Nrdp

. ,ejpah

Kirheba Murugan Akalili Fatin Jude Annecella Nur Afifah

Indian art and Hindu Philosophy

Indian art symbols and motifs stem from the inner life of the people and express the truths of the Hindi philosophy. Hence in order to comprehend the true meaning and significance of the art work, one should have a fair knowledge of the abstract conceptions of the philosophical doctrines of the Hindus. Ancient Indian art reveals a lot of ancient philosophical and metaphysical tenets of Vedic and Upanishad origin. This is evident from the existence of the Trident symbols on the top of the gateways of Stupahs at Sanchi. Symbols such as the tree of life, Bodhi tree, the wheel, the trident, the lotus throne, the fiery pillar have been used since the Vedic times. Symbolism is just inseparable from Indian art. The images that are depicted in Indian art are thoughts rather than a plain imitation of the person or an object. The symbolic footprints, the tree and the wheel are the natural links of these thoughts that are expressed in the paintings.

Some of the images of the Indian art have physical emblems or signs which are of astrological origin. The images of Buddha, Vishnu, Surya, Shiva and other deities are places along with these astronomical signs and symbols.
The tradition of the decorative art of India from which the craftsmen drew their inspiration had been nurtured by the Hindus for many centuries in the pre Buddhist era. The fundamental and the formal technique employed in the oldest sculptures show the transformation of carvings from wood to ivory to stone.

Philosophy in Indian Art

It is said that philosophy and art go hand in hand. Philosophy gives you inspiration to do art. Art was never dissociated from mainstream philosophy and literature over the years. Modern and post modern philosophical views can be seen in contemporary art. Post modern thinkers like Deleuze and Lyotard said that without philosophy there is no art. Visual art is not something that is achieved without philosophical thought of the artist. Deleuze infact said that fish is a poster and so he is providing visuals to us together with new ways of looking at the picture giving us new philosophies and new thoughts on the subjects. When philosopher Michel Foucault was discussing a painting with surrealist painter Rene Magritte, he talked about the relationship between words and objects, thoughts and visuals and resemblance and similitude. Magaritte says that things do not have resemblances, only thought resemble. It resembles by what one sees, hears, or knows; it becomes what the world offers it.

Foucault agreed but he had one problem which he encountered in a painting. He said painting interposes a problem: there is a thought that can be seen and visually described. Here the most important thing is the thought process. So one would agree that philosophy is important without which a painting is not at all interesting. But only thought process and no skill do not work and that both go hand in hand. Hence, while there is philosophy in art, art in itself is a skill and cannot work solely on the basis of a thought

Permulaan

Kesenian India bermula dari Dinasti Maurya(132 SM) Seperti mana-mana kesenian bangsa lain di dunia ,di peringkat awal kesenian India juga berasaskan kepada keagamaan.

Terdapat dua jenis kesenian iaitu Lukisan dan Seni Arca.

 Motif

utama yang digambarkan ialah mengenai kehidupan manusia ; cerita yang menggambarkan tentang percintaan dan perburuan-menggabung antara imej manusia dengan tumbuhan. dipersembahkan atas kertas dan daun-daun (Abad ke 12-16)

Lukisan

Perkembangan seni lukis India berkembang dengan tertubuhnya sekolah seni lukis Gujerat dan sekolah Buddha di Timur India. Apabila kedatangan Islam dan pengaruh seni Barat pada abad ke-16,terdapat ciri-ciri seni Byzantine dan seni Islam dalam seni lukis India.

Juga terdapat persamaan ciri seni lukis India dengan ciri-ciri seni lukis Persia yang menggabungkan imej manusia dan corak-corak.

Arca seni India pada zaman Gupta adalah lebih bercirikan unsur ketuhanan dan dewi. Arca jenis ini dijumpai pada sekitar tahun 200 SM di India Utara. Sekitar tahun arca Yakshi dan Yaksha yang dijumpai di India utara adalah dipercayai berketurunan fertility god ang goddesses Seperti arca Yakshi yang berunsurkan semangat pokok, juga semakin pupus disebabkan oleh ciri-ciri seks yang mengaib yang terdapat pada bahagian luarannya.

Arca-arca tersebut berubah pada zaman millennium selepas para pengarca pada ketika itu terdiri daripada orang hindu dan buddha. Sebagai contoh arca River Goddess Ganga dihasilkan dimana arca semangat pokok digantikan dengan semangat air. Ianya adalah selepas rupa Yakshi digabungkan dengan simbol binatang Arca seni India yang paling terkenal ialah Shiva Nataraja yang bermula di selatan India sekitar abad ke 12.

 Zaman kegemilangan

seni arca India jatuh pada zaman Guptas. Zaman kegemilangan seni arca India jatuh Seni arca bermula pada zaman Guptas. dengan patung-patung Seni manusia yang berbentukarca bermula dengan patung-patung tersimpan di kuil-kuil berbentuk manusia yang tersimpan di kuiluntuk tujuan keagamaan. kuil untuk tujuan keagamaan. Menggunakan bahan Ada juga menggunakan bahan-bahan dari bahan dari besi dan besi gangsa. dan gangsa. Patung LordLord Siva antara arca seni dalam Patung Siva antara arca seni dalam istimewa telah mendorong ramai pergerakan pergerakan istimewamenghasilkan pelbagai pengarca India telah mendorong ramai bentuk arca. pengarca India menghasilkan pelbagai bentuk arca.

Ciri-ciri Tamadun India

Bermotifkan figura manusia serta ada unsurunsur flora dan fauna. Dibahagikan kepada 4 peringkat iaitu zaman tamadun Harappa, zaman vedik, zaman awal Buddha dan seterusnya zaman india islam. Seni India biasanya mempunyai kaitan dengan agama dan dikatakan mampu menyumbang kepada pembangkitan spiritual, intelektual melalui proses meditasi yang mampu mengawal pemikiran jiwa dan tubuh badan.

Sejarah Seni India

Seni India bermula dari dinasti Maurya pada tahun 132 SM. Berasaskan kepada keagamaan dan pemujaan. Bidang kesenian India seni arca merupakan kesenian tertua di India dan berkait rapat dengan patung-patung keagamaan. Ia diperbuat daripada batu marmar, kerana ia lebih tahan dari tanah liat.

Tamadun Harappa. Tamadun India yang tertua berkdekatan dengan Sungai Ravi di utara India. Selain daripada itu tamadun India juga mempunyai tamadun lain selain tamadun Harappa iaitu Mohenjo daro.

Sejarah zaman-zaman pengaruh india.

Tamadun Harappa terkenal dengan arcanya. Contohnya seperti acuan cap kerajaan Harappa yang berukuran 2 inci diperbuat daripada batu yang diukir. Kemudian corakcorak Harappa yang lain-lain hasilkan melalui tanah liat yang diukir. (ms 23) Selain itu arca yang diperbuat daripada kuprum, berbentuk perempuan juga dibina yang melambangkan tuhan ibu yang dianggap membawa kesuburan. (ms25)

Harappan. Seals,ca.

Zaman Vedik. Pada tahun 1750 harappa didatangi oleh pendatang Nomad dari Iranian. Kaum ini dipanggil kaum Aryan. Era kaum Aryan ini dipanggil zaman vedik. Pada zaman ini munculnya kitab kaum Aryan yang dipanggil kitab veda. Kedudukan kaum Aryan terbahagi mengikut kasta dan peraturan juga digubal bagi menjaga keharmonian dan keamanan. Kaum Aryan percaya kepada hukum karma.

Zaman agama hindu Buddha Pada zaman ini hasil seni tampak yang terkenal ialah arca. Arca hindu Buddha yang terkenal ialah loving couple yang menunjukkan pasangan kekasih yang penuh dengan sifat-sifat yang mempamerkan kasih sayang. (ms30)

Buddhist. Loving couple, Karli, early 2nd century.

