6.

1 Table of Hole Diameter Data

sample
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Carbon-fiber composite material

x
2
3
4
5
Ri
-30
50
10 30
8
80
20
0
50
30
0
110
60 20
-50
10
20 30 20
6
80
-10 -10 30
50
8
70
20
20
-40 50 20 10 12
90
0
0
40
20
4
80
40
0
0
20
-10 -2
40
20
70
-30 30
0
12 100
10
0
0
20
10
2
40
20
10
20
30 10 50 24
40
40
0
20
0
20 16
40
30
20
30 10 40 26
30
30
-30
0
10 10
4
60
30
-10 50
-30
6
80
10
10
-10 50 40
0
18
60
0
0
30
0
4
40
10
20
20
30 30 -20 16
50
10
-20 50 30 10 16
70
50
-10 40 20
0
20
60
50
0
0
30 10 18
50
21 127
xi and Ri
8
0
10. 63.
x and R
9
5
1

(a) set up x and R charts on the process. Is the process in statistical control?
From the problem, it is known that n =5, therefore we use Appendix table VI that
D3=0 and D4=2.114.
LC = R =63.5
LCL = R D3 = 63.5 (0) = 0

UCL = R D4 = 63.5 (2.114) =134.239

For x chart, it is used A2= 0.577, therefore
UCL = x +A2 R = 10.9 + 0.577 (63.5) = 47.5395
LC = x =10.9
LCL = x -A2 R = 10.9 - 0.577 (63.5) = -25.7395
R Char t of C1 ; ...; C5
140

UCL=134.3

120

Sample Range

100
80
_
R=63.5

60
40
20
0

LCL=0
1

11
Sample

13

15

17

19

6.1.1 R chart
Xbar Chart of C1 ; ...; C5
50

UCL=47.53

40

Sample Mean

30
20

_
_
X=10.9

10
0
-10
-20

LCL=-25.73

-30
1

11
Sample

13

15

17

19

6.1.2 x chart
From the x chart and R chart, there arent no indication of out-of-control condition.
Since they both exhibit control, we would conclude that the process in in control.
(b) Estimate the process standard deviation using the range method

R
63.5
=
=
= 27.367
d2
2.326

(c) if specification are at nominal 100, what can you say about the capability of this
process? Calculate the PCR Cp.

x in ten-thousandths of an inch = 10.9 x 10,000 = 109000 inch

USL and LSL= 109,100 and 108,900 or we can say 10.91 and 10.89 (in tenthousandths of inch).
The process capability:

Cp

10.91 10.89
10.91 10.89(10,000)
USL LSL
=
=
= 1.218
6(27.367 )
6(27.367)
6

1
x 100% = 0.821 x 100% 82%.
P = C x100% =
1.218
p
The process uses up about 82% of the specification band.

6.7
numb
er of
sampl
e
1
2
3

x1
2.
5

x2
0.
5

x3

x6

-1

1
1.
5

1.
5

-1

1
1.
5

0.
5

-2

-1

1.
5

0.
5

0
6
1
1

8
0
9
-2
0.
5

11

-1

0
0.
5

0
0.
5

-1
1.
5
1.
5

-1
0.
5

-1

0.
5
1.
5

1.
5

1.
5

1.
5

-1

0
1.
5

0
0.
5

0
1.
5
1.
5

10

x5

2
0.
5

x4

3.
5

1.
5

-2

12

2
0.
5

x7
0.
5

x8
1.
5

-1

x9
0.
5
1.
5

-1
1.
5
0.
5

-1

xi

x10

si

-1.5

0.5

1.333333

-1

0.45

0.926463

-1

-0.1

1.125463

0
0.
5

-2

-1.5

-0.6

1.173788

0.471405

-1

-2

0.971825

0.05

0.895979

-1

0.
5

-0.5

-0.15

0.818196

0.
5

0.2

1.183216

0.5

-0.15

1.528434

0.
5

-1
0.
5

-1

0.3

1.206464

1.
5

0.
5

-1

1.154701

-1

-1

0.
5

0.
5

0.
5

-1
1.
5

13
14
15

-1
0.
5
1.
5

0.
5

-2

-1

0.
5
1.
5

-1

1.
5

-1

-1

-0.55

0.68516

1.
5

1.5

-0.15

1.248332

-2

-1.5

0.15

1.270389

-0.05

15.99315

-0.00333

1.06621

x and s

(a) Set up x and s control charts on this process. Does the process exhibit

statistical control? If necessary, construct revised control limits.

The parameters for s chart can be written as:
UCL = B4 s = 1.716 x 1.06621= 1.829616
Center line = s = 1.06621
LCL = B3 s = 0.284 x 1.06621 = 0.302804
The parameters for x chart can be written as:
UCL = x +

3s

= 0.00333 +

c4 n

3(1.06621)

= 1.036551

0.9727 10

Center line = x = -0.00333

LCL = x

3s
c4 n

= 0.00333

3(1.06621)
0.9727 10

= -1.04322

S Char t of 1 ; ...; 1 0
2.0
UCL=1.830

Sample St Dev

1.5

_
S=1.066

1.0

0.5
LCL=0.302
1

8
9
Sample

10

11

12

13

14

15

6.7.1. s chart
Xbar Char t of 1 ; ...; 1 0
UCL=1.040

1.0

Sample Mean

0.5
_
_
X=-0.003

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

LCL=-1.047
1

8
9
Sample

10

11

12 13

14

15

6.7.2 x chart

The process exhibit statistical control.

(b) Set up an R chart, and compare with the s chart in part (a)
number of
sample
1
2
3

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

x6

x7

x8

x9

2.
5

0.
5

-1

0.
5

1.
5

1
1.
5

-1

2
0.
5

-1

1.
5

-1

1
1.
5

0.
5
1.
5

-1

0.
5

-2

-1

1.
5

0.
5

-1
1.
5
0.
5

0
0.
5

0
0.
5

-1
1.
5
1.
5
3.
5

-1
0.
5

-1

0.
5
1.
5

1.
5

1.
5
0

1.
5
-1

0
1.

0
1.

