Igarss08 Tutorial Pottier Ferrofamil Morning

IGARSS – 08
TUTORIAL
July 6, 2008
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
SAR Polarimetry:
Basics, Processing Techniques
and Applications
Eric POTTIER – Laurent FERRO-FAMIL

IETR – UMR CNRS 6164
SAPHIR
University of Rennes 1
SAPHIR Team
Rennes, France
eric.pottier@univ-rennes1.fr, laurent.ferro-famil@univ-rennes1.fr
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil
RADAR POLARIMETRY
y$ r
x$
E( z , t )
0
z$
Radar Polarimetry (Polar : polarisation Metry: measure)

is the science of acquiring, processing and analysing
the polarization state of an electromagnetic field
Radar Polarimetry deals with the full vector

nature of polarized electromagnetic waves
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
The POLARISATION information

Contained in the waves backscattered
from a given medium is highly related to:
its geometrical structure

reflectivity, shape and orientation
its geophysical properties such as humidity, roughness, …

SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
APPLICATIONS OF RADAR POLARIMETRY
IN REMOTE SENSING (EARTH MONITORING)
AGRICULTURE
LAND USE METEOROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
GEOLOGY
FORESTRY
TOPOGRAPHY
CARTOGRAPHY
SECURITY
HUMANITARIAN DEMINING
SEA / ICE
OCEANOGRAPHY
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
• Forest Height • Forest Ecology
• Forest Biomass • Forest Management
• Forest Structure • Ecosystem Change
• Canopy Extinction • Carbon Cycle
• Underlying Topography
Forest Vegetation
• Soil Moisture Content

• Soil roughness • Farming Management
• Height of Vegetation Layer • Water Cycle
• Extinction of Vegetation Layer • Desretification
• Moisture of Vegetation Layer
Agriculture
• Topography
• Penetration Depth / Density • Ecosystem Change
• Snow Ice Layer • Water Cycle
• Snow Ice Extinction • Water Management
Snow and Ice • Water Equivalent
• Geometric Properties • Urban Monitoring

• Dielectric Properties
Urban Areas
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of Dr I. Hajnsek (DLR-HR)

RADAR POLARIMETRY
POLARIMETRIC SAR SENSORS
AIRBORNE SENSORS SHUTTLE / SPACEBORNE SENSORS
AES1 AIRSAR DOSAR

AeroSensing (D) NASA / JPL (USA) EADS / Dornier GmbH (D)
ENVISAT / ASAR
ESA (EU)
SIR-C
NASA / JPL (USA)
ESAR EMISAR MEMPHIS / AER II-PAMIR

DLR (D) DCRS (DK) FGAN (D)
ALOS / PALSAR
NASDA / JAROS (J)
PHARUS PISAR RAMSES

TNO - FEL (NL) NASDA / CRL (J) ONERA (F)
TerraSAR - X RADARSAT 2
RENE STORM SAR580 CSA - MDA (CA)
BMBF / DLR / ASTRIUM
UVSQ / CETP (F) UVSQ / CETP (F) Environnement Canada (CA)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Innovation
• Specifications needed for future satellite sensors
• Test advanced imaging modes
Development
• Development of algorithm for quantitative parameter inversion
• Development of new application products
Data Availability
• Detailed information in critical areas
• Key information that cannot currently be measured from space
• Young researcher education
• Preparation to satellite SAR sensors
Requirements to an Airborne system

• Flexible and modular SAR system
• System avalaibility
• Complete processing chain
• Fast data delivery
• High data quality
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of Dr I. Hajnsek (DLR-HR)

RADAR POLARIMETRY
POLARIMETRIC AIRBORNE SAR SENSORS
AES1 AIRSAR AuSAR - INGARA DOSAR

InterMap Technologies (D) NASA / JPL (USA) D.S.T.O (Aus) EADS / Dornier GmbH (D)
GulfStream Commander DC8 DC3 (97) KingAir 350 (00) Beach 1900C DO 228 (89), C160 (98), G222 (00)
X-Band (HH), P-Band (Quad) P, L, C-Band (Quad) X-Band (Quad) S, C, X-Band (Quad), Ka-Band (VV)
ESAR EMISAR MEMPHIS / AER II-PAMIR STORM

DLR (D) DCRS (DK) FGAN (D) UVSQ / CETP (F)
DO 228 G3 Aircraft Transal C160 Merlin IV
P, L, S-Band (Quad) L, C-Band (Quad) Ka, W-Band (Quad) / X-Band (Quad) C-Band (Quad)
C, X-Band (Sngl)
PHARUS PISAR RAMSES SAR580

TNO - FEL (NL) NASDA / CRL (J) ONERA (F) Environnement Canada (CA)
CESSNA – Citation II GulfStream Transal C160 Convair CV-580
C-Band (Quad) L, X-Band (Quad) P, L, S, C, X, Ku, Ka, W-Band (Quad) C, X-Band (Quad)
+ CASSAR (China), MIT/Lincoln Lab (USA), P3-SAR (NADC / ERIM -USA), Military Systems …
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
AIRSAR
DC8
P, L, C-Band (Quad)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
AIRSAR
|HH+VV| |HV | |HH-VV|

SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil San Francisco Bay (1988) – (L-Band)

RADAR POLARIMETRY
ESAR
DO 228
P, L, S-Band (Quad)
C, X-Band (Sngl)
Experimental Synthetic
Aperture Radar System
E- SAR
E
P-Band X-Band
L-Band C-Band
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of

RADAR POLARIMETRY

SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Oberpfaffenhofen Airfield – (L-Band)

RADAR POLARIMETRY
F – SAR
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil X-Band – Quad Pol Courtesy of Prof. W.M. Boerner

RADAR POLARIMETRY
EMISAR
DCRS (DK)
G3 Aircraft
L, C-Band (Quad)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Copenhagen (1999)
C-Band
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
EMISAR
LandSat TM
Classification
Foulum (C-Band)
Land Cover Monitoring
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
PISAR
NASDA / CRL (J)
GulfStream
L, X-Band (Quad)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Tsukuba Science City (1997)
L-Band X-Band
IMAGE SIZE : 700 (Range) x 700 (Azimut) IMAGE SIZE : 700 (Range) x 700 (Azimut)
PIXEL SIZE : 2.5m (Range) x 2.5m (Azimut) PIXEL SIZE : 2.5m (Range) x 2.5m (Azimut)
|HH-VV|, |HV|, |HH+VV|

SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Tohoku University (2001)
L-Band X-Band
IMAGE SIZE : 5000m (Range) x 5000m (Azimut) IMAGE SIZE : 5000m (Range) x 5000m (Azimut)
PIXEL SIZE : 2.5m (Range) x 2.5m (Azimut) PIXEL SIZE : 2.5m (Range) x 2.5m (Azimut)
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil |HH-VV|, |HV|, |HH+VV|

RADAR POLARIMETRY
RAMSES
ONERA (F)
Transal C160
P, L, S, C, X, Ku, Ka, W-Band (Quad)
SAPHIR

RADAR POLARIMETRY
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RAMSES SYSTEM
Band Ctr Freq λ Bwidth Rés Anten. Elev x Peak Power Polar Mode
[GHz] [cm] [MHz] [m] azimut Power Stage
P 0.43 69,7 75 2 Array 40° x 30° 300 SSA Full
L* 1.3 23 200 0,75 Array 23° x 16° 100 SSA Full
S 3.2 9,4 300 0,5 Array 30° x 10° 150 SSA Full
C 5.3 5,6 300 0,5 Array 33° x 8° 500 TWT Full
X 9.6 3,1 1200 0,13 Both 16° x 16° 200 TWT Full IFPOL, IF MB
Ku 14.3 2,1 1200 0,13 Horn 14° x 14° 200 TWT Full IFPOL, IF MB
Ka 35 0,8 1200 0,13 Horn 20° or 5° 100 TWT VV
W 95 0,3 500 0,3 Horn 3° 5° 10° 50 EIA LR, LL
or 20°
• Boresight incidence angle can be adjusted from 30° to 75°( except at P-band)
• Flexible waveform: Bandwidth, number of recorded channels, swath width
•Two frequencies can be operated simultaneously
SAPHIR

RADAR POLARIMETRY
RAMSES
X -Band (Quad - PolInSar)
Resolution: 0.9m (range) x 0.9m (azimut)
Swath: 800m
visible radar
|HH-VV| |HV | |HH+VV|
Campaign RITAS (Radar Imagerie Thématique Agricole et Sols)

INRA, CETP, BRGM, CEMAGREF et ONERA – March 2002
SAPHIR

RADAR POLARIMETRY
SETHI
ONERA (F)
Mystere 20
P, L, S, C, X (Quad - Pol)
P-Band Quad-Pol (P-Vh, X-Hh, L-Vh)

SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil B=70MHz

RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAR580
Environnement Canada (CA)
Convair CV-580
C, X-Band (Quad)
Developed by Canada Centre for

Remote Sensing CCRS – 1974
Fully Polarimetric SAR at C-Band
Now owned and operated

by Environment Canada
Viewed as a primary research tool to support

CCRS work for RADARSAT 2 and ENVISAT
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAR580
Environnement Canada (CA)
Convair CV-580 Qu’Appelle River
C, X-Band (Quad) (June 2000)
Geocoded Product
Parameter Units Value
Antenna
Polarization H and V
Peak Gain dB 27
o
Elevation Width 16
o
Azimuth Width 3
Transmitter 1
TWT
Chirp Generation SAW
Power kW 16
Frequency GHz 5.3
PRF/V 1/m 3.32 or 2.57
PRF_max Hz 383x2
Receivers 2
Compression SAW -1
Digitization I +Q
6-bit
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
POLARIMETRIC SPACEBORNE SAR SENSORS
SIR-C ENVISAT / ASAR

NASA / JPL (USA) ESA (EU)
April 1994 (10 days) 2002
October 1994 (10 days) C-Band (Sngl / Twin)
L, C-Band (Quad)
ALOS / PALSAR
JAXA (J)
January 2006
L-Band (Sngl / Twin / Quad)
TerraSAR-X
DLR / EADS – ASTRIUM / Infoterra GmbH RADARSAT 2
June 2007 CSA / MDA (CA)
X-Band (Sngl / Twin / Quad ?) December 2007
C-Band (Quad)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SIR-C
BONANZA CREEK (USA) LAMANCHA (S)
1994 (2 MISSIONS)
DEATH VALLEY (USA) OETZTAL (AUT)
SAPHIR KILAUEA CRATER (USA)

RADAR POLARIMETRY
Pol-InSAR Optimisation
Selenge-River, Kudara/Buryatia,Russia
< Selenge River >
HH-VV
2HV
HH+VV
C-band L-band
SAPHIR K. Papathanassiou (PhD Dissertation)

