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to accompany
GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA
People, Politics, and Policy Thirteenth AP* Edition
*AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Dennis Plane Juniata College Wanda L. Hill Tarrant County College, South
New York Boston San Francisco London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal
This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.
Test Bank to accompany Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy, 13th AP* Edition
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Instructors may reproduce portions of this book for classroom use only. All other reproductions are strictly prohibited without prior permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. ISBN: 0-321-47997-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-OPM-10 09 08 07
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Introducing Government in America .......................................................................1 The Constitution.....................................................................................................35 Federalism .............................................................................................................80 Civil Liberties and Public Policy.........................................................................131 Civil Rights and Public Policy.............................................................................183 Public Opinion and Political Action....................................................................230 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda ..........................................................278 Political Parties ...................................................................................................319 Nominations and Campaigns...............................................................................362 Elections and Voting Behavior ............................................................................408 Interest Groups ....................................................................................................450 Congress ..............................................................................................................494 The Presidency.....................................................................................................536 The Congress, the President, and the Budget: The Politics of Taxing and Spending ...................................................................583 The Federal Bureaucracy ....................................................................................624 The Federal Courts ..............................................................................................666 Economic Policymaking.......................................................................................712 Social Welfare Policymaking...............................................................................740 Policymaking for Health Care and the Environment ..........................................771 National Security Policymaking ..........................................................................795 The New Face of State and Local Government ...................................................842
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Chapter1 IntroducingGovernmentinAmerica
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) ThereisatremendousgapbetweenyouthandtheelderlyinallofthefollowingEXCEPT A) politicalknowledge. B) politicalparticipation. C) politicalinterest. D) volunteering. E) mediause. Answer: D
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25) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutagovernmentspolicyagendaisFALSE? A) Whenyouvote,youarepartlylookingatwhetheracandidatesharesyouragendaor not. B) Badnewsgetsanissueonthepolicyagendamorequicklythangoodnews. C) Whenpeopleconfrontgovernmentofficialswithproblemstobesolved,theyaretrying toinfluencethegovernmentspolicyagenda. D) Agovernmentspolicyagendatendstoremainconstantovertime. E) Noneoftheabove;allaretrue. Answer: D
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41) WhichoftheseisNOTacriterionoftraditionaldemocratictheory,asformulatedbyRobert Dahl? A) freedomofspeechandpress B) Onepersongetsonevote. C) Citizenshipmustbeopentoallwithinanation. D) Thosewhoparticipateinpoliticalorganizationsmustberepresentativeofthegeneral population. E) Citizensmustmakerationalchoices. Answer: E
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62) InevaluatingAmericandemocracy,hyperpluralists A) claimthatcompetinggroupsvyingforpowermakeforgenerallyefficient,honest government. B) claimthatsocietyisgovernedsolelybyanupper-classelite. C) claimthattoomanyinfluentialgroupscripplegovernmentsabilitytogovern. D) believethatthepublicinterestisnearlyalwaystranslatedintopublicpolicyintheUnited States. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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86) ThelargestitemintheUnitedStatesgovernmentbudget,consumingmorethanone -fifthof spending,is A) SocialSecuritypayments. B) foreignaid. C) educationspending. D) nationaldefense. E) welfareforthepoor. Answer: A
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Arecentstudyofcollegefreshmenrecentlyfoundthatonly34percentsaidthatkeepingup withpoliticswasanimportantpriorityforthem. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Becausetheypaysolittleattentiontopolitics,________arelesslikelythan________tobe well-informedaboutpoliticsingovernment. Answer: youth;theelderly
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EssayQuestions
1) Discussthepoliticaldifferencesbetweenyoungpeopleandolderadults.Whatmightaccount forthesedifferences?Andwhataretheimplicationsofthesedifferencesfordemocracyinthe UnitedStates?
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2) Discussthedifferencesinpoliticalinvolvementbetweenyoungpeopleandolderadults.How mightyouthinvolvementbeincreasedinourdemocracy?
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3) Whatarethemajorfunctionsperformedbyallgovernments?Giveexamplesofhowthese functionsareperformedintheUnitedStates.
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4) Describethecomponentsofthepolicymakingsystemandexplainhowpublicpoliciesmake theirwaythroughthepoliticalsystem.
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6) CompareandcontrastthethreeleadingcontemporarytheoriesofhowAmericandemocracy works.Whichdoyouthinkmostaccuratelydescribestherealitytoday?Explain.
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7) Compareandcontrastpluralist,eliteandclasstheory,andhyperpluralismandassesstheir applicabilitytoAmericangovernment.
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8) DescribethefiveaspectsoftheAmericancreed.
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Chapter2 TheConstitution
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) WhichoftheseisTRUEabouttheUnitedStatesConstitution? A) Itcentralizespoliticalpower. B) Itissupersededonlybydecreesofthepresident. C) Itsetsneutralrulesforthegameofpolitics. D) Allofthesearetrue. E) Noneofthesearetrue. Answer: E
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8) TheDeclarationofIndependencewasa A) validlegaldocumentunderBritishlaw. B) bitterattackagainsttheBritishkingforabusessaidtohavebeendonetothecolonists overalongperiodoftime. C) proclamationfromKingGeorgeIIIgrantingtheAmericancoloniststherighttoform theirownnation. D) thoughtful,cautiousexplanationofwhyindependencemightbeagoodideaifcertain demandswerenotmet. E) lasteffortbytheAmericancoloniststogetbackongoodtermswithEngland,whileonly threateningindependence. Answer: B
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23) LockeanthoughtandtheDeclarationofIndependencearesimilarinthatboth A) recognizetherightofthepeopletodeterminetheirownformofgovernment,shortof resortingtorevolution. B) weredevelopedinthelate1700s. C) valuethepreservationofprivateproperty. D) seekcommonidealsingovernmentthroughtheestablishmentofaconstitutional monarchy. E) supporttheconceptofnaturalrightsandtheideathatgovernmentbebuiltonthe consentofthegoverned. Answer: E
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25) TheAmericanRevolution A) washeavilyinfluencedbytheearliersuccessesoftheFrenchRevolution. B) stronglyreflectedthewidespreadclassconflictthatwouldeventuallyleadtodeadly riotsfortwogenerations. C) wasverysimilartotheFrench,Russian,andIranianRevolutions. D) wasaradicalsocialmovementthatdrasticallyalteredthecolonistswayoflife. E) wasanessentiallyconservativemovementthatdidnotdrasticallyalterthecolonistsway oflife. Answer: E
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34) WhichofthefollowingwasNOTaproblemwiththenationalgovernmentundertheArticles ofConfederation? A) thethreatofsomeoftheContinentalArmytoestablishGeorgeWashingtonasking B) thelackofpowergiventostatelegislatures C) thelackofanexecutivetoleadthenation D) theinabilityofthecentralnationalgovernmenttoregulateforeigntradeorregulatethe nationaleconomy E) theunwillingnessofthestatestosendmoneyrequisitionedbythecentralnational government Answer: B
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38) WhichofthefollowingwasNOTaproblemwiththenationalgovernmentundertheArticles ofConfederation? A) theunwillingnessofthestatestosendmoneyrequisitionedbythecentralnational government B) thelackofanexecutivetoleadthenation C) thelackofpowergiventostatelegislatures D) theinabilityofthecentralnationalgovernmenttoregulateforeigntradeorregulatethe nationaleconomy E) Noneofthesewereproblemsatthetime. Answer: C
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47) AttheendoftheRevolutionaryWar, A) capturedBritishtroopswereherdedintolargeprisoncampswheretheyservedlife sentencesfortheirtreachery. B) astrong,newnationalgovernmentbeganimmediatelytokeeptheeconomyrunning smoothlywithcarefulregulation. C) apostwardepressionseverelyhurtsmallfarmersandmanyothers. D) theconditionoftheeconomywaslargelythesameasithadbeenbeforethewar. E) aperiodoftremendouseconomicprosperitybegan. Answer: C
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51) AmongthefactorsthatcontributedtoeconomicturmoilundertheArticlesofConfederation wasthe A) postwardepressionthatleftmanysmallfarmersunabletopaytheirdebtsand threatenedmortgageforeclosures. B) decreasingeconomicviabilityofslavery. C) powershiftfrommiddle-classfarmerstowealthylandowners. D) statelegislaturesthatfavoredcreditorsandcreatedmoredebt. E) Allofthesefactorscontributedtotheeconomicturmoil. Answer: A
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73) TheConnecticutCompromiseattheConstitutionalConvention A) resolvedtheimpassebetweenthosewhofavoredtheNewJerseyPlanandthosewho preferredtheVirginiaPlan. B) addedtheBillofRightstotheConstitutioninordertolessenconcernsabouttoomuch powerforthenewgovernment. C) settledthedisputeoverwhetherslaveryshouldbeallowedinthefinalconstitution. D) threwouttheideaofhavingamonarchyintheUnitedStates,optinginsteadforan indirectlyelectedpresident. E) involvedalloftheseelements. Answer: A
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75) Ontheissueofslaves,theConstitutionspecified A) thatagradualendtoslaverymustbeworkedoutbyCongressandthestateswithinten years. B) thatslaverywouldbebannedbeginningin1800. C) aboundary,knownastheMason-Dixonline,southofwhichslaverywouldbelegal. D) Nothing.Itwastoocontroversialasubjectandthedelegatescouldnotagreeonanything regardingit. E) thatslaveswouldcountasthree-fifthspersonsforcountingthenationspopulationand determiningseatsintheHouse. Answer: E
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91) TwokeyelementsoftheMadisonianmodelwereto A) keepmostofthegovernmentbeyondthecontrolofapopularmajorityandseparatethe powersofdifferentinstitutions. B) promotestatepowerwhileseparatingthepowersofdifferentnationalinstitutions. C) keepasmuchofthegovernmentaspossiblebeyondthecontrolofapopularmajority andextendtherighttovotetoeveryone. D) combinethepowersofdifferentinstitutionsandcreateapowerfulpresidency. E) requireasystemofchecksandbalancesandextenddemocracy. Answer: A
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92) ThesystemofchecksandbalancesintheConstitutionmeansthat A) amajoritycaneasilymanipulatethesystem,butaminoritycannot. B) changesingovernmentpolicycanbemadewithrelativeease,withfewobstaclestostop apopularnewforce. C) wehaveadirectdemocracy,withallbranchesequallyaccessibletostrongpublic pressure. D) changeusuallycomesslowly,ifatall,andmoderationandcompromisearetypicalinour politicalsystem. E) eachbranchofgovernmenthasitsownpowersindependentoftheother. Answer: D
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99) TheAnti-Federalistsbelievedthatthenewconstitution A) wasathinlydisguisedattempttoabolishafederalformofgovernmentintheUnited States. B) wasanenemyoffreedomanddesignedtogivecontrolofthegovernmenttoarichelite. C) createdanewgovernmenttooweaktobeeffective,andtheypreferredamonarchyto ensurestability. D) wastoodemocraticandwouldleadtotyrannyofthemassesagainstthewealthy. E) withwhateverfaultsitmighthave,wastheyoungnationsbesthopeforaworkable government. Answer: B
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109) ThefailureoftheEqualRightsAmendmentshowedthat A) Congresswasunwillingtosupportameasureopposedbyastrongminorityofthe public. B) anationalmajorityinfavorofanamendmentisnotsufficienttoaddittothe Constitution. C) moststatesdidnotwanttograntconstitutionalequalitytowomen. D) weareademocracy,andmajorityopinionprevails. E) menarepigs,stillunwillingtograntwomenequalrights. Answer: B
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112) Howhastheelectoralcollegechangedfromtheoriginalintentoftheframers? A) Affirmativeactionprogramshavemadethestudentbodymuchmorediverse,although standardshavealsobeenlowered. B) Thepresidentmustnowbeelectedbytwo-thirdsvoteoftheelectoralcollegeratherthan asimplemajority. C) Thenumberofelectorshasdecreaseddramatically. D) Almostallelectorsnowvoteforthepresidentialcandidatewhowinsthemostpopular votesintheirstate. E) Today,theelectorsvoteforwhomtheypersonallyfeelwouldmakethebestpresident. Answer: D
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115) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutjudicialinterpretationisFALSE? A) JudicialinterpretationcanprofoundlyaffecthowtheConstitutionisunderstood. B) Thepowerofjudicialreviewgivescourtstherighttodecidewhetherlegislativeactions areinaccordwiththeConstitution. C) ThepowerofjudicialinterpretationisexplicitlystatedintheConstitution. D) InthecaseofMarburyv.Madison,theSupremeCourtdecideditwouldbetheoneto decideconstitutionaldisputes. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Burningtheflagisalegallyprotectedformofpoliticalexpression. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) A(n)________isanationsbasiclaw. Answer: constitution
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13) HowareformalamendmentstotheConstitutionproposedandratified? Answer: Anamendmentmaybeproposedeitherbyatwo -thirdsvoteineachhouseofCongress orbyanationalconventioncalledbyCongressattherequestoftwo -thirdsofthestate legislatures.Anamendmentmayberatifiedeitherbythelegislaturesofthree -fourthsof thestatesorbyspecialstateconventionscalledinthree-fourthsofthestates.
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EssayQuestions
1) ExplainhowthecolonialexperienceandtheideasofJohnLockeinfluencedtheDeclarationof IndependenceandtheUnitedStatesConstitution.
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3) DescribethemajorfeaturesoftheArticlesofConfederationandexplainwhytheArticles failed.
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4) DescribethestrengthsandweaknessesofthenationalgovernmentundertheArticlesof Confederation.WouldyoucalltheConstitutionanimprovement?Explain.
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9) Describethefoundersattitudestowarddemocracy.WhatspecificfeaturesoftheConstitution reflectthissentiment?
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Chapter3 Federalism
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) ThegovernmentsresponsesinthewakeofHurricaneKatrinaunderscores A) theneccesityofcomplyingwiththeletterandthespiritoftheThirdAmendment. B) thetensionsbetweenCongressandthepresident. C) theabilityoftheU.S.militarytomobilizeanddeployquickly. D) thecomplexityofAmericanfederalism. E) alloftheabove Answer: D
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12) Federalismisawayoforganizinganationsothat A) poweriscentralizedinstateandlocalgovernment. B) bothnationalandstatelevelsofgovernmenthaveauthorityoverthesamelandand people. C) thereisonefederalgovernmentandallregionalgovernmentsareadministrative subunitsofit. D) poweriscentralizedinthenationalgovernment. E) therearethreebranchesofgovernmentandasystemofchecksandbalances. Answer: B
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22) AstheframerswrotetheConstitutiontheyhadnopracticalchoicebuttoadoptafederal systemforallbutwhichofthefollowingreasons? A) Theconfederationhadclearlyfailedinmanagingthecountrysproblems. B) Thepopulationwastoodispersedforaunitarysystemtowork. C) AmericansloyaltytostategovernmentswasstrongerthanitwastotheUnitedStates. D) Americahadalwayshadafederalsystemanditwouldhavebeentooradicaland disruptiveachangetoadoptanothersystem. E) Thecountrystransportationandcommunicationsystemsweretooprimitivefora unitarygovernmenttowork. Answer: D
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25) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfederalismisFALSE? A) FederalismwashotlydebatedattheConstitutionalConvention. B) Eighteenth-centuryAmericanshadlittleexperienceinthinkingofthemselvesas Americansfirstandstatecitizenssecond. C) Therewasnootherpracticalchoicein1787buttocreateafederalsystemofgovernment. D) LoyaltytostategovernmentswassostrongthattheConstitutionwouldhavebeen resoundinglydefeatedhadittriedtoabolishthem. E) Noneoftheabove;allareTRUE. Answer: A
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27) TheConstitutionssupremacyclause A) doesnotapplytostateandlocalmatters. B) givesthestatessuperiorityoverthenationalgovernmentsConstitutionandlaws. C) madetheConstitution,thelawsofthenationalgovernment,andthenational governmentstreatiesthesupremelawoftheland. D) isvagueaboutwhichlevelofgovernmentshouldprevailinadisputeinvolving federalism. E) makesthepresidentsupremeinanyconstitutionalconflictswiththeothertwobranches. Answer: C
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28) TheeffortsofCandyLightnerandMothersAgainstDrunkDriving(MADD)toraisethelegal drinkingageto21areanexampleof A) thesupremacyofstategovernmenttoregulateitsownaffairs. B) theconstitutionalauthorityofthenationalgovernmenttoimposepoliciesonstate governments. C) statesactingaspolicyinnovators. D) theunconstitutionalityofagediscrimination. E) theabilityofthenationalgovernmenttoinfluencestatepolicy. Answer: E
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29) Thesupremacyclause A) establishestheConstitution,lawsofthenationalgovernment,andtreatiesasthe supremelawoftheland. B) establishestheSupremeCourtasthefinalarbiterinallcivilandcriminaldisputes. C) declaresthatthenationalgovernmentissuperiortothestatesineveryconcern. D) statesthatpowersnotdelegatedtotheUnitedStatesbytheConstitution,norprohibited bythestates,arereservedtothestates. E) statesthatthepeoplearethesupremeauthorityintheUnitedStatesandthatthe governmentshallbesubservienttothem. Answer: A
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30) TheprimarythrustoftheoriginalintentandwordingoftheTenthAmendmentisthat A) statelegislatureshavetheultimateauthoritytodeterminewhatastategovernments powersare. B) stateshavecertainpowersthatthenationalgovernmentcannotencroachupon. C) thenationalgovernmentcantakecontrolofastategovernmentduringanational emergency. D) nationallawsoverridestatelawswhenthereisaconflictbetweenthetwo. E) boththestatesandnationalgovernmentareboundbythelimitationsintheBillof Rights. Answer: B
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32) TheTenthAmendment A) declaresthatthenationalgovernmentissuperiortothestatesineveryconcern. B) establishestheConstitution,lawsofthenationalgovernment,andtreatiesasthe supremelawoftheland. C) establishestheSupremeCourtasthefinalarbiterinallcivilandcriminaldisputes. D) establishesthenumberofelectoralvoteseachstatecancastintheelectoralcollege. E) statesthatpowersnotdelegatedtotheUnitedStatesbytheConstitution,norprohibited bythestates,arereservedforthestates. Answer: E
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34) WhatwasthemaincriticismofthenationalbankcreatedbytheUnitedStatesgovernment? A) Itwasprintingtoomuchworthlesspapermoneywhichdebtorswereusingtopayoff theirdebts. B) Itwaschargingexorbitantinterestratesonitsloans. C) Itwasborrowingtoomuchmoney,puttingtheUnitedStatesgovernmenthopelesslyin debt. D) Itwasaninstrumentoftheeliteandgavethenationalgovernmenttoomuchcontrolof theeconomy. E) Itdidnotefficientlydistributemoneytothestates. Answer: D
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35) WhichofthesewasNOTaprincipleestablishedinthecaseof McCullochv.Maryland? A) Stategovernmentsareforbiddenspendingmoremoneythantheyraiseeachyear,while thereisnosuchrequirementonthenationalgovernment. B) Thenationalgovernmentcanestablishanationalbank,eventhoughtheConstitution doesnotsayitcan. C) Thenationalgovernmentissupremetothestateswhenitisactingwithinitssphereof action. D) Thenationalgovernmenthascertainimpliedpowersthatgobeyonditsenumerated powers. E) Statelawspreemptnationallawswhenthenationalgovernmentclearlyexceedsits constitutionalpowersandintrudesuponstatepowers. Answer: A
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42) Federalpoliciestoregulatefoodanddrugs,buildinterstatehighways,protectconsumers,try tocleanupdirtyairandwater,anddomanyotherthingsarealljustifiedas________of Congress. A) impliedpowers B) categoricalgrants C) constitutionallyspecifiedpowers D) reservedpowers E) enumeratedpowers Answer: A
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44) IndeterminingthepowerofCongresstoregulatecommerceinthecaseofGibbonsv.Ogden (1824),theSupremeCourt A) prohibitedCongressfromregulatingbusinessactivityonthegroundsitviolatedprivate propertyrights. B) listedtheimpliedpowersofCongressandthenationalgovernment. C) definedcommerceverynarrowlyinconsideringtherightofCongresstoregulateit. D) listedtheenumeratedpowersofCongressandthenationalgovernment. E) definedcommerceverybroadly,encompassingvirtuallyeveryformofcommercial activity. Answer: E
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50) AbrahamLincolnannouncedinhis1861inauguraladdressthathewouldwillinglysupporta constitutionalamendmentto A) prohibitstatesfromsecedingfromtheUnion. B) returntheUnitedStatestoaconfederation,withgreaterpowersgiventothestates. C) establishtheUnitedStatesasaunitarysystem,wherestateswouldhavetoobeyall nationalgovernmentdecisions. D) outlawslavery. E) guaranteeslavery. Answer: E
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51) TheSupremeCourtcaseofPrintzv.UnitedStates A) enhancedthepowersofCongressbyexpandingitsinterpretationofcommerce. B) deniedCongressthepowerofregulatinggunsinschoolzones. C) voidedthecongressionalmandateintheBradyHandgunViolencePreventionAct requiringlocalcommunityofficialstoconductbackgroundchecksonprospectivegun purchasers. D) affirmedtheprovisionsoftheBradyHandgunViolencePreventionAct. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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61) Thenationalgovernmenthasexclusivecontroloverforeignandmilitarypolicy,thepostal system,andmonetarypolicy,whilethestateshaveexclusivecontroloverotherspecificareas. Thisdivisionofresponsibilitiesreflects A) dualfederalism. B) dividedgovernment. C) tripartitefederalism. D) cooperativefederalism. E) fiscalfederalism. Answer: A
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62) InSaenzv.Roe,theSupremeCourtruledthat A) Californiawasrequiredtorecognizethelegalityofsamesexmarriages. B) Californiacouldnotrequireanewresidenttowaitoneyearbeforebeingeligiblefor welfarebenefits. C) Californiacouldwithholdeducationalbenefitsfromchildrenofillegalimmigrants. D) Californiawasrequiredtoofferbilingualeducationprogramsinthepublicelementary schools. E) Californiacouldnotprovidewelfarebenefitstoillegalimmigrants. Answer: B
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67) In________federalism,thepowersandpolicyassignmentsofdifferentlevelsofgovernment arelikeamarblecake,withmingledresponsibilitiesandblurreddistinctionsbetweenlayersof government. A) fiscal B) mixed C) dual D) cooperative E) tripartite Answer: D
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71) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfederalismisfalse? A) Incooperativefederalism,sometimesevenblameissharedwhenprogramsdonotwork well. B) TheAmericansystemhasalwaysbeenneatlyseparatedintopurelystateandpurely nationalresponsibilities. C) Incooperativefederalism,policyassignmentsaresharedbetweenstatesandthenational government. D) Cooperativefederalismtodayrestsonseveralstandardoperatingprocedures. E) None;allaretrue. Answer: B
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83) Fiscalfederalismis A) thepatternofspending,taxing,andprovidinggrantsinthefederalsystem. B) thedistinctseparationofnationalgovernmentspendingversusstateandlocal governmentspending. C) thefederalgovernmentsregulationofthemoneysupplyandinterestrates. D) thefederalincometax. E) asharingoflocalandnationalresourcespracticedinothercountriesbutnotinthe UnitedStates. Answer: A
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88) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutcategoricalgrants? A) Thefederalgovernmentislesslikelytoapplyconditionstothesegrantstodaythaninthe 1970s. B) Thereareseveralhundredspecificpurposesorcategoriesforwhichthesegrantscanbe used. C) Virtuallyeveryoneisenshroudedinrulesandregulationsforitsuse. D) Aprojectgrantisthemosttypicaltypeofcategoricalgrant. E) Categoricalgrantsaremoniesthatcanbespentinbroadcategoriesoffunctions. Answer: A
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95) ThefactthattheformerRepublicanmajorityinCongressprefersblockgrantstocategorical grantsindicatesthat A) theywanttoincreasefederalaidtostategovernments. B) theywantfederalmoneytobespentattheneighborhoodlevelratherthanthestatelevel. C) theywanttodecreasefederalaidtostategovernments. D) theywantthefederalgovernmenttoexerciselessauthorityoverthestates. E) theyintendtoraisemoremoneyfromstategovernmentstoreducethefederalbudget deficit. Answer: D
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96) Inresponsetocomplaintsfromstateandlocalgovernmentsaboutthepaperworkand requirementsattachedtomostgrants,Congresshasestablished________tosupportprograms inareaslikecommunitydevelopmentandsocialservices. A) formulagrants B) blockgrants C) projectgrants D) categoricalgrants E) computerizedgrantapplications Answer: B
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103) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfederalblockgrantsisFALSE? A) Blockgrantswerecreatedtolessenthepaperworkandstringsattachedtomany grants-in-aid. B) Congresshasestablishedanunlimitednumberofblockgrantstosupportnarrowly definedprograms. C) TheRepublicanCongressisincreasingblockgrants. D) Stateshavediscretionindecidinghowtospendblockgrantmoney. E) Theyprovidethestatesmoreflexibilityinspending. Answer: B
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110) Anumberofstateshavesuedthefederalgovernmentforreimbursementoffundsonthe groundsthat A) overcrowdedprisonsareaformofcruelandunusualpunishment. B) Trickquestion!Statescannotsuethefederalgovernment. C) ithasnorighttocharteranationalbank. D) thefederalgovernmentisntpreventingillegalimmigrationintotheirstates. E) theFederalReserveBoardhaspushedinterestratestoohigh,increasingstateborrowing costs. Answer: D
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112) Sometimesstatestackleproblemsthataregenerallyconsiderednationalproblems.Thisis mostlikelytooccurwhenthefederalgovernmentactsinawaythatmoststateresidentsdo notlike.Anexampleofthisis A) statefundingforstemcellresearchinCalifornia. B) loweringtheminimumwage. C) collectingtaxesonpurchasesmadeontheInternet. D) restrictionsonthechemicalsthatcanbeusedfordevelopingdigitalphotographs. E) localschoolboardpoliciesaboutwhichtextbooksareappropriate. Answer: A
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117) EachofthefollowingisconsideredadisadvantageoffederalismfordemocracyEXCEPT A) localinterestsmaybeabletothwartnationalmajoritysupportofcertainpolicies. B) powerfulinterestsinastatecanusethestateasapowerbasetopromotetheirinterests. C) voterturnoutratesinstateandlocalelectionsareevenlowerthaninnationalelections. D) largenumberofgovernmentsintheUnitedStatesmakeexercisingdemocraticcontrol moredifficult. E) policydiversitycandiscouragestatesfromprovidingservicesthatwouldotherwisebe available. Answer: B
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120) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE? A) Thefederalgovernmenthasgivenbillionsofdollarsinsubsidiestoprivateindustries. B) Thenationalgovernmenttookadirectinterestineconomicaffairsfromthevery foundingoftherepublic. C) Asthecountrybecamemoreindustrializedmanyinterestsaskedthenational governmenttorestrainmonopoliesandencourageopencompetition. D) Asthecountrybecamemoreindustrializedandurbanized,economicinterestgroups turnedtothestategovernmentsratherthanthefederalgovernmentforhelp. E) Thenationalgovernmenthasincreasinglyinvolveditselfintheeconomicmarketplace. Answer: D
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121) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE? A) Federalismreducesdecisionmakingandconflictatthenationallevel. B) Federalismreducestheopportunitiesforpoliticalparticipation. C) Federalismallowsthediversityofopinionwithinthecountrytobereflectedindifferent publicpoliciesamongthestates. D) ThereareoverahalfmillionelectedofficialsintheUnitedStatesasaresultofthefederal system. E) Thefederalsystemensuresthateachstatecanestablishapowerbasetopromoteits interests. Answer: B
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122) Overthelast125yearsthepeopleoftheUnitedStateshaveturnedincreasinglytothenational governmenttosolveproblemsorprovideassistancebecause A) theTenthAmendmentgaveincreasedpowertothenationalgovernment. B) aproblemorpolicyoftenrequirestheauthorityandresourcesofthenational government. C) ofcorruptionatthestatelevel. D) wehaveaunitarygovernment. E) ofpersistentcorruptioninstateandlocalgovernment. Answer: B
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127) Therapidgrowthofthenationalgovernmentislargelyduetothefactthat A) thediversityofinterestswithinandamongthestatesrequireanationalfocus. B) statesareconstitutionallyprohibitedfrommaintainingindependentdefenseforcesand policies. C) thestateshavefailedtoadequatelyrepresenttheirinterests. D) theConstitutionrequiresthatmostprogramsbeadministeredbythenational government. E) mostproblemsandpoliciesrequiretheauthorityandresourcesofthenational government. Answer: E
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130) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthestategovernmentsisaccurate? A) Theycarryoutvirtuallyallthefunctionstheyalwayshave,whilethenational governmenthastakenonnewfunctions. B) Thenationalgovernmenthastakenawaynearlyallthefunctionsthestatesusedto perform. C) Thenationalgovernmenthastakenawayabouthalfthefunctionsthestatesusedto perform. D) Therehasbeenasharpdecreaseintheproportionofgrossnationalproductspentby statesandlocalitiessince1929. E) Theirpolicyfunctionshavenearlybeentakenoverbythenationalgovernment. Answer: A
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True/FalseQuestions
1) ThefederalgovernmentimmediatelytookresponsibilityforitsanemicresponsetoHurricane Katrina. Answer: FALSE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Mostgovernmentsintheworldtodayarenotfederalist,but________. Answer: unitary
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EssayQuestions
1) Definethetermfederalismandcompareandcontrastitwithunitaryandconfederation governments.Giveexamplesofeach.