Selain itu arca patung Buddha juga diperbuat dalam keadaan duduk dan berdiri. Kedudukan ini bergantung kepada kepercayaan pengganut Buddha iaitu apabila patung itu dalam keadaan berdiri ia memberi makna rehat yang membawa ketenangan. Manakala apabila patung itu dalam keadaan duduk ia membawa kepada meditasi. Posisi tangan Buddha amat penting ia membawa kepada maksud rehat dan ketenangan. (ms31). Selain itu seni bina stupa juga terlihat pada zaman ini. Antara stupa yang terkenal ialah great stupa di sanchi. (ms27)

Hindu Dewa Vishnu

Buddhist(Mathuran) & Great Stupa Sanchi

Zaman Hinduisme Mempunyai hasil seni yang berkaitan dengan dewa-dewa seperti Brahman, Vishnu dan Siva. Mengikut keprcayaan hindu Brahma dianggap pencipta, Vishnu sebagai pemulihara dan siva sebagai pemusnah. Kebiasaannya dewa Vishnu dijadikan sumber inspirasi untuk karya seni kaum hindu dan dipuja ketika upacara sembahyang dan berdoa. (ms36) Dipercayai dewa Vishnu mempunyai isteri bernama Sri Lakhsmi. Kuil hindu banyak dibina hasil dari ilmu seni dan seni bina. Contohnya seperti kuil durga dan Kandariya Mahadeva. (ms41,42)

Hindu Mamallapuram raths & Hindu Kandariya Mahadeva, Khajuraho

Zaman India Islam. Apabila agama islam mula tersebar. Banyak penganut hindu yang telah memeluk islam. Pada masa itu ada perbalahan antara kaum muslim dan pengganut hindu. Oleh itu putera hindu telah mengurangkan kuil-kuil utara india. Oleh sebab ini banyak pengganut hindu yang memeluk islam dan menjadi india muslim. Karya-karya berteraskan islam juga turut dihasilkan. Tetapi masih mempunyai unsurunsur india.

Contoh seni bina pada zaman ini ialah Taj Mahal yang telah dibina oleh Shah Jahan khas untuk isterinya yang tercinta iaitu Muntza Mahal. Taj Mahal ini telah banyak menerapkan unsur seni islam. Di pintu masuk Taj Mahal dihiasi dengan ayat Quran dan corak-corak arabes. Karya seni mungal juga dapat dilihat pada zaman ini. Datuk kepada Shah Jahan ialah orang yang pertama menghasilkan karya seni mungal. Seni mungal lebih kepada 2 dimensi dan tidak menitik beratkan fom yang boleh menjadikan sesuatu karya itu seperti rupa sebenar. Catan manuskrip hindu yang telah terhasil pada zaman ini dipanggil rajput. Ia lebih kepada abstract. Ia bermotifkan kerajaan yang berdikari dan mempunyai peraturan yang mengawal rakyat. (ms46)

Islamic & Taj Mahal (Mughal)

Lukisan

Lukisan Gua Ajanta dianggap lukisan pertama dan terbaik di India dalam abad pertama. Dalam abad kedua,lukisan Saddanta Jataka dianggap paling terkemuka. Beberapa abad kemudian ,tiada catatan yang jelas mengenai seni lukis seni lukis di India sehinggalah pada abad ke lapan di mana terdapat lukisan pada kuil Khailasanatha di Ellora.

CATAN SENI INDIA

Seni catan India tidak mempunyai bukti arkeologi . Penulisan kontemporari menyatakan bahawa catan adalah komponen yang penting dalam menerangkan teks keagamaan seperti penulisan Rigveda. Punca kehilangan ini terjadi apabila artis menggunakan daun pokok palma yang lembab untuk melukis kerana ketas di India hanya wujud pada abad ke 14.

Antara sebab lain adalah apabila kemunculan Islam di India Utara sekitar abad ke 10. Pada zaman ini, kebanyakan hasil kerja Hindu, Budhha dan Jain pupus. Manuskrip Jain menyatakan suatu tanda yang melebihi daripada kebiasaan. Catan tersebut sangat dekotrativ dengan hanya menggunakan warna yang terhad.

Kemajuan perhubungan antara India dan semenanjung tanah Arab telah memberi kesan kepada seni catan India. Kesan tersebut adalah: - mereka menggunakan kertas dan tidak menggunakan daum palma lagi. - perhubungan tersebut juga mempengaruhi pigmen warna yang tidak asli pada kawasan tersebut. - Imej dan teknik juga dibawa masuk dari negara luar.

Manuskrip Parsi dikatakan mempunyai elemenelemen yang lebih baik untuk di perkembangkan dalam seni catan India. Oleh itu, pada abad ke 16, pemerintahan Munghal telah memulakan sekolah untuk seni lukis, di mana astis Hindu boleh bekerjasama untuk menghasilkan hasil seni dengan guru dari parsi. Antara catan zaman ini yang masih ada sehingga kini ialah Gardeners Beating the Giant Zamurrad

Vishvantara Jataka,Gupta Abad-5

Simhala Adavana,Gupta.

Seni Arca

Kegemilangan seni arca bermula pada zaman Gupta. Merupakan kesenian yang tertua di Indiaberkait rapat dengan patung-patung keagamaan. Kebanyakan arca yang dihasilkan merupakan arca yang berbentuk manusia. Arca-arca ini diperbuat dengan menggunakan batu marmar,kerana ia lebih tahan daripada tanah liat. Patung Lord Siva antara patung yang terkenal.

Arca

seni India pada zaman Gupta adalah lebih bercirikan unsur ketuhanan dan dewi.
Arca

jenis ini dijumpai pada sekitar tahun 200 SM di India Utara.

Sekitar tahun arca Yakshi dan Yaksha yang dijumpai di India utara adalah dipercayai berketurunan fertility god ang goddesses Seperti arca Yakshi yang berunsurkan semangat pokok, juga semakin pupus disebabkan oleh ciri-ciri seks yang mengaib yang terdapat pada bahagian luarannya.

Arca-arca tersebut berubah pada zaman millennium selepas para pengarca pada ketika itu terdiri daripada orang hindu dan buddha. Sebagai contoh arca River Goddess Ganga dihasilkan dimana arca semangat pokok digantikan dengan semangat air. Ianya adalah selepas rupa Yakshi digabungkan dengan simbol binatang Arca seni India yang paling terkenal ialah Shiva Nataraja yang bermula di selatan India sekitar abad ke 12.

Kailasanaatha Temple,Elura.

Nimat-nama (Mughal Art)

Naga King & Queen,Gupta.

Shiva Dakshinamurti

Lord Vishnu sleeping on aathisheshan in milk ocean

Seni Rupa

Seni rupa Kerajaan Kushan adalah peninggalan seni rupa yang berkembang selama berkuasanya Kerajaan Kushan di daerah utara India. Seni Rupa dari daerah ini memperlihatkan kekayaan pengaruh luar yang masuk ke India melalui jalan politik dan perdagangan. Kebanyakan karya dari masa ini terinspirasi oleh ajaran Buddha.

Sejarah Seni Kerajaan Kushan

Kerajaan Kushan merupakan hasil penyatuan bangsa-bangsa Indo-Eropa yang salah satu sukunya bernama Kushan, yang kemudian mendominasi suku lainnya dan membentuk persatuan baru dengan Kujula Kadphises sebagai pemimpinnya. Beberapa dari suku ini telah mendapat pengaruh hellenisme sejak penaklukan Alexander Agung sehingga dimaklumi bahawa kebudayaan Kushan sendiri pun kemudian banyak mendapat pengaruh Yunani.

Wilayah kerajaan Kushan meliputi Tajikistan hingga Pakistan dan Afghanistan, kemudian terus ke selatan sampai lembah Sungai Gangga.

Kushan mendapatkan kekuasaannya atas Ghandara seiring ekspansi ke arah selatan. Selanjutnya daerah ini menjadi pusat kesenian India yang terkenal dengan pengaruh gaya seni rupa hellenisme yang realistis.