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of Prof. W.M. Boerner
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Interferometric Coherence Images
HH-HH Opt 1
HV-HV Opt 2
VV-VV Opt 3
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Phase Difference between Scattering Mechanisms

RADAR POLARIMETRY
ENVISAT - ASAR
2002
C-Band
(Sngl / Twin)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
ENVISAT – ASAR – MERIS
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
ENVISAT - ASAR
BRETAGNE
Instrument: (ASAR)
Date of Acquisitions:
5 October 2003
20 December 2003
22 February 2004
Instrument features:
Image Mode Precision (150 m resolution)
ASAR Mode: Image Swath 2
Orbit Direction: Descending

Orbit number: 04249
ASAR Polarization: V/V
Coordinates:
NW Lat/Long: N 50.42 / W 3.37
NE Lat/Long: N 49.56 / E 2.23
SE Lat/Long: N 46.22 / E 1.07
SW Lat/Long: N 47.06 / W 4.19
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Orbit: LEO, Circular Sun-synchronous Sun-synchronous Sun-synchronous
Repeat Period 46 days 24 days 11 days
Equatorial Crossing 22:30 (ascending) 18:00 (ascending) 18:00 (ascending)

Time (hrs)
Inclinaison (deg) 98.16 98.60 97.44
Equatorial Altitude (km) 692 798 515
Wavelegth - Band 23cm (L) 5.6 cm (C) 3 cm (X)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
MODE
(Resolution / Swath
Looks / Polar)
Standard Stripmap 20 x 10 m / 70 km 25 m / 100 km 3 m / 30 km

2 / HH or VV 4 / HH or VV 1 / HH or VV
Fine 10 m / 70 km 8 m / 50 km 1 m (spolight) / 10 km
ScanSAR 100 m / 350 km 100 m / 500 km 16 m / 100 km

Quad Polarisation 30 x 10 m / 30 km Standard 3 m / 15 km

2 / Quad Pol 25 x 8 m / 25 km 1 / Quad Pol
4 / Quad Pol
Fine
8 x 8 m / 25 km
1 / Quad Pol
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
ALOS - PALSAR
January 2006
L-Band (Sngl / Twin / Quad)
ALOS : Advanced Land Observing Satellite

PALSAR : Phase Array L-Band SAR
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Tamakomai – Sapporo (Japan)
SAPHIR
|HH| GOOGLE EARTH
RADAR POLARIMETRY

SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil GOOGLE EARTH

RADAR POLARIMETRY
Single vs. Fully Polarized
SAPHIR
|HH| |HH-VV|, |HV|, |HH+VV|
RADAR POLARIMETRY

SAPHIR
|AA-BB|, |AB|, |AA+BB|
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil |LL-RR|, |LR|, |LL+RR|
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Entropy
Anisotropy
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Alpha

RADAR POLARIMETRY
(1-H)(1-A) = 1m
(1-H)A = 2m
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil H(1-A) = 3m

RADAR POLARIMETRY
Entropy-Shannon
Intensity Entropy-Shannon
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Polarimetry Entropy-Shannon

RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
Wishart – H/A/alpha segmentation
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Belize (Brazil)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Tai An (China)
Mountain Tai
Tai An City
Mountain Culai
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Sakura-jima volcano Mt. Fuji
Izu-Oshima island
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of Prof. Y. Yamaguchi

RADAR POLARIMETRY
TerraSAR - X
June 2007
X-Band (Sngl / Twin / Quad ?)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Volgograd (21 / 06 / 07)

RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Volgograd (21 / 06 / 07)

RADAR POLARIMETRY
Belzig – Berlin (G)
SAPHIR
Dual-Pol (sHH, sVV)
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Shannon
SAPHIR
Entropy
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Rostock (G)
SAPHIR
Dual-Pol (sHH, sVV)
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Shannon
SAPHIR
Entropy
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Troyes (F)
SAPHIR
Dual-Pol (sHH, sVV)
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Shannon
SAPHIR
Entropy
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR

RADAR POLARIMETRY
TerraSAR–X – TANDEM–X (2009)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
RADARSAT - 2
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Fenrisgletscher glacier – Sermilik fjord (18/12/2007)

RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Koojesse inlet - Frobisher Bay, southeast Baffin Island (07/01/2008)
RADAR POLARIMETRY
San Francisco (USA)
SAPHIR
|HH-VV|, |HV|, |HH+VV| GOOGLE EARTH
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Paris (F)
SAPHIR
E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil |HV| GOOGLE EARTH

RADAR POLARIMETRY
COSMO – SkyMED (07 / 06 / 07)
4 satellite SAR constellation, right & left looking acquisition
• Short revisit time
• Rapid response
• Very high resolution from 1 metre
• High geo-location accuracy
• All-weather day/night global coverage
• High imaging capacity
• Interferometric & polarmetric capability
Interferometric capability
• One-day interferometry
• Tandem-like interferometry mission
• Optimum mean revisit
• Flexible acquisition; time delay of:
• one day (pairs 1-2, 2-3)
• two days (1-3, 3-4)
• three days (2-4)
• four days (1-4)
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR Mt Etna
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
Po Delta
RADAR POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
Mt Fuji
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Ring structure located in Ouadane-Richat in Mauritania
TerraSAR-X Cosmo – Skymed

ScanSAR (16m) – VV
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
The near-circular, conical peak of Mount Egmont on New Zealand’s North Island
TerraSAR-X Cosmo – Skymed

StripMap (3m) – VV
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
ALOS – PALSAR
ENVISAT – ASAR
GOLDEN AGE
TerraSAR – X RADARSAT 2
PolSAR
Pol-InSAR
SAPHIR
Questions ?
SAPHIR
POLARIMETRIC REMOTE SENSING
POLSAR - POLINSAR
DATA
PROCESSING
POLARIMETRIC
SAR DATA SET(S) QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
POLARIMETRIC
POLARIMETRIC
TWO-STEP INVERSION PROCEDURE DESCRIPTORS
DESCRIPTORS
EXTRACTION
EXTRACTION
MODEL-BASED
PHYSICAL PARAMETER
INVERSION
BIO and GEO PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
SAPHIR
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
H
A
α
POLARIMETRIC
POLARIMETRIC
SPECKLE
SPECKLE TARGET
TARGET
FILTERING
FILTERING DECOMPOSITION
DECOMPOSITION
WISHART
WISHART
POLARIMETRIC
POLARIMETRIC CLUSTER
CLUSTER POLARIMETRIC
POLARIMETRIC
DESCRIPTORS
DESCRIPTORS POLARIMETRIC
POLARIMETRIC SEGMENTATION
SEGMENTATION
EXTRACTION
EXTRACTION IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION MONO/DUAL
MONO/DUAL FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
INTERFEROMETRY
INTERFEROMETRY
SAPHIR
RADAR POLARIMETRY
G.A. DESCHAMPS E. M. KENNAUGH

(1911 – 1998) (1922 – 1983)
J.R. HUYNEN W.M. BOERNER J. S. LEE S.R. CLOUDE E. POTTIER

(1920 – 2007)
SAPHIR
y$ r
x$
E( z , t )
0
z$
WAVE POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
PROPAGATION EQUATION
r
REAL ELECTRIC FIELD VECTOR E (z ,t )
MAXWELL EQUATIONS
r
r ∂ B ( z ,t )
MAXWELL – FARADAY EQUATION ∇ ∧ E ( z , t )= −
r r ∂t
MAXWELL – AMPERE EQUATION ∇ ∧ H (z ,t )= J T (z ,t )
r
GAUSS THEOREM ∇ ⋅ D ( z , t )= ρ ( z , t )
r
∇ ⋅ B ( z , t )= 0
r
r r ∂D ( z , t )
J T (z ,t )= J C (z ,t )+
∂t
r r
J C (z ,t )=σE (z ,t ) σ (Conductivity)
r r
B (z ,t )= µH (z ,t ) µ (Permeability)
r r ε (Permittivity)
D ( z , t )= ε E ( z , t )
SAPHIR
r r r
∇ ∧ (∇ ∧ A) = ∇(∇ ⋅ A) − ∇ ⋅ (∇A)
r r
r ∂ E (z ,t )2
∂ E ( z ,t ) 1 ∂ ρ ( z ,t )
∇ E (z ,t ) − µε
2
− µσ = −
∂ t2 ∂t ε ∂t
HELMHOLTZ PROPAGATION EQUATION

r
r ∂ E ( z ,t )
2
∇ E (z ,t ) − µε
2
=0
∂t 2
Source Free, Linear, Homogeneous, Isotropic,

Dielectric and lossless Medium
SAPHIR
E (z )
r ⎛ jωt ⎞
COMPLEX ELECTRIC FIELD VECTOR With: E (z ,t ) = ℜ⎜ E (z )e ⎟
⎝ ⎠
HELMHOLTZ PROPAGATION EQUATION
E z + k E (z ) = 0
( ) 2
∇ 2
jδ
⎡ E x ⎤ ⎡ E ox e x ⎤
− jkz ⎢ jδ ⎥
SOLUTION: E ( z ) = Ee With: E = ⎢ E y ⎥ = ⎢ E oy e y ⎥
⎢ ⎥ jδ z
E ⎢
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎣ ozE e ⎥⎦
SINUSOIDAL PLANE WAVE
r ∂E z
∇ ⋅ E (z ,t ) = 0 ⇒ =0
∂z
SAPHIR
POLARISATION ELLIPSE
y$ r
x$ E( z , t )
z$
REAL ELECTRIC FIELD VECTOR
⎧ E x = E0 x cos (ωt − kz − δ x )
r ⎪
E z , t = ⎨ E y = E0 y cos (ωt − kz − δ y )
( )
⎪E = 0
⎩ z
SAPHIR
y$ r
x$ E( z , t )
r
y$
E( z0 , t )
0 x$
z0 z$
THE REAL ELECTRIC FIELD VECTOR MOVES IN TIME ALONG AN ELLIPSE

2 2
⎛ Ex ⎞ Ex E y ⎛ Ey ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −2 cos (δ ) + ⎜⎜ ⎟ = sin 2 (δ )
⎟
⎝ E0 x ⎠ E0 x E0 y ⎝ E 0 y ⎠
With: δ = δ y − δ x
SAPHIR
y$
y$0 r
E( z , t = 0 )
x$0
τ
α
φ
x$
A φ $,$
0 ~ zn
A : WAVE AMPLITUDE α : ABSOLUTE PHASE

π π π
φ : ORIENTATION ANGLE − ≤φ ≤ τ : ELLIPTICITY ANGLE 0 ≤ τ ≤
SAPHIR
2 2 4
POLARISATION HANDENESS
ROTATION SENSE: LOOKING INTO THE DIRECTION OF THE WAVE PROPAGATION
y$
x$
+τ
0
−τ
z$
ANTI-CLOCKWISE ROTATION CLOCKWISE ROTATION
LEFT HANDED POLARISATION RIGHT HANDED POLARISATION
ELLIPTICITY ANGLE : τ > 0 ELLIPTICITY ANGLE : τ < 0

