OFDM AND REDUCTION OF PAPR

SYNOPSIS
SUBMITTED
TO
YMCAUST, FARIDABAD


FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
DEPTT.

ANUJ KALRA
(MECE-165-2K10)


Project Guide:
Mrs. SONAM KHERA
ASST. PROFESSOR
(EEE Dept.)


ABSTRACT

Wireless technologies have gradually become more and more involved into everyday life.
Among multicarrier transmission techniques, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) is the most popular one that uses parallel data streams. Compared with single carrier
modulation, OFDM has many advantages as immunity to impulse interference, high spectral
density, resilient to RF interference, robustness to channel fading, resistance to multipath,
much lower computational complexity. However, OFDM has some major drawbacks to
implement it in practical telecommunication systems. One of them is that OFDM signal
suffers a high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), a high PAPR easily makes the signal
peaks move into the non-linear region of the RF power amplifier which causes signal
distortion. A large PAPR increases the complexity of the Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-
Analog converters and reduces the efficiency of the RF power amplifier. A lot of research has
been made on PAPR reduction with a number of techniques as clipping, coding, selected
mapping (SLM), partial transmit sequence (PTS) In this project, we will give an overview to
OFDM technique, identify the PAPR problem and a technique for reducing PAPR (Peak to
Average Power Ratio) in OFDM system by various techniques.






















OFDM

OFDM is especial case of Multi-carrier transmission, where a single data stream is
transmitted over a number of lower rate sub carrier. It is worth mention here that OFDM can
be seen as either a modulation technique or a Multiplexing technique. One of the main
reasons to use OFDM is to increase the robustness against frequency selective fading or
narrowband interference. In single carrier system, a single fade or interference can cause the
entire link to fail, but in Multi-carrier system, only a small percentage of the sub carriers will
be affected (Wu,2005) Error correction coding can then be used to correct for the few
erroneous sub carriers. The concept of using parallel data transmission and frequency
division Multiplexing was published in the mid 1960s.

Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
When the phase of different subcarriers adds up to form large peaks, an important
complication comes in OFDM systems. This problem is called Peak Average Power Ratio
(PAPR) and it is defined for each OFDM signal on a time interval [n, n+Ts] by the following
formula:
For continuos signals

. J

+
+
=
s
s
t n
n
T n n t
n
dt t x
t x
) (
) ( max
2
2
,
G
(2.1)
For sampled signals

. J
. J ,
2
2
max
k x E
k x
n
n
k
n
= G
(2.2)
In OFDM systems PAPR can have very high values for certain input sets of sample
. J ) k X
n
and
overload non-linear characteristics of systems, causing inter-modulations among different
carriers and undesired out-of-band radiation. Another main drawback of PAPR can be seen as
quantization noise domination towards the performance of system (Huber, 1996). This
domination can be excited by avoiding the clipping effect of the maximum level of the
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) that is set too high. Various techniques are proposed to
reduce PAPR in OFDM signals, but that reduction is not obvious because PAPR and SNR are
closely linked.

THE VARIOUS IMPLEMENTED TECHNIQUES ARE:-
1. CLIPPING
2. CODING
3. PEAK CANCELLATION
4. USING DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUE(BPSK)



REFRENCES

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