Perekonomian kerajaan hidup bersandarkan kepada perdagangan sutera dan rempah ke Eropa dan emas dan karya seni ke Tiongkok. Untuk itu, banyak pemimpin Kushan yang menciptakan ruang logamnya sendiri sebagai alat tukar resmi, sehingga perkembangan koin-koin Kushan memberikan catatan sejarah tersendiri, terutama dalam seni rupa.
Walaupun dikenal sebagai bahagianbahagian dari sejarah seni rupa Buddha, sebenarnya Kerajaan Kushan juga memiliki sebahagian kepercayaan lain terhadap pendewaan, iaitu Zoroastrianisme yang merupakan pengaruh Persia.

Terdapat dua aliran besar yang dapat dikenal pasti dari zaman Kushan, yaitu Ghandara dan Mathura . Kedua aliran ini terutama ditelusuri dari karya seni patung. Gaya Gandhara banyak mendapat pengaruh hellenisme. Sementara gaya Mathura, walaupun mendapat pengaruh yang sama hingga akhirnya berkembang menjadi Gaya Gupta, tetapi bermula dari titik tolak seni rupa asli India, yang boleh ditelusuri dalam karya seni rupa Mahenjo-Daro Harappa.

Ciri-ciri Seni Kerajaan.

Tetapi realisme dalam gaya gandhara tidak boleh dijadikan ciri seni rupa Kerajaan Kushan kerana ciri ini berada jauh sebelumnya akibat daripada penguasaan oleh Alexander Agung. Gaya Mathura berkembang dengan pesat, sebagai salah satu pengaruh gaya ibukota dari Kerajaan Kushan.

Karya seni pada ketika ini dipengaruhi oleh kelahiran agama Kristian di Eropah. Buddha di India berubah dari Hinayana menjadi Mahayana yang bersifat luas dan humanistis. Akibatnya mudah sekali menemukan arsitektur tempat ibadah yang menekankan ibadah bersama daripada usaha peribadi menuju nirvana .Sebagai bukti lain, banyak sekali patung dewa-dewi dan dikenalkannya konsep Boddhisattva, individu yang baru mencapai tahap paling akhir sebelum Buddha.

Seni Patung Gandhara Walaupun umumnya patung

bersifat humanis, namun beberapa patung dibuat dengan ukuran raksasa seperti patung Buddha di Bamiyan, Afghanistan yang memiliki tinggi 53 meter. Patung ini kini telah hancur pemerintahan yang diambil pemerintah Taliban, Afghanistan di masa lalu.

Contoh bentuk humanis adalah patung Athena dari Gandhara setinggi 83 cm, menyerupai postur manusia asli.

Gaya Mathura berciri sebaliknya, penuh dengan stilasi dengan ukuran tubuh kecil. Patung-patung ini banyak mewujudkan Yaksha dan Yakshi, roh spriritual dalam ajaran Buddha. Contohnya adalah patungpatung penguasa Kushan, antara lain Jayavarman dan Kanishka. Dekatnya pengaruh seni rupa Kushan, dan kebanyakan seni rupa Buddha lainnya menyebabkan timbul klasifikasi gaya GrekoBuddha dalam perkembangan sejarah seni rupa India

Pengaruh Seni Rupa

Pengaruh seni rupa Kerajaan Kushan, terutama gaya Gandhara, bisa dilihat dari perkembangan pengaruh seni rupa GrekoBuddha, yang pada zaman akhirnya banyak mendapat kontribusi dari Kerajaan Kushan.

Seni rupa Greko-Buddha menyebar ke

selatan India, seperti Kerajaan Shunga hingga Ghupta, Asia Tengah seperti Tarim Basin (Xiangjiang) dan Baktria, Asia Timur seperti Tiongkok dan Jepang.

Pengaruh ini terutama terjadi akibat hubungan dagang dan sejarah penguasaan politik yang terjadi pada zaman Alexander Agung.

Tanjavoor Painting, Ramar Lashmanan Tanjavoor Painting and Vanavar Padai

Shree Ganggatharan Menggambarkan kisah penurunan sungai suci gangga (Dewi Gangga) ke bumi dari syurga atas permintaan yoghi di dunia melalui Dewa Shiva (Unsur pergerakkan)

Tekstil, Seetharama

Tekstil, Trinity (Ilmu, Kekayaan dan Minda yang cerdas)

Dewi Saraswathy (Ilmu),Ganesha (Minda yang cerdas) , Dewi Lashmi (Kekayaan)

Queen,Mughal Art

Tekstil

Rama dan Sita

Yogha Ganapathy

Ukiran Shree Mahalakshmi: Kayu Cendana (unsur statik dan pergerakkan

Nadana Ganapathy : Gangsa (Unsur pergerakkan)

Dulang

2D

3D

Halus

Pencahayaan .

Gambar ini menunjukkan ditengah-tengahnya ialah Dewi yang utama iaitu Shree Mahalakshmi dengan suaminya Vishnu dan dikelilingi oleh Ashtha Lakshmi yang merupakan avatharam atau rupa lain Dewi Lakshmi

(Astha bermaksud 8)

Gambar Shree Lashmi Narayanan

Shree Vishnu Sleeping on Aathisheshaa on milk ocean surrounded by thevargal (Aathisheshaa bermaksud ular berkepala 5 dan thevargal bermaksud penghuni syurga

Kisah percintaan Ramar dan Seethai

Gambaran perkahwinan

Candi (Kaalee)

Hindu: Rajput; Krishna overcoming the Naga Demon (Kalingan)

Abishegham of Shiva by a woman (Moghul) , Menggambarkan kewibawaan seorang wanita menyembah Dewa yang merupakan yogi (Petapa)

Worlds Tallest Murugan Statue Batu Caves,KL yang menggunakan cat berwarna emas dan merupakan contoh arca yang statik dan tiada pergerakkan

Sri Rangam,Shree RanggaNaathar Temple,India (World Largest and Tallest

Deity (Dewi) Holding the Gopuram in dancing posture of Baratha Naatyam)

Gopuram from East side

Artis Seni India Amitava

Working with a variety of mediums such as watercolours, oils, and pastels, Amitava has painted his thoughts yet camouflaging something which makes the spectator want to dig deeper in the canvas. Amitavas earlier works saw gentleness and acquiescence however; his recent paintings depict the violence and apathy of modern times. He has portrayed his thoughts and feelings evoked by his observations of the life around him. The artist feels that his paintings are a way that he gets a chance to express his thoughts. He says The basic concept of my work is life around me. Throughout my life, I have been an urbanite and have reacted to anything that has happened - either political or cultural. But obviously, my paintings are my thoughts and I think through them. Painting to me has become a kind of a language. .

Born in 1947 in Delhi, graduated from the Delhi College of Art. experimented with a few styles of painting and sketching. What is remarkable is the fact that through all his paintings, there is one common striking quality that comes through stress on background and the layers of colours laid on the surface through which the images emerge. Amitava feels that it is through details that he defines his space in the painting. His work is based on situations where man is both the creator and the destroyer. Amitava creates a world that is natural and man made at the same time. It is way he uses different elements to create an environment that intrigues the spectators. With keen observation and sympathetic approach, Amitava highlights the inner struggle of humans. Off late, his work portrays aggression as Amitava feels how man has been isolating himself in this materialistic world

K. Laxma Goud

Goud has a rustic charm of his own. He is versatile and experiments with a lot of different mediums in which he has been successful. Goud has used various mediums such as watercolours, pastels, gouache, glass painting, and even sculpturing in bronze and terracotta. Laxma Goud, using the simple art of sketching also creates wonders. He feels that possibilities are immense once you know the correct use of a particular medium. Looking at Gouds work, one feels that it is highly raw and rustic. Each portrait be it a man or a woman has a strong expression on their face. Also, his work has a strong Indian base that represents Indian ethos. Each character be it a sculpture or a painting has a powerful individual existence and the aspect of male and female sexuality is also highlighted. Gouds strokes are highly casual and rough.

