AMERICAS BATTLE AGAINST COMMUNISM: REACTION AND REFORM AGAINST THE CUBAN REVOLUTION

Annotated Bibliography
Research Materials
Yu Kyung Lee Senior Division Individual Website

Primary Sources: Castro, Fidel. Battle Documents: Communique No. 1. Address. 17 Apr. 1961. Cuban Revolution Reader: a Document History of Fidel Castros Revolution. Melbourne: Ocean, 2009. 108-109. Print. Battle Documents: Communique No. 1 is Castros address to the Cuban public regarding Americas landing at the Bay of Pigs on April 17, 1962. The document shows how the attempted invasion becomes an anti-U.S. propaganda tool for Castro and actually unified Cuba nationally and politically. Castro, Fidel. History Will Absolve Me. Speech. The Moncada Trial Defense Speech. Santiago de Cuba. 16 Oct. 1953. History Will Absolve Me. London: Jonathan Cape, 1968. Print. This is the transcription of Castros speech History Will Absolve Me. It was actually quite a long text for his speech was about four hours long. In this speech, Castro goes over his plan for Cuba after successful revolution. Castro reveals his intentions to nationalize various industries to benefit the workers. I thought it provided examples of his socialist conviction before Castros reign of power in Cuba. Castro, Fidel. "We are on the road to a Communist society." Speech. Meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba. 3 Oct. 1965. Cuban Revolution Reader: A Documentary History of Fidel Castro's Revolution. Melbourne: Ocean, 2008. 18186. Print. Castro gives this speech at the first meeting of the Communist Party of Cuba. With unification of Cuban communist groups, the revolution was strengthened, and Castro celebrates the fact in his speech. C.I.A. The Crisis USSR/Cuba. Rep. 1962. The National Security Archive. The George Washington University. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a declassified C.I.A. report on October 27, 1962. The Cuban Missile Crisis had heightened tension until Khrushchev and Kennedy make an agreement for peace. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, Operation Mongoose is abandoned. The document considers possible U.S.

actions against USSR and Cuba and the implications. The copy of it is available under "Primary Documents" tab of the website. President Kennedy, and Office of the Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. Memorandum No. 2 Immediate Causes of Failure of the Operation ZAPATA, 06/13/1961. Rep. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a declassified C.I.A. report on why the Bay of Pigs invasion was a failure. The document looks at the military inadequacy and American bureaucracy as the causes. The full document is available under the "Primary Documents" section. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Department of Defense. Memorandum on Institutional Planning for Operation Mongoose, 03/12/1962. By Joint Chiefs of Staff. 1962. National Archives. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://research.archives.gov/description/305067>. This is a photo-copy of a declassified C.I.A. document on the Mongoose Operation. It provides a partial list of individual plans, with descriptions of each mission, the purpose, and considerations. The document helped me understand the cause of the failure for the Bay of Pigs invasion. In the document, phrases such as depending on circumstances and undetermined as yet come up in almost every operation; the circumstantial nature of the operation didnt mix well with Americas bureaucracy, which was the cause of the failure for the Bay of Pigs invasion. A photocopy of the document is available under the Primary Documents tab. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Memorandum No. 2 Immediate Causes of Failure of the Operation ZAPATA, 06/13/1961. By President [ Kennedy] and Office of the Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. 1961. National Archives. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://research.archives.gov/description/193275>. The declassified C.I.A. document analyzes the reasons for the failure of the Bay of Pigs

invasion. As the document points out, the indecisive U.S. government acted based on the false assumption that the Cuban military forces were inadequate and unable to fight back. Images: 1959. Photograph. Havana. Latin American History. Suite 101, 14 Mar. 2010. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. <http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuban-rebels/castro-1.gif>. The picture shows Fidel Castro accompanied by the 26th of July Movement, triumphantly driving through the streets of Havana. It can be seen under "The Cuban Revolution" tab of the website. 1959. Photograph. Time Magazine Vol. LXXIII No. 8. The Cuban Revolution. Latin American Studies. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Fidel Castro, as the leader of the 26th of July Movement which successfully drove Batista out of Cuba, graces the cover of Time Magazine. During the early days, the U.S. attitude towards Castro is one of optimism and respect, and it is portrayed in the cover. The document can be found under "The Cuban Revolution" tab of the website. 1960. Photograph. New York. MSNBC World News. MSNBC. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photo shows Fidel Castro at the United Nations meeting in 1960. The U.S. and Cuba grew increasingly hostile, and Castro repeatedly condemend America's damage to Cuban economy. The photo is seen under "The Cuban Revolution" section of the website. 1961. Photograph. Jacqueline Kennedy's Audio Tapes: JFK References Lincoln Assassination After Missile Crisis. ABC News. ABC Corporation, 13 Sept. 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photo shows President Kennedy wiping sweat off his forehead. He seems almost nervous as he addresses the nation in a public broadcast. The picture can be found under "America's Reaction" tab. 1961. Photograph. The Bay of Pigs Invasion: Origin, Failure, Significance, Bay of Pigs. Schoolworkhelper. St. Rosemary Educational Institution. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photo shows the Cuban exiles who tried to invade Cuba captured by the Cuban army.