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2) DescribeAmericanfederalismandcontrastfederalismtounitarygovernment.Foracountry liketheUnitedStates,isfederalismanappropriatesystem?Explain.
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3) Whyisfederalismconsideredsoimportant?Explainhowfederalismdecentralizespoliticsand policies.
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8) ExplaintherelationshipsandobligationsbetweenthestatesintheAmericanfederalsystem. Usespecificexamplestoillustrateyouranswer.
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9) Compareandcontrastdualfederalismandcooperativefederalism.Whatarethestandard operatingproceduresforcooperativefederalism?
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14) Discusshowfederalismcreatesamoredemocraticpoliticalsystem.
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Chapter4 CivilLibertiesandPublicPolicy
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) Civillibertiesare A) freedomsthatarenotspecifiedintheConstitutionorinstatutorylaws,butmakeupthe UnwrittenConstitution. B) therightstovoteandparticipateinthepoliticalprocessinademocracy. C) lawsthatprovideandsetlimitsononesfreedoms. D) citizensrightstoequaltreatmentunderthelaw. E) individuallegalandconstitutionalprotectionsagainstthegovernment. Answer: E
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11) TheSupremeCourtdecisioninBarronv.Baltimore (1833)maintainedthattheBillofRights intendedtoprevent A) boththenationalandstategovernmentsfromviolatingcivilrights. B) citiesfromtakingprivatepropertywithoutdueprocess. C) onlythenationalgovernmentfromabridgingcivilliberties. D) thestatesfrominfringingonindividualrights. E) theUnitedStatesgovernmentfromgrantingtitlesofroyalty. Answer: C
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21) ThesignificanceofGitlowv.NewYork (1925)wasthat A) aprovisionoftheBillofRightswasappliedtothestatesforthefirsttime. B) thenationalgovernmentwaspreventedfromviolatingtheBillofRights. C) astateconstitutionhadprecedenceovertheUnitedStatesConstitutionwithinthatstate. D) theBillofRightswasinterpretedasrestrainingonlythenationalgovernmentandnot citiesorstates. E) theU.S.Constitutionhasprecedenceoverthestateconstitutionwithinthestate. Answer: A
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23) InLemonv.Kurtzman,theSupremeCourtestablishedthataidtochurch -relatedschoolsmust doallofthefollowingEXCEPT A) haveasecularpurpose. B) inhibitreligion. C) notadvancereligion. D) notcreateexcessivegovernmententanglementwithreligion. E) treatallreligionsequally. Answer: B
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26) IntheLemonv.Kurtzmandecisionof1971,theSupremeCourtruledthat A) anyaidofanysorttochurch-relatedschoolsisnotconstitutional,becauseitviolates church-stateseparation. B) aidtochurch-relatedschoolsisfullyconstitutional,andcanbeusedforanypurposes neededbytheschools. C) spokenprayersinpublicschoolswereunconstitutional. D) aidtochurch-relatedschoolsmustbeforsecularpurposesonly,andcannotbeusedto advanceorinhibitreligion. E) devotionalBible-readinginpublicschoolswasunconstitutional. Answer: D
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29) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutreligionandpoliticsisFALSE? A) ManyschooldistrictshavesimplyignoredtheSupremeCourtsbanonschoolprayer andholdprayersintheirclassrooms. B) ThereligiousdiversityinAmericahasmadeitdifficulttoestablishonestatereligion suchasBritainhas. C) TheSupremeCourthasneverpermittedtheclaimofreligiousfreedomtopermitevery sortofbehavior. D) EffortsareunderwaytoamendtheConstitutiontopermitschoolprayer. E) Inrecentyears,religiousissuesandcontroversieshavebecomelessvisibleinpolitical debate. Answer: E
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31) TheSupremeCourthasruledthatgovernmentaidtochurch -relatedschools A) isacceptableforthingssuchasfieldtripsandteachersalaries,butnotfortextbooksor transportationtoschool. B) ispermittedwhentheaidisforanon-religiouspurpose. C) isacceptableiftheschoolisaffiliatedwithamajorreligionbutnotforsmall,fringe religioussects. D) violatestheEstablishmentClause. E) doesnotconstituteanestablishmentofreligion. Answer: B
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38) TheSupremeCourtruledthatfreedomofreligiouspracticewasmoreimportantthantheright ofthegovernmenttointerfereindecidinginfavorof A) aMormonwhojustifiedpolygamyonreligiousgrounds. B) therightofAmishparentsinWisconsintotaketheirchildrenoutofpublicschoolafter theeighthgrade. C) therightofanorthodoxJewishAirForcecaptaintowearhisyarmulkedespitethestrict militarydresscode. D) theLouisianalawrequiringschoolsthattaughtDarwiniantheorytoteachtheBibles versionofcreationaswell. E) ChristianScientistsreligiousoppositiontoscientificmedicaltreatmentforthemselvesor theirchildren. Answer: B
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44) InitsNearv.Minnesotadecisionof1931,theSupremeCourtruledthat A) thestategovernmentcouldnotusepriorrestrainttoshutdownanoutspoken newspaper. B) aschoolnewspaperwasnotapublicforumandcouldberegulatedinanyreasonable mannerbyschoolofficials. C) stateshadthepowertousepriorrestraintbroadly,butthenationalgovernmentdidnot. D) aCIAagentcouldnotpublishapersonalmemoirwithoutclearingitthroughtheagency. E) stateswereprohibitedfrompublishingnewspapersbecausethatamountedto governmentcensorshipofthepressandconstitutedtheestablishmentofagovernment monopoly. Answer: A
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46) ThePentagonPapersdealtwith A) adocumentedhistoryofUnitedStatesinvolvementintheVietnamWarwhichthe governmentwantedkeptsecret. B) adocumentedhistoryofUnitedStatesinvolvementintheKoreanWarwhichthe governmentwantedkeptsecret. C) prisonersofwarfromWorldWarII. D) secretagreementsbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion. E) alloftheabove Answer: A
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49) ThecaseofNearv.Minnesota(1931) A) ruledthatnewspaperscouldnotpublishsecretinformationthatthreatensnational security. B) ruledthatstatescannotprohibitanimalsacrifice. C) heldthatgovernmenthadillegallyissuedapriorrestraint. D) identifiedanexceptiontotheConstitutionalguaranteesbarringgovernmentcensorship ofthepress. E) upheldMinnesotasrighttoclosedownanewspapermakingslanderousremarks. Answer: C
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51) InthecaseofDennisv.UnitedStates,theSupremeCourt A) upheldthefederallawbanningtheNazipartyintheUnitedStatesandprohibitingits activities. B) upheldtheconvictionsofCommunistpartyofficialswhohadbeensenttoprison becauseoftheirbeliefs. C) overturnedtheconvictionsofCommunistpartyofficialswhohadbeensenttoprison becauseoftheirbeliefs. D) ruledthatburningadraftcardwasnotcoveredunderfreespeech. E) overturnedthefederallawagainstburningordesecratingtheAmericanflag,arguing thatitviolatedfreespeech. Answer: B
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52) InthecaseofNewYorkTimesv.UnitedStates in1971,theSupremeCourtruled A) againstpermittingracyadvertisementsformassageparlors,saunas,andescortservices whichcouldbedeemedobscene. B) againstpriorrestraintinthecaseofthePentagonPapers,whichallowedthemtobe published. C) thatthegovernmentcannotfilelibelsuitsagainstnewspapers,because,itwouldresultin governmentcensorship. D) infavorofpermittingracyadvertisementsformassageparlors,saunas,andescort servicesasfreedomofspeech. E) infavorofpriorrestraintinordertopreventpublicationofthePentagonPapers. Answer: B
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57) InRothv.UnitedStates,theSupremeCourtheldthat A) outdoordrive-inscouldnotbebarredfromshowingafilmwhichincludednudity. B) thepossessionofchildpornographywasnotcoveredbyanyrighttofreespeechor press,andcouldbemadeacrime. C) thegovernmentcannotprohibitdiscriminationagainstwomenpriestsbychurches becauseitwouldviolatethefreeexerciseofreligion. D) obscenityisnotwithintheareaofconstitutionallyprotectedfreespeech. E) thefilmCarnalKnowledge,whichhadcriticalacclaimbutasexualthemeandexplicit scenes,couldnotbebanned. Answer: D
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61) In________,theCourtclarifieditsdoctrineofwhatwasobscene,includingsuchgaugesas whethermaterialappealedtomerelyaprurientinterestinsex,andwhetheritlackedserious artistic,literary,politicalorscientificmerit. A) Osbornev.Ohio B) Engelv.Vitale C) Millerv.California D) Nearv.Minnesota E) FederalCommunicationsCommissionv.Stern Answer: C
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62) InMillerv.California(1971),theCourtruledthatdecisionsregardingwhetherornotmaterial wasobsceneshouldgenerallybemadeby A) Congress,throughstatutorylaw. B) lowerfederaljudgesastheyseefit,butinconformancewiththeFirstAmendment. C) localcommunities,withsomeguidelinesprovidedbytheCourtitselfabouthowtomake suchjudgments. D) theSupremeCourtitself,onacase-by-casebasis. E) individualpersonsintheirownprivatelives. Answer: C
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65) AttheurgingoffeministsandconservativeChristians,somecitieshavebannedpornography onthegroundsitdehumanizesandendangerswomen.Howhavethecourtsdealtwiththese bans? A) TheyhaveupheldthembasedontheEqualProtectionClauseoftheFourteenth Amendment. B) Theyhaverefusedtoreviewthem. C) TheyhavestruckthemdownasviolationsoftheFirstAmendment. D) TheyhaveupheldthembasedontheFirstAmendment. E) Thecourtshavebeenerratic,allowingsomeordinancesandrevokingothers. Answer: C
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66) InthecaseofNewYorkTimesv.Sullivan (1964),theSupremeCourtruledthat A) governmentofficialscannotsuenewspapersforlibelsincethiswouldentailprior restraintofthepress. B) thePentagonPaperscouldbelegallypublisheddespitethegovernmentsdesiretokeep thematerialsecret. C) thepublicationofthePentagonPaperscouldbelegallybarredasamatterofnational security. D) statementsmadeaboutpoliticalfigures,howevermalicious,canneverbedeemed libelous. E) statementsmadeaboutpoliticalfiguresarelibelousonlyifmadewithmaliceand recklessdisregardforthetruth. Answer: E
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68) WhathappenedwhenJacksonville,Florida,triedtobanmovieswithnudityinthemfrom beingshownatdrive-intheatersongroundsofobscenity? A) TheCourtupheldthebantoprotectcitizensrightstoprivacy. B) TheSupremeCourtruledthatallnuditycannotbedeemedobscene. C) Thebanwasupheldtohelpthecommunityriditselfofapublicnuisanceandpotential traffichazard. D) TheCourtruledthatX-ratedmovieswereprotectedundertheFirstAmendment. E) ariot Answer: B
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78) In2000,theSupremeCourtruledthat A) governmenthadalegitimateinterestinprotectingsexuallyexplicitmaterialoncable stations. B) governmenthadnorighttoregulatesexuallyexplicitmaterialoncablestations. C) governmenthadalegitimateinterestinprohibitingsexuallyexplicitmaterialoncable stations. D) governmentregulationofsexuallyexplicitmaterialoncablestationsmustbenarrowly tailoredtopromotethegovernmentsinterestinprotectingchildren. E) governmenthadalegitimateinterestinprotectingsexuallyexplicitprintmaterial. Answer: D
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82) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfreedomofassemblyisFALSE? A) Freedomofassemblyisoftenneglectedalongsidethegreatfreedomsofspeech,press, andreligion. B) Withoutfreedomofassemblywewouldnothavetherighttoformpoliticalpartiesor interestgroups. C) Freedomofassemblyincludestherighttoassembleandtherighttoassociate. D) NazishavetheconstitutionalrighttomarchthroughaheavilyJewishcommunity. E) Freedomofassemblyallowsgroupstodemonstrateatanytime,atanyplace,orinany mannertheywish. Answer: E
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84) InthecaseoftheNazisproposed1977marchonSkokie,asuburbnorthofChicagowithmany HolocaustsurvivorswhichhaddeniedtheNazisapermittomarch,theSupremeCourt,ayear afterthefact,letstandalowercourtrulingthat A) communitieshavetherighttoimposelocalstandardsontherighttomarch. B) NazisandCommunistsareamongaselectlistofgroupsthatbecauseoftheir anti-democraticnaturearenotprotectedbytheFirstAmendment. C) theNaziscouldonlymarchiftheypubliclyrepudiatedthemurderousactionsofthe NazisbeforeandduringWWII. D) certaingroupsaresopredisposedtoviolencethattheirfreedomofassemblyisnot guaranteed. E) nocommunitycoulduseitspowertograntparadepermitstostiflefreeexpressionor freedomofassembly. Answer: E
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87) WhichofthefollowingisanaccuratestatementabouttheBillofRightsanditsrelevancetothe stagesofthecriminaljusticesystem? A) Therightsofaccusedpersonsareprotecteduptothepointofactualarrest. B) Therightsofaccusedpersonsareprotecteduptothepointofbeingconvictedofacrime. C) TheBillofRightsdoesnotapplytoaccusedcriminals. D) Therightsofaccusedpersonsareprotecteduptothepointofthetrialitself. E) Therightsofaccusedpersonsandconvictedcriminalsareguaranteedateverystage, fromgatheringofevidencetotheimpositionofpunishment. Answer: E
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92) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheBillofRightsandtherightsoftheaccusedis FALSE? A) ThegreatmajorityofthewordsintheBillofRightsdealwiththerightsoftheaccused ratherthanfreedomsofexpression. B) TheBillofRightscoverseverystageofthecriminaljusticesystem. C) ThelanguageoftheBillofRightsregardingtherightsoftheaccusedisoftenvague. D) Defendantsrightsarewell-definedintheBillofRights. E) Mostdefendantsrights,asprovidedintheBillofRights,havebeenincorporatedbythe states. Answer: D
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93) Inthecaseof________,theSupremeCourtruledthattheprotectionagainstunreasonable searchandseizureappliedtothestateandlocalgovernments,aswellasthenational government,thusnationalizingtheexclusionaryrule. A) Mirandav.Arizona B) Gideonv.Wainwright C) Rothv.UnitedStates D) UnitedStatesv.NewYork E) Mappv.Ohio Answer: E
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98) InthecaseofMirandav.Arizona,theSupremeCourtruledthat A) illegallyobtainedevidencecannotbeusedinatrial. B) policemustinformanysuspectofaseriesofrights,includingtheconstitutionalrightto remainsilent. C) thedeathpenaltycouldbeimposedforthemostextremeofcrimes. D) defendantsinallfelonycaseshavearighttocounsel,evenifthestatehastoprovide suchlegalassistance. E) thepolicemustshowprobablecausebeforemakinganarrest. Answer: B
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99) InwhatcasedidtheSupremeCourtrulethatsuspectsmustbetoldoftheirconstitutional rightstoremainsilent,thatwhattheysaycanbeusedagainstthem,andoftheirrighttohave anattorneypresentduringanyquestioning? A) Gideonv.Wainwright B) Nearv.Minnesota C) Plucennikv.UnitedStates D) Mirandav.Arizona E) Mappv.Ohio Answer: D
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100) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEabouttheSupremeCourtsdecisioninMirandav.Arizona? A) Mirandasinnocenceorguiltwasnotatissue;hisrightshadbeenviolated,sohis convictionwasoverturned. B) TheCourtsdecisiongreatlyrelievedmembersofpolicedepartmentsthroughoutthe country. C) TheCourtruledthatMirandawasinnocent,andMirandalaterbecameafamouspublic defenderinthelocalcourts. D) TheCourtruledthatMirandasconstitutionalrightshadnotbeenviolatedandthathe couldbelegallyexecuted. E) TheCourtconcludedthatMirandawasinnocent,overturnedhisconviction,andordered himfreedfromprison. Answer: A
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112) WhatwastheSupremeCourtsdecisioninHamdamv.Rumsfeld? A) TerroristsarenotentitledtoprotectionbytheBillofRights. B) TheproceduresfortryingprisonersatGuantanamoBay,Cubawereinsufficientfor ensuringafairtrial. C) TheGenevaConventiondoesnotapplybecausetheenemycombatantsarenotsoldiers inarecognizedarmy. D) Thepresidenthasinherentpowertofightthewaronterrorasheseesfit.Therefore,the presidentcanestablishjudicialproceduresonhisown. E) alloftheabove Answer: B
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114) Therighttoaspeedytrialandtheprohibitionagainstcruelandunusualpunishment A) areincludedintheBillofRights,butarerathervagueandsubjecttotheinterpretationof thecourtsthemselves. B) aresoimportantthattheywereamongthefewcivillibertiesactuallyguaranteedbythe originalconstitution. C) arenotguaranteedbytheBillofRightsbut,howevervagueintheirwording,are consideredvitaltoourcourtsystem. D) wereruledunconstitutionalin1976becausetheyweresoill-definedastobe meaningless. E) areincludedintheBillofRights,areself-evident,andhavenotrequiredmuchcourt interpretation. Answer: A
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115) InGreggv.Georgia(1976),concerningapplicationsoftheEighthAmendment,theSupreme Courtruledthat A) onlythefederalgovernment,andnotthestates,canimposethedeathpenalty. B) executionbyelectrocutioniscruelandunusualpunishment. C) Georgiasdeathpenaltylawwasfreakishandrandom. D) capitalpunishmentisanextremesanction,butitissuitabletothemostextremeof crimes. E) thedeathpenaltyconstitutescruelandunusualpunishment. Answer: D
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121) TheSupremeCourtruledinitsRoev.Wade decisionthat A) eachstateandnotthefederalgovernmenthasauthoritytodeterminewhethertopermit orprohibitabortioninthatstate. B) allrestrictionsonabortionsatanystageofapregnancywereaviolationofawomans righttoprivacy. C) abortionwasmurder. D) abortionwastobeallowedonlyincasesofrapeorincest,orwhenthelifeofthe pregnantwomanwasindanger. E) abortioncouldnotbeprohibitedbyanystateduringthefirsttrimesterofpregnancy. Answer: E
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122) SinceitsRoev.Wadedecision,theSupremeCourthas A) generallymovedtoallowstatesmoreroomtoregulateabortions(e.g.,waitingperiods) thanwastrueinRoe. B) notmovedaninchfromitsdramaticoriginalruling. C) greatlyextendedtherightofawomantomakeherowndecisionaboutterminatingher pregnancy. D) reverseditselfwithinthelastfewyears,andhasnowoverturnedtheRoedecision. E) beensilentonthepoliticallydivisiveissueofabortion. Answer: A
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127) TheabortiondecisioninRoev.Wade (1973)wasjustifiedbytheSupremeCourtlargelyonthe groundsof A) thefreedomofreligionclauseoftheFirstAmendment. B) thefreeexerciseclauseoftheFirstAmendment. C) therightofprivacyimpliedintheBillofRights. D) ourconstitutionalrighttolife. E) newadvancesinmedicaltechnology. Answer: C
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128) Inthe1992caseofPlannedParenthoodv.Casey,theSupremeCourtruledthatabortion A) couldbecompletelyoutlawedbyindividualstates. B) mustbefundedbystategovernmentswhenthemothercannotaffordit,oritwouldbea violationoftheEqualProtectionClause. C) restrictionscouldbeimposedbystatesiftheydidnotinvolveundueburdensonthe womenseekingabortions. D) fundingbyanylevelofgovernmentwasunconstitutional. E) wasafundamentalright,andanyrestrictionsonsucharighthadtobejudgedbya strictscrutiny. Answer: C
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130) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheSupremeCourtandabortionisFALSE? A) TheSupremeCourthasforbiddenanystateregulationofabortionduringthefirst trimester. B) TheSupremeCourtupheldastatelawrequiringteenagerstosecuretheconsentofat leastoneparentbeforeobtaininganabortion. C) TheCourtpermitsstatestorequirea24-hourwaitingperiodbeforegettinganabortion. D) TheCourtallowsstatestorequireawomantogiveherhusbandadvancenoticeofan abortion. E) TheSupremeCourtpermitsstatestoforbidtheuseofanystatefundstopayfor abortions. Answer: D
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133) InPlannedParenthoodv.Casey,theSupremeCourt A) struckdownalawrequiringminorstonotifyoneorbothparentsorajudgebefore obtaininganabortion. B) changeditsstandardforevaluatingrestrictionsonabortionfromoneofstrictscrutiny ofanyrestraintsonafundamentalrighttooneofundueburdenthatpermitsmore regulation. C) specifiedthatfamilyplanningservicesreceivingfederalfundscouldnotprovidewomen anycounselingregardingabortion. D) affirmedaprovisionrequiringamarriedwomantotellherhusbandofherintenttohave anabortion. E) madeabortionsforminorsillegal. Answer: B
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True/FalseQuestions
1) TheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesisthefinalinterpreterofthescopeofthecivilliberties ofAmericans. Answer: TRUE
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1) ThefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitutioncomprisethe________. Answer: BillofRights
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1) HowwouldyoucharacterizethefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitution?Why,taken together,arethesesosignificant?Doyouconsiderthemtoonarrow,toobroad,oraboutright? Explain.
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3) ExplainhowtheBillofRightswasextendedtothestates.CitekeySupremeCourtcasesto illustrateyouranswer.
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4) Whatistheestablishmentclauseandthefreeexerciseclause?Whatcontroversieshavearisen intheUnitedStatesovertheissueoffreedomofreligion,andhowhavetheybeenresolved?
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6) DescribetheSupremeCourtsdecisionsregardingfreedomofexpression.Howhavethe Courtsdecisionsprotectedorextendeddemocracy?Limiteddemocracy?
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7) Explainhowthefreedomsofspeechandpresshavebeencompromisedinthenameofpublic orderandtherightofafairtrial.
