLarea
drllor sau, impreun cu lnfanLerla, cu rol de garnlzoane in or;ele sau puncLe de conLrol.
32

CohorLele equlLaLe sunL a;ezaLe de oblcel in prlma llnle a llmes-ulul (vezl harLa 1), alLurl
de cohorLele pedlLaLe, in Llmp ce oloe-le sunL pu(ln mal in spaLe penLru a puLea lnLervenl pe o
arle mal larg.
CohorLele equlLaLe sunL recruLaLe dln popula(ll blne-cunoscuLe penLru aglllLaLea lor ;l
penLru indemnarea cu care conduc call. opula(llle cele mal blne reprezenLaLe in acesLe Lrupe
sunL: gallll, hlspanll, pannonll, Lracll ;l orlenLalll.
Cele mal falmoase Lrupe auxlllare, ;l prlmele uLlllzaLe de cLre romanl au fosL cele de galll,
a cror prlcepere era cunoscuL romanllor inc dln Llmpul rzboalelor cu Pannlbal.
33
Ll erau

27
uAvlLS 1989, p. 142.
28
uAvlLS 1989, p. 143.
29
l8Cn1lnuS 2.3.23: lmpetotot coesot Aoqostos Cetmoolcos, com sobloJe cbottl epoestte ptoellom lo sllvos
tefoqleoJo JeJoceteot, losslt soos epoltes, slmolotpoe oJ lmpeJlto veotom esset, epols Jeslllte peJesttlpoe poqoo
coofllqete, poo qeoete coosecotos, oe pols lom locos vlctotlom elos mototetot.
30
1ACl1uS 37: OooJ ol ftepoeos oblpoe Aqtlcolo vollJos et expeJltos cobottls loJoqlols moJo et, slcobl ottloto
etoot, pottem epoltom Jlmlssls epols, slmol totlotes sllvos epoltem petsoltote losslsset, occeptom ollpooJ voloos
pet olmlom flJoclom fotet.
31
uAvlLS 1989, p. 144-143.
32
uAvlLS 1989, p. 146-148.
33
P?LAnu 1993, p. 91.


6
consldera(l in epoc cel mal bunl lupLLorl clrl
34
, fllnd folosl(l de Caesar in campanllle lul
impoLrlva helve(llor.
35
5l in Llmpul lul vespaslan gallll erau foarLe aprecla(l, cel mal mul(l
clre(l, aLL penLru oloe cL ;l penLru cohorLele equlLaLe recruLndu-se dln Callla.
36

Callll erau inarma(l cu o spotbo, o sull( ;l un scuL. AcesLa dln urm nu era foarLe laL, lar
suprafa(a lul era dreapL, nu clrcular ;l asLfel nu oferea suflclenL proLec(le soldaLulul
37
.
1acLlca de lupL a cavalerlel gallllor, care consLa in aruncarea sull(elor dln galopul callor, nu
puLea s alb succes impoLrlva unlL(llor de cavalerle grea, bLlla de la Carrhae fllnd un
exemplu al acesLel nepuLln(e.
38
Call folosl(l de galll erau ;l el renuml(l penLru vlLeza ;l inl(lmea
lor, rasa uLlllzaL fllnd ob(lnuL prln incrucl;area dlnLre call galllcl ;l cel dln lLalla.
39

Callll sunL lu(l la mnle, gaLa s se arunce in prlme[dle fr s alb vreun alL sprl[ln in
lupLa declL for(a sl indrazneala lor proprle" dar lupL deschls, Lo(l grmad, fllnd asLfel u;or de
rpus de cel care vor s foloseasc impoLrlva lor anumlLe ;lreLllcurl.
40

1rupele de galll poL s fle relaLlv ,pure" eLnlc sau comblnaLe cu alLe popula(ll blne-
cunoscuLe penLru ablllL(lle lor de clrle ;l de mnulre a armelor. ulnLre cohorLele equlLaLe de
galll dln uoclo dln prlma caLegorle face parLe cobots ll Collotom MoceJoolco sau cobots ll
Collotom, lar dln a doua cobots ll Collotom looooolco
41
sl cobots v Collotom et pooooolotom
epoltoto
42
. LxlsLa mal mulLe Lrupe in care gallll erau comblna(l cu pannonl. Ace;Lla dln urm
erau consldera(l de romanl ca fllnd cel mal cura[o;l oamenl pe care l-au cunoscuL
43
, moLlv
penLru care el au fosL recruLa(l ;l folosl(l in armaLa roman inc dln Llmpul 8epubllcll, ocupnd
locul Lrel la numrul de Lrupe de cavalerle dln aceasL armaL, dup galll ;l hlspanl.
44
uln pcaLe