5
0
6
1
7

8
0
9
10

-2
0.

x10
-1.5

R
4

-1

2.5

-1

0
0.
5

-2

-1.5

3.5

1.5

-1

-2

2.5

-1

0.
5

-0.5

0.
5
-1

1
-1

0
1

1
0.5

3.5
5

11

1.
5

0
0.
5
0.
5

12
0
-1

-2
0.
5

0.
5

13
14
15

2
0.
5

0
-1
0.
5
1.
5

-1
1.
5

5
1.
5

0.
5

1.
5

0.
5

-2

-1

0.
5
1.
5

-1

0.
5

-1

3.5

0
1.
5

0.
5

-1

-1

-1

1.
5

1.5

3.5

-2

-1.5

3.5

48

R
R

3.2

n =10, therefore we use Appendix table VI that D3=0.223 and D4=1.777. R =3.2
LCL = R D3 = 3.2 (0.223) = 0.7136
UCL = R D4 = 3.2 (1.777) = 5.6864
R Char t of 1 ; ...; 1 0
6

UCL=5.686

Sample Range

5
4
_
R=3.2

3
2
1

LCL=0.714

0
1

8
9
Sample

10

11

12

13

14

15

6.7.3 R chart
6.13
sampl
e
numb
er
1
2
3
4

x1

x2

x3

x4

x5

83
88.6
85.7
80.8

81.2
78.3
75.8
74.4

78.7
78.8
84.3
82.5

75.7
71
75.2
74.1

77
84.2
81
75.7

79.1
80.2
80.4
77.5

7.3
17.6
10.5
8.4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

83.4
75.3
74.5
79.2
80.5
75.7
80
80.6
82.7
79.2
85.5
78.8
82.1
84.5
79
84.5

78.4
79.9
78
84.4
86.2
75.2
81.5
81.8
81.3
74.9
82.1
79.6
78.2
76.9
77.8
73.1

82.6
87.3
80.8
81.5
76.2
71.1
78.4
79.3
79.1
78.6
82.8
80.2
75.5
83.5
81.2
78.6

78.2
89.7
73.4
86
64.1
82.1
73.8
73.8
82
77.7
73.4
79.1
78.2
81.2
84.4
78.7

78.9
81.8
79.7
74.5
80.2
74.3
78.1
81.7
79.5
75.3
71.7
80.8
82.1
79.2
81.6
80.6

and

x and R

80.3
82.8
77.3
81.1
77.4
75.7
78.4
79.4
80.9
77.1
79.1
79.7
79.2
81.1
80.8
79.1
1586.
7
79.3

5.2
14.4
7.4
11.5
22.1
11
7.7
8
3.6
4.3
13.8
2
6.6
7.6
6.6
11.4
187.0
9.4

(a) Establish x and R control charts for compressive strength using these data. Is
the process in statistical control?
For R chart (use D3 = 0 and D4= 2.114 from Apendix table VI because n=5):
UCL = R D4 = 9.4 (2.114) =19.8716
Center line = R = 9.4
LCL = R D3 = 9.4 (0) = 0
For x chart (use A2 =0.577 from Apendix table VI because n=5):
UCL = x +A2 R = 79.3+ 0.577 (9.4) = 84.7568
Center line = x =79.3
LCL = x -A2 R = 79.3 - 0.577 (9.4) = 73.9092
Using minitab we can see the the R Chart and x chart as below:

R Char t of C1 ; ...; C5
25
1

Sample Range

20

UCL=19.77

15
_
R=9.35

10

LCL=0
1

11
Sample

13

15

17

19

6.13.1 R Chart for 20 subgroups

Xbar Char t of C1 ; ...; C5
85.0

UCL=84.97

Sample Mean

82.5

_
_
X=79.33

80.0

77.5

75.0
LCL=73.69
1

11
Sa mple

13

15

17

19

6.13.2 x Chart for 20 subgroups

From the R Chart shown above, there is an out-of-control condition observed.
The value which is out-of-control from UCL is R= 22.1 whereas UCL is 19.8716.
however, the x chart exhibit control.
(b) After establishing the control charts in part (a), 15 new subgroups were
collected and the compressive strength are shown in table 6E.8. Plot the x and
R values against the control units from part (a) and draw conclusions.
sampl
e
numb
er
1
2
3
4
5

x1
83
88.6
85.7
80.8
83.4

x2
81.2
78.3
75.8
74.4
78.4

x3
78.7
78.8
84.3
82.5
82.6

x4
75.7
71
75.2
74.1
78.2

x5
77
84.2
81
75.7
78.9

xbar
79.12
80.18
80.4
77.5
80.3

R
7.3
17.6
10.5
8.4
5.2

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

75.3
74.5
79.2
80.5
75.7
80
80.6
82.7
79.2
85.5
78.8
82.1
84.5
79
84.5
68.9
69.8
78.5
76.9
93.6
65.5
78.1
74.9
78.1
78.7
85
86.4
78.5
68.8
83

79.9
78
84.4
86.2
75.2
81.5
81.8
81.3
74.9
82.1
79.6
78.2
76.9
77.8
73.1
81.5
68.6
85.2
86.1
81.6
86.8
65.7
72.6
77.1
85.4
60.2
79.2
99
62
83.7

87.3
80.8
81.5
76.2
71.1
78.4
79.3
79.1
78.6
82.8
80.2
75.5
83.5
81.2
78.6
78.2
80.4
78.4
86.9
87.8
72.4
83.7
81.6
67
77.7
68.5
79.8
78.3
82
73.1

89.7
73.4
86
64.1
82.1
73.8
73.8
82
77.7
73.4
79.1
78.2
81.2
84.4
78.7
80.8
84.3
80.3
94.4
79.6
82.6
93.7
87.2
75.7
90.7
71.1
86
71.4
77.5
82.2

81.8
79.7
74.5
80.2
74.3
78.1
81.7
79.5
75.3
71.7
80.8
82.1
79.2
81.6
80.6
81.5
83.9
81.7
83.9
71
71.4
93.4
72.7
76.8
76.7
82.4
75.4
81.8
76.1
95.3

and

x and R

82.8
77.28
81.12
77.44
75.68
78.36
79.44
80.92
77.14
79.1
79.7
79.22
81.06
80.8
79.1
78.18
77.4
80.82
85.64
82.72
75.74
82.92
77.8
74.94
81.84
73.44
81.36
81.8
73.28
83.46