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Chapter5 CivilRightsandPublicPolicy
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) Policiesthatextendbasicrightstogroupshistoricallysubjecttodiscriminationareknownas A) civilrights. B) civilliberties. C) humanrights. D) suffrage. E) affirmativeaction. Answer: A
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12) Overthelast100years,theprovisionsoftheFourteenthAmendmenthavebecomethevehicle for A) extendingtherighttovotetonon-whites,women,and18-year-olds. B) expansiveconstitutionalinterpretationtooutlawarbitraryclassificationswhichdeny equalityunderthelaw. C) limitingthenationalgovernmentsabilitytointerfereinmattersaffectingindividual states. D) governmentregulationofbusinessandindustry. E) alloftheabove Answer: B
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14) Thecourtshaverecentlyruledthat,undertheFourteenthAmendment,racialandethnic classificationsbystatesinregardtoanymatter A) arereasonable. B) areunconstitutional. C) areinherentlysuspect. D) arenottheproperbusinessofthefederalcourtstoconsider,butareuptothestates individually. E) arearbitrary,butusuallyreasonable. Answer: C
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16) Equalprotectionofthelaws A) meansthatlawscannotestablishdifferentstandardsforthetreatmentofdifferent groups. B) isguaranteedintheoriginalConstitution. C) meansthatstateshavetomaketheirlawspromoteequalityamongpersons. D) providesarigidstandardforconstitutionalinterpretation. E) doesnotdenystatestreatingclassesofcitizensdifferentlyiftheclassificationis reasonable. Answer: E
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21) Inthecaseof________,theSupremeCourtruledthatablackman,slaveorfree,waschattel andhadnorightsunderawhitemansgovernment;italsoruledthatCongresshadnopower tobanslaveryinthewesternterritories. A) Plessyv.Ferguson B) Craigv.Boren C) DredScottv.Sandford D) Brownv.BoardofEducation E) Amosv.Colorado Answer: C
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22) InthecaseofDredScottv.Sandford,theUnitedStatesSupremeCourt A) votedunanimouslytodeclareslaveryunconstitutionalandbarbaric,thuscausingthe southernstatestosecede. B) ruledthatalladultAfrican-AmericanmenhadarighttovoteundertheConstitution. C) outlawedsegregationlawswhichseparatedblacksandwhitesinallpublicplaces. D) ruledthatablackman,slaveorfree,waschattel,andupheldslaveryitselfas constitutional. E) forthefirsttimeplacedageographiclimitontheexpansionofslavery,banningitwestof theMississippiRiver. Answer: D
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30) JimCrowlawswerethosewhich A) wereenactedbySouthernwhitesinthelatenineteenthcenturytosegregateAfrican Americansfromwhites. B) theNorthenforcedintheSouthintheReconstructionerafollowingtheCivilWar, grantingrightstoformerslaves. C) soughttoendsegregationandbringtheracesintoclosercontactwithoneanother. D) justifiedslaveryandsetcodesforslavesbehavior. E) establishedslaveryandcontractlawregulatingtheslavetrade. Answer: A
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31) TheSupremeCourtsdecisioninthecaseofPlessyv.Ferguson A) forthefirsttimeestablishedraceasasuspectclassificationandruledthatformerslaves mustbegrantedlandorotherwisecompensatedfortheiryearsofforcedlabor. B) outlawedslavery. C) statedthattheprincipleofseparatebutequalpublicfacilitiesforAfricanAmericanswas constitutional. D) statedthattheprincipleofseparatebutequalpublicfacilitiesforAfricanAmericanswas unconstitutional. E) ruledthatslaveswerechattelpropertyandentitledtonorightsundertheConstitution. Answer: C
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39) TheSupremeCourtsrulinginBrownv.BoardofEducation wasbasedonthelegalargument thatsegregationviolatedthe________Amendment. A) Fourteenth B) First C) Twenty-sixth D) Nineteenth E) EqualRights Answer: A
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42) Inthecaseof________,theSupremeCourtupheldfederalcourtrulingsorderingbusingof studentstoachieveraciallybalancedschools. A) Craigv.Boren B) Plessyv.Ferguson C) Brownv.BoardofEducation D) UnifiedTransportationCo.vMadisonCounty E) Swannv.Charlotte-Mecklenberg CountySchools Answer: E
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43) TheimmediatereactiontoBrownv.BoardofEducation (1954)was A) thebusingofstudentstoachieveraciallybalancedschools. B) theclosingofschoolsinTopeka,Kansas. C) passageoftheTwenty-thirdAmendmenttooverturntheBrowndecision. D) thedesegregationofpublicschoolsintheSouth. E) increasedenrollmentinprivateschoolsbywhitesintheSouthandathreattoclose publicschools. Answer: E
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45) ThecaseofSwannv.Charlotte-MecklenbergCountySchools (1971) A) prohibitedbusingforschoolintegration. B) permittedjudgestoachieveraciallybalancedschoolsthroughbusing. C) ruledthatschoolsmustsetasideafederaljudge-determinednumberofspotsforblacks beforetheywouldbeconsidereddesegregated. D) gavestatelegislaturesthepowertodetermineschooldesegregationproceduresineach state. E) ruledthatschoolscouldnotlimitthenumberofblackstudentsenrolledinaneffortto minimizedesegregation. Answer: B
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48) TheCivilRightsActof________,themostimportantlawsincetheEmancipation Proclamation,maderacialdiscriminationillegalinpublicaccommodationsthroughout America. A) 1947 B) 1964 C) 1984 D) 1974 E) 1954 Answer: B
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51) Suffragerefersto A) thepracticeofdefactoslaveryratherthandejure slavery. B) thelegalsegregationoftheracesorofmenandwomeninhotels,motels,restaurants, andotherpublicplaces. C) thehardshipsenduredtoobtaincivilrightsforAfricanAmericansandequalrightsfor women. D) thelegalrighttovote. E) thepracticeofshacklingslavesworkinginfieldssotheycouldnotrunaway. Answer: D
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53) ThegrandfatherclausewaspassedbyOklahomaandothersouthernstatesto A) excludeblacksfromhavingtherighttovoteinprimaryelections,thoughtheycouldvote ingeneralelections. B) guaranteetheequalrightsofseniorcitizensinemployment. C) denyAfricanAmericanstherighttovote. D) denylandtoanyonewhosegrandfatherswerenotwhite. E) distributelandtoformerslavesonthebasisofhowmanygenerationstheyhadserved onaparticularplantation. Answer: C
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54) Thegrandfatherclausewas________bytheSupremeCourtinthe1915decision, Guinnv. UnitedStates. A) overlooked B) established C) declaredagediscrimination D) foundunconstitutionalandoutlawed E) upheldasconstitutional Answer: D
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61) Thewhiteprimary A) wastheexaminationvotershadtopassbeforebeingallowedtovote,designedto preventblacksfromvotingbecausetheyhadbeendeniededucationalopportunities. B) deniedblackstherighttorunforofficeinprimaryelectionsintheSouth. C) excludedblacksfromprimaryelections,thusdeprivingthemofavoiceinthereal electoralcontestsintheSouth. D) deniedblackstherighttovoteinallsouthernelections. E) allowedblackstovoteonlyinRepublicanprimariesintheheavilyDemocraticSouth. Answer: C
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63) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutNativeAmericansisFALSE? A) NativeAmericansaretheoldestminoritygroupintheUnitedStates. B) NativeAmericansareguaranteedaccesstothepolls,housing,andtojobs. C) NativeAmericansweremadecitizensoftheUnitedStateslongbeforeAfrican Americansreceivedthesamestatus. D) TheIndianClaimsActof1946establishedameanstosettlefinancialdisputesarising fromlandstakenfromtheIndians. E) NativeAmericansarethepoorestminoritygroupintheUnitedStates. Answer: C
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66) InthecaseofKorematsuv.UnitedStates,theSupremeCourt A) ruledthattheremovalofJapaneseAmericansfromthewestcoastandtheirplacementin internmentcampsduringWorldWarIIwasbarbaricandunconstitutional. B) ruledjustpriortoWorldWarIIthatJapaneseAmericanslivingintheUnitedStateshad toberepatriatedtoJapan. C) upheldtheconstitutionalityoftheUnitedStatesatomicbombingofHiroshimaand Nagasaki. D) upheldtheconstitutionalityoftheremovalofJapaneseAmericansfromthewestcoast andtheirplacementininternmentcampsduringWorldWarII. E) ruledthatrestrictionsonJapaneseownershipoflandintheUnitedStateswere unconstitutional. Answer: D
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67) TheSupremeCourtcaseofKorematsuv.UnitedStates (1944) A) upheldtheconstitutionalityoftheinternmentofJapaneseAmericansduringWorldWar II. B) ruledthatpublicdiscriminationagainstJapaneseAmericansisunconstitutional. C) setthestagefortheextensionofequalrightstoJapaneseAmericans. D) awardedbenefitstoJapaneseAmericansinternedduringWorldWarII. E) upheldtheprohibitionoftheownershipoflandbypeopleofJapanesedescent. Answer: A
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69) Coverture A) wasthecombinationofelectricshocktherapyanddrugsonceusedtocure homosexualsoftheirhomosexuality. B) wasthelegaldoctrinethatdeprivedmarriedwomenofanyidentityseparatefromthat oftheirhusbands. C) isatermusedtodescribethetimewhenminoritygroupswilloutnumberCaucasiansof Europeandescent. D) wastheprincipleusedtojustifytheinternmentofJapaneseAmericansduringWorld WarII. E) wasthelegaldoctrineusedtodiscriminateagainstNativeAmericansbyplacingthemin reservations. Answer: B
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75) Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheimmediateconsequenceofwomenreceivingthe righttovoteisFALSE? A) Manysupportersoftherighttovoteacceptedthetraditionalmodelofthefamily. B) Thefeministmovementgainedsteamimmediatelyaftertherighttovotewassecured. C) Winningtherighttovotedidnotautomaticallygivewomenequalrights,pay,and status. D) Manystatelawscontinuedtoenshrinethetraditionalviewofthefamilyinpublicpolicy. E) Gainingtherighttovotedidnoteliminatemanyofthechallengesfacingwomen. Answer: B
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79) In________,theSupremeCourtruledthatanyarbitrarysex -basedclassificationviolatedthe equalprotectionclause. A) RegentsoftheUniversityofCaliforniav.Bakke B) DredScottv.Sandford C) Swannv.Charlotte-MecklenbergCountySchools D) Reedv.Reed E) Roev.Wade Answer: D
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80) InthecaseofCraigv.Boren,theSupremeCourtruledthat A) sexclassificationswouldbetreatedbytheCourtasinherentlysuspect. B) racialclassificationswereconstitutionaliftheyhaveacompelling,legitimate,and rationalpurpose. C) itwouldemployamediumscrutinystandard:sexdiscriminationwouldbetreatedas neithervalidnorinvalid. D) sexclassificationswouldbetreatedbytheCourtasvalid. E) allsexclassificationswereunconstitutional. Answer: C
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81) InthecaseofReedv.Reed(1971),theSupremeCourt A) struckdownanOklahomalawsettingdifferentlegaldrinkingagesformenandwomen. B) declaredthatawomansplaceisinthehome. C) prohibitedsexualdiscriminationinpublicschools. D) heldthatanyarbitrarysex-basedclassificationviolatedtheequalprotectionclauseofthe FourteenthAmendment. E) declaredthatwomenareentitledtohalfthecommunitypropertyofamarriagewhen thereisadivorce. Answer: D
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86) Inconsideringgenderdiscriminationinemploymentandbusinessactivity,theSupremeCourt hasruledthatanyprerequisitesbasedongenderorappearance A) fallwithinthepenumbraofthecommerceclause,andthusenjoyitsconstitutional protection. B) areunconstitutional. C) musthaveadirectrelationshipwiththedutiesrequiredinaparticularposition,orare otherwisediscriminatory. D) canbeacceptedasnon-discriminatoryiftherequirementshavealongstandingtradition intheindustry. E) aremattersofprivatebusinessconcernandthereforenotundertheprotectionofthe Constitution. Answer: C
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88) TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourthashandeddowneachofthefollowingdecisions concerninggenderdiscriminationinemploymentandbusinessactivityEXCEPT A) requiringthefederalgovernmenttogivewomenequalpayforjobsofcomparableworth. B) prohibitinggenderdiscriminationinprivatebusinessandserviceclubs. C) voidinglawsandrulesbarringwomenfromjobsthrougharbitraryheightandweight requirements. D) protectingwomenfrombeingrequiredtotakemandatorypregnancyleavesfromtheir jobs. E) Noneoftheabove;thecourthashandeddowneachofthedecisionsabove. Answer: A
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89) Theissueof________dealswithwomenseekingtoredressthefactthatjobstraditionallyheld bymentendtopayfargreatersalariesthanjobsrequiringsimilarskillsbutaretraditionally heldbywomen. A) genderequality B) affirmativeaction C) feminizedwagescales D) comparableworth E) thelacepurse Answer: D
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96) The1991conventionoftheTailhookAssociationofnavalaviatorsexperiencedacelebrated caseofsexualharassmentwhen A) thecommandingofficerscatteredhispubichairsuponthedesksofsomeofhisfemale secretaries. B) thecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesaskedafemaleaviatoruptohishotelroom ostensiblyforbusinessandthenunzippedhispants,showedherhispenis,andaskedfor oralsex. C) somemensecretlyvideotapedtheirsexualencountersandthenshowedthematthe convention. D) maleaviatorslinedahotelhallwayandgropedandkissedwomentryingtogettotheir rooms. E) Allofthese;itwasareallysordidaffair. Answer: D
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113) InthecaseofRegentsoftheUniversityofCaliforniav.Bakke,theUnitedStatesSupremeCourt A) upheldallaffirmativeactionprogramsasjustifiedandconstitutional. B) ruledthattheUniversityofCalifornia-Davismedicalschoolcouldnotdiscriminate againstwomen,AfricanAmericans,orotherminoritygroups. C) outlawedallaffirmativeactionprogramsasunconstitutional. D) ruledthatstate-runnursingschoolscouldnotdiscriminateagainstmeninadmissionsto theirprograms. E) upheldaffirmativeactionprograms,butlimitedtheirscope,andoutlawedracialquota set-asides. Answer: E
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114) Inthecaseof________,theSupremeCourtruledthataffirmativeactionprogramswerenot unconstitutional,buttheycouldnotinvolveaset-asidequotaofspotsavailableonlyto membersofparticulargroups. A) Craigv.Boren B) Korematsuv.UnitedStates C) RegentsoftheUniversityofCaliforniav.Bakke D) Reedv.Reed E) Roev.Wade Answer: C
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116) InthecaseofRegentsoftheUniversityofCaliforniav.Bakke,theCourt A) refusedtoallowtheadmissionofBakketoUniversityofCalifornia-Davis. B) wasunitedinitsdecision. C) orderedthatUniversityofCalifornia-Daviscouldnotuseraceasacriterionfor admission. D) ruledthatnursingschoolscannotdiscriminateagainstmenintheiradmissions procedures. E) ruledthatapublicuniversitycouldnotsetasideaquotaofspotsforparticulargroups. Answer: E
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117) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutSupremeCourtrulingsconcerningaffirmativeaction isFALSE? A) TheCourthasapprovedpreferentialtreatmentofminoritiesinpromotions. B) TheCourthasruledthataffirmativeactioncanexemptrecentlyhiredminoritiesfrom traditionalworkrulesspecifyinglasthired,firstfiredorderoflayoffs. C) TheCourthasorderedquotasforminorityunionmemberships. D) TheCourthasruledthatpublicemployersmayuseaffirmativeactionpromotionplans tocountertheunderrepresentationofwomenandminoritiesintheworkplace. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B
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121) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE? A) Civilrightspolicieshaveexpandedthepowerofgovernment. B) Thesteadyexpansionofcivilrightshasbroughtmoregroupsintothedemocratic process. C) Currentcivilrightspoliciesconformtotheeighteenth-centuryideaoflimited government. D) TherightsensuredbytheFirstAmendmentareessentialtoademocracy. E) LyndonJohnsonwaspresidentwhencivilrightslegislationwaspassedinthe1960s. Answer: C
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Historically,equalityinAmericansocietyhastendedtoemphasizeequalresults. Answer: FALSE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Americanstendtofavorequalityof________ratherthanequalresults. Answer: opportunity
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1) Compareandcontrasthowtheissuesofequalityforblacksandwomenweretreatedinthe ConstitutionalConventionandintheConstitutionitself.Whatconstitutionalamendments subsequentlyaddressedissuesofequalityforthesetwogroups?
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2) WhatweretheviewsandconceptionsofequalityduringtheearlyyearsoftheAmerican republic?WhatdoestheConstitutionsayaboutequalityandcivilrights?
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6) DescribethethreeerasthatdelineateAfrican-AmericansstruggleforequalityinAmerica. ExplainhowtherolesofthecourtandCongresschangedthroughthethreeeras.
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7) Howhasthestruggleforequalityamongotherracialminoritygroupscomparedtothatof AfricanAmericans?Usespecificexamplestoillustrateyouranswer.
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Chapter6 PublicOpinionandPoliticalAction
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) Thescienceofpopulationchangesis A) polling. B) anthropology. C) popuology. D) demography. E) thecensus. Answer: D
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22) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE? A) Hispanicsareprimarilyconcentratedintheruralareas. B) Inthe2000Census,theHispanicpopulationoutnumberedtheAfrican -American population. C) AfricanAmericanshaverecentlybeenexercisingagooddealofpoliticalpower. D) about24percentofAfricanAmericanscurrentlyliveunderthepovertyline. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A
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25) TheSimpson-MazzoliAct A) representedacrackdownonillegalaliensbyrequiringthatemployersdocumentthe citizenshiporlegitimateimmigrantstatusofworkersorpaystifffines. B) requiresthatstateskeeptheirpollsopenforatleasttenhoursonelectiondayinorderto facilitateparticipation. C) establishedfederalguidelinesandregulationsfortakingpublicopinionpolls. D) reformedthejuryproceduresinfelonycases,particularlytheunanimousverdict requirement. E) requiredthatthehomelessbecountedinthe1990census. Answer: A
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28) TheSimpson-MazzoliAct A) requiredemployerstodocumentthecitizenshipoftheiremployees. B) grantedamnestytoallillegalaliens. C) establishedaNationalIdentificationCardthatallAmericanswillhavetopossessbythe year2000inordertogetemployment. D) placedalimitonthenumberofMexicanimmigrantsallowedintheUnitedStatesper year. E) requiredallimmigrantstoregisterwiththeImmigrationandNaturalizationService. Answer: A
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33) ________occursaftereverycensustoreallocatethe435seatsintheUnitedStatesHouseof Representatives,reflectingshiftsinthepopulationofthestatesand,thus,howmanyseats eachstateisallotted. A) Equalization B) Restructuring C) Politicalsocialization D) Reapportionment E) Demography Answer: D
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38) Theprocessthroughwhichanindividualacquireshisorherparticularpoliticalorientations, includinghisorherknowledge,feelings,andevaluationsregardinghisorherpoliticalworld, isknownas A) politicalorientation. B) demography. C) politicalsocialization. D) politicalideology. E) politicalindoctrination. Answer: C
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40) Politicalsocializationisdefinedas A) thedistributionofthepopulationsbeliefsaboutpoliticsandpolicyissues. B) thevariouspoliticalrolesthatindividualsplayinsociety. C) acoherentsetofvaluesandbeliefsaboutpublicpolicy. D) theprocessthroughwhichanindividualacquireshisorherparticularpolitical orientations. E) theactivitiesusedbycitizenstoinfluencetheselectionofpoliticalleadersorthepolicies theypursue. Answer: D
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53) Randomsamplinginpublicopinionpollingoperatesontheprinciplethat A) whichanswerstoincludeinaggregatepollresultsmustbeselectedbychanceinorderto maximizeaccuracy. B) everyoneshouldhaveanequalprobabilityofbeingselected. C) thequestionstobeaskedofagivenrespondentmustbeselectedrandomlysothatall respondentsareaskedthesamequestionthesamenumberoftimes. D) thelargerthenumberofpeoplewhoarepolled,thegreateraccuracyofthepoll. E) bothBandC Answer: B
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56) In1936,theLiteraryDigestwronglypredictedthedefeatofPresidentFranklinRoosevelt, havingpolledovertwomillionpeople.Theproblemwas A) theypolledtoofewpeople. B) itusedexitpollingratherthanentrypollingandconductedthepolltoofarinadvanceof theelection. C) theypolledtoomanypeoplewhowerenotanaccuraterepresentationoftheAmerican electorate. D) theypolledtoomanypeople. E) theyfailedtotakeintoaccountthatpeoplesometimeslieinpolls,anddidnottake precautionstopreventthis. Answer: C
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64) WhichofthefollowingisNOTacriticismofmodernpolling? A) Carefulattentiontopollsisunwise,aspollsonlyreflectthepassiveattitudesofvoters. B) Politiciansusepollstofollowthecrowdratherthantoassertboldleadership. C) Pollscandistorttheelectionprocessbycreatingabandwagoneffect,wherepeoplewant tofollowthecrowd. D) Pollsaresubjecttoverywidemarginsoferror,yetaretreatedasaccuratemeasurements ofpublicopinion. E) alloftheabove Answer: D
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69) Publicopinionpollscanweakendemocracyby A) drowningoutelectionissueswithasteadyfloodofpollresults. B) underminingthebandwagoneffectandencouragingvoterstosupportcandidates withoutregardfortheopinionsofothers. C) predictingthewrongwinnerinacloseelection. D) misleadingpoliticianswithdelayedandoutdatedinformationaboutchangingopinions ofthepublic. E) alloftheabove Answer: A
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74) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutexitpolls? A) Peopleareaskedhowtheyvotedratherthanhowtheyplantovote. B) Mostpeoplearecontactedbytherandomdigitdialingmethod. C) Theyareusedbythemediatoprojectelectionwinnersbeforemostvoteshavebeen countedexceptincloseraces. D) Theyhavebeencriticizedinpresidentialelectionsfordeclaringawinnerbeforevotingis completedintheWest. E) Theyarebeingusedmoretodaythantheywereinthe1970s. Answer: B
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79) Publicopinionpollshaveshownthat A) mostpeoplecannametheirrepresentatives,butdonotknowhowtheygenerallyvotein Congress. B) peoplearemorelikelytorecognizeslogansfromTVcommercialsthanfamouspolitical figures. C) mostpeoplearewell-informedaboutpolitics,butknowlittleaboutgeography. D) onlyduringaninternationalcrisisarepeopleabletolocatespecificcountriesinvolvedin thecrisis. E) politicalknowledgeishighernowthanitwasfortyyearsago. Answer: B
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80) AccordingtoRussellNeuman,theparadoxofmasspoliticsisthattheAmericanpolitical systemworksaswellasitdoesgiven A) thefactthatelectedofficialstendtoignorepublicopinion. B) theinaccuracyofpublicopinionpollsgivingpoliticiansfalseinformationaboutwhat peoplewant. C) theinabilityofpeopletoexpresstheiropiniononissuesandcandidates. D) thatmostpeopledonotevenknowwhatbasicvaluestheywantupheld. E) thediscomfortinglackofpublicknowledgeaboutpolitics. Answer: E
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89) Apoliticalfigurewhoisinfavorofincreasedmilitaryspending,supportedfreedomofchoice onabortion,opposedaffirmativeactionprograms,wantedtotaxtherichmore,andfeltthe courtsshouldstopcoddlingcriminalsisa A) socialist. B) mixtureofliberalandconservative. C) liberal. D) conservative. E) populist. Answer: B
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102) TheauthorsofTheAmericanVoter wouldagreewitheachofthefollowingstatementsEXCEPT A) Itisamisnomertospeakofelectionresultsasindicatingamovementofthepubliceither leftorright. B) Formostpeople,thetermsliberalandconservativearenotasimportantastheyarefor thepoliticalelite. C) Peoplewhothinkinideologicaltermsaremostlikelytoswitchpartiesfromoneelection tothenext. D) Eisenhowerstwoelectionvictoriesrepresentedashiftintheconservativedirection duringthe1950s. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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110) WhichofthefollowingistypicalofmostadultAmericanswhenitcomestopolitical participation? A) AmajorityofAmericanswillparticipateinaprotestsuchasademonstration,strike,or sit-inatleastonceintheirlives. B) Mostwillparticipateinalltwelvemajorkindsofpoliticalactivitiesatsomepointintheir lives. C) Mostwillvoteinanelection,butonlyaminorityofpeopledomorethanthatpolitically. D) Mosthavenevervotedinanelection. E) Mostwillvoteinanelectionanddooneortwootherpoliticalactivitiesusually contactinglocalofficials,joiningapoliticalclub,ordonatingmoneytoacandidate. Answer: C
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114) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofcivildisobedience? A) accidentallyfailingtopayincometaxontaxableincome B) theSupremeCourtthrowingoutacongressionalstatuteonthegroundsofits unconstitutionality C) cheatingonthistest! D) petitioningthegovernmenttolegalizethepossessionofmarijuanaandothercontrolled substances E) consciouslybreakingacityslawbypurposelyblockingentrancetoalegallyoperating abortionclinic Answer: E
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117) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEinregardtothevotinghabitsofAfricanAmericansand HispanicAmericans? A) Theyhavealwaysvotedaboutasmuchaswhitesdespitelegalbarriers. B) Thegapbetweentheirvoterturnoutandthatofwhiteshaswidenedconsiderablyover thepastthirtyyears. C) Membersofthesegroupsarelesslikelytovotethehighertheirincome. D) Membersofthesegroupsaremorelikelytovotethanwhitesofthesameincomelevel. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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119) Oneofthereasonswhytheparticipationgapbetweenminoritygroupsandthenational averageisnolongerenormousisbecause A) minoritiesarenowthemajority,andtheiraverageisthenationalaverage. B) theeducationandincomelevelsofminoritiesarenolongersignificantlylowerthanthat ofwhites. C) largenumbersofminoritiesarenowrunningforimportantpoliticaloffices. D) educationandincomearenolongerconsideredgoodpredictorsofvotingbehavior. E) minoritieshaveagroupconsciousnessthatgivesthemanextraincentivetovote. Answer: E
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120) Thereisevidencethatwhenincomesandeducationallevelsareequal A) membersofthemajoritytendtobemorepoliticallyactivethanminorities. B) membersofminoritygroupstendtoparticipatemorethanmembersofthemajority. C) HispanicsparticipatemorethanwhitesandAfricanAmericansparticipatelessthan whites. D) Hispanics,AfricanAmericans,andwomentendtobelesspoliticallyactivethanwhite males. E) thepoliticalparticipationofmembersofminoritygroupsandthemajorityarealsoequal. Answer: B
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121) PresidentRonaldReaganarguedthat A) thenationalgovernmentshouldbeabolished,withthestatestakingoverinaveryloose confederationsystem. B) governmentwasnottheanswertothenationsproblems,governmentwastheproblem. C) thenationsproblemsrequiredmore,notless,governmentaction. D) thestatesdidnothaveenoughresourcestosolvetheirproblems,thereforetheirrole shouldbesharplyreducedandthenationalgovernmentshouldtakeovermanyofthe majorfunctionsofstategovernments. E) althoughgovernmenthadgrowntoofast,itshouldremainaboutthesamesize. Answer: B
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True/FalseQuestions
1) IntheUnitedStates,acensusistakeneveryfiveyears. Answer: FALSE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Thedistributionofthepopulationsbeliefsaboutpoliticsandpolicyissuesisknownas ________. Answer: publicopinion
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EssayQuestions
1) Whatispublicopinion,andwhyissomuchtimeandeffortspentonmeasuringitinthe UnitedStates?Whattechniquesareusedtoobtainanaccuratereadingofpublicopinion?Are publicopinionpollresultsgenerallyaccurate?Explain.
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3) Compareandcontrastthedifferentagentsofpoliticalsocialization.Whateffectdotheyhave onpoliticallearning?
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4) Whatismeantbythetermminoritymajority?Describethemajorminoritygroupsidentified inthetext,includingtheirrelativesize,politicalpowerandsocioeconomicstatus.
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7) DescribewhatismeantbythegrayingofAmerica.
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Chapter7 TheMassMediaandthePoliticalAgenda
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) High-techpoliticsrefersto A) apoliticsinwhichthebehaviorofcitizensandpolicymakersisshapedbytechnology. B) aproposalfordirectdemocracythroughtheuseoftelephonevoting. C) afuturisticsocietyinwhichpoliticsiscontrolledbycomputers,freeingpeopleformore honorablepursuits. D) theuseofcabletelevisiontobroadcasttheworkingsofthegovernment. E) theabilityofgovernmenttoobservethebehaviorofcitizensthroughelectronicmeans. Answer: A
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7) Accordingtothetext,RonaldReaganspresidencywascharacterizedby A) moreconcernandenergydevotedtothepresidentsmediaappearancesthaninany otheradministration. B) anumberofspontaneousmediaappearancesbythepresidentdesignedtotake advantageofhisHollywoodexperience. C) considerableanimositybetweenthemediaandtheadministration. D) Reagansfrequentfalsestatementswhichwerelaterdocumentedbyreporterstobeeither errorsordeliberatelies. E) attemptstoavoidmediaappearancesbythepresident. Answer: A
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12) WhydidPresidentRooseveltbecomesilentduringthelastminuteofaradioaddressduringa reelectioncampaign? A) PoliticalprankstersfromtheRepublicanpartydisabledthepowersupplytotheradio station. B) Hewantedtoreducethesizeofhisopponentsaudience. C) TheradiostationdirectordislikedthepositionsRooseveltwastakingandcuthimoff. D) Hetalkedforsolongthathelosthisvoice. E) Theradiostationcuthimoffbecausehehadexceededhistimelimit. Answer: B
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32) Inafamous,televisedspeechin1952tosavehisvice -presidentialcandidacy,________denied havingreceivedillegalgiftsandpayments,anddeclaredthatthefamilydog,Checkers,though agift,wouldnotbereturned. A) JohnSparkman B) RichardNixon C) LyndonJohnson D) SpiroAgnew E) DwightEisenhower Answer: B
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33) FollowingthefirstNixon-Kennedypresidentialdebateof1960,opinionpollsshowedthat A) thosewhowatchedontelevisionthoughtNixonhadwon,whilethosewholistenedover theradiothoughtKennedywon. B) thosewhowatchedontelevisionandlistenedovertheradioboththoughtKennedyhad won. C) thosewholistenedoverradiothoughtitwasadraw,whilethosewhowatchedtelevision thoughtKennedydidbetter. D) thosewhowatchedontelevisionandlistenedovertheradioboththoughtNixonhad won. E) thosewhowatchedontelevisionthoughtKennedyhadwon,whilethosewholistened overtheradiothoughtNixonwon. Answer: E
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38) NewspapermagnatesJosephPulitzerandWilliamRandolphHearsttriedtooutdoone anotherinsensationalreportingofwars,violence,corruption,andgossiparoundtheturnof thetwentiethcenturyinwhatisnowrememberedastheeraof A) yellowjournalism. B) investigativejournalism. C) tabloidjournalism. D) scandalism. E) hyperjournalism. Answer: A
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C) exposinggovernmentalnaiveteandliesabouttheprogressofthewar.
D) dupingthepublicintobelievingthewarwouldsoonend. E) simultaneouslyunderminingsupportforthewarinNorthVietnamwhileboosting publicmoraleinSouthVietnam. Answer: C
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58) Atrialballoonisa A) methodusedbythemediatoforceapoliticianorpublicofficialtoadmittolyingtoa reporter. B) pieceofinformationleakedtopoliticiansfromareporterinordertoconfirmanother source. C) sensationalcriminaltrialthatattractsinflatedmediacoverage. D) directivebyjudgestodenyaccesstoreportersincertainsensitivecases. E) methodusedbypublicfiguresofleakingcertainstoriestoreporterstoseewhatthe politicalreactionwillbe. Answer: E
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60) Trialballoonsreferto A) marketingsurveysconductedtodetermineaudiencepreferencesinmediacoverageand programming. B) mediaexperimentswithdifferenttypesofnewscoveragetoseewhatthepublicreaction willbe. C) impromptupresidentialnewsconferences. D) informationleakedtothemediatoseewhatthepoliticalreactionwillbe. E) themediastendencytodefinenewsasinformationthatisentertainingtotheaverage viewer. Answer: D
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61) DuringthefirstPersianGulfWar,reporters A) hadveryfreemovementbutonlylimitedaccesstoaccuratemilitaryinformationona timelybasis. B) werebarredfromcoveringthewarorspeculatingaboutitfromthetimetheairstrikes beganuntiltheentirewarwasover. C) weredeniedfreedomofmovementandhadonlylimitedaccesstoaccuratemilitary informationonatimelybasis. D) werefrequentlycapturedbyIraqitroopsandsentencedtolongjailsentencesfor reportinginformationunfavorabletotheIraqigovernment. E) hadveryfreemovement,andaccesstoaccuratemilitaryinformationalmost immediately. Answer: C
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63) AfterthePersianGulfWar,fifteenmajornewsorganizationssentaletter A) condemningPresidentBushforkillingtensofthousandsofretreatingIraqitroops. B) citingadozeninstancesofblatant,falsepropagandathathadbeengiventhembyIraqi officialsduringthewar. C) complainingthatthePentagonsrulesforreportingthewarweredesignedtocontrolthe news. D) congratulatingthePentagonforitsbrilliantwareffort. E) complainingthattheyhadbeenbarredbythePentagonfromfilmingUnitedStates planeskillingtensofthousandsofretreatingIraqitroopswavingwhiteflagsof surrender. Answer: C
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75) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttelevisionnewsisFALSE? A) Theonlyhighlyregardedin-depthnewsshowsontelevisionarewatchedbyveryfew viewers. B) Studieshaveshownthattelevisiongivesonlyskimpyattentiontotheissuesduringa presidentialcampaign. C) Thecomplexissuesoftodayaredifficulttotreatinashortnewsclip. D) Televisionanalysisofnewseventshasbeenrapidlyincreasing. E) Televisionnewsislessdetailedthanthatpresentedinnewspapers. Answer: D
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77) Ina2002surveyof1,149journalists, A) morewerefoundtoidentifythemselvesasDemocratsthanasRepublicans. B) amajorityexpressednopartypreferencewhatsoever. C) theywereaboutevenlysplitintheirpartypreferencesbetweenRepublicansand Democrats. D) morewerefoundtoidentifythemselvesasRepublicansthanasDemocrats. E) alargemajoritywerefoundtobebothideologicallyneutralandhavenopreferencefor onepartyovertheother. Answer: A
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80) AstudybytheLosAngelesTimes inthemid-1980sfoundthatreporterswere________aslikely tocallthemselvesliberalasthegeneralpublic. A) twice B) half C) one-third D) just E) not Answer: A
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88) Theearliestsurveystudiesoftheeffectofthemediaonpublicopinion,whichevaluatedits impactonvotingbehavior,offered A) muchevidencethatmediaactioninfluencedpoliticalcampaignoutcomes. B) apolicyagendainterpretation. C) theobservationthatDemocraticcontrolofCongresswaspartlyduetomediabiasin newscoverage. D) theminimaleffectshypothesis. E) thehypodermicneedlemodel. Answer: D
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92) The________isthelistofsubjectsorproblemstowhichgovernmentofficials,andpeople outsideofgovernmentcloselyassociatedwiththoseofficials,arepayingsomeserious attentiontoatanygiventime. A) A-List B) plumbook C) prioritizationschedule D) catalogofcurrentissues E) policyagenda Answer: E
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102) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthemediainAmerica? A) Themediaarguethatiftheirnewsissuperficial,itisbecausethatiswhatpeoplewant. B) Themediadoabetterjobcoveringthehorseraceaspectofpoliticsthanofcovering substantiveissues. C) Reportersoftenseethemselvesinareformismrole,crusadingagainstfoulplayand unfairness. D) Theirskepticismaboutgovernmentalhonestyandefficiencyleadsthemtoopposegiving governmentgreaterresponsibilities. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Amediaeventisstagedprimarilyforthepurposeofbeingcoveredbyreporters,cameras,etc. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) A(n)________isstagedbypoliticalcampaignsorofficeholders,amongothers,primarilyfor thepurposeofbeingcoveredbyreportersandtherebygainingexposure. Answer: mediaevent
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EssayQuestions
1) Describetherelationshipbetweenthemassmediaandthepresident,andhowithaschanged overthelastseveraldecades.IncludeexamplesofhowvariouspresidentssuchasGeorge Bush,RonaldReagan,RichardNixon,andFranklinRoosevelthaveinteractedwiththemedia, i.e.,howmuchandunderwhatcircumstances.
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6) Howdonewsorganizationsgetmostoftheirnews?Whatroledobeats,trialballoons,and leaksplay?Istheprocessofnews-gatheringfairandlogical?Explain.
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7) HowhavetheInternetandcabletelevisionimpactedAmericanpolitics?
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8) Explainhowthemediadeterminewhatisnews,andhowitispresentedtothepublic.
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9) HowdothenewsmediashapewhatpeoplebelieveabouttheAmericanpoliticalsystem?Give examplesfromresearchinthisarea.