Raja Ravi Varma

Raja Ravi Varma was born on 29th April 1848, in Kilimanoor, a small town of Kerala. He is known for his amazing paintings, which revolve mainly around the great epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana. Raja Ravi Varma is one of the few painters who have managed to accomplish a beautiful unison of the Indian traditions with the techniques of European academic art. He left for the holy abode on 2nd October 1906, leaving behind his legacy of amazing paintings. Raja Ravi Verma's paintings of beautiful sari clad women have also received recognition in the west. As we move on further, we will come across more information related to Raja Ravi Varma's biography and life history: Life Raja Ravi Varma was born to Umamba Thampuratti and Neelakandan Bhattathiripad in the royal palace of Kilimanoor. The inborn talent of the painter started showing at a very tender age. Recognizing the innate aptitude of their child, his parents sent him to study under the patronage of Ayilyam Thirunal Maharaja of Travancore, when he was only 14 years old. He received tutelage, first, from the palace painter Rama Swamy Naidu and then, from Theodor Jenson, a British painter. Raja Ravi Varma got married to Rani Bhageerathi Bayi (Kochu Panki Amma) of Mavelikara Royal House. He spent the later years of his life in Mysore, Baroda and a number of other cities in the country. This exposure helped him in broadening his outlook. At the same time, he was able to expand as well as sharpen his skills and evolve into a mature painter.

Professional Aspects Raja Ravi Varma received systematic training, first in the traditional art of Thanjavoor and then, in the European art. He is credited with providing the critical link between Thanjavoor School and Western academic realism. His paintings can be classified into the following three categories: Portraits Portrait-based Compositions Theatrical Compositions, based on myths and legends It is the third category of paintings for which Raja Ravi Varma is the most renowned. He was continuously traveling through the length and breadth of India, in order to find subjects for his paintings. His love for the South Indian women is depicted through his works. In many of his paintings, he has modeled Hindu Goddesses on the women living in the southern parts of India. The most popular as well as impressive paintings of Raja Ravi Verma include the ones depicting episodes from the story of Dushyanta and Shakuntala and that of Nala and Damayanti.

At times, Raja Ravi Varma is criticized for being too showy in his paintings. His paintings are also condemned for overshadowing traditional Indian art forms, especially the ones depicting Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Raja Ravi Varma's approach is said to lack the dynamism of expression seen in the traditional paintings. Critics have also disapproved of his rejecting the traditional models of representation of deities and reducing them to the level of mortals. Recognition In recognition of the immense contribution of Raja Ravi Varma towards Indian art, the Government of Kerala has instituted an award in his name. Known as the 'Raja Ravi Varma Puraskaram', the award is given to individuals who show considerable promise in the field of art and culture. There is a college in Mavelikara district of Kerala, established in the honor of Raja Ravi Verma. He also received international recognition in 1873, when he won the first prize for his paintings at the Vienna Art Exhibition.

Hasil kerja Raja Ravi Varma

A Family of Beggars A Lady Playing Swarbat Arjuna and Subhadra Damayanti Talking to a Swan Draupadi Dreading to Meet Kichaka Girl in Sage Kanwa's Hermitage (Rishi-Kanya) Jatayu (a bird devotee of Lord Rama is mauled by Rawana)

Lady Giving Alms at the Temple Lady Lost in Thought Lady with Fruit Lord Krishna as Ambassador Lord Rama Conquers Varuna Nair Woman Romancing Couple Shakuntala Shakuntala Composing a Love Letter to King Dushyanta Shantanu and Matsyagandha Swarbat Player The Heartbroken The Orchestra Victory of Indrajit

This gives the canvas a very raw appeal which is quite exuberant in its own way. Gouds work demonstrates the south Indian rural element of the country especially the way the woman is wearing her bindi. Sometimes it feels that Goud is recreating paintings from his childhood as if they are frozen in his mind. Born in 1940 in Nizampur, Andhra Pradesh, K. Laxma Goud completed his diploma in drawing and painting from the Government School of Art and Architecture, Hyderabad, in 1963. He then went on to study Mural Painting and Printmaking at the Faculty of Fine Arts at M.S. University, Baroda, from 1963 to 1965. Today, the artist lives and works on his own in Hyderabad. Recently, Goud has worked on a series of landscapes in vivid colors with the theme of his youth spent in rural Andhra Pradesh. Like most of the artists work, these are generally executed in a miniature format this is probably because the viewer can connect directly with the work.

Haren Vakil

Born in Mumbai in 1940, Haren Vakil is one of the upcoming Indian contemporary artists. The artist has had many solo shows in Canada as well as in India. Haren holds a degree in Architecture as well as a post graduate diploma from the Victoria College of Art, Canada. Haren worked as an architect and urban designer in India and the Netherlands. Harn Vakils work is something that is surrealistic and striking. In fact in one of the interviews he has stated My intent is to produce images which evoke wonder, surprise and amusement. His art work takes you into a world that is full of fantasy. What is particularly interesting about this artistic personality is the way in which he intertwines reality and dream like situations. There are a lot many situations where you can see the artists interest especially in music painted on the canvas

. Haren is particularly passionate about jazz and this can be seen in his work. In fact, he admits that he is influenced by his background in architecture and his experiences of various cultures. Vakils work is pleasant and he takes us through images that are out of context. He uses certain objects and places them in situations one wouldnt think of. He uses bold bright colours with expressions on objects that leave you in amusement. Most of the images use monochromatic colours that are multicultural with diverse meanings.
Harens recent exhibitions include one held at Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai, in 2005; Figure it Out at Fran Willis Gallery, Victoria, in 2003; and at Gallery 1248, Victoria, in 2001, 2000 and 1999.

Ram Kumar

Ram Kumar, like few other painters dabbled into other streams before finally taking a plunge in the beautiful world of Indian art. He did have the interest in art but it was not before he completed his Masters degree in Economics from Delhi University that he decided to take the plunge. Once he completed his Masters, he moved to art goldmine world of Paris to study painting. He learned the nuances from famous Andre Lhote and Fernand Leger. He made rapid strides and soon he was awarded with prestigious Rockefeller Fellowship in 1970. That says about the mans passion and talent. Ram Kumars Paintings always had a touch of reality. He has wonderfully depicted alienation of urban population. Talk about sad conditions of humans and you have this painter who captured all these emotions on his canvas. Whether you talk about hostile conditions and lonely humans in the city, Ram Kumar has simply mesmerized the world with his depiction of hopelessness. He has greatly covered the holy city of Varanasi.

Ram Kumars Varanasi has earned great acclaim and critical fame. His Varanasi is without any hopes and dilapidated with mass covered houses. His abstract paintings wonderfully represent artists sordid interpretation of the city. He does not magnify quaint ghats of Varanasi and neither has he boasted about erstwhile purity of the city. He showcases what Varanasi has become; the urban nightmare. He portrays the greed of the human inhabitants of the place. Its truly heart-wrenching. Ram Kumar has won several awards including Padmashree by the Govt. of India in 1972 and Kalidas Samman by the Madhya Pradesh State Govt. he has also earned acclaim as Hindi Short storywriter.

Bhupen Khakhar

How many of art aficionados have heard of Bhupen Khakhar? Thos who have must also have noticed his inadequacies in his works. But that is where the fascinating saga of this talented artist began. Yes, from his so called lack of formal training. He, in fact made a point to highlight his deficiencies to harp upon the art works he had created. Khakhar was never really much bothered about his lack of formal training in art and made it a point to highlight this fact in his works. Born in 1934, he was a self-taught artist who reveled in his uniqueness. His style of art was entirely self created and no wonder such confidence did result in beautiful works of art. By profession, he was a qualified chartered accountant but his passion for arts saw him moving to Baroda and join the Art Criticism course at the Faculty of Fine Arts.