π π
− ≤τ ≤
SAPHIR
4 4
JONES VECTOR
REAL ELECTRIC FIELD VECTOR PHASOR = JONES VECTOR
⎧ E x = E0 x cos (ωt − kz − δ x ) ⎡ E x = Eox e jδ x ⎤

r ⎪ E=⎢ jδ y ⎥
E (z , t ) = ⎨ E y = E0 y cos (ωt − kz − δ y ) ⎣ E y = Eoy e ⎦
⎪E = 0
⎩ z r ⎛ j (ωt − kz ) ⎞
With: E (z ,t ) = ℜ⎜ Ee ⎟
⎝ ⎠
GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS
ABSOLUTE PHASE AMPLITUDE
α =δx A = E02x + E02y
ORIENTATION ANGLE ELLIPTICITY ANGLE

E0 x E0 y E0 x E0 y
tan 2φ = 2 cos δ sin 2τ = 2 sin δ
E 2
0x −E 2
0y E 2
0x +E 2
0y
POLARISATION HANDENESS: Sign(τ)
SAPHIR
JONES VECTOR
HORIZONTAL POLARISATION STATE VERTICAL POLARISATION STATE
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡0 ⎤
y$ y$
H=⎢ ⎥ V =⎢ ⎥
⎣0 ⎦ ⎣ 1⎦
r r
E( z ,t ) E ( z ,t )
π
x$ φ =0 0 ~ z$
x$
φ=
~ z$
2
0
τ =0
τ =0
ORTHOGONAL LINEAR
LINEAR POLARISATION STATE
POLARISATION STATE
y$ ⎡ cos θ ⎤ ⎡ − sinθ ⎤
L=⎢ L⊥ = ⎢
y$
y$ ′ r x$ ′
sinθ ⎥ y$ ′ r x$ ′
cos θ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
E( z ,t ) E ( z ,t )
θ
π
0 ~ z$
x$
φ =θ θ
x$
φ =θ +
0 ~ z$
2
τ =0
τ =0
SAPHIR
JONES VECTOR
LEFT CIRCULAR POLARISATION STATE RIGHT CIRCULAR POLARISATION STATE
1 ⎡ 1⎤ 1 ⎡ 1⎤
y$ y$
r r
E ( z ,t )
LC = E ( z ,t )
RC =
2 ⎢⎣ j ⎥⎦ 2 ⎣⎢ − j ⎥⎦
π π π π
≤φ ≤ + ≤φ ≤ +
x$
0 ~ z$
x$
− 0 ~ z$ −
2 2 2 2
π π
τ =+ τ =−
4 4
ORTHOGONAL ELLIPTICAL
ELLIPTICAL POLARISATION STATE
POLARISATION STATE
y$ ⎡Ex ⎤ y$ ⎡ E x′ ⎤
E=⎢ ⎥ E⊥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ E ′y ⎦
r
⎣Ey ⎦
E ( z ,t ) r
E( z ,t )
π
x$
φ =θ x$ φ =θ +
~ z$
2
0
~ z$
π
0
0 ≤τ ≤ + π
4 − ≤τ ≤ 0
SAPHIR
4
JONES VECTOR
y$
y$0 r
Er ( z , t = 0 )
rE( z , t = 0 ) x$0
E( z , t = 0 )
τ
αA r
φA E( z , t = 0 )
x$
A φ $,$
0 ~ zn
⎡ cos (φ )⎡ cos
−(sin
φ ) (φ⎡−)cos
⎡ (cos
⎤sin φ(φ))(⎤τ−⎡) cos
sinj(φτsin)⎤(τ )j⎤sin
⎡ e −(τjα)⎤ 0 ⎤
E = A ⎢E = A ⎢ E = A ⎢ ⎥ ⎢E = A⎥ ⎢ûx ⎥ ûx ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ûx jα ⎥ ûx
⎣ sin(φ )⎣ sincos
(φ )(φ ⎣) cos
⎦ ⎣ (jφsin
sin ) ⎦(τ⎣cos
)j sin
(φcos
(τ) )⎦(τ ) cos
⎦ ⎣ (τ0 ) ⎦ e ⎦
SAPHIR
POLARISATION RATIO
JONES VECTOR
jδ
⎡ E x ⎤ ⎡ Eox e x ⎤
E =⎢ ⎥=⎢ jδ y ⎥
E
⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ oy E e ⎦
⎡ cos (φ ) − sin(φ )⎤ ⎡ cos (τ ) j sin(τ )⎤ ⎡ e − jα 0 ⎤
= A⎢ û
⎥⎢
⎣ sin(φ ) cos (φ ) ⎦ ⎣ j sin(τ ) cos (τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ x
e ⎦
COMPLEX POLARISATION RATIO

Ey E0 y j (δ y −δ x ) tan(φ ) + j tan(τ )
ρ ( x̂ , ŷ ) = = e =
Ex E0 x 1 − j tan(φ ) tan(τ )
INDEPENDENT OF AMPLITUDE AND ABSOLUTE PHASE
COMPLEX POLARISATION PLANE

SAPHIR
COMPLEX POLARISATION PLANE
tan(φ ) + j tan(τ )
ℑ(ρ ( x̂ , ŷ ) ) ρ ( x̂ , ŷ ) =
1 − j tan(φ ) tan(τ )
ℜ(ρ ( x̂ , ŷ ) )
0
ℜ(ρ ( x̂ , ŷ ) ) ℑ(ρ ( x̂ , ŷ ) )
tan 2φ = 2 2
sin 2τ = 2 2
1 − ρ ( x̂ , ŷ ) 1 + ρ ( x̂ , ŷ )
SAPHIR
ORTHOGONAL JONES VECTOR
JONES VECTOR
jδ
⎡ E x ⎤ ⎡ Eox e x ⎤
E =⎢ ⎥=⎢ jδ y ⎥
E
⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ oy E e ⎦
= A⎢ û
⎣ sin( φ ) cos (φ ) ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ )
⎦⎣ cos (τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ x
e ⎦
POLARISATION ALGEBRA
NORM OF A JONES VECTOR E = E02x + E02y

T*
SCALAR PRODUCT A, B = A B
ORTHOGONALITY A , A⊥ = 0
SAPHIR
JONES VECTOR
E = A⎢ û
⎥⎢
⎣ sin(φ ) cos (φ ) ⎦ ⎣ j sin(τ ) cos (τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ x
e ⎦

⎡ cos (φ ) − sin(φ )⎤ ⎡ cos(τ ) j sin(τ )⎤ ⎡ e − jα 0 ⎤
E⊥ = A⎢ û
⎥⎢
⎣ sin(φ ) cos(φ ) ⎦ ⎣ j sin(τ ) cos(τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ y
e ⎦
⎡ − sin(φ ) − cos(φ )⎤ ⎡ cos(τ ) − j sin(τ )⎤ ⎡ e − jα 0 ⎤

= A⎢ û
⎥⎢
⎣ cos (φ ) − sin(φ )⎦ ⎣ − j sin(τ ) cos(τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ x
e ⎦
⎡ cos (φ + π2 ) − sin(φ + π2 )⎤ ⎡ cos (− τ ) j sin(− τ )⎤ ⎡ e − jα 0 ⎤

E ⊥ = A⎢ û
⎣ sin
SAPHIR
( φ + π
2
) cos (φ + ) j sin(− τ )
π ⎥⎢
2 ⎦⎣
cos(− τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ x
e ⎦
y$ y$
y$0
x$0 τ’
y$0
τ x$0
φ φ’
x$ x$
0 ~ zn
$,$
A 0 ~ zn
$,$
ORTHOGONALITY CONDITIONS
⎧φ ′ = φ + π2
(φ ,τ ) a ⎨
⎩τ ′ = −τ CHANGE OF POLARISATION HANDENESS
⎡Ex ⎤ Ey ⎡ E x′ ⎤ E ′y
E=⎢ ⎥ a ρE = E⊥ = ⎢ ⎥ a ρE =
⎣Ey ⎦ Ex ⎣ E ′y ⎦ E x′
⊥
1
E,E⊥ = 0 a ρE = −
⊥
ρ *E
SAPHIR
ELLIPTICAL BASIS TRANSFORMATION
JONES VECTOR
E = A⎢ û
⎣ sin( φ ) cos (φ ) ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ )
⎦⎣ cos (τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ x
e ⎦

E ⊥ = A⎢ û
⎣ sin( φ ) cos (φ ) ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ )
⎦⎣ cos (τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ y
e ⎦

[E , E ⊥ ] = A ⎢ [û , ûy ]
⎣ sin( φ ) cos (φ ) ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ )
⎦⎣ cos (τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ x
e ⎦

SAPHIR
ORTHOGONAL JONES VECTORS

[E , E ⊥ ] = A ⎢ [û , ûy ]
⎣ sin( φ ) cos (φ ) ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ )
⎦⎣ cos (τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ x
e ⎦
SU(2) : SPECIAL UNITARY TRANSFORMATION MATRIX
⎡cos(φ ) − sin(φ )⎤ ⎡ cos(τ ) j sin(τ )⎤ ⎡e − jα 0 ⎤

[U (φ ,τ ,α )] = ⎢
⎣ sin (φ ) cos (φ ) ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ )
⎦⎣ cos(τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥
e jα ⎦
[U 2 (φ )] [U 2 (τ )] [U 2 (α )]
[U 2 ][U 2 ]T* = [I D 2 ] CONSERVATION OF THE WAVE ENERGY

det ([U 2 ]) = +1 ENSURES THE CORRECT PHASE DEFINITION
SAPHIR
SU(2) : SPECIAL UNITARY TRANSFORMATION MATRIX

[U (φ ,τ ,α )] = ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎣ sin(φ ) cos(φ ) ⎦ ⎣ j sin(τ ) cos(τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥
e ⎦
ELLIPTICAL BASIS TRANSFORMATION MATRIX
[U ( A , A⊥ )a( B ,B ⊥ )] = [U (φ ,τ ,α )]
−1
⎡ e jα 0 ⎤ ⎡ cos(τ ) − j sin(τ )⎤ ⎡ cos(φ ) sin(φ )⎤