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Chapter8 PoliticalParties
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) Apoliticalpartyis A) lessinterestedinwinningelectionsthaninparticularpublicpolicy. B) agroupofpeoplewhoagreeoneverythingandorganizeannuallytowinelections. C) anarrowinterestgroupseekingadvantagethroughelections. D) ateamofmenandwomenwithsimilarbeliefsseekinglegitimatecontrolofthe governmentbythroughelections. E) anorganizationdevotedtoimplementingpolicyinthepublicinterest. Answer: D
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10) Theparty-in-governmentrefersto A) registeredpartyvoterswhoholdcivilservicejobsinthegovernmentandareinfluencing policy. B) winningcandidateswhobecomethemainspokespersonsforthepartythatnominated them. C) coalitionsofinterestsandideologiesthatsupportapartyscandidates. D) partyworkerswhoholdpatronagejobsinthegovernmentandcaninfluencepolicy. E) partymemberswhoperpetuatetheparty,makeitsrules,andkeepitrunning. Answer: B
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18) Americanpoliticalpartiestendtotakemiddle-of-the-roadstandsonmajorissues A) onlybecausethepartyscandidatesaresoafraidofalienatingthoseondifferentsidesof issues. B) whilethepublictendstohavestrongeropinions C) inspiteofevidencethatmoreextremepositionsgeneratemoreexcitementandlikelihood forelectoralvictory. D) becausemostoftheAmericanelectoratearecentrist. E) becausemostoftheAmericanelectoratedonothavepoliticalopinions. Answer: D
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19) Rational-choicetheoryassertsthat A) thepartiesshouldnotbeexpectedtodifferentiatethemselvesinanyway. B) moreextremistpartypositionsgivethepublicasensethatthingscanreallybechanged, andusuallywinelections. C) thewisepartyselectspoliciesinwhichittrulybelieves,andgivesthevotersachanceto votethemupordownonprinciple. D) thewisepartyselectspoliciesthatarewidelyfavored. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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26) Inrecentelections,thetrendsinpartyidentificationintheUnitedStateshavebeen A) anincreaseinthepercentageofDemocratsandadeclineinthepercentageof Independents. B) anincreaseinthepercentagesofDemocratsandRepublicansandadeclineinthe percentageofIndependents. C) anincreaseinthepercentageofDemocratsandadeclineinthepercentageof Republicans. D) adecreaseinthepercentageofDemocratsandanincreaseinthepercentageof Independents. E) afairlyconstantpercentageofDemocrats,Republicans,andIndependents. Answer: D
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33) Patronage A) iscommonlyusedbypoliticalpartiestoday. B) isanincentivegivenbynationalpartyoffices. C) isthedeferencethatelectedofficialsgivetotheircampaigncontributorsinmakingpolicy decisions. D) isbasedonmeritandcompetence. E) wasaninducementofjobsandfinancialrewardsgivenforpoliticalreasonsbyparty machines. Answer: E
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51) Politicalcandidatesmakemanypromiseswhenrunningforoffice.Inelectingone,thepublic canexpect A) specificimplementationofthepromisetodifferfromthegeneralpromisemadeduring thecampaign. B) fewtobecarriedoutbecausepoliticalpromisesaremadetobebroken. C) thatforeverybrokenpromise,manymorewillbekept. D) asignificantgapbetweenpartyplatformandpoliticalperformance. E) bothAandD. Answer: C
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54) Apartyerarefersto A) aperiodofhistoryinwhichthereisonedominantmajoritypartythatwinsmost elections. B) theperiodbetweentwoelections,duringwhichthetwopartiesareassessedastohow powerfultheyarerelativetoeachother. C) aperiodofyearsduringwhichapartyisbornandbeginstoruncandidatesforoffice. D) thelifespanofapartyfromitsbeginningtoend(e.g.,theWhigs). E) aperiodoftimeduringwhichthereisonedominantmajoritypartythatwinsall elections. Answer: A
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57) PartyrealignmentsintheUnitedStates A) occurwhenapartymakesdramaticchangesinitspositionsonissues. B) involvethedeathofonepartyandthebirthofabrandnewone. C) areslightadjustmentsofpoliticalallegianceamongvotersinatleastoneregionofthe country. D) happenaftermostpresidentialelections,andoccasionallyin -between. E) arerareeventsintheUnitedStates,usuallyassociatedwithamajornationalcrisisor trauma,inwhichonepartysmajoritydominationisreplacedwithanothers. Answer: E
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65) Thepolicypositionsstatedinpartyplatformsare A) ofsomeimportancebecausetheyareunambiguousstatementsofwhereapartystands. B) intendedtogetacandidateelected,nottobeimplemented. C) oflittleimportancebecauseonly10to25percentofthepositionsareacteduponby government. D) veryimportantbecausenearlythree-fourthsofthemresultinpolicyactionwhenthe partyisinpower. E) neverimportantbecauselessthanone-thirdofthemresultinpolicyactionwhenthe partyisinpower. Answer: D
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66) PartyerasinAmericanpoliticsareperiodsoftimeinwhich A) partisanidentificationisathighlevelsandpoliticalpartynomineeswinmostelections ratherthanindependentcandidateswhoareunaffiliatedwithaparty. B) partyorganizationsgrowverystrong,areabletocontrolthepolicypositionsoftheir candidates,andwinvotesbyprovidingjobsandgovernmentservicestoloyalparty supporters. C) politicaldominancefrequentlyshiftsfromonepartytotheother. D) onepartydominates. E) onepartywinseverypresidentialelection. Answer: D
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73) DuringthesecondpartysysteminUnitedStateshistory,MartinVanBurenarguedthat A) politicalpartieswereharmingthecountrybecausetheypromotedfactionalism,petty bickering,anddisunity. B) theWhigsshouldbethesoleparty,astheyweretheonlylegitimaterepresentativesof thepeople. C) theDemocratsshouldbethesoleparty,astheyweretheonlylegitimaterepresentatives ofthepeople. D) theRepublicansshouldbethesoleparty,astheyweretheonlylegitimaterepresentatives ofthepeople. E) agoverningpartyneededaloyaloppositionpartytorepresentpartsofsocietythatit couldnot. Answer: E
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75) TheWhigparty A) wasnamedafterthewigsthattheearlyaristocratssuchasGeorgeWashingtonwore. B) dominatedthesecondAmericanpartyerabetween1828and1856. C) forgedacoalitionofwesterners,southerners,andnewimmigrants. D) believedinbroadeningpoliticalopportunity,eliminatingvestigesofelitism,and mobilizingthemasses. E) wasonlyabletowinthepresidencywhenitnominatedaging,butpopular,military heroes. Answer: E
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83) Theelectionof1896isconsideredawatershedbecauseit A) entrenchedwesternfarmersandsilveritesintheRepublicanparty. B) shiftedthepartycoalitionsandentrenchedtheRepublicansinpowerforanother generation. C) gaveRepublicanscontroloftheSouth. D) markedtheriseofthePopulistparty,whichdominatedAmericanpoliticsuntilthe Depression. E) broughttheindustrialworkingclassesandWallStreetintereststogetherintothe Democraticfold. Answer: B
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89) Inelectionssince1968, A) theDemocratshavedominatedboththepresidencyandtheCongress. B) theRepublicanshavedominatedboththepresidencyandtheCongress. C) partycontrolofbothCongressandthepresidencyhasshiftedfromonepartytotheother atleasteveryotherelection. D) theDemocratshavedominatedthepresidency,whiletheRepublicanshavedominated Congress. E) theRepublicanshavedominatedthepresidency,whiletheDemocratshavedominated theCongress. Answer: E
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96) From1968to1992, A) theRepublicansdominatedthepresidencywhiletheDemocratsdominatedCongress. B) arealignmentoccurredthatdestroyedtheNewDealcoalition. C) theRepublicansbecamethemajorityparty. D) theRepublicansdominatedthefederalgovernmentwhiletheDemocratsdominated stategovernments. E) theDemocratsexperiencedaslow,creepingascendancethatculminatedintheir gainingcontroloftheentiregovernmentwiththeelectionofBillClinton. Answer: A
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108) Inawinner-take-allsystem, A) coalitiongovernmentsarecommon. B) unlessapartywins,thereisnorewardforthevotesitgets. C) ifnosinglepartygetsamajorityvote,arunoffelectionisheldbetweenthetoptwo parties. D) legislativeseatsareallocatedaccordingtoeachpartyspercentageofthenationwide vote. E) thepartywinningthemajorityofthevoteswinsalltheseatsupforelectioninthe legislature. Answer: B
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109) Inproportionalrepresentationsystems, A) whoevergetsthemostvoteswinstheelection. B) eachdemographicgroupisallocatedacertainnumberofpositionsinthegovernment,in proportiontothatgroupspercentageofthepopulation. C) coalitiongovernmentsusuallylastformanyyears. D) legislativeseatsareallocatedaccordingtoeachpartyspercentageofthenationwide vote. E) everypartygetsrepresentedinthelegislature. Answer: D
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113) Inwhatwaydoweakpoliticalpartiesaffectthescopeofgovernment? A) Theymakeitdifficultforpoliticianstohelptheirconstituents. B) Theyallowpresidentstoexpandthescopeofforeignpolicy,whiletheydecreasethe domesticscopeofgovernment. C) Beingweak,theyareunabletocounteractthepowerofgovernmentsothescopeof governmentgrows. D) Sinceitisharderforthemtoenactlegislation,itishardforthemtoeitherexpandor decreasethescopeofgovernment. E) Theyhavehadnorealeffectonthesizeandpowerofgovernment. Answer: D
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Accordingtorational-choicetheory,voterswanttomaximizethechancethatpoliciesthey favorwillbeadoptedbygovernment,andpartieswanttowinoffice;thus,inordertowin office,thewisepartyselectspoliciesthatarewidelyfavored. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Apartysendorsementofacandidateiscalleda(n)________. Answer: nomination
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EssayQuestions
1) Presentevidencetosupporttheargumentthatpoliticalpartieshavewaninginfluenceon Americanpolitics.
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3) DescribethenatureandfunctionsofpoliticalpartiesinAmerica.Whatmajortasksdothe partiesperform?
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5) Whatisrational-choicetheory?EvaluatetheDownsmodelforarationalpoliticalpartyand presentagraphthatdepictsthemodel.
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7) Explaintheroleofthepartyintheelectorate.Whatrecenttrendsareoccurringinparty identification,andwhateffectdoesthishaveonpartypoliticsandelections?
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8) Describeandevaluatepartyorganizationatthelocal,state,andnationallevels.Whathave beentherecenttrendsinthedistributionofpartypower?
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9) Compareandcontrastthetwomajorpartyplatformsonthefollowingissues:abortion,the environment,healthcare,taxes,defensespendingandeducation.
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16) ExplaintheroleofthirdpartiesinAmericanpolitics.Giveexamplestoillustrateyouranswer.
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Chapter9 NominationsandCampaigns
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) A(n)________isapartysofficialselectionofacandidatetorunforoffice. A) appointment B) nomination C) conversion D) imprimatur E) endorsement Answer: B
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11) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthepresidentialnominationprocess? A) Inmoststates,itisthepartyleadershipthatchoosesthedelegates,andordinaryparty votershavenosay. B) Inmoststates,presidentialprimariesareheldwiththenationalconventiondelegates allocatedtoeachcandidateinroughproximitytotheirpercentageofpopularvote. C) Inmoststates,caucusesofinterestedpartyvotersareheldtobeginthedelegateselection process;onlyasmallpercentageofpartyvotersattend,butitisopen. D) Presidentialcandidatesarechosenbytheirpartyssenatorsandrepresentativesin Congress. E) Althoughcaucusesorpresidentialprimariesareheldinallstates,thesearemerebeauty contests;conventiondelegatesarechosenearlierbypartyofficialswhoareuninterested intheopinionsofpartyvoters. Answer: B
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12) Today,statepresidentialcaucusesare A) openonlytopartyactivistswhohavespentadesignatedamountoftimeonbehalfofthe partyoritscandidates. B) smallmeetingsofthepartyscountyleadersheldtoselectnationalconventiondelegates withnootherinput. C) specialmeetingsofstatepartyleaderswhoelecttheirstatesdelegatestothenational convention. D) opentoallregisteredpartyvoters,orthosewhoclaimpartyallegianceinstateswithno partyregistration. E) heldinmoststatesinordertoselectnationalconventiondelegates. Answer: D
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13) Precinct-levelpresidentialcaucuses A) directlychoosenationalconventiondelegates. B) determinehowmanyvotesthatstatewillcastforeachofthepresidentialcandidatesat thenationalconvention. C) haveabsolutelynothingtodowithchoosingdelegatestothemajorpartiesnational nominatingconventions. D) choosedelegatestostateconventionswheredelegatestothenationalconventionare selected. E) choosedelegatestocountycaucuses/conventionswheredelegatestothestateconvention areselected,thenthestateconventionchoosesnationalconventiondelegates. Answer: E
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17) FollowingtheDemocraticNationalConventioninChicagoin1968,thepartychoseto A) limitattendanceatfutureconventionstotheelectedofficersofthepartysorganizations nationwide. B) limitattendanceatfutureconventionstothepartysnationwideelectedgovernment officeholders. C) tightenupitsconventiondelegateselectiontokeepitfrombeingoverrunbywomen, minorities,youth,andsingle-issuegroups. D) allowpartyofficersandDemocraticofficeholders,manyofwhomhadnotbeenseatedat recentconventions,toserveassuperdelegates. E) openupitsprocessofchoosingdelegatestothenationalconventioninordertorespond todemandsforgreaterinclusionfromwomen,minorities,youth,andothergroups. Answer: E
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27) WhichofthefollowingwasNOTareasonfortheDemocraticpartyaddingsuperdelegatesto itsnationalnominatingconventions? A) thesensethatpartyinsidersandelectedofficialswouldbemorelikelytosupportthe mostelectablecandidate B) theneedforestablishingapeerreviewtotheprocess,withinputfrompoliticianswho oftenknowthecandidatesbest C) theinsistenceoftheMcGovern-FraserCommissiontohavesuperdelegatesplayamajor veto-likerole D) thefeelingthatearlierreformshadgiventoolittlesaytothepartysstateandnational leaders,withdisastrouselectionresults E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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28) TheworkoftheMcGovern-FraserCommissionappointedduringtheturbulentChicago Conventionof1968wasareflectionofconcernover A) thecatastrophicdefeatofGoldwaterin1964. B) theRepublicansimageasapartyofefficiency. C) thedecliningstrengthofDemocraticpowerinCongressandstategovernorships. D) elitecontroloftheparty. E) RichardNixonsgrowingpopularityandthefearthathecoulddefeattheDemocratic nomineeinthefall. Answer: D
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29) Superdelegates A) arespecialdelegateschosenbypopularelection. B) areeachabletocastthreevotesattheirnationalconventionratherthanthestandardone vote. C) aredelegatesuncommittedtoaspecificcandidate. D) havehelpedmakethedelegationmorerepresentativeofthepopulation. E) havehelpedrestoreanelementofpeerreviewtotheprocessofchoosingapresidential candidate. Answer: E
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32) RunningfortheRepublicanpresidentialnominationin1980,GeorgeBush,announcedinthe earlygoingthathehadthebigMOareferencetothefactthat A) hehadwonmoredelegatesinMissouri. B) hehadthemomentumhavingwoninIowa. C) financialcontributorswereheavilyonhisside. D) hehadbeenendorsedbyMoeShepp,traditionallyoneoftheRepublicanpartysbiggest campaigncontributors. E) hehadwonmorevotesinNewHampshire. Answer: B
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36) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheNewHampshirepresidentialprimaryisFALSE? A) ConsiderableamountofmoneyandtimeisspentonpolitickinginNewHampshireprior totheprimary. B) ThereistremendousmediacoverageoftheNewHampshireprimary. C) NewHampshireholdsthefirstpresidentialprimaryoftheyear. D) AllthepresidentialcandidatesspendconsiderabletimeinNewHampshirepriorto primaryday. E) noneoftheabove Answer: E
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43) Votersinpresidentialprimariesandcaucusestendtobe A) verysimilartotherestoftheUnitedStatespopulationintermsofeducationandincome. B) olderandmoreaffluentthantheUnitedStatespopulationasawhole. C) minoritiesandnotablyyoungerthanthegeneralpopulation. D) somewhatlesseducatedandsomewhatpooreronaveragethantheUnitedStates populationasawhole. E) farlesseducatedandmuchpooreronaveragethantheUnitedStatespopulationasa whole. Answer: B
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50) Presidentialnominatingconventionshavenotrequiredmorethanoneballottochoosethe partysofficialnomineesince1952,largelyduetothe A) rulechangethatacandidateneedonlywinapluralityofvotesattheconventionrather thanamajoritytogainthenomination. B) changesinpartyrulesrequiringanominationonthefirstballot. C) endoftheboss-dominatedcaucussystem. D) roleoftelevision,andthedesireofbothpartiestounitebehindonecandidateinadvance inordertopresentashowofharmony,ratherthanbickering,tothosewhotunein. E) changesinfederallawrequiringpartiestohavetheirnominationsvirtuallyassured beforetheconventionsbegin. Answer: D
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55) Thepartysplatformisdrafted A) aftertheconvention,byacommitteemadeupexclusivelyofsupportersofthewinning nominee. B) beforetheconvention,byacommitteewhosemembersarechoseninroughproportionto eachcandidatesstrength. C) aftertheconvention,byacommitteeofpartymemberschoseninroughproportionto eachcandidatesstrength. D) duringtheconvention,usuallyinthemorninghourswhencamerasarenotrolling. E) bythepartyspresidentialnomineeinthedaysaftertheconventionisover. Answer: B
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56) Thevice-presidentialnomineeisusually A) selectedbythepresidentialnomineeintheweeksaftertheconvention. B) aclosefriendfromthesamestateasthepresidentialnominee. C) therunner-upforthepresidentialnomination,andoftensomeonewhomthe presidentialnomineedoesnotlike. D) selectedbythedelegateswithoutarecommendationfromthepresidentialnominee. E) selectedbythedelegatesassomethingofaformality,asthevastmajorityalwaysvotefor whomeverthepresidentialnomineepicks. Answer: E
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62) Mostpoliticalcoveragebythemediaduringapresidentialcampaign A) istheresultofsuccessfulmanipulationbythecampaigns. B) focusesonthesubstanceofthekeyissuesvoterscareabout,andhowthecandidates standonthem. C) dealswiththecampaigngame:whosaheadinthepolls,whatcandidateXsnew strategywillbe,andspeculation. D) isanalysisoftheinterestgroupsandcampaigncontributorswhoarebackingeach candidate,andwhytheyarebackingthem. E) dealswiththecandidatespersonalcharacterflawsandfamily. Answer: C
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70) TheFederalElectionCommission A) administersallelectionsintheUnitedStatesfromschoolboardtopresidentwithastaff of160,000. B) tabulatesandcertifiesthevotesinallfederalelections. C) isabipartisanbodyresponsibleforadministeringcampaignfinancelawsandenforcing compliancewiththoselaws. D) isanon-partisanpoliticalorganizationwhichhassoughtforoverfiftyyearstoreform campaignfinancing. E) istheRepublicanpartyswatchdogorganizationwhichmonitorsfund-raisingand spendingbyDemocraticcandidates. Answer: C
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75) Inthe1976caseofBuckleyv.Valeo,theSupremeCourtruledthat A) thelimitationontheamountofmoneypersonscouldcontributetotheirownelection campaignsviolatedfreespeech,andwasunconstitutional. B) presidentialelectioncampaignscouldnotbepaidforbytaxdollars. C) theforceddisclosureofcontributionstofederalelectionsviolatedfreedomofassociation, andwasthereforeunconstitutional. D) thelimitationontheamountofmoneypeoplecouldcontributetotheirownelection campaignswasnotaviolationoffreespeech,andwasconstitutional. E) congressionalandstatelegislativedistrictsmustbeofequalpopulationand reapportionedeverytenyears. Answer: A
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77) Softmoneyis A) moneydonatedbyapersontohisorherowncampaign. B) cashcontributionsthatarenottraceableandinsomesituationsillegal. C) smalldonationsthat,whileimportanttoacampaign,arenotasimportantaslarger contributions. D) moneyloanedtoacampaign,butexpectedtobepaidback. E) moneydonatedtopartiesratherthancandidates,thusnotsubjecttocontributionor spendinglimits. Answer: E
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78) ________resultedfromanamendmentin1979totheoriginalCampaignReformAct,which allowspartiestoraiseandspendmoneyonvoterregistrationandothercampaignmaterials withoutlimitsonspendingorthesizeofcontributionsthattheycanaccept. A) Partydiscretionaryfunding B) Thepartyexpenditureexemption C) Softmoney D) Theexpenditurewaiver E) Institutionalassistance Answer: C
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81) InBuckleyv.Valeo(1976),theSupremeCourt A) ruledthatthewildlyunequalcampaignexpendituresofcandidatesforgovernment officewereaviolationoftheEqualProtectionclauseoftheFourteenthAmendmentand orderedCongressandthestatestodevelopmechanismstoassureequalfundingofall majorcandidates. B) limitedtheactivitiesofPoliticalActionCommittees. C) struckdownthepartoftheFederalElectionCampaignActthatrestrictedtheamount individualscouldcontributetotheirowncampaign. D) statedthattheFederalElectionCommissionhadnopowertoenforcecompliancewith theirrequirements. E) declaredtheFederalElectionCampaignActunconstitutional. Answer: C
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83) Thehydraulictheorysaysthatmoneyalwaysfindsawaytogetaroundlegalobstacles.Thus, whenthesoftmoneyloopholewasclosed,howdidmoneycontinuetofinditswayinto politicalcampaigns? A) throughtheMcCain-Feingoldloophole B) throughdensemoney C) through527Groups D) throughthegardenhoseloophole E) throughbuyingbulkpurchasesofbookstoavoidlimitsoncampaigncontributions Answer: C
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86) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutPACs? A) TheymustreporttheircontributionstotheFederalElectionCommission. B) Theyarenotrequired,butencouraged,toreporttheircontributionstotheFederal ElectionCommission. C) Theirnumbershavedeclinedprecipitouslyinrecentyears. D) Mostexistforaboutthelengthofacampaign,thendieouttobereplacedwithnewones inthenextelectioncycle. E) Theycancontributeanunlimitedamountofmoneytoanycampaign,solongasthe contributionismadepublicly. Answer: A
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99) AccordingtoHerbertAlexandersdoctrineofsufficiency, A) thereisaminimumamountofmoneythatcandidatesmustspendtohaveachanceat winning. B) candidateswithlargepersonalfortunesarealmostguaranteedvictory,unlesstheir opponentisofroughlyequalnetworth. C) inordertowinacandidatemusthavemoremoneythanhisorheropponent. D) thewealthiercandidatealwayswins. E) acandidatessenseofself-worth,notmoney,ismostimportanttoasuccessful campaign. Answer: A
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106) Theselectiveperceptionofmostvotersmeansthatthey A) aresusceptibletohavingtheirmindschangedfairlyeasilybyeffectivecampaigns. B) makerationalchoicesaboutthepurposivebenefitstothemselvesofvotingfora particularcandidate. C) keepafairlyopenmindregardingthecandidatesduringtheelectioncampaign,and choosebasedonrationalanalysis. D) paymostattentiontothingstheyalreadyagreewith,andinterpreteventsaccordingto theirownpredispositions. E) areskepticalofallcandidatesandviewallcampaigningassuspect. Answer: D
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112) Inwhatmajorwaydopresidentialcampaignsservetostimulatebiggovernment? A) Publicfinancingofpresidentialcampaignsisatremendousdrainonthefederalbudget. B) Secretserviceprotectionforthecandidatesinvolvesagreatdealofexpenseand personnel. C) Candidatesmakepromisestoparticulargroupsandstatessomuchondifferent campaignstops,andmanyofthepromisesinvolvemoregovernmentspendingandnew orbiggerprograms. D) Theadministrationofelectionsandcampaignfinancelawscontributeinalargewayto increasedgovernmentsize. E) alloftheabove Answer: C
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Inmostindustrializedcountries,politicalcampaignsareshorterbutcostnearlyasmuchas campaignsintheUnitedStates. Answer: FALSE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Thewayinwhichcandidatesattempttomanipulatemoney,mediaattentionandmomentum towinanelectioniscalled________. Answer: campaignstrategy
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EssayQuestions
1) WhatgaverisetotheMcGovern-FraserCommission,andwhatchangesdiditmakein delegateselection?Wasthelateradditionofsuperdelegatesmeanttostrengthenorweaken whatthecommissionhaddone?
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4) WhyareIowaandNewHampshireespeciallyimportanttoeachpartyintheprocessof selectingnationalconventiondelegates?Shouldtheyhavethissortofpower?Explain.
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6) Howhavenationalpartyconventionschangedovertime?Whathappensattheconvention andwhatarethemajorfunctionsoftheconventiontoday?
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7) Howhascampaigningchangedinthemodernhigh-techsociety?Evaluatehowtechnology haschangedcampaigning.ArethesechangesgoodorbadforAmericansociety?
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9) Whyisorganizationimportanttoapoliticalcampaign?Howaremostpoliticalcampaigns organized?Whatfactorsareessentialforawell-organizedcampaign?
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15) Whydopoliticalcampaignsrarelyaffectanindividualsvotingintention?