Since then, it remained a memorable journey until he breathed his last. Soon after completing his course, he started to paint as a full time passion and organized his first exhibition within next three years. His initial works did invite lot of curiosity and criticism because of the experiments he made like painting over images of deities. That was first of its kind in Indian art circle. He remained obsessed about unconventional mans of painting. Bhupen Khakhar never hesitated in expressing his innermost feelings though it also invited ire of established critics in the art circle. He tried experimenting with hybrid art cultures and traditions. He was quite expressive about duality of Indian society in his paintings. His compositions were always edgy and this kind of separated him from rest of the artists. Bhupen Khakhar dies in August 2003 aged 69.

Devajyoti Ray

Devajyoti Ray is a shining star in the galaxy of Indian art world. Born in 1974 in Kolkata, he initially studied economics from legendary Presidency College. Later on, he did his Masters from another prestigious university Jawahar Lal Nehru (JNU) University, New Delhi. He is a fish of different kettle. As his birth year suggests, he is quite young and loves to experiment. He is also perceived as an offbeat artist. He has dabbled in pseudo-realism theme and remember, he is one of those rare Indian artists who love to experiment in pseudo-realism theme. Devjyoti often includes regular scenes from everyday life and that is a fascinating way to put across your expression. You cannot really find a pattern in his art works. But yes, you can get lost in the maze of appealing visuals and colors and yet you will be able to comprehend the meaning. Often touted as rising new star of Indian art world, he has made rapid strides in recent time

Talking about pseudo-realism, it is basically a visual art style that presents the elements of reality but in a distorted way. Things are not presented directly but rather through off beat color schemes and abstract symbols. That bring more effectiveness into the art work, popular imagery is used. The imagery is used through a conscious effort and this makes art work even more compelling. To some extent, pseudo-realism is often associated with graphic art. But that is just a minor resemblance. Devajyoti Roy has really excelled at portraying realistic themes through vivid usage of color combination. He has this knack of balancing content and theme in an aesthetic way. His paintings represent harmony and innovativeness. All in all, Devajyoti Roy looks very promising.

Vivan Sundaram

Among the exhaustive list of talented contemporary artists, name of Vivan Sundaram stands out. A true talent he is equally efficient in painting and sculpting. What sets him apart from the crowd is his approach towards painting. He is not your predictable drawing room artist. He would rather focus upon completing multidimensional projects that invite audience participation. That sounds quite interesting, no! He has often performed in an open-stage theatre where performer and spectator can indulge in live interactions. The best part of such performance is continuous feedback and multiple meanings evoked by the performer. In different words, that also provides an altogether different perspective of ones work.

Art is a subject that does not have any fixed meaning. It is always subject to different interpretations of diverse range of spectators and interesting part is all of them are correct in their analysis. It is a huge compliment for an artist if his work is considered as a cultural product and not just an object to be hanged in the drawing room. Sundarama is one such artist who has managed to evoke fascinating reactions from the audiences. His work is not merely an imagination of unforeseen realities. It is rather concerned with socio-political history and the surrounding environment. The live interaction signifies viewers can observe and let their thought process run wildly and respond accordingly. The object they react to could be a painting or enclosures or a crafted construction. Sundarama makes art works that invite reactions. That is quite a unique approach and very rarely seen on art landscape. Sundarama often redesigns, transforms and renews his works in a new fashion and presents it to the world. Considering his fresh approach towards the art works, he is definitely going to stay and excel.

Subodh Gupta

Indian art landscape keeps throwing surprises at rest of the world. India has remained a fertile ground for new breed of artists with immense talent. It is not just about coming to the media light once in a lifetime but its more about silently dedicating life to art. Many such artists can be found across the Indian landscape. One cant help but think highly of such artists who have kept improving the standards of the art in their way. One such artist is Subodh Gupta who has made people notice his sheer talent. The specialty of his work is connection between past and present experiences that are manifested through art. Many experts have termed Guptas work as eccentric imaginings. But these imaginations presented in colors symbolize dimensions of public myths and rituals. His work covers a wide gamut of motifs to important information in an eccentric way.

Subodh Gupta was born in Bihar and completed his studies from Patna. Several of his solo exhibitions have been held at places like Mumbai, Delhi and foreign locations like New York and Amsterdam. He has also been a winner of Emerging Artist Award and scholarship from Lalit Kala Academy.

The work of Subodh Gupta can best be seen through the prism of complicated inter-relation and interconnection of communities spread in urban and rural parts of India. Common events witnessed on a daily basis often work as his motivation. His sense of aesthetic is greatly influenced by objects found all around us. His work of art must be viewed from a contemporary perspective. Its not about abstract themes. It is more about global issues affecting the fabric of Indian society. Themes like consumerism and the modernization of traditional Indian society are the hallmarks of his art works.

One of the most aesthetically beautiful forms of sculptures is Marble sculpture. They have polished looks and appear very intriguing. Marble sculptures have always been admired by art aficionados because of their refined beauty, sophistry and elegance. Marble sculptures are timeless and gives the impression of luxury and aristocracy.

One can find these wonderful pieces of art in many parts of India. Marble stones have kept manifesting their beauty in forms of statues, idols and decorative pieces. Marbles are also known as lime stones and sculptures are made from metamorphosed lime stones. Indian marble sculptures are story-tellers of our proud history and great tradition of art and culture. These sculptures are no less than invaluable and are of historical significance.
Many such wonderful pieces of art have inspired new generation of artists to create their own imagination. These sculptures are extremely inspiring and you cant help but feel overawed by their sheer magnificence.

The marble sculptures were made using blocks of marble and tools like chisels, hammers and hand drills. Marble blocks have raw outer surface so to smoothen them, sandpapers and rubbing stones were used. Ever wondered why these structures are still so shining?

The credit goes to coats of shiny polishes like tin oxides that bring glow and luster to the sculptures. The best part about marble sculptures is they are very reliable and durable and that explains their extensive us in making figurative works. They are quite easy to use and sculptors delight. The culture of marble sculptures is not just restricted to India. Several parts of the world like Italy (Rome), France and England have extensively used marble blocks for beautiful creations. Some of the famous European sculptors were Soudbinine, Bourdelle, Leon Fourquet, Rodin, Victor Peter and Jean Escoula who have gifted us some of the most amazing pieces of art works ever created on the mother earth.

In India, marble sculptures can be seen in the form of religious deities and Idols of Buddha, Lord Shiva, Lord Ganesha, Lakshmi Devi and Goddess Durga. Who can forget the best piece of marble architecture; The Taj Mahal of Agra? We dont need to look further than that. In modern age, usage of marble can be seen in furniture, fireplaces, photo frames, vases, medallions, show pieces, tiles and garden sculptures.

Tanjore Art

India is known for its art and culture. Every corner of India is popular for its unusual form of art. Tanjore Painting is one of the most prominent types of traditional South Indian paintings. It is the indigenous art form of Thanjavur (also known as Tanjore) city of Tamil Nadu. The intense composition, exterior richness and vivacious shades of Indian Thanjavur Paintings differentiate them from the other kinds of paintings. Then, there are accompaniments of precious stones, pearls and glass pieces that supplement and add to their charm. The relief work gives them a three dimensional appearance which is more popularly known as the 3D effect. Tanjore Painting of India was derived in the 16th century, in the sovereignty of the Cholas.

Tanjoore Art
A majority of these paintings rotate around the subject of Hindu Gods and Goddesses, along with saints. The chief figure is always painted at the center of the painting. These paintings are also locally called Palagai Padam where palagai means wooden plank and padam means picture as they paintings are mostly done on solid wood boards. Tanjore paintings involve a couple of intricate steps. The first step includes the sketching of the introduction sketch of the image on the base. This base is prepared from a cloth, which is glued over a wooden stand. The next step involves the mixing of chalk powder or zinc oxide with water-soluble adhesive and applying it on the base. Thereafter, the drawing is made and ornamented with cut glass, pearls as well as semi-precious stones. Besides, colorful and attractive laces or threads are also used to embellish the painting. To further enhance the outcome, wafer thin sheets of gold are glued on a few portions of the painting, whereas the other portions are painted in vivid colors. There are a huge number of people who still take interest in learning this form of art adding their contemporary touch to it.

