FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Department of Electronics Engineering

Major project

DIGITAL PHASE SELECTOR

Done by:

Supervised By:

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract....................................................................3 1.Introduction...4

2.Parts of digital phase selector...5 2.1 Block diagram description...6 2.1.1 Power supply..7

ABSTRACT
This report represents the design, implementation and testing of a digital phase selector. This phase selector work for single phase load and provides the backup to the particular absent phase from the two available phase lines or backup(inverter)line automatically. This project went through two phases: Phase one: Studying the block diagram, circuit diagram, arrangement of digitl ICs and relays to understand the working of digital phase selector. Phase two: Buying all the needed components, fabricating the PCB,4 assembling the device, performing some final adjustments and testing the phase selector.

The digital phase selector was successful and performed all the desired operations very efficiently.

1.INTRODUCTION Power instability in the developing countries creates the need for
automation of phase selection or alternative sources of power to back-up the utility supply. Most industrial and commercial applications are dependent on the power supply and if the process of changeover is manual , not only considerable time is wasted but also the device or machine may get damaged from human error during the change over connections, incurring massive losses. The manual switching has certain disadvantages. For instance, when the power goes off in one phase the switch has to be operated manually. As bulky switches are used for high current, these cannot be operated by everyone in the office or house. Here is a digital phase selector that can be installed in residential and office premises where single- phase equipment are used. When any of the main lines fails, it automatically selects the available phase line (out of three phase lines or backup lines) and provides the backup to the particular absent phase.

2.PARTS OF A DIGITAL PHASE SELECTOR

Figure 1 shows the block diagram of a digital phase selector to be designed.

Fig1: Block diagram of digital phase selector

2.1.BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

Fig 1 shows the block diagram of the digital phase selector. It comprises phase (or inverter) sensing, control logic and relay driver sections.the phase sensing circuitry has r,y,b and inverter sensing sections, which senses the presence of R,Y,B and inverter supply, respectively. The control logic decides the priority from one out of four lines. The order of phase priority is R-phase followed by Y-phase, B-phase and then backup(inverter) as shown in the truth table given below.

TRUTH TABLE

The relay driver section drives the relay according to the signal received from the control logic circuitry. The power supply provides the power to control the logic circuit and relay driver sections. The phase sensor circuit consists of optocouplers and current limiting resistors which senses the available phase or backup.control logc circuitry comprises two digital ICs (NOR,AND). Relay driver circuit consist of IC ULN2OO3. All the sections of digital phase selector are discussed in detail below:

2.1.1.POWER SUPPLY
This is used to supply the other sections with the needed voltages. Any power supply consists of the following main parts:

Transformer: - is used to transform the 220VAC to other levels of voltages. Rectification: - this part is to convert the AC voltage to a DC one. We have two
methods for rectification: A] Half wave-rectification: the output voltage appears only during positive cycles of the input signal. B] Full wave rectification: a rectified output voltage occurs during both the positive and negative cycles of the input signal.

The Filter: used to eliminate the fluctuations in the output of the full wave
rectifier eliminate the noise so that a constant DC voltage is produced. This filter is just a large capacitor used to minimize the ripple in the output.

Regulator: this is used to provide a desired DC-voltage.

Figure 2 shows the general parts of the power supply.

Fig:2 Parts of the power supply.

In our project we needed +6v for powering the circuit and charging the battery. So we decided to use the regulator IC LM317 whose voltage can be adjusted according to the need and it has current handling capacity more than the LM7806 regulator IC.