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Chapter10 ElectionsandVotingBehavior
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) LegitimacyintermsofAmericanelectionsmeans A) thepublicissatisfiedwiththequalificationsandthepolicypositionsofthecandidates. B) thepublicisnearlyunanimouslyhappywiththeresults. C) theelectionisnearlyunanimouslyacceptedasafairandfreemethodtoselectpolitical leaders. D) thepublicisgenerallynotsatisfiedwiththecandidates,theresults,orthemethodsby whichelectionsareheld. E) thebestcandidateisselected. Answer: C
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12) Areferendumisanelection A) inwhichcitizenscanproposetheirownlegislation. B) forjudicialoffices. C) forchoosingpartynomineesforstateoffices. D) wherebyvotersaregiventhechancetoapproveordisapprovesomelegislativeactor constitutionalamendment. E) todeterminewhethertoremoveanelectedofficialfromofficebeforetheendoftheir term. Answer: D
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15) WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTcharacterizepresidentialelectionsaround1800? A) Thecandidatesbarnstormedthecountrycampaigningandgivingspeeches. B) Mostofthecampaigningwasdonebystateandlocalpartyorganizations. C) Campaignsweredirectedatstatelegislators,notthevoters. D) Newspapercoverageofthecampaignwasextremelybiasedanddishonest. E) Allofthesedescribethepathetic,sordid,sorrystateofearlyAmericanelections weve comealongwaybaby! Answer: A
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18) Thepresidentialelectionof1800was A) thefirstuseofdirectprimariesintheUnitedStates. B) decidedbytheHouseofRepresentativesafteratieintheelectoralcollege. C) notablefortheimportanceofkeyconventionspeechestoswingthevotesintheelectoral eollege. D) thefirsttransitionofpowerbetweenpartiesaccomplishedbyvotersballotsinthe historyoftheworld. E) influencedbymediaintentonforcingincumbentoutofoffice. Answer: D
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20) Intheoriginalconstitutionalsystem, A) eachpresidentialelectorcasttwoballotsandthetopvote-getterwasnamedpresident andtherunner-upbecamevicepresident. B) theSenateelectedthepresidentandtheHouseofRepresentativeselectedthevice president. C) eachpresidentialelectorcastoneballotforoneofthepresident/vicepresidentteams running. D) thestatelegislatureselectedthepresidentandvicepresident,withthecandidategetting thesecondmostvotesbecomingvicepresident. E) thepresident,onceelectedbytheelectoralcollege,chosethevicepresident. Answer: A
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21) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofthepresidentialelectionof1800? A) ThecandidatestraveledthroughoutthesmallernumberofUnitedStatesatthetimeto campaignforvotes. B) Itwasagentlemanlycontestinwhichpartisansonbothsidesshowedrespectforthe opposition. C) Itwascarefullyandobjectivelycoveredinthenewspapersoftheday,withlogical reasoningandrespectforbothcandidatesinarticlesandeditorials. D) Itwasthefirstpeacefultransferofpowerbetweenpartiesviatheelectoralprocessinthe historyoftheworld. E) alloftheabove Answer: D
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23) Theissueoffreesilver(toincreasetheamountofcurrencyincirculation)waschampionedin theelectionof1896by________,whosemostfamousorationwashisCrossofGoldspeechat theDemocraticnationalconvention. A) GroverCleveland B) WilliamMcKinley C) WilliamJenningsBryan D) TheodoreRoosevelt E) WoodrowWilson Answer: C
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29) Theelectionof1896leftalegacyofapoliticalalignmentthatenduredforseveraldecades, wherein A) theDemocratswonthemorepopulousNortheastandMidwest,andtheRepublicans wonintheSouthandWest. B) theDemocratswontheSouthandWest,whiletheRepublicanswoninthemore populousNortheastandMidwest. C) theDemocratswontheMidwestandtheSouth,whiletheRepublicanswoninthe NortheastandWest. D) theDemocratswonintheNortheastandWest,whiletheRepublicanswoninthe NortheastandSouth. E) theRepublicansswepttheSouth,andtheDemocratswoninallotherregions. Answer: B
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31) InBushv.Gore(2000),theUnitedStatesSupremeCourtruledthat A) theFloridaSupremeCourtdidnothavejurisdictionoverthepresidentialelectionlegal issues. B) althougharecountwaslegal,thesame(ormoreprecise)standardsforevaluatingballots wouldhavetobeappliedinallcounties. C) thebutterflyballotwasunconstitutional. D) thetimeusedtorecountballotscouldextendpastDecember12,whentheFlorida electorswouldmeet. E) punchcardballotswereillegalifnotusedinallcounties. Answer: B
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54) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE? A) UnliketheUnitedStates,thegovernmentsofmostdemocraciestaketheresponsibilityof seeingtoitthatalloftheireligiblecitizensareonthevotinglists. B) Americangovernmentaskscitizenstovotefarmoreoftenthanmostdemocracies. C) Americansareexpectedtovoteforamuchnarrowerrangeofpoliticalofficesthanmost democracies. D) ThechoiceofferedAmericansatelectionsisnotasgreatasinotherdemocracies. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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59) TheMotorVoterActof1993 A) requiresstatestoprovidetransportationforcitizenswhoareunabletogettothepollson theirownefforts. B) requiresstatestomailvoterregistrationformstoallindividualsholdingdriverslicenses. C) requiresstatestoregisterindividualstovotewhentheyapplyfor,orrenew,their driverslicense. D) establisheddrive-inpollingplacestomakevotingmoreconvenientandincreasevoter turnout. E) requiresthefederalgovernmenttoregisterindividualstovotewhentheyapplyforor renewtheirdriverslicense. Answer: C
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64) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutvoterparticipationisFALSE? A) Aspeopleage,theirlikelihoodofvotingincreases. B) Minoritygroupswithhighlevelsofincomeandeducationhaveahigherturnoutrate thanwhiteswithcomparablestatus. C) Menaremorelikelytovotethanwomen. D) Individualswhohavelivedatthesameaddresslongeraremorelikelytovotethanthose whohavemoved. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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66) Peoplewithhigherthanaverageeducation A) arenomoreandnolesslikelytovotethanpeopleoflowereducationallevels. B) aremorelikelytovotethanpeopleoflowereducationallevels. C) aresomewhatlesslikelytovotethanpeopleoflowereducationallevels. D) aremuchlesslikelytovotethanpeopleoflowereducationallevelsbecausetheyknowit wontdoanygood. E) aremorelikelytovotethanhighschooldropouts,butlesslikelytovotethanthosewith highschooldiplomas. Answer: B
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69) Themandatetheoryofelectionsistheideathat A) acandidatemustgetatleastsixtypercentofthevotetowin. B) acandidatemustgetamajorityofthevotescast(fiftypercentplusone)inordertotake office. C) theelectionwinnerhasauthorizationfromthevoterstocarryouthisorherpromised policies. D) inordertoimproveturnoutratesintheUnitedStates,votingmustbemadealegal requirementofallcitizens,withthefailuretovoteresultinginasmallfine. E) acandidatemustgetatleastseventy-fivepercentofthevotetowin. Answer: C
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74) Manyvotershavecometofeelthattheynolongerneedthepartiestoguidetheirelectoral choicesbecause A) thepartieshavebecomesomuchalikethatitmakeslittledifference. B) moderntechnologymakesitpossibleforthemtoevaluateandmaketheirowndecisions aboutthecandidates. C) thepartiestendtorelyongroupsthatleanheavilyintheirfavor. D) onceinoffice,candidatesrarelyfollowthepartylineanyway. E) partieshavebecomethecaptivesofpowerfulinterestgroupsthatcontrolthecandidates, andthecandidatesdontlookoutfortheinterestsofordinarypeople. Answer: B
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78) Avotersupportingacandidatebasedspecificallyoncomparingthecandidatesstancesonthe issuesofabortionrights,healthcare,andgovernmentaidtoeducationtothevotersown preferencesonsuchissuesisanexampleof A) retrospectivevoting. B) policyvoting. C) civicduty. D) initiative. E) agendasetting. Answer: B
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80) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEabouttheelectoralcollege? A) Onveryrareoccasions,anelectorhasvoteddifferentlyfromthepopularvotewinnerof hisstate. B) Itisscheduledtobephasedoutin2006,thoughsomestillargueitsusefulnessandwant torescindthephase-out. C) Itisusedinnearlyhalfofthedemocraticnationsaroundtheworld. D) Anelectorhasnevervoteddifferentlyfromthepopularvotewinnerofhisstate. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A
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81) Theelectorsintheelectoralcollegeare A) themembersofCongressfromeachstate,whovotestrictlyaccordingtowhowonthe majorityoftheirstatesvotes. B) themembersoftheHousefromeachstate,whovotestrictlyaccordingtowhowonthe majorityoftheirdistrictsvotes. C) selectedbystateparties,usuallyasarewardforfaithfulservicetothepartyoverthe years. D) abipartisangroupofpoliticalscientists,publicofficials,jurists,andotherrespected individualschosenbythegovernorofeachstate. E) selectedbystatelegislatureswellinadvanceofthepresidentialelection,andeachelector voteshisorherownconscienceastowhowouldbethebestpresident. Answer: C
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82) Theelectoralcollegewasoriginallyestablishedinorderto A) providedirectelectionofthepresidentbythepeople,althoughitsoperationhashadthe oppositeeffect. B) merelycertifytheresultsofthepeopleschoiceforpresidentandvicepresident. C) givethenationselitethepowertochoosethepresidentandvicepresidentratherthan thepeopledirectly. D) insurehighvoterturnoutsinelectionsthroughoutthecountry. E) givelegitimacytothepresidency,whichwasregardedsuspiciouslybymostpeopleas anotherpotentialmonarchy. Answer: C
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85) Ifnocandidatereceivesanelectoralcollegemajority, A) arunoffelectionisheldnationwidebetweenthetoptwovote-getters. B) thecandidatewiththepluralityofelectoralvotesisautomaticallyelected. C) theHouseofRepresentativeschoosesamongthetopthreeelectoralvotewinners. D) theelectoralcollegetakesasecondballotbetweenthetoptwovote -getters,andthe candidatewhowinsthemajorityiselected. E) Congressisfreetoelectthepresident. Answer: C
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86) IfthepresidentialelectionisthrownintotheHouseofRepresentatives, A) eachstatesHousedelegationmaycastonlyonevote,regardlessofitsnumberof representatives. B) eachstatesHousedelegationcastsasmanyvotesasithaselectoralvotes. C) eachHousememberhasonevoteandmajorityrules. D) theHousevoteissubjecttovetobythepresident. E) eachHousememberhasonevotebutasixtypercentmajorityisrequiredtowinthe presidency. Answer: A
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88) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheelectoralcollegeisFALSE?w A) EachstatehasasmanyelectoralvotesasithasUnitedStatessenatorsand representatives. B) Everystatehasawinner-take-allsystemwhereelectorsvoteasablocforthewinner. C) ElectorsmeetintheirstatesinDecemberandmailtheirvotestothevicepresident. D) Ifnocandidatereceivesanelectoralmajority,thentheelectionisthrownintotheHouse ofRepresentatives. E) Somestateshaveawinnertakeallsystemwhereelectorsvoteasablocforthewinner. Answer: B
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91) Policyvotinghasincreasedinrecentyearsprimarilybecause A) themediaispayingcloserattentiontotheissuesratherthanthehorserace. B) candidatesareregularlyforcedtotakesomeclearstandsinordertoappealtotheirown partysprimaryvoters. C) votersingeneralhavebecomemoresophisticatedandeducatedabouttheissues. D) policyissuesareofgreaterconsequencethantheywereinthepast. E) votersfrustratedbytheinactionofCongresshaveturnedtotheinitiativeprocesstoenact specificpoliciesplacedrightontheballot. Answer: B
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True/FalseQuestions
1) MostAmericansacceptthelegitimacyoftheelectionprocessandresults,whatevertheirown biasesorapathy. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Manystatesgivevotersthechancetoapproveordisapprovesomelegislativeactor constitutionalamendmentinanelectionknownasa(n)________. Answer: referendum
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8) Bushwonthepopularvotein2004byabout________percent. Answer: 3
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EssayQuestions
1) WhyiselectorallegitimacysuchanimportantaspectofAmericaspoliticalsystem?Isthis senseoflegitimacydeserved,inyouropinion?Ifourelectionsareacceptedaslegitimate,why dontmorepeoplevote?Explain.
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3) Brieflydescribethemajorissuesandeventsoftheelectionsof1800,1896,and2000.How engagedwastheAmericanpublicineachoftheseelections?
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4) WhydoesthetextrefertoGeorgeW.Bushsfirsttermaspolarizing,andhowwasthis reflectedinthe2004electionresults?
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5) CommentonsomeofthemanywaysinwhichelectionshavechangedthroughoutAmerican history.Giveexamplestoillustrateyouranswer.
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9) Describehowthecompositionoftheelectorateisbiased.Whattypesofindividualsvote?Does itmatter?Inwhatsenseisvoterturnoutofthesegroupsrational?
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16) Describethemajordifferencesinvoterbehaviorbetween1960and2004?
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Chapter11 InterestGroups
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) ThecaseinvolvingEliLillyandCompanyillustrateshow A) littleinfluencespecialinterestsactuallyhaveonCongress. B) specialinterestscanstillbribemembersofCongress. C) specialinterestscampaigncontributionscaninfluencecongressionalaction. D) Congresscanregulatetheactivitiesofspecialinterests. E) theincreasingimportanceofmultinationalcorporations. Answer: C
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5) Theterminterestgroupcanbegenerallydefinedas A) anorganizationthatseeksacollectivegood,theachievementofwhichwillnot specificallyormateriallybenefitthemembershiporactivistsoftheorganization. B) agroupthathasanarrowinterest,dislikescompromise,andsingle-mindedlypursues itsgoal. C) allpeoplewhosharesomecommoninterestregardlessofwhethertheyjoinan organizationpromotingthatinterest. D) anorganizationofpeoplewithsimilarpolicygoalsenteringthepoliticalprocesstotryto achievethoseaims. E) anorganizationofpeoplewhoshareacommoninterestwhoruncandidatesinelections sympathetictothatinterest. Answer: D
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11) Inmanycountrieswithmultipartysystemsandproportionalrepresentation,interestgroups A) frequentlywinamajorityofseatsinthenationallegislature. B) frequentlywinsomeseatsinthenationallegislature. C) frequentlyruncandidatesforseatsinthenationallegislature,butthesecandidates almostneverwin. D) arebarredfromrunningcandidatesforoffice. E) areguaranteedbylawseatsinthenationalparliamentinproportiontotheirpercentage ofthegeneralpopulation. Answer: B
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14) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE? A) Withproportionalrepresentationsystems,allittakesisbetweenoneandfivepercentof thevoteforapartytowinseatsinthenationallegislature. B) InmanyScandinaviancountries,farmerspartieshavelongbeeninexistence. C) ManynewinterestgroupsinEuropehaveformedpartiesonthebasisofsharedvalues. D) GreenpartiesinEuropehaveneverbeenabletowinenoughvotestoenterthenational legislature. E) PartiesaremorelikeinterestgroupsinEuropethanintheU.S. Answer: D
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15) Thesuccessesofcivilrightsandwomensrightsgroupsinredirectingthecourseofpublic policy,oncetheywereorganized,ispointedtoasevidencetosupportthe________theorythat Americanpoliticsisopenandnotaproblem. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elite D) hyperelitist E) freemarket Answer: A
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18) Apluralisticinterpretationofinterestgrouppoliticswouldmaintainthat A) allgroupsaresubjecttocorruptpracticesandtacticsinvolvingviolence. B) thedegreeoforganizationofagrouphasnoeffectonitsabilitytoinfluencepolicy. C) alllegitimategroupscanaffectpublicpolicybymeansofonepoliticalresourceor another. D) whengroupscompetethepublicinterestisnotserved. E) theoveremphasisongroupsinAmericahassubmergedthevalueoftheindividualand leadtogovernmentpoliciesthatsuppressindividualinterests. Answer: C
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22) Pluralistsarguethatlobbying A) isdominatedbywealthycorporationsandthewealthiestindividualsandisadangerto thedemocraticsystem. B) isopentoallandisthereforenottoberegardedasaproblem. C) bysomanyinterestgroupswhogetwhattheywantindicatesthattherelationbetween groupsandgovernmenthasgrowntoocozy. D) mustbesuspendeduntiltighterregulationscanbeputintoplacetoprotectthepublic interest. E) hasnoeffectonpolicymaking. Answer: B
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24) Elitisttheoristsarguethat A) groupsweakinoneresourcecanuseanother,andalllegitimategroupsareabletoaffect publicpolicybyonemeansoranother. B) thefactthattherearenumerousgroupsprovesnothing,becausemostgroupsare extremelyunequalinpower. C) thegovernmenthastreatedallinterestgroupdemandsaslegitimate,andunwisely chosentoadvancethemall. D) thelargerthegroup,thefurtheritwillfallshortofprovidinganoptimalamountofa collectivegood. E) governmentsshouldbecontrolledbyaselectgroupofwell-educated,cultured,wealthy personswhounderstandthelawsofeconomicsandcanrunthemostefficient government. Answer: B
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25) The________theoristsarguethatthepowerofthefewisfortifiedbyanextensivesystemof interlockingdirectorates,andthatwealthycorporationsprevailwhenitcomestomajor decisionsbygovernment. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) pyramid Answer: C
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26) ThepluralisttheoryofAmericanpoliticsmaintainsthat A) theextensiveorganizationofcompetinggroupsisevidencethatinfluenceiswidely dispersedamongthem. B) theproliferationofinterestgroupsresultsinpoliticalstagnation. C) thelargestinterestgroupswillcometodominatepolicymaking. D) althoughgroupsoftendonotplaybytherulesofthegame,theydorepresentthe Americanpublicatlarge. E) thesloganonourmoney,epluribusunum,isaccurateinthesensethatoutofthemany competinggroupsinAmerica,asingleunifiedAmericanpurposehasbeenforged. Answer: A
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29) Elitistviewsofinterestgroupsemphasizethat A) groupsareessentiallyequalintheirpowerandthuscanceleachothersinfluenceon policymakers. B) asystemofinterlockingdirectoratesreinforcesthepowerofthefewdominantgroups. C) groupcompetitionweakenstheabilityofanyonegrouptodominate. D) becausetherearesomanygroups,theireffectonpolicyisinsignificant. E) theleadersofpowerfulinterestgroupstendtothinktheyaresuperiortotheaverage citizenandthustheydemandspecialprivilegesfromgovernmentnotaccordedtherest ofsocietyinordertomaintainthemselvesasaprivilegedelite. Answer: B
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31) Interestgroupliberalismholdsthat A) thefactthattherearenumerousinterestgroupsprovesnothing,becausegroupsare extremelyunequalinpower. B) interestgroupswinsomeandlosesome,butnogroupwinsorlosesallthetime. C) whenoneinterestgroupthrowsitsweightaroundtoomuch,itsopponentsarelikelyto intensifytheirorganizationandthusrestorebalancetothesystem. D) virtuallyallpressuregroupdemandsarelegitimate,andthejobofgovernmentisto advancethemall. E) theroleofgovernmentistoleaventhenaturalinequalitiesofthefreemarketsystemand thatentailspayingmoreattentiontotheneedsofeconomicallyweakinterestgroupsand lessattentiontoeconomicallypowerfulgroups. Answer: D
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32) Interestgroupliberalismisassociatedwithwhichofthefollowingcriticisms? A) Inanefforttopleaseandappeaseeveryinterest,agenciesproliferate,conflicting regulationsexpand,programsmultiply,andthebudgetsskyrocket. B) Realpowerisheldbyrelativelyfewpeople,keygroups,andinstitutionsthatgetnearly alltheywantfromgovernment. C) Interestgroupswinsomeandlosesome,butnogroupwinsorlosesallthetime,and democraticgovernmentiswellservedbytheircompetition. D) TheframersoftheConstitutionintendedthatgroupsservetobargainforvarious interestsinAmericansociety,andthishasprovenawiseandrelativelyfair,opensystem. E) Theinterestgroupsystemisdominatedbyliberalinterestgroupswhohavebeen successfullypushinganagendathathasmadeithardforthepolicetofightcrime, contributedtodecliningmoralvaluesandbankruptedthegovernmentwithgiveaways towelfarefreeloaders. Answer: A
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34) ThecriticismthatgovernmentrefusestomaketoughchoicesbetweenXorY,instead pretendingthereisnoneedtochooseandtryingtofavorbothismostoftenmadeby________ theorists. A) pluralist B) hyperpluralist C) elitist D) hyperelitist E) rationalchoice Answer: B
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40) Thehyperpluralistcomplaintthatinterestgrouppoliticscreatessubgovernmentsrefersto A) thecooperativeeffortsofgroupleaders,governmentagencies,andmembersof congressionalcommitteesandsubcommitteestopromotespecialinterests. B) thepowerofinterestgroupsindetermininggovernmentpolicies. C) theconflictofinterestcreatedwhengovernmentagenciespromotegroupinterests. D) theuseofpaidlobbyistsoncongressionalcommitteesandsubcommittees. E) theproliferationofspecializedlocalgovernmentsoverthelastthirtyyears,manyof whicharedesignedtoservicesomespecialinterest. Answer: A
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41) Ahyperpluralistinterpretationofgrouppoliticswouldmaintainthat A) groupsweakinoneresourcecansubstituteotherresourcestoinfluencepolicydecisions. B) groupshavebecomesopowerfulthatgovernmentendsupaidingeverypossible interest. C) thefactthattherearenumerousgroupsprovesnothing,becausegroupsareunequalin power. D) groupsprovideakeylinkagebetweenpeopleandgovernment. E) Allofthesearetrue. Answer: B
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44) Thefree-riderproblemrefersto A) unrelatedamendmentsbeingaddedtoapieceoflegislationinordertobypassusual procedures. B) potentialmembersofagroupfailingtojointheactualgroup,astheyknowtheywill receivethesamebenefitswhethertheyareactivemembersornot. C) legislatorswhofacenoelectionopponents,andthusareautomaticallyreelected. D) masstransitscofflawswhoendangergovernmentaidtosubways,buses,andcommuter trainsbynotbeingofficiallycounted. E) welfarefraudandthecostsitimposesongovernmentandtaxpayers. Answer: B
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45) PartofOlsonsLawofLargeGroupsistheargumentthat A) thelargerthepotentialgroup,thelesslikelypotentialmembersaretocontribute. B) thelargerthepotentialgroup,themorelikelypotentialmembersaretocontribute. C) potentialgroupsizedoesnothaveanymeasurableaffectonthewillingnessofpotential memberstocontribute. D) anactualgroupandapotentialgrouparevirtuallythesamewhenitcomesto effectiveness. E) thesmallerthegroupthelesslikelythepotentialmembersaretocontribute. Answer: A
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46) AccordingtoOlsonsLawofLargeGroups, A) thelargerthegroup,thefurtheritwillfallshortofprovidinganoptimalamountofa collectivegood. B) thesmallerthegroup,thefurtheritwillfallshortofprovidinganoptimalamountofa collectivegood. C) themorelevelsofauthoritywithinagroup,themorefaithitsmemberswillhaveinit. D) themorelevelsofauthoritywithinagroup,thelessfaithitsmemberswillhaveinit. E) thelargerthegroup,themorelikelyitistowin. Answer: A
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48) AccordingtoOlsonsLawofLargeGroups, A) thelargerthegroup,themoreeffectiveitwillbe. B) thesmallerthegroup,themoreeffectiveitwillbe. C) thesizeofagroupdoesnotdetermineitseffectiveness,theleadershipstructureisthe key. D) allgroupshavealifecycleofbirth,growth,maintenance,anddecline,althoughmany neverdeclinecompletely. E) largegroupsaremoredemocratic. Answer: B
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57) AccordingtoMancurOlson, A) largegroupsarethemosteffectivegroups B) thebiggerthegroup,thesmallerthefree-riderproblem. C) thelargerthegroup,thefurtheritwillfallshortofprovidinganoptimalamountofa collectivegood. D) thelargerthegroup,themoreeffectiveitisininfluencingpublicpolicies. E) thekeytogrouppoweristoformbroadcoalitionswithothergroups,making themselvesnearlyinvincible. Answer: C
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58) Anadvantageforsmallgroupsisthat A) free-riderscanbeforcedoutoftheorganization,creatingmoreunity. B) itiseasiertoreconciledivergentinterestsinsmallgroups. C) thereismoreatstakeforeachmember,makingiteasiertoorganizeandactivateall members. D) collectivegoodsdonothavetosharewiththebiginterests. E) theyareabletohideinthepoliticalprocesssothatopposinggroupsarenotableto organizeagainstthem. Answer: C
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68) ________isacommunicationbysomeoneotherthanacitizenactingonhisorherownbehalf, directedtoagovernmentdecisionmaker,particularlyinthelegislativeandexecutivebranch, withthehopeofinfluencinghisorherdecision. A) Electioneering B) Anamicuscuriaebrief C) Lobbying D) Litigation E) Campaigning Answer: C
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84) SteveSovernsLASTPACandCommonCause A) agreethatallcandidatesandofficeholdersshouldnotacceptmoneyfrompoliticalaction groups. B) disagreeontheissueofwhetherPACsengageininfluencepeddling. C) disagreeontheissueofwhetherelectioneeringisanappropriatepolicyarenaforinterest groups. D) agreethatthe$5,000limitonPACcontributionsmakessuchcontributionsmeaningless inmultimillion-dollarpresidentialcampaignsandshouldberescinded. E) agreethattheincometaxcheck-offtosupportpublicfinancingofpresidentialcampaign shouldbeeliminated. Answer: A
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87) Anamicuscuriaebriefis A) onewhichenablesagroupofsimilarlysituatedplaintiffstocombinesimilargrievances intoasinglesuittopursuearemedyforpastwrongs. B) anoralorwrittenappealofacourtdecisionmadebyaninterestgroupwhichispartyto theparticularcase. C) anoralorwrittenappealofacourtdecisionmadebyaninterestgroupnotpartytoa particularcase. D) awrittenargumentsubmittedtothecourtsinsupportofonesideofacase. E) thewrittenstatementofacourtsdecisioninacaseexplainingthereasonsforthe decision. Answer: D
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89) Amicuscuriaebriefs A) arewrittenexplanationsofacourtdecision. B) arelawsuitssubmittedbyinterestgroups. C) consistofwrittenargumentssubmittedtothecourtsinsupportofonesideofacase. D) enablegroupsofsimilarlysituatedplaintiffstocombinesimilargrievancesintoasingle suit. E) arelegalargumentssubmittedbythepresidentsattorneysadvocatingtheUnitedStates governmentspositioninanimportantfederalcourtcase. Answer: C
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92) Classactionlawsuits A) consistofwrittenargumentssubmittedtothecourtsinsupportofonesideofacase. B) consistoflawsuitsbroughttothecourtsbyoneparticularsocialclassinsociety. C) enableagroupofsimilarlysituatedplaintiffstocombinesimilargrievancesintoasingle suit. D) enableorganizedinterestsgroupstosuethefederalgovernmentoveraparticularissue. E) askacourttotakeactionagainstaparticulargrouptostopthemfrominjuringanother groupfinancially. Answer: C
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95) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE? A) IntheAmericaneconomy,governmentdirectlydetermineswages,prices,andprofits. B) PublicpolicyinAmericahaseconomiceffectsthroughregulations,taxadvantages, subsidiesandcontracts,andinternationaltrade. C) Evenaminorchangeingovernmentregulatorypolicycancostindustriesagreatdealor bringincreasedprofits. D) Howthetaxcodeiswrittendetermineswhetherpeopleandproducerspayalotora littleoftheirincomestothegovernment. E) BandDonly Answer: A
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106) Publicinterestlobbiesarethoseorganizationsthat A) emphasizeequalrightsandequalityofopportunityinAmerica. B) eschewthesubgovernmentsystemandoperatewithinviewofthepublic,oftenthrough townmeetings. C) havelargememberships,usuallyamillionormore. D) seekacollectivegood,theachievementofwhichwillnotselectivelyandmaterially benefitmembersoractivists. E) focusexclusivelyonpublicexpendituresdirectedtowardSocialSecurity. Answer: D
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110) The________istheoldestandlargestoftheAfrican -Americangroupswhichhavefoughtfor equalityatthepolls,inhousing,onthejob,ineducation,andinallotherfacetsofAmerican life. A) UrbanLeague B) CongressofRacialEquality C) NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople D) RainbowCoalition E) NationalAfrican-AmericanOrganization Answer: C
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111) TheFairShareprogramisaneffortbythe A) NationalOrganizationofWomentorenewthefightfortheEqualRightsAmendment. B) NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopletonegotiateagreements withbusinessestoincreaseminorityhiringandtheuseofminoritycontractors. C) NationalOrganizationofWomentogetequalpayforcomparablework. D) NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopletodesegregateprivate clubs. E) AmericanTaxpayersUniontoraisethewagesandcutthetaxesoflower -and middle-incomepeople. Answer: B
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112) TheNationalOrganizationforWomen A) wasfirstformedinthenineteenthcenturytohelpwomengaintherighttovote. B) wasprimarilyresponsibleforratificationoftheEqualRightsAmendment. C) isnolongeraformidableforceforwomensrights. D) nowworksfortheenactmentofindividualstatutes(laws)toprotectwomensrights ratherthanaconstitutionalamendment. E) isacounter-interestgroupformedbyPhyllisSchlaflytoopposetheWomensLiberation MovementandtheEqualRightsAmendment. Answer: D
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Akeydifferencebetweeninterestgroupsandpoliticalpartiesisthatinterestgroupsarepolicy generalists. Answer: FALSE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Whatarethekeydifferencesbetweeninterestgroupsandpoliticalparties? Answer: Answerswillvary.
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EssayQuestions
1) Defineinterestgroups.WhatdoAmericansgenerallyfeelaboutinterestgroups?Whatare someofthecommoncharacteristicsofgroupstoday?HowdointerestgroupsintheUnited Statesdifferfromgroupsinotherdemocracies?
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2) Describethedifferencesbetweenthepluralist,hyperpluralist,andelitetheoriesinregardto theroleplayedbyinterestgroupsinAmericansociety.
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3) Compareandcontrasthowapluralist,elitistandhyperpluralistwoulddescribethemost significantfeaturesoftheinterestgroupsystemtoday.
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6) Discusshowsize,intensity,andresourcesdeterminethelikelyeffectivenessofaninterest group.Provideexampleswhereappropriate.
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7) Explainwhatfactorsworktomakeaninterestgroupsuccessful.
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9) ExplainandevaluatetheroleofmoneyininterestgroupsintheUnitedStates.Whathasbeen theimpactofPoliticalActionCommittees(PACs)onU.Spolitics?
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10) Describeandevaluatethemethodsinterestgroupsuseinpursuingtheirpolicygoals.
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17) Discussthepositiveandnegativecontributionsinterestgroupsmaketoourdemocracy.
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Chapter12 Congress
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) WhichofthefollowingdidtheframersoftheConstitutionconceiveofasthecenterof policymakinginAmerica? A) thepresident B) thepeople C) Congress D) thecourts E) theSupremeCourt Answer: C
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22) ComparisonbetweenmembersoftheHouseandSenateconcerningtheimpactofincumbency ontheirreelectionchancesshowsthatoneofthereasonsthatsenatorshaveasmaller advantageisbecausethey A) havebecomeover-specializedaspolicymakers. B) aremorelikelytobeheldaccountableoncontroversialissues. C) arelessvisible. D) havelongertermsthatincreasethechanceofscandal. E) representmorehomogenousconstituencies. Answer: B
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23) Reasonsthatincumbentsenatorshavegreatercompetitionthanincumbentmembersofthe HouseincludeallofthefollowingEXCEPT A) anentirestateismorediversethanacongressionaldistrict,providingmoreofabasefor opposition. B) senatorshavelesspersonalcontactwiththeirconstituencies. C) votersarelesslikelytoknowtheissuepositionsoftheirsenatorsthantheir representatives. D) senatorstendtodrawmorevisiblechallengers. E) senatechallengersarebetterfundedthanHousechallengers. Answer: C
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31) The________isthelistoffederalprojects,grants,andcontractsavailabletocities,businesses, colleges,andinstitutionswhichmembersofCongressseektolocateintheirdistricttopromote theinterestsoftheirconstituency. A) casework B) porkbarrel C) frank D) junket E) Treasurersregister Answer: B
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36) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthosewhochallengeincumbentmembersofthe HouseisTRUE? A) Theyareusuallynotwell-known. B) Theyareusuallyexperiencedlegislators. C) Theyusuallyhaveawell-establishedorganizationalbacking. D) Theytendtobewell-financed. E) Theyusuallyconductpublicopinionpollsandonlyruniftheyhaveagoodchanceof winning. Answer: A
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49) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutCongressisFALSE? A) Congressisacollectionofgeneraliststryingtomakepolicyonspecializedtopics. B) MembersofCongressaresurroundedbypeoplewhoknow(orclaimtoknow)more thantheydo. C) MembersofCongressareoftenunsureofwhatisbeingvotedonwhenaroll-callvoteis called. D) Membersfrequentlyasktheircolleagueshowtovote. E) noneoftheabove Answer: E
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75) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthemajorityleaderoftheHouseofRepresentativesis FALSE? A) Themajorityleaderexercisessubstantialcontroloverwhichbillsgetassignedtowhich committees. B) ThemajorityleaderisthemainsteppingstonetothejobofSpeakeroftheHouse. C) ThemajorityleaderisresponsibleforschedulingbillsintheHouse. D) Themajorityleaderisresponsibleforroundingupvotesonbehalfofthepartysposition onlegislation. E) HeorsheistheprincipalallyoftheSpeaker. Answer: A
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87) HouseandSenatecommittees A) allhaveanequalnumberofRepublicansandDemocrats. B) allhaveamajorityofmembersfromthemajoritypartyinthatchamber. C) musthavetheirmembershipapprovedbythepresident. D) arenon-partisan,andthussomecommitteesarenearlyallDemocratsandothersnearly allRepublicans. E) arepopulatedbythehiredstaffmembersofCongress,freeingtheelectedmembersfor moreimportantwork. Answer: B
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93) Republicancongressionalreformsinthe1990sincludedallofthefollowingEXCEPT A) committeechairswereallowedtochoosethechairsofsubcommitteesontheir committees. B) bothcommitteeandsubcommitteechairswerelimitedtothreeconsecutivetwo -year termsaschair. C) somesubcommitteeswereeliminated. D) committeechairsweregivencompletecontroloverthetimingofbillsunder consideration. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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96) Whichofthefollowingofficesisresponsibleformakingeconomicprojectionsaboutthe performanceoftheeconomy,thecostsofproposedpolicies,andtheeconomiceffectsoftaxing andspendingalternatives? A) CongressionalResearchService B) CongressionalBudgetOffice C) GeneralAccountingOffice D) WaysandMeansCommittee E) FederalReserve Answer: B
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110) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutconstituencyinfluenceisFALSE? A) Itisdifficultevenforwell-intentionedlegislatorstoknowwhatpeoplewant. B) Legislatorswhosevotesonroutineissuesareoutofstepwiththeirconstituentsarerarely reelected. C) Onsomecontroversialissues,legislatorsignoreconstituentopinionatgreatperil. D) Onobscureissueslegislatorscansafelyignoreconstituencyopinion. E) Lettersreceivedbylegislatorsaremorelikelytoconveyextremistratherthanmoderate opinions. Answer: B
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True/FalseQuestions
1) ThetypicalmemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesservesonsixcommitteesand subcommittees,thetypicalsenatorisamemberoftencommittees. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Whatarefrankingprivileges,andwhyaretheysometimescontroversial? Answer: thefreeuseofthemailsystemtocommunicatewithconstituents
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EssayQuestions
1) DescribethegeneralcharacteristicsofthemembersofCongressandtheiraveragedaily activities.WhataretheattractionsandbenefitsofbeingamemberofCongress?