They are standing in lines, surrounded by men with guns. This can be seen under "America's Reaction" tab on the website. 1962. Photograph. Washington D.C. The Epoch Times. 21 Sept. 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photograph shows President Kennedy signing an order for a naval blockade of Cuba. It was just one of the legislations the U.S. government passed throughout the 20th century to reinforce the embargo against Cuba. The photo can be seen under "America's Reform" tab. "Amnesty International Urges President Obama to Lift Embargo." Cartoon. Repeating Islands. 29 Oct. 2009. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The political cartoon shows Cuba blocked on all sides by the American flag made out of barbed wires. It signifies America's blockade on Cuba.The image can be seen under "America's Reform" section. The Bay of Pigs. Map. The Cuban Missile Crisis: Fourteen Days in October, 1997. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a map of Cuba showing several important locations including the Bay of Pigs and locations of the Medium-Range Ballisitcs Missiles (MRBM). This map can be found under "America's Reaction" section of the website. Cartoon. Progreso Weekly. Washington Office of Latin America, 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The political cartoon shows red-eyed Uncle Sam putting his arms around Cuba. His shirt-sleeve has "embargo" written on it, and an approaching boat named U.N. shouts, "Lift the embargo!" The cartoon is a comment on how the U.S. is holding on to the economic sanctions against Cuba despite international disapproval. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Man of the Year, Jan. 4, 1960. 1960. Photograph. Time Weekly Magazine Vol. LXXV No. 1. Time Magazine. Time Corporation. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a cover of the Time Magazine, Vol. LXXV No. 1. It shows President Eisenhower, calling him the "Man of the Year." He enacted the earliest embargo against Cuba. The document can be seen under "America's Reform" tab on the website. Edward M. Kennedy. Photograph. The Kennedy Family. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Senator Edward M. Kennedy was opposed

to the on-going blockade against Cuba like the rest of the Kennedy family. Despite opposition, the blockade still exists. The photo of Kennedy can be seen on "America's Reform" section on the website. Eisenstaedt, Alfred. Khrushchev and Castro at the United Nations in 1960. 1960. Photograph. Castro: Early Years, 19531961, New York. Life. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a photo of Nikita Khrushchev and Fidel Castro talking. The good relations between the two is apparent on their faces. The photo can be seen under "America's Reform" tab. Esso and Texaco Signs. Photograph. Palm Beach Daily News, 10 July 2009. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document shows the picture of rusty and old Esso and Texaco signs. After Cuba's nationalization program, the private companies had to leave all their property in Cuba, leaving them to disintegrate. Fidel Does New York. 1979. Photograph. New York. Daily News. New York Daily News, 13 Aug. 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. This is a picture of Fidel Castro at a United Nations meeting on October 13, 1979. This picture is used for the homepage where photos of Castro and Kennedy are placed so they seem like they are heatedly pointing at each other. Inspector General's Survey of the Cuban Operation and Associated Documents. Photograph. The Ralph Nader Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. This is a photograph of the U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. He was initially a supporter of the espionage missions. His photo can be found under "America's Reaction" tab of the website. Livingston Merchant. Photograph. Oral History Interview with Livingston Merchant. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document shows a picture of Under Secretary Livingston Merchant. He viewed Cuba as a great danger to U.S. foreign relations. His picture can be seen under "The Cuban Revolution" tab of the website. Loengard, John. 'Invade Cuba Now!' 1962. Photograph. Bay of Pigs: Invasion and Aftermath. Life. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photo from Life magazine publication is from 1962,

after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. People are protesting for America to invade Cuba and subvert communism. This photo is used under "America's Reaction" section. Office of Global Analysis, FAS, USDA. "In the Late 1950s, U.S. Interests Owned a Significant Portion of Cubas Economic Resources." Chart. Cubas Food & Agriculture Situation Report. 2008. 3. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a graph from the USDA's report on Cuba's food and agriculture. The graph reveals that in 1950s, the U.S. commercial interests owned the majority of valuable Cuban infrastructure and land. It can be found under "America's Reform" section on the website. "OK Mr. President, Let's Talk." Cartoon. The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The political cartoon depicts the two superpowers competing in "arms race" by showing them arm-wrestling. This cartoon can be seen under "The Cuban Revolution" section of the website. OAS Logo. Photograph. Organization of American States. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The Organization of American States took part Americas effort to isolate Cuba in hope to end Castros reign. The logo of OAS can be found on the website, under Americas Reform tab. Photograph. Blas Roca: Figura Relevante De La Revolucin. Radio Rebelde, 24 July 2008. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a photograph of Cuba's Popular Socialist Party's leader Blas Roca Calderio. The picture can be found under "The Cuban Revolution" section of the website. Photograph. Library of Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The United States Congress. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Under Secretary Bowles severely criticized the U.S., especially the Kennedy administration, after the Bay of Pigs invasion. This picture of Bowles can be found under "The Cuban Revolution" section.