34
S18A8C 4.4.2
35
LuulL 1996, p. 49.
36
P?LAnu 1993, p. 91.
37
LuulL 1996, p. 82.
38
P?LAnu 1990, p. 181, opoJ Czdac 1997, p. 132.
39
P?LAnu 1990, p. 21, opoJ Czdac 1997, p. 132.
40
S18A8C 4.4.2
41
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 236.
42
L1CLLSCu 2002, p. 108
43
ulC CASSluS, 39.36, opoJ Czdac 1997, p. 133.
44
P?LAnu 1990, opoJ Czdac 1997, p. 133.


7
pn la ora acLual nu esLe cunoscuL locul in care au sLa(lonaL prlmele dou dlnLre cohorLele
equlLaLe de galll dln uacla, a Lrela avndu-sl garnlzoana la o[e[ena
45
.
e locul al dollea la numrul de Lrupe dln cadrul armaLel romane erau cele de hlspanl,
renuml(l penLru cura[ul, lnsenslblllLaLea aproape anlmallc ;l cruzlmea lor
46
, aceasLa fllnd
expllca(la numrulul mare de Lrupe de hlspanl dln lmperlu ;l lmpllclL dln uoclo. 8omanll au luaL
conLacL cu Lrupele de hlspanl inLl ca lnamlcl in bLlla de la Cannae, penLru ca apol Caesar s-l
foloseasc in Callla impoLrlva lul verclngeLorlx.
47

Spre deoseblre de galll, hlspanll nu se anga[au in bLlll declslve, lupLnd LoL Llmpul in alL
loc ;l foloslnd o LacLlc asemnLoare celel foloslLe de ho(l,
48
fapL poslbll ;l daLorlL callor
folosl(l care erau foarLe raplzl ;l asculLLorl.
49

una dlnLre LacLlclle foloslLe de el era aceea de a clrl cLe dol pe acela;l cal, lar in bLlle
unul descalec ;l lupL ca pedesLru.
50
AceasL LacLlc expllc marele numr de cohorLe equlLaLe
de hlspanl, in uacla fllnd paLru: cobots l nlspoootom vetetooo epoltoto, cobots l llovlo ulplo
nlspoootom mllllotlo c. k. poltoto, cobots ll nlspoootom scototo cyteoolco epoltoto, cobots llll
nlspoootom epoltoto.
51

1rupele de hlspanl au fosL plasaLe in puncLe de o mare lmporLan( penLru slsLemul
defenslv al provlnclel, mal ales in casLrele dln zonele de granl( care supravegheau ;l aveau de a
face cu popula(ll barbare clre(e.
52
AsLfel pe llmesol uoclel erau dou Lrupe in vesL - la Mlcla
(olo l nlspoootom compoqooom)
53
;l 8ologa (cobots ll nlspoootom scototo cyteoolco
epoltoto)
54
, dou in nord - la 8omna;l (cobots l nlspoootom llo llJells)
55
;l Crhelul 8lsLrl(el

45
L1CLLSCu 2002, p. 108
46
S18A8C, 3.4.17
47
P?LAnu 1990, opoJ Czdac 1997, p. 133.
48
S18A8C 4.4.2
49
P?LAnu 1990, opoJ Czdac 1997, p. 134.
50
S18A8C, 3.4.18
51
8uSSu 1969, p. 148, ZAPA8lAuL 1976, posslm.
52
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 491.
53
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 483, 8L!An 1998, p. 39.
54
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 480, 8L!An 1998, p. 40.
55
8L!An 1998, p. 40, ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 479.


8
(cobots l llovlo ulplo nlspoootom mllllotlo c. k. epoltoto)
56
una in esL - la lnlcenl (cobots llll
nlspoootom epoltoto)
57
, dou pe llmes Altooos - la Poghlz (olo l Astotom)
58
;l Slvenl (olo l
nlspoootom)
59
;l dou pe llmes 1toosolotooos - cobots l nlspoootom vetetooo epoltoto la
8re(cu (Aoqostloe) ;l Comalu ;l cobots l 8tocotooqostoootom la 8re(cu (Aoqostloe)
60
, ins alcl
ne vom referl mal in amnunL doar la cohorLele equlLaLe.
CasLrul de la 8ologa, care se afla in valea Crl;ulul 8epede, la confluen(a acesLula cu
Sebe;ul, pzea lnLrarea in provlncle prln aceasL vale. CasLrul domlna inLreaga vale, care asLfel
puLea fl supravegheaL pn deparLe.
61
1rupa care a sLa(lonaL alcl, cobots ll nlspoootom scototo
cyteoolco epoltoto, prlme;Le eplLeLul scototo, ceea ce inseamn c solda(ll acesLel Lrupe aveau
drepLul de a purLa scotom leglonar ln loc de cllpeos auxlllar.
62