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2) DescribehowCongressisdemographicallyatypicaloftheUnitedStatespopulation.Doesthis presentaproblemforlegitimatedemocraticgovernment?Why,orwhynot?
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4) Describetheadvantagesofincumbentsincongressionalelections.Whatreformshavebeen suggestedtolimittheeffectsofincumbency?Wouldyousupportsuchreform?
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5) Explainandevaluatetheroleofmoneyincongressionalelections.Giveexamplestoillustrate youranswer.
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6) DescribethestructureofpoweranddecisionmakingintheCongressandevaluatetheimpact ofthatstructureonpolicymaking.
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7) DescribethepowersoftheSpeakeroftheHouse,themajorityandminorityleaders,andthe whips.Whatlimitstotheirleadershippowersexistintheirrespectiveparties?
PageRef:368 Edition:National
8) ListandbrieflydescribethedifferenttypesofcommitteesinCongress.Whatroledothe committeesplayintheCongressionalprocess?
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9) ExplainhowthesystemofcommitteesandsubcommitteesworksinCongress.Giveexamples toillustrateyouranswer.
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Chapter13 ThePresidency
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) Theprincipalreasonthatpresidentshavetroublegettingthingsdoneisthat A) mostareweakandindecisiveanddonottrytodomuch. B) theyareoftenupstagedorunderminedbytheirownvicepresidents. C) otherpolicymakerswithwhomtheydealhavetheirownagendas,interests,andsources ofpower. D) theyarefrequentlyoverruledbytheSupremeCourt. E) thepresidencyismostlyaceremonialjobandthepresidentisnotexpectedtodomuch. Answer: C
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6) AccordingtotheConstitution,apresidentmustbeatleast________yearsofage. A) 35 B) 30 C) 40 D) 25 E) 21 Answer: A
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20) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE? A) Forover10percentofAmericanhistory,thepresidencyhasbeenoccupiedbyan individualnotelectedtotheoffice. B) Inthetwentiethcentury,almostone-thirdofourpresidentswereaccidental Presidents. C) Aboutoneinfivepresidentsgotthejobbecausetheywerevicepresidentwhenthe incumbentpresidentdiedorresigned. D) Mostpresidentshaveservedtwoormorefullterms. E) MostpresidentialelectionsaredecidedbyCongress. Answer: D
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21) Priortohiselectionaspresident,________hadbeenawell -knownactorandservedfortwo termsasgovernorofCalifornia. A) GeorgeBush B) RonaldReagan C) JimmyCarter D) RichardNixon E) EarlWarren Answer: B
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28) Theorderofsuccessiontothepresidency,shouldthepresidentbeunabletofulfillhisorher dutiesis A) VicePresident,PresidentProTemoftheSenate,SpeakeroftheHouse,cabinetmembers inorderthattheirdepartmentwascreated. B) VicePresident,SpeakeroftheHouse,PresidentProTemoftheSenate,ChiefJusticeof theSupremeCourt,Cabinetmembersinorderthattheirdepartmentwascreated. C) VicePresident,SpeakeroftheHouse,PresidentProTemoftheSenate,Cabinetmembers intheorderthattheirdepartmentwascreated. D) VicePresident,ChiefJusticeofSupremeCourt,PresidentProtemoftheSenate,Speaker oftheHouse. E) VicePresident,SpeakeroftheHouse,PresidentProTem,Cabinetmembersintheorder thattheirdepartmentwascreated. Answer: C
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30) UnderthetermsoftheTwenty-fifthAmendment,whilethevicepresidentisservingasacting president, A) anewelectionmustbeheldwithinsixmonths. B) theelectoralcollegedetermineswhentheincapacitatedpresidentcanreclaimthe presidency. C) therecuperatedpresidentcannotreclaimhisformerjob. D) therecuperatedpresidentcanreclaimtheOvalOfficethroughasetprocedure. E) theSenateandtheHousemustvoteinasecretballotonwhetherornottoreinstatethe recuperatedpresident. Answer: D
PageRef:397 Edition:National
31) AccordingtotheTwenty-fifthAmendment,intheeventofavacancyinthevicepresidency, A) theelectoralcollegeelectsanewvicepresident. B) theSpeakeroftheHouseisautomaticallythenewvicepresident. C) theofficeremainsvacantuntilasubsequentnationalelectiontakesplace. D) theCongresspicksanewvicepresidentfromalistoffivenamessubmittedbythe president. E) thepresidentnominatesareplacement,whomustbeconfirmedbybothhousesof Congress. Answer: E
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39) TheodoreRooseveltandWoodrowWilson A) werethefirstpresidentstoexercisepowerbeyondthespecificpowersgrantedtothe presidentintheConstitution. B) developedtheroleofthepresidentasmanageroftheeconomy. C) setaprecedentforpresidentstoserveasworldleaders. D) weretheonlytwopresidentstoeverhavetheiractionsdeclaredunconstitutionalbythe SupremeCourt. E) wereamongtheleasteffectivepresidents. Answer: C
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52) TheNationalSecurityCouncil A) linksthepresidentskeyforeignandmilitarypolicyadvisors. B) iscomposedoftheheadsofthethreebranchesofthearmedservicesandmakes recommendationstothepresidentoncombatstrategy. C) wasestablishedbyPresidentRoosevelttomanageforeignanddomesticintelligence operations. D) wascreatedbylegislationtokeepthepresidentinformedonforeignaffairs. E) helpsthepresidentmakepolicyonsuchmattersasinflationandunemployment. Answer: A
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58) ThesystemofWhiteHousemanagementemployedbyPresidentJohnKennedywas A) todispersehisauthoritytonumerousaides,eachofwhohadpowerfuldecision-making power. B) unusuallyclosed,withonlythepresidentandhistwoclosestaidesinvolvedinmost majordecisions. C) topersonallytakechargeofeventheminordetailsofdecisionmaking. D) achainofcommandwithachiefofstaffwhocontrolledalmostallaccesstothe president. E) suchthatmanyaidesequallyparticipatedinthedecision-makingprocess. Answer: E
PageRef:405 Edition:National
59) JohnF.Kennedyswheel-and-spokessystemofmanagementwascharacterizedby A) ahierarchicalorganizationwithachiefofstaffatthetop. B) manyaideswithequalstatusbalancedagainstoneanotherinthedecision -making process. C) thepresidentsinvolvementineveryadministrativedetail. D) aclosed,smallnetworkofcomputersthatdirectlylinkedthepresidenttohisclosest advisorsthroughe-mailmessages. E) astreamlined,fast-paced,andefficientdecision-makingstyle. Answer: B
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61) PresidentClintonsdecisionmakingstylewas A) toimmersehimselfinthedetailsofpolicyandrunanopenWhiteHouse,solicitingthe adviceofalargenumberofaides. B) tosetupachainofcommandinwhichalladvicewassentupwardtohisChiefofStaff whothenpresentedClintonwiththedecision-makingoptions. C) highlyorganizedanddecisive,withthepresidentactuallyflippingacointodecide issueswherehisadvisorsareevenlydivided. D) todelegatesomuchdecisionmakingauthoritytohisaidesthatthemediaoftencallthem hishandlers. E) toremainhighlyisolatedandmakemostdecisionsinconsultationonlywithhistwo closestadvisors. Answer: A
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64) ApresidentialvetooflegislationpassedbyCongress A) canbeoverturnedonlybymajorityvoteoftheSupremeCourt. B) cannotbeoverturned. C) canbeoverturnedbyamajorityvoteofboththeHouseandtheSenatetooverridethe veto. D) canbeoverturnedbyatwo-thirdsvoteofeithertheHouseortheSenatetooverridethe veto. E) canbeoverturnedbyatwo-thirdsvoteofboththeHouseandtheSenatetooverridethe veto. Answer: E
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70) In1998,theSupremeCourtruledinClintonv.CityofNewYork that A) a1996lawgrantingthepresidenttheauthoritytoproposerescindingfundsin appropriationbillswasunconstitutional. B) thepocketvetowasunconstitutional. C) thattheClintonimpeachmentvotewasunconstitutional. D) thatthepresidentcouldnotline-itemvetograntmoniestourbanareas. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A
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75) Presidentialcoattailsrefersto A) voterswhosupportthepresidentcastingtheirballotsforcongressionalcandidatesofthe presidentsparty. B) thetendencyforthepresidentspartytolosecongressionalseatsinmidtermelections. C) fund-raisingpartiesthepresidenthoststoraisemoneyforcongressionalcandidates. D) thepresidentspowertoappointmembersofhisownpoliticalpartytocabinetpostsand aspersonaladvisors. E) membersofCongressvotingaccordingtothewishesofthepresident. Answer: A
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82) Highpublicapprovalofthepresident A) hasnoeffectoncongressionalelections. B) givesthepresidentlesscontroloverCongress. C) onceachievedisusuallysustainedfortheremainderofhis/herpresidency. D) providesacoverformembersofCongresstocastvotestowhichtheirconstituentsmight otherwiseobject. E) allowsmembersofCongressthefreedomtovoteaccordingtotheirideologyratherthan party. Answer: D
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85) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutpresidentialbargainingisFALSE? A) Thepresidentialbargainingtakesavarietyofforms. B) Thepresidentneedstobargainonlywithenoughpeopletoprovideamajority. C) BargainingintheformofprovidingspecificbenefitsformembersofCongressiscritical tocreatingpresidentialcoalitions. D) ThepresidentdoesnothavetobargainwitheverymemberofCongresstoreceive support. E) Presidentsbargainingabilityisenhancedbystrongpublicapproval. Answer: C
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89) StudieshaveshownthatonceonetakesintoaccountthestatusoftheirpartyinCongressand theirstandingwiththepublic,presidentsrenownedfortheirlegislativeskillsare A) twiceassuccessfulinwinningcongressionalsupportthanotherpresidents. B) mostlikelytoreshapethecontoursofthepoliticallandscape. C) mostlikelytobeabletocreateopportunitiesforpoliticalchange. D) nomoresuccessfulinobtainingcongressionalsupportthanthoseconsideredlessadept atdealingwithCongress. E) muchmoresuccessfulingainingsupportfortheirdomesticpoliciesthanfortheir foreignpolicies. Answer: D
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93) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheroleofthepresidentaschiefdiplomatisFALSE? A) Presidentialdiplomacycaninvolvenegotiatingconflictsbetweenothernationsandnot theUnitedStates. B) Senateapprovaloftreatiesnegotiatedbythepresidentisalmostautomatic. C) Thepresidenthasthesolepowertonegotiatetreatieswithothernations. D) Indomesticpolicymaking,aschiefdiplomat,thepresidentmustrelyprincipallyon persuasiontolead. E) Allofthesearefalse. Answer: B
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94) SomebelievetheWarPowersResolutioncouldbesuccessfullyoverturnedbytheSupreme Courtbecauseit A) wasvetoedbyPresidentNixon. B) wasnotratifiedwithintheconstitutionallymandatedseven -yearperiod. C) usesalegislativeveto,whichmayviolatetheseparationofpowers. D) interfereswiththepresidentspowertodeclarewar. E) wasreallyaimedattheVietnamWaronly. Answer: C
PageRef:419 Edition:National
95) TheWarPowersResolution A) prohibitedthepresidentpowerfromcommittingAmericantroopswithoutcongressional approval. B) establishedthechainofcommandofthearmedforcesintheeventthepresidentis incapacitated. C) gavethepresidenttheformalpowertodeclarewarinthecaseofnuclearattack. D) mandatedthewithdrawalofforcesaftersixtydaysunlessCongressdeclaredwaror grantedanextension. E) establishedthecodeprotocolsthatlaunchnuclearmissilesinordertopreventaccidental orunauthorizedmissilelaunches. Answer: D
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98) IntheUnitedStatesshowdownwithSaddamHusseininJanuary1991, A) CongressdeclaredwaronIraq. B) CongressvotedagainstusingforceagainstIraq,butPresidentBushusedforceanyway. C) CongresspassedaresolutionauthorizingthepresidenttousemilitaryforceagainstIraq. D) aftergrantingPresidentBushathirty-dayextension,CongressinvokedtheWarPowers Resolutionandeffectivelyplacedaninety-daylimitoncombat. E) Congressdidnotvoteondeclaringwarorauthorizingmilitaryforce,preferringtoletthe presidentactalone. Answer: C
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99) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcrisesisFALSE? A) ThereweremoreimmediatecrisesearlyinAmericanhistorythantherearetoday. B) Mostcrisesoccurintherealmofforeignpolicy. C) Crisesarerarelythepresidentsdoing. D) Thepresidenthasbecomemoreprominentinhandlingcrisesthanotherbranchesof government. E) Itiseasierforanindividualpresidenttomanagecrisesthanitisforcongressional leaderstodoso. Answer: A
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103) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutpresidentsgoingpublicisFALSE? A) Presidentsarenotpassivefollowersofpublicopinion. B) Presidentsappearancesareoftenstagedpurelytoobtainthepublicsattention. C) Inrecentyears,presidentshaveaveragedmorethanonepublicappearanceevery weekdayoftheyear. D) DwightEisenhowerwasthefirstpresidenttousepresidentialspeechestogainpolicy support. E) JohnF.Kennedywasthefirsttelevisionpresident. Answer: D
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104) HowdidtheWhiteHouseCommunicationsOfficechoreographGeorgeW.Bushsaddress fromtheAbrahamLincolnannouncingtheendofmajorcombatoperationsinIraq? A) TheyplacedaMissionAccomplishedbanneroverthepresidentshead. B) TheypositionedtheAbrahamLincoln sothattheshorelinewasnotvisible. C) Theytimedtheevensothatthesunwouldcastafavorablelightonthepresident. D) Thecoordinatedtheshirtsofthecrewmembers. E) alloftheabove Answer: E
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113) Rallyevents A) arespecificanddramaticeventsthatrelatetointernationalrelations,directlyinvolving theUnitedStatesandthepresident. B) haveanenduringimpactonapresidentspublicapproval. C) involveeconomicupsurgesthatdramaticallyincreasepresidentialpopularity. D) havenoeffectonpresidentialpopularityeventhoughpresidentsusethemforthat purpose. E) occurfrequentlyduringapresidentsadministration. Answer: A
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122) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthepresidencyanddemocracyisFALSE? A) Thereislittleprospectofthepresidencybeingathreattodemocracy. B) FromthetimetheConstitutionwaswrittentherehasbeenafearthatthepresidency woulddegenerateintoamonarchy. C) Concernsoverpresidentialpoweraregenerallycloselyrelatedtopolicyviews. D) ConcernsaboutatyrannicalpresidencywereprevalentintheReaganadministrationdue tohisabilitytoimposehiswillonCongress. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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True/FalseQuestions
1) TheTwenty-secondAmendmentset80asthemandatoryretirementageforUnitedStates presidents. Answer: FALSE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) The________limitspresidentstotwoterms. Answer: Twenty-secondAmendment
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10) Compareandcontrasttheveto,pocketveto,andtheline-itemveto. Answer: AvetoistheconstitutionalpowerofthepresidenttosendabillbacktoCongresswith thereasonsforrejectingit.ApocketvetoisavetothattakesplacewhenCongress adjournswithin10daysofsubmittingabilltothepresident,whosimplyletsitdieby neithersigningnorvetoingit.Alineitemvetowouldallowthepresidenttoveto selectedportionsofabill,asinthecaseofCongress1996lawthatgrantedthepresident theauthoritytoproposerescindingfundsinappropriationsbillsandtaxprovisionsthat applytoonlyafewpeople.
PageRef:408-409 Edition:National
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EssayQuestions
1) Explainwhy,asRichardNeustadtargued,presidentialpoweristhepowertopersuade,rather thantocommand.
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3) DescribethecircumstancessurroundingPresidentClintonsimpeachment.Whatspecific chargeswerebroughtagainsthim?Ofwhatchargeswasheconvicted?
PageRef:396 Edition:National
4) CompareandcontrasttheConstitutionalpowersofthepresidentwiththeinformalexpansion ofpresidentialpower.
PageRef:397-400 Edition:National
5) ListandbrieflydescribetheConstitutionalpowersofthepresident.Whicharethemost important,andwhy?
PageRef:397-398 Edition:National
6) Identifyanddescribetheindividualsandorganizationsthatmakeuptheexecutivebranchof government.
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9) ExplainthepowerrelationshipbetweenthepresidentandCongress.Howdoesthepresidents politicalpartyandpublicsupportaffectthisrelationship?
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10) Thefederalgovernmentsbudgetismainly A) atechnicaldocumentintendedtoensurethattaxrevenueswillbesufficienttomeet expenditures. B) alinebylineaccountingoftaxexpendituresthatisrequiredannuallybythe Constitution. C) anaccountingtoolthatpermitsthegovernmenttokeeptrackofitsassetsandliabilities. D) alistofthewaysinwhichthegovernmenthasspentitsmoney. E) apolicystatementthatallocatesburdensandbenefitsbyattachingpricetagstopolicy goals. Answer: E
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22) Thefederaldebt A) consistsofallthemoneyborrowedovertheyearsbythenationalgovernmentandstill outstanding. B) ismoneyowedtoforeignnationsbytheUnitedStatesgovernmentwhenitimportsmore goodsthanitexports. C) isallmoneyborrowedovertheyearsbythefederalgovernmentandowedtostate governments. D) isthedifferencebetweentheamountofannualtaxreceiptsandgovernment expenditures. E) ismoneyowedbytaxpayerstotheUnitedStatesgovernment,butneverpaid. Answer: A
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27) Thefederalincometaxdeductionformortgageinterestonanowner -occupiedhomeisan exampleofa A) taxrebate. B) negativeincometax. C) federallyguaranteedloan. D) taxexpenditure. E) taxrefund. Answer: D
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34) Beginningin1985,federalincometaxeswere________tothecostofliving,sothat governmentnolongergotalargerpercentagewheninflationpushedincomesintohigher bracketswhilethetaxratesstayedthesame. A) raised B) added C) indexed D) lowered E) flat-rated Answer: C
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46) Themilitaryindustrialcomplexrefersto A) theglobalnetworkofbasesthattheDepartmentofDefensemaintains. B) thecloserelationshipbetweendefenseofficialsandthecorporationsthatsupplytheir hardwareneeds. C) thecompetitionbetweenthemilitaryandcivilianindustriesforgovernmentdollars. D) thegovernment-ownedindustriesthatmanufacturemilitaryweaponsandlarge equipment. E) thePentagonandthebuildingsthatsurroundit. Answer: B
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76) UntilCongresspassedtheBudgetandAccountingActof1921, A) agenciesoftheexecutivebranchsenttheirbudgetrequestsdirectlytothepresident,who alonehadtheauthoritytoapproveandfundthebureaucracy. B) agenciesoftheexecutivebranchsenttheirbudgetrequeststothesecretaryofthe treasury,whoforwardedthemontoCongress,withthepresidentplayinglittleornorole intheentireprocess. C) therewasnofederalincometaxintheUnitedStates. D) theUnitedStateshadnoformalizedbudgetprocess. E) thefederalbudgethadtobebalanced,bylaw. Answer: B
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85) TheCongressionalBudgetandImpoundmentActof1974requiresthat A) thepresidentimpoundthosemoneysappropriatedbyCongresswhichexceedfederal revenues. B) Congressdevelopabudgetonthebasisofthepresidentsbudget,throughcoordinated effortsoftheCBOandtheOMB. C) Congressdevelopabudgetbyaddinguptherequestsofallthegovernmentagencies. D) Congressimpoundthatportionofthepresidentsbudgetinexcessofgovernment revenues. E) Congressagreeonabudgetaccordingtoafixedschedule,withtargetfiguresforthetotal budgetsize. Answer: E
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89) Tosetalimitontotalgovernmentspending,bothhousesofCongressarerequiredtopassa(n) ________everyApril,bindingCongresstoatotalexpenditurelevel,orbottomline,ofall federalspendingforallprograms. A) budget B) budgetresolution C) omnibusappropriationspackage D) circumscriptionbill E) authorizationbill Answer: B
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101) TheGramm-Rudman-HollingsAct A) mandatedmaximumallowabledeficitlevelsforeachyearuntil1993,whenthebudget wastobebalanced. B) requiredautomaticbudgetcuts,primarilyintheareaofdefense. C) frozeallUnitedStatesgovernmentexpendituresattheir1988levelsforthreeyearsinan efforttoeliminatethebudgetdeficits. D) allowedagenciestospendatthepreviousyearslevel. E) calledfortaxincreasestopayforfederalspending. Answer: A
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107) Researchhasfoundthatthepublicsectorexpandsprincipally A) asaresultofliberalpoliticalpartiescontrollingthegovernment. B) asaresultofFederalReserveBoardmonetarypoliciesinfluencinginterestratesand currencyreserves. C) asafunctionofincreasedinternationaleconomiccompetition. D) inresponsetochangesineconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectthepublics preferencesforgovernmentactivity. E) inresponsetotheperceivedneedforincreaseddefenseexpenditures. Answer: D
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Corporateincometaxestodayaccountforoverhalfofallfederalgovernmentrevenue. Answer: FALSE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Thefederal________istheannualdisparitybetweenhowmuchmoneythegovernmenttakes in,andhowmuchitspends. Answer: deficit
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5) Thefederaldebtismorethan$________trillion. Answer: 9
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EssayQuestions
1) Wheredoesthefederalgovernmentsmoneycomefrom,andwheredoesitgo?
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2) Explainhowtaxpoliciescanpromotetheinterestsofparticulargroupsorencouragespecific activities.Howsuccessfulhaveattemptsattaxreductionandtaxreformbeen?
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3) Brieflydescribehowtheriseofthesocialservicestateandtheriseofthenationalsecuritystate haveincreasedthescopeofgovernment.Werethesenecessarydevelopments?Explain.
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4) Identifyandevaluatethecausesandeffectsofincreasedgovernmentspendingorbig government.
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5) Presentanargument,withexamples,infavoroftheviewthattheriseofthesocialservicestate andtheriseofthenationalsecuritystatearethemaincausesofbiggovernmentinAmerica.
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7) Whatroledoentitlementsplayintheriseofthelargebudgetdeficits?Shouldthesebe controlled?Ifso,how?
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9) Listanddescribe,inbrief,thevariousactorswhoinfluencethebudgetaryprocess.Intotal,are theinterestsofdemocraticgovernmentserved?Bywhomandinwhatways?
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15) Whyisitsodifficulttobringtheincreasingfederalbudgetundercontrol?