14.4
7.4
11.5
22.1
11
7.7
8
3.6
4.3
13.8
2
6.6
7.6
6.6
11.4
12.6
15.7
6.8
17.5
22.6
21.3
28
14.6
11.1
14
24.8
11
27.6
20
22.2

2778
79.371
43

456.8
13.051
43

For R chart (use D3 = 0 and D4= 2.114 from Apendix table VI because n=5):
UCL = R D4 = 13.05143 (2.114) = 27.60
Center line = R = 13.05143
LCL = R D3 = 13.05143 (0) = 0
For x chart (use A2 =0.577 from Apendix table VI because n=5):

UCL = x +A2 R = 79.37143 + 0.577 (13.05143) = 86.90

Center line = x =79.37143
LCL = x -A2 R = 79.37143 - 0.577 (13.05143) = 71.84
Using minitab we can see the the R Chart and x chart as below:
R Char t of 1 ; ...; 5
30

UCL=27.60

Sample Range

25
20
15

_
R=13.05

10
5
0

LCL=0
1

10

13

16
19
Sample

22

25

28

31

34

6.13.3 R Chart for 35 subgroups

Xbar Char t of 1 ; ...; 5

88
UCL=86.90

86

Sample Mean

84
82
_
_
X=79.37

80
78
76
74
72

LCL=71.84

70
1

10

13

16
19
Sample

22

25

28

31

34

6.13.4 x Chart for 35 subgroups

Conclusions:

6.19 Control charts for x and R are maintained for an important quality
characteristic. The sample size is n= 7; x and R are computed for each sample.
After 35 samples, we have found that:
35

xi =7805 and
i =1

35

R
i =1

=1200

(a) Set up x and R charts using these data

Control limits for the R Chart (since n=7, the value of D3 is 0.076 and D4 is
1.924 ):
UCL = D4 R = 1.924 x 34.286 =65.966
35

Center line = R =

R
i =1

35

1200
= 34.286
35

LCL = D3 R = 0.076 x 34.286 =2.605

Control limits for the x Chart (since n=7, the value of A2=0.419 and x is

7805
=
35

223):
UCL = x +A2 R = 223 + 0.419 (34.286) =237.3658
Center line = x =223
LCL = x -A2 R = 223 - 0.419 (34.286) = 208.6342
(b) Assuming that both charts exhibit control, estimate the process mean and
standard deviation
The process mean = x = 223

R 34.286
The estimator of is =
=
= 12.679
d2

2.704

(c) If the quality characteristic is normally distributed and if the spesifications are
220 35, can the process meet the specifications? Estimate the fraction
nonconforming.
USL = 220 +35 = 255 and LSL = 220-35=185
P= P{x<185} + P{x>255}

 185 223
255 223
+1-

12.679
12.679

= (-2.996) +1 (2.5237)
= 0.001368 + 1 - 0.994194 = 0.007174
It is about 0.7174 percent [7174 parts per millon(ppm)] of the products
produced will be aoutside of the specifications.
(d) Assuming the variance to remain constant, state where the process mean
should be located to minimize the fraction nonconforming. What would be the
value of fraction nonconforming under these conditions?
6.25 Suppose that the following the construction of the x and R control charts in
exercise 6.23, the process engineers decided to change the subgroup size to n =
2. Table 6E.11 contains 10 new subgroups of tickness data. Plot this data on the
control charts from exercise 6.23 (a) based on the new subgroup size. Is the
process in statistical control?
subgrou
p
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

x1
459
443
457
469
443
444
445
446
444
432
445
456
459
441
460
453
451
422
444
450

x2
449
440
444
463
457
456
449
455
452
463
452
457
445
465
453
444
460
431
446
450

x3
435
442
449
453
445
456
450
449
457
463
453
436
441
438
457
451
450
437
448
454

x4
450
442
444
438
454
457
445
452
440
443
438
457
447
450
438
435
457
429
467
454

and

x and R

x bar
448.25
441.75
448.5
455.75
449.75
453.25
447.25
450.5
448.25
450.25
447
451.5
448
448.5
452
445.75
454.5
429.75
451.25
452
8973.7
5
448.68

R
24
3
13
31
14
13
5
9
17
31
15
21
18
27
22
18
10
15
23
4
333
16.65

75
From exercise 6.23, we know that
n

old

=4 , Rold = 16.65

and from Appendix Table VI we have

d2 (old) =2.059 d2 (new)= 1.128,
therefore, the new control limits on the x chart are found :

d 2 new
Rold = 448.69 + 1.88(0.548)16.65= 465.84
d 2 old

UCL = x + A2

d 2 new
Rold = 448.69 - 1.88(0.548)16.65= 431.54
d 2 old

LCL = x A2

For the R chart, the new parameters are :

d 2 (new)
Rold = 3.267 (0.548)16.65 = 29.808
d 2 (old )

UCL = D4

d 2 (new)
Rold = 9.1242
d 2 (old )

CL = Rnew =

d 2 (new)
Rold }= 0
d 2 (old )

LCL = max {0, D3

From here, we can make the chart to se whether the process in statistical
control or not.
6.31.Specifications on a cigar lighter detent are 0.3220 and 0.3200 in. Samples of size
5 are taken every 45 min with the results shown in Table 6E.13 (measured as
deviations from 0.3210 in 0.0001 in).
(a) Set up an R chart and examine the process for statistical control.
sample
numbe
r
1
2
3

x1

x2
1
9
0

x3
9
4
9

x4
6
3
0

x5
9
0
3

x bar
6
3
2

6.2
3.8
2.8

R
8
9
9

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

1
-3
-7
-3
0
2
0
-3
-16
-6
-3
-1

1
0
2
-1
-2
0
2
-2
2
-3
-5
-1

0
-1
0
-1
-3
-1
-1
-1
0
0
5
-1

2
0
0
0
-3
-3
-1
-1
-4
0
0
-2
i

1
-4
2
-2
-2
-1
2
2
-1
-8
5
-1

and

x and R

1
-1.6
-0.6
-1.4
-2
-0.6
0.4
-1
-3.8
-3.4
0.4
-1.2

2
4
9
3
3
5
3
5
18
8
10
1

-1
0.0666
7

97
6.4666
67

Control limits for the R Chart (since n=5, the value of D3 is 0 and D4 is 2.114 ):
UCL = D4 R = 2.114 x 6.47 =13.67
15

Center line = R =

i =1

= 6.47

15
LCL = D3 R = 0 x 6.47 = 0
R Char t of C1 ; ...; C5
20
1

15
Sample Range

UCL=13.67
10
_
R=6.47
5

LCL=0
1

8
9
Sample

10

11

12

13

14

15

From the picture, there is a sample that is out of control (sample 12). Then, we
can eliminate the extrim data and recalculate the parameter.