=⎢ − jα ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − sin(φ ) cos(φ )⎥
⎣ 0 e ⎦⎣ − j sin (τ ) cos (τ ) ⎦⎣ ⎦
SAPHIR
FROM LINEAR TO CIRCULAR BASIS
E = E H H + EV V = E LC LC + E RC RC
With:
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡0 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 1⎤ 1 ⎡ 1⎤
H=⎢ ⎥ V =⎢ ⎥ LC = RC =
⎣0 ⎦ ⎣ 1⎦ 2 ⎢⎣ j ⎥⎦ 2 ⎣⎢ − j ⎥⎦
1 ⎡1 1 ⎤
[LC , RC ] = ⎢
2 ⎣ j − j ⎥⎦
SAPHIR
E = E H H + EV V = E LC LC + E RC RC
With:
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡0 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 1⎤ 1 ⎡ 1⎤
H=⎢ ⎥ V =⎢ ⎥ LC = RC =
⎣0 ⎦ ⎣ 1⎦ 2 ⎢⎣ j ⎥⎦ 2 ⎣⎢ − j ⎥⎦
1 ⎡1 1 ⎤
[LC , RC ] = ⎢ ∉ SU (2 )
2 ⎣ j − j ⎥⎦
Ernst LÜNEBURG
(PIERS95 - Pasadena)
SAPHIR
E = E H H + EV V = E LC LC + E LC⊥ LC ⊥
With:
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡0 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 1⎤ 1 ⎡ j⎤
H=⎢ ⎥ V =⎢ ⎥ LC = LC ⊥ =
⎣0 ⎦ ⎣ 1⎦ 2 ⎢⎣ j ⎥⎦ 2 ⎣⎢ 1⎥⎦
1 ⎡1 j ⎤
[LC , LC ⊥ ] = ⎢ ∈ SU (2 )
2 ⎣ j 1⎥⎦
SAPHIR
E = E H H + EV V = E LC LC + E LC⊥ LC ⊥
1 ⎡1 j ⎤
[LC , LC ⊥ ] = ⎢ ⎥
2 ⎣ j 1⎦
= U [ ( )]
π
0,
4
⇒ [U ( H ,V )a( LC ,LC ⊥ ) ] =
1 ⎡ 1 − j⎤
2 ⎢⎣ − j 1 ⎥⎦
⎡ E LC ⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 − j⎤⎡ EH ⎤
⎢E ⎥ = 2 ⎢ ⎥⎢ E ⎥
⎣ LC⊥ ⎦ ⎣ − j 1 ⎦⎣ V ⎦
SAPHIR
STOKES VECTOR
REAL REPRESENTATION OF THE POLARISATION
STATE OF A MONOCHROMATIC WAVE
T* ⎡ E x E *x E x E *y ⎤
E⋅E =⎢ * ⎥
E
⎣ y x E E y E *y ⎦
PAULI MATRICES GROUP
⎡1 0⎤ ⎡1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡0 − j ⎤
σ0 = ⎢ ⎥ σ1 = ⎢ ⎥ σ2 = ⎢ ⎥ σ3 = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣0 − 1⎦ ⎣1 0⎦ ⎣j 0 ⎦
1 1 ⎡ g0 + g 1 g 2 − jg 3 ⎤
= {g0σ 0 + g 1σ 1 + g 2σ 2 + g 3σ 3 } = ⎢
T*
E⋅E
2 2 ⎣ g 2 + jg 3 g0 − g 1 ⎥⎦
SAPHIR
{ g0, g1, g2, g3 } STOKES PARAMETERS
STOKES VECTOR
JONES VECTOR
⎡ E x = Eox e jδ x ⎤
E=⎢ jδ y ⎥
⎣ E y = Eoy e ⎦
STOKES VECTOR
⎡ g0 = Ex + E y ⎤
2 2
⎢ 2 2⎥
= Ex − E y ⎥
gE = ⎢ 1
g
⎢g = 2ℜ(E x E *y ) ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢⎣ g 3 = −2 ℑ(E x E *y )⎥⎦
WAVE POLARISATION STATE ESTIMATION

FROM INTENSITIES MEASUREMENTS
SAPHIR
STOKES VECTOR
STOKES VECTOR
⎡ g0 = E02x + E02y ⎤ ⎡ g0 = A2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ g1 = E02x − E02y ⎥ = ⎢ g1 = A cos 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
2
gE =
⎢ g2 = 2 E0 x E0 y cos(δ )⎥ ⎢ g 2 = A 2 sin 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ g3 = 2 E0 x E0 y sin(δ ) ⎦ ⎢⎣ g 3 = A sin 2τ
2 ⎥
⎦
GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS
E0 x E0 y g2
ORIENTATION ANGLE tan 2φ = 2 cos δ =
E02x − E02y g1
E0 x E0 y g3
ELLIPTICITY ANGLE sin 2τ = 2 sin δ =
E02x + E02y g0
SAPHIR
STOKES VECTOR
JONES VECTOR

E = A⎢ û
⎣ sin( φ ) cos (φ ) ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ )
⎦⎣ cos (τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ x
e ⎦
[U2(φ)] [U2(τ)] [U2(α)]
HOMOMORPHISM SU(2) - O(3)
[O3 (2θ )] p ,q 1
(
= Tr [U 2 (θ )] σ p [U 2 (θ )]σ q
2
T*
)
(σp, σq) : Pauli Matrices
STOKES VECTOR
⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤
− sin( 2τ ) ⎢ 0 ⎥g
g E = A 2 ⎢0 cos( 2φ ) − sin( 2φ ) 0
⎥ ⎢00 cos ( 2τ ) 0
⎥ 0 1 0
0 cos ( 2α )
0
− sin( 2α )
⎢0 sin( 2φ ) cos( 2φ ) 0
⎥⎢ 0 1 0
⎥⎢ ⎥ ûx
⎣0 0 0 0 ⎦ ⎣0 sin( 2τ ) 0 cos ( 2τ ) ⎦ 0
⎣ 0 sin( 2α ) cos ( 2α ) ⎦
SAPHIR
[O4(2φ)] [O4(2τ)] [O4(2α)]
STOKES VECTOR
HORIZONTAL POLARISATION STATE VERTICAL POLARISATION STATE
y$
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
y$
r ⎢ 1⎥ r
E ( z ,t ) ⎢ − 1⎥
=⎢ ⎥ gV = ⎢ ⎥
E( z ,t )
gH
0 ~ z$
x$
⎢0 ⎥ 0 ~ z$
x$
⎢0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ π ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 ⎦ φ= τ =0 ⎣0 ⎦
φ =0 τ =0 2
ORTHOGONAL LINEAR
LINEAR POLARISATION STATE
POLARISATION STATE
y$ ⎡ 1 ⎤ y$
⎡ 1 ⎤
y$ ′ r
E( z ,t )
x$ ′ ⎢ cos (2θ )⎥ y$ ′ r x$ ′ ⎢ − cos(2θ )⎥
gL = ⎢ ⎥ gL = ⎢ ⎥
E ( z ,t )
⎢ sin(2θ )⎥ ⎢ − sin(2θ )⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
x$
x$
0
0 ~ z$
⎣ ⎦ 0 ~ z$
⎣ ⎦
π
φ =θ τ = 0 φ =θ + τ =0
SAPHIR
2
STOKES VECTOR
LEFT CIRCULAR POLARISATION STATE RIGHT CIRCULAR POLARISATION STATE
y$ y$
r
E ( z ,t ) ⎡ 1⎤ r
E ( z ,t ) ⎡ 1⎤
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥
g LC =⎢ ⎥ x$ g RC =⎢ ⎥
0 ~ z$
x$
⎢0 ⎥ 0 ~ z$ ⎢0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
π π π ⎣ 1⎦ ⎣ − 1⎦
π π π
− ≤φ ≤ + τ =+ − ≤φ ≤ + τ =−
2 2 4 2 2 4
ORTHOGONAL ELLIPTICAL
ELLIPTICAL POLARISATION STATE
POLARISATION STATE
y$ y$
⎡1⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
r
E ( z ,t ) r
E( z ,t )
⎢g ⎥ ⎢− g ⎥
g = ⎢ 1
⎥ x$ x$ g E⊥ = ⎢ 1⎥
⎢− g2 ⎥
E
⎢ g2 ⎥
0 ~ z$ 0 ~ z$
π ⎢g ⎥ ⎢− g ⎥
φ =θ 0 ≤τ ≤ + ⎣ 3⎦ π π ⎣ 3⎦
φ =θ + − ≤τ ≤ 0
SAPHIR
4 2 4
SPECIAL UNITARY SU(2) GROUP
[U 2 ] = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ ) cos(τ ) ⎥ ⎢ 0 jα ⎥
⎣ sin (φ ) cos (φ ) ⎦⎣ ⎦⎣ e ⎦
[U 2 (φ )] [U 2 (τ )] [U 2 (α )]
[O3 (2θ )] p ,q = 1 Tr ([U 2 (θ )]T* σ p [U 2 (θ )]σ q )

2
O(4) UNITARY GROUP

⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤
[O4 ] = ⎢00 cos ( 2φ ) − sin( 2φ ) 0
⎥ ⎢00 cos ( 2τ ) 0 − sin( 2τ ) ⎢ 0
⎥ 0 1 0
0 cos( 2α )
0
− sin( 2α )
⎥
⎢ sin( 2φ ) cos( 2φ ) 0
⎥⎢ 0 1 0
⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 ⎦ ⎣0 sin( 2τ ) 0 cos ( 2τ ) ⎦ 0
⎣ 0 sin( 2α ) cos( 2α ) ⎦
[O4(2φ)] [O4(2τ)] [O4(2α)]

SAPHIR
POINCARE SPHERE
STOKES VECTOR
⎡ 0⎤
g ⎡ E x
2
+ E y
2
⎤ ⎡ E 2
0 x + E 2
0 y ⎤ ⎡ A 2
⎤
⎢g ⎥ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2
E − E 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2
A cos 2 φ cos 2τ ⎥
E − Ey ⎥ ⎢ 0x
gE = ⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢ x = 0y ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎢ g 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2ℜ(E x E *y ) ⎥ ⎢ 2 E0 x E0 y cos(δ )⎥ ⎢ A 2 sin 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
⎢g ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎢⎣ − 2 ℑ(E x E y )⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 x 0 y
* 2 E E sin(δ ) ⎦ ⎣ A sin 2τ ⎦
{g0} TOTAL WAVE INTENSITY

{g1, g2, g3 } POLARISED WAVE INTENSITIES
g02 = g 12 + g 22 + g 32 WAVE FULLY POLARISED
{g1, g2, g3 } Spherical Coordinates of a
SAPHIR
point P on a sphere with radius g0
POINCARE SPHERE
ℑ(ρ(x$, y$))
⎧ ℜe⎛ ρ ⎞= cos( 2τ ) sin( 2φ )