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Chapter15 TheFederalBureaucracy
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) Eachbureaucraticagencyiscreatedinitiallyby A) constitutionalprovision. B) thepresident. C) thebureaucracyitself. D) Congress. E) orderofafederalcourt. Answer: D
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10) TheWeberianmodeldepictsabureaucracyas A) fundamentallydangeroustoademocraticsociety. B) inefficient,primarilyconcernedwithmaximizingitsbudget,andlargelyresponsiblefor thegrowthofmoderngovernment. C) wasteful,bloated,over-staffed,over-paidandarrogant. D) awell-organizedmachinewithplentyofworkingbuthierarchicalparts. E) amblingandgroping,affectedbychance,andlargelyoperatingbyalooselyrunstyleof trialanderror. Answer: D
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14) The________employsaboutone -fourthofallfederalcivilianworkers,morethananyother departmentoragency. A) DepartmentofEducation B) DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices C) DepartmentofDefense D) DepartmentofJustice E) DepartmentofLabor Answer: C
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16) Asawhole,thepermanentbureaucracyis A) nearlyallwhite,male,andwell-paid. B) overwhelminglyAfricanAmerican,female,andnotsowell-paid. C) morebroadlyrepresentativeoftheAmericanpeoplethanlegislators,judges,or presidentialappointees. D) betterpaidthanaresimilarjobsintheprivatesector. E) areflectionofparticipatorypolitics,sincemostgovernmentworkersarehiredthrough thepatronagesystem. Answer: C
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18) ________isahiringandpromotionsystembasedonknowingtherightpeople,workinginan electioncampaign,makinglargepoliticaldonations,and/orhavingtherightconnectionsto winjobswiththegovernment. A) Thepatronagesystem B) ThefederalCivilService C) Thebureaucracy D) Thegoldengate E) Administrativediscretion Answer: A
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31) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthehiringandfiringofcivilservantsisFALSE? A) TheOfficeofPersonnelManagementhaselaboraterulesabouthiring,promotion,and firingofcivilservants. B) Thetopofthecivilserviceiscomposedofabout9,000membersoftheSeniorExecutive Service. C) Oncehired,civilservantsareassignedaGeneralSchedulerangingfromGS-1toGS-18. D) Duetothemeritsystem,itiseasytofireincompetentcivilservants. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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34) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutpresidentialappointeestobureaucracies? A) Theyoftendonotknowtheirownagencysubordinatesverywell,muchlesspeoplein otheragencies. B) TheymustberecommendedbytheOfficeofPersonnelManagementsruleofthree. C) Aspoliticalappointees,theyareoftenunaccustomedtotheadministrativeroutines, budgetcycles,andlegalcomplexitiesoftheiragenciesordepartments. D) Theytendtospendfeweryearsintheirpositionsthanthoseinthecivilservice. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B
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43) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutindependentregulatorycommissionsisFALSE? A) Regulatorycommissionmemberscannotbefiredbythepresident. B) Regulatorycommissionsconsistoffivetotenmembers. C) Regulatorycommissionmembersareappointedbythepresidentandconfirmedbythe Senate. D) Regulatorycommissionmembersmaynotbedrawnfromtheranksofpresentorformer employeesoftheregulatedindustry. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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44) Anindependentregulatoryagencyisgovernedby A) asmallcommission,usuallywithfivetotenmembers,appointedbythepresidentand subjecttopresidentialfiring. B) membersoftheSeniorExecutiveServiceofthefederalcivilservice. C) asmallcommission,usuallywithfivetotenmembers,appointedbythepresidentfor fixedterms. D) asingleexecutiveappointedbyandremovablebythepresident. E) asingleexecutiveappointedbytheSenatecommitteeresponsiblefortheagencys oversight. Answer: C
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47) Independentregulatoryagencieshave A) completeindependencefromthepresident,buttheirpolicymakersareappointedby Congress. B) powerfulrule-making,dispute-settling,andenforcementauthority. C) norealenforcementpoweranymore,andremaintodayaspartofthefederal governmentonlyinaceremonialrole. D) noformaltiestoeitherthepresidentortheCongress. E) governingcommissionscomposedoflong-timefederalCivilServiceemployees. Answer: B
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58) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutstandardoperatingprocedures? A) Theyprovideroutinerulestohelpbureaucratsmakenumerouseverydaydecisions. B) Eachfederaldepartmentandagencyhasaplumbookwhichlistsitsstandardoperating procedures. C) Theycansometimesbesoroutinizedthattheyaredifficulttochangeeveninthefaceof changingcircumstances. D) Theyarereferredtoasredtapebythosewhofindthemburdensome. E) Theyareusedbystreet-levelbureaucrats. Answer: B
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59) Standardoperatingprocedures A) usuallyprovetobeunjustanddiscriminatorywhenfollowedtotheletter. B) savetimeandbringuniformitytocomplexorganizations. C) werewaivedbytheReaganAdministrationinanefforttomakethebureaucracymore flexibleandcustomizethesolutionstoproblems. D) giveauthoritytoadministrativeactorstoselectamongvariousresponsestoagiven problem. E) arefrustratingandinappropriateinaddressingmostsituations. Answer: B
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70) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE? A) Bureaucratsareoftenfiredforusingtoomuchadministrativediscretion. B) Payraisesinthebureaucracytendtobesmallandacross -the-board. C) Removingappointedofficialsmaybepoliticallyembarrassingtothepresident. D) Agovernmentagencycannotexpandjustbecauseitisperformingaserviceeffectively andefficiently. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A
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72) Proposalstoreorganizethegovernmentinordertosolvetheproblemofbureaucratic fragmentation A) areoftenopposedbyagenciesnotwantingtobesubmergedwithinabroader bureaucraticunit. B) tendtobesupportedbyRepublicanpresidents,whoadvocategovernmental centralization. C) areopposedbycongressionalcommittees,fearingtheywillbegivengreater responsibilitytooverseelargerandmorediverseagencies. D) aresupportedbyinterestgroups,whofeeltheycouldbettercontroltheregulatory programsofareorganizedbureaucracy. E) aresupportedandopposedforallofthesereasons. Answer: A
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73) TheVotingRightsActof1965 A) wasverydifficulttoimplementbecauseofthefragmentationofresponsibilityfor implementingit. B) wassuccessfullyimplementedthankstoitscleargoal,itsclearmethodstoachievethe goal,anditslackofbureaucraticfragmentation. C) failedtoachieveitspolicygoalsbecauseoftheoutrighthostilityofstreet -level bureaucrats. D) wasimpossibletoimplementbecauseofalackofclarityinthelegislation. E) AllbutDaretrue. Answer: B
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77) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutgovernmentregulationinAmericaisaccurate? A) TheConstitutionsetuponlysixregulatoryagencies;theothershavebeencreatedwithin thepast100yearsorso. B) TheFederalCommunicationsCommissionwasthefirstindependentregulatoryagency. C) Until1887,thefederalgovernmentmadealmostnoregulatorypoliciesandhadno regulatoryagencies. D) Regulatoryagenciestendedtobemorepopularintheearlyyearsofthenationshistory, thengrewmorecontroversialduringthelate-nineteenthcentury. E) bothAandC Answer: C
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87) WhichofthefollowingisNOTanaccusationmadeagainsttheregulatorysystem? A) Excessiveregulationcontributedtothesavingsandloanindustrydisasterofthe1980s. B) Iftheproducerisfacedwithexpensiveregulations,costswillinevitablybepassedalong totheconsumerintheformofhigherprices. C) Regulationsdonotalwaysworkwell,andtheysimplycreatemassiveregulatory bureaucracies. D) Othernationshavelaxerregulationsonpollution,workersafety,andotherbusiness practices,thusAmericanexportsoftencostmore. E) Allofthesehavebeencriticismsofregulation. Answer: A
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99) Anirontriangleconsistsof A) representativesoftheexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranchesofthegovernment. B) thepresident,theheadofarelevantcongressionalcommittee,andtheheadofany regulatoryagency. C) abureaucraticagency,aninterestgroup,andacongressionalcommitteeor subcommittee. D) themetalstampusedtocertifythatthepresidenthasapprovedanewregulationandit nowtakeslegaleffect. E) thosefavoringregulationX,thoseopposingregulationX,andtheregulatoryagencyin chargeofoverseeingX. Answer: C
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102) Issuenetworksare A) agrowingparticipatoryforceinbureaucraticdecisionmakingwhosemembersinterest inissuesisintellectualoremotionalratherthanmaterial. B) thesameasirontriangles. C) therelativelynewtelevisionstationsthatspecializeinpoliticalcoverage. D) subjecttostandardoperatingprocedures. E) twoormoreagenciesthatshareregulatorypowerwhenapolicyorregulationaffects morethanoneregulatorybody. Answer: A
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106) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutirontriangles? A) TheypresenttremendousdifficultiesforCongressandthepresidentwhentheyattempt tocontrolthebureaucracy. B) Theyaddastrongdecentralizingandfragmentingelementtothegovernments policymakingprocess. C) Theyarealsoknownassubgovernments. D) Theyareindestructible. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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109) Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutbureaucraciesandthescopeofgovernmentis FALSE? A) WhenthepresidentandCongresschosetoderegulatecertainareasoftheeconomyor cuttaxes,thebureaucracypreventedthemfromdoingso. B) Thefederalbureaucracyhasactuallyshrunkinsizerelativetothepopulationitserves. C) Thebureaucracyisnowexpectedtoplayanactiveroleindealingwithsocialand economicproblems. D) Thefederalbureaucracyhasnotgrownoverthepasttwogenerations. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A
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True/FalseQuestions
1) EachbureaucraticagencyiscreatedbyCongress,whichsetsitsbudgetandwritesthebasic policiesitistoadminister. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Theclassicconceptionof________wasadvancedbytheGermansociologistMaxWeber,who stressedthatitwasarationalwayformodernsocietytoconductitsbusiness:a well-organizedmachinewithplentyofworking,buthierarchical,parts. Answer: bureaucracy
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EssayQuestions
1) HowdoestheAmericanpublicfeelaboutbureaucratsandbureaucracy?Whatarethemost prevalentmythsaboutbureaucracy?
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3) EvaluatethesizeoftheAmericanbureaucracy.Isthebureaucracytoobigortoosmall?
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5) Whoarethebureaucratsandhowdotheybecomegovernmentworkers?Compareand contrastthetheoriesonwhatbureaucratsdoandhowtheybehave.
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8) Identify,describe,andgiveexamplesofthefourbasictypesofbureaucracyinthefederal government.
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9) Identify,describe,andgiveexamplesoftheimplementationfunctionsofbureaucracies.
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Chapter16 TheFederalCourts
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) ThegreatmajorityofAmericasjudicialbusinessistransactedin A) statecourtsoforiginaljurisdiction. B) TaxCourt. C) SupremeCourts. D) theUnitedStatescourtsofappeal. E) federalcourtsoforiginaljurisdiction. Answer: A
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13) TheConstitutionspecificallyprovidedthattherewouldbeaSupremeCourt, A) andestablishedasystemoflowerfederalcourtsthroughoutthenation. B) butleftituptotheindividualstatestoestablishlowerfederalcourtsofgeneral jurisdiction. C) butleftittothediscretionofCongresstoestablishlowerfederalcourtsofgeneral jurisdiction. D) butleftituptotheSupremeCourtitselftoestablishlowerfederalcourtsofgeneral jurisdiction. E) andgrantedthePresidentthepowertoestablishanylowerfederalcourtshedeemed necessary. Answer: C
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22) WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthefederaldistrictcourts? A) Eachdistricthasbetween2and27judges,withonejudgeusuallypresidingaloneover mostcases. B) Theyhearappealsfrommunicipal,county,andstatecourts. C) Theyaretheonlyfederalcourtsinwhichtrialsareheld,andjuriesmaybeimpaneled. D) Theyaretheentrypointsformostlitigationinthefederalcourtsystem. E) Allfederaldistrictcourtjudgesareappointedbythepresidentandconfirmedby Congress. Answer: B
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31) About75percentofthemorethan63,000casesheardintheUnitedStatescourtsofappeal comefrom A) challengestoordersofmanyfederalregulatoryagencies,suchastheSecuritiesand ExchangeCommission. B) theSupremeCourt. C) theSuperiorCourts. D) thedistrictcourts. E) thelegislativecourts. Answer: D
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36) TheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuit A) decideswhichcaseswillandwillnotbeheardbytheSupremeCourt. B) screensallcasesgoingtotheSupremeCourt,fromwhichtheSupremeCourtdecides whichcasestotake. C) consistsoftheSupremeCourtitself. D) isresponsiblefordeterminingtheconstitutionalityoflawspassedbyCongress. E) consistsofjudgeswhohearappealsinspecializedcasessuchasthoseregardingpatents, copyrights,etc. Answer: E
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47) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsenatorialcourtesyisFALSE? A) Whenthereisavacancyforafederaljudgeship,therelevantsenatorwillsuggestoneor morenamestotheAttorneyGeneralandthepresident. B) Presidentsusuallycheckcarefullywiththerelevantsenatoraheadoftimesothatthey willavoidmakinganominationthatwillfailtobeconfirmed. C) Toinvokesenatorialcourtesy,therelevantsenatormustprovidedocumentedevidence whythenomineeisnotfitforoffice. D) Federaljudicialnominationsarenotconfirmedwhenopposedbyasenatorofthe presidentspartyfromthestateinwhichthenomineeistoserve. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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48) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutjudicialselectioninthelowercourtsisFALSE? A) Thepresidentusuallyhasmoreinfluenceintheselectionofjudgestothefederalcourts ofappealthantofederaldistrictcourts. B) Sittingjudgesmaybeaskedtoevaluateprospectivejudicialnominees. C) TheDepartmentofJusticeandtheFederalBureauofInvestigationconductcompetency andbackgroundchecksonprospectivejudicialnominees. D) Candidatesforjudicialnominationrarelycampaignforthepositionsthemselves. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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49) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheselectionofSupremeCourtjusticesisFALSE? A) ThepresidentusuallyreliesontheAttorneyGeneralandtheDepartmentofJusticeto identifyandscreencandidatesfortheCourt. B) SenatorsplayagreaterroleintherecruitmentofSupremeCourtjusticesthaninthe selectionoflowercourtjudges. C) Thepresidentusuallyoperatesunderfewerconstraintsinnominatingmemberstothe SupremeCourtthantothelowercourts. D) CandidatesfornominationtotheSupremeCourtusuallykeepalowprofile. E) noneoftheabove Answer: B
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69) ThemostcommonwayfortheSupremeCourttoputacaseonitsdocketisbyissuinga(n) ________,aformaldocumentthatcallsupacasewhichdealswithaConstitutionalquestionor inwhichstatelawsareclaimedtoviolatefederallaw. A) writofmandamus B) staredecisis C) amicuscuriaebrief D) percuriamdecision E) writofcertiorari Answer: E
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72) The________isapresidentialappointeewhoisinchargeoftheappellatecourtlitigationof thefederalgovernment,worksoutoftheDepartmentofJustice,andcanhaveanimportant influenceontheSupremeCourt. A) AdjutantGeneral B) SolicitorGeneral C) UnitedStatesattorney D) AttorneyGeneral E) chiefjustice Answer: B
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75) A________isaSupremeCourtrulingwithoutexplanationwhichresolvesanimmediatecase buthasnovalueasprecedentbecausetheCourtdoesnotofferreasoningthatwouldguide lowercourtsinfuturedecisions. A) staredecisis B) writofcertiorari C) concurringopinion D) percuriamdecision E) writofmandamus Answer: D
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76) Thosewhoareinterestedintheoutcomeofacase,butarenotformallitigants,sometimes submit________briefs,raisingpointsofviewandpresentinginformationthattheyhopewill influencetheSupremeCourtsdecision. A) certiorari B) staredecisis C) amicuscuriae D) percuriamdecision E) concurring Answer: C
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81) ________opinionsarethoseofferedbyoneormoreSupremeCourtjusticesnotonlyto supportamajoritydecision,butalsotostressadifferentConstitutionalorlegalbasisforthe judgment. A) Amicuscuriae B) Dissenting C) Concurring D) Adjunct E) Differential Answer: C
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85) Allcourtsrelyheavilyupon________ thewaysimilarcaseswerehandledinthepastasa guidetocurrentdecisions. A) writsofcertiorari B) writsofmandamus C) precedent D) originalintent E) amicuscuriae Answer: C
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89) ThecaseofablackmannamedVirgilHawkinswhotriedtogetadmittedtotheUniversityof FloridaLawSchoolillustrates A) howothercourtsandotherinstitutionsofgovernmentcanberoadblocksinthewayof judicialimplementation. B) howcontroversialissuesshapetheSupremeCourtagenda. C) theabilityoftheSupremeCourttoresolveissuesonceandforall. D) thewaysSupremeCourtjudgesenforcetheirdecisions. E) howtheSupremeCourtcanremoveallroadblocksinthewayofjudicial implementation. Answer: A
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91) Theconceptoforiginalintentholdsthat A) judgesandjusticesshoulddeterminetheintentoftheframersoftheConstitution regardingaparticularmatteranddecidecasesinlinewiththatintent. B) thefoundersintendedjudgestousediscretion. C) itisnecessarytoadapttheprinciplesintheConstitutiontothedemandsofeachera. D) thefoundersembracedgeneralprinciplesthatareopentointerpretation. E) thefoundersintendedjudgestointerprettheConstitutionbutmakenewlawwhen necessary. Answer: A
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92) IntheimmediateaftermathoftheSupremeCourtsfamous Brownv.BoardofEducation decision,thepresidentandCongress A) refusedtoenforcespeedycompliancewiththeruling,thusseverelyweakening implementationoverthenextdecade. B) celebratedthefactthattheSupremeCourthadnowjoinedtheminsupportingswift compliancewithanewfederallaw. C) overruledtheSupremeCourtinarareinstanceofjudicialreview. D) workedquicklytoimplementthedecisionnationwide. E) proposedaConstitutionalamendmenttooverturntheCourtsdecision,althoughthe amendmentwasneverratifiedbythestates. Answer: A
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95) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheSupremeCourtcaseof Marburyv.Madison is FALSE? A) TheCourtestablisheditspowertoholdactsofCongressinviolationoftheConstitution. B) TheCourtruledpartoftheJudiciaryActof1789unconstitutional. C) TheCourtruledthatMadisonwasintherighttowithholdMarburyscommission. D) TheCourtruledthatithadnopowertorequirethatMarburyscommissionbedelivered. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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96) Judicialreviewmeans A) therightoftheCongresstodeterminewhetheradecisionoftheSupremeCourtisoris notConstitutional. B) thepowertoremoveSupremeCourtjusticesfromthebenchifdeemedunfittoretain office. C) therightofthepresidenttodeterminewhetheradecisionoftheSupremeCourtisoris notConstitutional. D) therightofthecourtstodeterminewhetherexecutiveorlegislativeactsareorarenot Constitutional. E) theSolicitorGeneralsoversightofthecourtstomakesurethatrulingsareuniform nationwideandthatproceduraldueprocessisbeingfollowedbyallcourts. Answer: D
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98) DuringtheearlyNewDealera,theSupremeCourtwasdominatedbyconservativeswho A) cametobeknownastheBadDealFiveforthwartingNewDeallegislationandwere impeachedandremovedasagroupbyCongress. B) viewedfederalinterventionintheeconomyasunconstitutional,anddeclaredseveral lawsinvalid. C) stronglysupportedfederalinterventionintheeconomy,andvotedtoupholdallNew Dealacts. D) overturnedtheprecedentofMarburyv.Madison andruledthattheSupremeCourthas nopowerofjudicialreview. E) wereimpeachedonebyonebyCongress. Answer: B
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99) TheproposaltoaddjusticestotheSupremeCourt,knownasthecourtpackingplanto critics,wasmadebyPresident________whowantedtobeabletoappointjusticesmore sympathetictohisphilosophythanthenineoldmen. A) DwightEisenhower B) HarryTruman C) FranklinRoosevelt D) RichardNixon E) JohnF.Kennedy Answer: C
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103) RichardNixonchose________asthenewchiefjusticein1969,hopingwiththisappointment tomovetheSupremeCourttowardamorestrictconstructioninterpretationofthe Constitutioninitssubsequentdecisions. A) JohnMarshall B) NelsonRockefeller C) WarrenBurger D) HarryBlackmun E) EarlWarren Answer: C
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104) InthecaseofUnitedStatesv.Nixon, theSupremeCourtruledthat A) PresidentNixondidnothavetohandoverWhiteHousetaperecordingstothecourts. B) JohnKennedyhadlawfullywonthepresidentialelectionof1960,andRichardNixons challengewasunfounded. C) PresidentNixonhadtohandoverWhiteHousetaperecordingstothecourts. D) PresidentNixonberemovedfromofficeandthatVicePresidentGeraldFordtakeover thepresidency. E) PresidentNixonwasguiltyofconspiracytoobstructjusticebyimpedingthe investigationoftheWatergateburglary. Answer: C
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108) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthecourtsandpluralismisFALSE? A) Almosteverymajorpolicydecisionthesedaysendsupincourt. B) Interestgroupsfinditdifficulttofindjudgeswhowillruleintheirfavor. C) Whengroupsgotocourt,theyuselitigationtoachievetheirpolicyobjectives. D) Thehabitofalwaysturningtothecourtsasalastresortcanaddtopolicydelay, deadlock,andinconsistency. E) Eventhoughthecourtsaretheleastdemocraticinstitution,groupscanstillusthemto achievetheirgoals. Answer: B
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110) Advocatesof________emphasizethatthecourtsmayalleviatepressingneeds,especiallyof thosewhoareweakpoliticallyoreconomically,leftunmetbythemajoritarianpolitical process. A) judicialactivism B) thejurisprudenceoforiginalintent C) judicialrestraint D) judicialimplementation E) judicialreview Answer: A
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True/FalseQuestions
1) FederaljudgesarerestrictedbytheConstitutiontodecidingrealcasesorcontroversies broughtbeforeitactualdisputesratherthanhypotheticalones. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) In________lawcases,anindividualischargedwithviolatingaspecificlaw.Theoffensemay beharmfultoanindividualortosocietyasawhole,butineithercaseitwarrantspunishment, suchasimprisonmentorafine. Answer: criminal
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EssayQuestions
1) DiscussthreedecisionsoftheSupremeCourtandexplainhowtheyhaveaffectedhow democraticourpoliticalsystemis.
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2) Describethetypicalparticipantsandtypesofcasesinvolvedinthejudicialsystem.
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3) Overwhatkindsofcasesdofederaldistrictcourtshavejurisdiction?Overwhatkindsofcases dofederaldistrictcourtsnothavejurisdiction?Whoarethemajorplayersinadistrictcourt?
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4) Explaintheorganizationofthefederalcourtsystem.Whattypeofcasesareheardineachof thedifferentcourts?
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5) CompareandcontrasttheSupremeCourtwithlowerfederalcourtsintermsofhowjudgesare chosen,howcasesarechosen,andwhohearscasesbeforethecourt.
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10) Whatarethetypicalcharacteristicsoftheindividualschosenasjudgesandjustices?
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19) Inwhatwayshasthejudiciarymadeourpoliticalsystemmoredemocratic?Lessdemocratic?
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20) EvaluatetheAmericancourtsystemfromthepointofviewofdemocratictheory.
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Chapter17 EconomicPolicymaking
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) Acapitalisteconomicsystemisoneinwhich A) individualsandcorporationsowntheprincipalmeansofproduction,throughwhich theyseektoearnprofits. B) acentralgovernmentdeterminesproductionandpricelevels. C) privateindividualsactaccordingtomarketprinciplesandenhancethegeneralwelfare, withnogovernmentinvolvement. D) individualsandcorporationsshareownershipoftheprincipalmeansofproduction,and profitsaredistributedequally. E) allindividualshaveanequalchanceofowningtheprincipalmeansofproduction,often intheformofstockownership. Answer: A
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18) Laissezfaireisthe A) principlethatgovernmentshouldnotmeddlewiththeeconomy. B) termforanegativebalanceoftrade,meaningimportsexceedexports. C) beliefthatgovernment,andparticularlypresidents,havevirtuallynoinfluenceoverthe economybecausewhatevermechanismsthegovernmentmightusetoaffecteconomic growtharefartooweaktochangetheindividual,dailymarketdecisionsof260million Americans. D) theorythatgovernmentspendingcanhelptheeconomyweatheritsnormalupsand downs,evenifitmeansgoingintodebt. E) differencebetweenthenationsunemploymentrateandinflationrate. Answer: A
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21) Aneconomictheorycalledmonetarismholdsthat A) governmentshouldstimulateeconomicgrowthbyinjectinglargeamountsofmoneyinto theeconomybykeepinginterestrateslow. B) stimulatingsupplythroughlowertaxesisthekeytoeconomichealth. C) thesupplyofmoneyisthekeytothenationshealth,andhavingtoomuchcashand creditincirculationstimulatesinflation. D) governmentshouldnotmeddlewiththeeconomy. E) governmentspendingcanhelptheeconomyweatheritsnormalupsanddowns,evenif itmeansrunningupadebt. Answer: C
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22) Monetaristswantto A) usegovernmentspendingandjobprogramsduringeconomicdownturnstoinject moneyintotheeconomy. B) reducetaxesinordertostimulatethegrowthofthemoneysupply. C) holdthegrowthinmoneysupplytoequaltheriseinthegrossnationalproductafter inflation. D) tiethevalueofthedollartothevalueofgold,thusincreasingandstabilizingthemoney supply. E) keepthegovernmentshandsofftheeconomy. Answer: C
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24) TheFederalReserveSystemisgovernedby A) aseven-memberBoardofGovernorsappointedbythePresidentandconfirmedbythe Senate. B) thedirectoroftheInternalRevenueService. C) atwelve-memberBoardofGovernorschosenbylocalbankersineachofthetwelve FederalReservedistricts. D) thePresidentsCouncilofEconomicAdvisors. E) theSecretaryoftheTreasury,whosenameappearsonallcurrency. Answer: A
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36) WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthemeasuresusedbytheFedtocontrolthemoney supply? A) ItsetsdiscountratesforthemoneythatbankscanborrowfromtheFederalReserve. B) Itcanbuyandsellgovernmentsecuritiesinthemarket,therebyeitherexpandingor contractingthemoneysupply. C) Itsetsreserverequirementsthatdeterminetheamountofmoneythatbanksmustkeepin reserveatalltimes. D) Itdictatestheminimumprimelendingratebycommercialbanks. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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44) ________encouragesgovernmenttocreatejobsforpeopleduringtimesofsevere unemploymentinordertogetmoneyintothehandsofconsumersandstimulatetheentire economy. A) Supply-sideeconomics B) Industrialpolicy C) Laissezfaire D) Monetarypolicytheory E) Keynesianeconomictheory Answer: E
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48) Jumpingintothebusinessofconsumerprotectioninthe1960sand1970s,the________made newrulesaboutproductlabeling,exaggeratedproductclaims,andtheuseofcelebritiesin advertising. A) FederalTradeCommission B) ConsumerProductsSafetyCommission C) FoodandDrugAdministration D) ClaytonAntitrustAct E) ConsumerProtectionAgency Answer: A
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51) PresidentReaganseconomicpoliciesemphasized A) balancedbudgetingthroughacross-the-boardcutsinallcategoriesofgovernment spending. B) theapplicationofKeynesianeconomictheorytostimulateorslowtheeconomythrough loweringorraisingtaxes. C) supply-sideeconomicsinwhichtaxcutsandderegulationaredesignedtofreefundsfor savingsandinvestment. D) industrialpolicywhichtargetedhightechindustriesforgovernmentassistancein helpingthemdevelopandcompeteininternationalmarkets. E) firstbalancingthebudgetandthencuttingtaxes. Answer: C
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58) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheFoodandDrugAdministration? A) Ithastheresponsibilitytoascertainthesafetyandeffectivenessofnewdrugsbefore approvingthemformarketinginAmerica. B) Ithasbroadregulatorypowersoverthemanufacturing,contents,marketing,and labelingoffoodanddrugs. C) Ithastheregulatorypowertocaptheretailpricesoffoodanddrugsandprevent profiteeringbyfoodanddrugcompanies. D) Recentbudgetcutshaveleftitoverburdenedandseriouslyunderstaffed. E) Allofthesearetrue. Answer: C
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62) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftheWagnerAct? A) Itgavestatesthepowertoadoptright-to-worklaws. B) Itstatedthattherightofworkerstocollectivebargainingwasguaranteedbythenational government. C) Itrepresentedasharpbreakwiththegovernmentstraditionalanti-laborstance. D) Itbarredemployersfromfiringordiscriminatingagainstaworkerwhoadvocatesthe possibilityofunionizing. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Wal-Martistheworldslargestcompany. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) CorporategiantshaveinternationalizedintheperiodsinceWorldWarIIbecomingwhatare knownas________,withvastholdingsinmanycountriesthatareoftenbiggerthanmost governments. Answer: multinationalcorporations
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EssayQuestions
1) HowdoesahighunemploymentrateorhighinflationaffectthewaythatAmericansvote?Is therelogicbehindhowvotersviewthepartiesinregardtoaddressingunemploymentor addressinginflation?Whyarethepartiesandelectedofficialslimitedinhowtheycanaffect theeconomy?Explain.
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3) Explainthedifferentapproachestomonetaryandfiscalpolicy.Whataretheireffectsonthe economy?
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4) Identifytheinstrumentsavailabletogovernmentformanagingtheeconomyandexplaintheir effects.Whataretheobstaclestocontrollingtheeconomy?
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5) Howhavethegovernmentseconomicpoliciesshapedtheareasofagriculture,business, consumer,andlaborpolicy?
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6) HowdotheConsumerProductsSafetyCommissionandtheFederalTradeCommission regulatebusinessinAmerica?Dotheyprotecttheconsumersadequately?Explain.
PageRef:558 Edition:National
7) Discusstheeconomicpolicyofprotectionism.Whatareitsadvantagesanddisadvantages?
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Chapter18 SocialWelfareandPolicymaking
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) About________ofAmericansrecentlyreportedthattheyagreedthatsuccessinlifeispretty muchdeterminedbyforcesoutsideourcontrol. A) one-tenth B) two-thirds C) three-fourths D) one-half E) seven-eighths Answer: B
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17) WhichbestcharacterizesthedistributionofwealthandincomeintheUnitedStates? A) Wealthismoreunequallydistributedthanincome. B) Incomeismoreunequallydistributedthanwealth. C) Wealthandincomeareeachdistributedinroughlythesamepattern. D) Thedistributionofwealthisbecomingslightlymoreequal,whilethedistributionof incomeisbecomingslightlymoreunequal. E) Thedistributionofincomeisbecomingslightlymoreequal,whilethedistributionof wealthcontinuestogrowmoreunequal. Answer: A
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21) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutwealthintheUnitedStatesisFALSE? A) Thetoponepercentofthewealth-holderscurrentlypossessaboutthreepercentofall Americanwealth. B) Thewealthoftherichestonepercentexceedsthewealthofthebottom90percent. C) Therearenowovertwomillionmillionairesintheworld,mostintheUnitedStates. D) Between1979and1995,thepoorestone-fifthofthepopulationsawtheirrealincomes increase,whiletherichestone-fifthofthepopulationsawtheirrealincomesdecrease. E) noneoftheabove Answer: D
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22) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthedistributionofwealthinAmericaisTRUE? A) Manyofthepoorareslowlygainingground,relativelyspeaking,tohigher -income groups. B) Allgroupsareincreasingtheirwealth,withthepoorincreasingataslightlylowerrate. C) Manyofthepoorarelosinggroundtothehigher-incomegroupsinabsoluteterms. D) Allgroupsareincreasingtheirwealth,withthepoorincreasingataslightlyhigherrate. E) Themiddleclass(themiddlequintileofthepopulation)isincreasingitsshareofthe nationalincome,whilethetopandbottomquintilesarelosingtheirshareofnational income. Answer: C
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26) Tocountthepoor,theUnitedStatesBureauoftheCensushasestablishedthe________which takesintoaccountwhatafamilywouldneedtospendtomaintainanausterestandardof living. A) cultureofpoverty B) urbanunderclass C) povertyline D) relativedeprivationindex E) PovertyIndex Answer: C
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39) TheoverallincidenceoftaxesinAmericaisproportional,because A) federal,state,andlocaltaxesalltendtobeproportional. B) generallyregressivefederaltaxesarecounterbalancedbymoreprogressivestateand localtaxes. C) generallyregressivestateandlocaltaxesarecounterbalancedbyprogressivefederal taxes. D) relativedeprivationservesasacounterbalanceateachlevel. E) federaltaxesareproportional. Answer: C
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57) Medicaidprovides A) hospitalcarefortheretiredanddisabledpeoplecoveredbySocialSecurity. B) medicalinsurancetothoseover65anddisabled. C) medicalandhospitalaidtothepooronthebasisofneedthroughfederallyassistedstate healthprograms. D) cashpaymentstoaged,blind,ordisabledpeoplewhoseincomeisbelowacertain amount. E) hospitalcareforpeoplecoveredbySocialSecurity. Answer: C
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63) TheSocialSecurityActof1935 A) broughtgovernmentintotheequationoftheobligationsofonegenerationtoanother. B) substantiallyfreedadultsfromtheobligationofcaringforboththeirchildrenand parents. C) providedforfreemedicalcareforallcitizensovertheageof65untilitwasrepealedby theRepublicancongressof1953. D) freedAmericancitizensfromtheobligationofsupportingthepoor. E) substantiallyfreedchildrenandadultsfrompayingtheirparentsmedicalexpenses. Answer: A
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68) CharlesMurraysevaluationoftheGreatSocietyprogramsconcludedthey A) helpedtocurbthespreadofpovertyandmadethesituationmuchbetterformillionsof thenationspoor. B) helpedtocurbthespreadofpoverty,butdidnotmakethesituationanybetterforthe nationspoor. C) helpedtocurbthespreadofpoverty,butactuallymadethesituationworseforthe nationspoor. D) didnotcurbthespreadofpoverty,andactuallyincreasedthenumberofthenations poor. E) didnotcurbthespreadofpoverty,butstrengthenedthefamilyasasocialinstitution. Answer: D
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69) CharlesMurraysstudyoftheprogramsoftheGreatSocietyconcludedallofthefollowing EXCEPT A) akeyproblemallalongwasinadequatefundingtoseetheanti -povertyprograms through. B) publicpoliciesdiscouragedthepoorfromsolvingtheirownproblems. C) theprogramsactuallymadeitprofitabletobepoorandvictimized. D) manyoftheprogramsnotonlyfailedtohaltthespreadofpoverty,theyactuallymade mattersworse. E) manyoftheprogramsactuallyincreasepovertyintheU.S. Answer: A
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70) AmajorstudybyCharlesMurrayarguesthat A) althoughtheGreatSocietydidnoteliminatepoverty,itdidreducethenumberofpoor. B) notonlydidthesocialprogramsoftheGreatSocietyfailtocurbtheadvanceofpoverty, theyactuallymadethesituationworse. C) macroeconomiccycleswereresponsibleformuchofthemovementintoandoutof povertyduringthepost-1965period. D) althoughtheGreatSocietywasabletoreducepovertyinAmerica,ithadnoeffecton racialdiscrimination. E) thereisanewpovertyinAmericathatislargelytheresultofdeindustrialization, foreigncompetition,theexploitationofpart-timeworkersandstagnationofthe minimumwage. Answer: B
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76) Comparedtootherindustrializedcountries,theUnitedStates________inprovidingasafety netforallitscitizensandinliftingagreaterpercentageofthepoorabovethepovertylinewith variousprograms. A) doesmuchbetter B) doessomewhatbetter C) doesaboutthesame D) doesworse E) doessomethingsimilar Answer: D
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77) TheUnitedStatesdiffersfromotherindustrialcountriesinregardtosocialwelfareinallofthe followingwaysEXCEPT A) theUnitedStatesdoesnothaveacomprehensivefamilyleavepolicy. B) Americanstendtoseepovertyandsocialwelfareneedsasindividualratherthan governmentconcerns. C) Europeanstendtoseegovernmentinamorepositivelight,whileAmericanstendto distrustgovernmentaction. D) onlytheScandinaviancountriesspendasmallerproportionoftheirgrossnational productsonsocialwelfarepoliciesthandoestheUnitedStates. E) theuniversalprovisionofdaycaretotoddlers,paidforbythegovernment. Answer: D
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True/FalseQuestions
1) EvenPresidentReagan,themostconservativeofrecentpresidents,favoredasafetynetof socialprograms. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) The________arevictimsofthingstheyarenotresponsiblefor:thelossofthebreadwinner, disabilities,orpooreconomicopportunities. Answer: deservingpoor
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EssayQuestions
1) DescribehowAmericansindividualisticattitudesarereflectedinthepoliticsandpoliciesof socialwelfare.Whohaswoninsocialwelfarepolicyoverthepastseveraldecades? Answer: examplesthroughoutthechapter
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2) Why,accordingtothetext,haveprogramstohelpthepooralwaysbeencontroversial?