(c) What parameters would you recommend for an R chart for on-line control?
The parameters recommended in this case are:
UCL = D4 R new= 2.114 x5.643 =11.929
15

Center line = R new=

R
i =1

R12

= 5.643

14

LCL = D3 R new= 0 x5.643 = 0

The chart is given below:
R Char t of C1 ; ...; C5
12

UCL=11.93

Sample Range

10
8
_
R=5.64

6
4
2
0

LCL=0
1

7
8
Sample

10

11

12

13

14

The R chart above indicate that theres no out-of-control sample. Therefore,

since the R chart exhibit control, we would conclude that the parameters we
would reccomend are UCL = 11.929, Center line = 5.643 and LCL = 0
(d) Estimate the standard deviation of the process.

R 5.643
=
= 2.426
d 2 2.326

(e) What is the process capability?

Cp=

0.322 0.320
USL LSL
=
= 1.374
6(2.426)(0.0001)
6

P=

1
1
x100% =
x100% = 72.78%
Cp
1.374

6.37 Thirty samples each of size 7 have been collected to establish control over a
30

process. The following data were collected:

xi = 2700 and
i =1

30

R
i =1

= 120

(a) calculate trial control limits for the two charts

Trial control limit for x chart:
UCL = x +A2 R = 90 +0.419(4)=91.676
CL = x =

2700
=90
30

LCL = x -A2 R = 90 - 0.419(4)=88.324

Trial control limit for R chart:
UCL = D4 R = 1.92 4(4)=7.696
CL= R =

120
=4
30

LCL = = D3 R =0.076(4) = 0.304

(b) On the assumption that the R chart is in control, estimate the process
standard deviation.

R
4
=
=
= 1.479
d 2 2.704
(c) Suppose an s chart were desired. What would be the appropriate control limits
and center line?
Suppose that is given above
UCL = B6 =1.806 (1.479)= 2.671
CL = = 1.479
LCL =B5 = 0.113 (1.479)= 0.167
6.43. x and R charts with n=4 and the control parameters below both exhibit control.

x Chart

R Chart

UCL = 815
UCL=46.98
Center Line = 800
Center Line=20.59
LCL= 785
LCL=0
What is the probability that a shift in the process mean to 790 will be detected in
the first sample following the shift?
First, calculate the probability of not detecting this shift that is:

= P{ LCL x UCL = 1 = 0 + k }
Since x N(,

2 /n), then :

) (

= Lk n Lk n

We suppose that L=3 (the usual three-sigma limits), k=(1-0)/ with can be
estimated by =

R 20.59
=
=10 k=(790-800)/10= -1
d 2 2.059

then we have:

) (

= 3 (1) 4 3 (1) 4

= (5)- (-1)
= 1- 0.158655 = 0.841344
Last, the probability that such a shift will be detected in the first subsequent is
1-= 1- 0.841344 = 0.158655
6.49 The following x and s charts based on n=4 have shown statistical control:

x Chart
S Chart
UCL = 710
UCL=18.08
Center Line = 700
Center Line=7.979
LCL= 690
LCL=0
(a) Estimate the process parameters and
For , the estimate parameter is x = 700
For , the estimate parameter is =

s
7.979
=
=8.66
c 4 0.9213

(b) If the specifications are at 705 15, and the process output is normally
distributed, estimate the fraction nonconforming.

 USL LSL 720 690

Cp =
=
= 0.577
6(8.66)
6
1
1
100% =1.733x100% =173.3%.
P = 100% =
0.577
Cp

the process uses up

more than 100% of the tolerance band. In this case the process is very yieldsensitive, and a large number of nonconforming units will be produced.
(c) For the x Chart, find the probability of type I error, assuming is constant
(d) Suppose the process mean shifts to 693 and the standard deviation
simultaneously shifts to 12. Find the probability of detecting this shift on the x
Chart on the first subsequent sample.
(e) For the shift of part(d), find the average run length.
6.55. Michelson actually made 100 measurements on the velocity of light in five trials
of 20 observations each. The second set of 20 measurements is shown in table
6E.20.
(a) plot these new measurement on the control charts constructed in exercise
6.56. are these new measurements in statistical control? Give a practical
interpretation of the control charts.
(b) is there evidence that the variability in the measurement has decreased
between trial 1 and trial 2?
6.61.The vane heights for 20 of the castings from Fig. 6.25 are shown in table 6E.23.
Construct the between/within control charts for these process data using a
range chart to monitor the within-castings vane height. Compare these to the
control charts shown in fig.6.27
7.1 The data in table 7E.1 represent the results of inspecting all units of a personal
computer produced for the past ten days. Does the process appear to be in
control?

da
y

units
inspected

non
conformi
ng units

fraction
nonconformi
ng

80

0.05

0.0
6

110

0.064

0.0
6

1- p

stdev

0.94

0.0265
52

0.94

0.0226
43

LCL
0.0196
6
0.0079
3

UCL

0.1396
56
0.1279
3

90

0.056

0.0
6

0.94

0.0250
33

75

0.107

0.0
6

0.94

0.0274
23

130

0.046

0.0
6

0.94

0.0208
29

0.94

0.0216
79

4
5
6
120

0.05

0.0
6

70

0.057

0.0
6

0.94

0.0283
85

125

0.04

0.0
6

0.94

0.0212
41

105

0.076

95
Total :

0.074
Total:

7
8
9
10

0.0
6
0.0
6

0.94
0.94

0.0231
76
0.0243
66

0.0151
0.0222
7
0.0024
9
0.0050
4
0.0251
6
0.0037
2
0.0095
3
0.0131

0.1351
0.1422
68
0.1224
87
0.1250
38
0.1451
55
0.1237
24
0.1295
29
0.1330
97
0.1323

1000 Total: 60
0.62
98
Because UCL and LCL cant be negative, then the value of LCL = 0. From the
calculation above, we can se from the p-chart below that theres no indication of
out-of-control condition, therefore the process appear to be in control.