⎪ ⎜⎝ ( x̂ , ŷ ) ⎟⎠ 1+ cos( 2τ ) cos( 2φ )
Q := ⎨
⎛ ⎞ sin( 2τ )
⎪ℑm⎜ ρ ⎟=
z$
⎩ ⎝ ( x̂ , ŷ ) ⎠ 1+ cos( 2τ ) cos( 2φ )
y$
B x$ A STEREOGRAPHIC
0
PROJECTION
P
⎧cos 2φ cos 2τ
⎪
P := ⎨ sin 2φ cos 2τ
ℜ(ρ(x$, y$))
Q ⎪ sin 2τ
⎩
SAPHIR
POINCARE SPHERE
NORTH POLE
LEFT CIRCULAR
POLARISATION z$ LC
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
LEFT ELLIPTICAL
POLARISATIONS
-45° 0 +45°
EQUATOR y$
LINEAR H
POLARISATIONS
x$
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
RIGHT ELLIPTICAL
POLARISATIONS
RC
SOUTH POLE
RIGHT CIRCULAR
POLARISATION
SAPHIR
POINCARE SPHERE
2φ
z$
gE ⎡ g0 ⎤ ⎡ A 2 ⎤
g3 ⎢ g ⎥ ⎢ A 2 cos 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
2α
gE = ⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ g 2 ⎥ ⎢ A sin 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
⎢g ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
2τ g2 y$ ⎣ 3⎦ ⎣ A sin 2τ ⎦
0 2τ
g1 2φ
x$
2α
⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤
− sin( 2τ ) ⎢ 0 ⎥g
g E = A 2 ⎢0 cos( 2φ ) − sin( 2φ ) 0
⎥ ⎢00 cos ( 2τ ) 0
⎥ 0 1 0
0 cos ( 2α )
0
− sin( 2α )
⎢0 sin( 2φ ) cos( 2φ ) 0
⎥ ⎢0 0 1 0
⎥⎢ ⎥ ûx
⎣0 0 0 0⎦⎣ sin( 2τ ) 0 cos( 2τ ) ⎦ 0
⎣ 0 sin( 2α ) cos( 2α ) ⎦
SAPHIR
[O4(2φ)]
[O4(2τ)] [O4(2α)]
POINCARE SPHERE
JONES VECTOR ORTHOGONAL JONES VECTOR
⎡Ex ⎤ ⎡ E x′ ⎤
E=⎢ ⎥ E⊥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣Ey ⎦ ORTHOGONALITY CONDITIONS ⎣ E ′y ⎦
⎧φ ′ = φ + π2
(φ ,τ ) a ⎨
⎩τ ′ = −τ
STOKES VECTOR ORTHOGONAL STOKES VECTOR
⎡ g0 ⎤ ⎡ A ⎤ ⎡ g0 ⎤ ⎡ A ⎤
⎢ g ⎥ ⎢ A cos 2φ cos 2τ ⎥ ⎢ g ⎥ ⎢ − A cos 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
gE = ⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ g E⊥ = ⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ g 2 ⎥ ⎢ A sin 2φ cos 2τ ⎥ ⎢ g 2 ⎥ ⎢ − A sin 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
⎢ g ⎥ ⎢ A sin 2τ ⎥ ⎢ g ⎥ ⎢ − A sin 2τ ⎥
⎣ 3⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3⎦ ⎣ ⎦
ORTHOGONALITY = ANTIPODALITY
SAPHIR
POINCARE SPHERE
z$
LC STOKES VECTOR
g3
⎡ g0 ⎤ ⎡ A ⎤
P
⎢ g ⎥ ⎢ A cos 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
V gE = ⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ g 2 ⎥ ⎢ A sin 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
⎢ g ⎥ ⎢ A sin 2τ ⎥
-45° 2τ g2 +45° ⎣ 3⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 y$
g1 2φ
H ORTHOGONAL STOKES VECTOR
P⊥ x$
⎡ g0 ⎤ ⎡ A ⎤
⎢ g ⎥ ⎢ − A cos 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
g E⊥ = ⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
RC ⎢ g 2 ⎥ ⎢ − A sin 2φ cos 2τ ⎥
⎢ g ⎥ ⎢ − A sin 2τ ⎥
⎣ 3⎦ ⎣ ⎦
ORTHOGONALITY = ANTIPODALITY
SAPHIR
PARTIALLY POLARISED WAVES
y$ y$
x$ x$
0 z$ 0 z$
DETERMINISTIC SCATTERING RANDOM SCATTERING
COMPLETELY POLARISED WAVE PARTIALLY POLARISED WAVE
Polarisation Ellipse varies in time

Amplitude, Phase: Random processes
STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION
SAPHIR
JONES VECTORS {E }
WAVE COVARIANCE MATRIX
⎡ Ex 2 E x E *y ⎤
[J ] = EE
T*
=⎢ 2
⎥
⎢ E y E *x Ey ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 ⎡ g0 + g 1 g2 − j g3 ⎤
[J ] = ⎢
2 ⎣ g2 + j g3 g0 − g1 ⎥⎦
2 2 2 2
g0 ≥ g1 + g2 + g3
SAPHIR
WAVE COVARIANCE MATRIX
⎡ Ex 2 E x E *y ⎤
[J ] = EE
T*
=⎢ 2
⎥
⎢ E y E *x Ey ⎥
⎣ ⎦
DIAGONAL ELEMENTS : INTENSITIES ON EACH OF THE 2 ORTHOGONAL

COMPONENTS OF THE WAVE
OFF-DIAGONAL ELEMENTS : CROSS-CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE 2

ORTHOGONAL COMPONENTS OF THE WAVE
Trace ([J ]) = E x
2 2
+ Ey = A2 TOTAL WAVE INTENSITY
THE WAVE COVARIANCE MATRIX IS A

2x2 HERMITIAN POSITIVE SEMI-DEFINITE MATRIX
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EIGENVALUES DECOMPOSITION
⎡ λ1 0⎤
[J ] = [U 2 ] ⎢ ⎥ [U ]−1
= λ u u
1 1 1
T*
+ λ u u
2 2 2
T*
⎣0 λ2 ⎦ 2
2 ORTHOGONAL EIGENVECTORS [U 2 ] = [u 1 , u 2 ]
λ1 =
1
2
{g0 + g1
2
+ g2
2
+ g3
2
}
2 REAL EIGENVALUES
λ2 =
1
2
{g 0 − g1
2
+ g2
2
+ g3
2
}
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PARTIALLY POLARISED WAVES DESCRIPTORS
Degree of Polarisation
4 det ([J ]) ⎞
2 2 2
g1 + g2 + g3 λ1 − λ 2 ⎛
DoP = = = ⎜1− ⎟
g0 λ1 + λ2 ⎝ Trace ([J ]) ⎠
2
Polarised Wave Power

Total Wave Power Anisotropy
Wave Entropy
i=2
H = − ∑ pi log 2 ( pi ) λi
With: pi =
i=1 λ1 + λ 2
Degree of randomness, statistical disorder

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COMPLETELY POLARISED WAVES
Maximum Correlation Between Ex and Ey
⎧ λ1 ≠ 0 ⎧ DoP = 1
⇒ det ([J ]) = 0 ⇒ ⎨
2 2
Ex Ey = Ex E *
EyE *
⇒⎨
⎩λ2 = 0
y x
⎩ H =0
COMPLETELY UNPOLARISED WAVES
Absence of any Polarised Structure in the Wave
⎧⎪ E 2 = E 2 Trace 2 ([J ]) ⎧ DoP = 0
⇒ det ([J ]) = ⇒ λ1 = λ 2 ⇒ ⎨
x y
⎨
⎪⎩ E x E y = E y E x = 0
* * 4 ⎩ H =1

Correlation between E x and E y
⎡ Ex 2 E x E *y ⎤ ⎧ det ([J ]) ≥ 0 ⎧0 ≤ DoP ≤ 1
[J ] = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒⎨ ⇒⎨
⎩ λ1 ≠ λ 2 ≥ 0
2
⎢ E y E *x Ey ⎥ ⎩ 0≤H ≤1
⎣
SAPHIR
⎦
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Shannon
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Entropy
RADAR POLARIMETRY
Entropy Anisotropy
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WAVE DESCRIPTORS
MONOCHROMATIC PLANE WAVES
COMPLEX DOMAIN REAL DOMAIN
⎡ g0 ⎤
⎡Ex ⎤ ⎢g ⎥
JONES VECTOR E=⎢ ⎥ STOKES VECTOR gE = ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎣Ey ⎦ ⎢ g2 ⎥
⎢g ⎥
⎣ 3⎦
PLANE WAVES FULLY DESCRIBED
BY 3 INDEPENDANT PARAMETERS
⋅ E0 x , E0 x , δ = δ y − δ x
⋅ ( A ,φ ,τ ) or ( A ,γ ,δ )
⋅ {g1 , g 2 , g 3 }
WAVE POLARIMETRIC DIMENSION = 3

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WAVE DESCRIPTORS
PARTIALLY POLARISED PLANE WAVES
COMPLEX DOMAIN REAL DOMAIN
⎡ g0 ⎤
⎢ g1 ⎥
COVARIANCE MATRIX [J ] = EE
T*
STOKES VECTOR gE =⎢ ⎥
⎢ g2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ g3 ⎦
PLANE WAVES FULLY DESCRIBED
BY 4 INDEPENDANT PARAMETERS
2 2
⋅ Ex * *
, Ex E , E y E , E y
y x
⋅ { g0 , g 1 , g 2 , g 3 }
WAVE POLARIMETRIC DIMENSION = 4

SAPHIR
Questions ?
SAPHIR
y$ r
x$
E( z , t )
0
z$
SCATTERING
POLARIMETRY
SAPHIR
WAVE POLARIMETRY
RX
AX
T
AY
X
RY
X T
X X X X
RX
SXX SXX SXX SXX
RY
SYX SYX SYX SYX
TRANSMITTER: X
RECEIVERS: X&Y
⎧ ⎡ S XX ⎤ ⎫
JONES VECTORS ⎨E S = ⎢ ⎥⎬
⎩ S
⎣ YX ⎦ ⎭
WAVE POLARIMETRY
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SCATTERING POLARIMETRY
RX
AX
T
AY
Y
RY
X T
X Y X Y
RX
SXX SXY SXX SXY
RY
SYX SYY SYX SYY
TRANSMITTER: X&Y
RECEIVERS: X&Y
⎧ ⎡ S XX S XY ⎤ ⎫
SINCLAIR MATRICES ⎨[S ] = ⎢ ⎥ ⎬
⎩ ⎣ SYX SYY ⎦ ⎭
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POLARIMETRIC DESCRIPTORS
THE DIFFERENT
Y
TARGET POLARIMETRIC
X
DESCRIPTORS
[S] SINCLAIR Matrix
k, Ω Target Vectors
[K] KENNAUGH Matrix
[T] Coherency Matrix
TRANSMITTER: X&Y [C] Covariance Matrix
RECEIVERS: X&Y
SAPHIR
SCATTERING MATRIX
BISTATIC CASE
SCATTERING MATRIX or JONES MATRIX
⎡ E Xs ⎤ e jkr ⎡ S XX S XY ⎤ ⎡ E Xi ⎤
⎢ s⎥= r ⎢S SYY ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ EYi ⎥⎦
⎣ EY ⎦ ⎣ YX
DEFINED IN THE LOCAL COORDINATES SYSTEM
[S] IS INDEPENDENT OF THE POLARISATION STATE OF THE INCIDENCE WAVE
[S] IS DEPENDENT ON THE FREQUENCY AND THE GEOMETRICAL AND

