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PREPARED BY:
Muhammad Muazzam (10ES26) Muhammad Bilal Nasir (10ES39) Muhammad Hamir (10ES38) Muhammad Rizwan Saeed (10ES42) Ahmad Hasan (10ES53)
PHOTOTRANSISTOR:
Introduction to phototransistor. Construction. Comparison with BJT. Principle & working of phototransistor. Advantages and disadvantages. Applications of phototransistor.
INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOTRANSISTOR
History Definition of phototransistor Recap of photodiode (definition , principle with diagram, difference) Symbol Material
HISTORY
The invention of the phototransistor was announced in Murray Hill NJ. This was a transistor operated by light rather than electric current, invented by Dr. John Northrup Shive of the Bell Telephone Laboratories at Murray Hill, N.J.
WHAT IS PHOTOTRANSISTOR?
An alternative photo-junction device to the photodiode is the Phototransistor which is basically a photodiode with amplification. Two-junctions. Operation. Gain. Sensitivity. BGT to phototransistor.
Basics:
Photodiode:
A photodiode consists of an active p-n junction which is operated in reverse bias. When light falls on the junction, a reverse current flows which is proportional to the luminance.
PHOTODIODE:
Symbol:
DEFINITION OF PHOTOTRANSISTOR
A phototransistor is an electronic switching and current amplification component which relies on exposure to light to operate. Exposed-base Section. Depend on light to operate it .
SYMBOL OF PHOTOTRANSISTOR:
Configurations of Phototransistor:
MATERIAL:
The first phototransistors used single semiconductor materials such as germanium and silicone in their construction. Modern components use several differing material junctions including gallium and arsenide for higher efficiency levels. The physical structure of the transistor is also optimized to allow for maximum light exposure.
Construction of Phototransistor
A photo transistor is nothing but an ordinary bi-polar transistor in which the base region is exposed to the illumination.
Window
Emitter
Base
p-type
n-type
Collector
Construction of Phototransistor
Available in both the P-N-P and N-P-N types. Common emitter configuration is generally used. The base terminal is made open.
Difference between:
Collector base junction very sensitive to light. Its working condition depends upon intensity of light on base. Its symbol is with or without the base terminal. Its collector base junction surface area comparatively greater. There is a lens to focus the light.
Collector base junction not sensitive to light. Its working condition depends upon the input current or its input is base current. Its symbol is always with base terminal. Its collector base surface area comparatively smaller. There is no lens.
FUNCTION DIAGRAM
Two light isolated devices Light emitting device Light sensitive device as phototransistor. Function of phototransistor.
gate.
How it works?
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Explanation of IC and VCE
Dark current
ABOUT LUX
Lumen per square meter. Unit of luminance. Measure the amount of visible light. Lux which measures apparent brightness (power multiplied by the human eyes sensitivity). Phototransistor: 1 mA @ 1000 lux
GAIN EQUATION
IC = IB + (1+ ) ICBO
Common emitter. Common collector. Common base. Common base is seldom used. Choice on requirement.
Operation.
Operation.
Phototransistors work in a similar way to photoresistors. Phototransistor able to produce both current and voltage. Photo-resistor produce only current.
VIDEO:
ADVANTAGES OF PHOTOTRANSISTOR:
Phototransistors produce a higher current than photodiodes.
Phototransistors produce a voltage, that photoresistors cannot do so. Phototransistors are very fast and are capable of providing nearly instantaneous output. Phototransistors are relatively inexpensive, simple, and small enough to fit several of them onto a single integrated computer chip.
DISADVANTAGES OF PHOTOTRANSISTOR :
Phototransistors that are made of silicon are not capable of handling voltages over 1,000 Volts. Phototransistors also do not allow electrons to move as freely as other devices do, such as electron tubes. Phototransistors are also more vulnerable to surges and spikes of electricity as well as electromagnetic energy.
APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOTRANSISTOR
Some of the areas of application for the phototransistor include. Punch-card readers.
APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOTRANSISTOR
Level indication
Relays
Counting systems
IR detectors
Base Emitter and Base Collector junction forward biased. Base is current is made high to get Ic to its saturation value.
Collector and Emitter are short. VCE( saturation) is obtained.
AN AND GATE.
An Example of Application in switching circuits and Gates.
The terminology high isolation simply refers to the lack of an electrical connection between the input and output circuits .
A high-isolation AND gate using three phototransistors and three LEDs (lightemitting diodes) .
PHOTO-DARLINGTON:
A photo Darlington consists of a phototransistor connected in a Darlington arrangement with a conventional BJT.
An LASCR is a four
layer semiconductor device that conducts current in one direction when activated by a sufficient amount of light and continues to conduct untill light falls below a specified value.