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Elements of Smart Antenna System

In this section we will be dealing with some of the

basic principles behind smart antennas.

Smart Antenna Receiver


The purpose of the receiver in smart antenna system is

to combine the received signals into one signal which is used as an input to the rest of the receiver components(such as the channel decoding unit for instance). It basically consists of four parts:

Array of antennas, Radio unit, Beam forming unit, and Signal processing unit.

These parts are illustrated in the figure below:

Cont

Figure Smart antenna receiver

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The radio unit consists of down conversion chains and

analog-to-digital converters (A/D). In this part down conversion of received signals, from each elements of the array antenna, takes place. Based on the received signals, the signal processing unit calculate the complex weights with which the received signal from each of the array elements is multiplied. Depending on the optimization criterion, the weight calculating mechanisms may differ.

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Switched beam(SB):- the receiver will test all the pre-defined weight vectors (corresponding to the beam set) and choose the one giving the strongest received signal level. Adaptive approach:- is concerned with maximization of the SIR(Signal to Interference Ratio). This is done by computing the optimum weight vector using algorithms such as optima combining, for instance.

Smart Antenna Transmitter


The transmission part of the smart antenna system is

schematically very similar to the reception part. Here a single input signal is split into many branches, according to the number of array elements. This is clearly shown in the following figure:

Cont

Figure - Transmission part of smart antenna system

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Figure - Transmission part of smart antenna system

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These split signals will then be weighted with the

complex weights, which are calculated by the signal processing unit, in the beam forming unit. The weights are used to decide the radiation pattern in the downlink direction.
In the radio unit D/A and uplink conversions take

place.

Antenna
Antenna elements are one of the essential components

of a smart antenna system. They convert electromagnetic waves into electrical impulses. They have important role in shaping and scanning the radiation pattern and constraining the adaptive algorithm used by the digital signal processing unit.

Array Design
The main beam of a larger array can resolve

the signals-of-interest (SOIs) more accurately and allows the smart-antenna system to reject more signals-notof-interest (SNOIs). However, this brings two main disadvantages:

Increased cost and complexity of the hardware implementation Increased convergence time for the adaptive algorithms, thereby reducing valuable bandwidth

Thus, a careful network analysis is required to resolve

these issues.

Linear Array
It is an array with a group of radiating elements

configured in a straight line. A linear array of M even elements with uniform spacing placed along the y axis is shown below.

Figure - linear array with elements along the Y axis.

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For M number of identical array elements, the array

factor(AF) for the above linear array can be calculated as:

Which can be simplified to:

Cont
Where:

- Phase excitation of the individual


elements - Amplitude excitation of the individual elements d - The spacing between two consecutive elements

array

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The amplitude coefficients control the shape of the

pattern and the major-to-minor lobe level. The phase excitations control the scanning capabilities of the array. Therefore, an antenna designer can choose different amplitude distributions to conform to the application specifications.

Planar Array
It is an array configuration that is well suited for

mobile communication. The planar arrays are more attractive, specially for mobile devices, because of their ability to scan in3-D space. It can scan the main beam in any direction of (elevation) and (azimuth). A planar array of M x N identical elements with uniform spacing positioned symmetrical in the x yplane is given below:

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Figure Planar array with uniformly spaced components

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The array factor(AF) for this planar array with its maximum

along 0, 0, for an even number of elements in each direction can be calculated as:

where:

- amplitude excitation of each individual elements

Antenna Beamforming
General functions of smart antenna system:
The direction of arrival of all the incoming signals are

estimated using DOA algorithm


The desired user signal is identified and separated from

the rest of the unwanted incoming signals.


A beam is steered in the direction of the desired signal

while placing nulls at interfering signal directions by


constantly updating the complex weights.
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Cont
The information obtained by antenna arrays is applied via algorithms processed by (DSP). DSP has two objectives:
To estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) of all

impinging signals
To determine the appropriate weights to ideally steer the

maximum radiation of the antenna pattern toward the SOI


and to place nulls toward the SNOI.
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Direction of Arrival (DOA) Algorithms


The DOA algorithm determines the directions of all

incoming signals based on the time delays of incoming signals in all directions received by the antenna array.
These time delays depend on the antenna geometry,

number of elements, and inter element spacing.

