The Mind and Life Institute

The Mind and Life Institute

2008
4

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2008.6

Mind and Life

The Mind and Life Institute1 Mind and Life
Conference

The Mind and Life Institute

2

1
2

http://www.mindandlife.com/history.
html.
http://www.mindandlife.com/conf.event_section.html CONFERENCES AND
EVENTS Archive of Past Conferences and Events.

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1Mind and Life Conference

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Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the
Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind
1987.10.23-29
1992

1996
Consciousness at the Crossroads:
Conversations with the Dalai Lama on
1989.10.5-6
Brain Science and Buddhism 1999

VS. VS.
2002
Healing Emotions: Conversations With the
Dalai Lama on Mindfulness, Emotions, and
1990.11.5-9
Health 2003

2004
Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying: An
Exploration of Consciousness with the
1992.10.5-9
Dalai Lama 1997

2004
Visions of Compassion: Western Scientists
and Tibetan Buddhists Examine Human
1995.10.2-6
Nature 2002

The New Physics and Cosmology:

Dialogues with the Dalai Lama2004
1997.10.27-31

2007
GEO 1999
1998.6.15-22

2008 263-275

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2008.6

2000.3.20-24

Destructive Emotions: How we can

overcome them? 2003

2003

2001.5.21-22

2002.9.30-10.4

2003.9.13-14

2004.10.18-22

2005.11.8-10

The Dalai Lama at MIT 2006

Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain: How

a New Science Reveals Our Extraordinary
Potential to Transform Ourselves 2007

2008
Investigating the Mind 2005:"The Science
and Clinical Applications of Meditation"
DVD CD

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2007.4.9-13

2007.10.20

2008.4.16

The Universe in a Single

Atom: the Convergence of Science and
Spirituality 2005

2006

Webcast
http://www.mayo.edu/webcasts/ram/externa
llive.wvx

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2Mind and Life Conference

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Francisco J. Varela

Newcomb Greenleaf
Jeremy
HaywardRobert B.
LivingstonEleanor
Rosch
Geshe Thupten Jinpa
B. Alan
Wallace

Robert B. Livingston

Patricia Smith Churchland

Antonio R. DamasioJ.

Allan Hobson
Lewis L. Judd

Larry R. Squire

Daniel Goleman

Daniel Brown
Clifford D. Saron Richard
Davidson Jon
Kabat-Zinn
Francisco J.
Varela

Lee Yearley
Sharon
Salzberg
Francisco J. Varela

Charles Taylor
Joyce McDougall Jayne
Gackenbach Jerome
Engel
Joan Halifax

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2008.6

Arthur Zajonc

David Ritz FinkelsteinGeorge
GreensteinPiet Hut

Tu Weiming
Anton Zeilinger

Anton Zeilinger

Arthur Zajonc

Daniel Goleman

Richard Davidson

Paul Ekman

Owen Flanagan Jeanne

Tsai Mark Greenberg

Francisco J. Varela

Matthieu Ricard

Richard Davidson

Antoine Lutz
Francisco Varela fMRI

Matthieu Ricard EEG/MEG

Jon Kabat-Zinn
Paul Ekman
Michael Merzenich

Arthur Zajonc

Pier Luigi Luisi

Ursula Goodenough

Eric Lander
Steve Chu

Michel Bitbol

Matthieu Ricard

Anne Harrington Evan

Thompson
Ajahn Amaro

Richard Davidson
Nancy Eisenberg

Robert Frank
Anne HarringtonEliot
Sober
Ervin Staub

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Jonathan Cohen
Allan Wallace

Matthieu Ricard
Stephen
M. KosslynDaniel Reisberg
Daniel Gilbert
Daniel Kahneman Dacher
Keltner
Eric Lander

David Meyer
Nancy Kanwisher
Jerome Kagan Marlene
Behrmann
Georges Dreyfus

Richard J. Davidson
Arthur Zajonc

Richard Davidson

Fred H. Gage

Michael J. Meaney
Kazuo Murakami
Helen J. NevilleMatthieu
RicardPhillip R. Shaver
Evan Thompson
Richard J. Davidson
Ajahn Amaro
Jon Kabat-Zinn
Helen S.
Mayberg
Edward D.
MillerRobert M. Sapolsky
Zindel V. Segal
David S. ShepsJohn F. Sheridan
Wolf Singer
Ralph Snyderman Jan Chozen
Bays
Joan Halifax