P Char t of nonconfor mi ng uni t

0.16
0.14

UCL=0.1331

Pr oport ion

0.12
0.10
0.08
_
P=0.06

0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00

LCL=0
1

5
6
Sample

10

Tests performed with unequal sample sizes

7.7. A control chart indicates that the current process fraction nonconforming is 0.02.
If fifty items are inspected each day, what is the probability of defecting a shift in
the fraction nonconforming to 0.04 on the first day after the shift? By the end of
the third day following the shift?
From the problem above it is known that p1 = 0.02 , n=50, p 2 = 0.04

x
P{D=x} = p (1 p )
x

n x

7.13.
(a) set up a control chart for the number nonconforming in samples of n=100
sampl
e
numb
er
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

sampl
e size
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

number
nonconformi
ng
10
15
31
18
24
12
23
15
8
8
Total: 164

sample
fraction of
nonconformin
g
0.1
0.15
0.31
0.18
0.24
0.12
0.23
0.15
0.08
0.08
p = 0.164

The np Control Chart:

p = 0.164, n=100
UCL

= n p + 3 np (1 p ) = 100(0.164) +3 100 x0.164(1 0.164) = 27.508

~28
Center line = n p = 100 x 0.164=16.4
LCL= n p - 3 np (1 p ) = 100(0.164) -3 100 x0.164(1 0.164) = 5.292 ~ 5
(b) For the chart established in part (a), what is the probability of detecting a
shift in the process fraction nonconforming to 0.30 on the first sample
after the shift has occured?
= the magnitude of the process shift = 0.3 0.164 =0.136
L= 3 (if it is assumed that three-sigma limits are used)
n = 100
7.19 A fraction nonconforming control chart has center line 0.01, UCL=0.0399,
LCL=0, and n=100. If three-sigma limits are used, find the smallest sample size
that would yield a positive lower control limit.
The sample size must be n >

n>

(1 p ) L2
p

(1 0.01) (3) 2 = 891

0.01

Thus, if n 892 units, the control chart will have a positive lower control limit.
7.25 A fraction nonconforming control chart is to be established with a center line of
0.01 and two-sigma control limits.
(a) How large should the sample size be if the lower control limit is to be nonzero?
The sample size must be n >

n>

(1 p ) L2
p

(1 0.01) (2) 2 = 396

0.01

Thus, if n 397 units, the control chart will have a positive lower control limit.

(b) how large should the sample size be if we wish the probability of detecting a
shift to 0.04 to be 0.5?

p (1 p )

=L
n

L
n= p (1 p ) =

0.04(0.96) = 1.63 2
0.46

7.31.Consider an np chart with k-sigma control limits. Derive a general formula for
determining the minimum sample size to ensure that the chart has a positive
lower control limit.
Based on the LCL for fraction nonconforming, the minimum sample size to ensure
that the chart has a positive lower control limit can be obtained:
LCL = p - L

n>

p (1 p )
>0
n

(1 p ) L2
p

, therefore the LCL for np chart should be:

LCL = np - L np (1 p ) > 0

n>

(1 p ) L2
p

7.37 Consider the data in Exercise 7.35. Suppose a new inspection unit is defined as
2500 m of wire.
Based on exercise 7.35 we can get the information below:
sampl
e
number of
number of
numb
nonconformit sample
nonconformit
er
ies
number ies
1
1
12
6
2
1
13
9
3
3
14
11
4
7
15
15
5
8
16
8
6
10
17
3
7
5
18
6
8
13
19
7
9
0
20
4
10
19
21
9
11
24
22
20
Total:
Total : 189

22

c=

189
= 8.59
22
C Char t of C1

25

20

Sample Count

UCL=17.38
15

10

_
C=8.59

LCL=0
1

11
13
Sample

15

17

19

21

(a) What are the center line and control limits for a control chart for monitoring
future production based on the total number of nonconformities in the new
inspection unit?
The center line = c = 8.59
UCL = c +3 c = 8.59 +3

8.59 =17.38

LCL = c - 3 c = 8.59 -3 8.59 = - 0.2, because these calculations yield a

negative value for the LCL, then set LCL=0.
(b) What are the center line and control limits for a control chart for average
nonconformities per unit used to monitor future production?
sampl
e
numb
er

number of
nonconformiti
es

sample
size

2500

2500

2500

2500

averag
e
0.000
4
0.000
4
0.001
2
0.002
8

5
6
7

8
10
5

2500
2500
2500

8
9

13
0

2500
2500

10

19

2500

11

24

2500

12

2500

13

2500

14
15

11
15

2500
2500

16

2500

17

2500

18

2500

19

2500

20

2500

21
22

9
20

2500
2500

189

0.003
2
0.004
0.002
0.005
2
0
0.007
6
0.009
6
0.002
4
0.003
6
0.004
4
0.006
0.003
2
0.001
2
0.002
4
0.002
8
0.001
6
0.003
6
0.008
0.075
6

20

u i 0.0756
u =
=
=0.0034, therefore, the parameters for the
i =1
22
22
control chart:
The center line = u =0.0034
UCL =

u +3

LCL =

u -3

u
0.0034
= 0.0034 +3
=0.0069
n
2500
u
0.0034
= 0.0034 -3
0
n
2500

7.43. Find 0.900 and 0.100 probability limits for a c chart when the process average is
equal to sixteen nonconformities.
7.49. A textile mill wishes to establish a control procedure on flaws in towels it
manufactures. Using an inspection unit of 50 units, past inspection data show that
100 previous inspection units had 850 total flaws. What type of control chart is
appropriate? Design the control chart such that it has two-sided probability
control limits of =0.06, approximately. Give the center line and control limits.
The appropriate control chart for this case is control charts for nonconformities
because each product contain more than one nonconformities. We can use the u
Chart
From the problem above, it is known that:
n=50, then the past inspection data shows 100 sample number,
nonconformities= 850, =0.06= 1-0.06 = 0.94

u=

number of

850
=8.5
100

= P{ x < UCL u} P{ x LCL u}

7.55. A production line assembles electric clocks. The average number of
nonconformities per clock is estimated to be 0.75. The quality engineer wishes to
establish a c chart for this operation, using an inspection unit of six clocks. Find
the three-sigma limits for this chart.
It is known that c =0.75
Inspection unit= 6
UCL = c +3 c = 0.75+3