Crhelul 8lsLrl(el (cobots l llovlo ulplo nlspoootom mllllotlo c. k. epoltoto)
63
, alLurl de
Llvezlle, lll;ua ;l C;elu supraveghea llmes-ol nordlc, fllnd desLlnaLe s opreasc aLacurlle dacllor
llberl.
64

cobots llll nlspoootom epoltoto de la lnlcenl aslgura conLrolul in LerlLorlul cuprlns inLre
cursurlle superloare ale celor dou 1rnave.
65

1rupele care sLa(lonau la 8re(cu conLrolau drumul de Lrecere dln lnLerlorul provlnclel spre
Moldova, lar cel de la Comalu drumul comerclal dln esL de pe valea 8ulul negru.
66

C popula(le despre care se spunea c nu au frlc penLru vla(a lor
67
;l care dln acesL moLlv
a daL mulLe Lrupe lmperlulul inc inalnLe de dlnasLla llavllor
68
sunL brlLLonll. ln uacla au acLlvaL
paLru cohorLe de brlLLonl, dlnLre care una epoltoto: cobots l 8tlttooom mllllotlo, lar celelalLe

56
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 480.
57
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 264.
58
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 483.
59
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 486.
60
L1CLLSCu 2002, p. 83.
61
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 492.
62
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 480.
63
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 480.
64
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 492.
65
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 492.
66
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 492.
67
1ACl1uS, 37: t 8tltoool, pol oJboc poqooe expettes sommo colllom loseJetoot et poocltotem oosttotom vocol
spetoeboot, JeqteJl poolotlm et cltcomlte tetqo vloceotlom coepetoot...
68
Marcu 2004, p. 219.


9
peJltotoe: cobots l Aoqosto Netvlo loceosls 8tlttooom mllllotlo, cobots ll Aoqosto Netvlo
loceosls 8tlttooom mllllotlo,
69
;l cobots l Aotello 8tlttooom mllllotlo
70
.
8rlLonll folosesc in lupL sbll marl, greoale ;l neascu(lLe la vrf, lucru care nu il
avanLa[eaz in lupLa de la aproplere. Ll prefer lupLa de la dlsLan(, bazndu-se pe aruncarea
lncllor.
71

e llmes-ul nordlc sunL inc dou cohorLe equlLaLe care provln dln 8rlLannla - cobots l
8tltooolco mllllotlo c. k. poltoto, care a sLa(lonaL in casLrul de la C;elu
72
;l cobots ll 8tltooolco
mllllotlo, care dup ce consLrule;Le casLrul de la C;elu
73
;l parLlclp la consLrulrea celul de la
lll;ua
74
cel pu(ln cu maLerlal de consLruc(le,
75
se sLablle;Le in vesLul provlnlel, la 8omlLa
76
. uan
lSAC conslder c numele acesLel Lrupe era de fapL cobots ll 8tltooootom mlllotlo.
77

1racll sunL de asemenea inLlnl(l inLre Lrupele lmperlulul, mal ales in cohorLe equlLaLe, el
fllnd o popula(le de clre(l. 1rupele de Lracl dln uoclo sunL: cobots l 1btocom, cobots vl
1btocom epoltoto, cobots l 1btocom c. k., cobots l 1btocom 5oqlttotlotom ;l cobots ll llovlo
8essotom.
ulnLre acesLea doar despre prlmele dou se ;Lle c sunL equlLaLe. Cu prlvlre la locul in
care au sLa(lonaL se ;Llu foarLe pu(lne lucrurl. AsLfel, cobots l 1btocom esLe prezenL in
provlncle numal in Llmpul lul 1ralan, cnd sLa(loneaz pe llmes Alotooos, la AclJovo, apol fllnd
muLaL in Moesla lnferlor.
78
uespre cobots vl 1btocom epoltoto se poaLe spune a acLlvaL pe