Father Thomas Keating

Margaret E. Kemeny
Jack Kornfield
Matthieu Ricard
Sharon Salzberg Bennett M.
Shapiro
Esther M. Sternberg
John D. Teasdale
B. Alan Wallace
Richard J. Davidson
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2008.6

John Dunne
Paul Ekman
Martha Farah
George Greenstein
Matthieu Ricard Bennett M.
ShapiroWolf Singer
Evan ThompsonAnton
ZeilingerArthur Zajonc

Geshe Dorje Damdul

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Richard J. Davidson
John Dunne Geshe
Lobsang Tenzin NegiHelen S.
Mayberg
Charles B.
Nemeroff
Robert A. Paul
Charles L. Raison
Zindel V. Segal

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Daniel Goleman

Richard J. Davidson
Brent A. Bauer
Glenn S. Forbes
Linda E. CarlsonRoshi
Joan Halifax
Matthieu RicarJon Kabat-Zinn

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fMRI
EEG
Richard Davidson
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2003 MIT 1200 22

ML12 Davidson

ML13 2500

MBSR Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction MBCT

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
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Mind and Life

4
1.
Richard Davidson 2001

Anne Harrington and Arthur Zajonc (2006: 232-233).

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2008.6

2.
Paul Ekman Margaret Kemeny 2000 5
3.
Stephen Kosslyn 2000
4. Jonathan Cohen 2000
5. ADHD 6
6.MBSR MBCT 7
7.amatha project Alan Wallace 2007 8
2004 Mind and Life Institute
9
Richard Davidson

2004 10

University of WisconsinRichard
5

Cultivating Emotional Balance Project(http://www.mindandlife.org/ceb.program.html).

http://www.sbinstitute.com/UCLA_MAP_Project.html.
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Kabat-Zinn (2005) Zindel V. Segal, J. Mark G. Williams and John D. Teasdale (2002).
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http://www.sbinstitute.com/research_Shamatha.html.
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http://www.mindandlife.com/ml.research.grants.html.
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Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J., (2004) Longterm
meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental Practice, Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(46), 16369-16373.
6

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Davidson Antoine Lutz

W. M. Keck Laboratory for Functional Brain

Imaging and BehaviorWaisman Center
Department of Psychology Laboratory for Affective
Neuroscience

34 64 15 40
10000

Mingyur Rinpoche Mathieu Ricard

19 22

11

1.rtse gcig ting ngesdzin, Focused Attention

2.rig pa cog bzhag, Open Presence

3.
dmigs med snying rje, Non-Referential Compassion

11

Lutz, A., Dunne, J., & Davidson, R. J., (2007)

Meditation and the Neuroscience of Consciousness: An Introduction, in P. D. Zelazo, M.
Moscovitch, and E. Thompson (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, New York
and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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2008.6

EEG
MRI, fMRI, PET, SPET

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1.Neuroplasticity

Davidson

2.Using first-person expertise to

identify the Neural Counterpart of subjective experience

3. Neuroelectric and neuroimaging

correlates of meditation

EEG

30-50mVphase-synchrony
gamma-band oscillations, 40-45Hz

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fMRI
intraparietal sulci
frontal eye
fields
thalamus
insula
lateral occipitalbasal
ganglia

sustained attention
striatumanterior
insula
somato-sensory cortex
anterior cingulate cortex
left-prefontal cortexright interior parietal
deactivation

asymmetry

Davidson
left asymmetry
Mingyur Rinpoche

Happy
Geshe13

purpose, mastery, strong

relationship, and self-acceptance
the subjective
sense that life is satisfying
basic pattern of prefrontal activation
changed

13

2008
The Joy of Living: Unlocking the Secret and Science of Happiness

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2008.6

limbic systememotions circuit

amygdalaafflictive
emotions

cingulate cortex

1.