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SCATTERER
TOTAL SCATTERED POWER
Span([S ]) = Trace [S ][S ] ( T*

) =| S XX |2 + | S XY |2 + | SYX |2 + | SYY |2
SAPHIR
SCATTERING MATRIX
e jkr ⎡ S XX S XY ⎤ e jkr ⎡ S XX e jφXX S XY e jφXY ⎤

[S ] = ⎢S ⎥ = ⎢ jφYX ⎥
r ⎣ YX SYY ⎦ r S
⎣ YX e SYY e jφYY ⎦
ABSOLUTE SCATTERING MATRIX
jkr jφ XX
⎡ S XX S XY e j (φXY − φXX ) ⎤
[S ] = e e
⎢ j ( φYX − φ XX ) ⎥
r S
⎣ YX e SYY e j (φYY − φXX ) ⎦
Absolute Phase
Factor RELATIVE SCATTERING MATRIX
Seven Parameters: 4 Amplitudes and 3 Phases
SCATTERER POLARIMETRIC DIMENSION = 7

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BACKSCATTERING MATRIX
MONOSTATIC CASE
BACKSCATTERING MATRIX or SINCLAIR MATRIX
In the case of Backscattering from Reciprocal Scatterers:
RECIPROCITY THEOREM
BSA
S XY = SYX
BSA
⇔ FSA
S XY = − SYX
FSA
⎡ E Xs ⎤ e jkr ⎡ S XX S XY ⎤ ⎡ E Xi ⎤
⎢ s⎥= r ⎢S SYY ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ EYi ⎥⎦
⎣ EY ⎦ ⎣ XY
(BSA CONVENTION)
TOTAL SCATTERED POWER
SAPHIR
Span([S ]) = Trace [S ][S ]
( T*
) =| S XX |2 +2 | S XY |2 + | SYY |2
BACKSCATTERING MATRIX
e jkr ⎡ S XX S XY ⎤ e jkr ⎡ S XX e jφXX S XY e jφXY ⎤

[S ] = ⎢S ⎥ = ⎢ jφ XY ⎥
r ⎣ XY SYY ⎦ r S
⎣ XY e SYY e jφYY ⎦
ABSOLUTE BACKSCATTERING MATRIX
jkr jφ XX
⎡ S XX S XY e j (φXY − φXX ) ⎤
[S ] = e e
⎢ j ( φ XY − φ XX ) ⎥
r S
⎣ XY e SYY e j (φYY − φXX ) ⎦
Absolute Phase
Factor RELATIVE BACKSCATTERING MATRIX
Five Parameters: 3 Amplitudes and 2 Phases
SCATTERER POLARIMETRIC DIMENSION = 5

SAPHIR
[S( B , B⊥ ) ] = [U ( A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ ) ] [S(
T
A , A⊥ ) ] [U ( A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ ) ]
CON-SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATION
[U ( A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ )]
SU(2) SPECIAL UNITARY ELLIPTICAL
BASIS TRANSFORMATION MATRIX
[U ( A , A⊥ )a( B ,B ⊥ )] [ (
= U φ ,τ ,α )]−1
⎡ e jα 0 ⎤ ⎡ cos(τ ) − j sin(τ )⎤ ⎡ cos(φ ) sin(φ )⎤

=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 e − jα ⎦ ⎢⎣ − j sin(τ ) cos(τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − sin(φ ) cos(φ )⎥⎦
[U 2 (− α )] [U 2 (− τ )] [U 2 (− φ )]
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FROBENIUS NORM OF [S( ) ] A , A⊥
Span([S( A , A⊥ ) ]) = Trace ([S ( ) ] [S ( ) ] ) =| S

T*
A , A⊥ A , A⊥ AA | 2
+ 2 | S AA⊥ | 2
+ | S A⊥ A⊥ | 2
FROBENIUS NORM OF [S( ) ] B , B⊥
Span([S( B ,B⊥ ) ]) = Trace ([S ( ) ] [S( ) ] ) =| S

T*
B , B⊥ B , B⊥ BB | 2
+ 2 | S BB⊥ | 2
+ | S B⊥ B⊥ | 2
SPECIAL UNITARY SU(2) GROUP [U ][U ]T* = [I D 2 ] det ([U ]) = +1
Span([S( A , A⊥ ) ]) = Span([S( B ,B⊥ ) ])

FROBENIUS NORM OF A SCATTERING MATRIX
IS INVARIANT UNDER BASIS ELLIPTICAL TRANSFORMATION
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(H,V) POLARISATION BASIS

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(+45°,-45°) POLARISATION BASIS
|AA+BB| |AB | |AA-BB|

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E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil With: A=Linear +45°, B=Linear –45°

(LC,RC) POLARISATION BASIS
|LL+RR| |LR | |LL-RR|

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THE DIFFERENT
Y
TARGET POLARIMETRIC
X
DESCRIPTORS
[S] SINCLAIR Matrix
[K] KENNAUGH Matrix
RECEIVERS: X&Y
SAPHIR
TARGET VECTORS
VECTORIAL FORMULATION OF THE SCATTERING PROBLEM
⎡ S XX S XY ⎤
[S ] = ⎢
SYY ⎥⎦
SCATTERING MATRIX
⎣ SYX
⎡ S 1⎤
r ⎢ S 2⎥
1
SCATTERING VECTOR S := V ([S ]) = Trace ([S ][Ψ ]) = ⎢ ⎥ ∈ C4
2 ⎢ S 3⎥
⎢S4⎥
With: V ([S ]) MATRIX VECTORISATION OPERATOR ⎣ ⎦
[Ψ ] SET OF ORTHOGONAL 2x2 MATRICES
r
FROBENIOUS NORM OF S:
r 2 r T* r
|| S || = S ⋅ S =| S1 |2 + | S 2 |2 + | S 3 |2 + | S4 |2
= Span([S ]) =| S XX |2 + | SYX |2 + | S XY |2 + | SYY |2
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TARGET VECTORS
1
PAULI SCATTERING VECTOR k = V ([S ]) = Trace ([S ][ψ P ])
2
SET OF 2x2 COMPLEX MATRICES
FROM THE PAULI MATRICES GROUP
⎧ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎡1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡0 − j ⎤ ⎫
[ψ P ] = ⎨ 2 ⎢ ⎥ , 2⎢ ⎥ , 2⎢ ⎥ , 2⎢ ⎥ ⎬
⎩ ⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣0 − 1⎦ ⎣1 0⎦ ⎣ j 0 ⎦⎭
1
k= [S XX + SYY S XX − SYY S XY + SYX j (S XY − SYX )]
T
Advantage: Closer related to physical properties of the scatterer
SAPHIR
Note: Also known as k4P
TARGET VECTORS
1
LEXICOGRAPHIC SCATTERING VECTOR Ω = V ([S ]) = Trace ([S ][ψ L ])
2
SET OF 2x2 COMPLEX MATRICES
FROM THE LEXICOGRAPHIC MATRICES GROUP
⎧ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 0 ⎤ ⎫
[ψ L ] = ⎨ 2 ⎢ ⎥ , 2⎢ ⎥ , 2⎢ ⎥ , 2⎢ ⎥⎬
⎩ ⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎣ 1 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 1 ⎦⎭
Ω = [S XX SYY ]
T
S XY SYX
Advantage: Directly related to the system measurables
SAPHIR
Note: Also known as k4L
TARGET VECTORS
SCATTERING VECTOR TRANSFORMATIONS
Pauli Scattering Vector: Lexicographic Scattering Vector:
⎡ S XX + SYY ⎤ ⎡ S XX ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢S ⎥
1 ⎢ S XX − SYY ⎥
k= Ω = ⎢ XY ⎥
2 ⎢ S XY + SYX ⎥ ⎢ SYX ⎥
⎢ j (S − S )⎥ ⎢S ⎥
⎣ XY YX ⎦ ⎣ YY ⎦
UNITARY TRANSFORMATION
k = [D4 ]Ω Ω = [D4 ] k = [D4 ] k
−1 T*
and
⎡1 0 0 1⎤
⎢ − 1⎥
WHERE [D4] IS A SU(4) MATRIX 1 ⎢1 0 0
IN ORDER TO PRESERVE THE NORM
[D4 ] = ⎥
2 ⎢0 1 1 0 ⎥
OF THE SCATTERING VECTOR
⎢0 j − j 0 ⎥⎦
SAPHIR
⎣
TARGET VECTORS
MONOSTATIC CASE
Pauli Scattering Vector:
⎡ S XX + SYY ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ S XX + SYY ⎤
1 ⎢ S XX − SYY ⎥ 1 ⎢
k= k= S XX − SYY ⎥
2 ⎢ S XY + SYX ⎥ 2⎢ ⎥
⎢ j (S − S )⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 S XY ⎥⎦
⎣ XY YX ⎦
Note: Also known as k3P
Lexicographic Scattering Vector:
⎡ S XX ⎤
⎢S ⎥ ⎡ S XX ⎤
Ω = ⎢ XY ⎥ Ω = ⎢ 2 S XY ⎥
⎢ SYX ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢S ⎥ ⎢⎣ SYY ⎥⎦
⎣ YY ⎦
SAPHIR
Note: Also known as k3L
TARGET VECTORS
SCATTERING VECTOR TRANSFORMATIONS
Pauli Scattering Vector: Lexicographic Scattering Vector:
⎡ S XX + SYY ⎤ ⎡ S XX ⎤
1 ⎢
k= S XX − SYY ⎥ Ω = ⎢ 2 S XY ⎥
2⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 S XY ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ SYY ⎥⎦
k = [D3 ]Ω Ω = [D3 ] k = [D3 ] k
−1 T
and
⎡1 0 1⎤
WHERE [D3] IS A SU(3) MATRIX
IN ORDER TO PRESERVE THE NORM [D3 ] = 1 ⎢⎢ 1 0 − 1⎥
⎥
2
⎣⎢0 2 0 ⎥⎦
OF THE SCATTERING VECTOR
SAPHIR
THE DIFFERENT
Y
TARGET POLARIMETRIC
X
DESCRIPTORS
[S] SINCLAIR Matrix
[K] KENNAUGH Matrix
RECEIVERS: X&Y
PARTIAL SCATTERING POLARIMETRY