69
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 243.
70
L1CLLSCu 2002, p. 92.
71
1ACl1uS, 36: ........slmolpoe coostootlo, slmol otte 8tltoool loqeotlbos qloJlls et btevlbos coettls mlsslllo
oosttotom vltote vel excotete, otpoe lpsl moqoom vlm telotom sopetfooJete......pooJ et lpsls vetostote
mllltloe exetcltotom et bostlbos loboblle jpotvo scoto et eootmls qloJlos qeteotlbos], oom 8tltooootom qloJll sloe
moctooe complexom otmotom et lo otto poqoom ooo toletoboot.
72
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 242.
73
lSAC 2003, p. 33.
74
8C1ASL 1983, p. 230, noLa 13, opoJ lSAC 2003, p. 34.
75
lSAC 2003, p. 34.
76
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 243-244.
77
lSAC 2003, p. 37.
78
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 269-270.


10
llmes-ul de vesL ;l nord-vesL, deoarece crmlzl cu ;Lamplle ale acesLela s-au descoperlL la
orollssum, 8omna;l ;l 8omlLa
79
.
un alL Llp de cohorLe equlLaLe blne cunoscuL sunL cele de arca;l orlenLall. ulnLre acesLea,
in uacla a acLlvaL cobots ll llovlo commoqeootom soqlttotlo LsLe poslbll ca ;l cobots l llovlo
commoqeootom s fle cohorL de arca;l ;l epoltoto
80
, cunoscuL fllnd prlceperea acesLel
popula(ll la Lrasul cu arcul ;l la clrle, ma[orlLaLea cohorLelor de commagenl fllnd soqlttotlo, lar
slrlenll - una dlnLre popula(llle ,nscuLe in ;a".
Arca;ll au rolul de a sprl[lnl alLe Lrupe, sLnd in spaLele acesLora ;l Lrgnd pe deasupra.
ue oblcel erau folosl(l penLru a oferl suporL lnfanLerlel grele inpoLrlva aLacurllor de cavalerle,
ins slngurl nu puLeau rezlsLa unul aLac.
81
1lLus l-a foloslL in Llmpul asedlulul lerusallmulul in
lupLe de sLrad, plasndu-l la capeLele sLrzllor.
82

Arcasll pedesLrl foloseau arcurl mal marl, mal puLernlce sl asLfel cu raz de Lragere mal
mare decL cele ale arcasllor clrl
83
, deoarece clre(llor le llpsesLe sLablllLaLea, plaLforma lor
de Lragere nefllnd pmnLul, cl saua calulul. 1oLusl, prln moblllLaLea mrlL clre(ll puLeau s
ac(loneze mulL mal rapld pe o suprafa( mare. Clre(ll dln cohorLele equlLaLe de soqlttotll
lupLau cu acela;l Llp de echlpamenL ca sl cel dln oloe.
84

ueoarece un cal in ml;care reprezlnL o ,plaLform de Lragere" foarLe lnsLabll,
acuraLe(ea cu care un arca; in galop lovea o (lnL precls era desLul de redus. ue aceea, scopul
acesLula in acele momenLe nu era de a lovl o anumlL (lnL, cl de a LrlmlLe cL mal mulLe sge(l
inspre lnamlc, penLru ca o parLe dln acesLea s-;l gseasc (lnLa. ln acesLe cazurl decl, preclzla
lsa locul vlLezel de Lragere.
85

1o(l arca;ll dln armaLa roman, lndlferenL dac erau pede;Lrl sau clrl foloseau Lehnlca
medlLeranean de Lragere. Arcul era (lnuL in mna sLng, care era inLlns in fa(, lar mna

79
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 271.
80
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 230
81
CCLuSWC81P? 1996, p. 190.
82
!CSLPuS, 3.8.1
83
CCuLS1Cn 1983, p. 243-6, opoJ ulxCn, SCu1PL8n 1992, p. 33.
84
uAvlLS 1989, p. 143
85
CCLuSWC81P? 1996, p. 67.


