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to combine the received signals into one signal which is used as an input to the rest of the receiver components(such as the channel decoding unit for instance). It basically consists of four parts:
Array of antennas, Radio unit, Beam forming unit, and Signal processing unit.
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The radio unit consists of down conversion chains and
analog-to-digital converters (A/D). In this part down conversion of received signals, from each elements of the array antenna, takes place. Based on the received signals, the signal processing unit calculate the complex weights with which the received signal from each of the array elements is multiplied. Depending on the optimization criterion, the weight calculating mechanisms may differ.
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Switched beam(SB):- the receiver will test all the pre-defined weight vectors (corresponding to the beam set) and choose the one giving the strongest received signal level. Adaptive approach:- is concerned with maximization of the SIR(Signal to Interference Ratio). This is done by computing the optimum weight vector using algorithms such as optima combining, for instance.
schematically very similar to the reception part. Here a single input signal is split into many branches, according to the number of array elements. This is clearly shown in the following figure:
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These split signals will then be weighted with the
complex weights, which are calculated by the signal processing unit, in the beam forming unit. The weights are used to decide the radiation pattern in the downlink direction.
In the radio unit D/A and uplink conversions take
place.
Antenna
Antenna elements are one of the essential components
of a smart antenna system. They convert electromagnetic waves into electrical impulses. They have important role in shaping and scanning the radiation pattern and constraining the adaptive algorithm used by the digital signal processing unit.
Array Design
The main beam of a larger array can resolve
the signals-of-interest (SOIs) more accurately and allows the smart-antenna system to reject more signals-notof-interest (SNOIs). However, this brings two main disadvantages:
Increased cost and complexity of the hardware implementation Increased convergence time for the adaptive algorithms, thereby reducing valuable bandwidth
these issues.
Linear Array
It is an array with a group of radiating elements
configured in a straight line. A linear array of M even elements with uniform spacing placed along the y axis is shown below.
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For M number of identical array elements, the array
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Where:
array
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The amplitude coefficients control the shape of the
pattern and the major-to-minor lobe level. The phase excitations control the scanning capabilities of the array. Therefore, an antenna designer can choose different amplitude distributions to conform to the application specifications.
Planar Array
It is an array configuration that is well suited for
mobile communication. The planar arrays are more attractive, specially for mobile devices, because of their ability to scan in3-D space. It can scan the main beam in any direction of (elevation) and (azimuth). A planar array of M x N identical elements with uniform spacing positioned symmetrical in the x yplane is given below:
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The array factor(AF) for this planar array with its maximum
along 0, 0, for an even number of elements in each direction can be calculated as:
where:
Antenna Beamforming
General functions of smart antenna system:
The direction of arrival of all the incoming signals are
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The information obtained by antenna arrays is applied via algorithms processed by (DSP). DSP has two objectives:
To estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) of all
impinging signals
To determine the appropriate weights to ideally steer the
incoming signals based on the time delays of incoming signals in all directions received by the antenna array.
These time delays depend on the antenna geometry,
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Time delay of planner array
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Illustration of DOA estimation based on time delay
information.
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Conventional methods
power spectrum obtained from steering the beam in all possible directions.
Do not exploit the statistics of the signal They have poor resolution i.e. the width of the main beam
and the height of the side lobes limits its ability to separate
closely spaced signals.
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Subspace Based Methods These methods, unlike conventional methods, exploit the structure of the received data. MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm and the Estimation of Signal Parameters via
Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT). MUSIC deals with the decomposition of covariance matrix into two orthogonal matrices, i.e., signalsubspace and noise-subspace. Assuming that noise in each channel is highly uncorrelated.
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ESPRIT is another DOA estimation technique, based on
the fact that in the steering vector, the signal at one element is a constant phase shift from the earlier element.
The
advantage
of
subspace
based
methods
over
algorithms, (LMS), the adaptive beam forming algorithm does not need the DOA information but instead uses the reference signal, or training sequence.
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Cont Illustration of the basic concept of how the weights are computed to satisfy certain requirements of the pattern.
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Cont First the output y(t) of the array due to the desired signal p(t) is: y(t) = Pej0t ( w1 + w2) w1 + w2 = 1 On the other hand, the output y(t) due to the interfering signal n(t) is given as: y(t) = Ne j (0 t/4) w1 + Ne j (0 t+/4) w2
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optimum weights that guarantee the maximum signalto interference ratio (SIR) for a desired signal at 0 =
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Cont The plot of array factor obtained on the basis of the weights derived above.
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One of the most widely used cost function is mean square error (MSE) based function.
Where dk represents the desired signal, rxd is cross correlation and Rxx is covariance. To minimize the cost function:
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Wopt represents optimal antenna array weight vector that minimizes the cost function.
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weight vector values. Thus, the LMS algorithm computes the weights iteratively as:
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The following figure shows implementation of LMS
algorithm.
smart antenna.
Selecting an adaptive algorithm that minimizes the
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Determine the complex weights that scan the beam
toward the direction of the SOI (signal of interest) and place the nulls toward the direction of the SNOIs.
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interference level.
Ability to focus energy toward the intended users which results
in increased range.
Fulfills the security requirement in a better way.
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Disadvantages
Requires separate transceiver chains for each of the array
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