2.
3.

4.baseline level of happiness

5.

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Contemplative Science

Alan Wallace Contemplative Science

Wallace 2007
1.

meta-awareness14meta-consciousness

2.

intersubjectivity
Thompson 2005, Wallace 2005

3.

Richard Davidson
Matthieu Ricard

4.cognitive science of religion

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(the awareness of the awareness)

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2008.6

Neurophenomenology
1980 Francisco Varela(Mind
and Life Institute )

Varela 1996
Evan Thompson Varela
Thompson

ephiphenomenal

first person

Thompson
2006
metacognition

Dreyfus 1997

Depraz et al. 2003

mental excitationmental laxity

Wallace 1999

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Thompson 2006: 231

Lutz

Lutz
et al. 2004

Thompson

Thompson 2006

Mind and Life

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2008.6

neural correlates

Hard Problem

40
1970 2000 Thompson 2006:
226

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Wallace 2006: 25
Wallace
2006: 37

Thompson 2006:231

eudaimonic
well-being15

Mind and Life

Mind and Life

15

(Wallace 2006: 28)

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2008.6

MBSR, MBCT

bhvana sgom

traits

Lutz et al. 2007: 502

1.
2.3.

1 2 3

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mindfulnessawareness
MBSR
Kabat-Zinn 2005

Thrangu & Johnson 2004

meta-awareness
mindfulness awareness

open presence

MBSR
Lutz et al. 2007: 508-9

Wallace 2006: 36

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2008.6

Anne Harrington and Arthur Zajonc, (2006) The Dalai Lama at MIT, Harvard University
Press.
Dalai Lama, (2005) The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and
Spirituality, New York: Morgan Road.
2006
Davidson, R. J., (2000) Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: brain
mechanisms and plasticity, American Psychologist, 55(11), 1196-1214.
Davidson, R. J. (ed.), (2001) Visions of Compassion: Western Scientists and Tibetan
Buddhists Examine Human Nature, Oxford University Press.
Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli,
Dehaene, S., & Naccache, L., (2001) Towards a cognitive neuroscience of
consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework, Cognition, 79(1-2):
1-37.
Depraz, N., Varela, J.F., & Vermersch, P., (2003) On becoming aware: A pragmatics of
experiencing, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Dreyfus, G., (1997) Recognizing reality: Dharmakirtis philosophy and its Tibetan
Interpretations, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.
Goleman, Daniel, (2003) Healing Emotions: Conversations With the Dalai Lama on
Mindfulness, Emotions, and Health, Shambhala Publications.
2004
Goleman, Daniel, (2003) Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue With the Dalai
Lama. Bantam Books.

2003
Daniel Goleman and Robert Thurman, (eds.), (1991) Mind Science: An East-West
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Dialogue, Boston: Wisdom Publications.

Jeremy W. Hayward and Francisco J. Varela, (eds.), (1992) Gentle Bridges:
Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind, Shambhala
Publications.
1996
Kabat-Zinn, J., (1994) Wherever you go, there you are : mindfulness meditation in
everyday life, New York: Hyperion.
Kabat-Zinn, J., (2005) Coming to Our Senses: Healing Ourselves and the World Through
Mindfulness, New York: Hyperion.
Karma Chagme (Karma-chags-med), (2000) Naked Awareness : Practical Instructions on
the Union of Mahamudra and Dzogchen. with Commentary by Gyatrul Rinpoche
Trsl. B. Alan Wallace. Ithaca, NY : Snow Lion Publications.
Lutz, A., Lachaux, J. P., Martinerie, J., & Varela, F. J., (2002) Guiding the study of brain
dynamics by using first-person data: synchrony patterns correlate with ongoing
conscious states during a simple visual task, Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(3): 1586-1591.
Lutz, A., & Thompson, E. (2003) Neurophenomenology: Integrating Subjective
Experience and Brain Dynamics in the Neuroscience of Consciousness, Journal of
Consciousness Studies, 10(9-10), 31-52.
Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J., (2004)
Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental
Practice, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 101(46), 16369-16373.
Lutz, A., Dunne, J., & Davidson, R. J. (2007), Meditation and the Neuroscience of
Consciousness: An Introduction, in P. D. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch, and E. Thompson
(eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, New York and Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Sharon Begley, (2007) Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain: How a New Science Reveals
Our Extraordinary Potential to Transform Ourselves, Ballantine.

