By-: Shashank Joshi

OVERVIEW

Transistors Classification of transistors A new field single electronics Principle of single electronics Coulomb blockade Single electron transistors Working of SET Advantages Disadvantages Applications Conclusion

TRANSISTORS
A transistor is a three terminal, semiconductor device which can be used for numerous purposes including signal modulation, amplification, voltage stabilization, and many others applications

Transistors are mostly used as switching devices in

various circuits.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS

BJT

FET

JFET

MOSFET

MOSFET

A new field- Single Electronics

Though the research stated in this field in late 80s,

this field has still ways to go.

This field deals with the devices where we are able to

control the movement and position of a single electron or a small number of electrons.

PRINCIPLES OF SINGLE ELECTRONICS

Orthodox Theory

Kondo effect

COULOMB BLOCKADE
The increase in resistance around zero bias i.e. the obstruction to the path of flow of electron is called coulomb blockade.

CONDITIONS FOR COULOMB BLOCKADE

The bias voltage must be lower than the elementary

charge divided by the self-capacitance of the island: Vbias < e/C The thermal kinetic energy of the electron must be less than the Coulomb repulsion energy i.e. kBT< e2/C The tunneling resistance Rt should be greater than h/e2.

SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR

Single electron transistor is one of the most important

single electron device.

1.Three terminals with an island 2.Island (30-50nm): A low self capacitance region 3.Tuning by a Gate 4.Relies on single electron tunneling through a nanoscale junction

WORKING OF SET
For an electron to hop onto the island, its energy must equal the Coulomb

energy.
When both the gate and bias voltages are zero, electrons do not have

enough energy to enter the island and current does not flow.
As the bias voltage between the source and drain is increased, an electron

can pass through the island when the energy in the system reaches the Coulomb energy.

ADVANTAGE
SETs have very high switching speed as compared to BJTs and

MOSFETS.
SET working as a switching device, with transfer of only one electron,

the device can be switched ON or OFF.

SETs have very low power consumption.

DISADVANTAGES
Very low voltage gain.
Lithography techniques. Room temprature operation. Background charge.

APPLICATIONS
Super-sensitive electrometer.
Programmable single electron transistor logic. Single electron memory. Detection of microwaves. Quantum Computers.

CONCLUSION
At present research is going on for these devices. Though good results have been received still there are formidable hurdles to cross. The future does look for these devices.

THANK YOU