11
dreapL inLlndea coarda pn la brble inalnLe de a o ellbera. ln Llmp ce era inLlns, coarda era
(lnuL cu un degeL deasupra sge(ll ;l cu unul sau dou sub aceasLa.
86

cobots ll llovlo commoqeootom soqlttotlo a sLa(lonaL la Mlcla
87
, unde alLurl de olo l
nlspoootom compoqooom
88
;l oometos Moototom Mlceoslom
89
conLrola aLL valea Mure;ulul
pn la arLlscum ;l Apulum, cL ;l zona mlnelor de aur dln Mun(ll Apusenl. e valea Mure;ulul
erau poslblle aLacurl ale lazlgllor, lar aceasLa era ;l prlnclpala arLer navlgabll a uaclel
90
. urme
ale sLa(lonrll cobots l llovlo commoqeootom au fosL gslLe pe llmes-ul aluLan la Slvenl,
komolo ;l AclJovo
91
unde esLe pozl(lonaL in fa(a Lrlburllor de dacl llberl.
Cobots l Alplootom epoltoto ;l cobots l ublotom au sLa(lonaL pe llmes-ul esLlc, la Sr(enl
;l Clugrenl
92
, respecLlv Cdorhelul Seculesc
93
. AcesLe Lrupe, impreun cu cobots llll
nlspoootom epoltoto de la lnlcenl aslgurau conLrolul pe cursurlle superloare ale celor dou
1rnave . 1oL pe granl(a de esL, mal exacL pe llmes Alotooos, sLa(lona ;l cobots ll llovlo
NomlJotom. AceasLa ocupa casLrul de la leldloara
94
in parLea Lransllvnean a cursulul ClLulul.
1rupe de numlzl au fosL foloslLe inc de la de Caesar
95
. 1rupa dln uoclo esLe pozl(lonaL in fa(a
Lrlburllor de dacl llberl ale cror aLacurl le puLea conLracara mal u;or, fllnd epoltot.
ln vesLul uaclel sLa(loneaz cobots vlll koetotom epoltoto in casLrul de la 1eregova
96
, lar
la 1lblscom - cobots l vloJellcotom mllllotlo epoltoto c.k., Lrup de cel(l in care ins sunL ;l
elemenLe orlenLale, un palmlrean a[ungnd la rangul de ceototlo in aceasL cohorL
97
. S-a
avansaL Leorla conform crela ar fl poslbll ca recruLrlle penLru LoaLe Lrupele de la 1lblscum s
se fl reallzaL in CrlenL, lar apol s fle impr(lLe Lrupelor in func(le de neceslL(l.
98
1oL alcl, pe

86
CCLuSWC81P? 1996, p. 183.
87
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 230
88
L1CLLSCu 1993-a, p. 43.
89
L1CLLSCu 2002, p. 136, 8LnLA 1983, p. 149.
90
ZAPA8lAuL 1976, p. 492.
91
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 230
92
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 239.
93
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 272.
94
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 239.
95
CALSA8, ll. 7
96
L1CLLSCu 1993-b, p. 268.
97
lSC 1979
98
8LnLA 1980, p. 138.


12
secLorul de drum uletoo - 1lblscom, la Mehadla, sLa(loneaz cobots lll uelmototom mllllotlo
epoltoto c.k.
99

rln crearea cohorLelor equlLaLe lmperlul 8oman a ob(lnuL o for( de cavalerle lefLln
care puLea la nevole chlar s (ln locul mulL mal anLrenaLelor oloe.
100
ue asemenea, crearea lor
a rezolvaL neceslLaLea prezen(el pe llmes aLL a unor Lrupe pedesLre in Lurnurlle de veghe ;l
penLru paz, cL ;l a unor Lrupe moblle, de cavalerle, uLlllzaLe penLru paLrul, ca escorL sau
penLru a sLopa ;l conLracara raldurlle barbarllor.

99
L1CLLSCu 2002, p. 102.
100
uAvlLS 1989, p. 131.


13
Abrevlerl blbllograflce

A88lAn - A88lAnuS, Attoy oqolost tbe Aloos
CALSA8 - CALSA8, ue 8ello Colllco, 8ucure;Ll 1964
ulC CASSluS - ulC CASSluS, lstotle tomoo, l-lll, 8ucure;Ll 1973-1983
l8Cn1lnuS - l8Cn1lnuS, 5ttotoqemoto
!CSLPuS - lLAvluS !CSLPuS, 8ellom loJolcom, arls, 1982
S18A8C - S18A8C, Ceoqtoflo, l - lll, Clu[-napoca, 1978-1983
1ACl1uS - 1ACl1uS, Aqtlcolo