Patachitra Art

The root of the Patachitra paintings was in the 8th century AD and it is regarded as one of the earliest forms of home-grown paintings. This symbolic form of folk significance is exclusive in the history of Indian and European paintings. The unlikely illustrative ideas, the peculiar conventions, the astonishing arrangement of line patterns and vivacious application of colors make this art form stupendous. The foundation and growth of Patachitra paintings are associated with the Jagannath Cult. The devotional art of Patachitras is limited to the community of painters called the Chitrakars. The chitrakars reside and perform their inherited art in Puri and in villages on its borders, Raghurajpur and Dandshahi. Every Chitrakar family possesses a family sketchbook handed down from their ancestors. Gods and Goddesses, legends and animals, are all portrayed in these sketchbooks. These books are the chitrakars most precious belongings.

The process of arranging the canvas (Pata) is time-consuming, generally taking at least five days. It includes the preparation of a tamarind seed paste, which is mixed with water in a mud pot and focused to additional action. It is called the Niryas Kalpa. The chitrakar then chooses two pieces of cloth and attaches them together with this paste. Clay powder is then added to the combination and two or three coatings of this blend is applied on to the organized canvas on both the surfaces. When the canvas is dry, it is polished, a process that takes quite a few hours. Painting can begin only when its dry. Patachitras are usually painted in a regular series of steps. The present practice is to put a thick coat of varnish with a cloth. Once the varnish dries, the Patachitra is trimmed down to the attractive margin. The standard painting is finished in a week. But there are complex ones that take maybe even a month.

Indian Wild Life Paintings

India is an extremely rich country in terms of art. One of the fascinating forms of Indian art is concept of wildlife paintings. This concept was given by the Ranthambore School of Art. There is an interesting story behind initiating of this noble venture. Ranthambore School of art had only one purpose at its inception and that was of saving the tigers of the Ranthambore Wildlife Sanctuary. The modus operandi was quite effective as the authorities focused upon recruiting students from neighboring villages and towns. Thereafter, these new students are made aware of dismal plight of fast reducing numbers of Indian tiger. The students are trained to be self-sufficient artists. You will be surprised to see the effects of these paintings. The students of Ranthambore School of art managed to create awe-inspiring art works. The sketches created are mostly black and white life sized. The technique primarily used is watercolor. Looking at paintings, it seems like you are watching live tigers staring at you from close quarters. Such is the effect of these paintings. What works in favor of the students is the keen observational eye they have. Thats the trick behind aliveness of such paintings. The training methods employed on students is so effective that these artists become extremely skilled at painting the fearful creatures so beautifully. Wildlife Paintings created by students of Ranthambore School of Art are vivid and strong in imagination. It also gives us a message about imminent extinction of tigers from our map. Having said that, if we soon dont take any preventive steps to conserve the majestic tigers soon they will just appear in paintings. Wildlife paintings are not only aesthetic but also a strong message to the population about the need of protecting the tigers.

Jahar Dasgupta
Jahar Dasgupta is a renowned name in the field of Indian art. He was born in 1942 in Jamshedpur, Bihar. He learnt art at Shantiniketan under legends like Ramkinkar Baiz and Benode Bihari Mukherjee. He got his diploma in painting in 1964. Soon after that he organized his solo workshop at Birla Academy, Kolkata. That was where his career started to boost. Jahar Dasgupta uses subtle but bright shades in his paintings. He recreates the barriers between traditional and contemporary art. Women and nature are a vital part of his paintings. He gives immense importance to these two subjects. Jahar Dasgupta has displayed his work in many solo as well as group exhibitions. He is one of the founder members of Painters Orchestra.

His paintings have been featured in various forms of media, like the Bengali magazine Shatak Ekush and the documentary film Bornomoy Jahar, directed by Sandeep Ray. In the Silver Jubilee Painterss Orchestra, a book called Poem on paintings was released, which had a poem on Jahar Dasguptas work, and was written by Shakti Chatterjee. Jahar Dasgupta is the president of the academy of fine arts, Kolkata and a founder member of Sijuti Art Gallery. His solo shows were displayed at Chitrakoot Art Gallery, Lalit Kala Academy, Academy of Fine Arts, Gallery Honsmania in Norway and Club Bangladesh in Sweden. He also participated in a number of group exhibitions like Nehru Centre in London, Salon Exposition in South Korea, Indian Habitat Centre in New Delhi, Academy of Fine Arts in Kolkata, Jahangir Art Gallery in Mumbai, etc. Even today, his artworks are exhibited internationally in countries like U.S.A., U.K., Spain, Norway, France, Korea and Muscat. Jahar Dasgupta has received recognition and appreciation for excellence in art, and has achieved admiration and pride for our nation on a global level.

Bell Metal craft

Art aficionados must have heard of Bell metal craft. It is hugely popular amongst the art lovers all across India. One of the beautiful heritages of amazing Indian art, bell metals are known for their design and lost patterns. Some of the designs will simply take your breath away. Bell metals are in existence since centuries. It is basically an alloy that has been repeatedly used for carving artistic products. Bell metal craft often symbolizes pure beauty of tribal art. According to many opinions, it resembles bronze in some aspects. These materials are molded artistically and the final result manifests itself in form of distinguished form of art. Bell craft is popular in many parts of the country like Assam, Bihar and West Bengal. However, Kerala is credited with the origin of this precious art. It has numerous usages, both for aesthetic as well as utility purposes. Objects like home furnishing materials, ornaments, utensils etc have been made using this metal. Many tribal deities have been shaped using bell metal craft. Many designs in different size and shape have been carved in bell metal craft. Raw materials required for bell metal handcrafted items are rice bran, charcoal, clay, jute fibers and lac etc. There is a process called lost wax using which bell metal crafts are manufactured. This is a very ancient method but still widely used. Some of the artifacts of Bell metal are very popular across the world. Always in demand, these artifacts never go out of fashion. Some of the prominent ones are Bells, Lanterns, Boxes, Lamps, Bottle openers, Lamp Shades, Musical instruments, Tribal figurines and Tribal Animals. Considering the popularity of bell metal craft and new found interest in it, this craft is sure to flourish.

Elephant Painting

Elephant paintings have earned great name for themselves. They are not only graceful but also classic. They have received huge appreciation from the art aficionados. Elephant paintings are a school of Art in themselves. We dont need to go far if we want to witness splendor of elephant paintings. Ganesha paintings and Kotah Paintings are wonderful examples of elephant paintings. Kotah paintings have captured each and every movement of elephant. Kotah paintings have always been known for capturing movements of animals

. The most fascinating aspect of kotah artists was they were able to paint elephant in lively form apart from adding strength and massive bulk. Many people find Deccani paintings impressive because of impressive decoration witnessed in them. But Kotah paintings would rather focus more on huge energy of the elephant. Some famous kotah paintings could be seen in form of royals hunting tiger during the 18th century. The said illustrations belong to period of 1720-1870. Ganesha Paintings are a common phenomenon in almost every Hindu household. The reason is importance of Lord Ganesha in Hindu ritual. Ganesha is an elephant man and yet he looks genial. The Ganesha paintings are not only religious but also aesthetic. Those who are familiar with Kotah Paintings must have seen Angry Elephant painting. It is one of the most famous Kotah paintings. The material used for the work is charcoal. It shows two might elephants fighting with each other and only one is visible. It also shows, the king watching from the balcony while attendants are trying to deter the animal with firecrackers.