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Cont
Time delay of planner array

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Cont
Illustration of DOA estimation based on time delay

information.

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Cont

This clearly shows that the DOA can be determined

from the knowledge of the time delay between the two


elements.
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DOA estimation techniques


The techniques can be categorized into two.
Conventional methods Subspace-based methods

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Cont
Conventional methods

The DOA is determined from the peaks of the output

power spectrum obtained from steering the beam in all possible directions.
Do not exploit the statistics of the signal They have poor resolution i.e. the width of the main beam

and the height of the side lobes limits its ability to separate
closely spaced signals.
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Cont

Subspace Based Methods These methods, unlike conventional methods, exploit the structure of the received data. MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm and the Estimation of Signal Parameters via

Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT). MUSIC deals with the decomposition of covariance matrix into two orthogonal matrices, i.e., signalsubspace and noise-subspace. Assuming that noise in each channel is highly uncorrelated.
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Cont
ESPRIT is another DOA estimation technique, based on

the fact that in the steering vector, the signal at one element is a constant phase shift from the earlier element.
The

advantage

of

subspace

based

methods

over

conventional methods is their high resolution


ESPRIT has advantage of being computationally less

intensive, requires less storage and does not involve an

exhaustive search through all possible steering vectors to


estimate the DOA.
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Adaptive Beam forming


Adaptive algorithm

process the information of DOA

algorithm to ideally steer the maximum radiation of the


antenna pattern toward the SOI and place nulls in the pattern toward the SNOIs.
For reference (or training) based adaptive beam forming

algorithms, (LMS), the adaptive beam forming algorithm does not need the DOA information but instead uses the reference signal, or training sequence.
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Cont Illustration of the basic concept of how the weights are computed to satisfy certain requirements of the pattern.

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Cont First the output y(t) of the array due to the desired signal p(t) is: y(t) = Pej0t ( w1 + w2) w1 + w2 = 1 On the other hand, the output y(t) due to the interfering signal n(t) is given as: y(t) = Ne j (0 t/4) w1 + Ne j (0 t+/4) w2

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Cont

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Cont

Thus, the above values of w1 and w2 are the

optimum weights that guarantee the maximum signalto interference ratio (SIR) for a desired signal at 0 =

0 and an interferer at 1 = 30.

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Cont The plot of array factor obtained on the basis of the weights derived above.

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Optimal Beam Forming Algorithms


In optimal beam forming techniques, a weight vector

that minimizes a cost function is determined.


This cost function is inversely associated with the

quality of the signal at the array output, so that when


the cost function is minimized, the quality of the

signal is maximized at the array output.

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Cont
One of the most widely used cost function is mean square error (MSE) based function.

Where dk represents the desired signal, rxd is cross correlation and Rxx is covariance. To minimize the cost function:

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Cont

Solving in terms of the weights, w, yields:

Wopt represents optimal antenna array weight vector that minimizes the cost function.

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Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm


It is an algorithm used to determine the optimal

weight vector values. Thus, the LMS algorithm computes the weights iteratively as:

Where is the step size for the iteration.

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Cont
The following figure shows implementation of LMS

algorithm.

The advantage of LMS is: It is a low complexity

algorithm i.e. it requires no direct matrix inversion and no memory.


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General Design Procedure


Choose a particular antenna element and design it.
Designing an array that is going to be used in the

smart antenna.
Selecting an adaptive algorithm that minimizes the

MSE (Mean Square Error).

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Cont
Determine the complex weights that scan the beam

toward the direction of the SOI (signal of interest) and place the nulls toward the direction of the SNOIs.

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Advantages and Disadvantages


Advantages
Increase the useful received signal level and also lower the

interference level.
Ability to focus energy toward the intended users which results

in increased range.
Fulfills the security requirement in a better way.

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Cont
Disadvantages
Requires separate transceiver chains for each of the array

antenna element as well as accurate real time calibration.


Antenna beam forming requires intensive computation. pattern-adaptive capabilities and reasonable gain features

of the smart antenna requires array antenna elements.

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Thank You !!!

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