8L!An 1998 - A. 8L!An, uoclo lellx, lstotlo uoclel komooe, 1lml;oara 1998
8LnLA 1980 - uClnA 8LnLA, Nometos lolmyteootom 1lblsceoslom. coottlbo(ll lo lstotlo
ttopelot Je polmyteol Jlo uoclo, in Apolom xvlll, 1980, p. 131 - 140.
8LnLA 1983 - uClnA 8LnLA, Nometos Moototom 1lblsceoslom. coottlbo(ll lo lstotlo ttopelot
Je mootl Jlo uoclo, in 8oootlco 8, 1983, p. 139 - 134.
88LLZL 1971 - u. !. 88LLZL, loy CtoJes ooJ kooks below tbe ceototlooote, in Ik5 61, 1971, p.
130-133.
CPLLSMAn 1914 - C. L. CPLLSMAn, 1be Aoxlllo of tbe komoo mplte, Cxford 1914
CPlCC8luS 1900 - C. CPlCC8luS, cobots, in keol ocyclopoJle Jet closslcbeo
Altettomswlsseoscboft lv, SLuLLgarL, 1900, cc. 246-247.
CCuLS1Cn 1983 - !. C. CCuLS1Cn, komoo otcbety epolpmeot, in M. C. 8lshop (ed.), 1be
ltoJoctloo ooJ ulsttlbotloo of komoo Mllltoty polpmeot. ltoceeJloqs of tbe
5ecooJ komoo Mllltoty polpmeot 5emloot, Cxford, 8A8 S 273, 1983, p. 220-
236
uAvlLS 1989 - 8. uAvlLS, 5etvlce lo tbe komoo Atmy, (ed. M. 8oxan, !. 8reeze 1993), London
1989
ulxCn, SCu1PL8n 1992 - k. ulxCn, . SCu1PL8n, 1be komoo covolty, London, 1992
CZuAC 1997 - C. CZuAC, llqbtloq 5tyle of tbe komoo covolty lo uoclo, in AMN 34/1, 1997 ,
p.131 - 166.


14
CCLuSWC81P? 1996 - A. k. CCLuSWC81P?, 1be komoo Atmy ot wott 100 8c - Au 200,
Cxford, 1996
CuuLA 1979 - n. CuuLA, 1be uefeoslve 5ystem of komoo uoclo, in 8tltooolo, 10, 1979, 63 -
87.
P?LAnu 1990 - A. P?LAnu, poos. 1be notse lo tbe komoo wotlJ, London, 1990
P?LAnu 1993 - A. P?LAnu, 1tololoq tbe komoo covolty, London, 1993
lSAC 2003 - u. lSAC, costtol tomoo Je lo 5AMvM - c,elo l., Clu[-napoca, 2003
Lu11WAk 1976 - L. Lu11WAk, 1be CtooJ 5ttoteqy of tbekomoo mplte, 8alLlmore-London,
1976
MA8Cu 2004 - l. MA8Cu, commeots oo tbe lJeotlty ooJ Jeploymeot of cohorLes l 8tlttooom,
in AMn 39-40/1, 2004, p. 219 - 234.
LuulL 1996 - !. LuulL, 1be komoo wot Mocbloe, 8oduln, 1996
L1CLLSCu 1993-a - C. L1CLLSCu, uolt(lle ooxlllote Jlo uoclo tomoo (l). Aloe, in 5clvA, 46,
1993, 1, p. 33 - 30.
L1CLLSCu 1993-b - C. L1CLLSCu, uolt(lle ooxlllote Jlo uoclo komoo (ll). CohorLes, in
5clvA 46, 1993, 3-4, p. 237 - 273
L1CLLSCu 2002 - C. L1CLLSCu, Aoxlllo uocloe. coottlbo(le lo lstotlo mllltot o uoclel tomooe,
8ucure;Ll, 2002
lSC 1979 - l. lSC, plqtopblco (vl), in 5tcl., xvlll, 1979, p. 137-144
8C1ASL 1983 - u. 8C1ASL,
8uSCu 1996 - u. 8uSCu, LlClA 8uSCu, ,k1A-lz kA1A AAANON o lol Attloo ,l sttoteqlo
Jefeoslv o lmpetlolol komoo io epoc boJtloolc, in pbemetls Nopoceosls
vl, 1996, p. 203 - 233
8uSSu 1969 - l. l. 8uSSu, lemeote sytleoe io uoclo cotpotlc, in ActoMN vl, p. 167 - 186.
SCu1PL8n 1989 - . SCu1PL8n, 1be Nometl of tbe lmpetlol komoo Atmy, in 8tltooolo xx,
1989, p. 81 - 140.
SLluLL 1973 - M. SLluLL, 1be loy of tbe Aoxlllo,inIk5 63, 1973, p. 141-147.
ZAPA8lAuL 1976 - M. ZAPA8lAuL, 1topele Je otlqloe blspoolc Jlo uoclo, in 5clvA 27, 1976, p.
473 - 494.