Richard McCormick. Photograph. DegreePivot, 1 June 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Richard McCormick was an American businessman who served as the Chairman of the US Council for International Business. According to him, embargoes are counterproductive to America's goal. This photograph of him can be seen under "America's Reform" section of the website. Schulke, Flip. President John F. Kennedy, 1961. 1961. Photograph. Flip Schulke Archives. Flip Schulke Photography. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. This is a photo of President John F. Kennedy in 1961 by American photojournalist Flip Schulke. The picture can be seen on the homepage of the website, opposite of Castro's accusing fingers. Walker, Hank. Ambassador Philip W. Bonsal at US Embassy. 1960. Photograph. Havana. Life. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. This is a photograph of U.S. Ambassador to Cuba Philip Bonsal. He was against decreasing Cuba's sugar quota. The picture can be found under "America's Reform" tab. Welcome From Castro in Miami, 1960. 1960. Photograph. Castro: Early Years, 19531961, Miami. Life. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photo shows pro-America ads from Cuba. One of the ads reads, "Now Cuba is Free. We Welcome Our American Friends, Fidel Castro." The photo can be found under "The Cuban Revolution" section of the website. Videos: The Cold War. Prod. Discovery Education. Discovery Education, 2005. Discovery

Education. Web. 26 March 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. This video from Discovery Education deals with the Cold War, including the Cuban Missile Crisis and the building of the Berlin Wall. Several segments from the video is used on the website. I relied on the video to act as background information The Cuban Missile Crisis. Prod. Discovery Education. Discovery Education, 2007. Discovery Education. Web. 26 March 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. This is a

longer video about the Cuban Missile Crisis with respect to U.S. politics. It includes

President Kennedys speech on Oct 27, 1962, declaring the blockade against Cuba. I have a segment of Kennedys speech under the primary document tab on the website. JFK beginning Moran, Jeffrey P. "American Reaction to Cuban Revolution." Personal interview. 2012. I interviewed Associate Professor of modern US history Jeff Moran at the University of Kansas. I videotaped the interview, and I show the segments on the website. A Possibility of Friendship (A Secret Truce: Kennedy and Castro Part Two). Prod. Discovery Education. Discovery Education, 2005.Discovery Education. Web. 26 March 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. The video is an overview of Kennedy and Castros relationship and what happens during their time in office. It includes the Bay of Pigs invasion and Kennedys press conference taking responsibility of the fiasco in front of the American public. U.S. Breaks Relations With Cuba. Prod. Universal News, 1961. Web. 26 March 2012. <http://www.archive.org/details/CEP529>. This is a news clip from Universal News, when the U.S. government formally breaks diplomatic ties with Cuba in a press release. A segment of the video is included in the website. Secondary Sources: Guerra, Vilaboy Sergio., and Vega Oscar, Loyola. Cuba: a History. Melbourne: Ocean, 2010. Print. Cuba: a History overall is a very short history lesson on Cuba, but it has a lot of information about the pre-revolution government under Batista and U.S. Cuban relations before Castro took power. It helped me understand that Cuban government was why a revolution had to take place in Cuba. Marsico, Katie. Fidel Castro: Cuban President & Revolutionary. Edina, MN: ABDO Pub., 2009. Print. Marsicos biography narrates Castros revolution and its implications. Telling the story in context with the Cold War, Marsico places the Cuban revolution

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in international perspective. Marsico also refers to many primary documents on the topic, which I could find through online databases, such as the U.S. National Archives. Schoultz, Lars. That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2009. Print. Schoultzs That Infernal Little Cuban Republic examines Americas involvement in the Cuban revolution. Schoultz notes Castros reaction of the Bay of Pigs invasion and how it accelerated the socialist revolution in Cuba. The connection of the operation to increasing socialism explained elevating U.S. panic and frantic pursuit of the Mongoose Operation. Schoultz also associates the declining support for the Mongoose Operation following the Cuban Missile Crisis to a change in U.S approach to the Cuban problem. The Bay of Pigs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/The-Bay-of-Pigs.aspx.>. The article is from the JFK Presidential Library & Museum website, and it summarizes the plans, actions, implications, reactions, and results of the Bay of Pigs operation. It was interesting to see how the operation was a stain in Kennedys presidential term. The US Embargo Against Cuba: Its Impact on Economic and Social Rights. Publication. London: Amnesty International, 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR25/007/2009/en/51469f8b-73f8-47a2a5bd-f839adf50488/amr250072009eng.pdf>. This is a publication from Amnesty International about Americas embargo against Cuba and its implications on human rights. It provides a summary of U.S. embargo legislations and its effects. It announces international disapproval of Americas continuation of the embargo.