SAPHIR
DETERMINISTIC SCATTERERS PARTIAL SCATTERERS
y$ y$
x$ x$
0 z$ 0 z$
DETERMINISTIC SCATTERING RANDOM SCATTERING

(Variation in Time / Space)
COMPLETELY POLARISED SCATTERING PARTIALLY POLARISED SCATTERING
COMPLETELY DESCRIBED BY [S] CAN NOT BE DESCRIBED BY [S]
SAPHIR
MUELLER MATRIX
BISTATIC CASE JONES MATRIX : E s = [S ]E i
MUELLER MATRIX : g E s = [M ]g E i
⎡1 1 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
1⎛ T ⎡
[M ] = ⎜ [V ] ⎢[S ] ⊗ [S ]* ⎤⎥[V ]⎞⎟ [V ] ⎢0 0
= ⎢
1 − j⎥
1 + j⎥
2⎝ ⎣ ⎦ ⎠ ⎢
0 0
⎥
⎢⎣ 1 − 1 0 0 ⎥⎦
HUYNEN PARAMETERS
⎡
⎢ A0 + B0 + A C+I H+N F+L ⎤
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ C−I A0 + B − A E+K G+M ⎥
[M ] = ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎢ H−N E−K A0 − B − A D+J ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢
⎣ F−L G−M D−J − A0 + B0 − A ⎥
⎦
SAPHIR
KENNAUGH MATRIX
MONOSTATIC CASE SINCLAIR MATRIX : E s = [S ]E i
KENNAUGH MATRIX : g E s = [K ]g E i
⎡1 1 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
1⎛ T ⎡
[K ] = ⎜ [V ] ⎢[S ] ⊗ [S ]* ⎤⎥[V ]⎞⎟ [V ] ⎢0 0
= ⎢
1 − j⎥
1 + j⎥
2⎝ ⎣ ⎦ ⎠ ⎢
0 0
⎥
⎢⎣ 1 − 1 0 0 ⎥⎦
HUYNEN PARAMETERS
⎡
⎢ A0 + B0 C H F ⎤
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ C A0 + B E G ⎥
[K ] = ⎢
⎢
⎥
⎥
⎢ H E A0 − B D ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢
⎣ F G D − A0 + B ⎥
0⎦
SAPHIR
HUYNEN PARAMETERS
PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION
MAN-MADE TARGET DECOMPOSITION
IDENTIFICATION and ANALYSIS
« PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY OF RADAR TARGETS » (1970)
A0 : GENERATOR OF TARGET SYMMETRY
B0+B : GENERATOR OF TARGET NON-SYMMETRY
B0-B : GENERATOR OF TARGET IRREGULARITY
C: GENERATOR OF TARGET GLOBAL SHAPE (LINEAR)
D: GENERATOR OF TARGET LOCAL SHAPE (CURVATURE)
E: GENERATOR OF TARGET LOCAL TWIST (TORSION)
F: GENERATOR OF TARGET GLOBAL TWIST (HELICITY)
G: GENERATOR OF TARGET LOCAL COUPLING (GLUE)
H: GENERATOR OF TARGET GLOBAL COUPLING (ORIENTATION)

SAPHIR
STOKES VECTOR
JONES VECTOR

E = A⎢ û
⎣ sin( φ ) cos (φ ) ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ )
⎦⎣ cos (τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥ x
e ⎦
[U2(φ)] [U2(τ)] [U2(α)]
[O3 (2θ )] p ,q 1
(
= Tr [U 2 (θ )] σ p [U 2 (θ )]σ q
2
T*
)
STOKES VECTOR
⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤
g E = A 2 ⎢0 cos( 2φ ) − sin( 2φ ) 0
⎥ ⎢00 cos( 2τ ) 0 − sin( 2τ )
⎥ ⎢00 1 0
0 cos( 2α )
0
− sin( 2α )
⎥g
⎢0 sin( 2φ ) cos( 2φ ) 0
⎥⎢ 0 1 0
⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ ûx
⎣0 0 0 0 ⎦ ⎣0 sin( 2τ ) 0 cos( 2τ ) ⎦⎣ 0 sin( 2α ) cos( 2α ) ⎦
SAPHIR
[O4(2φ)] [O4(2τ)] [O4(2α)]
SINCLAIR MATRIX
E ( A , A⊥ ) = [S( A , A⊥ ) ] E ( A , A⊥ ) E ( B ,B⊥ ) = [S( B ,B⊥ ) ] E ( B ,B⊥ )
s i s i
[S( B , B⊥ ) ] = [U ( A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ ) ] [S(
T
A , A⊥ ) ] [U ( A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ ) ]
KENNAUGH MATRIX
g E (s A , A ) =[K ( A , A⊥ ) ] g E (i A , A g E (sB , B ) =[K ( B ,B⊥ ) ] g E (i B , B
⊥ ⊥) ⊥ ⊥)
[K ( B , B⊥ ) ] = [O ( 4 A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ ) ] [K ( A , A⊥ ) ] [O ( 4 A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ )]
−1
SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATION
SAPHIR
[O ( 4 A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ )]
O(4) SPECIAL UNITARY ELLIPTICAL
[U 2 ] = ⎢
⎣ sin (φ ) cos (φ ) ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ )
⎦⎣ cos(τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥
e jα ⎦
[U 2 (φ )] [U 2 (τ )] [U 2 (α )]
[O3 (2θ )] p ,q 1
(
= Tr [U 2 (θ )] σ p [U 2 (θ )]σ q
2
T*
)
O(4) UNITARY GROUP

⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤
[O4 ] = ⎢00 cos ( 2φ ) − sin( 2φ ) 0
⎥ ⎢0 cos ( 2τ ) 0 − sin( 2τ ) ⎢ 0
⎥ 0 1
0 cos( 2α )
0 0
− sin( 2α )
⎥
⎢ sin( 2φ ) cos( 2φ ) 0
⎥ ⎢00 0 1 0
⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0⎦⎣ sin( 2τ ) 0 cos ( 2τ ) ⎦ 0
⎣ 0 sin( 2α ) cos ( 2α ) ⎦
[O4(2φ)] [O4(2τ)] [O4(2α)]

SAPHIR
THE DIFFERENT
Y
TARGET POLARIMETRIC
X
DESCRIPTORS
[S] SINCLAIR Matrix
[K] KENNAUGH Matrix
RECEIVERS: X&Y

SAPHIR
COHERENCY MATRIX
BISTATIC CASE
PAULI SCATTERING VECTOR k

1
k= [S XX + SYY S XX − SYY S XY + SYX j (S XY − SYX )]
T
COHERENCY MATRIX [T]
⎡ 2 A0 C − jD H + jG L − jK ⎤
⎢ C + jD B0 + B E + jF M − jN ⎥
[T ] = k ⋅ k *T
=⎢ ⎥
⎢ H − jG E − jF B0 − B J + jI ⎥
⎢ L + jK M + jN J − jI 2 A ⎥⎦
⎣
HERMITIAN POSITIVE SEMI DEFINITE MATRIX - RANK 1
SAPHIR
COHERENCY MATRIX
MONOSTATIC CASE
PAULI SCATTERING VECTOR k

1
k= [S XX + SYY S XX − SYY 2 S XY ]
T
⎡ 2 A0 C − jD H + jG ⎤
[T ] = k ⋅ k*T = ⎢ C + jD B0 + B E + jF ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ H − jG E − jF B0 − B ⎥⎦
HERMITIAN MATRIX - RANK 1
A0, B0+B, B0-B : HUYNEN TARGET GENERATORS
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TARGET GENERATORS
PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION
SINGLE BOUNCE DOUBLE BOUNCE VOLUME

SCATTERING SCATTERING SCATTERING
(ROUGH SURFACE)
2 2
T11 = 2 A0 = S XX + SYY T33 = B0 − B = 2 S XY
2
T22 = B0 + B = S XX − SYY
SAPHIR
TARGET GENERATORS
(2 A0 )dB (B0 + B )dB (B0 − B )dB

-30dB -15dB 0dB
SAPHIR
TARGET GENERATORS
(H,V) POLARISATION BASIS

SAPHIR
SINCLAIR MATRIX
E ( A , A⊥ ) = [S( A , A⊥ ) ] E ( A , A⊥ ) E ( B ,B⊥ ) = [S( B ,B⊥ ) ] E ( B ,B⊥ )
s i s i
[S( B , B⊥ ) ] = [U ( A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ ) ] [S(
T
A , A⊥ ) ] [U ( A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ ) ]
COHERENCY MATRIX
[T( B , B⊥ ) ] = [U ( 3 A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ ) ] [T( A , A⊥ ) ] [U ( 3 A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ )]
−1
SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATION
[U ( 3 A , A⊥ )a ( B , B⊥ )]
U(3) SPECIAL UNITARY ELLIPTICAL
SAPHIR
[U 2 ] = ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎣ sin(φ ) cos(φ ) ⎦ ⎣ j sin(τ ) cos(τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 jα ⎥
e ⎦
[U 2 (φ )] [U 2 (τ )] [U 2 (α )]
⎡1
⎢
0 ⎡ cos (2τ ) 0 j sin(2τ )⎤ ⎡ cos(2α ) − j sin(2α ) 0 ⎤
0 ⎤
⎥
⎢
⎢0 cos (2φ ) sin(2φ ) ⎢ 0 1 ⎥
0
⎥
⎥ ⎢ − j sin(2α ) cos(2α ) 0 ⎥
− sin(2φ ) cos (2φ ) ⎣⎢ j sin(2τ ) 0 cos (2τ ) ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 1⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ 0 0
[U3(2φ)] [U3(2τ)] [U3(2α)]
SAPHIR
THE DIFFERENT
Y
TARGET POLARIMETRIC
X
DESCRIPTORS
[S] SINCLAIR Matrix
[K] KENNAUGH Matrix
RECEIVERS: X&Y

SAPHIR
COVARIANCE MATRIX
BISTATIC CASE
LEXICOGRAPHIC SCATTERING VECTOR Ω

Ω = [S XX SYY ]
T
S XY SYX
COVARIANCE MATRIX [C]
⎡ S XX S *XX S XX S *XY *
S XX SYX *
S XX SYY ⎤
⎢ * * ⎥
S S S XY S *XY *
S XY SYX S XY SYY
[C ] = Ω ⋅ Ω *T = ⎢ XY *XX ⎥
⎢ SYX S XX SYX S *XY *
SYX SYX SYX SYY ⎥
*
⎢ * * ⎥
S
⎣ YY XXS SYY S *XY *
SYY SYX SYY SYY ⎦
SAPHIR
COVARIANCE MATRIX
MONOSTATIC CASE
LEXICOGRAPHIC SCATTERING VECTOR Ω

