Optics: Study of Light Opto electronics: Production

and Utilization of em radiations

LASER: Light Amplification by

stimulated emission of radiations

 Communication
Communication System Optical Fiber communication system

Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication

Enormous potential bandwidth
Small size and weight Electrical isolation

Immunity to interference and cross talk

Signal security Low transmission loss Ruggedness and flexibility System reliability and ease of maintenance Potential low cost

Refraction

Reflection and refraction

Mirror reflects light
mirror

Transparent medium refracts light

glass

 For glass-air interface, the angle of refraction in air >

incident angle

glass

normal

Partial reflection Incident angle

Angle of refraction

AIR

 When we increase the angle of incidence (i), the angle of

refraction (r) increases

glass

normal i

AIR

Total internal reflection (1)

When the light ray (from water) is emerging at the

critical angle, the refracted ray will be along the interface.

AIR
water

Total internal reflection (2)

When the incident angle is larger than the critical

angle, total internal reflection will occur (at the interface).

AIR
water

Next

Total internal reflection (3)

View under water!!

AIR
water

 Fish-eye view by drawing light rays

Yes

water

Fish eye view (1)

Central hole, shows the squeezed view of the sky

totally internally reflected ray

water

Fish eye view (2)

When a diver or fish looks upward under water, part of

the water surface looks like a mirror, except the central hole. So, the light entering the water from above the surface is squeezed into a cone of angle 2C
2C

What is C ? critical angle

water

C is

Revisit the fish eye view: Acceptance angle

Which part has refraction and which part has total

internal reflection?
sky(refraction here)

total internal reflection here

Construction of Optical Fiber

Classification of Optical Fibers

Single mode
Multi mode

Single Mode Step Index Fiber

Multimode Step Index Fiber

Multimode Graded Index Fiber