0.75 = 3.348

LCL = c - 3 c = 0.75-3
0.75 =-1.848, because these calculations yield a
negative value for the LCL, then set LCL=0.
7.61.(a) Set up a c chart for the total number of errors. Is the process in control?
day
1
2
3
4
5

record
1

record
2

record
3

record
4

record
5

8
11
1
3
3

7
1
1
2
2

1
11
8
5
13

11
2
2
1
6

17
9
5
4
5

Number of
nonconformit
ies
44
34
17
15
29

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

c=

6
8
4
1
15
1
6
7
2
6
2
11
5
6
2
7
4
4
15
2

3
8
10
6
1
7
7
6
9
14
9
1
5
15
7
5
3
1
2
15

3
2
2
1
3
13
9
3
3
7
4
1
19
5
9
6
8
4
7
3

3
1
6
3
2
5
3
3
8
1
2
3
1
6
2
14
1
20
10
11

1
5
4
2
8
1
1
1
7
8
1
2
3
6
8
10
2
5
17
2

698
=27.92
25

UCL = c +3 c = 27.92 +3
LCL = c - 3 c = 27.92 -3

27.92 = 43.77
27.92 = 12.068

C Char t of C1
1

50
1

UCL=43.77

Sample Count

40

30

_
C=27.92

20

LCL=12.07

10
1

11

13
15
Sample

17

19

21

23

25

16
24
26
13
29
27
26
20
29
36
18
18
33
38
28
42
18
34
51
33
Total : 698

From the c chart above, it is indicate that the process is out of control because
sample 24 is plotted outside the UCL.
(c)Set up a t chart for the total number of errors, assuming a geometric
distribution with a=1. Is the process in control?
(d) discuss the findings from parts (a) and (b). Is the poisson distribution a good
model for the customer error data? Is there evidence of this in the data?
9.1.

A machine is used to fill cans with motor oil additive. A single sample can is
selected every hour and the wight of the can is obtained. Since the filling process
is automated, it has very stable variability, and long experience indicates that
=0.05 oz. The individual observations for 24 hours of operation are shown in
table 9E.1
(a) Assuming that the process target is 8.02 oz, set up tabular cusum for this
process. Design the cusum using the standardized values h=4.77 and k=1/2.
0= 8.02, n= 1, =0.05, h=4.77 , k=1/2

C i+ =max 0, xi ( 0 + K ) + C i+1 , with C 0+ =0

C i =max 0, ( 0 K ) xi + C i1 , with C 0 =0
Calculation (for i=1, for the rest is ilustrated from the table):

C1+ =max 0, x1 ( 0 + K ) + C 0+

= max [ 0, 8 ( 8.02 + 0.5) + 0]

= max [ 0, 0.52]
=0

C1 =max 0, ( 0 K ) x1 + C 0

= max [ 0, ( 8.02 0.5) 8 + 0]

= max [ 0, 0.48]
=0
sample
numbe
r
1

a
x
8

xi8.52

Ci
+

N
+

7.52xi

Ci
-

N
-

-0.52

-0.48

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

8.0
1
8.0
2
8.0
1
8
8.0
1
8.0
6
8.0
7
8.0
1
8.0
4
8.0
2
8.0
1
8.0
5
8.0
4
8.0
3
8.0
5
8.0
6
8.0
4
8.0
5
8.0
6
8.0
4
8.0
2
8.0
3
8.0
5

-0.51

-0.49

-0.5

-0.5

-0.51
-0.52

0
0

0
0

-0.49
-0.48

0
0

0
0

-0.51

-0.49

-0.46

-0.54

-0.45

-0.55

-0.51

-0.49

-0.48

-0.52

-0.5

-0.5

-0.51

-0.49

-0.47

-0.53

-0.48

-0.52

-0.49

-0.51

-0.47

-0.53

-0.46

-0.54

-0.48

-0.52

-0.47

-0.53

-0.46

-0.54

-0.48

-0.52

-0.5

-0.5

-0.49

-0.51

-0.47

-0.53

(b) Does the value of =0.05 seem reasonable for this process?
If =0.05 , then H= 5(0.05) = 0.25 It seems to be reasonable because theres
no out-of-control process.

9.7. Set up a tabular cusum scheme for the flow width data used in example 6.1 (see
Tables 6.1 and 6.2). when the procedure is applied to all 45 samples, does the
cusum react more quickly than the x chart to the shift in the process mean? Use
=0.14 in setting up the cusum, and design the procedure to quickly detect a
shift of about 1.
sampl
e
numb
er
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

wafers
1
1.323
5
1.431
4
1.428
4
1.502
8
1.560
4
1.595
5
1.627
4
1.419
1.388
4
1.403
9
1.415
8
1.582
1
1.285
6
1.495
1
1.358
9
1.574
7
1.368
1.416
3
1.579
6
1.710

2
1.412
8
1.359
2
1.487
1
1.635
2
1.273
5
1.545
1
1.506
4
1.430
3
1.727
7
1.669
7
1.766
7
1.335
5
1.410
6
1.403
6
1.286
3
1.530
1
1.726
9
1.386
4
1.418
5
1.441

3
1.674
4
1.607
5
1.493
2
1.384
1
1.526
5
1.357
4
1.836
6
1.663
7
1.535
5
1.508
9
1.427
8
1.577
7
1.444
7
1.589
3
1.599
6
1.517
1
1.395
7
1.305
7
1.654
1
1.236

4
1.457
3
1.466
6
1.432
4
1.283
1
1.436
3
1.328
1
1.417
7
1.606
7
1.517
6
1.462
7
1.592
8
1.390
8
1.639
8
1.645
8
1.249
7
1.183
9
1.501
4
1.621
1.511
6
1.382

5
1.691
4
1.610
9
1.567
4
1.550
7
1.644
1
1.419
8
1.514
4
1.551
9
1.368
8
1.522
1.418
1
1.755
9
1.192
8
1.496
9
1.547
1
1.866
2
1.444
9
1.557
3
1.724
7
1.760

xbar=
xi
1.511
9
1.495
1
1.481
7
1.471
2
1.488
2
1.449
2
1.580
5
1.534
3
1.507
6
1.513
4
1.524
2
1.528
4
1.394
7
1.526
1
1.408
3
1.534
4
1.487
4
1.457
3
1.577
7
1.506