Ω = [S XX SYY ]
T
2 S XY
⎡ S XX S *XX 2 S XX S *XY *
S XX SYY ⎤
⎢ * ⎥
[C ] = Ω ⋅ Ω *T = ⎢ 2 S XY S *XX 2 S XY S *XY 2 S XY SYY ⎥
⎢⎣ SYY S *XX 2 SYY S *XY SYY SYY ⎥⎦
*
SAPHIR
COVARIANCE-COHERENCY MATRICES
COHERENCY MATRIX COVARIANCE MATRIX
[T ] = k ⋅ k*T k = [D3 or 4 ]Ω [C ] = Ω ⋅ Ω *T
[T ] = [D3 or 4 ][C ][D3 or 4 ]T*
[T] and [C] HAVE THE SAME EIGENVALUES

Both contain the same information about Polarimetric Scattering Amplitudes,
Phase Angles and Correlations
[T] is closer related to Physical and Geometrical Properties of the Scattering

Process, and thus allows a better and direct physical interpretation
[C] is directly related to the system measurables
[T] is directly related to the Kennaugh matrix and the Huynen parameters
SAPHIR
SINCLAIR MATRIX KENNAUGH MATRIX
⎡ SXX SXY ⎤ 1⎛ T ⎡
[ ] ⎢
S = ⎥ [ K ] = 2 ⎜⎝ [V ] ⎢⎣[ S ] ⊗ [ S ]* ⎤⎥⎦[V ]⎞⎟⎠
⎣ SYX SYY ⎦
EQUIVALENCE ?
SCATTERING VECTOR k SCATTERING VECTOR Ω

Ω = [S XX ]
1
[S XX + S YY ]T
T
k= S XX − S YY 2 S XY 2 S XY S YY
2
COHERENCY MATRIX [T] COVARIANCE MATRIX [C]
SAPHIR
[T ] = k ⋅ k*T [C ] = ΩΩT *
[ S’ ]=[ U2 ]T[ S ] [ U2 ]
[S]
SINCLAIR
SU(2)
[ C’ ]=[ U3 ] [ C ] [ U3 ]-1
[C] [T] [K]

COVARIANCE COHERENCY KENNAUGH
SU(3) SU(3) O(4)
[ T’ ]=[ U3 ] [ T ] [ U3 ]-1 [ K’ ]=[ O4 ] [ K] [ O4 ]-1

SAPHIR
⎢ sin(φ ) cos(φ ) ⎥ ⎢ j sin(τ ) cos(τ ) ⎥ ⎢ 0 jα ⎥
e ⎦
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦⎣
[U 2 (φ )] [U 2 (τ )] [U 2 (α )]
SPECIAL UNITARY SU(3) GROUP (T Matrix)
⎡1
⎢
0 0 ⎤⎥ ⎡ cos (2τ ) 0 j sin(2τ )⎤ ⎡ cos(2α ) − j sin(2α ) 0 ⎤
⎢
⎢0 cos (2φ ) sin(2φ )⎥⎥ ⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥ ⎢ − j sin(2α ) cos(2α ) 0 ⎥
⎢
− sin(2φ ) cos (2φ )⎥⎦
⎥ ⎢ j sin(2τ ) 0 cos (2τ ) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎣ ⎦⎣ 0 0 1 ⎦
[U3(2φ)] [U3(2τ)] [U3(2α)]
O(4) UNITARY GROUP
⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢0 cos( 2φ ) − sin( 2φ ) 0
⎥ ⎢0 cos( 2τ ) 0 − sin( 2τ )
⎥ ⎢00 1 0
0 cos( 2α )
0
− sin( 2α )
⎥
⎢0 sin( 2φ ) cos( 2φ ) 0 ⎢0
⎥ 0 1 0
⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 ⎦ ⎣0 sin( 2τ ) 0 cos( 2τ ) ⎦ ⎣0 0 sin( 2α ) cos( 2α ) ⎦
[O4(2φ)] [O4(2τ)] [O4(2α)]
SAPHIR
TARGET EQUATIONS
POLARIMETRIC GOLDEN NUMBER

POLARIMETRIC TARGET DIMENSION
SAPHIR
TARGET EQUATIONS
⎡ S XX S XY ⎤
[S ] = ⎢
⎣ SYX SYY ⎥⎦
5 DEGREES OF FREEDOM
KENNAUGH MATRIX [K]
S XX , S XY , SYY
φ XY − XX ,φYY − XX 9 HUYNEN REAL PARAMETERS
(A0, B0, B, C, D, E, F, G, H)

TARGET MONOSTATIC 9 REAL PARAMETERS
|XX|, |XY|, |YY|,
POLARIMETRIC « DIMENSION »
Re(XXXY*), Im(XXXY*)
=
Re(XXYY*), Im(XXYY*)
5 Re(XYYY*), Im(XYYY*)
9 - 5 = 4 TARGET EQUATIONS
SAPHIR
TARGET EQUATIONS
PURE TARGET – MONOSTATIC CASE
⎡ 2 A0 C − jD H + jG ⎤
[T ] = k ⋅ k *T = ⎢ C + jD B0 + B E + jF ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ H − jG E − jF B0 − B ⎥⎦
3x3 HERMITIAN MATRIX - RANK 1
9 PRINCIPAL MINORS = 0
2 A0 ( B0 + B ) − C 2 − D 2 = 0 2 A0 ( B0 − B ) − G 2 − H 2 = 0
− 2 A0 E + CH − DG = 0 B02 − B 2 − E 2 − F 2 = 0
C ( B0 − B ) − EH − GF = 0 − D( B0 − B ) + FH − GE = 0
2 A0 F − CG − DH = 0 − G ( B0 + B ) + FC − ED = 0
H ( B0 + B ) − CE − DF = 0
SAPHIR
TARGET EQUATIONS
⎡ S XX S XY ⎤
[S ] = ⎢
⎣ SYX SYY ⎥⎦
5 DEGREES OF FREEDOM COHERENCY MATRIX [T]

S XX , S XY , SYY 9 HUYNEN REAL PARAMETERS
φ XY − XX ,φYY − XX (A0, B0, B, C, D, E, F, G, H)
TARGET MONOSTATIC 9 - 5 = 4 TARGET EQUATIONS

POLARIMETRIC « DIMENSION » 2 A0 ( B0 + B ) = C 2 + D2
=
2 A0 ( B0 − B ) = G 2 + H 2
5
2 A0 E = CH − DG
2 A0 F = CG + DH
SAPHIR
SINCLAIR MATRIX [S]
Y YY
YX
XY
XX
X
THE DIFFERENT
TARGET POLARIMETRIC
DESCRIPTORS
[S] SINCLAIR Matrix

[K] KENNAUGH Matrix
TRANSMITTER: X&Y [T] Coherency Matrix
RECEIVERS: X&Y [C] Covariance Matrix
POLARIMETRIC REMOTE SENSING

SAPHIR
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
H
A
α
POLARIMETRIC
POLARIMETRIC
SPECKLE
SPECKLE TARGET
TARGET
FILTERING
FILTERING DECOMPOSITION
DECOMPOSITION
WISHART
WISHART
POLARIMETRIC
POLARIMETRIC CLUSTER
CLUSTER POLARIMETRIC
POLARIMETRIC
DESCRIPTORS
DESCRIPTORS POLARIMETRIC
POLARIMETRIC SEGMENTATION
SEGMENTATION
EXTRACTION
EXTRACTION IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION MONO/DUAL
MONO/DUAL FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY
INTERFEROMETRY
INTERFEROMETRY
SAPHIR
Questions ?
SAPHIR

Igarss08 Tutorial Pottier Ferrofamil Morning

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IGARSS – 08

Eric POTTIER – Laurent FERRO-FAMIL

Radar Polarimetry (Polar : polarisation Metry: measure)

Radar Polarimetry deals with the full vector

The POLARISATION information

its geometrical structure

its geophysical properties such as humidity, roughness, …

• Soil Moisture Content

• Geometric Properties • Urban Monitoring

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of Dr I. Hajnsek (DLR-HR)

AIRBORNE SENSORS SHUTTLE / SPACEBORNE SENSORS

AES1 AIRSAR DOSAR

ESAR EMISAR MEMPHIS / AER II-PAMIR

PHARUS PISAR RAMSES

Requirements to an Airborne system

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of Dr I. Hajnsek (DLR-HR)

AES1 AIRSAR AuSAR - INGARA DOSAR

ESAR EMISAR MEMPHIS / AER II-PAMIR STORM

PHARUS PISAR RAMSES SAR580

|HH+VV| |HV | |HH-VV|

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil San Francisco Bay (1988) – (L-Band)

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of

|HH+VV| |HV | |HH-VV|

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Oberpfaffenhofen Airfield – (L-Band)

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil X-Band – Quad Pol Courtesy of Prof. W.M. Boerner

|HH-VV|, |HV|, |HH+VV|

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil |HH-VV|, |HV|, |HH+VV|

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RAMSES SYSTEM

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of

|HH-VV| |HV | |HH+VV|

Campaign RITAS (Radar Imagerie Thématique Agricole et Sols)

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil Courtesy of

P-Band Quad-Pol (P-Vh, X-Hh, L-Vh)

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil B=70MHz

Developed by Canada Centre for

Fully Polarimetric SAR at C-Band

Now owned and operated

Viewed as a primary research tool to support

SIR-C ENVISAT / ASAR

BONANZA CREEK (USA) LAMANCHA (S)

DEATH VALLEY (USA) OETZTAL (AUT)

SAPHIR KILAUEA CRATER (USA)

< Selenge River >

SAPHIR K. Papathanassiou (PhD Dissertation)

Interferometric Coherence Images

Phase Difference between Scattering Mechanisms

SAPHIR K. Papathanassiou (PhD Dissertation)

ASAR Mode: Image Swath 2

Orbit Direction: Descending

ASAR Polarization: V/V

Orbit: LEO, Circular Sun-synchronous Sun-synchronous Sun-synchronous

Repeat Period 46 days 24 days 11 days

Equatorial Crossing 22:30 (ascending) 18:00 (ascending) 18:00 (ascending)

Inclinaison (deg) 98.16 98.60 97.44

Equatorial Altitude (km) 692 798 515

Wavelegth - Band 23cm (L) 5.6 cm (C) 3 cm (X)

Standard Stripmap 20 x 10 m / 70 km 25 m / 100 km 3 m / 30 km

ScanSAR 100 m / 350 km 100 m / 500 km 16 m / 100 km

Quad Polarisation 30 x 10 m / 30 km Standard 3 m / 15 km

ALOS : Advanced Land Observing Satellite

|HH-VV|, |HV|, |HH+VV|

E. Pottier, L. Ferro-Famil GOOGLE EARTH

|HH-VV|, |HV|, |HH+VV|