Signed:Khem Karan,Prince Riding on Elephant,Mughal,period of Akhbar 1600 Opaque

Abstract Art

Abstract art is one without an identifiable theme, one which doesnt narrate something peripheral or try to imitate some thing. as a substitute the colour and appearance are the topics of the abstract art. Its entirely without an aim or objective. An additional difference is likely to be made between abstract art which is geometric, for example, the art work of Mondrian, and abstract art that is more liquid such as the abstract art work of Kandinsky or Pollock. Moreover, usually classified with abstract art are symbolic ideas and paintings which stand for things that arent visual or illustrative, like emotions, sounds, or divine occurrences. Symbolic ideas are abstractions or generalizations of reality, where detail is eradicated from identifiable objects leaving only the essence or recognizable form to some extent.

In the history of Western art, the myth that every art for had to represent something or the other was broken at the start of the 20th century. This revolution happened with art movements like Impressionism, Fauvism and Cubism. Impressionism referred to painters not finishing their paintings. On the other hand, in Fauvism, colours were used in a non-realistic way. Cubism, as the name states, referred to painting an object from more than one perspective. These ideas gave rise to the thought that anything like the colour or texture can be the subject or the theme of the painting. Abstract Expressionism come into sight in the 1940s. It applied the laws of Expressionism to abstract painting. Jackson Pollocks action painting where paint was dripped, dropped, spread, sprinkled and thrown on the canvas, is a fine example. Abstract painting has given artists a completely new line of ideas. They have the freedom to listen to their gut, without worrying about the limits of art, paint the canvas the way they want to.

Stone Work

India is blessed with numerous stone monuments in all parts of the country. The stone structures of India are known for magnificent architecture and sublime grandeur. These sculptures are bestowed with perfect architecture. In fact, both sculpture and architecture deserve great study and cannot be put together. During ancient times, many temples were built in major parts of India. The tradition of stone carving is very much focused around these temples. The class of stone work can be seen in variety of stones used by the artists. From hard granite, soft-brittle sandstone to patchy red stone, Indian craftsmen carved several amazing art works. We need not go too far to witness the grandeur of such work. Look at the state of Orissa. It has famous temples and sculptures at Puri, Bhuvaneshwar and Konark. One look at the expression of deities, poses of epic heroes ad fine detailing of ornaments and one will understand the true essence of stone work.

Famous examples of Indian stone work can be found in places like Ajanta and Ellora, Mahabalipuram, Kanyakumari, Khajuraho, Thanjavur, Sanchi and Tiruchirapalli. The architectural facades and amazing sculptures truly manifest inherent class of stone work. The beautiful rock cut caves of Ajanta are sheer delight to the senses. South India state of Tamil Nadu is famous for its temples. All these temples are unparallel when it comes to stone work used in them. Similarly if we go to northern state of Himachal Pradesh, there is one beautiful depiction of stone carving tradition in Kangra district. The rock cut temple at Masrur has this giant monolithic carving. Mughal era is also famous for its beautiful architectural gift. Example like Itmad-ud-Daulahs tomb near Agra has beautiful marble work. Jaipur is also famous for its splendid stone work. Stone work in India is surely a magnificent art and a great gift to the human civilization.

Francis Newton Souza

Francis Newton Souza was born on 12 April 1924, in Saligao, Goa. Francis Newton Souza was a renowned Indian painter of his time. Francis Newton Souza studied at Sir JJ School of Art in the city of Mumbai. However, he was later suspended because he uncompromisingly supported the Quit India movement in 1945. Francis Newton Souza was the one to set up the Bombay Progressive Artists Group. The motto of this group was to inculcate confidence and increase the morale of the follow artists. The main objective was to encourage Indian artists to participate in the international avant-garde. But, after India achieved freedom from the British rule, FN Souza moved base to London, United Kingdom. His work was included by the Institute of Contemporary Art in a 1954 display. Soon after this, many other exhibitions followed.

His talents in the literary field also helped to boost his career. His autobiographical work Nirvana of a Maggot was published in the journal called Encounter. Encounter was then edited by Stephen Spender. Also, another add on to his literary reputation was his book Words and Lines which was published in 1959. Francis Newton Souzas career built up progressively. He took part in a number of exhibitions and shows. John Berger also acclaimed him positively. John Berger mentioned that Souzas style was purposely assorted, essentially Expressionist in character, but also drawing on the post-war Art Brut movement and elements of British Neo-romanticism. Souza settled in New York in 1967. He returned to India a little time before his death. His funeral took place on March 30 at a graveyard in Sewri, India. A self styled painting by Souza was displayed in Feb 2009 at the BBC Antiques Road show. Souza was the first Indian artist to gain international recognition and represent India on a global level.

Dance and music are fields where the most delightful styles and sweetest strains fade away before people can understand them, whereas painting holds the sentiments and expressions and retains the impact for a comparatively elongated time-period. Painting is basically a blend of lines, forms, colors, tones, textures and spaces. It makes an attempt to communicate the verbal and non-verbal terminologies with the strokes of the paint brush. Painting styles are different from area to area, and from phase to phase. From ancient times to the era of evolution, painting has been the illustrative certification of mans beliefs, and experiences. It has been demonstrated on the walls of the caves like the elephant caves, the Ajanta caves and the Bhimbetka caves, temples like the Brihadisvari temple and the Mukteshvara temple, and palaces like the very famous Taj Mahal, or dried leaved and cloth in the form of phadas, patachitras and coverlets.

Displayed manuscripts on palm leaf folios in the medieval period were then substituted by paper. The paintings of any given province and era, offers a peek into the intellectual and cultural awareness of the inhabitants who accomplished them. The techniques are influenced by the local customs and crosscultural relations. Besides all the other factors, the exceptional geographical positioning of India played a vital part in the blossoming of the diverse provincial techniques. The vivid and vibrant painting traditions, which built up, like the murals and wall paintings, Chaurapanchasika art(CPS Group), miniatures, scroll art, madhubani art, lepakshi art, etc added to the rich and diverse cultural inheritance of India. This also formed the base of succeeding genres. Cultural paintings bring to you the various painting techniques from the wealth trove of India. They have their distinctive painting style, regional and episodic individuality. The art field has brought a lot of international recognition to India and Indian artists from the traditional times to the contemporary times.

Taking care of Paper Art

One should take measures to handle paper minimally. Handling is a major source of damage to paper. For example, touching can cause the smudging of charcoal or pencil, thus spoiling the paper as well as the image. Touch can have similar effects on pastels. As prints are made on a special kind of paper, which can absorb materials like oils very quickly, so gloves should be worn to avoid having hand stains on the paper. Our hands have oil, salt and sometimes even sweat and paper is a relatively fine absorptive material. Another useful recommendation is to avoid having work of art on papers around the eating, drinking and smoking areas. Also keep your pens, crayons and markers away from your work. Light has a strong bleaching effect and with the passage of time, the work fades away. Artificial light such as halogen bulbs should be placed at least ten meters away from where the paper art is hanged. Halogen bulbs not only cause discoloration but also damage by overheating the paper and other attached material. Similarly one should not hang such pieces near windows. As paper is an absorptive material, any reflective material over it will reduce the deleterious effects of light, such as covering it with glass or materials such as plastic, which can filter the harmful UV rays.

Some materials are inherently prone to damage or decomposition. Papers synthesized out of wood and iron gall ink are few of such examples. Lignin is the basic component in wood. It decomposes as it complexes to form acidic materials which degrade the paper. Similarly, oak galls and ferrous sulphate that make up iron gall ink eventually release sulphuric acid that further breaks down the fibrous paper. Pests love paper! A lot of insects and even mice eat away paper. Famous examples are book lice, and bookworms. Pests love cool and dark places. So never store paper art in basements or house attics. If the surface of the paper seems worn out, there is a fair chance that that it is infested with silverfish. Efficient cleaning and housekeeping is the key to avoid such damage.