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

6
1.437
1
1.473
8
1.591
7
1.639
9
1.579
7
1.448
3
1.543
5
1.517
5
1.545
4
1.441
8
1.430
1
1.498
1
1.300
9
1.413
2
1.381
7
1.576
5
1.493
6
1.572
9
1.808
9
1.623
6
1.412
1.737
2
1.597
1
1.429
5

2
1.505
1
1.593
6
1.433
3
1.524
3
1.366
3
1.545
8
1.689
9
1.344
6
1.093
1
1.505
9
1.272
5
1.450
6
1.506
1.460
3
1.313
5
1.701
4
1.437
3
1.673
8
1.551
3
1.539
3
1.793
1
1.566
3
1.739
4
1.653
6

1
1.348
5
1.658
3
1.555
1
1.570
5
1.624
1.453
8
1.583
1.472
3
1.407
2
1.512
4
1.594
5
1.617
4
1.623
1
1.580
8
1.495
3
1.402
6
1.513
9
1.504
8
1.825
1.673
8
1.734
5
1.491
1.683
2
1.913
4

1
1.567
1.497
3
1.529
5
1.556
3
1.373
2
1.430
3
1.335
8
1.665
7
1.503
9
1.462
1.539
7
1.583
7
1.583
1
1.711
1
1.489
4
1.277
3
1.480
8
1.565
1
1.438
9
1.869
8
1.639
1
1.780
9
1.667
7
1.727
2

1.488 1.4691
1.539
1.472
0
1.686
1.559
6
2
1.568
1.553
8
1.688
1.526
7
4
1.620
1.499
6
8
1.418
1.514
7
2
1.666
1.533
1
2
1.526
1.415
4
2
1.626
1.509
3
7
1.525
1.472
2
4
1.496
1.529
2
2
1.645
1.531
4
7
1.731
1.579
3
3
1.459
1.427
6
9
1.454
1.482
1
4
1.529
1.491
3
0
1.747
3 1.6128
1.655
1.656
8
0
1.503
1.642
6
0
1.779
1 1.6716
1.550
1.625
4
2
1.797
1.697
4
0
1.437 1.6321

1.621
7

45

1.791
5

1.822

1.674
4

1.940
4

1.770
0

9.13.Consider the velocity of light data introduced in exercises 6.56 and 6.55. use
only the 20 obseervations in Exercise 6.56 to set up a cusum with target value
734.5. plot all 40 observations from both exercises 6.56 and 6.55 on this cusum.
What
conclusions
can
you
draw?
Cusum with target value 734.5 for 20 observations:
sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

a
x

xi-735

b
Ci+

850
100
0
740
980
900
930
107
0

115

115

265
5
245
165
195

650

-85

930

195

760

25

850

115

810

75

950
100
0

215

980
100
0

245

980

245

960

225

880

145

960

225

380
385
630
795
990
132
5
124
0
143
5
146
0
157
5
165
0
186
5
213
0
237
5
264
0
288
5
311
0
325
5
348
0

335

265

265

N
+
1

-116

Ci
0

N
0

2
3
4
5
6

-266
-6
-246
-166
-196

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

-336

84

0
8
4

9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0

-196

-26

-116

-76

-216

-266

-246

-266

-246

-226

-146

-226

734-xi

Plot of Cusum with target value 734.5 for all observations:

CUS UM Char t of C1
4000

Cumulat iv e Sum

3000

2000

1000
UCL=359
0

0
LCL=-359
1

13

17

21
Sample

25

29

33

37

It indicates that the process is out of control.

9.19.Rework Exercise 9.4 using an EWMA control chart with = 0.1 and L=2.7.
Compare your results to those obtained within the cusum.
Based on the exercise 9.4, the tabular cusum for target value=1050 and =25 is
described below:
sampl
e
numb
er
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

x
xi-1062.5
1045
1055
1037
1064
1095
1008
1050
1087
1125
1146
1139
169
1151
1128

-17.5
-7.5
-25.5
1.5
32.5
-54.5
-12.5
24.5
62.5
83.5
76.5
-893.5
88.5
65.5

Ci+
0
0
0
1.5
34
0
0
24.5
87
170.5
247
0
88.5
154

N
+
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2

1037.5-xi
-7.5
-17.5
0.5
-26.5
-57.5
29.5
-12.5
-49.5
-87.5
-108.5
-101.5
868.5
-113.5
-90.5

Ci0
0
0.5
0
0
29.5
17
0
0
0
0
868.5
755
664.5

N
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
2
3

15
16
17
18
19
20

1238
1125
1163
1188
1146
1167

175.5
62.5
100.5
125.5
83.5
104.5

329.5
392
492.5
618
701.5
806

3
4
5
6
7
8

-200.5
-87.5
-125.5
-150.5
-108.5
-129.5

464
376.5
251
100.5
0
0

4
5
6
7
0
0

The calculations for EWMA control chart with = 0.1 and L=2.7 are summarized
in the table below:
To ilustrate the calculation, consider the first observation is:
UCL= 0 + L

0.1
2
1 (1 0.1) =1056.75
( 2 0.1)

0.1
2
1 (1 0.1) =1043.25
( 2 0.1)

2i
1 (1 ) = 1050 + 2.7(25)
(2 )

Center line = 0 =1050

LCL = 0 L

2i
1 (1 ) =1050 2.7(25)
(2 )

z1 = x1 +(1- )z0 = 0.1(1045)+0.9(1050) = 1049.5

sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

EWMA

1045
1055
1037

1049.5
1050.5
1048.7

1064

1051.4

1095

1054.5

1008
1050

1045.8
1050

1087

1053.7

1125
1146

1057.5
1059.6

sampl
e
numb
er
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

EWMA

1058.
1139
9
169
961.9
1151 1060.1
1057.
1128
8
1068.
1238
8
1057.
1125
5
1163 1061.3
1063.
1188
8
1059.
1146
6
1167 1061.7

EWM A Char t of C1
1100
UCL=1083.4

1080

_
_
X=1066.3

EWMA

1060

LCL=1049.2
1040

1020
1000

11
Sample

13

15

17

19

9.25.Derive the variance of the exponentially weighted moving average zi

S i2 = ( xi z i ) 2 + (1 ) S i21
9.31.An EWMA control chart uses =0.4. How wide will the limit be on the Shewhart
control chart, expressed as a multiple of width of the steady-state EWMA limits?
From the control limit of EWMA control chart for steady-state value, then the wide is:

K = L

=
(2 )

0.4
0.4 1
=
=
(2 0.4)
1.6 2

10.1.Discuss how you would use a cusum in the short production run solution. What
advantages would it have relative to a Shewhart chart, such as a DNOM version of
the x chart?