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5) HowareincomeandwealthdistributedintheUnitedStates?Whatarethecharacteristicsof thepoor,andhowispovertydefined?
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6) DescribethegeneraldistributionofwealthinAmericansociety.Whatroledoesgovernment playindeterminingthisdistribution?
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24) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheAmericanAssociationofRetiredPersonsis FALSE? A) Itisthelargestvoluntaryassociationintheworld. B) ItcanclaimtorepresentoneAmericanineight. C) Itswidespreadrespectandauthorityareduetothefactthatithasavoidedinvolvement inpoliticalactivity. D) Itspeakswithauthorityonallquestionsassociatedwiththeelderly. E) Itsmembershiphasbeengrowingdramatically. Answer: C
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31) OregonstartedrationinghealthcareprovidedunderMedicaidby A) decidingnottopayforsomecostlytreatmentsinordertoprovidemedicalcaretomore people. B) movingtowardgreaterhigh-techbreakthroughsinmedicine. C) givingeveryoneacertainnumberofhealthcarecredits,whichtheycanspendannually astheyseefit. D) requiringMedicaidrecipientstostopbearingchildreninordertoreceivefreehealth coveragefortheirpresentfamilies. E) distributingMedicarepatientstoagreaternumberofphysicians. Answer: A
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33) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency? A) Itisthenationslargestregulatoryagency. B) Itisinchargeofadministeringpoliciesdealingwithtoxicwastessuchasdangerous chemicals. C) ItenforcestheCleanAirAct,theWaterPollutionControlAct,andmanyother environmentalbills. D) Itwasestablishedinthe1910s. E) TheheadoftheEPAisacabinetmember. Answer: D
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35) TheCleanAirActof1970 A) bannedcigaretteadvertisementsontelevision. B) empoweredtheDepartmentofInteriorwithenforcingtoughanti -pollutionlawson industriesnearnationalforestsornationalparks. C) empoweredtheDepartmentofTransportationtoauthorizemandatoryreductionsin automobileemissions. D) neverpassedCongressduetoeconomicconcernsaboutitseffect. E) bannedcigarettesmokinginpublicbuildings. Answer: C
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41) Perhapsthemostconsistentlysuccessfulenvironmentalcampaignsinthepost -warerahave beenthoseaimedat A) airpollution. B) wildernesspreservation. C) waterpollution. D) energyconservation. E) toxicwastecleanup. Answer: B
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42) TheEndangeredSpeciesActof1973,asoriginallypassed,requiredthatthegovernment A) choosewhichspeciesweresignificantenoughtoprotectfromextinction,whileothers wouldbeallowedtodieoff. B) merelyacknowledgethatsomespecieswerelikelytogoextinct. C) activelyprotecteachofthehundredsofspecieslistedasendangered,regardlessofthe economiceffectonthesurroundingregion. D) activelyprotecteachofthehundredsofspecieslistedasendangeredunlessthat protectionwouldcausesevereeconomicharmtothelocalregion. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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44) WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutSuperfund? A) Taxesonchemicalproductsareusedtopayforit. B) Ithassuccessfullylocatedandisolatedthecountrystoxicwastedumpsitesandhas completelycleanedmorethanhalfofthosesites. C) ItwascreatedbyCongressinparttorespondtotheLoveCanaldisasterinNewYork state. D) Itscostsrepresentthefastestgrowingsegmentofthenationsenvironmentalbudget. E) ItisadministeredbytheEPA. Answer: B
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46) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheSuperfundisFALSE? A) Thelawcanforcepolluterstocleanuppollutionthatoccurredevenbeforethelawwas passed. B) Itspurposeistopayforcleaninguptoxicwaste. C) Itwascreatedbytaxingchemicalproducts. D) Ithasbeenhighlysuccessful. E) Asinglepollutercanbeforcedtopayforcleanupofasitethatwasalsopollutedby manyothers. Answer: D
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55) Globalwarmingrefersto A) theexpectationthattheEarthsatmosphereisbecomingwarmerduetothedecreasing sizeoficemassesinAntarctica. B) theexpectationthattheworldwillshareacommonweatherpatternbytheyear2010. C) theexpectationthattheEarthsatmosphereisbecomingwarmerduetohighlevelsof carbonmonoxideproduction. D) thespreadofnuclearpowerthroughouttheworld. E) themeltingofthepolaricecaps. Answer: C
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True/FalseQuestions
1) NearlyhalfofthechildrenofWal-MartemployeesareuninsuredoronMedicaid. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) WhataresomeofthemaincausesfortheincreasesinhealthcarecostsintheUnitedStates? Answer: anincreasingfocusonhigh-techmedicine,withnewtechnologies,drugsand proceduresaddressingpreviouslyuntreatableconditions,healthcareprovidershaving noincentivetolowercostbycompeting;doctorsarefacingrisinginsurancecostsand practicingmoredefensivemedicine;patientsnotfacingthefullconsequencesofhealth costsasinsurancecompaniesandgovernmentpickupmostofthecosts.
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EssayQuestions
1) DescribethehealthcaresystemintheUnitedStates.Howdotheinfantmortalityrate,life expectancy,accesstohealthcare,andhealthcarecostsintheUnitedStatescomparewithother westernindustrializedcountries?
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2) ExplainhowhealthcareisdistributedintheUnitedStates.Whichgroupshavethemostaccess andwhichhavetheleastaccesstoqualityhealthcareandwhy?
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3) HowdoesthehealthcaresystemintheUnitedStatesdifferfromthehealthcaresystemsof otherindustrializednations?
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6) ComparethehealthcarereformsproposedbyBillClintonandGeorgeW.Bush.How successfulweretheyingettingtheirproposalsadopted?Why?
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7) Discussthekeyissuesthatwillbeimportantinhealthcarepolicyoverthenextdecadeorso. Howdoyouthinktheyshouldberesolved,andwhy?
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9) ExplaintheroleofinterestgroupsinshapingenvironmentalpolicyintheUnitedStates.
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Chapter20 NationalSecurityPolicymaking
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthethreeultimatetoolsofforeignpolicy? A) military B) judicial C) economic D) diplomatic Answer: B
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9) OntheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil,________countrieshavepermanentseats. A) no B) 2 C) 5 D) 15 E) 9 Answer: C
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15) PermanentmembersoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilhave A) vetopoweroveranySecurityCouncildecisions,includinganyefforttodeployUN peacekeepingtroops. B) twovoteseachontheSecurityCouncil,makingthemmoreimportantthan non-permanentmembers. C) nomoreornolesscloutontheSecurityCouncilthanthenon-permanentmembers,just guaranteedmembership. D) novotingpowerontheSecurityCouncil,butareguaranteedtherighttolisteninor speakatanymeeting. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A
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16) AftertheIraqiinvasionofKuwait,theUnitedNations A) sidedwithIraq,butmanycountriesrefusedtogoalong. B) authorizedanembargoontheshipmentofgoodsintoandoutofIraq,thenauthorized theuseofforceagainstIraq. C) authorizedanembargoontheshipmentofgoodsintoandoutofIraq,butwouldnot authorizetheuseofmilitaryforce. D) remainedaneutralgroundfordiplomacy,sidingneitherwithnoragainstIraqsactions, butcallingforapeacefulresolution. E) sidedwithIraq. Answer: B
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37) TheIran-Contraaffaireruptedin1986whenitcametolightthatmembersofthe________ wereinvolvedinasecretoperationsellingarmstoIraninreturnforIranianhelpinreturning AmericanhostagesheldinLebanon,andusingmoneyfromthearmssaletofundrebelsin Nicaragua. A) JointChiefsofStaff B) NationalSecurityCouncilstaff C) DepartmentofDefense D) StateDepartment E) CentralIntelligenceAgency Answer: B
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42) WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheCentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA)isFALSE? A) TheCIAwascreatedafterWorldWarIItocoordinateAmericaninformationand intelligenceactivitiesabroad. B) ThebulkofthematerialgatheredandanalyzedbytheCIAcomesfromreadilyavailable sources. C) TheCIAhasneverbeeninvolvedindomesticaffairs. D) CongressrequirestheCIAtoinformrelevantCongressionalcommitteesofcurrentand anticipatedcovertoperations. E) ItwasinvolvedintheoverthrowoftheIraniangovernment. Answer: C
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45) AstudybyRichardBettsshowedthattheadvicegiventothepresidentbytheJointChiefsof Stafftendsto A) besplit,withtheArmyandMarineCorpsfavoringaggressivepoliciesandtheNavy favoringpeacefulpolicies. B) favoraggressivesolutionstocrises. C) benomoreaggressivethanadvicegivenbycivilianadvisors. D) beignoredbythepresidentwholistensmainlytothenationalsecurityadvisor. E) favortheuseofnuclearweapons. Answer: C
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46) WhatcausedapublicuproarinvolvingtheNationalSecurityAgencyin2005? A) revelationsthattheNSAhadtorturedprisonersatGuantanamo,Cuba B) revelationsthattheNSAwasmonitoringthecommunicationsofAmericancitizens withoutobtainingwarrants C) aleakedmemothatlinkedtheeventsofSeptember11,2001withtheDemocratic NationalCommittee D) ascathingreportcondemningtheGeorgeW.Bushadministrationforbuildingacasefor thewarinIraqonaquicksandfoundation E) theresignationofDonaldRumsfeldunderacloudofsuspicionforhisroleina Columbian-baseddrugsmugglingoperation Answer: B
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58) Thecontainmentdoctrinewas A) intendedtopreventSovietexpansionafterWorldWarII. B) thepolicyofnucleararmsagreementstolimitthespreadofnuclearweapons. C) theSovietpolicyofbuildingtheIronCurtainandBerlinWalltoholdAmericaninfluence toWesternEuropeafterWorldWarII. D) firstproposedasamilitarymaneuverduringtheKoreanWarasameanstoprevent Chineseadvances. E) thepolicyofcooperationandrelaxationoftensionswiththeSovietUnion. Answer: A
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B) detente
C) peacefulcoexistence D) brinkmanship E) laissezfaire Answer: D
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C) detente.
D) isolationism. E) theDeepFreeze. Answer: B
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D) detente.
E) WorldWarI. Answer: C
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63) McCarthyism A) wasananti-warmovementduringtheKoreanWar. B) wastheclandestinenameofthecommunistmovementintheUnitedStates. C) claimedthatcommunismwasinfiltratingAmericangovernmentandcultural institutions. D) wasthenameofthepolicythatcalledfortheUnitedStatestoisolatetheSovietUnion. E) wasthepolicyofusingUnitedStatestaxdollarstorebuildGermanyandJapanafter WorldWarII. Answer: C
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65) Thegrowthofthemilitarybudgetduringthe1950sunderPresidentEisenhowerledhimto remarkattheendofhissecondtermthat A) althoughtheSovietswerenotawareofityet,theUnitedStateshadwontheColdWar. B) atomicbombsshouldbedroppedontheSovietUnion. C) themilitary-industrialcomplexthathaddevelopedbetweenprivatedefensecontractors andthePentagonwasworrisome. D) duetotheSovietlaunchingoftheSputniksatellite,peacefulcoexistencebetweenthe superpowerswasover. E) noneoftheabove Answer: C
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67) President________wasresponsibleforinitiatingtheuseofUnitedStatesgroundtroopsin Vietnam(eventuallyover500,000),andthemassivebombingofNorthVietnam,buthisfailure towinthewarafterfouryearsandthemountinganti-warprotestsbackhomeledhimto decidenottoseekreelection. A) HarryTruman B) FranklinRoosevelt C) RichardNixon D) LyndonJohnson E) JohnF.Kennedy Answer: D
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A) detente.
B) containment. C) theStrategicDefenseInitiative. D) glasnost. E) NewThinking. Answer: A
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71) Detenterefersto
A) irrevocabledifferencesbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion. B) thethreatofnuclearwar. C) theforeignpolicyoftheReaganadministration. D) ashifttowardcooperationamongworldpowers. E) Francespolicyofmaintaininganucleararsenalandforeignpolicyindependentofthe NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization. Answer: D
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72) Indetente,
A) nuclearrearmamentwasemphasized. B) diplomacyandpropagandareplacedthethreatofforce. C) unilateralarmsreductionswerecommon. D) internationalrelationsshiftedfromamultipolartoabipolarworld. E) internationalrelationsshiftedfromabipolartoamultipolarworld. Answer: B
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73) Aproductofdetentewasthe
A) endoftheKoreanWar. B) startoftheStrategicArmsLimitationTalks. C) 1979Israeli-Egyptianpeacetreaty. D) creationoftheUnitedNations. E) alloftheabove Answer: B
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C) apolicyofdetente.
D) McCarthyism. E) thetwonationsfirstefforttocoordinatethedevelopmentofanaturalresource. Answer: C
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75) ThelargestincreaseinpeacetimedefensespendingoccurredunderPresident________,who arguedthattheSovietshadusedarmscontrolagreementstogallopaheadoftheUnitedStates inmilitaryspending. A) GeraldFord B) JimmyCarter C) RichardNixon D) RonaldReagan E) HarryTruman Answer: D
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76) PresidentRonaldReaganproposedamassivenewspendingprogramcalledthe________to createaglobalumbrellainspace,whereincomputerswouldscantheskiesandusevarious high-techdevicestodestroyinvadingmissiles. A) brinkmanship B) SuperpatriotMissileShield C) StrategicDefenseInitiative D) Anti-BallisticMissileSystem E) EarlyWarningSystem Answer: C
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A) detente.
B) anticommunism. C) armsreductiontalks. D) nucleardisarmament. E) internationalfreetradeagreements. Answer: B
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80) Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouteventsinthelate1980sandearly1990smarkingthe endoftheColdWarisFALSE? A) TheBerlinWall,separatingEastandWestGermany,wastorndown. B) EasternEuropeannationsoverthrewtheircommunistregimesandestablishedfree, democraticgovernments. C) TheformerSovietUnionsplitinto15separatenations. D) MassprotestsinTiananmenSquareledtosweepingdemocraticreformsinChina. E) ThecollapseofcommunismwassparkedbythepoliciesofSovietcommunistleader MikhailGorbachev. Answer: D
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81) Oneofthefewspotswhereviolenceandbrutalgovernmentforcecrushedapro-democracy reformmovementin1989andallowedthecommunistgovernmenttoendurewasin TiananmenSquarein A) Warsaw. B) Beijing. C) Prague. D) Quito. E) HoChiMinhCity. Answer: B
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B) detente.
C) mutualassureddestruction. D) terrorism. E) psychologicalwarfare. Answer: D
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C) detente.
D) preemptivestrikes. E) diplomacy. Answer: D
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85) TheUnitesStatesoriginallypursuedadecapitationstrategyforconfrontingal -Qaida.What didthisstrategyproposetodo? A) attacktherootcausesofterrorism,namelypoverty B) reduceAmericasculturalinfluenceontheMuslimworld C) eliminateasmallnumberofal-Qaidaleaders D) executepubliclyallal-Qaidamembersbywayoftheguillotine E) spreaddemocracytotheMiddleEast Answer: C
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88) Thephrasegunsandbutterrefersto A) politicianswhopromisemoneyforbothmilitaryanddomesticspendingprograms. B) thegeneraleconomicimprovementaccompanyingthenationsinvolvementinamajor war,thoughatahighhumancost. C) whatmanyscholarsclaimisthetrade-offanationfacesbetweendefensespendingand socialspending. D) theeconomicimpactoncitiesandtownswithmilitarybasesorlargedefenseindustries. E) theeconomicimpactofforeigncountrieswithlargedefenseindustries. Answer: C
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89) Ingeneral,Americanconservativesarguethatthebreakupofthecommunistregimesin EasternEuropeandthedemiseoftheSovietUnionwereprincipallydueto A) theseriousdefectsoftheSovieteconomytheinertia,thewastefulness,andthe corruptioninherentinthesystem. B) MikhailGorbachevsunexpectedandunyieldingcommitmenttoglasnostandperestroika. C) Americasdefensebuild-upduringthe1980swhichtheSovietUnioncouldnotmatch andeventuallytoppledit. D) brillianteffortsoverseveralyearsbyvariousagenciesandrepresentativesoftheUnited Nations. E) politicalrevolutionintheSovietUnion. Answer: C
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90) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdefensespendingisFALSE? A) Evidenceindicatesthatasdefensespendingincreases,domesticspendingdecreases. B) Pressurestocutdefensespendingandallocatefundstodecreasethebudgetdeficitare strong. C) Conservativesfightdeepcutsindefensespendinginordertomaintainreadinessata highlevel. D) LiberalsmaintainthatthePentagonwastesmoneyandthattheUnitedStatesbuystoo manygunsandtoolittlebutter. E) Defensespendingnowcompriseshalfofthefederalbudget. Answer: A
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D) PresidentReagansconsistentpolicyofdetente.
E) thethawoftheColdWar. Answer: D
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98) TheIntermediate-rangeNuclearForces(INF)treatyisasignificanteventinarmscontrol because A) itisthefirsttreatytoreducecurrentlevelsofnuclearweapons. B) theUnitedStatesagreedtoscrapitsSDIproposal. C) iteliminatednuclearweaponsinEurope. D) itprohibitedthedevelopmentofantiballisticmissiles. E) itwasillegallyabrogatedbytheSovietUnionandleadtotheReaganarmsbuildupof theearly1980s. Answer: A
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104) TheprimarymeanstheUnitedStateshasusedtokeeproguenationsfromacquiringnuclear weaponshasbeenby A) successfulmonitoringoftheinternationalarmsmarket. B) dramaticallyincreasingforeignaidtoroguenations. C) infiltratingtheintelligencecommunitiesoftheroguenations. D) encouragingnationstoagreethattheywouldnotacquire,oratleasttest,nuclear weapons. E) bothAandD Answer: D
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116) WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthebalanceoftradeisFALSE? A) Whenacountryexportsmorethanitimports,ithasabalanceoftradedeficit. B) Theexcessofimportsoverexportsdecreasesthedollarsbuyingpoweragainstforeign currencies. C) Sincethelate1980s,theUnitedStateshasexperiencedanexportboomthathasgivenus abalanceoftradesurpluswithWesternEurope. D) Apoorbalanceoftradeexacerbatesunemployment. E) AdeclineinthedollarmakesAmericanproductscheaperabroadandincreasesexports. Answer: A
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117) WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutAmericasforeignaidprograms? A) Nearlyallofthemoneyspentgoestohelpmodernizeagricultureandindustryinpoorer nations,ordirectlyprovidesfoodtothehungry. B) TheUnitedStatesspendsagreaterpercentageofitsgrossnationalproductonforeign aidthananyotherdevelopednation. C) Amongthedevelopedcountriesoftheworld,theUnitedStatesdonatesthesmallest actualamountofforeignaid. D) ForeignaidhasalwaysbeenahighlypopularexpenditurewithAmericans. E) Asubstantialpercentageofforeignaidismilitaryassistance. Answer: E
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Instrumentsofforeignpolicyaredifferentfromthoseofdomesticpolicy. Answer: TRUE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) TheUnitedNationshas________membernations Answer: 191
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3) ExplaintheorganizationandfunctionoftheUnitedNations. Answer: TheUnitedNationswascreatedin1945,withmemberspledgedtorenouncewarand respectcertainhumanandeconomicfreedoms.Itiscomposedof191membernations, eachhavingonevote.TheSecurityCouncilistheseatofpower;fiveofits15members (theUnitedStates,GreatBritain,China,FranceandRussia)arepermanentmembers; theothersarechosenfromsessiontosessionbytheGeneralAssembly.Eachpermanent memberhasavetooverSecurityCouncildecisions,includinganydecisionsthatwould committheUNtoamilitarypeacekeepingoperation.TheSecretariatistheexecutive armoftheUNanddirectstheadministrationoftheUNprograms.Composedof8,900 internationalcivilservants,itisheadedbythesecretarygeneral.
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13) Whatwasthepolicyofdetente,andhowdiditdifferfromthepolicyofcontainment?
Answer: ContainmentwasaforeignpolicystrategyadvocatedbyGeorgeKennanthatcalledfor theUnitedStatestoisolatetheSovietUnion,containitsadvances,andresistits encroachmentsbypeacefulmeans,ifpossible,butbyforceifnecessary.D_tentewasa slowtransformationfromconflictthinkingtocooperativethinkinginforeignpolicy strategyandpolicymaking.Itsoughtarelaxationoftensionsbetweenthesuperpowers, coupledwithfirmguaranteesofmutualsecurity.
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Answer: detente
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EssayQuestions
1) Compareandcontrastthemajorissuesinforeignpolicyduringthecoldwarera,andthe UnitedStatespoliciesfordealingwiththemajorissuesandstrategiesofthepost -coldwar era.Whatkeydifferencesmustbeacknowledgedindevelopingcontemporaryforeignpolicy?
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2) HowisAmericanforeignpolicymade,andwhomakesit?
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8) DescribetheU.S.foreignpolicyinIraqandAfghanistan.Howarethesepoliciessimilarand differenttopreviousU.S.foreignpolicies?
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9) WhatisthestructureofnationaldefenseinAmericaintermsofbudgets,people,and equipment?
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Chapter21 TheNewFaceofStateandLocalGovernment
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) Sincethe1960sthestateshavebecome A) moreirrelevanttogovernanceinmodernsociety. B) revitalizedintheirinstitutions,personnelandgovernancerole. C) moredependentonthefederalgovernment. D) lesspowerfulintheirpolicymakingcapacity. E) morehomogeneousinhowtheygovern. Answer: B
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7) Moststatesallowforamendingtheirconstitutions,andthisisusuallyaccomplishedthrough A) asimplemajorityvoteofthelegislaturefollowedbythegovernorssignature. B) atwo-thirdsvoteofthelegislaturefollowedbythegovernorssignature. C) atwo-thirdsvoteofthelegislaturefollowedbyasimplemajorityvoteofstatevotersin thenextelection. D) atwo-thirdsvoteofthelegislaturefollowedbyratificationbythree-fourthsofthe counties. E) asimplemajorityvoteofthelegislationfollowedbyasimplemajorityvoteofthestate votersinthenextelection. Answer: C
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21) Dividedgovernmentexistswhen A) themajorpartiesdonotcontrolbothchambersofthestatelegislatureandamajorityof stateelectedofficials. B) asinglepartydoesnotcontrolbothchambersofthestatelegislature. C) asinglepartydoesnotcontrolbothchambersofthestatelegislatureandamajorityof stateelectedoffices. D) asinglepartydoesnotcontrolbothchambersofthestatelegislatureandthegovernors office. E) whentheRepublicansandtheDemocratsholdanequalnumberofcongressionalseats. Answer: A
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25) WhichoftheseisINCORRECT? A) TheNebraskalegislatureonlyhasonehouse. B) Althoughitisthesecondlargeststate,theTexaslegislatureisonlyscheduledtomeet everyotheryear. C) Allstatesnowlimitthetermsoftheirlegislators. D) Moststatelegislatureshavebecomemuchmoreprofessionalizedoverthepastthirty years. E) Manystatelegislatorsarepart-timerswhohaveothercareers. Answer: C
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B) 14
C) 21
D) 28
E) 33
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50) Thejudicialsysteminmoststatesissetup A) asthelowestlevelofthefederalcourtsystem,withthestateshavinglittlesayover structureoroperations. B) inahaphazardfashion,withtrialcourtsandappellatecourtsdifferingcountybycounty, municipalitybymunicipality. C) withoutanappellatelevel;anyappealsofstatetrialcourtdecisionsgodirectlytothe UnitedStatesSupremeCourt. D) asahierarchicalsystemunderstatecontrol,similarinitsorganizationtothefederal courtsystem. E) asameritsystem. Answer: D
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57) The________isasystemofappointingjudgesbasedonmerit,withthegovernorgivenalistof qualifiedpersonsfromthestatebaroracommitteeofjuristsandotherofficialsfromwhomto makeaselection,andtheappointmentsubjecttothestatesvotersdecidingonretainingthe judge. A) judicialreview B) judicialrestraint C) MeritPlan D) sunsetlaw E) MissouriPlan Answer: C
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B) ten
C) twenty
D) fifteen
E) five
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76) Inthe________government,usedinonlyafewcities,voterselectapanelofofficialswho servebothaslegislatorsandasexecutivesofafunctionalareaofcitygovernment,suchas publicsafety. A) strongmayor,mayor-council B) weakmayor,mayor-council C) council-manager D) commissioner E) mayor-manager Answer: D
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89) Whichofthefollowingisthemostwidelyexpressedcriticismofpayingforpublicschools primarilythroughthelocalpropertytaxes? A) Itmakeslocalcontroloverschoolsmoredifficult. B) Itmeansthatwealthierschooldistrictscanprovidemoreeducationalmoneythanpoorer districts. C) Theelderlyandthosewithoutchildrenareforcedtopayforpubliceducation. D) Propertyvaluesriseandfallsomuchthatlocalschoolboardshavenoideahowmuch moneytheywillhavetospend. E) Higherpropertytaxesdiscouragelocaldevelopment. Answer: B
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97) Particularlyinruralareas,________governmentistheadministrativearmofmoststate governments,keepingrecordsofbirths,deaths,andmarriages,conductingasystemofjustice andlawenforcement,maintainingroadsandbridges,andprovidingotherservices. A) regional B) county C) municipal D) township E) commission Answer: B
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True/FalseQuestions
1) Between1898and1998,approximately80percentofinitiativeproposalsforconstitutional amendmentswereapprovedbystatevoters. Answer: FALSE
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ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Themostcommonmethodusedbystatestoamendtheirconstitutionsisthroughthe ________. Answer: legislativeproposal
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23) Whatarethefunctionsofspecialdistricts?Giveanexample.
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EssayQuestions
1) DescribethediversityofstateandlocalgovernmentsintheUnitedStates,withrespectto governmentstructure,spendingandtaxingpolicies,andrepresentation.Doesthisdiversity makestateandlocalgovernmentintheUnitedStatesmoredemocratic?Whyorwhynot?
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2) Evaluatetowhatextentstateandlocalgovernmentsaredemocratic.
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4) Whataretheprimarycharacteristicsofstateconstitutions?Howaretheydifferentandsimilar totheUnitedStatesConstitution?
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6) Explaininwhatwayshavelegislativeandgubernatorialelectionsbecomesimilarto congressionalandpresidentialelections?Whataretheconsequencesofthesechanges?
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7) Describepatternsofpartisancompetition,legislativeturnover,andtheadoptionoftermlimits inthestates.Howarethesedevelopmentsassociatedwithdividedgovernment?
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8) Describewhatismeantbyprofessionalismofstatelegislatures,andthetrendsin professionalismonthepastseveraldecades.Whataretheconsequencesofthesechanges?
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10) Discusshowthestatecourtsystemissimilarto,anddifferentfrom,thefederalcourtsystem.
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14) Discussthefactorsthatlimitthenatureoflocalgovernment.
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