2008
Thompson, Evan, (2005) Empathy and Human Experience, in J. Proctor (ed.), Science,
religion , and the human experience, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
Thompson, Evan, (2006) Neurophenomenology and Contemplative Experience, in The
Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science, ed. Philip Clayton, New York: Oxford
University Press.
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2008.6

Thrangu, & Johnson, C. (2004) Essentials of Mahamudra : looking directly at the mind.
Boston: Wisdom Publication.
Varela, F. J., (1995) Resonant cell assemblies: a new approach to cognitive functions and
neuronal synchrony, Biological Research, 28(1): 81-95.
Varela, F., (1996) Neurophenomenology: a methodological remedy to the hard problem,
Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3: 330-350.
Varela, Francisco J. (ed.), (1997) Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying: An Exploration of
Consciousness with the Dalai Lama, Boston: Wisdom Publications.

2004
Varela, F. J., (1999) The specious present: a neurophenomenology of time Consciousness, in J. Petitot & F. J. Varela & J.-M. Roy & B. Pachoud (Eds.),
Naturalizing Phenomenology, Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press, 266-314.
Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E., (1991) The Embodied Mind, MIT Press.
Varela, F., J. & Thompson, E., (2001) Radical embodiment: neural dynamics and
Consciousness, Trends in Cognitive Science, 5(10): 418-425.
Wallace, B. Alan, (1999) The Buddhist Tradition of Samatha: Methods for refining and
examining consciousness, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(2-3): 175-187.
Wallace, B. Alan, (ed.) (2003) Buddhism and Science: Breaking New Ground, New York
Columbia University Press.
Wallace, B. Alan, (2005) Genuine Happiness: Meditation as the Path to Fulfillment,
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Wallace, B. Alan, (2006) Buddhism and Science, in The Oxford Handbook of Religion
and Science, ed. Philip Clayton, New York: Oxford University Press.
Wallace, B. Alan, (2007) Contemplative Science: Where Buddhism and Neuroscience
Converges, Columbia University Press.
B. Alan Wallace and Brian Hodel, (2008) Embracing Mind: The Common Ground of
Science and Spirituality, Shambhala.
Wangchug DorjeDbang-phyug-rdo-rje. (1989, 1995) The Mahamudra: eliminating the
darkness of ignorance. Dharamsala, India : Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
Zara Houshmand, Robert B. Livingston and B. Alan Wallace, (eds.), (1999)
Consciousness at the Crossroads: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on Brain
Science and Buddhism, Snow Lion Publications.
VS. VS.2002
Zindel V. Segal, J. Mark G. Williams and John D. Teasdale, (2002) Mindfulness-Based
Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse, New
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York: Guilford Press.

MBCT

2007

2008 05 15

2008 5 22

804 70
E-Mailyitkt@faculty.nsysu.edu.tw

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2008.6

Dialogue between Science and Buddhism: the Cases of

Buddhist Meditation and Science
Kin-Tung YIT
Assistant Professor, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Abstract: This paper introduces the series of Mind and Life Conferences
for the discussion of Science and Buddhism in the past twenty years, and
reviews the fruitful results of the dialogue. One of the most significant
results is the interaction between Buddhist meditation and cognitive,
neuroscience and psychology. We examine the implications of some
interesting studies and experiments done by scientists and advanced
Buddhist meditators, and discuss the difficulties they have come across.
On the whole, the encounter between Science and Buddhism organized
by the Mind and Life Institute has offered successful outcomes on the
issues of mind/consciousness, contemplative science, psycho-spiritual
experiences and their effects, as well as many clinical applications, and
the coordination of Science and Buddhist meditation has shown an
exemplar of achievement in the light of the dialogue between Science
and Religion.
Key Terms: Science and Religion, Religious Dialogue, Buddhism,
Meditation, Neuroscience, Mind and Life, Consciousness.

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