10.7.Reconsider the data in Exercise 10.4 and 10.6. Suppose the process
measurement are individual data values, not subgroup averages.
sampl
e
numb
er
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
(a) Use observations
control charts.

head
1
xb
ar
53
51
54
55
54
53
51
52
50
51
52
51
54
53
55
54
53
52
51
52

R
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
4
1
2
4
3
1
2
4

2
xb
ar
54
55
52
54
50
51
53
54
52
55
57
55
58
54
52
51
50
49
53
52

R
1
2
5
3
2
1
2
4
3
1
2
1
2
4
3
1
2
1
3
2

3
xb
ar
56
54
53
52
51
54
58
51
52
53
52
54
51
50
54
53
57
52
51
50

CL= 52.988

LCL= x 3

MR
2.158
= 52.988+ x + 3
= 58.727
d2
1.128

MR
2.158
= 52.988- 3
= 47.248
d2
1.128

R chart:
CL=2.158

R
3
4
2
5
1
2
1
2
3
5
1
2
1
2
6
5
1
2
3
2

1-20 in Exercise 10.4 to construct appropriate group of

x chart:

UCL = x + 3

R
2
4
3
1
2
2
5
2
1
3
4
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
3

4
xb
ar
55
54
57
51
53
52
54
55
51
53
55
58
53
54
52
58
53
49
50
52

UCL = D4MR= 3.267x2.158= 7.05

LCL=D3MR = 0 x 2.158 = 0
s

x=

xij

j =1

i =1

20

j =1

i =1

m( s )

MR=

20

j =1

i=2

ij

=52.988

20(4)

MR

ij

= 2.158

(m 1) s
(b) Plot observations 21-30 from Exercise 10.6 on the charts from part (a).
Discuss your findings.
head
sample
number
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

1
x
bar
50
51
53
54
50
51
53
54
52
52

R
3
1
2
4
2
2
1
3
2
1

2
x
bar
54
53
52
54
51
55
50
51
52
53

R
1
2
4
3
1
5
2
4
1
3

3
x
bar
57
54
55
53
52
54
51
54
53
50

R
2
4
3
1
2
5
4
3
2
4

4
x
bar
55
54
57
56
58
54
60
61
62
60

R
5
3
1
2
4
3
1
4
3
1

(c) Using observations 1-20, construct an individual chart using the average of
the readings on all four heads as an individual measurement and an s control
chart using the individual measurements on each head. Discuss how these
charts function relative to the group control chart.
10.13. Specification on a bearing diameter are established at 8.0 0.01 cm. Sample
of size n=8 are used, and a control chart for s shows statistical control, with the
best current estimate of the population standard deviation S=0.001. If the
fraction of nonconforming product that is barely acceptable is 0.135%, find the
three-sigma limits on the modified control chart for this process.

UCL=USL- Z

USL= 8.01 and LSL = 7.99

Z0.00135= 3
n= 8
= 0.001

UCL=8.01- 3

LCL= 7.99+ 3

3
0.001 = 8.008061
8
3
0.001 = 7.991939
8

10.19. Set up a moving center line EWMA control chart for the concentration data in
Exercise 10.16. Compare it to the residuals control chart in Exercise 10.16 part
(c).

=0.1, =0.7055, =3.227. observations 8, 56 and 90 exceed control limits

10.25.
(a) Discuss the use of the moving range method to estimate the process standard
deviation when the data are positively autocorrelated.
(b)Discuss the use of the sample variance s2 with positively autocorrelated data.
Specifically, if the observations at lag i, is s2 still an unbiased estimator for 2?
(c) Does your answer in part (b) imply that s2 would really be a good way (in
practice) to estimate 2 in constructing a control chart for autocorrelated data?
11.1. A product has three quality characteristics. The nominal values of these quality
characteristics and their sample covariance matrix have been determined from
the analyzis of 30 preliminary samples of size n=10 as follows:

3.0
1.40 1.02 1.05

x = 3.5 S= 1.02 1.35 0.98

2.8
1.05 0.98 1.20
The sample means for each quality characteristic for 15 additional samples of size
n=10 are shown in table 11E.1. Is the process in statistical control?
sampl
e
numb
er
1

x1
3.1

x2
3.7

x3
3

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
13
14
15

3.3
2.6
2.8
3
4
3.8
3
2.4
2
3.2

3.9
3
3
3.3
4.6
4.2
3.3
3
2.6
3.9

3.1
2.4
2.5
2.8
3.5
3
2.7
2.2
1.8
3

3.7
4.1
3.8
3.2

4
4.7
4
3.6

3
3.2
2.9
2.8

11.7. rework exercise 11.6, assuming that the subgroup size is n=5
(a) find the phase II control limits assuming that =0.005.
UCL=

p (m + 1)(n 1)
6(30 + 1)(5 1)
F=
(3.294) =21.3
nm m p + 1
5(30) 30 6 + 1

(b) Compare the control limits from part (a) to the chi-square control limit. What is
the magnitude of the difference in the two control limits?
Chi-square control limit = 2 , p = 2 0.005;6, =18.548
(c) how many preliminary samples would have to be taken to ensure that the
exact phase II control limit is within 1% of the chi-square control limit?
11.13. consider all 30 observations on the first two process variables in Table 11.6.
Calculate an estimate of the sample covariance matrix using both estimators S1
and S2 discussed in Section 11.3.2. Are the estimates very different? Discuss
your findings.
11.19. Consider the p=9 process variables in Table 11.5.
(a) perform a PCA on the first 30 observations. Be sure to work with the
standardized variables.
(b) how much variability is explained if only the first r=3 principal components are
retained?

(c) Construct an appropriate set of pairwise plot of the first r=3 principal
component scores.
(d) Now consider the last 10 observations. Obtain the principal component scores
and plot them on the chart in part (c). Does the process seem to be in control?