With the advancement in technology, detecting fake art has become possible to a large extent. Over the course of time, the pigments of an old painting become very hard and shrink as well due to which some fine cracks are visible in the painting. These are called as craquelcure. A fake art work however may not dry and crack, like a real old work of art. It depends on the thickness and the treatment of the pigment that is applied. Environmental conditions, history of handling the painting, transportation and restoration of the painting are furnished as a record especially in case of old paintings. Non destructive techniques that use microscope, radiography and chemical analysis and dating techniques are used to detect an artwork. Even a ten thousand year old art work can be detected for fake art using what is known as the radio carbon dating to measure the age of the painting. Infrared and x-ray photography can detect signatures that cannot be seen by the naked eye. X-ray diffraction is also used to analyze components that make up the artists paints. X-ray fluorescence can reveal the artists finger prints and the metals present in a sculpture or in the composition of the paints that are used in the painting or the sculpture. Another technique known as digital authentication: This technique breaks down a picture into collection of more basic images called as sub bands. These are analyzed to determine the texture by assigning a frequency to each sub band. In this way, there are many new techniques that are being used to detect fake artwork.

Chola Wall Painting

The Chola Dynasty is responsible for taking Indian art and architecture to its most glorious heights. This dynasty has built over thousand temples in India. The quality and sophistication of the Chola wall painting are something that leaves you in awe. The first Chola temple with wall paintings in it is in Vijaya Cholishwaram. This temple is named after the Chola king Vijayalaya. The temple is covered entirely with wall paintings. Human anatomy, Gods like Shiva and the dark face of Goddess Bhawani can be seen in these paintings. There are a lot of female figures in these paintings. While other colours are not very prominent, there is a distinct use of yellow, auburn and orange in these paintings.

The Cholas were great devotes of Lord Shiva. When the Chola empire was run by Rajaraja in 1014 AD, there were 52 temples that were built in the area of Tanjavur. This is the largest body of the Chola wall paintings. Shiva is painted here in all his glory in the passage as well as in the main areas of the temple. Events like blessings, child births, weddings etc with their distinct customs are highlighted in these paintings. It tells us so much about the traditions and the culture of the Chola dynasty. These paintings noit just weave a story, but portray delicacy and lyricism. Use of warm colours is a sensation and a feast to the eye of the beholder. Dancing girls, lush trees, weaved emotions etc all evoke a deep sense of Indian-ism in you. The lyrical quality of these paintings is outstandingly depicted in the Cola wall paintings and these surely add a great value to the much cherished art of India!

Ganesha Paintings

The favorite Hindu God known for his charismatic presence in homes is certainly a welcome sign in most Indian homes. Paintings for homes with the Ganesha theme are very common. These can be framed in the living room or extended to the puja room where we can also keep them in the midst of Ganesha idols. The splendor of colors makes the painting more enhancing. Ganesha painting is deft strokes by exponents are done exclusively in black and white charcoal or sketches. This is a simple way to adorn the walls. Reputed artists also contribute their paintings of the elephant God with a bit of abstract tendencies by the essence is well retained in any concept.

Tapestry paintings are another common wall adornment in India. The fabric colors or textile painting is a wonderful piece of art which is also the ethnic form of painting from India. With more than 108 names of Ganesha forming his virtues, the various mood of Ganpati can be seen. There are paintings of Ganesha in oil and water colors too which gives the glimpse of Ganesha in a variety or expressions. Most painters also concentrate on facial features rather than sketching out the entire body form of Ganesha. The images of Ganesha are seen as dancing, aggressive thandav dance or the pleasant faced Ganesha. There are other forms where he is accompanied by a consort or other mythological characters surround the theme. There are various forms of Ganesha paintings mainly in Kalamkari, Tanjore, Batik and also Glass paintings. There are unusual blends and the painters are yet exploring art works to bring out the best paint forms of the benevolent Ganesha. The adornments of Lord Ganesha and the jewelry also gives a lot of grandeur to any painting style.

famous paintings

Famous paintings by Indian artists are collectibles for an art lover. One is able to understand the underlying meaning of colors, abstractness and the melody of the painting the painter wishes to convey and this is quite a passion for people who love to invest in paintings. Famous paintings have been a tradition of India which was earlier patronized by the rulers and kingly royals. Nowadays paintings are getting an international recognition as there are several mediums to connect the artist and the art lover. The theme of the paintings of Tyeb Mehta and the celebration of the figures he paints speaks about his dimension of art. His creativity is exemplified and the paintings are usual sold at a high price. Some rich paintings can also be seen during the Moghul era and the Mysore paintings are also a rich tradition. Art schools also are getting more recognition and the enrolment in this stream is increasing.

Batik Painting

Batik paintings are one of the ethnic styles that are very typically Indian. The paintings are quite a process to go through. The Ajanta murals seem to be the work of great artists and the unsung heroes will never be known and history beckons us to the rich tradition. There are more concepts in the Phad paintings and the tribal art ones. The painting style is also related to the earlier prevailing time and this is suited to the international climate.

The effects of paint, canvas and form is all related to the style of painting that goes from depicting surreal expressions to bold caricature or abstract forms. Charcoal, wood and the recent acrylic medium in paintings shows the renaissance and is symbolic of the effects of change brought in by famous painters. The miniature paintings of the Moghul era, the cave style painting of Ellora and the classic style employed in the Tanjore paintings of South India are examples of exquisite ethnic paintings.

Batik Painting

Tanjavor Paintingwhere to use???

Pooja Rooms Thanjavur paintings can be used in pooja rooms where they help to enhance the divinity of the room. As the paintings retain their brilliance for decades, they are ideal for use in pooja rooms. Front Offices Thanjavur paintings can be placed in front offices, hotel receptions, drawing rooms and other public places. They blend well with any decor and add a touch of class and elegance to the place. Gifts Thanjavur paintings are unique as gifts. They are ideal gifts for occassions like house-warmings, weddings and other social & religious functions.

Corporate Gifts Thanjavur Paintings make ideal corporate gifts.

Bibliografi/Rujukan

http://www.salesmasteracademy.net/lms/ub26x/bigdxs/pe ndidikan.php http://www.caripdf.com/2009/Falsafah+Seni+India.htm www.psb1.uum.edu.my/ks/pjj/2000.../AN1022.pdf http://www.google.com.my/search?hl=en&rlz=1T4AMSA_ enMY332MY335&q=falsafah+seni+india&start=20&sa=N http://forum.cari.com.my/viewthread.php?tid=263529&hig hlight=seni%2Bindia http://saku30.tripod.com/BAB1SEJ4.htm http://www.thanjavurpaintings.com/ http://www.culturalindia.net/indianart/paintings/tanjore.html http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/index.html

http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/raja-ravivarma.html http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/mughal.html http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/m-f-hussain.html http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-architecture/index.html http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-architecture/ancientarchitecture/temple-architecture.html http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-crafts/index.html http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/rangoli/index.html http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/rangoli/kolam.html http://www.indiadivine.org/articles/380/1/Thanjavur-Library--ARealm-of-Knowledge/Page1.html http://www.indianart.in/art-market/philosophy-in-art.html http://www.indianart.in/category/indian-art-and-hindu-philosophy http://www.indianart.in/category/indian-artists

http://www.indianart.in/category/ajanta-wall-paintings http://www.indianart.in/category/general http://www.indianart.in/category/taking-care-of-paintings http://www.indianart.in/category/symbolism-in-indian-art http://www.indianart.in/2009/10 http://www.indianart.in/2009/06 http://www.indianart.in/category/chola-paintings http://www.indianart.in/category/uncategorized http://www.indianart.in/category/indian-art-galleries/art-gallery-mumbai http://www.indianart.in/category/art-prints http://www.indianart.in/category/mixed-media http://www.indianart.in/category/upcoming-indian-artists http://www.culturalindia.net/reformers/vivekananda.html http://www.slideshare.net/artventure/konsep-seni-islam-seni-cina-danseni

Mikka ,Nandri! Vanakkam Sekian,Terima Kasih Well,Thanks for watching